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Islam is one of the smallest minority faiths in Belize, which is a predominantly Christian country. The statistics for Islam in Belize estimate a total Muslim population of 577, representing 0.2 percent of the total population. There is an Islamic Mission of Belize (IMB) headquartered in Belize City. There is also presence of fast growing dynamic worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat since 2013. They have a membership of about 200 from all over Belize.They have three mosques in Belize. Masjid Noor in Belize City is situated on 1.5 Miles George Price Highway. They have mosques in Belmopan and Orange Walk. .
The Muslim Community Primary School (MCPS) was recognised by the government in 1978 and offers Islamic as well as elementary level academic courses to Muslim and non-Muslim children.
Mosques
Al-Falah Mosque
References
Belize | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Belize |
Randwick District Rugby Union Football Club, also known as the Galloping Greens, is an Australian rugby union club which competes in the Sydney premier grade rugby union competition. The club was formed in 1882 and since then has won 32 first grade premierships and six Australian club championships. It is one of the traditional powerhouses of the Shute Shield competition, winning 14 titles from 1978 to 1996. Randwick's colours are myrtle green and the club's home ground is Coogee Oval. In the 1980s the club produced many Wallabies, including the Ella brothers. Its history has seen many of Australia's best players represent the club, including the likes of George Gregan and David Campese. In all, 93 Randwick players have pulled on a Wallaby jersey, and nine have had the honour of captaining their country.
Club information
Club Name: Randwick District Rugby Union Football Club
Nickname: Galloping Greens, Wicks
Founded: 1882
Home stadium: Coogee Oval
Coach: Stephen Hoiles
Club Captain: Nick Wilkinson
Uniform colours: Myrtle Green
Statistician: Ray Jennings
Historian & Archivist: Bob Outterside
Website: www.randwickrugby.com.au
Premiership Titles: (29) 1930, 1934, 1938, 1940, 1948, 1959, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2023
Australian Club Champions: (6) 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1997
Melrose Sevens: (1) 1990
International representatives
Herb Barker
Kurtley Beale
John Brass
David Campese
Ken Catchpole
Roy Cawsey
Mark Chisholm
Gary Ella
Glen Ella
Mark Ella
Rocky Elsom
Ted Fahey
Russell Fairfax
Owen Finegan
John Flett
Adam Freier
George Gregan
Phil Hawthorne
Stephen Hoiles
Peter Johnson
Phil Kearns
David Knox
Chris Latham
Ewen McKenzie
Bruce Malouf
Wally Meagher
Drew Mitchell
Fosi Pala'amo
Simon Poidevin
Tony Daly
Jeffrey Sayle
Nick Shehadie
Gordon Stone
Dick Tooth
Cyril Towers
Morgan Freeman
Josh Valentine
Lloyd Walker
Warwick Waugh
Chris Whitaker
Col Windon
Matt Giteau
Ken Wright
Richard Thornett
Nick Cummins
Michael Cleary
Richard Costello
Representative coaches
Michael Cheika -Stade Français Paris head coach ('10-'12); Leinster coach ('05-'10); Petrarca Padova Coach ('99/'00); NSW Waratahs Coach ('13-'15); Australia Coach ('14-'19); Argentina Coach ('22-'present)
Bob Dwyer - former coach of Australia, NSW, the Leicester Tigers and Bristol
Gary Ella - Former NSW Assistant Coach; Former Australia A head coach; Former Leinster Coach
Glen Ella - Incumbent Fijian coach ('09- ); former Fijian Technical Advisor ('08-'09); Former Canadian Assistant Coach 2007, Australian Sevens Head Coach ('94-'95, '97, '99-'00, '05-'07), Australian Assistant coach ('94-'95, '00-'03), ACT Brumbies Technical Adviser ('98-'00) and England Assistant coach ('16- )
Owen Finegan - Incumbent Lineout Co-ordinator with the ACT Brumbies ('08-)
Alan Gaffney - Incumbent Ireland Backs Coach, Leinster Assistant Coach & part-time Saracens consultant; Former Director of Rugby at Saracens ('06/'07 - '07/'08); former Munster ('02/'03-'04/'05) and Leinster ('00/'01 - '01/'02) Head Coach; former NSW (1997–99) and Australia ('05) Assistant Coach
Eddie Jones - Coach of Suntory Sungoliath ('96 & '09-12); former Australian ('01-'05), ACT Brumbies ('98-'01), and Queensland Reds ('07) head coach; Springboks Technical Advisor 2007; former Director of Rugby at Saracens ('08-'09); Japan ('12-'15) head coach; England ('15-'21); Australia ('23-'present)
Ian Kennedy - former NSW and Australian U21 coach
David Knox - Former assistant Coach for Leinster ('05-'08), the ACT Brumbies ('96-'98), Petrarca Padova ('99/'00), and South Sydney in the National Rugby League ('03)
Tim Lane - Incumbent Georgian head coach ('08-'10); former Italian head coach; Australian Assistant coach ('98-'99); Springboks assistant coach ('01-'03); former head coach of Clermont Auvergne ('00-'01); the Johannesburg Cats ('03-?); Ricoh Black Rams ; CA Brive; and Toulon ('07-?)
Todd Louden - Head Coach of Ricoh Black Rams; Former attacking coach for NSW ('08) and the Bulls ('07); Randwick ('06); NSW Coach of the Year 2006
Ewen McKenzie - Head Coach of Australia ('13-'14); Queensland Reds coach ('09- 13); former Stade Français Paris head coach ('08-'09), NSW head coach ('04-'08) & Australian Assistant coach
Jayson Brewer - Assistant Coach Fiji National Team (‘16-‘17) & ARU High Performance Coach, Sydney Rays National Rugby Championship - Forwards Coach, (17), Randwick 1st Grade Defence and Senior Coach (2013-2016) Australian Barbarians Coach(‘2016)
Nearby clubs
Eastern Suburbs RUFC
Waverley Rugby Club
Colleagues Rugby Club
Alexandria Dukes Rugby Football Club
References
External links
Randwick Rugby Club, Sydney
Easts Rugby Club, Sydney
Waverley Rugby Club, Bondi, Sydney
Alexandria Dukes Rugby Football Club, Alexandria, Sydney
Rugby union teams in Sydney
Rugby clubs established in 1882
1882 establishments in Australia
Coogee, New South Wales
Randwick, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randwick%20DRUFC |
Nandambakkam () is a western neighbourhood of Chennai, India. It is known for the Chennai Trade Centre and the Surgical Instruments Factory. In 2011 Nandambakkam was included to Chennai district by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
Geography
Nandambakkam is situated at a distance of 13 kilometres south-west of Chennai on the Mount-Poonamallee Road. It is bound by Alandur and St Thomas Mount to the east and Manapakkam to the west. It is bound by Ramapuram to the north and north-west and Pallavaram to the south. The township extends from the Madras War Cemetery on the east to the banks of the Adyar River on the west.
Demographics
India census, Nandambakkam had a population of 9093. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nandambakkam has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 77%. In Nandambakkam, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
History
During the Ramayana period a sage called Pandi Muni was residing here and he was suffering from serious disease. He made penance to be relieved of his suffering. After ten long years of continuous penance, some of which he stood on one leg, Lord Rama appeared before him. Lord Rama guided Pandi Muni to marry and find solace in married life. Following Lord Rama's advice, Pandi Muni married a Brahmin girl called Brinda Muthaayi. They lived together atop a hill. The hill was called Brinda Maala because she made garlands from the flowers in the hill. The name later corrupted to become Parangi Malai which is presently called as St. Thomas Mount.
Knowing that Sri Rama is passing through his place here, Bringi Rishi went and invited Sri Rama to stay with him for few days before proceeding. Sri Rama agreed to be the guest of Bringi Rishi and stayed here. Bringi Rishi created a small Nandavanam (means garden) for the comfort of Sri Rama and the place came to be known as Nandavanam itself, which later changed as Nandambakkam. The neighboring place to Nandambakkam is called Ramapuram, which is said to be named after Sri Rama's stay here.
Textiles and Garments business clan namely "Nandam" have developed this region and thus name "Nandambakkam" has been established. More than 10,000 people were working for Nandam Handlooms during Vijayanagara dynasty (13th - 16th Century) and they were exporting textiles in South East Asian Region.
The village of Nandambakkam has been in existence as a part of the then Chingleput district at least since India's independence in 1947. In 1948, a proposal was floated to settle tappers in Nandambakkam and imparting training in hand weaving to them. The shrine of St Thomas Mount, established in 1523, is located nearby in the locality of Parangimalai.
Later, the growth of Nandambakkam dates from the post-independence era. In 1952, the Madras War Cemetery was constructed on the eastern fringes of Nandambakkam. During the 1950s and early 1960s, a number of social welfare schemes were launched here. During the Chief Ministership of K. Kamaraj, proposals were made for establishing a surgical instruments factory at Nandambakkam with Russian collaboration. This project undertaken by the Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited culminated in the inauguration of the factory constructed at the cost of Rs. 52.5 million and expected to manufacture 2.5 million pieces of surgical instruments on 1 September 1965. The surgical instrumentsplant, was later named IDPL, and now the production of surgical instruments was totally stopped in 1994, and a major portion the factory has been closed '
India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)'s first fair infrastructure outside Delhi, the Chennai Trade Centre was inaugurated at Nandambakkam in January 2001. Spread over an area of , the Chennai Trade Centre, a joint venture of ITPO and Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO), was designed to conduct trade fairs in the city.
The area is one of the 163 notified areas (megalithic sites) in the state of Tamil Nadu.
Geolocation
References
External links
GeoHack - Nandambakkam
Neighbourhoods in Chennai | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandambakkam |
Morrisound Recording (also Morrisound Studios) is an audio recording facility in Tampa, Florida, United States, owned and operated by brothers Jim and Tom Morris. Since its opening in 1981, Morrisound has been responsible for the popularization of death metal, but caters to other genres.
Notable albums recorded at Morrisound include works by bands such as Steve Morse, Sepultura, Savatage, Morbid Angel, Death, Control Denied, Napalm Death, Obituary, Incubus, Cannibal Corpse, Demolition Hammer, Deicide, Iced Earth, Six Feet Under, End-Time Illusion, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Atheist, Kamelot, Seven Mary Three and Demons and Wizards.
Selected albums recorded
Agent Steel - Unstoppable Force (1987)
Atrocity - Hallucinations (1990)
Atheist - Piece of Time (1990)
Atheist - Unquestionable Presence (1991)
Brooke Hogan - About Us ft. Paul Wall (2006)
Cancer - Death Shall Rise (1991)
Cannibal Corpse - Eaten Back to Life (1990)
Cannibal Corpse - Butchered at Birth (1991)
Cannibal Corpse - Tomb of the Mutilated (1992)
Cannibal Corpse - The Bleeding (1994)
Cannibal Corpse - Vile (1996)
Cannibal Corpse - Gallery of Suicide (1998)
Control Denied - The Fragile Art of Existence (1999)
Crimson Glory - Transcendence (1988)
Cynic - Focus (1993)
Death - Leprosy (1988)
Death - Spiritual Healing (1990)
Death - Human (1991)
Death - Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
Death - Symbolic (1995)
Death - The Sound of Perseverance (1998)
Deicide - Sacrificial demo
Deicide - Deicide (1990)
Deicide - Legion (1992)
Deicide - Once upon the Cross (1995)
Deicide - Serpents of the Light (1997)
Deicide - In Torment in Hell (2001)
Demolition Hammer - Tortured Existence (1991)
Demons & Wizards - Demons and Wizards (2000)
Demons & Wizards - Touched by the Crimson King (2005)
Doctor Butcher - Doctor Butcher (1994)
Exhorder - Slaughter in the Vatican (1990)
Iced Earth - Iced Earth (1990)
Iced Earth - Night of the Stormrider (1991)
Iced Earth - Burnt Offerings (1995)
Iced Earth - The Dark Saga (1996)
Iced Earth - Days of Purgatory (1997)
Iced Earth - Something Wicked This Way Comes (1998)
Iced Earth - The Glorious Burden (2004)
Iced Earth - Dystopia (2011)
Kamelot - Eternity (1995)
Kamelot - Dominion (1997)
Kamelot - Siége Perilous (1998)
Kreator - Renewal (1992)
Master - Master (1990)
Morbid Angel - Altars of Madness (1989)
Morbid Angel - Blessed Are the Sick (1991)
Morbid Angel - Covenant (1993)
Morbid Angel - Formulas Fatal to the Flesh (1998)
Morbid Angel - Gateways to Annihilation (2000)
Napalm Death - Harmony Corruption (1990)
Nocturnus - The Key (1990)
Nocturnus - Thresholds (1992)
Obituary - Slowly We Rot (1989)
Obituary - Cause of Death (1990)
Obituary - The End Complete (1992)
Obituary - World Demise (1994)
Savatage - Sirens (1983)
Savatage - Edge of Thorns (1993)
Savatage - Handful of Rain (1994)
Seven Mary Three - American Standard (1995)
Seven Mary Three - Orange Ave. (1998)
Seven Mary Three - The Economy of Sound (2001)
Sepultura - Arise (1991)
Saigon Kick - Water (1993)
Saigon Kick - Devil in the Details (1995)
Six Feet Under - Haunted (1995)
Six Feet Under - Bringer of Blood (2003)
Six Feet Under - Death Rituals (2008)
Steve Morse - The Introduction (1984)
Toxik - World Circus (1987)
Warrant - Dog Eat Dog (1992)
References
External links
Official website
Recording studios in the United States
Hillsborough County, Florida
Culture of Tampa, Florida
1981 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisound%20Recording |
Havøysund () is the administrative centre of the Måsøy Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The village is located on the small island of Havøya, but is connected to the mainland by the Havøysund Bridge. The village has a population (2017) of 976 which gives the village a population density of .
Havøysund is a fishing village which offers a generally wide range of common services. There are fish processing factories, a boat yard, a petrol station, doctors, Havøysund Church, various shops, a sports hall, and museums. Havøysund also has a varied and lovely architecture; all the way along the beach one finds post-war houses, the so-called (the houses built after World War II all had the same design). Up in the valley, there are more houses that were built in later decades after the war.
Måsøy Museum is located in Havøysund. The museum was established in a building that was originally built as a rectory. The collection of items consists of tools and technical equipment as used by fishermen through the 1900s. Additionally, several fixed exhibitions such as a kitchen, living room, schoolhouse, and line baiting booth.
The local supermarket is part of the Coop Prix chain, a subsidiary of the Coop company (similar to the Tesco Extra of Tesco in the United Kingdom).
Transportation
Havøysund Bridge is part of Norwegian County Road 889 which connects Havøysund to the mainland. The bridge was opened in 1986 by the late King Olav. This road is a national tourist route. The closest airport to Havøysund is Lakselv Airport which is situated about southeast in Lakselv. That airport has flights to Tromsø with connecting flights to Oslo. Havøysund is also a stop on the Hurtigruten coastal express, between the towns of Hammerfest and Honningsvåg.
Media gallery
References
External links
Villages in Finnmark
Populated places of Arctic Norway
Måsøy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hav%C3%B8ysund |
Caresana is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about southeast of Vercelli. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,083 and an area of .
Caresana borders the following municipalities: Langosco, Motta de' Conti, Pezzana, Rosasco, Stroppiana, Villanova Monferrato.
Demographic evolution
External links
References
Cities and towns in Piedmont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caresana%2C%20Piedmont |
Salvatore "Sam" Greco (born 3 May 1967) is an Australian retired full contact karateka, heavyweight K-1 kickboxer, mixed martial artist. He was the 1994 Karate World Cup champion and holds notable kickboxing victories over Branko Cikatic, Ernesto Hoost, Mike Bernardo, Stefan Leko, and Ray Sefo, as well as MMA victories over Heath Herring and Shungo Oyama.
Biography and career
Salvatore Greco was born on 3 May 1967, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and grew up in the suburb of Brunswick. In 2015, Greco stated that he considered the part of Brunswick that he grew up in was 'rough' at the time, and ultimately contributed to his fitness & mental development from a young age. His Italian-born father, Vittorio, encouraged him to get involved with soccer from an early age and joined the local Italian backed club, Juventus.
Soccer
Greco joined Juventus (later Brunswick United Juventus) at the age of six, playing as a junior for nine years where in 1983 he would win the club's best-and-fairest for their under-sixteen squad. Prior to the 1984 National Soccer League season, Greco signed a one-year semi-professional contract with the senior squad, who had just been promoted from the Victorian State Premier League to the former national league, making him the club's youngest player to sign for the senior squad.
Greco made his national debut in the fifth round of the season on 1 April 1984, two days before his seventeenth birthday. Greco started and played the whole home match against Footscray JUST at Gillon oval that finished in a 0–2 loss. At the conclusion of the season and after ten years playing for his local club, Greco decided to focus solely on karate and discontinued his soccer career at the age of seventeen.
Karate
Greco started training in Kyokushin karate at the age of 11 and commenced tournament fighting at the age of 18 establishing himself as one of Australia's best Kyokushin fighters in the late 1980s and early 1990s winning the heavyweight division of the Australian championships five times in 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992. In 1988, he fought in the heavyweight division of the 1st Commonwealth Karate Championships held in Sydney placing 3rd with English champion Michael Thompson winning. In 1991, he competed in the 5th World Open Tournament in Japan losing to Michael Thompson in the first round on decision due to accidentally punching him in the face. In 1992, he competed in the heavyweight division of the Oyama Cup Singapore International Open in Singapore placing 3rd with Papua New Guinean Walter Schnaubelt winning.
After the Singapore tournament in October 1992, Sam left Kyokushin fighting as an amateur to join Seidokaikan karate to become a professional karate fighter. Fellow Kyokushin champion Andy Hug had recently joined Seidokaikan and won the 2nd Karate World Cup in October and then in 1993 Michael Thompson also joined Seidokaikan. In June 1993, Sam had his first karate fight at the K-1 Sanctuary III a kickboxing tournament promoted by Seidokaikan karate founder Kazuyoshi Ishii. Sam fought Keisuke Nakagawa who had placed 6th in the 2nd Karate World Cup. In October 1993, Sam competed in the 3rd Karate World Cup defeating Minoru Fujita to make the quarter finals to fight Toshiyuki Atokawa with the judges decision a draw after the first round, and again in the second round, with the fight awarded to Toshiyuki Atokawa on weight difference, who went on to place 3rd. In October 1994, Sam competed in the 4th Karate World Cup making the final after winning four fights. In the final he fought Michael Thompson winning in the first round with a left low kick followed by a straight right body shot to become the Karate World Cup Champion.
K-1
Sam had his K-1 debut in 1995 at K-1 Hercules. Following year he appeared in his first K-1 World Grand Prix tournament where he suffered his first loss in semifinals against Musashi.
After retiring in 2005 from professional competition, Sam Greco worked as trainer for other fighters, including Bob Sapp.
Professional wrestling
Greco was originally signed to professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling, but never wrestled for them, as it folded before he could debut beyond a backstage vignette. He would not make his wrestling debut until November 2002, when he signed up by Wrestle-1, then a co-promotion between K-1 and All Japan Pro Wrestling. In the first Wrestle-1 event, Greco teamed up with masked lucha libre exponent Dos Caras Jr. against Kaz Hayashi and Taiyo Kea, all while wearing his own mask and playing a Dos Caras body double named "Sam Grecaras". They won, with Greco receiving good reviews in the process.
He wrestled again in December 2003, appearing in AJPW to team up with Keiji Mutoh and Abdullah the Butcher against Taka Michinoku, Jamal and D'lo Brown from the villainous faction RO&D. His third and last venture in professional wrestling would be two years later, as part of the briefly revived Wrestle-1 concept. This time he formed a team with fellow K-1 fighter Jan Nortje against Giant Bernard and The Predator, who defeated them when Bernard pinned Nortje.
Acting career
In 1995 Greco had a small part as an enforcer in the Richard Norton movie Under the Gun, also known as Iron Fist, which was filmed in Victoria. He played the stunt double for retired professional wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin in the 2007 action thriller The Condemned and also had a small part in the 2008 Australian boxing drama film, Two Fists One Heart which was shot in Western Australia. He has also appeared occasionally in movies as a fight consultant and martial arts advisor.
He had a small part in the fourth episode of the Australian mini-series Underbelly, playing nightclub bouncer Bruno Bolotzi. The episode was first broadcast in February 2008.
He had a small part in an episode of the Australian comedy Pizza, playing the Roman soldier Glutious Maximus. He made another appearance for Pizza this time in a two-part episode Holiday Pizza, playing Pauly's Italian cousin Luigi. The last appearance he made in Pizza was in the Cracker Pizza episode, playing Crackerus in the last season of the series. He also had a part in the Australian comedy Swift and Shift Couriers as Louie "Luigi" Marietti. Both Pizza and Swift and Shift Couriers were created by Greco's good friend Paul Fenech.
He played the Masked Wrestler Zarkos in Scooby-Doo. In the movie Zarkos appears as one of N'Goo Tuana's henchmen, but later he sneaks up on Daphne and captures her and steals the Daemon Ritus from her. Later in the movie he tries to sneak up on Daphne and capture her again but instead they end up fighting; near the end of the fight, he grabs Daphne and throws her onto his back and puts her in a hold but she escapes and defeats him.
Personal life
On 23 March 2018, Greco suffered a heart attack prior to and during his fighter Jimmy Crute competing in the Hex Fight Series and had triple bypass surgery.
Titles and accomplishments
1999 K-1 World Grand Prix 3rd Place
1999 W.A.K.O. Pro World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Champion
1995 The Best of the Best Tournament Champion
1994 W.K.A. World Muay Thai Super Heavyweight Heavyweight Champion
1994 Seidokaikan Karate World Cup Champion
5 time Australian Kyokushin Karate Heavyweight Champion
Kickboxing record
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 2003-10-11 || Loss ||align=left| Peter Graham || K-1 World Grand Prix 2003 Final Elimination || Osaka, Japan || TKO (Leg injury) || 2 || 0:30
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 2000-04-23 || Loss ||align=left| Ernesto Hoost || K-1 The Millennium || Osaka, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1999-12-05 || Loss ||align=left| Mirko Cro Cop || K-1 Grand Prix '99 final round semi-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (left low kick/two knockdowns) || 2 || 2:50
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1999-12-05 || Win ||align=left| Ray Sefo || K-1 Grand Prix '99 final round quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan ||Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1999-10-05 || Win ||align=left| Stefan Leko || K-1 World Grand Prix '99 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 2:35
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1999-07-18 || Loss ||align=left| Peter Aerts || K-1 Dream '99 || Nagoya, Japan || KO (right high kick) || 2 || 1:38
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1999-06-20 || Win ||align=left| Mike Bernardo || K-1 Braves '99 || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
| 1999-03-22 || NC ||align=left| Samir Benazzouz || K-1 The Challenge '99 || Tokyo, Japan || No contest (Greco right leg injury) || 2 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1998-12-13 || Loss ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round semi-finals || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (majority) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1998-12-13 || Win ||align=left| Ernesto Hoost || K-1 Grand Prix '98 Final Round quarter-finals || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (corner stoppage/cut) || 2 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1998-09-27 || Win ||align=left| Matt Skelton || K-1 World Grand Prix '98 opening round || Osaka, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1998-05-24 || Win ||align=left| Carl Bernardo || Crash at the Crown || Melbourne, Australia || TKO || 5 ||
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1998-07-18 || Loss ||align=left| Jérôme Le Banner || K-1 Dream '98 || Nagoya, Japan || KO (punch) || 2 || 2:07
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1997-11-09 || Loss ||align=left| Francisco Filho || K-1 Grand Prix '97 Final quarter final || Tokyo, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 0:15
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1997-09-07 || Win ||align=left| Jean-Claude Leuyer || K-1 Grand Prix '97 1st round || Osaka, Japan || KO (right hook) || 2 || 1:55
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1997-07-20 || Win ||align=left| Branko Cikatić || K-1 Dream '97 || Nagoya, Japan || KO (right hooks) || 1 || 2:58
|- bgcolor=#c5d2ea
| 1997-04-29 || Draw ||align=left| Andy Hug || K-1 Braves '97 || Fukuoka, Japan || Decision draw || 5 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#c5d2ea
| 1996-12-08 || Draw ||align=left| Jérôme Le Banner || K-1 Hercules '96 || Nagoya, Japan || Decision draw || 5 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1996-10-18 || Win ||align=left| Gerry Harris || K-1 Star Wars '96 || Yokohama, Japan || TKO || 1 || 2:38
|- bgcolor=#c5d2ea
| 1996-09-01 || NC ||align=left| Musashi || K-1 Revenge '96 || Osaka, Japan || No contest || 3 || 0:22
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1996-05-06 || Loss ||align=left| Musashi || K-1 Grand Prix '96 quarter-finals || Yokohama, Japan || TKO (doctor stoppage/broken toe) || 1 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1996-03-10 || Win ||align=left| Perry Telgt || K-1 Grand Prix '96 Opening Battle || Yokohama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1995-12-09 || Win ||align=left| Duane Van Der Merwe || K-1 Hercules || Nagoya, Japan || KO (kick) || 1 || 1:24
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1995-10-22 || Win ||align=left| Stan Longinidis || The Best of the Best Tournament, Final || Melbourne, Australia || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1995-10-22 || Win ||align=left| Ben Hamilton || The Best of the Best Tournament, semi-finals || Melbourne, Australia || Decision (unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1995-10-22 || Win ||align=left| Sam Sweet || The Best of the Best Tournament, quarter-finals || Melbourne, Australia || KO || 1 ||
|- bgcolor=#FFBBBB
| 1995-09-03 || Loss ||align=left| Peter Aerts || K-1 Revenge II || Yokohama, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1995-03-03 || Win ||align=left| Vjatcheslav Soukhanov || K-1 Grand Prix '95 Opening Battle || Tokyo, Japan || KO (punch) || 3 || 1:33
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| 1994-12-10 || Win ||align=left| Masaaki Satake || K-1 Legend || Nagoya, Japan || KO (right punch) || 2 || 1:27
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Win
|align=center| 3–1–1
|Shungo Oyama
| KO (knees and punches)
| Hero's 3
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:37
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 2–1–1
|Heath Herring
| TKO (knee injury)
| Hero's 1
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 2:41
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
|align=center| 1–1–1
|Lyoto Machida
| Decision (split)
| K-1 MMA ROMANEX
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
|align=center| 1–0–1
|Stefan Gamlin
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| K-1 Beast 2004 in Niigata
|
|align=center| 1
|align=center| 0:25
| Niigata Prefecture, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
|align=center| 0–0–1
|Masaaki Satake
| Draw
| Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye 2001
|
|align=center| 3
|align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Saitama, Japan
|
See also
List of K-1 events
List of K-1 champions
List of male kickboxers
References
Further reading
External links
Profile at K-1
Living people
Sportspeople from Melbourne
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Australian male karateka
Australian male kickboxers
Heavyweight kickboxers
Australian male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Male actors from Melbourne
Australian people of Italian descent
1967 births
Mixed martial artists utilizing Kyokushin kaikan
Mixed martial artists utilizing Seidokaikan
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Australian male professional wrestlers
Men's association football midfielders
Soccer players from Melbourne
Australian men's soccer players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Brunswick Zebras Football Club players
People from Brunswick, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Greco |
Øksfjord () is a village in Norway.
Øksfjord is visited by the coastal service Hurtigruten boat daily, stopping here between stops at Skjervøy and Hammerfest. Since most of Loppa municipality is inaccessible by car, Øksfjord is a major transportation hub with regular car ferry connections to the Nuvsvåg, Bergsfjord, and Sør-Tverrfjord areas. There is also a regular ferry connection from Øksfjord to the village of Hasvik on the neighboring island of Sørøya in Hasvik municipality.
History
On 12 April 1941, the Royal Norwegian Navy — exiled to the United Kingdom — moored the destroyer at the pier at one o'clock in the night, with two objectives: To show the people of occupied Norway that the Navy was operating on the coast of Norway; and to blow up a fish oil factory. The warship departed after two hours, while inhabitants stood on the pier singing the national anthem.
Notable person
Hans E. Kinck (1865–1926), novelist, dramatist and essayist, was born and raised in Øksfjord.
Commerce
The village has one café and one pub, as of 2015.
Popular culture
Øksfjord is the setting of the 2009 film Dead Snow
Hallgeir Pedersen, jazz guitarist, lives in Øksfjord
Media gallery
Climate
Øksfjord's climate type is dominated by the winter season, a long, bitterly cold period with short, clear days, relatively little precipitation mostly in the form of snow, and low humidity. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfc". (Continental Subarctic Climate).
References
Villages in Finnmark
Loppa
Populated places of Arctic Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ksfjord |
Bjørnevatn is a village in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The village lies about south of the town of Kirkenes and about west of the Norway-Russia border. The village has a couple of suburbs including Hesseng to the north and Sandnes to the west. The Bjørnevatn IL is the local sports team.
The village has a population (2018) of 2,540 which gives the village a population density of .
Mine
The bedrock below Bjørnevatn is located in the East Finnmark mountain formation (Øst-Finnmarks grunnfjellsområde). Iron ore deposits were originally discovered in the area during 1868 with commercial production of iron ore by 1910. The Sydvaranger iron ore mines are located just south of Bjørnevatn. The Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line is a short railway line that runs from the mines to the town and port at Kirkenes to the north.
History
The village used to be located near the shores of the lake Bjørnevatnet, but the lake was drained in 1958 so that the iron ore under the lake could be mined.
During the liberation in 1944 at the end of World War II, a large number of people lived inside the mines during the fighting; estimates vary between 1,000 and 3,500. Their story is portrayed in the 1974 film Under a Stone Sky.
References
Other sources
Henriksen, Gudbrand (1904) On the Iron Ore Deposits in Sydvaranger, Finmarken-Norway (Grøndahl & Søn)
External links
Sydvaranger Iron Project (Northern Iron)
Villages in Finnmark
Sør-Varanger
Populated places of Arctic Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnevatn |
Kelli Rachelle McCarty Oseen (born September 6, 1969) is an American actress, model, photographer and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss USA 1991. She then placed in the top six at Miss Universe 1991, representing the United States. After ending her career in pageantry, McCarthy began an acting career and starred as Beth Wallace on the soap opera Passions (1999–2006). After Passions, McCarthy began acting as a pornographic actress, appearing in a number of softcore and hardcore films, receiving an exclusive contract with Vivid Entertainment that also gave her a say in the casting process of the scenes she was in.
Career
McCarty won the Miss USA beauty contest in 1991, competing as Miss Kansas USA. A student at Wichita State University and a member of the Gamma Phi Beta sorority, her victory was celebrated because it took place in Kansas, her home state, and because it marked the first time a contestant from Kansas had won the title. She was later a finalist in the Miss Universe pageant.
In the mid-1990s, McCarty went on to pursue a career in acting and had her television debut as a guest star on comedy series Dream On. McCarty went on to have a recurring role as Ms. Lovelson in the Disney Channel Original Series Even Stevens and also appeared on Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place, Phil of the Future, That's So Raven and Beyond the Break. She appeared on an episode of the dating show Baggage. In 2002 she earned a singing credit for her performance in the Shia LaBeouf comedy series Even Stevens in the episode titled Influenza: The Musical.
On NBC Daytime's soap opera Passions she appeared as Beth Wallace, the hardworking high school sweetheart and ex-fiancée of the handsome Luis Lopez-Fitzgerald. McCarty had the role of Beth from 1999 until her character was killed off in a train explosion in 2006. In all, she is credited with 284 episodes of the show; Passions ended its run in 2008.
McCarty also appeared in a number of softcore adult films during her career. In 2008, she approached adult entertainment company Vivid Entertainment about the idea of appearing in one of their productions. McCarty stipulated in her contract with Vivid that she would have involvement with casting the film as well as writing, editing, and have final approval over everything. Her hardcore film, Faithless, featured her in explicit, non-simulated sex scenes and was released on February 4, 2009. McCarty also appeared on The Howard Stern Show, KROQ-FM's Kevin and Bean, and FM Talk's Frosty, Heidi & Frank Show to promote the film. For her performance in the film, McCarty was nominated for two AVN awards for Best Actress and Acting Performance of the Year (Female).
McCarty also has a background in improvisational comedy. In 2009, while promoting her film Faithless, McCarty performed at Los Angeles ACME Comedy Theatre with its Sketch Comedy Troupe and participated in their Saturday Night Live weekly live take-off called ACME This Week.
McCarty has gone on to appear in a series of performances that include a starring role in the 2010 crime drama Dangerous Attractions, a multi-episode appearance on the television series Co-Ed Confidential and several television movies such as Love Test (2011) and Dark Secrets (2012). She has also appeared as herself in several documentaries and news shows such as Larry King Live, CNBC's Porn: Business of Pleasure, and the cable series Rated A for Adult.
Other ventures
McCarty has ventured into the field of professional photography. Her business offers portrait, wedding, and boudoir photography services.
Personal life
McCarty was previously married to producer and writer Matt Dearborn for 6 years, from July 7, 2000 until 2006. However, their divorce wasn't finalized until March 9, 2009. She has been married to Texas businessman Blake Oseen since July 18, 2018.
References
Notes and interviews
Profile of Kelli McCarty at SoapCentral.com
Official Kelli McCarty by Vivid Video, 02/04
External links
1969 births
Actresses from Kansas
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Miss Universe 1991 contestants
Miss USA 1991 delegates
Miss USA winners
People from Liberal, Kansas
American pornographic film actresses
20th-century American people
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli%20McCarty |
Hesseng is a village in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. The village lies about south of the town of Kirkenes. The village of Hesseng lies at the intersection of the European route E105 and European route E6 highways. The other suburbs of Sandnes and Bjørnevatn lie just to the south of Hesseng. The village has a population (2019) of 1,766; which gives the village a population density of .
References
Sør-Varanger
Villages in Finnmark
Populated places of Arctic Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesseng |
Bleik is a fishing village in Andøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the northwestern part of the island of Andøya, about southwest of the village of Andenes.
The village has a population (2018) of 461 which gives the village a population density of .
The triangle-shaped island off the coast is called Bleiksøya. This island is the biggest resort of puffins in all of Norway. The lake Bleiksvatnet lies just south of the village.
Bleik has one of the longest beaches in Norway, and it is said that the beach is the reason for the village's name. The beach is white, and bleik is a word for white/pale in the Norwegian language. In the village, there is a horse barn, an elementary school, and a grocery store. Tourist information, puffin safari, campsite and a local pub are also present.
Bleik is also known for naming the Bleik Canyon, which starts about 15 km offshore from the beach of Bleik in the Norwegian Sea. Bleik Canyon is a very deep canyon with depths up to 3.000 m and is the residence of whales and Giant squid. It is a popular hotspot for whale safaris because of the presence of Sperm whales.
Notable residents
Lasse Nilsen, footballer for Tromsø
References
Villages in Nordland
Populated places in Nordland
Andøy
Populated places of Arctic Norway
Beaches of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleik |
Rustlers' Rhapsody is a 1985 American comedy–Western film. It is a parody of many Western conventions, most visibly of the singing cowboy films that were prominent in the 1930s and the 1940s. The film was written and directed by Hugh Wilson, who was supposedly inspired by working at CBS Studio Center, the former Republic Pictures backlot. It stars Tom Berenger as a stereotypical good-guy cowboy, Rex O'Herlihan, who is drawn out of a black-and-white film and transferred into a more self-aware setting. Patrick Wayne, son of Western icon John Wayne, co-stars, along with Andy Griffith, Fernando Rey, G.W. Bailey, Marilu Henner and Sela Ward.
Henner was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Supporting Actress.
Plot
The concept of the film is explained in a voiceover wondering what it would be like if one of the old Rex O'Herlihan films were to be made today. At that point, the scene shifts from black and white to color and the soundtrack changes from mono to surround sound.
As a consequence of this paradigm shift, Rex O'Herlihan, a "singing cowboy", is the only character aware of the plot outline. He explains that he "knows the future" inasmuch as "these Western towns are all the same" and that it's his "karma" to "ride into a town, help the good guys, who are usually poor for some reason, against the bad guys, who are usually rich for some reason, and ride out again." Rex's knowledge is also connected to the unspecified "root" vegetables he digs up and eats.
On his high-stepping horse Wildfire, Rex rides into the town of Oakwood Estates, walks into a saloon and meets Peter, the Town Drunk. In exchange for a free drink, Peter explains the background: the town, and especially the sheep herders ("nice enough, but they smell God-awful"), are being terrorized by the cattle ranchers, headed by Colonel Ticonderoga. Also there is Miss Tracy, the traditional ‘prostitute with a heart of gold’. A local sheriff is "a corrupt old coward who takes his orders from the Colonel."
Blackie, the foreman at Rancho Ticonderoga, swaggers into the bar with two of his henchmen and shoots one of the sheepherders, then the town’s real-estate agent. Miss Tracy objects, and when she is verbally abused by one of Blackie's henchmen, Rex intervenes. Blackie draws on Rex after he threatens to "shoot in the hand" anyone drawing on him – and duly delivers on that threat. The disabled Blackie orders his two henchmen to kill Rex, but in firing hurriedly, they shoot Blackie in the back instead. Rex then shoots both in the hand and orders them to remove Blackie's corpse.
Peter exchanges his drunk suit for a sidekick outfit, catches up with Rex and is reluctantly accepted. (Rex has sworn off sidekicks as they keep dying.) At the singing cowboy's campsite, Peter finds not one but two women there eager to get to know Rex a little better, Miss Tracy and the Colonel's daughter.
The Colonel goes for help to the boss of the railroad men – who wear dusters. "We should stick together. Look what we have in common: we're both rich, we're both power-mad, and we're both Colonels — that's got to count for something!" But Rex outwits the Bad Guys because he knows their every move before they do. Then the Colonels import "Wrangler" Bob Barber, apparently another Good Guy. Bob discomposes Rex in their first meeting by attacking Rex's claim to be the "most good Good Guy" and pointing out that a Good Guy has to be "a confident heterosexual". "I thought it was just a heterosexual", Rex objects. "No, it's a confident heterosexual", responds Bob.
Rex backs down from the shootout. On his way out of town, while preparing to change roles to that of a sidekick, Rex explains to Peter that he rides into town, kisses the girls and rides out again. "That's all: I just kiss 'em. I mean, this is the 1880s. You gotta date and date and date and date and sometimes marry 'em before they…you know."
Bob reports that Rex is finished as a Good Guy. Nevertheless, the Colonels, over Bob's objection, arrange for Peter to be bushwhacked. This rouses Rex to round up the sheep herders and face down Bob and the rancher/railroad combine. Bob is revealed as not a Good Guy at all because, after all, he is a lawyer. Rex shoots him.
Colonel Ticonderoga makes the peace. He apologizes to Rex and throws a party at Rancho Ticonderoga, after which Rex and Peter (who survived because Rex had him wear a bulletproof vest) ride off together into the sunset.
Cast
Tom Berenger as Rex O'Herlihan
G.W. Bailey as Peter
Marilu Henner as Miss Tracy
Andy Griffith as Colonel Ticonderoga
Fernando Rey as Railroad Colonel
Sela Ward as Colonel's Daughter
Brant Van Hoffman as Jim
Christopher Malcolm as Jud
Jim Carter as Blackie
Paul Maxwell as Sheepherder #1
Manuel Pereiro as Sheepherder #2
Margarita Calahorra as Sheepherder's Wife
Billy J. Mitchell as Town Doctor
John Orchard as Town Sheriff
Emilio Linder as Sheepherder in Saloon
Alan Larson as Bartender
Thomas Abbot as Saloon Owner
Patrick Wayne as Bob Barber
Production
The film was a passion project of director Hugh Wilson, who grew up loving Westerns he would see at the Saturday afternoon matinee. He was able to make it after the success of Police Academy (1984).
In the mid 1980s, there was a brief revival in the popularity of the Western, with the studios making films like Pale Rider, Lust in the Dust and Silverado (1985). In May 1984, it was announced Wilson would direct the film for Paramount.
"This isn't really a send up", said Wilson. "We're playing it very straight. We loved those old films and we really are trying to say something about them, like how can the hero keep changing his shirt?"
Wilson wanted George Gaynes to play a lead role but the actor was unable to due to his role on Punky Brewster.
Shooting took place in Almería, Spain, in October 1984. The film used sets that had once been featured in Sergio Leone films.
Patrick Wayne was hired to appear in the film mid-shoot after the producers were unhappy with the performance of another actor already cast in the part. Wayne later described it as "probably the best acting I've done on film."
Reception
Box office
The film was a box office disappointment.
Critical
Rustlers' Rhapsody received negative reviews from critics, with many saying it paled in comparison to Mel Brooks' Blazing Saddles. Writing in the New York Times, Vincent Canby thought Wilson had ignored the "genuinely funny" idea that Rex might be caught in a time warp.
The Los Angeles Times called it "a joy."
The Chicago Tribune called it a parody film in search of a good joke.
Home media releases
Rustlers' Rhapsody was released on VHS cassette in by CIC Video.
References
External links
1985 films
1980s Western (genre) comedy films
Paramount Pictures films
Metafictional works
Films directed by Hugh Wilson
American Western (genre) comedy films
Films produced by Walter Hill
Films scored by Steve Dorff
Films shot in Almería
Films with screenplays by Hugh Wilson
1985 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustlers%27%20Rhapsody |
Mee Pok Man is a 1995 Singaporean film directed by Eric Khoo. The film is Eric Khoo's debut feature, released under his film production company, Zhao Wei Films, after making award-winning short films for years. It was entered into the 19th Moscow International Film Festival and showed at more than 30 film festivals worldwide, winning the FIPRESCI (The International Federation of Film Critics) Award.
The film stars Joe Ng as the male protagonist Johnny, a Chinese seller of noodles (mee pok), and Michelle Goh, who plays a prostitute. The film was given an "R(A)" rating in Singapore, restricting the movie audience to adults aged 21 and above, but after the change in film ratings in 2004, it was re-rated "M18" (aged 18 and above).
The film's story was inspired by a story by Damien Sin, "One Last Cold Kiss", that appeared in Classic Singapore Horror Stories: Book 2 (1994). Khoo was supposed to illustrate the story about a mortuary attendant who falls in love with a fresh corpse, brings it back home, and has a relationship with it.
The soundtrack album was released under BMG and featured the film score by Kevin Mathews and music by Singaporean acts including The Padres (a band fronted by Joe Ng, the film's male lead actor), Opposition Party, Livonia, Etc and Sugarflies.
In November 2015, the film was restored by the Asian Film Archive and presented at the 26th Singapore International Film Festival. The restored film also enjoyed a run at independent cinema The Projector, which also celebrated its legacy with talks.
In 2019, the film was presented at the inaugural New York Asian Film Festival winter showcase.
References
External links
Official site
1990s English-language films
1990s Cantonese-language films
1990s Mandarin-language films
Hokkien-language films
1995 romantic comedy films
1995 films
Films directed by Eric Khoo
Singaporean romantic comedy films
1995 multilingual films
Singaporean multilingual films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mee%20Pok%20Man |
Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park was an amusement park on the west shore of Lai Chi Kok Bay in Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong. It was once the largest amusement park in Hong Kong, and attracted people from all walks of life in the territory.
History
Operation
The park was originally opened by businessman Cheung Kwan On on 16 April 1949. In 1961, Deacon Chiu purchased the park and started improving it. In 1976, the park started losing business to Ocean Park.
In 1995, the Ferris wheel was temporarily closed because engineers were dissatisfied with its condition.
The admission fee started at 60 HK cents for both adult and child admission, but by 1997 it had risen to HK$12–$25. A monorail, which cost $13, let visitors get a view of the whole park.
Features
Rides & entertainment
The park featured theatres, amusement rides, sidestalls, and various water games. Amusement rides included a Ferris wheel, bumper cars, a carousel, distorted mirrors, a gondola, a coffee cup ride, ghost house, and a ding-dong boat. Knife-throwing performances also attracted visitors. An ice rink was part of the winter display, which also included a Snow garden where snow was created for people who had never seen it in the hot climate of Hong Kong.
Some of the names of rides and stops include the Song dynasty village, Twin Dragon, Space Car, Sky Merry, Monster, Dragon Coaster, Dark Ride, Astro Swinger, Astro Air Boat, Orient Express, Surprising House, Haunted Mansion and Grandish House. Fortune telling was also available at the park. Beneath the restaurant was Hong Kong's largest wax museum at the time, featuring many leading figures from China's history.
Performances
Cantonese opera and singing performances in the park nurtured TV and cantopop stars like Anita Mui.
Lai Chi Kok Zoo
Lai Chi Kok Zoo (), located on the west shore of Lai Chi Kok Bay, was a small private zoo which operated between 1951 and 1993. It had 21 pens in a crescent shaped grounds with a variety of animals from around the world, including binturong, porcupine, sika deer, goat from Germany, Chinese alligator, lion, black panther, vulture, peacock, cougar (Mountain Lion), Bactrian camel, giraffe, Asian elephant, Saltwater crocodile, and Siberian tiger. In 1996, 12 young crocodiles from Thailand were brought to the park. All of them were offspring of the world's largest crocodile, recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.
Its star attraction was an Asian elephant Tino (or Tinnu) (). While a baby, Tino was part of a circus and was given to the Zoo in 1958. It was the most popular animal in the 1950s to 1970s and suffered from pneumonia and was put down in February 1989.
After 1976, the zoo suffered from competition with the much larger Ocean Park. On 31 July 1993, the zoo was closed. This decision was hastened by the Hong Kong Government refusing import licences for new animals, it has since been redeveloped for residential purposes. Most of the remaining animals were sent to Xili Lake Wild Animal Park (now called Shenzhen Safari Park) in Shenzhen. Concern has subsequently been expressed about their welfare in view of criticism of the Safari Park's standards of animal care. The Saltwater crocodiles remained at the Park until it closed in 1997 and were then taken to Shek Kwu Chau.
Closure
On 31 March 1997, the park was closed after the Hong Kong Government decided to use the land for residential public housing. Many additional visitors came to the park as it was about to close, and there were 80,000 visitors on the last two days alone. The animals from the zoo were sent to Shenzhen Safari Park in 1993.
In 1997, Regional Services Department curators spent months negotiating with Far East Hotels and Entertainment to buy the amusements from the closed park, with their historical value. Popular rides such as the Ferris wheel and the ding-dong boats were moved to Hai Mun county, Shanghai where the owner Deacon Chiu Te-ken has family ties. The oldest rides, such as the dodgem cars, were sold to Burma or demolished.
Renegotiation
In 2005, the owner Yau negotiated with the government to build a new amusement park on Lantau Island. However no results have yet been achieved on this matter.
A new version of Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park opened in Central, Hong Kong Island on 26 June 2015. Being free of admission fee, some games are charged with game coins.
References
External links
Historical pictures of Lai yun
Old photos from the park
Lai Chi Kok
1949 establishments in Hong Kong
Kwai Chung
Former buildings and structures in Hong Kong
Defunct amusement parks
1997 disestablishments in Hong Kong
Amusement parks opened in 1949
Amusement parks closed in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai%20Chi%20Kok%20Amusement%20Park |
The Abyss is a recording studio in Pärlby outside Ludvika, Sweden. It is owned and operated by record producer and musician Peter Tägtgren.
Recordings
The following list consists of releases recorded, produced or mixed by Peter Tägtgren at The Abyss studios (meaning Studio A run by Peter himself)
Recording studios in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Abyss%20%28recording%20studio%29 |
The term vernacular photography is used in several related senses. Each is in one way or another meant to contrast with received notions of fine-art photography. Vernacular photography is also distinct from both found photography and amateur photography. The term originated among academics and curators, but has moved into wider usage.
History and usage of the term
Current thinking about vernacular photography was anticipated as early as 1964 by John Szarkowski, director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York from 1962 until 1991. In his book The Photographer’s Eye, Szarkowski proposed to recognize what he called “functional photography” alongside the traditional category of fine-art photography; his point was that all photography could possess the merits he sought. Examples in Szarkowski's book and the exhibition it was based on included ordinary snapshots, magazine photos, studio portraiture, and specialized documentary work by anonymous professionals.
The current wave of interest began in 2000, with a “seminal” essay, “Vernacular Photographies,” by the art historian and curator Geoffrey Batchen. Batchen used the term vernacular photography to refer to “what has always been excluded from photography’s history: ordinary photographs, the ones made or bought (or sometimes bought and then made over) by everyday folk from 1839 until now, the photographs that preoccupy the home and the heart but rarely the museum or the academy.” Batchen had in mind a wide range of photographies made by or for ordinary people, including intentional art and the work of certain professionals: daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, snapshots and snapshot albums, “panoramas of church groups, wedding pictures, formal portraits of the family dog. . . . To these examples could be added a multitude of equally neglected indigenous genres and practices, from gilt Indian albumen prints, to American painted and framed tintypes, to Mexican fotoescultura, to Nigerian ibeji images.”
The Museum of Modern Art currently distinguishes vernacular photography from both fine-art photography and professional photography, singling out snapshots in particular: it defines vernacular photography as “[i]mages by amateur photographers of everyday life and subjects, commonly in the form of snapshots. The term is often used to distinguish everyday photography from fine art photography.” Similarly, the Ackland Art Museum (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) defines vernacular photographs as “those that are made by individuals, typically presumed to be non-artists, for a wide variety of reasons, including snapshots of everyday subjects taken for personal pleasure.”
In a second definition elsewhere on its website, the Museum of Modern Art broadens vernacular photography to include all manner of non-art photographs made “for a huge range of purposes, including commercial, scientific, forensic, governmental, and personal.” The Art Institute of Chicago agrees, referring to vernacular photography as “those countless ordinary and utilitarian pictures made for souvenir postcards, government archives, police case files, pin-up posters, networking Web sites, and the pages of magazines, newspapers, or family albums.”
All the usages broadly carry on Batchen’s rethinking of the underlying photographic material. Like the related terms vernacular music and vernacular architecture, “vernacular photography” under all interpretations not only directs attention to forms that until recently have been ignored by “the museum or the academy,” but also puts the focus on the social contexts in which the photos were originally made. At least in critical and curatorial use, the term largely supersedes the earlier “found photography,” which was most concerned with the eye of the finder. “Found photos” were aesthetic recontextualizations or reinterpretations by artists. By contrast, the current “vernacular photos” are not being taken out of context or reinterpreted, and in most cases they claim no aesthetic value; they simply document some presumably overlooked aspect of social or photo history.
Vernacular photography is also to be distinguished from amateur photography. While vernacular photography is generally situated outside received art categories (though where the lines are drawn may vary), “amateur photography” contrasts with “professional photography”: “[A]mateur [photography] simply means that you make your living doing something else" (see also Photographer).
Vernacular photography in museums
Museums in the United States have been exhibiting snapshots since 1998. Snapshots and related genres are now commonly billed and discussed as vernacular photography.
The American collector Peter J. Cohen currently dominates vernacular photography in U.S. museums. Major museum exhibitions have not yet been mounted outside the United States.
Major museum exhibitions
Museum exhibitions highlighting vernacular photography have included:
1998: "Snapshots: The Photography of Everyday Life" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
2000: "Other Pictures: Vernacular Photographs from the Thomas Walther Collection" at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
2007: "The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson" at the National Gallery of Art.
2015–2016: "Unfinished Stories: Snapshots from the Peter J. Cohen Collection" at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
2017: "Representing: Vernacular Photographs of, by, and for African Americans" at the Portland Art Museum
2019: "Poetics of the Everyday: Amateur Photography, 1890–1970" at the Saint Louis Art Museum
2019–2020: "Lost and Found: Stories for Vernacular Photographs" at the Ackland Art Museum
References
External links
"African-American Vernacular Photography" at the International Center of Photography
Bibliography
Batchen, Geoffrey. Each Wild Idea: Writing, Photography, History. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.
Batchen, Geoffrey. Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004.
Cutshaw, Stacey McCarroll. In the Vernacular: Photography of the Everyday. Boston: Boston University Art Gallery, 2008.
Goranin, Näkki. American Photobooth. New York: W.W. Norton, 2008.
Greenough, Sarah et al. The Art of the American Snapshot, 1888–1978: From the Collection of Robert E. Jackson. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, 2007.
Hinde, John & Martin Parr (ed.). Our True Intent Is All For Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs. London: Chris Boot, 2003.
Hines, Babette. Photobooth. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002.
Levine, Barbara. Snapshot Chronicles: Inventing the American Photo Album. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
Michaelson, Mark, & Steven Kasher (eds.). Least Wanted: A Century of American Mugshots. Göttingen: Steidl & New York: Steven Kasher Gallery, 2006.
Morgan, Hal. Prairie Fires and Paper Moons: The American Photographic Postcard, 1900–1920. Boston: D.R. Godine, 1981.
Parr, Martin (ed.). Boring Postcards. London: Phaidon, 1999. (Followed by Boring Postcards USA, 2000; and Langweilige Postkarten, 2001, of Germany.)
Stricherz, Guy. Americans in Kodachrome. Santa Fe: Twin Palms, 2002.
Wolff, Letitia (ed.). Real Photo Postcards: Unbelievable Images from the Collection of Harvey Tulcensky. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005.
See also
Found photography
Snapshot (photography)
Snapshot aesthetic
Photography by genre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular%20photography |
Miguel Coyula Aquino (born March 31, 1977, in Havana) is a Cuban filmmaker and writer. Working with a multi-disciplinary approach, his films usually take several years to complete. He has been described by critics as a virtuoso and an innovator. The multi-layered narratives of his films often deal with alienation, they contain graphic depictions of sexuality, and frontal criticism of society and politicians. The controversial nature of his work have resulted in the banning of his work in Cuba, although they have also suffered censorship in Argentina, Belarus, Morocco, and Beirut. The press usually refers to him as the enfant terrible of Cuban Cinema.
At age 17, he made his first short with a VHS camcorder, which led to his admittance to Escuela Internacional de Cine y Television (The International Film and Television School) of San Antonio de los Baños, Cuba. In 2001, he received a scholarship at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute. While attending the Strasberg Institute, Coyula made his first feature, Red Cockroaches (2003), for less than $2000 over a two-year period. The film was described by Variety as "a triumph of technology in the hands of a visionary with know-how..." The film won over twenty awards in film festivals around the world.
In 2009, Coyula was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship by The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for developing his second feature, the film Memories of Overdevelopment (2010), a follow-up to the Cuban classic Memorias del Subdesarrollo (1968), based on the novel by Cuban writer Edmundo Desnoes. After its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, the film garnered several awards and honors. The International Film Guide described it as one of the best films Cuba has produced. In 2013 La Pereza Ediciones published his first novel Mar Rojo, Mal Azul.
From 2015 to the 2016 he produced the web Series Rafael Alcides and the documentary feature Nobody (2017) which won the Best Documentary award at the Global Film Festival in Santo Domingo. His latest feature Blue Heart (2021), was filmed over ten years in Havana, premiered at the Moscow International Film Festival and won the Hollywood Foreign Press Association award at the Guadalajara International Film Festival. Cineaste described the film as "...the culminating point of Coyula's artistic growth. It stands as his most visceral experience..."
His second novel, La Isla Vertical was published in 2022 by Ediciones Deslinde in Madrid.
Filmography
Pirámide (1996)
Válvula de luz (1997)
Detalles (1998)
Idea (1998)
Buena Onda (Nice Going) (1999)
Bailar sobre agujas (Dancing on Needles) (1999)
Clase Z "Tropical" (2000)
El Tenedor plástico (The Plastic Fork) (2001)
Red Cockroaches (2003)
Memorias del Desarrollo (aka Memories of Overdevelopment) (2010)
Nadie (Nobody) (2017)
Corazon Azul (aka Blue Heart) (2021)
Books
Mar rojo, mal azul (2013)
La isla vertical (2022)
Awards and nominations
Blue Heart
Special Mention, The Latino & Iberian Film Festival at Yale, USA, 2022
Award for audacity, Minsk International Film Festival, Belarus, 2021
HFPA Jorge Camara Award for Best Latinamerican Film, Guadalajara International Film Festival, Mexico, 2021
Nominated for the Golden St.George Award, Moscow International Film Festival, Russia, 2021
Memories of Overdevelopment
Memorias del Desarrollo has won 20 awards, including:
Audience award for Best Foreign Film, Mostra Principal, Arraial CineFest, Brasil, 2012
Best Director of Latinamerican Section, Málaga Film Festival, Spain 2011
Best Film, Muestra Nacional de Nuevos Realizadores, Cuba, 2011
Special Award, Premios ACE, USA, 2011
Cine Latino Award, Washington DC Independent Film Festival, USA, 2011
Most Innovative, Cero Latitud Film Festival, Ecuador, 2010
Best Narrative Feature, Dallas Video Fest, USA, 2010
Best Feature, New Media Film Festival, USA 2010
Special Mention, Cine Las Americas International Film Festival, USA, 2010
Best Film, Havana Film Festival New York, USA, 2010
Red Cockroaches
Red Cockroaches has won 23 awards, including:
Best Editing, Fearless Tales Genre Festival, USA, 2005
GreenCine Online Film Festival, New Media Film Festival, USA, 2005
Best Film, Microcinema Festival, USA, 2004
Special Jury Award, Muestra de Jóvenes Realizadores, Cuba, 2004
Gran Premio Plaza, Festival Cineplaza, Cuba 2004.
Special Mention for Visual Concept, Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre, Argentina, 2004
Best Editing, Encuentro Nacional de Video, Cuba, 2004
Special Mention, Festival Internazionale de la Fantascienza, Italy, 2004.
Best Feature, Festival Almacén de la Imagen, Cuba, 2003
See also
Cinema of Cuba
Independent film
Art film
References
External links
Millimeter Magazine's Profile on Miguel Coyula
Review of Blue Heart at The Film Veredict
Miguel Coyula's profile at Cineaste Magazine
1977 births
Living people
People from Havana
Cuban film directors
Cuban writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20Coyula |
UHF is a Portuguese rock band formed in the late 1970s in Almada by António Manuel Ribeiro (vocals, guitar and keyboard), Renato Gomes (guitar), Carlos Peres (bass) and Zé Carvalho (drums).
They were the driving force behind the Portuguese rock boom of the early 1980s. At this time very few rock bands had success singing in Portuguese.
UHF already had released their first single, "Jorge morreu" ("George died"), about a death by overdose, when Rui Veloso, considered by many people as "the father of Portuguese rock", released his monumental first album Ar de rock ("Looks like Rock", a pun on "hard rock", which is how it sounds in Portuguese). After Veloso's success, a second single, "Cavalos de corrida" ("Racing horses"), was released, followed by three very successful albums in Portugal: À flor da pele, Estou de passagem, and Persona non grata. The group has celebrated 35 years of existence in 2014, with the only member from the original formation being António Manuel Ribeiro, the leader and frontman of the band, and considered to be one of the best rock poets in the history of Portuguese Rock.
History
In 1976, while punk rock captivated England and the United States, Portugal sought to adjust to the newly gained freedom with the April revolution. Rock was seen by young people as a counterculture movement, an escape from the dictatorial principles of the Salazar regime. Rock was synonymous of freedom, a musical language without connection to the past. The UHF were among the first to quench an immense rock thirst in this new social and political reality. António Manuel Ribeiro (voice and guitar), Carlos Peres (bass), Alfredo Antunes (drums) and a Brazilian guitarist formed in 1976, in Almada, a cover band called Purple Legion that played on the dance circuit, of the time because the rock that was made in the world was little publicized in the press and the radio. At the end of 1977, the drummer Américo Manuel joined Carlos Peres and António M. Ribeiro and started the compositions of the author. They changed the name of the band to Flower of the Skin and later, already with Renato Gomes in the guitar, for UHF. The process of evolution of the name of the band was explained by the singer:
The difficulties of that time were tremendous, because there were no rooms and there was no circuit of shows where the groups could be shown. The country was awakening from an enormous social apathy suffocated by years of isolation. The media reproduced some yé yé, the slight song, the fado, the national songóntismo and after 1974 prevailed the song of political intervention, as recalled Tozé Brito, former representative of Portuguese PolyGram: "After the revolution, who was not in the area of political song had nowhere to go. " Rock was regarded as a joke for boys in high school, which quickly diluted with the call for incorporation into the troop. Portugal could not evolve, too, culturally.
In early November 1978, they performed their first concert at Bar É, in Lisbon, playing the first part of the Sparks. In this concert they invited Vitor 'Macaco' - a Lisnave workman with a pint to give a show - to take on vocalization, but he would be in the band for a short time. António M. Ribeiro occupied only the rhythm guitar and choirs and only later he would assume the role of vocalist. In the audience, the radio broadcaster António Sérgio, an attentive observer, was enthusiastic about the underground sound of the UHF. The second concert took place at the Brown's nightclub in Lisbon, on November 18, 1978, in the first part of Aqui d'el-Rock. This is the official anniversary date considered by the UHF because it was the first concert with António M. Ribeiro in the lead voice. It was a pragmatic performance, as he later recalled: "I do not know if it was the timidity or the lack of sound rehearsal, but we played so loud and so fast and I screamed so much that we smothered our palms with a new song." The musicians lived in Almada and their travels to the capital were limited to the transportation schedules that made crossing the Tagus River. In order not to lose the last cacilheiro when returning home, it was necessary the fast exit after the concerts, being known like "the dudes of Almada that arrive, touch and disappear".
On June 3, 1979, they made their debut in big events, in what was the eleventh concert of the band, with the participation in the "Festival Antinuclear - By the Sun", held in Eduardo VII Park, where they played other names like Rão Kyao, Pedro Barroso, Vitorino, Fausto, Trovante, Minas & Traps, among others. On August 6 and 7 the UHF played in Vila Viçosa with another guitar player, Alfredo Pereira, who left for a more consistent project, but its passage was brief. Mines & Pitfalls - which caused an affront to local convictions - and the promising Xutos & Pontapés (ex-Beijinhos e Parabéns), still lacking media projection, were only able to get the first record in 1982.
In the spring of 1979 they were invited to record by the small publisher Metro-Som, similar to what had happened with the Aqui d'el-Rock. Even without a signed contract they released, in October of that year, the extended play Jorge Morreu (1979), a social intervention disc composed of three tracks that did not obtain commercial success. The publisher did not promote its bands on the radio or in the press. The rock sung in Portuguese still catted but needed to be released. Unhappy with the situation, they contacted the multinational PolyGram but the direction of the publisher, at the time, still did not go through the national rock. In 1979 already traveled Portugal from north to south, achieving the unprecedented feat of a complete national tour. The reputation was consolidated in multiple concerts, first in the great Lisbon and later throughout the country. They were one of the few bands chosen to make the first part of artists of international reputation, case of Dr. Feelgood with two consecutive concerts to 18 and 19 of September in the Dramatic of Cascais, and the new wave king, Elvis Costello, with Attractions, on the 15th in the Infante de Sagres pavilion in Oporto, and on December 17 and 18 in the Os Belenenses pavilion in Lisbon. The UHF acquired the status of 'live band' in the press, but went unnoticed to the editors, who did not leave the offices to see new live bands. The written language of rock in Portuguese, direct and spontaneous, arrived for the first time to all the places of Portugal. The daring Musicians of Almada began to make the real radiography of the life of the urban young people, speaking of the migratory flows, marginality, prostitution, hard drugs and the hard work in the Lisnave. They embodied the experience of 'being on the sidelines' and some rock orthodoxy inspired by the Doors and Lou Reed.
Discography
Studio Albums
1981 – À Flor Da Pele
1982 – Persona non grata
1983 - Ares e Bares de Fronteira
1988 - Em Lugares Incertos
1990 - Este Filme / Amélia Recruta
1990 - Julho, 13
1991 - Comédia Humana
1993 - Santa Loucura
1996 - 69 Stereo
1998 - Rock É! (dançando na noite)
2003 – Sou Benfica - As Canções da Águia
2003 - Harley Jack (CD, Am.Ra, 2003)
2003 - La Pop End Rock
2004 - Voltei a Porto Moniz (Am.Ra, 2004)
2004 - Podia Ser Natal (Am.Ra, 2004)
2005 - Há Rock no Cais
2009 - Eu Sou Benfica
2010 - Porquê?
2013 - A Minha Geração
Compilations
1996 - Cavalos de Corrida
1999 – Eternamente
2003 – À Beira do Tejo
2014 - 300 Canções
Members
Current members
António Manuel Ribeiro — Vocals, Guitars (1978–present)
António Côrte-Real — Guitars, Acoustic Guitar (1997–present)
Ivan Cristiano — Drums, Percussion, Backing Vocals (1999–present)
Luís 'Cebola' Simões — Bass, Acoustic Bass, Backing Vocals (2008, 2013–present)
Fernando Rodrigues — Bass, Backing Vocals (2000–2013), Keyboards, Backing Vocals (2015–present)
Past members
Guitars:
Renato Gomes — Guitars (1978–1986)
Rui Rodrigues — Guitars (1986–1990)
Toninho — Guitars (1990–1992)
Rui Dias — Guitars (1992–1994)
Rui Padinha — Guitars (1996–1997)
Bass:
Carlos Peres — Bass and Backing Vocals (1978–1983)
José Matos — Bass (1983–1984)
Fernando Deleare — Bass (1984–1986, 1987, 1993–1997)
Xana Sin — Bass and Backing Vocals (1987–1988)
Pedro Faro — Bass (1989–1990)
Nuno Espírito Santo — Bass (1991–1992)
Nuno Duarte — Bass (1997–1998)
David Rossi — Bass and Backing Vocals (1998–2000)
Fernando Rodrigues — Bass (2001–2013)
Nuno Oliveira — Bass and Backing Vocals (2008–2015)
Drums:
Américo Manuel — Drums (1978–1979)
Zé Carvalho — Drums (1979–1984)
Manuel Hippo — Drums (1984–1985)
Rui 'Beat' Velez — Drums (1986–1987)
Luís Espírito Santo — Drums (1987–1992, 1995–1997)
Fernando Pinho — Drums (1993–1995)
Marco Costa Cesário — Drums (1997–1999)
Keyboard and Saxophone:
Renato Júnior — Keyboard and Saxophone (1989–1995)
Jorge Manuel Costa — Keyboard and Saxophone (1996–2002)
Nuno Oliveira - Keyboard and Saxophone (2008–2015)
Timeline
References
External links
Official band site, in portuguese
Information about the band in 80's portuguese
Portuguese rock music groups
People from Almada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF%20%28Portuguese%20band%29 |
Songs from the Ocean Floor is the third solo studio album by American rock artist Kip Winger. The album was released in 2001. According to Kip, the lead track "Cross" is an extremely personal song and he opens every solo show with it.
Track listing
"Cross" (Kip Winger) – 4:51
"Crash The Wall" (Winger, Noble Kime) – 3:31
"Sure Was A Wildflower" (Winger) – 4:52
"Two Lovers Stand" (Winger) – 4:22
"Landslide" (Winger, Kime) – 5:14
"Faster (Winger, Kime) – 2:50
"Song Of Midnight" (Winger, Kime) – 4:49
"Free" (Winger) – 3:47
"Only One Word" (Winger) – 5:09
"Broken Open" (Winger, Kime) – 5:39
"Resurrection" (Winger, Kime) – 5:16
"Everything You Need" (Winger) – 4:15
"Headed For A Heartbreak" (Live) – 5:53 (Japanese Bonus Track)
Musicians
Kip Winger – vocals, Steel-string guitar, bass guitar, keyboards
Andy Timmons – guitars, ebow
John Roth – guitars
Rod Morgenstein – drums
Ken Mary – drums
Pat Mastelotto – drums
Robby Rothschild – Percussion
Mark Clark – Percussion
Paula De Tuillio – backing vocals
Frank Medina – backing vocals
Moon Zappa – vocals on "Sure Was A Wildflower"
Dweezil Zappa – Guitar
Jonathan Arthur – vocals on "Landslide"
Reb Beach – guitar solo on "Resurrection"
David Felberg – violin
Elena Sopoci – violin
Joe Zoeckler – violin
Anne Martin – viola
Joan Zucker – cello
Mark Tatum – double bass
Album credits
Produced, engineered, arranged and mixed by Kip Winger
Recorded at Rising Sun Studios, Santa Fe, 1998–1999
Editing by Phil Jackson and Greg DeAngelo
Mastered by Paul Blakemore
Photography by Chris Corey
Cover design by Pete Cotutsca
See also
Winger
References
External links
Kip Winger official website
2001 albums
Albums produced by Kip Winger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20from%20the%20Ocean%20Floor |
Bau is a gold mining town, capital of Bau district in the Kuching Division of Sarawak, Malaysia.
History
On 1 May 1837, the Skrang Ibans invaded the Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh settlement on top of Bratak Peak, killing over 2,000 Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh men and taking 1,000 women captive. Panglima Kulow, head of Jagoi-Bratak Bidayuh community, and a handful of his followers survived the massacre. In 1841 James Brooke, who was then the newly installed White Rajah of Sarawak, was able to rescue some of the women taken captive. Each year on 1 May, descendants of the survivors of the 1837 massacre hold Jagoi-Bratak Day on top of Bratak Peak in Bau in memory of their ancestors. A memorial stone was erected on 1 May 1988, to mark the day.
Gold mining
The Chinese first began gold mining in Bau in the 1800s, centred at Pangkalan Tebang. In 1850, more Chinese came from Pemangkat in Dutch Borneo to escape from inter Chinese Kongsi rivaly there. The friction of the jurisdiction and taxation of Chinese Kongsi with the Brooke government and the $150 fine for smuggling opium imposed by the Brookes led to the Bau uprising on 19 February 1857. About 600 gold miners, led by Liu Shan Bang, took over Kuching town, the administrative centre of the Brooke government. Amongst those who were killed during the uprising were police inspector P. Middleton and his family, R. Wellington, an employee of Borneo Company Limited (BCL), 19-year-old Harry Nicholettes, the Lundu Resident, and a Malay Corporal. The Sarawak Treasury was ransacked, including $6,359 belonging The Borneo Company. The gold miners called a meeting that involved Bishop, Ludvig Verner Helms (manager of BCL), Ruppell (a private merchant trading with BCL), and the Datu Bandar. Agreements were signed so that "Mr Helms and Mr Ruppell were to rule the foreign portion of the town [Kuching], and the Datu Bandar the Malays, under the [gold miners’] Kongsi as supreme rulers.” and “the Chinese should go up the river the same day … the Malays should not attack them … no steamers or boats should be sent up the river in pursuit.” On 23 February, BCL steamship named Sir James Brooke returned from Singapore. James Brooke, Helms, and others boarded the steamship. Flanked by a flotilla of small boats, the steamship sailed upriver in pursuit of the retreating Chinese gold miners. James Brooke retook the town of Kuching on the same day. Building upon the victory, Tuan Muda Charles Brooke led several hundreds of Dayaks from Skrang and Saribas in pursuit of the 2,000 Chinese gold miners that retreated to Sambas, Dutch Borneo. On the order of James Brooke, Helms went to Dutch Borneo to seek cooperation to exterminate the remaining Chinese gold miners. The Dutch authorities agreed and by 15 March 1857, peace was restored and Helms returned to Sarawak on a Dutch warship.
After the uprising was quashed by the Brookes, the mining operations were gradually taken over by The Borneo Company with the last Chinese syndicate being bought out in 1884. In 1898, The Borneo Company introduced the cyanide process for extracting the gold, which led to increased environmental pollution. The mines were closed in 1921 because most of the minerals, easily reachable by existing techniques, had been removed. But during the Great Depression Chinese miners continued to artisanally mine the deposits. The mines were reopened in the late 1970s when world gold prices soared, but were closed down again in 1996 when the Asian financial crisis started. The last mining occurred at the Tai Parit open-pit mine.
In 2002, Preston Resources began exploratory development of the mining leases formerly held by Malaysia's Oriental Peninsula Gold (now Peninsula Gold Ltd.). In 2006, Zedex Minerals purchased a controlling interest in the exploratory leases. Zedex was primarily concerned with determining the extent and richness of the remaining Jugan gold deposits, but it also assayed the old tailings at the Bukit Young Gold Mine site for potential reprocessing. In 2009 Zedex was merged into Olympus Pacific Minerals. As of 2014, the mining rights were held by North Borneo Gold, a joint venture of Besra Gold (aka Olympus Pacific Minerals), Golden Celesta and Gladioli Enterprises, a Malaysian mining group. , the mines have not reopened.
Geography
The gold deposits in Bau Township occur in the Jugan Hills in marine sedimentary rocks of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous age, primarily limestone. The gold comes from hydrothermal sources activated by local volcanism. The gold is found in four distinct configurations: disseminated throughout the mineralized sediments; as silica replacement; in breccias having magno-calcite quartz veining; and occasionally as porphyritic skarns.
The limestone cliffs in the area support a wide range of endemic flora, including the rare pitcher plant Nepenthes northiana.
Schools
Primary school
SK Tringgus
SK Tembawang
SK Sungai Pinang
SK Suba Buan
SK Stass
SK St Teresa (M)
SK St Stephen (M)
SK St Patrick (M)
SK St John (M)
SK Skibang
SK Siniawan
SK Simpang Kuda
SK Serumbu
SK Serasot
SK Serabak
SK Senibong
SK Segubang
SK Segong
SK Sebobok
SK Puak
SK Podam
SK Pedaun Bawah
SK Opar
SK Kampung Bobak/Sejinjang
SK Jagoi
SK Gumbang
SK Grogo
SK Buso
SK Bau
SK Atas
SK Apar
SJK (C) Chung Hua Tondong
SJK (C) Chung Hua Taiton
SJK (C) Chung Hua Siniawan
SJK (C) Chung Hua Sebuku
SJK (C) Chung Hua Paku
SJK (C) Chung Hua Musi
SJK (C) Chung Hua Kranji
SJK (C) Chung Hua Buso
SJK (C) Chung Hua Bau
Secondary schools
SMK Paku (S)
SMK Lake
SMK Bau
SMK Singai (open on 25 June 2018 as the 4th secondary school in Bau District)
Transportation
Local Bus
Attractions and recreational spots
In 2022, Roxy Tasik Biru Resort was opened to the public. It is equipped with a floating bridge, fountain, chalets, a café, and a boat ride service. Fairy Cave and Wind Cave are located in the Bau District.
Notable people
Pandelela Rinong, 2012 Olympic medallist for diving, 2016 Olympic medallist for diving, Bidayuh girl from Kampung Jugan, Bau.
Notes
Bau District
Towns in Sarawak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau%2C%20Sarawak |
The Women's Royal Australian Naval Service (WRANS) was the women's branch of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). In 1941, fourteen members of the civilian Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC) were recruited for wireless telegraphy work at the Royal Australian Navy Wireless/Transmitting Station Canberra, as part of a trial to free up men for service aboard ships. Although the RAN and the Australian government were initially reluctant to support the idea, the demand for seagoing personnel imposed by the Pacific War saw the WRANS formally established as a women's auxiliary service in 1942. The surge in recruitment led to the development of an internal officer corps. Over the course of World War II, over 3,000 women served in the WRANS.
The organisation was disbanded in 1947, but was reestablished in 1951 in response to the manpower demand caused by Cold War commitments. In 1959, the WRANS was designated a permanent part of the Australian military. The WRANS continued to operate until 1985, when female personnel were integrated into the RAN.
History
Origin and World War II
In March 1939, Florence Violet McKenzie set up the Women's Emergency Signalling Corps (WESC) as wireless telegraphy organisation for female volunteers. McKenzie established the WESC because of the threat of war, and her belief that training women in wireless telegraphy, morse code, and related skills meant they could free up men for military service. By August 1940, there was a waiting list of 600 women for the small school, and WESC-trained telegraphists were teaching men from the armed forces and merchant navy.
Inspired by an article on the Women's Royal Naval Service, McKenzie contacted the RAN on several occasions to suggest that her telegraphists be employed by the RAN. Although initial letters were unanswered, she was eventually contacted by the Director of Signals and Communications, who proposed an experimental trial. There was opposition from both the government and the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board, although they eventually agreed to the trial after realising there were few other sources of trained telegraphists that could meet RAN requirements. Even so, the employment was approved on the condition that there was no publicity attached to the recruitment. Fourteen women from the WESC (12 telegraphists and 2 cooks) were accepted for naval service on 28 April 1941 and employed at the Royal Australian Navy Wireless/Transmitting Station Canberra. Six months later, another nine women were recruited. Although treated as naval personnel, the women were technically civilian employees of the RAN. Despite the formation of women's auxiliaries in the Army and Air Force, the RAN remained reluctant to formally enlist the telegraphists.
The increasing demand for manpower in the Pacific War resulted in a change of opinion in the RAN, with increasing recruitment of female personnel, and public promotion of the service. Approval to form a Women's Royal Australian Naval Service of 580 personnel (280 telegraphists plus 300 other duties) was granted on 24 July 1942, and the initial WESC telegraphists were offered enlistment on 1 October 1942. The scale of the response to recruitment campaigns was unexpected, with over 1,000 women enlisted by the end of 1942. This prompted the RAN to establish an officer corps within the WRANS, with the first training course for female officers beginning at Flinders Naval Depot on 18 January 1943, and a further 16 courses run by September 1945.
Women recruited into the WRANS were not permitted to serve at sea, but were able to fill most shore-based positions. WRANS performed a variety of duties, including working as telegraphists, clerks, drivers, stewards, cooks, Sick Berth Attendants, and some technical areas (such as ship degaussing ranges), and intelligence and cryptanalysis. Ruby Boye, the only woman to serve in the Coastwatchers organisation, was commissioned as an honorary WRANS officer. It was hoped that this commissioning (along with the WRANS uniform air-dropped to her) would see the Japanese treat her as a member of the armed forces if she was captured.
Over 3,000 women enlisted in the WRANS during World War II, with 2,671 active at the war's end: 10% of the overall RAN strength, but significantly fewer than the 18,000 each in the Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force and Australian Women's Army Service. The WRANS was disbanded in 1947, with all personnel discharged by 1948.
1951 reestablishment
In 1950, pressure on naval manpower from Cold War commitments prompted the RAN to reestablish the WRANS, albeit reluctantly, with every other possible option examined first. The decision was announced on 18 June 1950, with formal inauguration at the start of 1951. Wartime WRANS could re-enlist, but their previous service was not recognised for pay or advancement. Women could only occupy specifically designated shore posts, and would be discharged if they married or became pregnant. Despite these restrictions, there were 1,500 applications for the initial 250 positions. The postwar WRANS operated on a policy of taking over shore duties to free up RAN personnel for at-sea service: a policy described as "a Wran in, a man out".
In December 1959, the WRANS were granted permanent status. By the start of the 1970s, there were almost 700 women serving in the WRANS, including postings at all nine RAN shore establishments, and personnel accompanying the Naval Communications Detachment based in Singapore.
The WRANS' senior officers campaigned to expand the service and remove restrictions that hampered recruitment and retention. In 1969, the restriction on married women was removed, and the automatic discharge of pregnant women was dropped in 1974. In 1975, Prime Minister Gough Whitlam announced the intention to investigate the posting of women to ships on non-combat deployments. By 1978, WRANS personnel were receiving equal pay to their RAN counterparts.
Integration
The Sex Discrimination Act 1984 made separate women's branches for the Australian Defence Force unsustainable.
In 1985, the regulations relating to the WRANS were repealed, and female personnel were integrated into the RAN.
Directors
The directors of the WRANS were:
Chief Officer Sheila McClemans (1944–47)
Chief Officer Blair Bowden (1950–54)
First Officer Joan Cole (1954–56)
First Officer Elizabeth Hill (1956–58)
Captain Joan Streeter (1958–73)
Captain Barbara MacLeod (1973–79)
Commander June Baker (1979–83)
Commander Marcia Chalmers (1983–85)
Ranks and uniforms
For the first six months, WRANS used the green WESC uniform set up by McKenzie. Naval tailors copied the Women's Royal Naval Service uniform, and clothing was available by July 1941, but without shoes. The uniform was a winter outfit with a jacket with two rows of three buttons, a skirt, blouse, hat, tie and underwear. Later a summer uniform with a dress, belt and socks was issued. The dress had a wide white collar and buttons down the front.
See also
Women in the Australian military
Women's Royal Naval Service, the equivalent British service
Royal Australian Naval Nursing Service, another all-female branch of the RAN
Female roles in the World Wars
References
Citations
Sources
Books
Further reading
External links
HMAS Harman (official page)
Overview of the WRANS (Australian War Memorial page)
2003 RAN News article: HMAS Harman's 60th Anniversary
History of the WRANS (with photographs)
Royal Australian Navy
Naval
All-female military units and formations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s%20Royal%20Australian%20Naval%20Service |
Caçu is a municipality in southwest Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Caçu is part of the Quirinópolis Microregion. It is located 330 kilometers from the state capital of Goiânia and is crossed by highway GO-206, which links the city with Quirinópolis. It is almost directly south of Rio Verde, 99 km away.
Highway connections from Goiânia are by BR-060 / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / Rio Verde / GO-174/GO-422 / Aparecida do Rio Doce / BR-364/GO-206. See Sepin
Geography
The relief of the municipality is made up of a plateau and several hills. Belonging to the Paranaíba River system, it is crossed by the Claro, Verdinho, and the Paranaíba itself. The climate is tropical with two well-defined seasons—the dry season, from May to the end of September, and the rainy season, from September to April.
The temperature varies between 18 °C and 35 °C, with an average of 25 °C; in the months of June and July the minimum temperature can fall to 0 °C, although this is rare.
Demographics
Population density in 2007: 4.84 inhabitants/km2
Population growth rate 1996/2007: 0.41.%
Total population in 2007: 10,892
Total population in 1980: 10,739
Urban population in 2007: 6,543
Rural population in 2007: 2,349
Population change: the population has increased by about 150 inhabitants since 1980.
The economy
The economy is based on cattle raising and soybean growing. The region had 211,000 head of cattle including 15,900 milking cows (2006). The extensive cattle raising and mechanized agriculture provide few jobs for the local population and the population density is sparse.
Industrial units: 15
Retail commercial units: 161
Dairies: Laticínios Itarumã e Comércio Ltda., Coop. Agrop. dos Prod. Rurais de Iturama. (22/05/2006)
Financial institutions: Banco do Brasil S.A., BRADESCO S.A. (August/2007)
Farm Data (2006)in ha.
Number of farms: 736
Total area: 159,640
Area of permanent crops: 132
Area of perennial crops: 1,457
Area of natural pasture: 123,220
Persons dependent on farming: 2,100
Farms with tractors: 171 IBGE
Corn: 300 ha.
Rice: 250 ha.
Soybeans: 700 ha.
Health and education
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 16.89
Hospitals (2007): 01 with 29 beds
Literacy rate in 2000: 86.8
Schools: 13
Enrollment: 2,771
Higher education: none in 2006
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index: 0.783
State ranking: 25 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 972 (out of 5,507 municipalities) Frigoletto
History
The region was first settled by Europeans in 1858 when two brothers, Pedro and Paulo de Sequeira, coming from Minas Gerais established themselves on the right bank of the Rio Claro. Twenty-six years later Manuel José de Castro, with other families, started the first cattle ranch called Caçu, because of the great quantity of liquorice (alcaçuz), a medicinal plant, growing in the region. The cattle ranch became a village in 1915 with the construction of a chapel. The first name was Água Fria, being built on the banks of the stream with that name. In 1924 it became a district of Jataí with the name of Caçu, achieving its municipal independence in 1953.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
External links
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7u |
Lazuli are a French progressive rock band, formed in Southern France in 1998 by Claude and Dominique Leonetti.
History
After their formation in 1998, their first album, the self-titled Lazuli, was released in 1999 and struggled in popularity. However, over many years the band have changed and refined their sound finding increased popularity and appreciation.
Their second album, Amnésie, in 2004, helped Lazuli to sign with the Night & Day distribution group.
On 2 and 3 July 2005, Lazuli attended the Montreux Jazz Festival and received an award for "Under the sky".
Key dates
1999 : Concert at FIMU in Belfort, France)
2004 : Second album "Amnésie"
2 & 3 July 2005 : Montreux Jazz Festival (Switzerland)
11 March 2006 : Baja Prog Festival in Mexicali (Mexico)
12 April 2006 : Concert at Colos-Saal in Aschaffenburg (Germany)
5 August 2006 : KOMMZ-Festival in Aschaffenburg (Germany)
12 August 2006: Concert in Bergerac, Dordogne (France), invited by Ange.
18 January 2007 : Colos-Saal à Aschaffenburg (Germany)
2 May 2009 : Rites of Spring festival (United States)
29 November 2009 : Lazuli announce split http://www.progforums.com/punforum/viewtopic.php?pid=1127#p1127
7 October 2011 : Headlined the Summers End festival in Lydney United Kingdom
2015 : Lazuli supported Fish on his entire "Farewell To Childhood" European tour in November and December 2015.
Musical style
Lazuli combine progressive rock with world and electro music.
Besides guitar, keyboards and drums the band plays also léode, vibraphone and horn; until 2009, split chapman stick, marimba and warr guitar were used as well.
Claude Leonetti invented and plays the léode, because he cannot use his left arm after a motorcycle accident.
Their lyrics are entirely in French.
Band members
Current members
Claude Leonetti – léode (1998–present)
Dominique Leonetti – vocals, guitar (1998–present)
Arnaud Beyney – guitar, bass guitar (2020–present)
Vincent Barnavol – drums (2010–present)
Romain Thorel – keyboards (2010–present)
Former members
Gédéric Byar – Guitar (2007–2020)
Fred Juan – marimba, percussion (1998–2009)
Sylvain Bayol – chapman stick, warr guitar (1998–2009)
Yohan Simeon – percussion (1998–2009)
Discography
Studio albums
Lazuli (1999)
Amnésie (2004)
En avant doute... (2007)
Réponse incongrue à l'inéluctable (2009)
4603 battements (2011)
Tant que l'herbe est grasse (2014)
Nos âmes saoules (2016)
Saison 8 (2018)
Le Fantastique Envol de Dieter Böhm (2020)
Dénudé (2021)
11 (2023)
Video albums
6 frenchmen in Amsterdam – Live at Paradiso DVD (2009)
Live @ l'Abeille Rôde DVD (2013)
Nos âmes saoules Live 2016 DVD (2016)
References
External links
Official web site
French progressive rock groups
Musea artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazuli |
Abdul Kadir Yusof (; 10 September 1917 – 18 April 1992) was a Malaysian politician. A lawyer by profession, Abdul Kadir held the posts of Attorney General and Solicitor-General at various points during his lifetime. He was also the Minister of Law. Together with his wife Fatimah Hashim, former Welfare Minister, Abdul Kadir represented one half of the first couple to be on the Malaysian cabinet.
Life
Abdul Kadir was born in Parit Sakai, Muar, Johor in 1917. During his lifetime, he was a member of the United Malays National Organisation, the leading party in the ruling coalition Barisan Nasional. He was a Tenggaroh State Assemblyman.
Family
Kadir is survived by his wife, politician Tun Fatimah Hashim, six children, nineteen grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren.
His eldest daughter, Mariam, was the Director of the Malaysian National Library and is now retired. His second son, Mohamed Shah, has now retired as Chairman of McDonald's Malaysia and Founder of Ronald McDonald's Children's Charity (RMCC) Malaysia. His third son, Professor Emeritus Dato' Dr Khalid Abdul Kadir was previously the Director of Hospital UKM, Kuala Lumpur, and is now the Dean of Medicine at Monash University Malaysia. His fourth son Datuk Ali Abdul Kadir is an accomplished accountant who has held such prestigious positions as Chairman of Ernst & Young, Chairman of the Securities Commission Malaysia, and recently retired as Chairman of Dubai Investment Group. His fifth son Abdul Karim is in business and adviser to a few public and private companies following a 17-year working stint in Japan. Faridah, his youngest daughter is also an adviser to a Danish Investment Bank.
Death
Abdul Kadir died of lung cancer at his home in Kuala Lumpur on 18 April 1992 and was buried in Makam Pahlawan near Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur.
Foundation
The Yayasan Kadir & Fatimah (Yayasan K&F) confers the Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Gold Medal Award to UIA (Faculty of Law for the best Syariah Law student) and to UKM (Faculty of Law for the best Law Student). The Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Gold Medal is also awarded to the student who tops the Accounting Law paper for CPA. The Yayasan recently started conferring the Tun Fatimah medal for the best female student active in community work for the first time in September 2007 and will be awarded annually to Universiti Malaya, Universiti Teknologi Mara and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia students.
Yayasan K&F continues to support public primary schools in Johor and Kedah, organise the annual Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Charity Golf Tournament to raise funds, and numerous other charitable causes through Abdul Kadir and Fatimah's children and grandchildren.
Legacy
Several projects and institutions were named after him, including:
Dewan Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Yusuf in Attorney General Chambers in Putrajaya.
Perpustakaan Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Yusuf in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tan Sri Abdul Kadir in Mersing, Johor.
Sekolah Agama Tan Sri Abdul Kadir in Endau, Johor.
Honours
Honours of Malaysia
:
Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Silver) (PPM) (1965)
Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) – Tan Sri (1966)
:
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato' (1973)
Knight Grand Companion of the Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor (SSIJ) – Dato' (1976)
:
Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima
References
1917 births
1992 deaths
Government ministers of Malaysia
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Muar
Deaths from lung cancer in Malaysia
20th-century Malaysian lawyers
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Dewan Negara
Attorneys General of Malaysia
Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Justice ministers of Malaysia
Deaths from cancer in Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Kadir%20Yusof |
The Colombian grebe (Podiceps andinus), was a grebe found in the Bogotá wetlands on the Bogotá savanna in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes of Colombia. The species was still abundant in Lake Tota in 1945. The species has occasionally been considered a subspecies of black-necked grebe (P. nigricollis). It was flightless.
The decline of the Colombian grebe is attributed to wetland drainage, siltation, pesticide pollution, disruption by reed harvesting, hunting, competition, and predation of chicks by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The primary reason was loss of habitat: drainage of wetlands and siltation resulted in higher concentrations of pollutants, causing eutrophication across Lake Tota. This destroyed the open, submergent pondweed (Potamogeton) vegetation and resulted in the formation of a dense monoculture of water weed (Elodea).
By 1968, the species had declined to approximately 300 birds. Only two records of this bird were made in the 1970s; one seen 1972, and the last confirmed record from 1977 when three birds were seen. Intensive studies in 1981 and 1982 failed to find the species and it is now considered extinct.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Podiceps
Podicipedidae
Bird extinctions since 1500
Birds described in 1959
Taxa named by Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee
Extinct birds of South America
Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Species made extinct by human activities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian%20grebe |
The Democratic Renewal Party (, , PRD; also Democratic Renovator Party) was a political party in Portugal, founded in 1985 with the political support of the then independent President of the Republic, Ramalho Eanes, and lasting until 2000. At the time of its foundation, it was meant to "moralize Portuguese political life" and the party positioned itself in the political centre. Its first leader was Hermínio Martinho.
History
A short time after its foundation, the PRD profited from the dissolution of the Portuguese parliament, occupied at the time by a grand coalition between the Socialist Party (PS) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD), from both of which the PRD included dissidents (for example, on the PS side, José Medeiros Ferreira, former foreign Minister in a Mário Soares government and also a supporter of the centre-right Democratic Alliance as a dissident of the PS, and on the Social Democratic side, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, a co-founder of the PSD). Due to a disastrous economic policy, Ramalho Eanes dissolved the parliament and called for a new election where the newly founded PRD surprisingly won 18% of the vote and got 45 MPs, becoming the third major party. The election did not give the majority of the seats to any party, so the party with the most votes, the Social Democratic Party, formed a minority government with PRD tactical support, sending the PSD's Socialist former coalition partners into opposition.
In the local elections of 1985, however, the party began to have difficulties, achieving only 5% of the vote and few seats. In the following presidential election in 1986, the party supported Salgado Zenha along with the Portuguese Communist Party, but its candidate did not manage to reach the second round.
In 1987, the party made a decision that would lead to its dissolution, supporting a censure motion, along with the Communists and the Socialists, that led to the fall of the first government of Aníbal Cavaco Silva, which took office after the legislative elections of 1985. In the subsequent legislative election, the party lost most of its support, almost disappearing from parliament, losing 38 of its 45 MPs. Meanwhile, Ramalho Eanes had replaced Hermínio Martinho as leader of the party, a post he too left after the electoral disaster.
In the 1989 European elections, the party made a pact with the Socialist Party and elected one MEP on the Socialist electoral lists, Pedro Canavarro. In the legislative election of 1991, the party, at the time led by Canavarro, lost all of its parliamentary representation and never regained it, nor reached its previous position. Canavarro left the leadership of the party and was replaced by Manuel Vargas Loureiro, who led it until its de facto extinction. In the late 1990s, the weakened and disjointed party was taken over by extreme right-wing elements and the party became the National Renovator Party.
Election results
Assembly of the Republic
Local elections
European Parliament
References
External links
Short biography of the PRD by the Documentation Centre of the Carnation Revolution (in Portuguese)
Defunct political parties in Portugal
Political parties established in 1985
2000s disestablishments in Portugal
1985 establishments in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Renewal%20Party%20%28Portugal%29 |
Alexander Kevin "Zander" Diamond (born 12 March 1985) is a Scottish former professional footballer and current assistant manager of Lowland League club Broomhill.
Diamond played as a centre-back and began his career with Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen, before moving to Oldham Athletic in 2011; he later played for Burton Albion, Northampton Town and Mansfield Town in England. He won eleven caps for Scotland under-21s.
Club career
Aberdeen
Born in Alexandria and raised in Dumbarton, Diamond graduated from the youth team at Aberdeen in his first full season and made his League debut against Dundee United at Tannadice, coming on as a substitute at half time in 2003–04 season. He made his first start for the club in a Scottish League Cup match against Dumbarton in September 2004. Later in the same season, he scored his first senior goal for the club in a 3–1 win against Kilmarnock at Pittodrie. He won the "Young Player of the Month" award for February.
In the 2005–06 season, Jimmy Calderwood was appointed Aberdeen manager. He quickly signed Diamond to a long-term contract after he played successfully alongside Aberdeen captain Russell Anderson.
However, in season 2007–08, Aberdeen qualified for the UEFA Cup group section after beating Dnipro on away goals. They were drawn in Group B against Panathanaikos, Lokomotiv Moscow, Atlético Madrid and FC Copenhagen. Diamond scored in the 1–1 draw against Lokomotiv Moscow, and Branislav Ivanović scored the equaliser. After qualifying from the group, they faced Bayern Munich in the last 32, drawing 2–2 at Pittodrie in the first leg. They went out on aggregate 7–3 after a 5–1 defeat in the Allianz Arena. On 18 January 2009, he achieved the feat of scoring twice against Celtic in an SPL match at Pittodrie which Aberdeen won 4–2.
Diamond made 249 appearances for Aberdeen over eight seasons, scoring 19 goals.
Oldham Athletic
Having previously been expected to sign for Hearts before an ankle injury was identified, on 13 July 2011 Diamond signed a one-year contract with Oldham Athletic. His first goal for the club on 30 July 2011 came with a headed goal against Fleetwood Town in a pre–season friendly, which Oldham Athletic won, 1–0. He made his competitive club debut on the first day of the 2011–12 season, starting the Football League match against Sheffield United.
Burton Albion
On 5 June 2012, Diamond signed with League Two club Burton Albion.
He made his debut against Sheffield United at Bramall Lane in the first round of the League Cup, which Burton won on penalties. Diamond scored his first goal for the club in a 6–2 home win against AFC Wimbledon. After finishing 4th, the highest in the club's history in the Football League, they were beaten in the playoffs by eventual winners Bradford City. On 26 May, Burton called him back to play in their Play-Off Final game against Fleetwood Town. He started on the bench but came on as a sub.
Northampton Town
On 21 February 2014, Diamond joined League Two side Northampton Town on loan for the remainder of the 2013–14 season. On 7 May 2014, Diamond signed a three-year contract for the Cobblers after a successful loan spell with the club. The move became effective at the start of pre-season, at which time he spoke of his positive experiences in English football and the relative anonymity he enjoyed compared with living in Aberdeen.
He made over 100 league appearances for Northampton, experiencing a promotion as winners of League Two in 2016 and maintaining the club's status in League One in the following season. He was named the club's 'Player of the year' for 2017, but despite this he was one of several players allowed to leave when their contracts expired.
Mansfield Town
Diamond joined Mansfield Town of EFL League Two on 12 May 2017.
He was transfer-listed by Mansfield at the end of the 2017–18 season. Diamond retired in October 2018 due to injury.
International career
Having earlier appeared for the Under-19s and Under-20s, Diamond captained the Scottish under-21 international side, winning 11 caps and scoring once, between 2004 and 2006. He also appeared once for the B team in December 2004.
Career statistics
References
External links
Profile and stats at AFC Heritage Trust
1985 births
Living people
People from Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Aberdeen F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
People educated at Our Lady & St Patrick's High School
Footballers from West Dunbartonshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander%20Diamond |
Steeplecab is railroad terminology for a style or design of electric locomotive; the term is rarely if ever used for other forms of power. The name originated in North America and has been used in Britain as well.
A steeplecab design has a central driving cab area which may include a full-height area in between for electrical equipment. On both ends lower sloping hood contain other equipment, especially noisy equipment such as the air compressor not desired within the cab area. When overhead lines are used for power transmission, the cab roof usually supports the equipment to collect the power, either by pantographs, bow collectors or trolley poles. Although on some early designs such as the North Eastern Railways Electric No. 1 a bow collector might be mounted on one of the hoods instead.
History
The steeplecab style was developed in America. The first ever built steeple cab was a 30-ton model built by General Electric (GE) in 1894. It was used in a textile mill in Taftville, Connecticut till the mill closed in 1964. This was only the second electric locomotive built by GE and it is preserved as a static display in the Connecticut Trolley Museum. Steeplecabs did exist.
GE received the contract to electrify the Howard Street Tunnel of the Baltimore Belt Line, what became the first main line electrification in the world. Operation of the system started 1895. The three locomotives used are sometimes referred to as steeple cabs, but they had a different design compared to the ordinary steeplecabs. Each locomotive consisted of two permanently coupled sections each riding on two axles. The overall silhouette was similar to a steeplecab.
Following to the concept in Baltimore, the French Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans (PO) built a tunnel from its Gare d'Austerlitz to the new built Gare d'Orsay. This brought the railway terminus in Paris 2.5 miles closer to the city center. The tunnel was electrified with third rail power to avoid the nuisance of smoke from the steam locomotives. The system used at the beginning eight steeplecabs numbered E1 to E8 for traction. They were built by GE and the French Ateliers de Construction du Nord de la France (ANF), also known under its brand name Blanc-Misseron representing the rolling stock factory of the company. The locomotives remained with the successor company of PO, the SNCF, even the Gare d'Orsay closed for long-distance services in 1939. The SNCF used them as shunters till the end of the 1960s. One is preserved in the Cité du Train in Mulhouse.
Initially, nine locomotives were foreseen for the Paris operation of PO, but one of the ordered locomotives was given to Rete Mediterranea for freight service on the Porto Ceresio–Milan railway, which was also known as Varesina. The locomotive was built 1901 by Thomson-Houston and General Electric as 650 V DC 3rd rail locomotive like the ones in Paris. Originally classified as RM01, it became under FS the E420.001 and was transferred to Naples, where it was used for freight service on the Naples Subway. This line was later electrified with 3000 V and the locomotive was sold to the nearby Cumana railway, where it remained in service till 1963.
In 1902, the British North Eastern Railway placed an order for two steeplecab locomotives of virtually identical design, the ES1 (although they had a dual collection system, using both 3rd rail and pantograph) . These were for the Tyneside Electrics system in North East England, where their job was to haul very heavy mineral trains relatively short distances but over a route that included gradients as steep as 1 in 27. These locomotives started work in 1905 and were only retired in 1964. The North Shore Railroad in California built a standard gauge, steeplecab locomotive in its own shops in 1902-1903 which was used until 1906 when it was apparently sold to the United Railroads of San Francisco.
Steeplecabs are more often used for DC electrification, not AC. The first electric railways used DC supplies which could be fed directly to their traction motors, without needing much electrical equipment on board. AC electrification required either large frame-mounted motors, or rectifiers. AC locomotives thus used the boxcab or centercab layout, where their high bodywork provided space for the additional transformer, rectifiers and control equipment. A centercab, such as the PRR GG1, is similar to a steeplecab and has the same single central control cab with a view in both directions, but there is only vision to one side of the locomotive from each side of the cab, as the hoods are too high to see over.
The steeplecab locomotive was the most common design for freight locomotives used on interurbans. In North America, the market was dominated by General Electric and the consortium of Baldwin (BLW) and Westinghouse. The standard series were usually designated by the weight of the locomotive in tons. The heaviest ones weighed 100 ton, the lightest 30 ton, where the 50 ton and 60 ton models were the most common ones.
Advantages and disadvantages
The steeplecab design was especially popular for electric switcher locomotives, and on electric locomotives ordered for interurban and industrial lines. It offers a large degree of crash protection for the crew combined with good visibility.
Disadvantages include reduced room for bulky electrical equipment compared to other designs.
The overall design pattern of a central crew area with lower and/or narrower equipment hoods on each end has been repeated many times, although the lack of equipment space has meant it has largely died out in recent years.
By country
Australia
The first two members of the Victorian Railways E class electric locomotives, introduced in 1923, were of a steeplecab design.
France
The Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans introduced eight steeplecab locomotives from General Electric used for an electrified tunnel ligne similar to the design of the Baltimore Belt Line in 1900.
Germany
Several early German electric locomotives were of the steeplecap design. This included a Siemens & Halske three-phase AC locomotive used for high-speed trials with 10 kV three-phase AC alongside the experimental three-phase railcar in 1901–3, the (later E69) of 1905, the narrow-gauge of 1911 or the of 1913.
Italy
A single locomotive was built in 1900 by Thomson-Houston and General Electric for the Ferrovie Nord Milano.
Japan
During World War II, Toshiba manufactured Toshiba austerity Electric locomotives ().
United Kingdom
When the Central London Railway (now the Central line of the London Underground) opened in 1900, its trains were hauled by camelback (steeplecab) electric locomotives. Due to severe vibrations as a result of their most of their weight being unsprung, they were withdrawn in 1903 and replaced by
multiple-unit trains.
The North Eastern Railway operated three classes of camelbacks between 1905 and the company's merger under Grouping in 1922. These became:
LNER Class EE1
British Rail Class EF1
LNER Class ES1
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway also built at least two steeplecab locomotives. One was a straight electric which could pick up current from third rail or overhead wire. The other was battery powered. See external links for photos.
United States
In the US, several examples of steeplecab electric locomotives can be found preserved at various railway museums. At least one common carrier railroad, the Iowa Traction, still operates several locomotives of this style.
The Western Railway Museum features two former Sacramento Northern locomotives in its collection, both built by General Electric.
The Southern California Railway Museum rosters several such locomotives, including one from the Sacramento Northern and a Yakima Valley Transportation Company locomotive that originally ran in Glendale, California.
The Illinois Railway Museum rosters several locomotives from The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company and the only surviving articulated steeplecab, originally from the Commonwealth Edison plant on California Avenue in Chicago.
The New York Transit Museum has three preserved South Brooklyn Railway Steeplecab locomotives in its collection, at least one of which operated on fan trips during the subway's centennial in 2004.
Similar designs
Other, similar, designs with cab position towards the center and hoods, some including very large locomotives:
the "Crocodile" design used in Europe
the PRR GG1
the Milwaukee Road class EP-2 "Bi-Polars"
References
External links
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway steeple cab electric loco
Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway steeple cab battery loco
Electric locomotives
Steeplecab locomotives
Locomotive body styles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeplecab |
Alison Jackson (born May 15, 1960) is an English artist, photographer, and filmmaker. Her work explores the theme of celebrity culture. She makes realistic work of celebrities doing things in private using lookalikes.
Education
Alison Jackson attended the Chelsea College of Art and Design in London between 1993 and 1997, and graduated with a BA (Hons) in Fine Art (Sculpture).
From 1997 to 1999, Jackson studied for a MA in Fine-art photography at the Royal College of Art (RCA) in London.
Career
In 1999, Jackson created black-and-white photographs that appeared to show Princess Diana and Dodi Al-Fayed with a mixed-race love child. The photographs, titled Mental Images, were part of her graduation show at the RCA. She has used lookalikes to create photographs and films of celebrities in private situations. At the RCA, Jackson won a number of awards including The Photographers' Gallery Award and in 2002, her advertising campaign for Schweppes drinks won gold and silver awards from Campaign magazine.
Jackson wrote, directed, and co-produced BBC Two's 2003 series Doubletake with Tiger Aspect. The show won an award at the 2002 BAFTAs. She made a series of mockumentaries and fake biopics for Channel 4 about public figures, using George W Bush and Tony Blair lookalikes in a series of staged scenes of their public lives. Blaired Vision, broadcast on 26 June 2007, coincided with Blair's exit from office.
Jackson performed a one-woman show, Shot to Fame, in 2018 at Soho Theatre, and Double Fake Show in 2019 at Leicester Square Theater.
Since 2018, she has served as a Conservative Party (UK) councillor for the Chelsea Riverside ward on Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.
Art Exhibitions
1997 Attix Studio Gloucester Road, London, UK
1999 The Blue Gallery; "Temple of Diana Show" curated by Neal Brown
1999 The Royal Festival Hall, London; "Articultural Show"
1999 The Richard Salmon Gallery, London, UK
2000 Edinburgh Festival
2000 Art 2000 London
2000 The Richard Salmon Gallery, London, UK
2001 Jerwood Space ; "Mental Images", London, UK
2002 Paris Photo, Musée du Louvre, Paris, France
2002 The Musee de la Photographie a Charleroi, Brussels, Belgium
2003 Female Turbulence; AEROPLASTICS Contemporary; Brussels, Belgium
2003 ICP International Center of Photography, New York
2003 Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne.
2003 'Mental Images on War’; The Richard Salmon Gallery, London, UK
2003 Le Mois de la Photo, Montreal, Canada
2004 About Face: Photography and the Death of the Portrait; Hayward Gallery; London, UK
2004 Photo, London, UK
2004 Election Year 2004; Julie Saul Gallery; New York, U.S.A.
2005 Superstars; Kunsthalle Wien and BA-CA Kunstforum, Vienna, Austria
2006 Mak Museum, Vienna, Austria
2007 Paris Photo, Hamiltons Gallery, London, UK
2007 Confidential; M+B Gallery; Los Angeles, U.S.A.
2008 Starstruck: Contemporary Art and the Cult of Celebrity; The New Art Gallery; Walsall, UK
2008 Bush with Rubik's Cube Intervention Sculpture; Tate Liverpool Biennial, Tate Liverpool, UK
2008 Seeing is Deceiving; Hamiltons Gallery; London, UK
2009 J. Sheekey, London, UK
2010 Rude Britannia: British Comic Art; Tate Britain; London, UK
2010 Exposed:Voyeurism, Surveillance and the Camera Since 1870; Tate Modern; London, U.K.
2011 SF Moma, San Francisco, USA
2011 The Royal Family; Hayward Gallery, Southbank Centre, London, UK
2011 Peeping Tom, KunstHalle Amsterdam, Nederlands
2011 Alison Jackson: Up the Aisle; Ben Brown Fine Arts, London, UK
2011 Exposed: Voyeurism, Surveillance and the Camera Since 1870; Friedman Gallery, Walker Art Centre; U.S.A.
2013 Anderson Pertwee and Gold, London, UK
2013 Fondation D’Entreprise Frances, France
2014 Centre Pompidou, Paparazzi, Paris, France
2014 Schon Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
2015 NRW/Forum, Düsseldorf, Germany
2016 Museum Villa Rot, Burgrieden, Germany
2016 HG Contemporary, New York, USA
2016 Culture Station 284, Seoul, South Korea
2017 London Art Fair, London, UK
2017 Haifa Museum of Art, Haifa, Israel: "AnonymX: The End of the Privacy Era"
2018, The Royal Academy of Art, 150th Summer Exhibition, London, UK
2019, Fotografiska, Tallinn, Estonia
2019 Truth is Dead Fotografiska, Stockholm, Sweden
2019 Fake Truth; Westlicht Museum, Vienna, Austria
2020 Private; Camera Work, Berlin, Germany
2021 Fake Truth; The Photogallery, Sweden
2021 Double Take; Coe and Co, Nantucket, Palm Beach
2021 Truth is Dead; Fotografiska, LA
2021 True Fictions; Palazzo Magnani, Italy
Bibliography
Private (2004, Penguin Books; )
Confidential: What you see in this book is not 'real' (2007, Taschen; )
Up the Aisle, (2011, Quadrille publishing)
Stern Fotographie 70 (2012, teNeues; )
Private, (2016, published by Alison Jackson)
Television
Jackson has created many TV shows and was the artist and creator behind BBC Two 2003 series Doubletake, which she created, wrote, directed, and co-produced with Tiger Aspect, and for which she won and was nominated for BAFTAs.
2001–2003 Schweppes UK: advertising campaign. Created concept, devised ideas and photographed
2002 Doubletake. BBC2. Created, directed, wrote special. BAFTA
2003 Doubletake. BBC2. Created, directed, wrote and produced 6 part series based on Mental Images
2003 Doubletake Christmas special
2004/5 Saturday Night Live, NBC
2005 Channel 4: Not the Royal Wedding
2005 Channel 4: The Secret Election
2006 Channel 4: Tony Blair, Rock Star
2006 Channel 4: Sven: The Cash, The Coach & his Lovers
2007 Channel 4: Blaired Vision
2008 BBC2: Through the Keyhole guest home owner first broadcast on 28 May
2009 ITV1: The South Bank Show – 'Alison Jackson on Warhol
2010: BBC Historical Series
2011 & 2012 Sky: ‘The Alison Jackson Review’
2012 BBC: Celebrity BitchSlap News
2015 BBC: La Trashiata – Opera performed at the Edinburgh Arts Festival
Opera & theatre
2015 La Trashiata: Edinburgh Fringe Festival, BBC Online and Odeon Cinema
2015 Edinburgh Festival, La Trashiata Opera, a 'celebrity' performance opera for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, with exclusive screenings on the BBC and Odeon cinemas.
2018-2019 Jackson performed in her own one woman theatre show Shot to Fame - at Soho Theatre and Leicester Square Theater with Double Take Show : One minute Jackson talks anecdotes showing her films and photographs. The next minute she takes people from the audience and transforms them on stage into a 'celebrity’ - Stars in your Eyes style - no talent needed! Ending in a Live Photo shoot and a ‘celebrity’ walk - about - are the fans disappointed or excited with their new ’Star’
References
External links
"An unusual glimpse at celebrity" (TEDGlobal 2005)
1970 births
Living people
20th-century English women artists
21st-century English women artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
People from Southsea
Photographers from Hampshire
BAFTA winners (people)
Conservative Party (UK) councillors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison%20Jackson%20%28artist%29 |
UNESCO proclaimed 1979 as the International Year of the Child. The proclamation was signed on January 1, 1979, by United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim. A follow-up to the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child, the proclamation was intended to draw attention to problems that affected children throughout the world, including malnutrition and lack of access to education. Many of these efforts resulted in the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.
History
Numerous events took place within the UN and in member countries to mark the event, including the Music for UNICEF Concert, held at the UN General Assembly on January 9. WBZ-TV 4 in Boston, Massachusetts, along with the four other Group W stations, hosted and broadcast a celebratory festival, "Kidsfair" (usually held around Labor Day ever since) from Boston Common. A film festival showcasing international cartoon and film shorts focusing on children was held at the United Nations building in New York City on December 1, 1979. Canadian animator/director Eugene Fedorenko created a film for the National Film Board of Canada, called Every Child, which centered on a nameless baby who nobody wants because they are too busy with their own concerns. This was used to explain how every child is entitled to a home. Sound effects were created with the voices of Les Mimes Electriques.
See also
Elizabeth Bodine
International observance
International Youth Year
Children's rights
References
External links
International Year of the Child at the United Nations Digital Library
Child, International Year of the
Childhood
1979 in the United Nations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Year%20of%20the%20Child |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1953. This listing is the complete, 19 items, "Partial Dataset" as listed on www.legislation.gov.uk (as at March 2014).
Statutory Instruments
The Diseases of Animals (Extension of Definition of Poultry) Order 1953 SI 1953/37
The Psittacosis or Ornithosis Order 1953 SI 1953/38
The Merchant Shipping (Confirmation of Legislation) (Federation of Malaya) Order 1953 SI 1953/195
The Veterinary Surgeons (University Degrees) (Cambridge) Order of Council 1953 SI 1953/404
The Airways Corporations (General Staff Pensions) (Amendment) Regulations, 1953 SI 1953/611
The Trading with the Enemy (Enemy Territory Cessation) (France) Order 1953 SI 1953/780
The Coal Industry (Superannuation Scheme) (Winding Up, No. 5) Regulations 1953 SI 1953/845
The National Insurance and Industrial Injuries (Reciprocal Agreement with Italy) Order 1953 SI 1953/884
The Merchant Shipping (Confirmation of Legislation) (Cyprus) Order 1953 SI 1953/972
The Stores for Explosives Order, 1953 SI 1953/1197
The Merchant Shipping Safety Convention (Singapore) No.1 Order, 1953 SI 1953/1218
The Merchant Shipping Safety Convention (Singapore) No. 2 Order 1953 SI 1953/1219
British Transport Commission (Executives) Order 1953 SI 1953/1291
The Airways Corporations (Radio, Navigating and Engineer Officers Pensions) Regulations, 1953 SI 1953/1296
The British Transport Commission (Pensions of Employees) Regulations 1953 SI 1953/1445
The Consular Conventions (Kingdom of Greece) Order 1953 SI 1953/1454
The Consular Conventions (French Republic) Order 1953 SI 1953/1455
The Iron and Steel Foundries Regulations, 1953 SI 1953/1464
The Iron and Steel (Compensation to Officers and Servants) (No. 2) Regulations 1953 SI 1953/1849
Unreferenced Listings
The following 10 items were previously listed on this article, however are unreferenced on the authorities site, included here for a "no loss" approach.
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) (Scotland) (Bothwell, North Lanarkshire and Motherwell) Order 1953 SI 1953/386
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) (Scotland) (Bothwell, North Lanarkshire and Coatbridge and Airdrie) Order 1953 SI 1953/387
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) (Scotland) (West Renfrewshire and Greenock) Order 1953 SI 1953/388
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) (Scotland) (Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire and Stirling and Falkirk Burghs) Order 1953 SI 1953/389
The House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) (Scotland) (West Fife and Kirkcaldy Burghs) Order 1953 SI 1953/390
Transfer of Functions (Ministry of Pensions) Order 1953 SI 1953/1198
Doncaster Corporation Trolley Vehicles (Increase of Charges) Order 1953 SI 1953/1348
Mule Spinning (Health) Special Regulations 1953 SI 1953/1545
Civil Defence (Grant) Regulations 1953 SI 1953/1777
Civil Defence (Grant) (Scotland) Regulations 1953 SI 1953/1804
References
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201953 |
Rooh Afza (; ; ) (Soul Refresher) is a concentrated squash. It was formulated in 1906 in Ghaziabad, in the British India by Hakeem Muhammad Kabeeruddin and introduced by Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed, and launched from Old Delhi. Currently, Rooh Afza is manufactured by the companies founded by him and his sons, Hamdard Laboratories, India, Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan and Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh. Since 1948, the company has been manufacturing the product in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Other companies formulate the same un-patented recipe in these countries as well. The specific Unani recipe of Rooh Afza combines several ingredients popularly believed to be cooling agents, such as rose, which is used as a remedy for loo (the hot summer winds of Northern India and Pakistan and Bangladesh). The drink is commonly associated with the month of Ramadan, in which it is usually consumed during iftar. It is sold commercially as a syrup to flavour sherbets, cold milk drinks, ices, and cold desserts such as the popular falooda. The name Rooh Afza is sometimes translated as "refresher of the soul". It is said that this name was made up by the original formulator of the drink, with possible cultural influences.
History
Rooh Afza was founded by Hamdard's founder Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed in old Delhi, India. In 1906, he wanted to create a herbal mix that would help Delhi's people stay cool in the summer. He selected herbs and syrups from traditional Unani medicine and created a drink that would help counter heat strokes and prevent water loss in people. An artist, Mirza Noor Ahmad, designed the labels of Rooh Afza in many colours in 1910. Progress in development and refining the original recipe continued all along until the final drink emerged.
After Majeed's death 15 years later, his wife Rabea Begum established a charitable trust in the name of herself and their two sons.
Following the partition of India in 1947, while the elder son, Hakim Abdul Hameed, stayed back in India – the younger son, Hakim Mohammad Said, migrated to Pakistan on 9 January 1948 and started a separate Hamdard Company from two rooms in the old Arambagh area of Karachi. Hamdard Pakistan finally became profitable in 1953. Hakim Mohammad Said had opened a branch of Hamdard in the former East Pakistan. According to Hakim Mohammad Said's daughter, Sadia Rashid, chairperson of Hamdard Pakistan in 2019, her father gifted the business to the people of Bangladesh after their independence in 1971.
In 2010, chef Nita Mehta and Indian film actress Juhi Chawla were hired for promotional activities by Hamdard Laboratories to create new mocktail and dessert recipes for Rooh Afza, their all-season summer drink, which was used in a new marketing campaign.
Ingredients
Its original formulation included:
Herbs:
Deepak ("khurfa seeds", Portulaca oleracea)
Chicory
Wine-grape raisins (Vitis vinifera)
European white lily (Nymphaea alba)
Blue star water lily (Nymphaea nouchali)
Lotus (nelumbo)
Borage
coriander
Rosemary
Fruits:
Orange
Citron
Pineapple
Apple
Berries
Strawberry
Raspberry
Loganberry
Blackberry
Cherry
Concord grapes
Blackcurrant
Watermelon
Vegetables:
Spinach
Carrot
Mint
Sponge gourd (Luffa aegyptiaca)
Flowers:
Rose
Kewra (Pandanus fascicularis)
Lemon
Orange
Roots:
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides)
Preparation
Rooh Afza syrup is generally served mixed with cold milk and ice. Rooh Afza is often prepared as part of Iftar (the evening meal for breaking the fast or roza), during Ramadan (the holy month of fasting for Muslims). The concentrate can also be mixed with water, which is a common preparation in the hot Pakistani summers. When mixed with water, the final drink is a type of sharbat. Rooh Afza syrup is often mixed with Kulfi ice cream and vermicelli to make a similar version of the popular Iranian dessert Faloodeh.
Lawsuit and fine in Bangladesh
On the complaint of false information, misleading advertisements and publication of false information on the web site, Safe Food Inspector Kamrul Hassan filed a case against Hamdard Laboratories Bangladesh on May 30, 2018. In the case, he mentions that the information published in the advertisement with 'Rooh Afza made with 35 fruit juice' is not correct. On June 12 of the same year, Pure food court judge AFM Maruf Chowdhury fined the company four lakhs taka for publishing misleading advertisements. If unable to pay the fine, then the Hamdard chairman and managing director would be punished for three months' imprisonment.
Variants
Hamdard Laboratories India has launched two ready to drink variants in India namely RoohAfza Fusion and RoohAfza Milkshake.
References
External links
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (WAQF), Bangladesh (Archive)
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories, India
Official Website of Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Pakistan
Non-alcoholic drinks
Indian drink brands
Pakistani drinks
Bangladeshi drinks
Pakistani drink brands
Products introduced in 1906
Iftar foods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooh%20Afza |
The following is a list of notable people from Lithuania's capital city of Vilnius (historically known by the names of Vilna/Wilna/Wilno). It includes people who were born or resided there.
A
Neringa Aidietytė (born 1983), Lithuanian athlete.
Gediminas Akstinas (born 1961), Lithuanian painter.
Frantsishak Alyakhnovich (1883–1944), Belarusian playwright and journalist.
Algirdas (1296–1377), Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Ana Ambrazienė (born 1955), Lithuanian hurdler, former world record holder.
Ieva Andrejevaitė (born 1988), Lithuanian actress.
Michał Elwiro Andriolli (1836–1893), Polish-Lithuanian painter and architect of Italian descent.
Irena Andriukaitienė (born 1948), Lithuanian politician and signature of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Mark Antokolsky (1843–1902), Russian-Jewish sculptor.
Laura Asadauskaitė (born 1984), Lithuanian modern pentathlon athlete.
B
Francišak Bahuševič (1840–1900), Belarusian poet.
Živilė Balčiūnaitė (born 1979), Lithuanian long-distance runner, European champion.
Aidas Bareikis (born 1967), Lithuanian artist.
Liutauras Barila (born 1974), Lithuanian Olympic biathlete.
Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), Lithuanian leader of Lithuania's national revival movement.
Ričardas Berankis (born 1990), Lithuanian the top ranked Lithuanian tennis player of all time.
Alexander Berkman (1870–1936), Russian-American leading member of the anarchist movement in the early 20th century.
Mykolas Biržiška (1882–1962), Lithuanian historian of literature, politician, signer of the Act of Independence of Lithuania.
Vaclovas Biržiška (1884–1956), Lithuanian publisher, historian.
Eglė Bogdanienė (born 1962), Lithuanian textile artist.
Kazys Bradūnas (1917–2009), Lithuanian émigré poet and editor.
Lina Braknytė (born 1952), Lithuanian actress.
Algirdas Brazauskas (1932–2010), Lithuanian President and Prime Minister.
Danutė Budreikaitė (born 1953), Lithuanian politician and Member of the European Parliament.
Kanstancyja Bujło (1893–1986), Belarusian poet and playwright.
Teodor Bujnicki (1907–1944), Polish poet.
Vaidas Baumila (1987), Lithuanian singer and actor.
C
Saint Casimir (1458–1484), patron saint of Poland and of the Lithuania.
Dalius Čekuolis (born 1959), Lithuanian politician.
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (1560–1621), Lithuanian politician and hetman.
César Cui (1835–1918), Russian composer and music critic of French, Polish and Lithuanian descent.
D
Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė (born 1963), Lithuanian actress.
Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864), Lithuanian/Samogitian historian, writer, and ethnographer.
Mikalojus Daukša (1527–1613), publisher of the first printed Lithuanian book in GDL.
Boris Dekanidze (1962–1995), Lithuanian stateless crime boss.
Gintaras Didžiokas (born 1966), Lithuanian politician.
Agnia Ditkovskyte (born 1988), Russian actress of a Lithuanian origin.
Ignacy Domeyko (1802–1889), Polish geologist, mineralogist and engineer.
Raminta Dvariškytė (born 1990), Lithuanian Olympic swimmer.
Dynoro, (born 1999), Lithuanian DJ and musical producer.
Felix Dzerzhinsky (1877–1926), Belarusian founder of the Soviet secret police.
Audrius Dzikaras (born 1957), Lithuanian painter.
F
Viktorija Faith (born 1986), Lithuanian singer, songwriter, producer, actress.
Yechezkel Feivel (1755–1833), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Maggid.
Eduard Robert Flegel (1855–1886) a German explorer, role in the Scramble for Africa.
Vaclava Fleri (1888–1983), Lithuanian painter.
G
Romain Gary (1914–1980), French writer.
Martynas Gecevičius (born 1988), Lithuanian basketball player.
Gediminas (–1341), Grand Duke of Lithuania, founder of Vilnius city.
Petras Geniušas (born 1961), Lithuanian classical pianist.
Marija Gimbutas (1921–1994), Lithuanian archeologist.
Rolandas Gimbutis (born 1981), Lithuanian swimmer.
Liudas Gira (1884–1946), Lithuanian poet, writer, and literary critic.
Johann Christoph Glaubitz (–1767), German architect.
Kęstutis Glaveckas (1949–2021), Lithuanian politician and signature of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Alexander Goldberg, (1906-1985) Israeli chemical engineer and President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.
Judah Leib Gordon (1830–1892), Israeli an important Hebrew poet of the Jewish Enlightenment.
Antoni Gorecki (1787–1861), Polish writer, poet, soldier.
Albertas Goštautas (–1539), Lithuanian Chancellor of Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Mindaugas Griškonis (born 1986), Lithuanian Olympic rower.
Hubertas Grušnys (1961–2006), Lithuanian media proprietor, in 1989 launched the first-ever private radio station in Lithuania and the post-communist Eastern Europe.
Dalia Grybauskaitė (born 1956), Lithuanian politician and President of Lithuania.
Laurynas Gucevičius (1753–1798), Lithuanian architect.
Daina Gudzinevičiūtė (born 1965), Lithuanian shooter, Olympic gold medalist.
Asmik Grigorian (born 1981), Lithuanian operatic soprano, named as the best female singer in International Opera Awards 2019.
Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla (born 1986), Lithuanian conductor, music director of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) in England.
Stanisław Gudowski (1918–2011) Lithuanian World War II tank commander.
H
Menahem Manesh Hayyut (died 1636), Polish rabbi.
Jascha Heifetz (1901–1987), Lithuanian-American violinist.
Ulrich Hosius (1455–1535), German descent from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
I
Juozas Imbrasas (born 1941), Lithuanian former mayor of Vilnius.
Jurga Ivanauskaitė (1961–2007), Lithuanian writer.
Victor Ivanoff (1909–1990), South African artist, cartoonist and singer.
J
Edgaras Jankauskas (born 1975), first Lithuanian footballer to win the UEFA Champions League in 2004.
Gintaras Januševičius (born 1985), Lithuanian pianist, music educator, event producer, radio presenter, and philanthropist.
Simas Jasaitis (born 1982), Lithuanian basketball player.
Rolandas Jasevičius (born 1982), Lithuanian boxer.
Paweł Jasienica (1909–1970), Polish historian, journalist and soldier.
Jakub Jasiński (1761–1794), Polish general.
Władysław II Jagiełło (–1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Arvydas Juozaitis (born 1956), Lithuanian writer, philosopher, politician, swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist.
Eglė Jurgaitytė (born 1998), Lithuanian singer and radio presenter.
K
Virgilijus Kačinskas (born 1959), Lithuanian architect and politician, signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Lina Kačiušytė (born 1963), Lithuanian swimmer, Olympic gold medalist.
Zebi Hirsch Kaidanover (c. 1650–1712), German rabbi and writer.
Saint Raphael Kalinowski (1835–1907), Polish Discalced Carmelite friar inside the Russian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; teacher, engineer, prisoner of war, royal tutor and priest.
Ihnat Kančeŭski (pen name: Ihnat Abdziralovič), (1896-1923), Belarusian poet, philosopher and publicist.
Rita Karin (1919–1993), Polish-born American actress.
Mieczysław Karłowicz (1876–1909), Polish composer and conductor.
Rimantas Kaukėnas (born 1977), Lithuanian basketball player.
Antanas Kavaliauskas (born 1984), Lithuanian professional basketball player, 2005 FIBA Under-21 World Championship gold medalist.
Nomeda Kazlaus, (born 1974), Lithuanian opera singer appearing internationally, TV Host.
Valdas Kazlauskas (born 1958), Lithuanian athlete and coach.
Dvora Kedar (1924–2023), Israeli actress.
Vytautas Kernagis (1951–2008), Lithuanian singer-songwriter, considered a pioneer of Lithuanian sung poetry.
Rebeka Kim (born 1998), South Korean figure skater.
Gediminas Kirkilas (born 1951), Lithuanian politician former Prime Minister of Lithuania.
Szymon Konarski (1808–1839), Polish radical democratic politician and revolutionary.
Oskaras Koršunovas (born 1969), Lithuanian theatre director.
Simon Kovar (born Kovarski) (1890–1970), Russian-born American bassoonist.
Boris Kowerda (1907–1987), anti-Soviet Belarusian activist convicted of murdering Pyotr Voykov, Soviet ambassador to Poland in Warsaw in 1927.
Saint Maria Faustina Kowalska (1905–1938), Polish Roman Catholic nun and mystic.
Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), Polish writer, historian, journalist, scholar, painter and author.
Andrius Kubilius (born 1956), Lithuanian politician Prime Minister of Lithuania.
Jonas Kubilius (1921–2011), Lithuanian mathematician who works in probability theory and number theory.
Abraomas Kulvietis (–1545), Lithuanian reformer, publicist.
Jolanta Kvašytė (born 1956), Lithuanian ceramic artist.
L
Bernard Ładysz (1922–2020), Polish bass-baritone and actor.
Vytautas Landsbergis (born 1932), politician, contributed to the demise of the Soviet Union.
Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861), Polish historian.
Jacob Liboschütz (1741–1827), physician.
Romas Lileikis (born 1959), poet, musician, film director.
Michalo Lituanus, (ca.1500-ca.1550) unidentified humanist author of the 16th century.
Eduard Lobau (born 1988), Belarusian activist with the nation's democracy movement.
Józef Łukaszewicz (1863–1928), Polish physicist, geologist and mineralogist.
Meilė Lukšienė (1913–2009), cultural historian and activist.
Jolanta Lothe (1942–2022), Polish actress.
M
Józef Mackiewicz (1902–1985), Polish writer.
Hillel Noah Maggid (1829–1903), Russian-Jewish genealogist and historian.
Andrius Mamontovas (born 1967), Lithuanian rock musician.
Maria Malanowicz-Niedzielska (1899–1943), Polish actress.
Gritė Maruškevičiūtė (born 1989), Lithuanian Miss Lithuania 2010.
Vilija Matačiūnaitė (born 1986), Lithuanian singer, actress and songwriter.
Raimundas Mažuolis (born 1972), Lithuanian swimmer, olympic medalist.
Rachel Messerer (1902–1993), Russian silent film and theatre actress.
(born 1954), Lithuanian lawyer.
Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), Polish poet.
Jeronimas Milius (born 1984), Lithuanian singer.
Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004), Polish poet, Nobel prize in Literature.
Lazar Minor (1855–1942), Russian neurologist.
Vytautas Miškinis (born 1954), Lithuanian music composer, choral conductor and academic teacher.
Joanna Moro (born 1984), Lithuanian-born Polish film and theater actress, singer and TV presenter.
Gediminas Motuza (born 1946), Lithuanian geologist and author of geology textbooks.
Yana Maksimava (born 1989), Lithuanian-Belarusian heptathlete.
Andrius Mamontovas (born 1967), Lithuanian rock musician.
N
Onutė Narbutaitė (born 1956), Lithuanian composer.
Ludwik Narbutt (1832–1863), Lithuanian military commander.
Teodor Narbutt (1784–1864), Polish–Lithuanian romantic historian and military engineer.
Henrikas Natalevičius (born 1953), Lithuanian painter.
Eimuntas Nekrošius (1952–2018), Lithuanian theatre director.
Henryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968), Polish physicist.
O
Nijolė Oželytė-Vaitiekūnienė (born 1954), Lithuanian actress, signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
P
Bohdan Paczyński (1940–2007), Polish astronomer.
Rolandas Paksas (born 1956), Lithuanian politician.
Jerzy Passendorfer (1923–2003), Polish film director.
Artūras Paulauskas (born 1953), Lithuanian politician.
Algirdas Petrulis (1915–2010), Lithuanian painter.
Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), Polish politician, military commander and Polish head of state.
Emilia Plater (1806–1831), Polish revolutionary and female military commander.
Kazimierz Plater (1915–2004), Polish chess master.
Martynas Pocius (born 1986), Lithuanian professional basketball player, has played for Lithuania.
Karol Podczaszyński (1790–1860), Polish architect.
Romualdas Požerskis (born 1951), Lithuanian photographer.
Daniel Prenn (1904–1991), Russian-born German, Polish, and British world-top-ten tennis player.
Airinė Palšytė (born 1992), Lithuanian high jumper.
R
Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), Polish and Prussian noble, aristocrat, musician and politician.
Barbara Radziwiłł (Barbora Radvilaitė) (1520–1551), Queen of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Clara Rockmore (1911–1998), Lithuanian classical violin prodigy and a virtuoso performer of the theremin.
Michał Pius Römer (1880–1945), Lithuanian-Polish rector of Vytautas Magnus University, lawyer.
Michał Józef Römer (1778–1853), Lithuanian-Polish writer and politician.
Helena Romer-Ochenkowska (1875–1947) Polish writer, columnist, theatre critic and activist.
Maria Roszak (1908–2018), Polish nun awarded Righteous Among the Nations.
Audrius Rudys (born 1951), Lithuanian economist, politician, signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Ferdynand Ruszczyc (1870–1936), Polish painter, printmaker, and stage designer.
S
Kristina Sabaliauskaitė (born 1974), Lithuanian writer and art historian.
Kristina Saltanovič (born 1975), Lithuanian athlete.
Lew Sapieha (1557–1633), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth politician and military commander.
Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640), Polish poet.
Šarūnas Sauka (born 1958), Lithuanian postmodern painter.
Andrew Schally (born 1926), Polish-American endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate.
Kalman Schulman (1819–1899), Jewish writer and translator.
Žydrūnas Savickas (born 1975), Lithuanian Strongman champion.
Lasar Segall (1891–1957), Brazilian Jewish painter, engraver and sculptor.
Esther Shalev-Gerz (born 1948), Jewish contemporary artist.
Kazimierz Siemienowicz (c. 1600 – c. 1651), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth military commander, engineer, theorist of artillery and pioneer of rocketry.
Deividas Sirvydis (born 2000), Lithuanian basketball player in the NBA.
Konstantinas Sirvydas (1579–1631), Lithuanian lexicographer, writer.
Piotr Skarga (1536–1612), Polish theologian, writer and the first rector of the Wilno Academy.
Francysk Skaryna (c. 1490 – 1552), Belarusian humanist, physician, and translato, publisher of first printed Ruthenian Bible.
Boris Skossyreff (1896–1989), Russian adventurer, international swindler and pretender, King of Andorra.
Mykolas Sleževičius (1882–1939), Lithuanian lawyer, political and cultural figure, and journalist, Prime Minister of Lithuania.
Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849), Polish poet.
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944), Lithuanian intellectual, journalist and the first publicist, President of Lithuanian Republic.
Elijah ben Solomon, Gaon mi Vilna (1720–1797), Lithuanian Jewish scholar and Kabbalist.
Blessed Michał Sopoćko (1888–1975), Polish Apostle of Divine Mercy.
Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768–1838), Polish writer, physician, chemist, biologist and philosopher.
Audrius Stonys (born 1966), Lithuanian renowned documentary filmmaker.
Vytautas Straižys (1936–2021), Lithuanian astronomer, developer of Vilnius photometric system.
Władysław Syrokomla (1823–1862), Polish poet, writer and translator.
Deividas Šemberas (born 1978), Lithuanian football player.
Algirdas Šemeta (born 1962), Lithuanian economist and the European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud.
Stasys Šilingas (1885–1962), Lithuanian lawyer and statesman, a significant figure in the history of Lithuania's independence.
Tadas Šuškevičius (born 1985), Lithuanian athlete.
T
Emanuel Tanay (1928–2014), Polish-American Holocaust survivor and American forensic psychiatrist.
Aurimas Taurantas (born 1956), Lithuanian politician and signature of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar (1909–1998), Israeli author.
Vytautas Tomaševičius (born 1972), Lithuanian painter.
Auksė Treinytė (born 1952), Lithuanian former sport shooter.
Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873), Polish-Lithuanian historian.
U
Antoni Uniechowski (1903–1976), Polish illustrator.
V
Rimantė Valiukaitė (born 1970), Lithuanian actress.
Moi Ver (1904–1995), Israeli photographer and painter.
Alis Vidūnas (1934–2009), Lithuanian politician.
Jonas Vileišis (1872–1942), Lithuanian lawyer, politician, and diplomat.
Petras Vileišis (1851–1926), Lithuanian millionaire, mecenate, politician, publisher.
Zygmunt Vogel (1764–1826), Polish painter.
Giedrė Voverienė (born 1968), Lithuanian orienteering competitor.
Vytautas the Great (1344–1430), Grand Duke of Lithuania.
W
Chaim Weizmann (1874–1952), Russian-born biochemist, Zionist politician and the first president of Israel.
Jan Kazimierz Wilczyński (1806–1885), Polish-Lithuanian archaeologist.
Antoni Wiwulski (1877–1919), Polish-Lithuanian architect and sculptor.
Tadeusz Wróblewski (1858–1925), Polish noble, politician, lawyer, bibliophile and cultural activist.
Y
Dov Yaffe (1928–2017), Polish-born Israeli rabbi, mashgiach, and leader of the Musar movement.
Z
Ludwik Zamenhof (1859–1917), Polish philologist, creator of Esperanto.
Albert Żamett (1821–1876), Polish–Russian landscapes painter.
Tomasz Zan (1796–1855), Polish–Belarusian poet and activist.
Alexander Zass (1888-1962) Russian strongman, professional wrestler, and animal trainer.
Aleksander Zawadzki (1859–1926), Polish political and educational activist, publicist.
Yitzhak Zuckerman (1915–1981), Polish–Israeli one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Robertas Žulpa (born 1960), Lithuanian swimmer, Olympic champion.
Artūras Zuokas (born 1968), mayor of Vilnius city municipality (2000–2007 and 2011–2015), Lithuanian politician.
References
Vilnius
Vilnius
People | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20Vilnius |
The Madagascar grebe (Tachybaptus pelzelnii) is a grebe found only in western and central Madagascar. The binomial name commemorates the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN, with a population of less than 5,000. It is threatened by habitat loss, predation by carnivorous fish, and competition with introduced species.
Description
The Madagascar grebe is around 25 cm long. It can be identified in its breeding plumage, consisting of a blackish cap and line down the neck, often reddish rear ear-coverts and sides of the neck, pale grey cheeks, throat and foreneck. Some individuals have a narrow whitish line under the eye between the cap and ear-coverts.
Distribution and habitat
The species is widespread throughout western and central Madagascar. Pairs can commonly be found near lakes. Surveys in the late 1990s recorded the species at 25 'Important Bird Areas' distributed throughout Madagascar, but it is suspected to be undergoing rapid declines. Numbers on Lake Alaotra have plummeted: in 1985 several hundred individuals were recorded, only 10–20 in 1993, and none in 1999. The forested lakes of the northwest plateau may harbour 100-200 individuals. The current total population may number as few as 1,500-2,500 individuals.
T. pelzelnii appears to prefer shallow, freshwater lakes and pools, with a dense covering of lily-pads, but it has also been found in several much deeper lakes. Has occasionally been seen near brackish waters and slow-flowing rivers.
Ecology
The Madagascar grebe probably feeds mostly on insects, but is also known to take small fish and crustaceans. It is generally sedentary, but will move in search of more suitable habitat. The breeding season may span the months of August to March. Although breeding pairs are typically territorial, communally nesting groups of 150 individuals have been recorded. Nests are built on a floating structure of aquatic plants, anchored to offshore vegetation, normally waterlilies.
Threats
The Madagascar grebe is currently classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. One of the most serious threats for the species is natural habitat loss by conversion for rice cultivation and cash crops. It is also being threatened by the introduction of exotic fish and fishery practice. At Lake Alaotra, adults are preyed on by carnivorous snakehead fish. They also in danger of entanglement in monofilament gill-nets. The introduction of exotic herbivorous fish (T. zillii) has considerably limited the development of aquatic vegetation and favoured the Little Grebe (T. ruficollis). Competition with T. ruficollis is threatening T. pelzelnii, however both are considered vulnerable species. Increasing use of pesticides and fertilizers further exerts a damaging influence on freshwater ecosystems in Madagascar.
The present decline in the population is expected to accelerate over the next 10 years as increasing wetland conversion and overfishing continues to restrict the species to small lakes that are inaccessible and unsuitable for human use.
Conservation
Various conservation actions are currently underway that benefit the Madagascar grebe. It has been recorded in six protected areas. To prioritise the wetlands for protection, a monitoring procedure has been proposed that uses birds, particularly T. pelzelnii, as indicators. The Malagasy government has recently ratified the Ramsar Convention, which is likely to improve conservation measures for wetlands and initiate dedicated studies of the decline of this species.
References
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Madagascar grebe
Endemic birds of Madagascar
Madagascar grebe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar%20grebe |
The Mendoub's Residence or Dar al-Mandub (, ), formerly known as the Forbes Museum of Tangier, is a cultural monument and property located on Mohammed Tazi Street in the Marshan neighborhood of Tangier, Morocco.
History
Residence of the Mendoub
The governance of the Tangier International Zone was entrusted to an administrator appointed by the colonial powers and a personal representative of the Sultan of Morocco, who from 1923 was known as the Mendoub. The main office of the Mendoub was in the former German consulate, or Mendoubia. The Mendoub Palace was built as a residence in 1929 by Mendoub Mohammed Tazi.
Forbes Museum
The property was purchased in 1970 by Malcolm Forbes, the American publisher of Forbes magazine, who converted it into a museum.
The museum had a collection of a total of 115,000 models of toy soldiers. These figures re-enacted the major battles of history; from Waterloo to Dien Bien Phû, realistically recreated with lighting and sound effects. Entire armies stood on guard in the showcases, while in the garden, 600 statuettes bear silent homage to the Battle of Three Kings. The collection contained pieces from the figurine manufacturers Britains, C.B.G. Mignot, George Heyde, Elastolin and Lineol, Barclay and Manoil. Among the many battles reenacted, the collection also contained historic events such as the funeral cortege of JFK. The toy soldiers collection was curated and built by Peter and Ann Johnson.
After the museum closed in the 1990s, 60,000 pieces of the toy soldiers collection were auctioned in December 1997 by Christie's in New York and South Kensington. Auctions went from $150 to $12,000 a set. Total sales from the auction amounted to $700,000. The Forbes Galleries in New York City today has parts of the Tangier toy soldiers collection on display.
Official guests residence
After Forbes' death in 1990, the property was put up for sale by his children and purchased by the government of Morocco, which uses it as a dependence of the Marshan Palace across the street and as a residence for official guests. For example, French President François Hollande stayed there when visiting Tangier in September 2015. It is no longer open to the public.
In popular culture
The Forbes Museum was chosen for the villain's lair for the 1987 James Bond Film The Living Daylights starring Timothy Dalton.
See also
Mendoubia
References
Further reading
Hugo Marsh, Daniel Agnew, Toy Soldiers From The Forbes Museum of Military Miniatures. Christie's South Kensington. 18 December 1997.
External links
Description on Morocco.com
Buildings and structures in Tangier
Military and war museums in Morocco
Palaces in Morocco | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoub%27s%20Residence |
Raimond Roger (; Occitan: Ramon Roger) (died 27 March 1223) was the sixth Count of Foix from the House of Foix. He was the son and successor of Roger Bernard I and his wife Cécilia Trencavel.
When Raimond Roger and Arnaud, viscount of Castelbon, wished to join their possessions, the Count Ermengol VIII of Urgell and Bernard de Villemur, bishop of Urgell, saw in this a threat and declared war. Overcome and captured, the count of Foix and Arnaud were imprisoned from February to September 1203. King Peter II of Aragón intervened, however, wishing to spare them for his fight to conquer Languedoc. Moreover, Peter II gave as a fief the castles of Trenton and Quérigut (1209) to Raimond Roger, after having already given various other Catalan seigniories (1208).
Raimond Roger was a close relative and staunch ally of Raymond VI of Toulouse. He was famed for his generalship, chivalry, fidelity, and affection for haute couture. He was also a patron of troubadours and an author of verse himself. Though not a Cathar himself, several of his relatives were. His wife, Philippa of Montcada, even became a parfaite. His sister, Esclarmonde de Foix, was also a parfaite, receiving the Consolamentum at Fanjeaux in 1204. Raimond Roger was a gifted orator, and attended the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 to defend Raymond of Toulouse before Pope Innocent III and the council. He was accused of having murdered priests and did not deny it; instead he informed the pope that he regretted not having murdered more.
He had two children with Philippa of Montcada:
Roger-Bernard who became his heir.
Cécile de Foix, who married Count Bernard V of Comminges c. 1224.
He also had two illegitimate children.
Notes
References
1223 deaths
House of Foix
Counts of Foix
Christians of the Third Crusade
People of the Albigensian Crusade
Occitan nobility
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond-Roger%2C%20Count%20of%20Foix |
Globosat, was a Brazilian pay television content service, part of Grupo Globo. Established in 1991, after the creation of subscription television services in Brazil, with 29 channels and over 1,000 employees, it is the largest pay television content provider in Brazil, as well as of Latin America, comprising a domestic audience of 45 million viewers distributed among more than 15 million households.
History
In 1993, Globosat split its content generation and distribution businesses. Cable TV sales and distribution were assigned to Net Brasil, which was also responsible for installing cable networks in selected cities. Nowadays NET is responsible for the cable network in those cities. Content production and programming remained with Globosat, renamed to Canais Globosat.
It has also operated a channel in Portugal, TV Globo Portugal, having earlier operated a similar channel, GNT Portugal, until 2006.
On September 15, 2020, Globosat merged its operations with Rede Globo, following Grupo Globo's "Uma só Globo" ("One Globo") restructuring; the merger made Globosat being renamed that day to Canais Globo.
Canais Globo's networks
Current networks
TV Globo (free-to-air)
Globo HD
Modo Viagem
Canal Brasil2
GNT
Gloob
Gloobinho
Multishow
Bis
Canal OFF
Streaming
Globoplay
Canais Globo app (formerly known as MUU and Globosat Play, will defunct soon)
Combate app
Premiere app
Sexy Hot
Adult content
Playboy TV
Sextreme
Sexy Hot
Venus
In association with Globo
Canal Viva
Globo News
Globo Internacional
Canal Futura*
*Operated by Fundação Roberto Marinho.
Films and Series
Rede Telecine
Telecine HD
Telecine Action
Telecine Cult
Telecine Fun
Telecine Pipoca
Telecine Premium
Telecine Touch
Megapix
NBCUniversal International Networks Brasil (joint-venture with Comcast/NBCUniversal)
Universal TV
Studio Universal
Syfy
Sports
SporTV
SporTV 2
SporTV 3
SporTV 4
SporTV 5
SporTV+
Combate
Premiere
PFC Internacional
1 - Joint-venture with Disney, Universal Studios, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Paramount Pictures.
2 - Joint-venture with a group of Brazilian filmmakers.
3 - Playboy do Brasil is a joint-venture created from the association between Globosat and Playboy TV Latin America.
Former networks
Shoptime (currently owned by Americanas) - home shopping
Premiere Filmes (pay-per-view) new film releases
Canal Rural (formerly a joint-venture with Grupo RBS, later owned only by RBS, now part of J&F Investimentos) - agrochannel
Premiere Rural (pay-per-view) rodeos and agrochannel
Private (joint-venture with Playboy do Brasil) - adult content
ForMan (joint-venture with Playboy do Brasil) - adult content
+Bis (on demand)
Telecine Zone (on demand)
Receitas GNT (on demand)
Sexy Hot 360° (on demand)
Big Brother Brasil Play
Bis Play
Canal Brasil Play
Canal OFF Play
Globo News Play
Gloob Play
Gloobinho Play
GNT Play
Mais Globosat Play
Megapix Play
Multishow Play
SporTV Play
Studio Universal Play
Syfy Play
Universal TV Play
Viva Play
Philos TV
Telecine app
External links
Globosat (Portuguese)
Mass media companies of Brazil
Television networks in Brazil
Grupo Globo subsidiaries
Companies based in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Mass media companies established in 1991
Brazilian companies established in 1991
2020 mergers and acquisitions
Brazilian brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canais%20Globo |
South Australian Lotteries (SA Lotteries), is a lottery company that operates in the Australian state of South Australia. While the license to operate lotteries in South Australia is owned by the South Australian Government they in turn appointed Tatts Group Pty Ltd as the Master Agent and license holder. SA Lotteries operates under Tatts Group's master brand the Lott.
SA Lotteries syndicates national games (including X-Lotto (Mon/Wed/Sat), Powerball, Oz Lotto, The Soccer Pools). SA Lotteries also has its own version of Keno.
In November 1965, a referendum was passed in South Australia which allowed for the establishment of a state owned lottery company. The first tickets went on sale on 15 March 1967.
On 10 December 2012 after a direct tender process the government of South Australia appointed Tatts Group Pty Ltd as the holder of South Australian Lottery Licenses and administrator of all of SA Lotteries games. The license was granted to Tatts Group for a period of 40 years. The government continues to have oversight of the newly appointed SA Lotteries (Tatts group Pty Ltd) through the retention of the Lotteries Commission of SA (Also known as SA Lotteries).
See also
Lotteries in Australia
External links
South Australian Lotteries (Tatts Group) Website
Lotteries Commission of South Australia Website
Culture of South Australia
Lotteries in Australia
1967 establishments in Australia
Entertainment companies established in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Australian%20Lotteries |
The Norwegian Mapping Authority (NMA) () is Norway's national mapping agency, dealing with land surveying, geodesy, hydrographic surveying, cadastre and cartography. The current director is Johnny Welle. Its headquarters are in Hønefoss and it is a public agency under the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development. NMA was founded in 1773.
The Norwegian Mapping Authority participates in R&D and cooperates with Norwegian industry and other government agencies in areas such as export-oriented measures.
Tasks
• Define frameworks, methodologies and specifications for the Norwegian Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Administrator and driving force for Norway digital
• Survey and map both at land and sea
• Produce, manage and make available the geographical information defined as a government responsibility
• Geodetic network and services for accurate GNSS-positioning
• Primary data series, digital and printed map series (land and sea)
• Cadastre information
• Land registration
• Develop and manage electronic services for distribution of data (wms- and wmf-services)
• International co-operation and projects
Organization
Geodetic Institute
The Geodetic institute is the national authority for geodesy, determining the geodetic reference frame and other geodetic products such as the geoid and height reference. The institute operates a service for accurate GNSS-positioning.
Mapping and Cadastre
The Mapping and Cadastre establish and manage spatial data covering Norwegian land areas, in cooperation with municipalities and different public agencies. The division produce national map data series in different scales and the national printed map series Norway 1:50 000. Mapping and Cadastre operate The National Place Name Register and The New Cadastre (matrikkelen) with physical and ownership information including digital cadastre maps about properties.
Land Registry
The Land Registry is responsible for and manages The National Land Registry, which includes a registry of leasing rights to flats in housing co-operatives.
Hydrographic Service
The Hydrographic Service is responsible for surveying the Norwegian coast, including polar waters and for preparing and updating nautical charts and descriptions of these waters. The activities also include studies of tides and currents and publishing tide tables.
The Hydrographic Service has the operational responsibility for the international electronic navigational chart centre Primar, based in Stavanger.
Distribution Service
The Distribution Service is responsible for publishing analog and digital maps, and to provide mapping services to the public and partners of the Norway Digital consortium. In 2004 some commercial activity of the Authority was divested to the then Ugland IT group, later renamed Nordeca.
References
External links
Official website
Norway ENC Charts Viewer
Mapping Authority
Geography of Norway
Government agencies established in 1773
1773 establishments in Norway
Organisations based in Ringerike (municipality)
National mapping agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20Mapping%20Authority |
Henry Graham (born 1 December 1930 in Liverpool) - 20 March 2019) A British poet. Educated at the Liverpool College of Art in the early 1950s, he was part of the Liverpool poetry scene in the 1960s, and was one of the poetry editors of the British literary magazine Ambit. Graham was a lecturer in Art at The John Moores University for many years and his most recent book of poems was published in 2002 by Driftwood Publications on Merseyside. His achievements were noted by the award of Arts Council Literature Awards in 1969, 1971 and 1975.
Publications
. Kafka in Liverpool (2002)
Bar Room Ballads (1999)
. The Eye of the Beholder (1997)
The Very Fragrant Death of Paul Gauguin (1987)
. Bomb (1985)
Europe After Rain (1981)
. Poker in Paradise Lost (with Jim Mangnall) (1977)
Passport to Earth (1971)
Good Luck to You, Kafka/You Need It, Boss (1969)
. Soup City Zoo (with Jim Mangnall) (1968)
References
1930 births
2019 deaths
Poets from Liverpool
Alumni of Liverpool College of Art
Academics of Liverpool John Moores University
English male poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Graham%20%28poet%29 |
Harry Guest (born Henry Bayly Guest; 6 October 1932 – 20 March 2021) was a British poet born in Wales.
Life and career
Harry Guest was educated at Malvern College and read Modern Languages at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He wrote a thesis on Mallarmé at the Sorbonne. At Trinity Hall he co-edited the poetry magazine Chequer, which continued for eleven issues and published poems by Thom Gunn, Anne Stevenson, Ted Hughes, and Sylvia Plath, though there is no evidence to suggest he met Plath or Hughes. From 1955-66, he taught at Felsted School and Lancing College, and then moved to Japan, becoming a lecturer in English at Yokohama National University. He returned to England in 1972 and was Head of French at Exeter School until his retirement in 1991. A selection of his poetry was included in Penguin Modern Poets 16. He was an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Exeter and was awarded an honorary doctorate (LittD) by Plymouth University in 1998. Apart from his many collections of poetry, he is well known as a translator from the French and Japanese, and has published several novels and non-fiction books including the Traveller's Literary Companion to Japan (1994) and The Artist on the Artist (2000). His translations include a selected poems of Victor Hugo, The Distance, The Shadows (2002) and Post-War Japanese Poetry (with Lynn Guest and Kajima Shôzô, 1972). He lived in Exeter, and was married to the historical novelist Lynn Guest, they have two children.
Works
A Different Darkness, London: Outposts, 1964
Arrangements, Northwood, UK: Anvil, 1968
The Cutting-Room, London: Anvil, 1970
The Place, Northamptonshire, UK: Sceptre, 1971
Mountain Journal, Sheffield, UK: Rivelin, 1975
A House Against the Night, London: Anvil, 1976
English Poems, London: Words, 1976
Days, London: Anvil, 1978
Elegies, Durham, UK: Pig, 1980
Lost and Found, London: Anvil, 1983
The Emperor of Outer Space, Durham, UK: Pig, 1983
Lost Pictures, Exeter, UK: Albertine, 1991
Coming to Terms, London: Anvil, 1994
So Far, Exeter, UK: Stride, 1998
Versions, Nether Stowey, UK: Odyssey, 1999
A Puzzling Harvest, Collected Poems 1955-2000, London: Anvil, 2002
Time After Time, Exeter, UK: Albertine, 2005
Comparisons & Conversions, Exeter, UK: Shearsman, 2009
Some Times, London: Anvil, 2010
References
External links
The Writers of Wales Database
Harry Guest Anvil Press
Harry Guest Shearsman Titles
Translated Penguin Book - at Penguin First Editions reference site of early first edition Penguin Books.
1932 births
2021 deaths
Academic staff of Yokohama National University
English male poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Guest |
Fučík is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Julius Fučík (disambiguation), multiple people
Tomáš Fučík (born 1985), Czech swimmer
Renáta Fučíková (born 1964), Czech book illustrator, artist and author of children's books
See also
Mount Fučík, mountain of Antarctica
Bernhard Fucik (born 1990), Austrian footballer
2345 Fučik, main-belt asteroid
Czech-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADk |
Spike Hawkins (1943-2017) was a British poet, best known for his "Three Pig Poems", included in his one book, the Fulcrum Press collection The Lost Fire-Brigade (1968). He was part of the poetry scene in Liverpool during the 1960s and much of his output upholds the values of that group; short, modernistic, humorous pieces of free verse. He was published in Encounter, International Times, The Guardian and in the 1972 anthology The Old Pals' Act, edited by Pete Brown.
He was a friend of Johnny Byrne; together, they formed the surreal act "Poisoned Bellows". He was a friend of Syd Barrett, a founder of Pink Floyd. Hawkins continued to be active, for example performing in the 2005 Poetry Olympics at the Royal Albert Hall, having originally performed there in the International Poetry Incarnation in 1965.
Also a mimic, he could imitate Harold Wilson very well.
See also
Liverpool poets
References
Lucie-Smith, Edward (1970), British Poetry since 1945.
1943 births
British poets
2017 deaths
British male poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike%20Hawkins |
The Titicaca grebe (Rollandia microptera), also known as the Titicaca flightless grebe or short-winged grebe, is a grebe found on the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia. As its name implies, its main population occurs on Lake Titicaca. Lake Uru Uru and Poopó, the Rio Desaguadero, and small lakes that connect to Lake Titicaca in wet years, serve as "spillovers" territory. In the past, the population was larger and several of these lakes – such as Lakes Umayo and Arapa – apparently had and may still have permanent large colonies (BirdLife International 2006). It is sometimes placed in Podiceps or a monotypic genus Centropelma. Its local name is zampullín del Titicaca.
Description
This is a mid-sized grebe, varying from 28 to 45 cm in overall length. It weighs up to 600 g. Its coloration is unmistakable. The only grebe species it somewhat resembles is the unrelated red-necked grebe which is not found in South America. The only congener, the white-tufted grebe, does not look very similar. The color pattern of the Titicaca grebe is altogether similar to that of the red-necked grebe, but it has a darker belly, and a white (not light grey) throat patch that runs down the neck nearly to the breast. Due to the short wings, the rufous flanks can usually be seen. The ornamental plumes on the head are a vestigial version of those of the white-tufted grebe, but dark. Iris and the lower bill are yellow. Juveniles and non-breeding adults are duller, lack the ornamental plumes, and in the case of the former have rufous stripes on the sides of the head and more white on the neck, so that the rufous breast does not show in swimming birds.
It is entirely flightless, but will use wing-assisted running over considerable distances. It is an excellent diver, reaching a burst speed of 3.5 km/h (2 knots).
Distribution and habitat
The Titicaca flightless grebe occurs in a habitat mosaic in relatively shallow waters (up to about 10 m/35 ft deep). The reed belt is found in water of up to 4 m (13 ft) deep and constitutes the breeding habitat. It is made up mainly of Totora (Schoenoplectus californicus ssp. tatora). Other plants are the underwater Myriophyllum elatinoides and Hydrocharitaceae water weeds, and the floating duckweeds and Azolla. Potamogeton constitute the dominant underwater vegetation in the deeper parts, down to 14 m (some 45 ft).
In a study by O'Donnel and Fjeldsa they concluded that Grebes are strongly impacted and sensitive to environmental change.
Diet
This species, like all grebes, feeds mainly on fish. Nearly 95% of prey mass is made up by the Orestias pupfish of the Titicaca drainage. The introduced silversides Odontesthes bonariensis (pejerrey) is not usually taken. As the grebe only eats prey smaller than some 15 cm (6 in), the adult pejerrey which are of commercial interest are not part of its diet as they are far too large.
Reproduction
It is likely that each pair which holds a territory attempts to breed once per year. The period in which the parents care for the young is probably rather prolonged, and there is possibly no fixed breeding season. Young birds become independent probably at somewhat less than 1 year of age, and there are usually 2 young per clutch, but there may be up to 4. Altogether, although more birds are found to incubate around December than at other times, about half the adult population seems to be breeding or caring for young at any time.
Conservation status
It is classified by the IUCN as Endangered, with a population of less than 750 adults (BirdLife International 2006). Censuses in the latter part of the 20th century revealed that the population had declined from several thousand coincident with the introduction of monofilament line gill nets in the 1990s. It was confirmed (Martinez et al. 2006) that the mortality of grebes drowning in these nets is considerable, killing potentially thousands of individuals each year in 2003. Obviously, the 2001 survey which detected very low numbers was flawed for some reason and the species must be more common simply to sustain such losses. In 2003, the number of individuals was estimated to be over 2,500, with more than 750 mature birds, possibly as many as 1,500. This still is a marked decline from the pre-1990s figures.
The IUCN currently lists its threat status as EN A2cde+3cde; D. The "D" qualifier is not appropriate according to the latest results. Its addition was based on a pessimistic scenario based on 2001 field data (that the bird was near-extinct on Lake Titicaca, from which there was insufficient data then). Instead, the classification would be EN A3cde; C2a(i) or EN C1+2a(i), depending on how population numbers have developed since then. In any case, the 2003 survey indicated that subpopulations are fragmented, with probably no more than about 100 pairs occurring in any one area. It is not known how much the grebes move about until establishing breeding territories, but presumably, the species is fairly sedentary due to its flightlessness.
Threats
Apart from drowning in gill nets, other threats are probably only relevant in the short run, locally, or if several should manifest simultaneously. Eggs may be collected by locals on a small scale, and this is probably sustainable. Adult birds are not usually hunted as they taste of rancid fish like all grebes. Locally (e.g. around Puno), it may abandon habitat due to pollution and boat traffic; on the other hand, the delta of the Rio Coata at the northern end of Puno Bay seems prime habitat at least seasonally (Martinez et al. 2006). Overharvesting of reeds will also drive the birds from an area, but generally the threat of unsustainable use of totora is of less significance, at least in the short term. It is notable that the species evolved on the lake and has sustained several periods of rather pronounced climate change in addition to the normal ENSO. It apparently possesses a quite good capability to recover from population declines, which seems an adaptation to the fluctuating habitat availability even during periods of stable climate, as the lake routinely floods and recedes from considerable areas. Apparently, population numbers reached a low point in 1999 due to a severe drought following the "mega-ENSO" of 1997/1998, and have somewhat recovered since then.
Pejerrey fishery occurs mostly in waters too deep to be utilized by the grebes. While the coarser gill nets used for fishing pejerrey are technically more of a threat to the sizable grebes than the finer ones preferred for Orestias, the latter will still catch and drown especially young and inexperienced birds, and probably even attract these due to holding their favorite food. O. bonariensis is not only one of the two major hauls of the local fishing industries, but places a strain on the Orestias stocks. Insofar, a shift by the fishermen from Orestias to the silversides is likely to benefit them, the grebes, and the entire lake ecosystem.
References
Llimona, Francesc & del Hoyo, Josep (1992): 9. Titicaca Flightless Grebe. In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks: 191, plate 11. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Martinez, Ari E.; Aranibar, David F. & Gutierrez, Edwin R. (2006): An assessment of the abundance and distribution of the Titicaca Flightless Grebe Rollandia microptera on Lake Titicaca and evaluation of its conservation status. Bird Conservation International 16(3): 237–251.
O’Donnel, C. and Fjeldsa˚, J. (compilers) (1997) Grebes: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/ SSC Grebe Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.vii + 59pp
External links
Titicaca Flightless Grebe videos on the Internet Bird Collection
BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2006-JUN-12.
Zambullidor del Titicaca. Article and photo at Casa del Corregidor.
Rollandia (bird)
Flightless birds
Birds of the Altiplano
Birds of Bolivia
Birds of Peru
Birds described in 1868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titicaca%20grebe |
Photis Kontoglou (, the pen name of Φώτης Αποστολέλης (Photis Apostolelis); Aivali, 8 November 1895 – Athens, 13 July 1965) was a Greek writer, painter and icon painter.
Life
He was raised by his mother, Despoina Kontoglou, and his uncle Stefanos Kontoglou, who was abbot in the nearby monastery of Aghia Paraskevi. He spent his childhood among the monastery, the sea and the fishermen. In 1913, he enrolled at the Athens School of Fine Arts. In 1923, he stayed for some time at the monasteries of Mount Athos, where he discovered the technique of Byzantine iconography. Two years later, he married Maria Hatzikambouri, who was also from Aivali/Kydoniai (modern day Ayvalık, Turkey) and moved to Greece in 1922.
In 1923 he made his first painting exposition in Mytilene, with Konstantinos Maleas.
In 1933, he was invited by the Egyptian government to work for the Coptic Museum. However, he decided to stay in Athens and he delivered classes of painting at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Among his students were some of the most important modern Greek painters.
Photis Kontoglou was paid at his work was during his residence in Paris, where he received a prize for the illustrations he made for the work of Knut Hamsun Famine. However, it was his illustrations for his own book, Pedro Kazas, that made him famous.
Kontoglou was a particularly productive artist. A devout Orthodox Christian, he undertook the restoration of the frescos of the Perivleptos church in Mystras which, along with the Cretan icon painters in the years after the fall of Constantinople (1453), he considered to be the very best of the Iconographers' work and a model for his own work
. Furthermore, he painted frescos in various churches all around Greece; among them the Kapnikarea church in Athens. He also painted the monumental fresco of the Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople at the town hall of Athens and frescoes for Zoodochos Peghi at Liopesi (Paiania), the Church of Saint Andrew off Patission Street in Athens, the Metropolitan Church of Evangelismos in Rhodes and the Church of Saint George at Stemnitsa in Arcadia. Churches in Athens frescoes by Kontoglou include Saint George at Kypseli, Saint Haralambos in the park Pedion tou Areos and Saint Nicholas at Kato Patissia. Kontoglou was also the original iconographer of the main iconography at the Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity in Charleston, South Carolina.
The iconography on the dome and other areas of the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity in New York City was created by Georgios Gliatas, a student of Kontoglou. Other notable students include Rallis Kopsides
Kontoglou also wrote various works of literature as well as numerous essays, winning the Academy of Athens Prize for his book Ekphrasis published in 1961, championing orthodoxy but also criticising moves by the then Patriarch Athenagoras towards Ecumenism, which he believed would compromise Orthodox values.
Notes and references
Greek writers
Members of the Church of Greece
1895 births
1965 deaths
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece
Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
Icon painters
Fresco painters
People from Ayvalık
People from Lesbos
20th-century Greek painters
Generation of the '30s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photis%20Kontoglou |
Tony Gauci (6 April 1944 – 29 October 2016) was the proprietor of Mary's House, a clothes shop in Tower Road, Sliema, Malta, who was a witness in the prosecution of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi in relation to the Lockerbie Bombing.
According to evidence given at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial in 2000, Gauci sold clothing that was found among the wreckage, and determined by investigators to have been in the same suitcase as the improvised explosive device (IED) that brought the aircraft down. Gauci's account as a witness linked Libyan intelligence officer Abdelbaset al-Megrahi directly to the explosion, and was therefore important in the conviction of Megrahi on 31 January 2001. Gauci died on 29 October 2016, in Swieqi, Malta at the age of 75.
Controversy
At the trial, Gauci appeared uncertain about the exact date he sold the clothes in question and was not entirely sure that it was Megrahi to whom they were sold. Nonetheless, Megrahi's initial appeal against conviction was rejected by the Scottish Court in the Netherlands in March 2002. In 2007, a Scottish judicial review panel raised concerns about the trial and Gauci's testimony, including that in the days prior to picking Megrahi in a lineup, he had seen a picture of him in a magazine article on his suspected role in the bombing.
Five years after the trial, former Lord Advocate, Lord Fraser of Carmyllie, publicly described Gauci as being "an apple short of a picnic" and "not quite the full shilling".
Since Fraser had been responsible for the investigation into the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, and for indicting Megrahi in November 1991, he was called upon to clarify his remarks about Gauci by Colin Boyd, the Lord Advocate who was chief prosecutor at the Lockerbie trial.
SCCRC grants second appeal
After conducting a four-year review of the case, the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC) reported on 28 June 2007 that there may have been a miscarriage of justice in Megrahi's case, and granted him a second appeal against conviction.
The SCCRC also revealed that Gauci had been interviewed 17 times by Scottish and Maltese police during which he gave a series of inconclusive statements. In addition, a legal source said that there was evidence that leading questions had been put to Gauci.
It was clear from the SCCRC's report that the lack of reliability of Gauci's testimony as a key prosecution witness was the main reason for the referral of Megrahi's case back to the Appeal Court. In a statement on 29 June 2007, Dr Hans Köchler, the UN-appointed international observer at the Lockerbie trial, said he shared the SCCRC's doubts about Gauci's credibility, expressed in the following extract:
"there is no reasonable basis in the trial court's judgment for its conclusion that the purchase of the items (clothes that were found in the wreckage of the plane) from Mary's House (in Malta) took place on 7 December 1988."
Gauci's $2 million reward
In October 2007, it was reported that Gauci received a $2 million reward for testifying against Megrahi at the Lockerbie trial.
In 2008, the Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission (SCCRC Ref 23:19) found that US$2 million had been paid to Tony Gauci and US$1 million to Paul Gauci under the US Department of Justice "Rewards for Justice" programme.
The newspaper Malta Today ran an article on Gauci in May 2009 quoting Gauci's brother Paul as complaining that their lives had become "intolerable" amid growing interest by the press and repeating "the popular claim that Gauci was planning a move to Australia with his brother".
In August 2009, the BBC reported that Gauci was living in Australia.
See also
Hans Köchler's Lockerbie trial observer mission
References
1944 births
2016 deaths
Place of death missing
20th-century Maltese businesspeople
Pan Am Flight 103
Maltese emigrants to Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Gauci |
Aharon Davidi (1927 – February 11, 2012) was an Israeli general and founder of the Sar-El volunteer program of the IDF.
Biography
He was born in Mandatory Palestine as the youngest son of an immigrant family from Bender (Bessarabia). At the age of fifteen, he served in the Haganah and Palmach. In the 1947–1949 Palestine war he fought on the southern front with the Negev Brigade, where he met his future wife, Hassida.
In 1953, Davidi volunteered for the new IDF Paratroopers Brigade as a company commander. The next year, the unit was very active in operations and other dangerous missions behind enemy lines. Davidi and his company supported Ariel Sharon's Unit 101 in the raid on Qibya, he and Sharon remained close friends. He was decorated for actions in the Gaza strip in 1955 with the Medal of Courage.
In the Sinai Campaign, Davidi, as Lieutenant-Colonel and regimental commander, played a decisive role in the battle of Mitla Pass. From 1965 to 1968, as a colonel, he was the first commander of the IDF Paratrooper and Infantry Corps. During the 1967 Six-Day War, Davidi commanded the decisive actions to capture Sharm-el-Sheik. When Raful Eitan was wounded in action, Davidi led his paratroopers to the Suez Canal.
In 1970 he retired as Brigadier from active military service and spent three years at the University of London earning his MA and PhD. He focused on the cultural problems of Chinese minorities.
Davidi began teaching geography at Tel Aviv University in 1974. Three years later, he moved to the Golan Heights as Director of Community and Cultural Activities of the Golan and Jordan Valley. In the summer of 1982, during the 1982 Lebanon War, Davidi founded the Sar-El IDF volunteer program which flourishes today with 5,000 world-wide volunteers a year. In 2010, Davidi won the Moskowitz Prize for Zionism.
Davidi, who lived in Ramat Gan, had three children, 11 grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren. His sister, Rivka Davidit, was a Hebrew children's author and theater critic.
Brig. Gen. (ret.) Dr. Aharon Davidi died on February 11, 2012.
References
1927 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Israeli generals
Israeli settlers
Palmach members
Moskowitz Prize for Zionism laureates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharon%20Davidi |
Robertas Žulpa (born 20 March 1960, in Vilnius) is a former Lithuanian swimmer who competed for the Soviet Union during his professional career.
Žulpa trained at VSS Žalgiris in Vilnius, becoming the Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR in 1980. He won a gold medal in 200 m breaststroke with a time of 2:15.85 at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
In 1988, Žulpa emigrated to Italy where he started to coach swimming to 11-year-old boys. Later, he became Italian–Russian translator for various companies. Žulpa currently spends much of his time in his native Lithuania working as a Lithuanian–Italian translator.
References
External links
YouTube heat 200 m Breaststroke Olympic Games -80
1960 births
Living people
Lithuanian male breaststroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for the Soviet Union
Soviet male breaststroke swimmers
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Sportspeople from Vilnius
Lithuanian Sportsperson of the Year winners
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertas%20%C5%BDulpa |
David M. Scienceman is an Australian scientist; he changed his name from David Slade by deed poll in 1972. McGhee (1990) wrote that his change of name from Slade to Scienceman was an experiment to create a movement of scientifically aware politicians. In a world dominated by scientific achievements and problems, Slade believed that there should be a political party that represented the scientific point of view (Cadzow 1984).
Scienceman has a mathematics and physics degree and a PhD in chemical engineering from Sydney University (Australia), on a scholarship from the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (Cadzow 1984).
At a meeting of the World Future Society in 1976, a group of American feminists told him his new name was unbearably sexist. He saw their point and decided that a better title for members of the Scientific Party would be "Sciencemate" (Cadzow 1984).
For Cadzow, Scienceman:
Author of emergy nomenclature
Scienceman claimed to be the author of the nomenclature of "emergy". In a letter to the Ecological Engineering journal (1997, p. 209) he wrote:
H.T. Odum (1997, p. 215) wrote:
References
J. Cadzow (1984) Dr Scienceman's brave new word, The Australian, Newspaper Article, Tuesday, 15 May, p. 7.
H.T. Odum (1997) Letter to the Editor: Emergy terminology. Ecol. Engr. 9: 215–216. ISSN 0925-8574, .
J. McGhee (1990), Super Scienceman, Extract from the Edinburgh EVENING NEWS, Scotland, 6 April, p. 1.
D.M. Scienceman (1987) Energy and Emergy. In G. Pillet and T. Murota (eds), Environmental Economics: The Analysis of a Major Interface. Geneva: R. Leimgruber. pp. 257–276. (CFW-86-26)
D.M. Scienceman (1989) The Emergence of Emonomics. In Proceedings of the International Society for General Systems Research Conference (2–7 July 1989), Edinburgh, Scotland, 7 pp. (CFW-89-02).
D.M. Scienceman (1991) Emergy and Energy: The Form and Content of Ergon. Discussion paper. Gainesville: Center for Wetlands, University of Florida. 13 pp. (CFW-91-10)
D.M. Scienceman (1995), The Emergy Synthesis of Religion and Science, Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida. 13pp.
D.M. Scienceman (1997) Letters to the Editor: Emergy definition, Ecological Engineering, 9, pp. 209–212. ISSN 0925-8574, .
D.M. Scienceman (1992), Emvalue and Lavalue, Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida.
D.M. Scienceman and B.M. El-Youssef (1993) The System of Emergy Units, in Packham, R. ed. Ethical management of science as a system, International Society for the Systems Sciences, Proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual meeting, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 5–9 July, pp. 214–223.
D.M. Scienceman and F. Ledoux (2000) Sublimation, in M.T.Brown (ed.) Emergy Synthesis:Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology, Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Emergy Analysis Research Conference, Center for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, pp. 317–321.
20th-century Australian scientists
Systems ecologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Scienceman |
Louis I (; 5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803) was the first of the two kings of Etruria. Louis was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, and Maria Amalia of Austria. He was born in 1773, when his great-grandfather, King Louis XV of France, was still alive.
Early life
Louis Francis Philibert () was the second child and eldest son of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, a grandson of French King Louis XV and Marie Leczinska, and his wife Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. Louis and his older sister Carolina were the favorites of their parents. They were personally instructed in religion by their father, despite the fact that their younger children was actually more interested in the subject than they were. In 1778, he hit his head on a marble table while playing with Carolina, and afterward suffered from epilepsy.
Marriage and issue
In 1795, Louis came to the Spanish court to finish his education and also to marry one of the daughters of King Charles IV of Spain, who were his first cousins. He was to marry Infanta Maria Amalia or Infanta Maria Luisa, and chose the latter, who was somewhat more attractive and cheerful than the melancholy Maria Amalia. On 25 August 1795, he married Maria Luisa at Madrid and was made an Infante of Spain.
The marriage between the two different personalities turned out to be happy, though it was clouded by Louis's ill health. He was frail, suffered chest problems, and since a childhood accident when he hit his head on a marble table, suffered from symptoms that have been identified as epileptic fits. As the years went on, his health deteriorated, and he grew to be increasingly dependent on his wife. The young couple remained in Spain during the early years of their marriage.
The couple had two children:
Charles Louis Ferdinand (1799–1883)
Maria Luisa Carlota, Hereditary Princess of Saxony (1802–1857), married to Hereditary Prince Maximilian of Saxony, widower of her aunt Caroline, as his second wife and remained childless.
Swap of Parma and Etruria
While Louis was staying in Spain, the Duchy of Parma had been occupied by French troops in 1796. Napoleon Bonaparte, who had conquered most of Italy and wanted to gain Spain as an ally against England, proposed to compensate the House of Bourbon for their loss of the Duchy of Parma with the Kingdom of Etruria, a new state that he created from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. This was agreed upon in the Treaty of Aranjuez.
Louis had to receive his investiture from Napoleon in Paris, before taking possession of Etruria. Louis, his wife and his son travelled incognito through France under the name of the Count of Livorno. Having been invested in Paris as King of Etruria, Louis and his family arrived in August 1801 at his new capital, Florence.
In 1802, both Louis and his pregnant wife travelled to Spain to attend the double-wedding of Maria Luisa's brother Ferdinand and her youngest sister Maria Isabel. Offshore at Barcelona, Maria Luisa gave birth to their daughter, Marie Louise Charlotte. The couple returned in December of that year, after having been notified of the death of Louis's father.
Back in Etruria, Louis's health worsened, and in May 1803, he died at the age of twenty-nine, possibly due to an epileptic crisis. He was succeeded by his son, Charles Louis, as King Louis II of Etruria, under the regency of his mother, Maria Luisa.
Ancestry
References
External links
Louis 1
1773 births
1803 deaths
Louis of Etruria
Louis of Etruria
Louis of Etruria
Louis of Etruria
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Burials in the Pantheon of Infantes at El Escorial
1800s in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
19th-century Italian people
19th century in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
19th-century monarchs in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20I%20of%20Etruria |
The Church of the Assumption of the Buda Castle (), more commonly known as the Matthias Church (), more rarely the Coronation Church of Buda, is a Roman Catholic church located in the Holy Trinity Square, Budapest, Hungary, in front of the Fisherman's Bastion at the heart of Buda's Castle District. According to church tradition, it was originally built in Romanesque style in 1015, although few references exist. The current building was constructed in the florid late Gothic style in the second half of the 14th century and was extensively restored in the late 19th century. It was the second largest church of medieval Buda and the seventh largest church of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom.
It is a historic building with an important history. Two Kings of Hungary were crowned within its walls: Franz Joseph I of Hungary and Elisabeth, and Charles IV of Hungary and Zita of Bourbon-Parma.
The church was also the location of the "Marian Miracle" of Buda. In 1686, during the siege of Buda city by the Holy League, a wall of the church - used as a mosque by the Ottoman occupiers of the city - collapsed due to cannon fire. It turned out that an old votive Madonna statue was hidden behind the wall. As the sculpture of the Virgin Mary appeared before the praying Muslims, the morale of the Muslim garrison collapsed and the city fell on the same day.
History
According to the tradition, the first church on the site was founded by Saint Stephen, King of Hungary, in 1015: this is based on an inscription erected in 1690 inside the church and burned in 1748, which some previous references seem to confirm.
However, there is no clear evidence of the foundation by St. Stephen. This building was destroyed in 1241 by the Mongols; the current building was constructed in the latter half of the 13th century. Originally named after the Virgin Mary, taking names such as "The Church of Mary" and "The Church of Our Lady," since the 19th century the church has been referred to as Matthias Church, after King Matthias, who ordered the transformation of its original southern tower.
Re-foundation in the 13th Century
King Béla IV of Hungary after the Mongol invasion, between 1255 and 1269, replaced the older, smaller church with a towering three-nave basilica.
During the first phase of construction (1255–1260), a main shrine and auxiliary shrines were built, under the direction of Villard de Honnecourt. The first stage of the construction of the main church of Buda is closest relative to the Lyon Cathedral. The group of masters consisted of the builders of the Cistercian Monastery of Tišnov, Czech Republic, who travelled to Hungary after the Mongol invasion probably at the behest of the cousin of king Béla IV, Agnes of Bohemia. The reasons for its disintegration of this group around 1260 are unknown.
The construction was completed through a second phase, between 1260 and 1269. The work of the second group of masters was already influenced by Northern French religious architecture, mediated by German master builders. Other works of this group are the Franciscan Kecske Church in Sopron, Hungary, and the Monastery of Klosterneuburg, Austria, probably related to the Dominican monastery of Margaret Island, Budapest, which was the home of a daughter of Béla IV, St Margaret of the Árpád House. The king, out of regard for his daughter, granted to the monastery the jus patronatus over the Buda church for a period of time.
The Church of the Assumption of the Buda Castle became the earliest and most complete work of classical Gothic church architecture in Hungary, giving a complete picture of the architectural schools of Béla's era.
14th century: Gothic hall church
In the second half of the 14th century was rebuilt into a Gothic hall church. The whole building was remodeled in a mature Gothic style. In 1370 king Louis I of Hungary began with the construction of the iconic Maria Gate at the southwest. The closest parallel to this representative two-door gate is the portal of St. Lorenz Church in Nuremberg, built fifteen years earlier. During the reign of Louis, a complete redesign of the church basilica space was begun in the spirit of mature Gothic architecture. The arches of the side naves were raised to the height of the main nave, and huge windows with rich stone lattice were placed on the high walls, thus creating a bright, airy hall. During the reign of king Sigismund, the side shrines were extended and provided with an octagonal Gothic closure. In the final phase of the construction, the masters of the Prague Parler workshop also worked on the building. Between 1412 and 1433 they ordered the burial chapel of the aristocratic Garai family beside the north side sanctuary at the request of Nicholas II Garai. The closest relative of the newly formed hall church is the Abbey of Hronský Beňadik, current Slovakia.
15th century: Matthias Church
The church reached its peak in medieval prosperity during the reign of king Matthias Corvinus. The king built the southwest bell tower, one of the finest pieces of Gothic architecture in Hungary. According to the coat of arms of Matthias, the south tower, which collapsed in 1384, was rebuilt in 1470. Apart from its destroyed helmet, the bell tower still retains its original form, although in the late 19th century a complete replacement of its stone material became inevitable. However, the head of the great arch supporting the choir still preserves its original stone.
Matthias also erected a royal oratory near the southern sanctuary of the church, but it was completely destroyed during the Turkish occupation. At that time, at the end of the 15th century, they began the construction of the northwestern tower, which had already been completed with the exception of the helmet before the Turkish conquest.
16th century: Ottoman invasion
During the first Turkish invasion in 1526, the medieval roof structure and most of its equipment were destroyed. In 1541 the rebuilt Church of the Blessed Virgin was converted into a mosque by the Turks after the final conquest of Buda; in this church the Sultan Suleiman gave thanks to Allah for the victory. Its equipment and altars were discarded and the painted walls were plastered over. While most other churches in Buda were destroyed by the Ottomans, the Church of Mary survived, converted into a mosque and called from this point Büyük (Great), Eski (Old) or Suleiman Han Cami. Of course, destruction could not be completely avoided; the Matthias royal oratory, the north tower, the Garai chapel and the side chapels were demolished to use their stones elsewhere.
17th and 18th centuries: Jesuit church
After Buda was retaken (1686), the church first became the property of the Franciscans, and then of the Jesuit Order, which restored it in Baroque style. Between 1688 and 1702, a huge dormitory was built on its north side and a three-story seminary on its south side. Between 1702 and 1714, the originally free-standing church was made part of a large building complex. Although the scene of great pastoral work, the church lost almost all its medieval ornamentation, rendering its exterior façade insignificant.
In 1690 the Palatine of Hungary Paul I, Prince Esterházy built the new Baroque main altar, and in 1696 built a lobby in front of the main gate. In the same year, Matthias' bell tower was crowned with a Baroque onion dome. The Chapel of Loreto was built in 1707, this received a bell tower in 1719, and soon afterwards its side chapels were erected, and a new sacristy was erected in place of the Bride's Gate.
Baroque transformations were conducted in many medieval elements; only the few windows of the Matthias Bell tower guarded the original character of the church's facade.
After the dissolution of the Jesuit Order in 1773, the council of the city of Buda owned the church.
19th century: Schulek's reconstruction of the church
Under the leadership of the king Franz Joseph I of Austria, between 1874 and 1896, a major rebuilding took place, under the architect Frigyes Schulek, which restored the original image of the building. The stone carving was done by Jakab Kauser, a well-known family of architects from Pest.
The church was restored to its original 13th-century plan, but a number of early original Gothic elements were uncovered. By also adding new motifs of his own (such as the diamond pattern roof tiles and gargoyles laden spire) Schulek ensured that the work, when finished, would be highly controversial.
Schulek freed the church, enclosed in former Jesuit buildings, at the expense of the demolition of adjacent parts, restoring its original, distinctive character.
The vault and walls of the building were demolished to the ground in several places to reconstruct the original architectural solutions. In all the church he removed the Baroque joints and sought to restore the ancient ones, but by completely restoring the damaged parts and surfaces. Thus Sigismund's side sanctuaries were demolished and the original, simpler closures restored; the Maria Gate dating back to Louis I of Hungary was reopened, the Matthias bell tower was renovated – at the same time almost all the original main column capitals were replaced with faithful copies. Wherever he could find no clue, the architect introduced new elements of his own design: he erected a foyer in front of the Maria Gate, he created the new St Stephen's chapel in place of the destroyed Garai chapel, he renovated the Baroque side chapels along the northern nave in a neo-Gothic style; based on old images, he topped the southern tower with the rich neo-Gothic cap and balcony row that we see today. The northern tower was equipped with a late Romanesque style top, a pediment was placed between the two towers. He built the two sacristies and a royal oratory opening to the main apse from the north. The crypt, which had been built in 1780, was also renewed in a free neo-Gothic style.
Bertalan Székely and Károly Lotz directed, together with Schulek, the interior decoration and furnishing,utilising the remains of the medieval wall paintings. They painted the figurative murals themselves, made the designs for the stained glass windows executed by Ede Kratzmann, and for the new sculptural decoration made by Ferenc Mikula. The altarpieces were painted by Mihály Zichy (St Imre's chapel) and Gyula Aggházy (Loreto chapel); the bas-relief on the main gate depicting the Our Lady of the Hungarians is by Lajos Lontay. The benches and the organ cabinet were designed by Schulek.
The church was completed in 1893; by the time of the Millenary celebrations it shone, though not in its original forms but in all of its old splendour.
In 1898 the remains of Béla III of Hungary and his first wife, Agnes of Antioch, found their final burial place in the chapel of the northern nave of the church. They had been unearthed during the excavations carried out on the ruins of the royal basilica in Székesfehérvár in 1848 (basilica destroyed by the Turks).
The Southwest Virgin Mary gate, - which in the tympanum depicts the Virgin Mary falling asleep - is one of the few original medieval remains from the beginning of the 15th century. This is a replica of the 13th century main gate. The Loreto Chapel, of medieval origin, beneath the southern tower preserves a Madonna statue from the end of the 17th century. This work of art was created to replace the original medieval sculpture of the Madonna, which was walled in during the Turkish occupation in the church.
Assessing Schulek's rebuilding, he did not appreciate the historic importance of the church, which was in a very poor condition, but replaced many of its historical stones with careful copies. However, thanks to his scientific depth and precise work of form, we can today see the former state of this church in its facade. Reconstructed faithfully and, to a lesser extent, re-imagined in a worthy way, the church is the highest-quality example of Hungarian neo-Gothic architecture, and its interior decoration, one of the highest achievements of Eastern European Art Nouveau.
20th century
In 1936, on the 250th anniversary of the recapture of the Buda Castle, a Hungarian and Italian inscription commemorating the Baron Michele d'Aste was placed on the right-hand apse wall. Lieutenant-Colonel D'Aste, who died during the battle, contributed greatly to the success of the action. The inscription reads as follows: "Lieutenant Colonel Michele d'Aste, Italian Colonel, on September 2, 1686, was among the first to sacrifice his life for the liberation of Buda"
In 1927 the "Chapel of the Knights of Malta" was created in an oratory in the northern gallery of the church. Around the altar and along the corridor were the shields of the then Hungarian Knights of Malta. A restoration was made in 2005, after which the church authorities and the Hungarian Association of the Order of Malta restored the custom of exposing the coats-of-arms of deceased knights. Around the altar there are five commemorative shields of noteworthy Chaplains of the Order, among them Cardinal Jusztinián György Serédi, and the martyr Bishop Blessed Vilmos Apor. In the foreground one can see the shields of the members from 1925 to 1944, while in the passage from the sacristy to the lower church there are the shields of deceased members after 1945. On All Souls Day each year, after a funeral Mass, the knights place on the wall the coats-of-arms of the members who died during the year.
Before World War II, on the initiative of Pál Teleki, a complete renovation of the church was begun, but the war prevented its completion.
During the 1944–1945 siege of Budapest by the Allies, the building was severely damaged. The crypt was used by the Germans for their camp kitchen, and after the fall of the city, the Soviets used the sanctuary to stable their horses.
War damage was repaired by the Hungarian State between 1950 and 1970. The five-manual organ, which had been severely damaged during the war, was repaired and re-consecrated in 1984.
In 1994, an unidentified terrorist detonated an IED at the gate of the building that opens towards the Fisherman's Bastion, damaging sixteen of the church's windows.
In 1999 the church was—for the first time in its history—handed over to the Catholic Church as parish property. The state financed restoration works from 2005 to 2015.
Historical significance
The new Church of Mary built by Béla IV of Hungary in 1270 soon became a venue for events of national importance. In 1279 had already held a national council here under the leadership of Lieutenant of the Pope Fülöp Fermói and the Archbishop of Esztergom Lodomer, where they were invited by king Ladislaus IV of Hungary.
In the aftermath of the throne after 1301, the Czech king Wenceslaus III and Bavarian king Otto III were nominated as kings of Hungary here, and then in 1309 at another national council, papal legate cardinal Gentile Portino da Montefiore, and Archbishop of Esztergom Tamás crowned here with a new crown to the Anjou king Charles I of Hungary. The same king was found here between his death in Visegrád and his funeral in Székesfehérvár.
In January 1412 King Sigismund for the first time suspended his victory flags on the walls of the church, which had been rebuilt by then, which he captured in the campaign against Republic of Venice. This gesture later created a tradition of John Hunyadi.
In 1424, in the Corpus Christi feast as a guest of the German-Roman Emperor Sigismund and the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos turned between its walls. After the death of Sigismund in 1438 the Hungarian king Albert II of Germany and in 1440 the Hungarian king Władysław III of Poland was introduced in the church after their election. In 1444 Władysław III, after his triumphant campaign, here held his solemn thanksgiving with John Hunyadi.
St John of Capistrano held a recruiting speech here to promote his involvement and recruit troops for the Turkish campaign. In 1455 John Hunyadi received the cross here from the papal legacy of Carvajal and started from here to Belgrade.
In 1456 Pope Callixtus III founded a cathedral chapter near the church. This was abolished during the Turkish occupation, but the provost title of "Pest-újhegyi", named after the Virgin Mary, has been bestowed by the Hungarian apostolate and from 1920 to the Archbishop of Esztergom.
When Matthias Corvinus ascended the throne, in 1458 the Holy Crown of Hungary was not in Hungary. Therefore, Matthias, returning from his captivity in Prague, solemnly began his reign in the Church of Mary in the form of a "crown without crown": thanking God and Mary, the Grandmother of Hungary, whose inheritance was honored by her father; before the altar he promised to keep the sacred rights, then went to his palace and sat on his throne and began to deal with the affairs of the country.
Matthias held both of his weddings in this church: in 1463 with Catherine of Poděbrady and in 1476 with Beatrice of Naples. The south gate, which is still called the Bride's Gate, reminds us of this. The parish priest of the church at that time was Marcin Bylica, a friend of Matthias, an excellent astronomer, and Regiomontanus.
In 1526 the treasures of the church were fled to Bratislava. The Palatine of Hungary István Werbőczy proclaimed here the covenant of the king John Zápolya with the French, the Pope, Venice and Florence. A few months later, at the feast of King St Stephen, the "counter-king", Habsburg Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor attended the Mass here.
It was used as the main mosque of Buda by the occupying Turks from 1541 to 1686. Legend has it that Gül Baba, a member of the Bektás Dervish Order in the temple, whose tomb (mausoleum) is still near Margaret Bridge, it is still the northernmost Islamic pilgrimage site in the world.
The victory of the desperate struggle for Buda was attributed by contemporaries to the miracle of the church's statue of Mary, which was not destroyed by the Turks, but simply bricked up. In 1686, before the last attack of the siege of Vladislaus II. The wall drawn in front of a vow sculpture donated by Vladislaus fell down during a major explosion, and the long-forgotten statue of the Our Lady of the Hungarians appeared in front of the Turks praying in the main mosque (current church of Mary). The triumphant statue of Mary was carried on the streets of Buda in a Thanksgiving procession. Remembering this event, the church is still a place of worship for the image.
In 1686 the church was owned by the Jesuit Order and was a very careful landlord in his own way: the 87-year pastoral flower in the history of the church, marked by the Society of Jesus. The spiritually deprived city was cultivated and re-catholicized by their college. The Order (also in the wake of the Counter-Reformation) was strongly attached to the Habsburg Ruler, and there are hardly any Hungarians among their members, as was the newly settled citizenship, as in the Middle Ages, being German. Yet it is thanks to these monks that the cult of the Our Lady of the Hungarians and the idea of the Regnum Marianum (the Kingdom of Mary) and the reverence of the holy kings, which became one of the pillars of Hungarian identity and the spiritual foundation of national independence aspirations.
In front of the church, a plague memorial was erected in 1713, the Holy Trinity Column, which served as a model for many similar works in the country.
In 1867, as culmination of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, cardinal-Archbishop of Esztergom János Simor crowned here as Hungarian king to the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I and his wife, Elizabeth with the Holy Crown. The Coronation Mass by Franz Liszt was performed for the first time in this important celebration.
On 30 December 1916, Charles IV and his wife, Queen Zita were crowned here, by the cardinal-Archbishop of Esztergom János Csernoch with the Holy Crown.
In 2000, in the year of the Great Jubilee, remembering the former sending of the crown, the young people of the church made a fresh copy of the Holy Crown of Hungary for Pope John Paul II which him was brought to the Vatican on a walking pilgrimage blessed in Rome and crowned with the statue of Virgin Mary on the main altar at the Assumption of the Pope.
Pulpit
The pulpit of the church was built between 1890 and 1893 during the extensive reconstruction of the building. It was designed by Frigyes Schulek with the help of art historian Béla Czobor who contributed to the draft of the iconographic plan. The statues were carved by Ferenc Mikula, the abat-voix was made by Károly Ruprich.
The pulpit was built of sandstone, and the surfaces are entirely covered with Neo-Romanesque ornamental painting including the statues. There is a wrought-iron rail at the bottom of the steps. The Gothic Revival abat-voix, resembling a medieval tower, was carved of oak and the statue of the Good Shepherd on the top was made of linden. The platform of the pulpit is supported by an outer ring of arches and a massive central pillar. The most interesting part of the structure is the sculptural decoration of the parapet with the statues of the four evangelists and the four Latin doctors of the church standing under the arches of a blind arcade. The sequence of the figures is:
St John with the eagle
St Augustine with the boy
St Luke with the ox
St Ambrose with the beehive
St Mark with the lion
St Gregory the Great with the dove
St Matthew with the angel
St Jerome with the lion
The two bishops and the saintly pope are portrayed in the traditional attire of their office, and Jerome is wearing cardinal robes. The parapet is supported by brackets decorated with grotesque heads in medieval style, and framed by two bands of carved vegetal decoration (vine and acanthus leaves).
Previous pulpits
The first recorded pulpit was erected in 1693 after the reconversion of the building from mosque to church under the ownership of the Jesuits. Nothing is known about its appearance. A new Baroque pulpit was installed in 1769 by Countess Erzsébet Berényi, the owner of the Zichy estate of Óbuda. This was probably made by Károly Bebo, the stewart and sculptor of the estate who made several high-quality Baroque pulpits in the region, including those in the parish church of Óbuda and the Trinitarian church of Kiscell. His work in the Matthias Church was recorded by a lithograph of Gusztáv Zombory (1857) and the only surviving photograph of the interior of the church before its extensive reconstruction.
Bebo's lost work should have been a fine example of Central-European Baroque wood carving. The pulpit itself was decorated with reliefs and two statues of prophets (perhaps Moses and Aaron) and two angels sitting on its ledge. The canopy of the abat-voix was supported by two flying angels. There was a statue of the Risen Christ on the top surrounded with cherubs. The old pulpit was demolished by Frigyes Schulek immediately after the closure of the church in 1876 at the start of the long reconstruction. Only two figures of flying cherubs survived, which were probably parts of the structure, the first one in the Hungarian National Gallery and the other in the collection of the parish church.
Church bells
Today the church has 7 bells. Six of them are located in the bell tower and the last damaged bell hangs in the cavalry tower. Three of the tower's bells are historic bells (from years 1723, 1724 and 1891). The church got four new bells in 2010, then the Szt. Károly bell sound correction took place.
Museum
It is home to the Ecclesiastical Art Museum, which begins in the medieval crypt and leads up to the St. Stephen Chapel. The gallery contains a number of sacred relics and medieval stone carvings, along with replicas of the Hungarian royal crown and coronation jewels.
Honors
Stamps issued by Hungary; on 24 January 1927, on 26 March 1926 and in 1930.
Gallery
See also
List of Jesuit sites
References
Bibliography
József Csemegi: A Budavári Főtemplom (Képzőművészeti Alap Kiadóvállalata, Budapest, 1955)
Dr. István Czagány: A Hunyadi-ház tagjainak eredeti arcképei a budavári főtemplomban. In: Művészettörténeti Értesítő 1976. 2. ISSN 0027-5247
Dr. István Czagány – Gink Károly: A budavári Mátyás-templom (Budapest, 1984)
Géza Entz: A budavári Nagyboldogasszony-templom és a Halászbástya (Corvina, Budapest, 1974)
Dr. János Fábián: A budavári Mátyás-templom (Budapest, é. n.)
M. Marianna Takács: A Budavári Mátyás-templom. A Budapesti M. Kir. Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetem Művészettörténeti és Keresztényrégészeti Intézetének dolgozatai 64. Budapest, 1940
Balázs Mátéffy: A Koronázó Főtemplom (Corvinus Kiadó, Budapest, 2002)
Balázs Mátéffy – György Gadányi: Élő Kövek – az ismeretlen Mátyás-templom (Viva Média-Incoronata, Budapest, 2003.)
Monumenta Ecclesiæ Strigoniensis. Ordine chron. disposuit, dissertationibus et notis illustravit Dr. Ferdinandus Knauz, Strigonii, Tom. I. 1874, II. 1882, III. 1924
Dr. Antal Nemes: A Budavári Koronázó Főtemplom (Budapest, 1893)
Dr. Antal Nemes: Adalékok a Budavári Főtemplom történetéhez (Budapest, 1932)
Lajos Némethy: A Nagyboldogasszonyról nevezett budapestvári főtemplom történelme (Esztergom, 1876)
Frigyes Pogány (szerk.): Budapest Műemlékei I. (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1955)
External links
Official site
Accommodation next to Church
14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Hungary
Roman Catholic churches in Budapest
Roman Catholic churches in Hungary
Islam in Hungary
Mosques converted from churches in the Ottoman Empire
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
Former mosques in Hungary
Ottoman mosques in Hungary
Gothic architecture in Hungary
Coronation church buildings
Landmarks in Hungary
Buda Castle
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias%20Church |
Dranem (23 May 1869 – 13 October 1935) was a French comic singer, music hall, stage and film actor.
History
Born Armand Ménard, in Paris, he began working as an apprentice jeweler in a local shop before embarking on a career in entertainment. Adopting the singular stage name of Dranem, a palindromic anagram of "Menard," he made his debut performance in 1894. In 1895, he performed with fellow newcomers Félix Mayol and Max Dearly in the "Concert Parisien" from where he went on to become a leading music hall entertainer in his own comic absurdist genre. In 1899, he was signed to perform at the famous Eldorado Club, where he appeared regularly for the next twenty years.
Dranem's comedic singing routine brought a loyal following, and his work made him a very wealthy man. In 1910, he purchased the Château de Ris in the town of Ris-Orangis south of Paris and established a charitable foundation to operate the large building as a senior citizens home for retired performers. On the grounds, a bandstand and an open-air theatre provided entertainment. His "Dranem Foundation" continued to operate until the year 2000, and the property remains a government operated retirement home open to all members of the public. During World War I, Dranem continued his benevolence by performing for the troops at music halls and for wounded soldiers at military hospitals.
Active in variety shows, café-concerts, and as a performer in operettas, Dranem also acted and sang in live theatre and in film. He made his screen debut in the 1902 Gaumont silent film "Bonsoir m'sieurs dames" directed by Alice Guy. Although he appeared in two more silent films, as well as two 1905 Phonoscènes (an early Sound-on-disc system) the advent of synchronized sound film in the late 1920s made him much in demand for screen roles featuring his singing routines. In 1932 alone, he appeared in six films and another six over the next three years.
He appeared at the Paris Opéra-Comique as Buteux in La fille de Madame Angot in 1918 and as the caissier in Les brigands in 1931.
Dranem died in Paris in 1935 at the age of sixty-six and was buried at the Château de Ris.
Selected filmography
King of the Hotel (1932)
Monsieur Albert (1932)
Miche (1932)
He Is Charming (1932)
Ciboulette (1933)
Court Waltzes (1933)
The Mascot (1935)
References
External links
1869 births
1935 deaths
French male singers
French male stage actors
French male silent film actors
French male film actors
Male actors from Paris
20th-century French male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dranem |
The Sunbeam 350HP is an aero-engined car built by the Sunbeam company in 1920, the first of several land speed record-breaking cars with aircraft engines.
Design
The car was fitted with a purpose built 18.3-litre V12 engine based on a hybrid of the Sunbeam Manitou and Sunbeam Arab aero engines. This engine had four blocks of three cylinders arranged in two banks set at 60 degrees (unlike the Arab which were set at 90 degrees). Each cylinder had one inlet and two exhaust valves actuated by a single overhead camshaft. The two camshafts were driven by a complex set of 16 gears from the front of the crankshaft - a very similar arrangement to that used on the Maori engine which had two OHC per bank of cylinders. A 4-speed transmission initially drove a back axle with differential with a shaft drive rather than the hazardous chains of other cars. Harry Hawker drove the car in 1920 at Brooklands but suffered a burst tyre, spinning off the circuit. The differential was replaced with a simple crown wheel and pinion so that the rear wheels were locked together and it was more successful in the hands of Kenelm Lee Guinness. Brakes were crude, as was usual in the period, with a foot brake acting on the transmission and a hand brake on the rear drums. Suspension was also typical, with half-elliptic springs all round damped by Andre Hartford friction shock absorbers.
Racing career
The 350HP was first raced at Brooklands in 1920 by Harry Hawker. In October Rene Thomas set a new record at the Gaillon hill climb.
On 17 April Jean Chassagne lapping at 114 mph won the Brooklands Easter Meeting 13th Lighting Short handicap. In May 1922 Kenelm Lee Guinness set three records with it: the Brooklands lap record at , then the land speed record over a mile at and over a kilometre at – this was the last land speed record to be set on the Brooklands track.
Blue Bird
Malcolm Campbell drove the borrowed car at the Saltburn Speed Trials on 17 June 1922 and broke his first speed record at . However the manual stopwatch timing system was not accepted for an official record.
Campbell persuaded Coatalen to sell the Sunbeam to him, painted it blue and renamed it 'Blue Bird', already the fourth Blue Bird. 23 June 1923 saw Campbell at Fanø, Denmark, recording another record-breaking speed of over the flying kilometre. This time the record was not officially accepted as the timing equipment was not of the approved type.
Over the winter of 1923–1924 the car was sent to the aircraft maker Boulton Paul at Norwich, for wind tunnel tests. They streamlined the car with a narrow radiator cowl at the nose and a long tapered tail. The rear wheels were also fitted with disk covers. Engine compression was raised by new pistons.
Campbell returned to Fanø in the summer, but the beach was in poor condition and crowd control of the spectators was poor. On the first run both rear tyres were ripped off Blue Bird and narrowly missed the crowd. Campbell protested to the officials about safety standards and declined to take any responsibility for anything else. Sadly, this time a front tyre came off and killed a boy in the crowd.
The car was taken to Pendine Sands in South Wales and saw a more successful result with the first of Campbell's nine records. The record was achieved on 24 September 1924, with a speed of 146.16 mph (235.23 km/h) and an officially sanctioned time. After this he put the car up for sale for £1,500, but decided to keep it for a further attempt on hearing that Parry-Thomas was also planning a record attempt with 'Babs'. Blue Bird returned to Pendine in 1925, and on 21 July it raised this record to 150.766 mph (242.628 km/h), the first time a car had exceeded . The best run over the mile had reached , a figure that appeared in contemporary motoring adverts for oil and sparkplugs. To commemorate this achievement Campbell had commemorative models of Blue Bird made.
Survival today
After Campbell, the Sunbeam appears to have returned to circuit racing with wider tyres and a return to the short tail with green paintwork. As late as 1936, bandleader Billy Cotton recorded over a kilometre on the beach at Southport. The car may have stayed in Lancashire afterwards, turning up there during World War 2 and then being sold to the Beaulieu collection in 1958.
It is on show today at the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. The engine has undergone extensive restoration after suffering severe damage in the 1990s and was run for the first time in 20 years in January 2014.
2015 Appeal and Restoration
During a test fire-up in 1993 to assess the car’s condition, disaster struck when a blocked oil way in the engine caused it to seize and ‘throw a rod’. For several years after that, the car was on display in the museum with a very visible hole in its engine where the piston and connecting rod had exited.
In January 2014, following a complete mechanical rebuild undertaken by the National Motor Museum’s workshop team over a period of many years, the Sunbeam was fired-up again, the first time it had been heard in public in over 50 years. The following month it was a star of the show at Retromobile, Paris and was also run at the Goodwood Festival of Speed.
In 2015 the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu launched an appeal to raise funds to build a new gearbox for Sir Malcolm Campbell’s historic 1920 Sunbeam 350 hp Land Speed Record car.
The museum’s manager and Chief Engineer, Doug Hill says:
“During the Sunbeam’s long and chequered history, its Achilles heel has been a weak gearbox. At some time after WWll, the original gearbox was removed and subsequently lost. It was replaced with a gearbox that was originally used in an Albion 35hp van, designed to take only one tenth of the power this engine produces and the way in which the braking system has been modified means that this installation severely compromises the braking of the vehicle.
"For the next stage of the Sunbeam’s restoration story, we need to build a new gearbox from scratch. As the original gearbox no longer exists and there is no template to follow, this will be a challenge requiring all of our knowledge and expertise. It is a vital step in our journey to restore the car to its 1925 specification and will greatly help us to drive the car closer to the speed it was built for."
On 21 July 2015 at Pendine beach in Wales the 90th anniversary of Sir Malcolm Campbell’s first world land speed record in ‘Bluebird’ was recreated by his grandson, Don Wales, also a Land Speed Record holder, who recreated the event in the fully restored car.
Commenting on the restoration appeal Don said: “This beautiful car has been lovingly restored and looked after by Doug Hill and the team and its only right that such an iconic car deserves to have the final pieces in place to complete her!”'
The new gearbox will be part of a long term project to restore the car to its 1925 specification. This would also require the fabrication of two full length exhaust pipes, a new seat and upholstery, and the re-manufacture of a slightly dropped nose cone and rear wheel spats.
In 2016 The National Motor Museum Trust are one of the chosen charities for the newly relaunched London Motor Show where the Sunbeam 350 hp will be on display as part of the appeal.
References
External links
Many rare period photos.
350HP
Bluebird record-breaking vehicles
Wheel-driven land speed record cars
Cars powered by aircraft engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbeam%20350HP |
Djedi (also Dedi or Djedi of Djed-Sneferu) is the name of a fictional ancient Egyptian magician appearing in the fourth chapter of a story told in the legendary Westcar Papyrus. He is said to have worked wonders during the reign of king (pharaoh) Khufu (4th Dynasty).
Literary person
Djedi appears only in the fourth story of the Westcar Papyrus – there is no archeological or historical evidence that he existed. Nevertheless, he is an object of great interest for historians and Egyptologists, since his magic tricks are connected to later cultural perceptions of the personality of king Khufu. Djedi is described as a commoner of extraordinary age, endowed with magical powers and talented in making prophecies.
The wonder of Djedi
According to the Westcar Papyrus, prince Djedefhor brings up the story of Djedi. He stands before his father, king Khufu, and says: “There is only speaking of miracles which happened a long time ago, something known by past generations only. Truth and falsehood cannot be distinguished here. But there is someone under thy majesty´s own lifetime who is not known, someone who is able to make a ignoramus become wise.” Khufu asks: “What's the meaning of this, Djedefhor, my son?” Djedefhor answers: “There's a commoner named Djedi, living in Djed-Sneferu. He's a simple citizen, but 110 years old, eats 500 loaves of bread, a shoulder of beef and drinks 100 jars of beer every day. He is capable of resurrecting decapitated beings. He is also said to be able to make wild lions so obedient that the animal would follow him with a cord dragging on the ground. Furthermore, this Djedi has knowledge of the number of Iput in the wenet-sanctuary of Thoth.” The pharaoh spent a good deal of time to seek for these chambers, for he planned to build something similar to his horizon. And Khufu orders: “You thyself, Djedefhor, my son, may bring him to me!”
And so Djedefhor arranges his journey during the first month of the schemu-season and travels to Djed-Sneferu. He finds Djedi and invites the old man to the king's palace with the words: “Your condition is equal to someone who lives from aging and to someone who sleeps until dawn, free of illness and wheezing. For ‘aging’ is the time of dying, the time of the preparing the burial and the time of being buried. This is the questioning about the condition of a noble man. I have come to summon you in order of my father, justified, that you may eat from the delicacies my father gives, the food of his followers. And then he may guide you to the ancestors which are in the necropolis now.” Djedi replies: “Welcome, welcome, Djedefhor, son of the king, beloved of his father! May you be praised by your father, Khufu the justified. May he let your place be at the front of all time-honored ones. May thine Ka successfully champion all things against any enemy. May thine Ba know the ways that lead to the gateway of the mummified deceased.” Djedefhor brings Djedi to the harbor and makes a boat prepared for traveling. The old man promises to follow Djedefhor, on the condition that he may bring his books and scholars with him. Djedefhor accepts, and both men travel to Khufu's royal palace.
Djedefhor enters the palace and goes immediately to his father, king Khufu. The prince says: “May thy majesty live, be blessed and being prosperous! I have brought Djedi to you!” Khufu replies: “Go and bring him to me!” Then Khufu takes place in the royal audience-hall. The Pharaoh receives Djedi with the words: “What is it, Djedi, this denying to have seen you ever before?” Djedi answers: “Oh sovereign, my lord! Only the one who is summoned is one who will come. I was summoned, and now see, oh sovereign, my lord, I have come.” The pharaoh continues: “Is it true, this talk-about that you could mend a severed head?” Djedi says: “Yes, oh sovereign, my lord. May you live, be blessed and prosperous. I know how to do that.” Khufu replies: “May a prisoner, who is jailed, be brought to me, so that his execution may be enforced.”. Djedi refuses with the words: “Not to make a human suffer, oh sovereign, my lord! May you live, be blessed and prosperous. You see, it was never allowed to do something like that on the noble flock.” Djedi chooses three animals instead - first a goose. He decapitates the goose and places her head at the eastern side of the audience hall, the body at the western side. Then Djedi utters a secret spell and the head of the goose stands up, starting to waddle. Then the body of the goose stands up and waddles, too. Both body-parts move into equal directions, then melt together. The resurrected goose now leaves the hall cackling. The same performance is done with an undefined water bird and a bull. Both animals are brought successfully back to life, too. Now the king says: “It is said that you know the number of Iput inside the wenet-sanctuary of Thoth. Now?” Djedi replies: “May you be praised, oh sovereign, my lord! I don't know their number. But I know where they can be found.” Khufu asks: “Where is it?” Djedi answers: “There is a box of scrolls, made of flint, which is stored in a room called ‘archive’ at Heliopolis.” The king orders: “Take that box!” Djedi replies: “May your highness be prosperous and blessed, I'm not the one who can bring it to you.” Khufu asks: “Who may be the one who could bring it to me?” Djedi answers: “The eldest of the three children in the womb of Rededjet, he will bring it to you.” The king says: “I really wish all these things you say. Who is it, this Rededjet?” Djedi replies: “It's the wife of a wab-priest of the god Ra, lord of Sachebu. The god has adumbrated, that the eldest of the three shall worship as a high priest of Heliopolis over the whole realm.” The king's mood becomes grim after this. Djedi asks: “What is that heart of thine, oh sovereign, my lord, becoming so sad! Is it because of the children I have adumbrated? First your son, then his son and then one of them.” Khufu replies: “When will this Rededjet give birth?” Djedi says: “It will happen during the first month of the peret-season, on the fifteenth day.″ Khufu becomes indignant: “But it's when the canal-of-two-Mugilidae is cut off!? I would even work with my very own hands to enter them! And then I will visit that temple of Ra, lord of Sachebu.” And Djedi says: “Then I will make the waters at the fordable spots of the canal-of-two-Mugilidae become four cubits in height for you.” Khufu stands up and orders: “Have Djedi assigned to a place within the palace of my son Djedefhor where he shall live from now on. His daily gainings be 1000 loaves of bread, 100 jars of beer, one neat and 100 bundles of field garlic.” And all things are done as ordered.
Modern analysis
Historians and Egyptologists such as Adolf Erman and Kurt Heinrich Sethe once thought the tales of Westcar Papyrus were mere folklore. Magical tricks that show animals being decapitated and their heads being replaced were performed as recently as a few decades ago, though today they are rarely shown because of aesthetical and ethical misgivings.
Modern Egyptologists like and Miriam Lichtheim deny this view and they argue that Sethe and Erman may have just failed to see the profundity of such novels. They point to multiple similar but somewhat later ancient Egyptian writings in which magicians perform very similar magic tricks and make prophecies to a king. According to Lepper and Lichtheim, their stories are obviously inspired by the tale of Djedi. Descriptive examples are the papyri pAthen and The prophecy of Neferti. These novels show how popular the theme of prophesying already was during the Old Kingdom - just like in the story of the Westcar Papyrus. And they both talk about subalterns with magical powers similar to those of Djedi's. The Papyrus pBerlin 3023 contains the novel The Eloquent Peasant, in which the following phrase appears: “See, these are artists who create the existing anew, who even replace a severed head”, which can be interpreted as an allusion to the Westcar Papyrus. pBerlin 3023 contains another reference which strengthens the idea that many ancient Egyptian novels were influenced by Westcar Papyrus: column 232 contains the phrase sleeping until dawn, which appears nearly word-by-word in the Westcar Papyrus. Since pAthen, pBerlin 3023 and The prophecy of Neferti show the same manner of speaking and equal picking up quaint phrases, Lepper and Lichtheim hold that Djedi (and the other wise men from same papyrus) must have been known to Egyptian authors for a long time.
References
External links
Transcription and translating of Papyrus Westcar (Berlin Papyrus 3033) into English by the transcription of A. M. Blackman (1988) (PDF-File)
Djedi in Papyrus Westcar at reshafim.org
Fictional prophets
Ancient Egyptian fiction
Folklore characters
Fictional ancient Egyptians
Fictional characters who use magic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedi |
Munkh Tumur or Möngke Temür (; ) (?–1280), son of Toqoqan Khan and Köchu Khatun of Oirat (daughter of Toralchi Küregen and granddaughter of Qutuqa Beki) and the grandson of Batu Khan. He was a khan of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire in 1266–1280.
His name literally means "Eternal Iron" in the Mongolian language.
Early reign and foreign policy
During his reign, the Mongols together with their subjects, several Turkic tribes and the Russian princes, undertook military campaigns against Byzantium (c. 1269–1271), Lithuania (1275), and Alans in Caucasus (1277). The very first yarlyk (license) found by historians was written on behalf of Mengu-Timur and contained information on the release of the Russian Orthodox Church from paying tribute to the Golden Horde, however, he was a shamanist. During the reign of Mengu-Timur, the Genoese traders purchased Caffa from the Mongols. But those Italian merchants paid taxes to Mongol khans and sometimes to Nogai.
Both the German crusaders and the Lithuanians threatened the safety of Russian lands. In 1268, he sent his forces to Novgorod to assist his Russian vassals to conquer Danish Estonia, but after the Battle of Wesenberg was forced to withdraw. In 1274 Smolensk, the last of Russian principalities, became subject to Möngke Temür khan of the Golden Horde. The Khan also dispatched his army along with Russian princes to Lithuania by the request of the duke Lev of Galicia-Volhynia in 1275.
In 1277, he ended the long siege of the Alani city Dyadkov with the assistance of his Russian vassals and crushed the rebellion of the Volga Bulgars in Kazan. And he allowed German traders to travel freely through his domain.
In 1280, he launched his campaign against Poland which ended in his defeat. He died soon after this unsuccessful campaign.
Golden Horde and the Mongol Empire
Munkh Tumur was originally nominated by Kublai Khan. But he sided with Kaidu who was a rival of the latter. Kublai only stopped him from invading the Ilkhanate with a large force. The Golden Horde helped Kaidu to put down the force of the Chagatai Khanate. In 1265, Kaidu was defeated by the Chagatai army under Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq. That is why, the Khan of the Jochid Ulus sent 30,000 armed-men headed by his uncle Berkecher to support Kaidu's force. Their victory over the Chagatai army forced Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to initiate a peace treaty with them. Together they formed an alliance and demarcated the borders of their realms in Talas. Rashid al-Din claims that the meeting took place in the spring of 1269 in Talas, while Wassaf writes that it took place around 1267 to the south of Samarkand. Though He and Kaidu admonished Baraq for invading the Ilkhanate, Mengu Timur congratulated Ilkhan Abagha upon his stunning victory over the Chagatai army in order to hide his true intention. The two had been probably fighting with each other until the 1270s. But some scholars disaffirm that such battles occurred. By the 1270s, they had signed a peace treaty. In addition to the peace treaty, Abagha allowed Mongke Temur to collect tax income from some of the workshops in his khanate.
Although there were no major wars between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, Mongke Temur intended to restore his ancestors' authority over Azerbaijan and the Caucasus. He sent delegates to the Sultan of Mamluk Sultanate, Al-Zahir Baybars and offered a joint attack on Abagha's territory.
During that time, Kublai dispatched his favorite son, Nomu Khan, against Kaidu to Almaliq. Nomu Khan sent letters to Chingisid nobles to reassert their support. Mongke Temur responded that he would protect Kublai from Kaidu if he assaulted the Yuan. In 1276, Chingisid princes Shiregi and Tokhtemur defected to Kaidu's side and arrested Kublai's son. Then they sent Nomughan and his brother Kökechü to Mengu Temur and his general to Kaidu. The court of the Golden Horde released Nomughan in 1278 or 10 years later. It seems that Mengu Timur held him as a pawn in the wars of the Mongol world. He died of a neck injury in 1280.
Family
Mengu Timur married several times:
Öljei Khatun — daughter of Saljidai Küregen of Khongirad and Kelmish Aqa (daughter of Qutuqtu)
Alqui
Toqta
Sultan Khatun (from Hüshin tribe)
Abachi
Tödeken
Qutuqui Khatun (unknown tribe)
Börlük
With unknown wives and concubines:
Tudan
Cholkhan
Sarai Buqa
Moloqai
Ulus Buqa
Qadan
Qoduqai
Künges
Toghrilcha
Öz Beg khan
Jani beg khan/jani Muhammad khan the sin of Oz beg khan(sultan Gayas ud Din)
Bardi beg khan,tani beg ( Jani beg)
Din Muhammad ,valu muhammah khan,Baki muhammah khan,was the son of jani beg /jani Muhammad khan
Iamon Quli khan the son of Din Muhammad.
See also
List of Khans of the Golden Horde
Kaidu–Kublai war
Munkh
References
1282 deaths
Khans of the Golden Horde
13th-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengu-Timur |
The Geprüfte Sicherheit ("Tested Safety") or GS mark is a voluntary certification mark for technical equipment. It indicates that the equipment meets German and, if available, European safety requirements for such devices. The main difference between GS and CE mark is that the compliance with the European safety requirements has been tested and certified by a state-approved independent body. CE marking, in contrast, is issued for the signing of a declaration that the product is in compliance with European legislation. The GS mark is based on the German Product Safety Act ("Produktsicherheitsgesetz", or "ProdSG").
Testing for the mark is available from many different laboratories, such as, DGUV Test the TÜV, Nemko and IMQ.
Although the GS mark was designed with the German market in mind, it appears on a large proportion of electronic products and machinery sold elsewhere in the world.
See also
CE mark
UL mark
References
External links
UL GS
Certification marks
Product safety | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepr%C3%BCfte%20Sicherheit |
Mohammed Mrabet (real name Mohammed ben Chaib el Hajam; born March 8, 1936) is a Moroccan author, artist and storyteller of the Ait Ouriaghel tribe in the Rif region.
Mrabet, mostly known in the West through his association with Paul Bowles, William Burroughs and Tennessee Williams, is an artist of intricate felt tip and ink drawings in the style of Paul Masson or Joan Miró, which have been shown at various galleries in Europe and America. His art work is comparable with that of his contemporary Jillali Gharbaoui (1930–1971). Mrabet is recognized as an important member of a small group of Moroccan master painters who emerged in the immediate post-colonial period and his works have become highly sought after, mostly by European collectors.
Biography
Mohammed Mrabet was born in Tangier, which was an International Zone from 1923 to 1956. His father enrolled him in a Koranic school at the age of four, then in 1943 at L'ecole public de Boukhachkhach. From 1946 to 1950, Mrabet worked as a caddie at the Royal Tangier Golf Club and thereafter as a fisherman, until 1956, when he met an American couple, Russ and Anne-Marie Reeves, at the Café Central in Tangier's Petit Socco, and remained friends with them for several years. They leased the Hotel Muneria (Tangier Inn) in Tangier, and Mrabet worked there as a barman from 1956 to 1959, when he accompanied them to New York, where he stayed with them for several months. His account of his relationship with this couple is semi-fictionalised in his autobiography Look and Move On.
Upon his return to Tangier in 1960, he resumed his life as a fisherman and began to paint (his earliest drawing known to originate in 1959) and met and became friends with Jane Bowles and Paul Bowles, the latter, who, being impressed by his storytelling skills, became the translator of his many prodigious oral tales, which were orated from a distinctive "kiffed" and utterly non-anglicized perspective and published in fourteen different books. Throughout the 1960s until 1992 Mrabet dictated his oral stories (which Bowles translated into English) and continued work with his paintings. His books have been translated into many languages, and in 1991 Philip Taaffe collaborated with Mrabet for the illustrations of his book Chocolate Creams and Dollars. Mrabet continues to paint and holds periodic art exhibitions, mostly in Spain and Tangier. He lives in the Souani area of Tangier with his wife, children and grandchildren.
Bibliography
Love with a Few Hairs 1967, NY: George Braziller, Translated by Paul Bowles
M'Hashish 1969, San Francisco, City Lights, Translated by Paul Bowles
The Lemon 1969, London: Peter Owen, Translated by Paul Bowles
The Boy Who Set the Fire 1974, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
Hadidan Aharam 1975, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
Look and Move On 1976, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
Harmless Poisons, Blameless Sins 1976, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara Translated by Paul Bowles
The Big Mirror 1977, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
Short story: "The Lute" in Five Eyes 1979, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
The Beach Cafe & The Voice 1980, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara, Translated by Paul Bowles
The Chest 1983, Bolinas, Tombouctou, Translated by Paul Bowles
Marriage With Papers 1986, Bolinas, Tombouctou, Translated by Paul Bowles
Chocolate Creams and Dollars 1992, Inanout Press NY, Translated by Paul Bowles
Collected Stories 2004, Moroccan Cultural Studies Centre, Fez, Morocco, Translated by Paul Bowles
Le poisson conteur : Et autres stories de Tanger, 2006, Mohammed Mrabet and Eric Valentin, Le bec en l'air éditions
Autobiography
Look and Move On 1976, Black Sparrow Press, Santa Barbara
Books on Mohammed Mrabet
2006 – With Much Fire In The Heart: The Letters of Mohammed Mrabet to Irving Stettner by Ron Papandrea
2006 – Without Bowles: The Genius of Mohammed Mrabet by Andrew Clandermond and Terence MacCarthy
Literary criticism and reviews
1966 – The Spring, In Transatlantic Review, Summer 1966
1967 – The Blood Drinker, In The Great Society Issue 2, 1967
1971 – The Café, In Vertumnus (Paris) Spring 1971
1971 – The Young Man Who Lived Alone, In World of the Short Story April 1971
1971 – The Hut, In Mediterranean Review Spring 1971
1971 – Si Mokhtar, In Armadillo Fall 1971
1972 – Abdesalam and Amar, In Omphalos March 1972
1972 – Doctor Safi, In Rolling Stone April 1972
1972 – The Dutiful Son, In Bastard Angel, Spring 1972
1972 – Bahloul, In Antaeus Summer 1972
1977 – El Fellah, In Outlaw Visions 1977
1981 – Earth, a play by Mohammed Mrabet, In Conjunctions Issue No 1: (Winter 1981–82)
1990 – Mohammed Mrabet's Fiction of Alienation In World Literature Today, Vol. 64, 1990 by Ibrahim Dawood
1992 – Paul Bowles/Mohammed Mrabet: Translation, Transformation, and Transcultural Discourse by Richard F. Patteson
1999 – On Translating Paul (and Jane and Mrabet) by Claude Nathalie Thomas In Journal of Modern Literature – Volume 23, Number 1, Fall 1999, pp. 35–43
2006 – In Defense of Tradition: Mohammed Mrabet's Postcolonial Leanings and the Confrontation of “Kif Wisdom with Modernity by Raj Chandarlapaty
Art exhibitions including catalogs
1970 – New York at the Antaeus office, USA
1970 – City Lights Bookshop, San Francisco, USA
1988 – La Gallerie Paul Mauradian, Lyon France
1989 – Cavin-Morris in New York. (Pen and Ink drawings exhibited)
1991– La Gallerie Art en Marge, Bruxelles, Belgium
1997– Hotel Continental, Tangier, Morocco
1998/04 – Akhawain Universite de Ifrane, Morocco
1998/08 – Galerie Aplanos, Cultural Museum of Assilah, Morocco
1998/09 – Museum of Immigration, Douai, France
1999 – University of Charleston, S.C; USA
2002 – Galeria Tarifa, Tarifa, Spain
2003 – Institut Cervantes, Tangier, Morocco
2004 – Darna, Women's Community Centre, Tangier, Morocco
2006 – Dawliz Complex, Tangier, Morocco
2006 – August The Lawrence-Arnott Art Gallery, Tangier, Morocco
2007 – October/November El Minzah Hotel, Tangier, Morocco
Further reading
References
External links
Biography of Mohammed Mrabet by Roberto de Hollanda
Details of his stories translated by Paul Bowles: University of Delaware: Special Collections Dept
Mohammed Mrabet's Fiction of Alienation by Ibrahim Dawood; World Literature Today, Vol. 64, 1990
Philip Taaffe: collaboration with Mohammed Mrabet on the book "Chocolate Creams and Dollars"
1936 births
Living people
Berber Moroccans
Moroccan writers
Moroccan storytellers
People from Tangier
American people of Moroccan-Berber descent
Moroccan male painters
20th-century Moroccan painters
21st-century Moroccan painters
Riffian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Mrabet |
Roger Fry: A Biography is a biography of Roger Fry written by Virginia Woolf.
External links
Books by Virginia Woolf
Hogarth Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Fry%3A%20A%20Biography |
A dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) or malformation is an abnormal direct connection (fistula) between a meningeal artery and a meningeal vein or dural venous sinus.
Signs and symptoms
The most common signs/symptoms of DAVFs are:
Pulsatile tinnitus
Occipital bruit
Headache
Visual impairment
Papilledema
Pulsatile tinnitus is the most common symptom in patients, and it is associated with transverse-sigmoid sinus DAVFs. Carotid-cavernous DAVFs, on the other hand, are more closely associated with pulsatile exophthalmos. DAVFs may also be asymptomatic (e.g. cavernous sinus DAVFs).
Location
Most commonly found adjacent to dural sinuses in the following locations:
Transverse (lateral) sinus, left-sided slightly more common than right
Intratentorial
From the posterior cavernous sinus, usually draining to the transverse or sigmoid sinuses
Vertebral artery (posterior meningeal branch)
Causes
It is still unclear whether DAVFs are congenital or acquired. Current evidence supports transverse-sigmoid sinus junction dural malformations are acquired defects, occurring in response to thrombosis and collateral revascularization of a venous sinus.
Diagnosis
Cerebral angiography is the diagnostic standard. MRIs are typically normal but can identify venous hypertension as a result of arterial-venous shunting.
Classification
Borden Classification
The Borden Classification of dural arteriovenous malformations or fistulas, groups into three types based upon their venous drainage:
Type I: dural arterial supply drains anterograde into venous sinus.
Type II: dural arterial supply drains into venous sinus. High pressure in sinus results in both anterograde drainage and retrograde drainage via subarachnoid veins.
Type III: dural arterial supply drains retrograde into subarachnoid veins.
Type I
Type I dural arteriovenous fistulas are supplied by meningeal arteries and drain into a meningeal vein or dural venous sinus. The flow within the draining vein or venous sinus is anterograde.
Type Ia – simple dural arteriovenous fistulas have a single meningeal arterial supply
Type Ib – more complex arteriovenous fistulas are supplied by multiple meningeal arteries
The distinction between Types Ia and Ib is somewhat specious as there is a rich system of meningeal arterial collaterals. Type I dural fistulas are often asymptomatic, do not have a high risk of bleeding and do not necessarily need to be treated.
Type II
The high pressure within a Type II dural AV fistula causes blood to flow in a retrograde fashion into subarachnoid veins which normally drain into the sinus. Typically this is because the sinus has outflow obstruction. Such draining veins form venous varices or aneurysms which can bleed. Type II fistulas need to be treated to prevent hemorrhage. The treatment may involve embolization of the draining sinus as well as clipping or embolization of the draining veins.
Type III
Type III dural AV fistulas drain directly into subarachnoid veins. These veins can form aneurysms and bleed. Type III dural fistulas need to be treated to prevent hemorrhage. Treatment can be as simple as clipping the draining vein at the site of the dural sinus. If treatment involves embolization, it will only typically be effective if the glue traverses the actual fistula and enters, at least slightly, the draining vein.
The Cognard et al. Classification correlates venous drainage patterns with increasingly aggressive neurological clinical course.
To simplify the above systems of DAVF classification, the two main factors that should be considered to determine aggressiveness of these lesions are:
DAVF that have bleed (as opposed to those that have not before)
DAVF resulting in cortical venous reflux
Treatment decisions are more complicated and require consultation with a neurosurgeon and team familiar with these lesions.
Treatment
Indications
Hemorrhage
Neurologic dysfunction or refractory symptoms
Interventions
Embolization
One approach used for treatment is embolization. A six-vessel angiogram is employed to determine the vascular supply to the fistula. Detachable coils, liquid embolic agents like NBCA, and onyx, or combinations of both are injected into the blood vessel to occlude the DAVF. Preoperative embolization can also be used to supplement surgery.
Surgery
DAVFs are also managed surgically. The operative approach varies depending on the location of the lesion.
Stereotactic radiosurgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery is used for obliterating DAVFs sometimes in conjunction with embolization or surgery, and is considered an important adjunct and sometimes a primary treatment method for non-aggressive DAVFs. Use of this method, however, is limited as obliteration occurs over the course of up to 2–3 years after the delivery of radiation.
Epidemiology
10–15% of intracranial AV malformations are DAVFs. There is a higher preponderance in females (61–66%), and typically patients are in their fourth or fifth decade of life. DAVFs are rarer in children.
Research
External Manual Carotid Compression is Effective in Patients with Cavernous Sinus Dural Arteriovenous Fistulaetreatment. The patients were instructed to compress the carotid artery and jugular vein with the contralateral hand for ten seconds several times each hour (about 6 to 15 times per day).
See also
Arteriovenous fistula
References
External links
Vascular diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dural%20arteriovenous%20fistula |
Non-standard positional numeral systems here designates numeral systems that may loosely be described as positional systems, but that do not entirely comply with the following description of standard positional systems:
In a standard positional numeral system, the base b is a positive integer, and b different numerals are used to represent all non-negative integers. The standard set of numerals contains the b values 0, 1, 2, etc., up to b − 1, but the value is weighted according to the position of the digit in a number. The value of a digit string like pqrs in base b is given by the polynomial form
.
The numbers written in superscript represent the powers of the base used.
For instance, in hexadecimal (b=16), using the numerals A for 10, B for 11 etc., the digit string 7A3F means
,
which written in our normal decimal notation is 31295.
Upon introducing a radix point "." and a minus sign "−", real numbers can be represented up to arbitrary accuracy.
This article summarizes facts on some non-standard positional numeral systems. In most cases, the polynomial form in the description of standard systems still applies.
Some historical numeral systems may be described as non-standard positional numeral systems. E.g., the sexagesimal Babylonian notation and the Chinese rod numerals, which can be classified as standard systems of base 60 and 10, respectively, counting the space representing zero as a numeral, can also be classified as non-standard systems, more specifically, mixed-base systems with unary components, considering the primitive repeated glyphs making up the numerals.
However, most of the non-standard systems listed below have never been intended for general use, but were devised by mathematicians or engineers for special academic or technical use.
Bijective numeration systems
A bijective numeral system with base b uses b different numerals to represent all non-negative integers. However, the numerals have values 1, 2, 3, etc. up to and including b, whereas zero is represented by an empty digit string. For example, it is possible to have decimal without a zero.
Base one (unary numeral system)
Unary is the bijective numeral system with base b = 1. In unary, one numeral is used to represent all positive integers. The value of the digit string pqrs given by the polynomial form can be simplified into since bn = 1 for all n. Non-standard features of this system include:
The value of a digit does not depend on its position. Thus, one can easily argue that unary is not a positional system at all.
Introducing a radix point in this system will not enable representation of non-integer values.
The single numeral represents the value 1, not the value 0 = b − 1.
The value 0 cannot be represented (or is implicitly represented by an empty digit string).
Signed-digit representation
In some systems, while the base is a positive integer, negative digits are allowed. Non-adjacent form is a particular system where the base is b = 2. In the balanced ternary system, the base is b = 3, and the numerals have the values −1, 0 and +1 (rather than 0, 1 and 2 as in the standard ternary system, or 1, 2 and 3 as in the bijective ternary system).
Gray code
The reflected binary code, also known as the Gray code, is closely related to binary numbers, but some bits are inverted, depending on the parity of the higher order bits.
Bases that are not positive integers
A few positional systems have been suggested in which the base b is not a positive integer.
Negative base
Negative-base systems include negabinary, negaternary and negadecimal, with bases −2, −3, and −10 respectively; in base −b the number of different numerals used is b. Due to the properties of negative numbers raised to powers, all integers, positive and negative, can be represented without a sign.
Complex base
In a purely imaginary base bi system, where b is an integer larger than 1 and i the imaginary unit, the standard set of digits consists of the b2 numbers from 0 to . It can be generalized to other complex bases, giving rise to the Complex-base systems.
Non-integer base
In Non-integer bases, the number of different numerals used clearly cannot be b. Instead, the numerals 0 to are used. For example, Golden ratio base (phinary), uses the 2 different numerals 0 and 1.
Mixed bases
It is sometimes convenient to consider positional numeral systems where the weights associated with the positions do not form a geometric sequence 1, b, b2, b3, etc., starting from the least significant position, as given in the polynomial form. In a mixed-radix system such as the factorial number system, the weights form a sequence where each weight is an integer multiple of the previous one, and the number of permitted digit values varies accordingly from position to position.
For calendrical use, the Mayan numeral system was a mixed-radix system, since one of its positions represents a multiplication by 18 rather than 20, in order to fit a 360-day calendar. Also, giving an angle in degrees, minutes and seconds (with decimals), or a time in days, hours, minutes and seconds, can be interpreted as mixed-radix systems.
Sequences where each weight is not an integer multiple of the previous weight may also be used, but then every integer may not have a unique representation. For example, Fibonacci coding uses the digits 0 and 1, weighted according to the Fibonacci sequence (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, ...); a unique representation of all non-negative integers may be ensured by forbidding consecutive 1s. Binary-coded decimal (BCD) are mixed base systems where bits (binary digits) are used to express decimal digits. E.g., in 1001 0011, each group of four bits may represent a decimal digit (in this example 9 and 3, so the eight bits combined represent decimal 93). The weights associated with these 8 positions are 80, 40, 20, 10, 8, 4, 2 and 1. Uniqueness is ensured by requiring that, in each group of four bits, if the first bit is 1, the next two must be 00.
Asymmetric numeral systems
Asymmetric numeral systems are systems used in computer science where each digit can have different bases, usually non-integer. In these, not only are the bases of a given digit different, they can be also nonuniform and altered in an asymmetric way to encode information more efficiently. They are optimized for chosen non-uniform probability distributions of symbols, using on average approximately Shannon entropy bits per symbol.
See also
List of numeral systems
Komornik–Loreti constant
External links
Expansions in non-integer bases: the top order and the tail
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard%20positional%20numeral%20systems |
Jerome I. Case High School (also known as Case, J. I. Case or Racine Case High School) is located in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, a suburb of Racine in the United States. It is a public school for grades 9 to 12 with an estimated student enrollment of 2,022.
Built in 1966, Case was named for Jerome Increase Case, founder of Racine Threshing Works, now a part of CNH Global. Case students are divided into three academies: Business, Health Sciences, and Computer Science Education and Technical Services. The school mascot is "Casey the Eagle". The school is the first of ten authorized Wisconsin high schools to offer the International Baccalaureate program. After a recent application process in May 2015, Case earned the approval from IBO to become an IB Career Programme Candidate school. This will mark the fourth programme of the Racine Unified IB continuum.
Case is an Academy of Racine, which is a program released by RUSD with hopes to give students the opportunity to become "College or career ready".
It serves residents of: Sturtevant, Mount Pleasant and sections of Caledonia.
Athletics
Case won state championships in boys cross country in 1973, 1975 and 1989.
Notable alumni
Jesse Marsch, Major League Soccer player and coach
Duane Kuiper, Major League Baseball player and broadcaster
Linda Leigh, botanist and Biosphere 2 crew member
Rick Limpert, No. 1 Sports Tech Writer in USA, Best Selling Author, The Invaluable Experience with, professional tennis player, Danielle Lao.
Samantha Logic, basketball player
Kim Merritt - American long-distance runner
Tom Sorensen - American volleyball player
Hari Ananth, entrepreneur and founder of the technology company Jobr (acquired by Monster.com)
References
External links
Case High School website
Racine Unified School District website
During the 1965-1967 school years, the students attended Horlick.
High schools in Racine, Wisconsin
International Baccalaureate schools in Wisconsin
Educational institutions established in 1966
Public high schools in Wisconsin
1966 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20I.%20Case%20High%20School |
Jeanette Schmid (6 November 1924 – 9 March 2005) was a professional transgender whistler.
Life
Born Rudolf Schmid in a German family in Volary, Czechoslovakia, Schmid began to dress in feminine clothing at a young age and loved singing and dancing. Schmid did not fit in with the Nazi ideal of the Aryan male but enlisted in the Wehrmacht in 1941 and was posted to Udine, Italy until sent home due to typhoid fever.
At the end of the war, Schmid fled to Munich where she began a career as a female impersonator. She rapidly gained fame for her talent, bawdy material, and slinky outfits. The Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and his wife Queen Soraya, saw Schmid perform in Hamburg and invited her to Tehran, but Schmid's material and dress were considered inappropriate by many in Iran, and she was forced to devise a new routine. She instead whistled a Strauss polka and Offenbach's "Barcarole" for the Shah and his court.
Following her Iran performance, Schmid toured the world as a cross-dressing whistler, performing on stage with acts like Frank Sinatra, Édith Piaf and Marlene Dietrich while living in Cairo. In 1964, Schmid underwent sex reassignment surgery conducted by Ludwig Levy-Lenz and changed her name to Jeanette. Schmid moved to Vienna to continue her whistling career.
Schmid continued to tour the world under the stage name Baroness Lips von Lipstrill, including a successful stint on Broadway. She was awarded the Austrian Decoration of Merit in Gold in 2004.
Schmid died in Vienna in 2005.
References
1924 births
2005 deaths
Sudeten German people
Musicians from Vienna
People from Volary
Austrian people of Sudeten-German descent
20th-century Austrian LGBT people
Transgender women musicians
German transgender people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette%20Schmid |
Lina Kačiušytė (born 1 January 1963 in Vilnius, Lithuanian SSR) is a Lithuanian swimmer who competed for the Soviet Union, winner of a gold medal in 200 m breaststroke with the Olympic record time of 2:29:54 at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Biography
She trained at the VSS Žalgiris in Vilnius. Her first coach from 1974 to 1977, Arvydas Gražiūnas, saw her great potential and guided her in the right direction. By 1976 she was invited to train with the USSR's youth swimming team and, within a year promoted to the USSR National Team. Following another year of hard training, she was ready for the 1978 World Championships of Berlin.
She surprised everyone by winning the 200 m breaststroke and setting two world records: one in the prelims, defeating world record holder and teammate Yuliya Bogdanova, the second when winning the gold medal in the finals. She set the world record a third time the following year at the USSR vs. DDR Dual Meet in Potsdam, a record that stood from 1979 through 1985 when it was finally broken by East Germany's Silke Hörner. Kačiušytė was the first female breaststroke swimmer to go under the 2 minute 30 second barrier for the 200 meter event.
In 1998 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
References
External links
YouTube heat 200 m breaststroke Olympic Games -80
YouTube heat 100 m breaststroke Olympic Games -80
1963 births
Lithuanian female breaststroke swimmers
Living people
Olympic swimmers for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Soviet female breaststroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Lithuanian Sportsperson of the Year winners
Sportspeople from Vilnius
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina%20Ka%C4%8Diu%C5%A1yt%C4%97 |
The Bad Spellers are an indie-pop band from Tokyo, Japan consisting of husband/wife duo Tony Parmenter (guitar, vocals) and Yasuko Ichinomiya Parmenter (keyboards, vocals, toys).
Although officially forming in 2003, the two spent the following 2 years in separate countries, only able to write music together via the internet and on occasional visits. Before "officially" uniting in mid-2005, the band had been featured on a European net-release and 2 compilation discs.
In 2004 The Bad Spellers traveled to Canada to collaborate/record with Justin Langlois of The London Apartments (Universal Records/Beggar's Banquet Records). These sessions were released in March, 2005 to national (USA/Canada) distribution on Florida's Post*Records as "Fall in Love," a split EP with The London Apartments. Tony and Yasuko have since toured between Japan, the US, and Canada numerous times.
2007 saw the release of their first album, "Keep on Shining!", on Post*Records as well as the band's official legal marriage. The band relocated to the United States in 2009, and currently resides in Brattleboro, Vermont, United States. In 2012 the band embarked on what would be a successful crowd sourcing campaign to self-release a vinyl LP of "An Album Titled As Ourselves" in early 2013.
Discography
Albums:
Keep on shining! - POST015, 2007 Post*Records
An Album Titled As Ourselves - PCP001, 2013 Pop Co-op
Singles & EPs:
Fall in love - The Bad Spellers / The London Apartments, POST001, 2005 Post*Records
Compilations:
EP Club#5 - 2004 Asaurus Records
For Whom the Casio Tolls - ASA034, 2004 Asaurus Records
Post*Records & Friends present OLE! - POST011, 2006 Post*Records
Stone Soup - NPP001, 2007 Post*Records / Nonsense Records / Pinky Ring Records
GUTS - POST018/SBO003, 2008 Post*Records / Sleepy Bird Orphanage
The Greenbelt Collective Compilation 3 - 2009 GBC
The Starving Artist Compilation CD: Vol. 1 - 2011 The Starving Artist Collective
YOUTH CULTURE DUMMY - BETA023, 2012 Beta Snake Records
Download-only:
Girls Say Moshii net EP - RWB006, 2004 racewillbegin.com
External links
The Bad Spellers @ Bandcamp
Post*Records
Asaurus Records
RaceWillBegin @ archive.org
RWB006 @ archive.org
Sources
CD review on buzzgrinder.com
net-EP review on indiepop.it
Japanese rock music groups
Japanese indie rock groups
Japanese indie pop groups
Musical groups from Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bad%20Spellers |
Tokhta (Toqta, Toktu, Tokhtai, Tochtu or Tokhtogha; died ) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1291 to 1312. He was a son of Mengu-Timur and a great-grandson of Batu Khan.
His name "Tokhtokh" means "hold/holding" in the Mongolian language.
Early reign under Nogai
In 1288, Tokhta was ousted by his cousins. In 1291, he reclaimed the throne with the help of Nogai Khan. Tokhta then gave the Crimea to Nogai as a gift. Nogai subsequently beheaded many of the Mongol nobles who were supporters of Tulabuga, thanks to his new supposed puppet khan.
Tokhta wanted to eliminate the Russian princes' semi-independence. To that effect, he had sent his brother Tudan to the Rus lands in 1293. Tudan's army would go on to devastate fourteen towns. Tokhta himself (known here as Tokhta-Temur) went to Tver, and forced Dmitry Alexandrovich, Nogai's ally, to abdicate. The Russians chroniclers depicted these events as "The harsh-time of Batu returns." Some sources have suggested that Tokhta and Nogai had worked together.
Soon afterwards, Tokhta and Nogai began a deadly rivalry. The Khan's father-in-law Saljiday of the Khunggirads, his wife Bekhlemish, the granddaughter of Tolui, and other Chingisids in the Horde also complained about Nogai's contrariness to him. Nogai had refused to come to the court of the Khan. They also disagreed on trade rights of the Venetians and Genoese merchants as well.
Khan Tokhta's forces lost the first battle with Nogai in 1296–1297. Nogai did not bother to chase after him, and he decided instead to return to his lands. Tokhta asked the Ilkhan Ghazan for his assistance. The latter refused because he did not want to be mixed up with their quarrels. In 1300, Tokhta finally defeated Nogai at the battle of the Kagamlyk River, south-southwest of the city of Poltava, and united the lands from the Volga to the Don under his authority. Nogai's son Chaka had fled first to the land of the Alans, and then to Bulgaria, where he reigned as their Czar. This had enraged Tokhta so much so that soon after Chaka's brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav participated in a plot to overthrow him. Chaka was found strangled and his head was sent to Khan Tokhta to show his (Theodore Svetoslav's) and the Bulgarian nobility their allegiance. Tokhta then divided Nogai's lands, which had stretched from the Crimea and the Russian principalities to modern Romania, among his brother Sareibugha and his sons.
Later reign
While Tokhta was busy dealing with Nogai, Bayan Khan asked for his help against the rebels in the White Horde. Unfortunately, Tokhta was unable to send him any assistance. In 1301, Bayan was forced to flee to Tokhta. Tokhta then helped him to reassert his authority by attacking Kuruichik, who was backed by Qaidu. The forces of the Golden Horde then won the conflict with the Chagatai Khan Duwa and Qaidu's son Chapar.
After solidifying his control over the Russian Principalities and the Kipchak steppes, Tokhta demanded that the Ilkhan Ghazan give back the regions of Azerbaijan and the Arran. Ghazan refused his request and replied, "That land was conquered by our ancestors' Indian steel swords!" Tokhta then decided to restore the former alliance with the Mamluks of Egypt and sent them his envoys. During the reign of Oljeitu, the respective armies of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate engaged in small border conflicts, but this was not to last long.
In 1304, messengers from the Chagatai Khanate and the Yuan dynasty arrived in Sarai. They introduced their masters' plan and idea of peace. Tokhta accepted the nominal supremacy of the Yuan Emperor Temür Öljeytü (Chengzong), the grandson of Kublai Khan; at the same time Muhammad Khudabanda Öljeitü ruled Ilkhanid Persia, just ceding the lands of Arran to Toqta and Duwa retained nominal sovereignty in the Chagatai Khanate. The postal system and trade routes were also restored. The Golden Horde sent two tumens (20,000) to buttress the Yuan frontier.
Khan Tokhta arrested the Italian residents of Sarai, and besieged the city of Caffa in 1307. The cause behind this was apparently Tokhta's displeasure at the Italian trade in Turkic slaves who were mostly sold as soldiers to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate. The Genoese resisted for a year, but in 1308 set fire to their city and abandoned it. Relations between the Italians and the Golden Horde remained tense until 1312 when Tokhta died during preparations for a new military campaign against the Russian lands. Some sources claimed that he died without a male heir. But the Yuan shi and some Muslim sources stated that he had at least three sons and one of them was murdered by Khan Ozbeg's supporters.
Although he was Shamanist, he was interested in Buddhism. He was the last non-Muslim khan of Golden Horde.
In 1297, Khan Tokhta married Maria Palaiologina, the illegitimate daughter of the Byzantine Emperor, Andronikos II Palaiologos. Their daughter Marija later married Narimantas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
Genealogy
Genghis Khan
Jochi
Batu Khan
Toqoqan
Mengu-Timur
Toqta
Ancestry
See also
List of khans of the Golden Horde
References
1270s births
1310s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Khans of the Golden Horde
13th-century monarchs in Europe
14th-century monarchs in Europe
Mongolian shamanism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqta |
J. W. Robinson Co., Robinson's, was a chain of department stores operating in the Southern California and Arizona area, previously with headquarters in Los Angeles, California.
History
Joseph Winchester Robinson was a merchant from Waltham, Massachusetts who moved to Rosemead, California in 1882 to develop orange groves. Robinson found the quality of goods and service from local merchants lacking, and reentered the retail business, utilizing his contacts on the East Coast to deliver superior merchandise.
Robinson opened the Boston Dry Goods Store in 1883 at the Allen Block at the southwest corner of Spring and Temple streets, stating that his store offered "fine stocks and refined 'Boston' service." In 1891, J. W. Robinson died at the age of 45 and his father, Henry Winchester Robinson, came from Boston to Los Angeles to take over the business, and the "Boston Dry Goods Store" was renamed the "J. W. Robinson Company" in honor of its late founder.
1886–1895: 171–173 Spring Street store
In 1887, J.W. Robinson Co.'s Boston Dry Goods Store moved to a new store of around in the Jones Block at 171–173 (post-1890 numbering) Spring Street, considered an adventurous move because at that time, the location was far from the central business district of that period. When Robinson's moved again in 1895, Nathaniel Blackstone, brother-in-law of J.W. Robinson, moved into the vacated space and founded Blackstone's Dry Goods, which would become a single-location downtown department store in its own right.
Mr. C. W. R. Ford, who had owned his own wholesale store at 522 Market Street in San Francisco, married Robinson's widow and took over as president of the Robinson's company.
1895: Broadway, "across from City Hall"
From 1880 to 1890, the population of Los Angeles doubled from 50,395 to 102,479 people. In January 1895 the J. W. Robinson Co., which by that time advertised simply as "The Boston Store", announced that after only eight years at Spring Street, more spacious quarters were necessary, and that a new four-story "Boston Dry Goods Store Building" was under construction at 239 S. Broadway (razed, currently site of a parking lot), opposite the then City Hall. It was designed by Theodore Eisen and Sumner Hunt, designer of the Bradbury Building. On October 1, 1895, Robinson's opened the new store. The new building was promoted at the time as a sign that Los Angeles had come into its own as a "metropolitan center" and that it was no longer necessary to make "annual pilgrimages to San Francisco" to obtain a wide selection of fine merchandise.
The front was "Grecian" (Greek Revival) in style, of light cream brick and terra cotta. It featured an elaborate Corinthian-style cornice crowning the façade. Above it rose a high parapet broken by a high-relief entresol panel. All of this was surmounted by elaborate acroteria. 60-foot-long, 19.5-foot-high plate glass windows illuminated the ground floor. Just above the second floor the façade was Colonial style and above that Doric-style features. The building had passenger and freight elevators, and skylights illuminated through to the ground floor. The first/ground floor and part of the basement were devoted to retail with a central cashier's and wrapping desk, offices were also on the ground floor, receiving and shipping were also in the basement, while the two upper floors housed the main part of the manufacturing and wholesale departments, which moved down from Temple Street. The second floor housed various merchandise departments, areas to display delicate fabrics under gas light, a desk with stationery for customers to write, and the ladies' "parlors" (restrooms).
In 1908 the store opened up a 5-story extension at the back, fronting on Hill Street. The architect was Theodore Eisen.
1915: Seventh, Grand, and Hope
As Los Angeles continued to grow, so did Robinson's business and in 1914 it announced its construction of a new $1,000,000, (~$ in ) seven-story flagship store with over nine acres () of floor space, along the south side of West Seventh Street stretching alone the complete block between Grand and Hope streets. Frederick Noonan and William Richards of Dodd & Richards were the architects. The store opened on September 7, 1915.
The building was expanded to the south in 1923 at a cost of $900,000 (~$ in ), Dodd and Richard, architects, for a total of . In 1934, the building was remodeled for between $100,000 (~$ in )–200,000 to a "restrained Modernistic" exterior, shedding some its more exuberant Art Deco features and adding more parking facilities. Robinson's was the largest store of what became a new upscale Seventh Street shopping district to the southwest of the concentration of department stores along Broadway, with Ville de Paris (later B. H. Dyas), Coulter's, Haggarty's, and Desmond's opening stores nearby. The Robinson's store closed in 1993 and the building, 600 W. Seventh St., currently houses telecommunications (voice, data and internet servers), offices and ground-floor retail.
The store contained the following departments:
First (ground) floor: ribbons, parasols, umbrellas, laces and trimmings, lace neckwear, feather boas, ceilings, gloves, handkerchiefs, fancy boas, fancy hairpins and combs, jewelry, leather goods, stationery, men's furnishings, boys' furnishings and clothing, "bargain square"
Second floor: art needlework, linens, sheetings, wash goods, linings, silk dress good patterns, ladies' restrooms, design room, beauty parlors and shoe shining dept.
Third floor: cloak and suit for misses and ladies, French room for imported gowns and hats, baby shop for fine layette materials and outfitting, mourning goods, children's dresses, petticoats, blouses, millinery, sweaters, bathing suits, kimono, bathrobes, house dresses, corsets, knit underwear, muslin underwear and aprons
Fourth floor: rugs, draperies, pictures, brasses, statuary, cut glass, art porcelains and toys
Fifth floor: offices, auditorium, alteration dept. and workrooms
Sixth floor: hospital and reserve stockroom
Seventh floor. employee cafeteria, two outdoor "courts", women's employee restroom, large "court" and lounge for men
Seventh/top floor: roof garden and café
1950s-1980s
Associated Dry Goods (ADG) bought Robinson's in 1955 (the term used by CEO Edward R. Valentine in the press was that Robinson's "affiliated with" ADG.) At that time the chain's sales were $32.5 million annually, with $12 million coming from the Beverly Hills branch.
California Branch buildout
Unlike competitors Bullock's, Desmond's, I. Magnin and Silverwoods, in the 1930s and 1940s, Robinson's did not establish branches in the outlying upscale retail districts such as Wilshire Boulevard, Pasadena, or Westwood, except for a small Palm Springs shop at the Desert Inn that was originally a Bullock's. Only starting in 1952 did it open its first of what would become about 30 branches, in Beverly Hills (see below).
The second Robinson's store was opened in Beverly Hills in 1952 on a triangular plot at the corner of Wilshire Boulevard at Santa Monica Boulevard, across a courtyard from the Beverly Hilton Hotel (1953). A small Mid-Century modern style "open in winter only" store followed in Palm Springs. A store on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena followed. The store in Pasadena was the last free standing store as the concept of the shopping mall began to take off. The first stores adjacent or connected to shopping malls opened in Panorama City in the San Fernando Valley (late 1950s), Anaheim Plaza, on upper State Street in Santa Barbara (1960s), and Glendale. By the time J.W. Robinson's was dissolved into Robinson's-May there were almost 30 stores across Southern California from San Diego to Palm Desert to Santa Barbara.
ADG and May
Associated Dry Goods (ADG), a group of independently operated department store chains, bought Robinson's in 1957.
May Department Stores bought Associated Dry Goods and with it, Robinson's, in 1986. In 1989, May dissolved its Scottsdale, Arizona-based Goldwaters division, folding it into Robinson's, and its Phoenix-area stores were rebranded as Robinson's.
Consolidation and epilogue
In 1992, May combined Robinson's and May Company California into a single brand, Robinsons-May. The Robinson's stores became, like the former May Co. locations, mid-range department stores, which market research firm NPD Group characterized as having an "identity crisis" because "they tried to be something for everyone and ended up being nothing for anyone". Federated Department Stores (which had bought Macy's in 1994 and changed its name in 2007 to Macy's, Inc.) bought May Department Stores in 2005. Robinson's-May was dissolved in 2005–6, and the former Robinson's stores were closed, sold, or turned into Macy's or Bloomingdale's branches.
Store list
California and Arizona Robinson's stores at merger with May Co. into Robinsons-May, 1992-3
Outside California
Japan
In addition, just before the acquisition by May, it had also cooperated with Ito-Yokado to form Robinson's Japan, with one location in Kasukabe, Saitama. In 2009, Robinson's Japan was acquired by Seven & I Holdings Co.
Robinson's Florida
Starting in 1972 ADG borrowed the Robinson's name to open a separate division of department stores, Robinson's of Florida, on Florida's Gulf Coast and Orlando, based in St. Petersburg, Florida. It had been founded in the 1970s as an attempt by ADG to emulate its upscale J. W. Robinson's' stores on the fast-growing Florida Gulf Coast. This newly created division grew to 10 locations. May sold this division in 1987 to Maison Blanche. Seven of the former Robinson's of Florida locations were subsequently sold by Maison Blanche to Dillard's* in 1991 while the other three became Gayfers** (which in turn was bought out by Dillard's in 1998).
References
1883 establishments in California
1993 disestablishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Robinson's
History of Los Angeles
Retail companies established in 1883
Retail companies disestablished in 1993
May Department Stores | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20W.%20Robinson%27s |
"Number One Spot" is the second single from rapper Ludacris' 2004 album The Red Light District. The song heavily samples "Soul Bossa Nova" by Quincy Jones, which was used as the theme tune of the Mike Myers James Bond parody film series Austin Powers; the films references play a major part in "Number One Spot" and its video.
In the song's first verse, Ludacris says, "Respected highly, hi, Mr. O'Reilly/Hope all is well, kiss the plaintiff and the wifey." This line is a response to commentator Bill O'Reilly's criticism of Pepsi for featuring Ludacris in a 2002 commercial; it is a reference to a 2004 sexual harassment lawsuit brought against O'Reilly by a former employee.
The song reached #19 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and #30 in UK. "Number One Spot" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the Grammy Awards of 2006, but it lost to Kanye West's "Gold Digger".
A remix to the song features Kardinal Offishall.
Music video
The music video features spoofs of scenes from the Austin Powers films, with Ludacris taking the roles of Austin Powers, Fat Bastard, Goldmember and Dr. Evil. The video also features LisaRaye and Verne Troyer, who plays Mini-Me in the film franchise. Quincy Jones, Slick Rick, Katt Williams and DJ Green Lantern also make appearances in the music video. The subsequent single entitled "The Potion" was the conclusion to the music video (lasting approximately 45 seconds). The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2005.
Track listing
CD Single
"Number One Spot" (clean version) – 4:34
"Number One Spot" (explicit version) – 4:34
12" single
"Number One Spot" (explicit version) – 4:34
"The Potion" (explicit version) – 3:54
"Get Back" (explicit version) – 4:30
"Get Back" (Sum 41 rock remix) – 4:11
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2004 songs
2005 singles
Ludacris songs
Def Jam Recordings singles
Songs written by Ludacris
Songs written by Quincy Jones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20One%20Spot |
NHL Stanley Cup, known as Super Hockey in Europe, is an ice hockey video game developed by Sculptured Software for the Super NES. Unlike most hockey video games of the time, the game features movement in a pseudo-3D environment using the SNES's Mode 7 hardware feature, similar to Sculptured's previous NCAA Basketball.
Gameplay
Nintendo NHL Stanley Cup lets all 26 teams from the National Hockey League at the time of the game's release (including the expansion Florida Panthers and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim) compete for the highest honor in professional hockey, the Stanley Cup. As it licenses from the NHL, but not the NHLPA, the game can use the team logos and the Stanley Cup but not the names of real players. Despite this, the players have strengths and weaknesses that correspond to their real-life counterparts, so e.g. Pittsburgh Penguins #66 or Los Angeles Kings #99 have an easier time scoring. The player can substitute for or pull his goalie and institute line changes, but not line edits, as he sees fit. Gameplay modes consist of Exhibition, Season and Best of Seven Series. Options include three different period lengths (5, 10 or 20 minutes) and having the penalties and line changes turned on or off.
This game mimics real ice hockey in that the player can shoot, pass or dump the puck, and he can perform hip, shoulder and poke checks. The player can even fake a slap shot and aim his shot on goal to a particular corner of the net. There are numerous penalties that the player can commit, including tripping, cross checking, slashing, roughing, hooking, interference, icing and offsides. The player on offense could exploit a tactic of dumping the puck over the goalie's head, thereby creating an indefensible shot.
A special Mode 7 viewpoint gives the player a three-dimensional perspective that helps to keep him focused on the puck, the center ice and the surrounding action. Battery backup lets the player save the player's progress throughout the Stanley Cup playoffs. Other features include season and game statistics, three difficulty levels (Junior, NHL and NHL Pro), and the ability to skip games against particular opponents. At the end of each period and after the game, a sportscaster will give the player a summary of the action.
External links
NHL Stanley Cup at GameFAQs
NHL Stanley Cup Review at SNES Hub
References
1993 video games
National Hockey League video games
Nintendo games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL%20Stanley%20Cup%20%28Super%20NES%29 |
Oestinghausen is a village in the municipality of Lippetal in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of 1,944 (as of 30 June 2012).
Oestinghausen has a primary school the St. Stephanus-Schule and a kindergarten. The sports club Schwarz-Gelb Oestinghausen, the Carnival-Club and the "Schuetzenverein" Sankt Hubertus regularly use the Community Hall and the sports field. Other local associations are the Oestinghausen marching band, the Scouts and a volunteer fire department.
Geography
Oestinghausen is located on the Bundesstraße 475 (Federal Road) about seven kilometers north of the city of Soest on the creeks Ahse and Rosenaue, which meet south of the village..
Economy
The economic centre is in the area around the old railway station. Here there are a supermarket, a hairdresser, bank, pharmacy, and stationery and photo-shop with post office. Several companies are located in an industrial estate. There is a market for local produce on Wednesdays and Sundays.
History
It is presumed that Oestinghausen was an old Saxon settlement; it was first mentioned in a document in 1189. After the Soest Feud, a local conflict which ended with the separation of Soest from the archbishops of Cologne in 1449, Oestinghausen remained under the control of Cologne. The "Amt Oestinghausen" had its own independent jurisdiction. In 1802, the temporal estates of the archbishops of Cologne were reorganized and Oestinghausen became part of Hesse.
In 1808, the population of Oestinghausen was 552, and in 1816, Oestinghausen became part of Prussia. Thus Oestinghausen lost its own jurisdiction and became part of the district of Soest. The "Amt Oestinghausen" consisted of the villages of Bettinghausen, Eickelborn, Heintrop-Bünninghausen, Hovestadt, Hultrop, Krewinkel-Wiltrop, Lohe, Niederbauer, Nordwald, Oestinghausen, Ostinghausen and Schoneberg.
In 1898, a narrow-gauge (1 metre gauge) railway, later known as Pengel Anton (a Westphalian expression for a steam railway), was built to serve the rural area. In Oestinghausen a four-track switchyard and station were constructed, as the main rail line from Hamm to Soest connects here with the branch line to the village of Hovestadt. The last train ran on 5 October 1952.
In the local government reorganisation of 1969, the village of Oestinghausen was incorporated into the municipality of Lippetal. Its population in the 19th and 20th centuries did not alter significantly; today the population is over 2,000, compared to the prewar (1939) figure of 602.
Buildings
The most important building in Oestinghausen is the romanesque church of St Stephanus in the old centre of the village. It has been the parish church for the villages of Oestinghausen, Krewinkel, Wiltrop and Niederbauer.
The church was built c. 1000 as a parish church for the local farm (erzbischöflichen Oberhof). In 1186, Phillip von Heinzberg, bishop of Cologne, called it the "Oberhof". The transept and vaulted ceiling were added in the thirteenth century and the top of the steeple was erected in 1715]. The altar was built in the Baroque style c. 1685 and the side altars built in the late Rococo style c. 1775. The church was restored between 1975 and 1980.
The church is surrounded by several half-timbered houses. The court clerk worked and lived in the Renaissance-style half-timbered house called the "Chur Cöllnisches Amtshaus".
An important event in Oestinghausen is the annual Schützenfest.
References
External links
Homepage of the Municipality of Lippetal
Wappen des Amts Oestinghausen
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oestinghausen |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1959. This listing is the complete, 50 items, "Partial Dataset" as listed on www.legislation.gov.uk (as at March 2014).
Statutory Instruments
1-499
The Magistrates' Courts (Maintenance Orders Act, 1958) Rules 1959 SI 1959/3 (L. 1)
The Airways Corporations (General Staff, Pilots and Officers Pensions) (Amendment) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/42
The Agriculture Act, 1958 (Appointed Day) (England and Wales) Order, 1959 SI 1959/80
The Reserve and Auxiliary Forces (Agricultural Tenants) Regulations 1959 SI 1959/84
The Copyright Act, 1956 (Transitional Extension) Order 1959 SI 1959/103
The Agriculture (Miscellaneous Time-Limits) Regulations 1959 SI 1959/171
The public Record Office (Fees) Order, 1959 SI 1959/181
The Superannuation (Polish Education Committee and Civil Services) Transfer Rules, 1959 SI 1959/191
The Milk and Dairies (General) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/277
The Family Allowances, National Insurance and Industrial Injuries (European Interim Agreement) Order, 1959 SI 1959/292
The National Insurance (European Interim Agreement) Order, 1959 SI 1959/293
The Schools Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/364
The Handicapped Pupils and Special Schools Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/365
The Maintenance Orders (Facilities for Enforcement) Order, 1959 SI 1959/377
The Service Departments Registers Order, 1959 SI 1959/406
The Food Hygiene (Scotland) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/413 (S. 16)
The Agriculture (Circular Saws) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/427
The Food Standards (Ice-Cream) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/472
500-1499
The Government Oil Pipe-Lines Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/715
The Government Oil Pipe-Lines (No. 2) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/724
Military Pensions (Commonwealth Relations Office) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/735
The Arsenic in Food Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/831
The Visiting Forces Act (Application to Colonies) (Amendment) Order, 1959 SI 1959/874
The Visiting Forces (Designation) (Colonies) (Amendment) Order, 1959 SI 1959/875
The Post-War Credit (Income Tax) Regulations 1959 SI 1959/876
The First-aid Boxes in Factories Order, 1959 SI 1959/906
The Opencast Coal (Concurrent Orders and Requisitions) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/980
The Opencast Coal (Annual Value in Special Cases) Regulations, 1959 (LA) SI 1959/981
The Opencast Coal (Claims) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/1146
The Coal Mines (Clearances in Transport Roads) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/1217
Compensation (Occasional Use of Land for Defence Training purposes) (War Office) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/1289
The Foreign Compensation (Roumania) (Registration) (Amendment) Order, 1959 SI 1959/1295
The Geneva Conventions Act (Colonial Territories) Order in Council, 1959 SI 1959/1301
The Evidence (New Zealand) Order 1959 SI 1959/1306
The Civil Aviation Act (Application to Crown Aircraft) Order, 1959 SI 1959/1309
The Diseases of Animals (Ascertainment of Compensation) Order, 1959 SI 1959/1335
The Governors' Pensions (Allocation) Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1347
The Manorial Documents Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1399
1500-2258
The Superannuation (Local Government, Social Workers and Health Education Staff) Interchange Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1573
The Direct Grant Schools Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/1832
The Superannuation (British Council and Civil Service) Transfer Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1922
The Superannuation (Imperial Institute and Civil Service) Transfer Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1923
The Tithe Redemption Commission (Transfer of Functions and Dissolution) Order, 1959 SI 1959/1971
The Visiting Forces Act (Application to Colonies) (Amendment No.2) Order, 1959 SI 1959/1979
The Superannuation (National Assistance Board) Transfer Rules, 1959 SI 1959/1985
The Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Track Laying Vehicles) (Amendment) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/2053
The Whaling Industry (Ship) (Amendment) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/2054
The Agriculture (Lifting of Heavy Weights) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/2120
The Merchant Shipping (Certificates of Competency as A.B.) (Canada) Order, 1959 SI 1959/2213
The Miscellaneous Mines (Explosives) Regulations, 1959 SI 1959/2258
Unreferenced Listings
The following 5 items were previously listed on this article, however are unreferenced on the authorities site, included here for a "no loss" approach.
asswater A Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1959 SI 1959/37
asswater B Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1959 SI 1959/38
Glass Houghton Mine (Shuttle Cars) Special Regulations 1959 SI 1959/663
Cambridge Waterworks Order 1959 SI 1959/1131
Gas Cylinders (Conveyance) Regulations 1959 SI 1959/1919
References
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201959 |
The Stewart Dry Goods Company—alternately known as Stewart Dry Goods, or Stewart's—was a regional department store chain based in Louisville, Kentucky. At its height, the chain consisted of seven store locations in Kentucky and Indiana. The chain in its later years operated as a division of New York–based Associated Dry Goods.
In addition to its downtown Louisville flagship store, Stewart's locations could also be found within the Louisville metro area at Oxmoor Center (Von Maur), Fayette Mall, Jefferson Mall (Dillard's), Mall St. Matthews (Cinemark, Forever 21) and Dixie Manor (Burlington Coat Factory) The latter two had previously been L.S. Ayres stores, bought by Stewart's amid legal difficulties noted in a published history of the Stewart's chain.
Stewart's continued as a separate nameplate until early 1986, when parent Associated Dry Goods had merged the stores with Indianapolis-based L.S. Ayres. Later that year, most of the former Stewart's stores were sold to Ben Snyder's. In turn, some would sell to Hess's in 1987 or would close. By 1992, the last surviving former Stewart's store—the L.S. Ayres location in Evansville's Washington Square Mall—closed amid the ADG merger with The May Department Stores Company of St. Louis.
The Stewart's Dry Goods Company Building at 501 S. 4th Street in Louisville is listed as a Building of Local Significance on the National Register of Historic Places. Its façade is featured in one of the opening scenes from the 1981 film Stripes, in which two teens dash out of a cab driven by actor Bill Murray without paying the fare and a passenger played by actress Fran Ryan is picked up.
Notes
Defunct department stores based in Kentucky
Defunct companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
Retail companies disestablished in 1987
Department stores on the National Register of Historic Places
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Dry%20Goods |
This discography lists the key British and notable international releases of The KLF and the other pseudonyms of Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. It also details the other releases on their independent record label, KLF Communications, by KLF-spinoff Disco 2000 and Space (Cauty's solo work). In the United Kingdom—their home country—Drummond and Cauty released six albums and a wide array of 12 " singles on KLF Communications. In other territories their material was typically issued under licence by local labels.
Although the duo's early works as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs) aroused media interest, with many singles being awarded "single of the week" by various music publications, Drummond and Cauty neither sought nor found mainstream chart success until the release of The Timelords' million-selling DIY release "Doctorin' the Tardis" in May 1988. The KLF's single "Kylie Said to Jason", from The White Room soundtrack, was designed for chart success, but failed to reach the UK Top 100. However, The KLF achieved international chart success with the string of pop-house singles that began with "What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)", and they became the internationally highest-selling singles band of 1991.
Note that this is a not a complete list; compilation appearances of otherwise available tracks, bootleg recordings, and certain very limited edition remix and promotional singles have been excluded.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Remixes and production work
The following tracks were remixed by The KLF:
In 1989, as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, the duo produced the Moody Boys' single "First National Rapper" and its B-side, "Funky Zulu".
Compilation appearances
The following tracks and remixes were made available only on Various Artists compilation albums. Compilation appearances by tracks which were also released on an album or single are not included. Mixes for DJs and megamixes are also excluded.
Films
The KLF
All titles credited to The KLF and released on VHS video.
K Foundation
The following K Foundation films have all had public screenings, but have not been released on any home video format.
Books
Unreleased
The following KLF projects were announced but not released. Some of these, but by no means all, circulate as bootleg recordings/videos; some may not have been recorded at all.
Notes
References
Further reading
"The KLF: Enigmatic dance duo" (feature and discography up to that time), Record Collector Magazine, April 1991.
External links
Discographies of British artists
Discography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20KLF%20discography |
The episodes listed below are from the animated television series Beast Wars: Transformers. The series premiered on September 16, 1996 and ended on May 7, 1999, with a total of 52 episodes over the course of 3 seasons.
Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (1996–97)
Season 2 (1997–98)
Season 3 (1998–99)
References
External links
Lists of American children's animated television series episodes
Episodes
Lists of Canadian children's animated television series episodes
Beast Wars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Beast%20Wars%20episodes |
Tarasp is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. Its eleven settlements are situated within the Lower Engadin valley along the Inn River, at the foot of the Sesvenna Range. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into the municipality of Scuol.
Originally a Romansh language area, the majority of the population today speaks High Alemannic German. Unlike the surrounding municipalities, the Tarasp parish is mainly Catholic.
History
Primitive grinding stones known as or were found in the Tarasp area. This indicates that Stone Age food processing happened in the area. However, there are no records or indications of settlements in the area until the 11th century.
The Lordship of Tarasp Castle was established in the 11th century and for centuries claimed by the Bishopric of Chur and the Counts of Tyrol. After the Lords of Tarasp had become extinct, their estates became a Tyrolean fief in 1239. In 1273 the Counts of Matsch held Tarasp as Vogts for the Counts of Tyrol. They remained the Vogt of Tarasp when the Habsburg archdukes of Austria became the Counts of Tyrol in 1363. From 1422 until his death in 1436, it was owned by Frederick VII of Toggenburg. After his death, the Matsch family held it again until 1463, when it was sold to the Habsburg. With this sale, Tarasp became an Austrian exclave inside the Free State of the Three Leagues, an associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1464. In 1687 Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Leopold I granted the Lordship of Tarasp to the Princes of Dietrichstein as an immediate territory of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the course of the 1803 and the Act of Mediation, Austria finally ceded the territory to the Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, after which it was incorporated into the canton of Graubünden.
The Neo-Renaissance style Grand Hotel Waldhaus Vulpera-Tarasp with Sgraffito-Elements was opened on 8 June 1897 and was one of the first addresses in the Swiss Alps and was a major Belle Époque monument in Europe.
Geography
Tarasp had an area, , of . Of this area, 12.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (51.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Sur Tasna sub-district of the Inn district on the right bank of the Inn river. It consists of the village of Tarasp with 10 sections and the castle hill.
Demographics
Tarasp had a population (as of 2014) of 337. , 36.5% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 14.9%.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The age distribution, , in Tarasp is; 26 children or 7.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 37 teenagers or 11.3% are 10 to 14, and 22 teenagers or 6.7% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 30 people or 9.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 42 people or 12.8% are 30 to 39, 53 people or 16.2% are 40 to 49, and 38 people or 11.6% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 30 people or 9.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 27 people or 8.2% are 70 to 79, there are 21 people or 6.4% who are 80 to 89, and there are 2 people or 0.6% who are 90 to 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 44% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (34.5%), the SPS (16.3%) and the FDP (5.2%).
In Tarasp about 66.8% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Tarasp has an unemployment rate of 3.83%. , there were 17 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 9 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 4 businesses in this sector. 220 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 21 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Languages
Most of the population () speaks German (52.4%), with Romansh being second most common (38.4%) and Portuguese being third (3.4%). Despite centuries of Austrian rule, until World War I the population spoke the Romansh dialect Vallader. In 1880, 92% spoke Romansh, and in 1910 it was 87%. By World War II the percentage had dropped to 79% (in 1941). German continued to gain ground, but even in 1970 45.3% of the population spoke Romansh. In 1990 a total of 58% could speak Romansh, though not all spoke it as a first language, and in 2000 a total of 46.6% could understand Romansh.
Heritage sites of national significance
Tarasp Castle and the Trinkhalle (drinking hall) are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.
Transportation
The Scuol-Tarasp station is the eastern terminus of the private Rhaetian Railway network, served by trains from Chur and Pontresina.
See also
Engadine Line
Tarasp Castle
Lai da Tarasp
Lai Nair
References
External links
Scuol
Former municipalities of Graubünden
Lordships of the Holy Roman Empire
Former countries in Europe
Former principalities
1683 disestablishments
Austrian Circle
Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden
Populated places disestablished in 2015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarasp |
Anthony "Andy" Granatelli (March 18, 1923 – December 29, 2013) was an American businessman, most prominent as the CEO of STP as well as a major figure in automobile racing events.
Granatelli was born in Dallas, Texas. Along with his brothers Vince and Joe, he first worked as an auto mechanic and "speed-shop" entrepreneur, modifying engines such as the flathead Ford into racing-quality equipment. During World War II, he became a promoter of automobile racing events, such as the "Hurricane Racing Association", which combined racing opportunities for up-and-coming drivers with crowd-pleasing theatrics. Hurricane events, according to Granatelli in his autobiography They Call Me Mister 500, included drivers who were experts at executing—and surviving—roll-over and end-over-end crashes, and also an ambulance that not only got caught up into the race but also ejected a stretcher (with a dummy on it) into the way of the racers.
Professional career
In 1946, the three brothers entered the first of several Indianapolis 500 races, as the Grancor racing team. They did their own mechanical work, and brought innovations like fully independent suspension, yet never made it to "Victory Lane". In 1948, Andy decided to try to qualify as a driver, and nearly did so, but a horrendous crash during his qualifying run ended that part of his career.
Granatelli eventually became visible in the racing world in the 1960s as the spokesman for STP oil and gasoline treatment products, appearing on its television and radio advertisements as well as sponsoring race cars. He clad his pit crews in white coveralls with the oval STP logo scattered all over them, and once wore a suit jacket with the same STP-laden design.
He made a cameo appearance in the 1968 Disney movie The Love Bug.
Granatelli's cars became a significant presence at the Indianapolis 500. While he first gained notoriety by re-introducing the Novi engine, his best known entries were his turbine-powered cars in 1967 and 1968. In both years, he saw probable race-winners fail near the end; Joe Leonard's breakdown in the Lotus 56 with 10 laps remaining in 1968 had been topped the previous year when Parnelli Jones, leading comfortably with just three laps to go, suffered the failure of a six dollar transmission bearing in the STP-Paxton Turbocar and retired, handing a sure victory to A. J. Foyt.
He was awarded as an Indianapolis 500 winner in 1969. After his innovative Lotus four-wheel drive car was destroyed in practice upon establishing itself as one of the most dominants cars to date, his driver Mario Andretti, nursing the burns from the Lotus crash, won at the wheel of a year-old backup car. Before Andretti could be traditionally kissed in "Victory Lane" by the Queen of the "500 Festival", Granatelli got there first, and his joyful kiss on Andretti's cheek is one of the 500's most memorable images. However rumor is that the kiss began the infamous Indianapolis 500 curse that is named for Mario Andretti's family.
In 1973, Granatelli retired his USAC team, and STP became a sponsor of Patrick Racing. Gordon Johncock won the 1973 and 1982 Indianapolis 500 for the brand.
It was believed that Granatelli attended every Indianapolis 500, whether as a participant or as a spectator, from 1946–2012. He did not attend the race in 2013, and died later that year.
Business ventures
Granatelli bought Tuneup Masters in 1976 for $300,000. He sold it for $60 million in 1986.
Awards
He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001. Granatelli was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2011 and the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 2013.
Death
Granatelli died from congestive heart failure at the age of 90 in Santa Barbara, California.
Related reading
Anthony (Andy) Granatelli They Call Me Mister 500. 1969
Filmography
References
External links
Mathews, Barbara E. "Profile of a Phenomenon," American National Business Hall of Fame.
Ottum, Bob. "I've Got The Car Right Here," Sports Illustrated, May 13, 1968.
Caraviello, David. "Legacy of 'Mr. 500' rides again with the No. 43," NASCAR.COM, — June 4, 2011.
1923 births
2013 deaths
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Businesspeople from Chicago
Racing drivers from Dallas
American people of Italian descent
Formula One team owners
20th-century American businesspeople
IndyCar Series team owners
Racing drivers from Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Granatelli |
James Martin Gurley (December 22, 1939 – December 20, 2009) was an American musician. He is best known as the principal lead guitarist of Big Brother and the Holding Company, a psychedelic/acid rock band from San Francisco which was fronted by singer Janis Joplin from 1966 to 1968.
Early life
Gurley was born in Detroit, Michigan. He taught himself to play the guitar when he was nineteen. He spent four years at Detroit's Catholic Brothers of the Holy Cross, studying to be a priest.
1960s–1970s
He and his wife Nancy moved to San Francisco in 1962. He played with JP Pickens and the Progressive Bluegrass Boys for a time. He joined Big Brother and the Holding Company in 1965. His fearlessly wild guitar playing made the band's reputation for "far-out" psychedelic experimentation. He said it developed from his admiration of John Coltrane's barrier-breaking saxophone solos.
With Joplin's departure, Big Brother and the Holding Company briefly disbanded in 1968, but a new lineup including Gurley and the other three original members (Sam Andrew, Peter Albin, and Dave Getz) reunited from 1969 to 1972.
In 1969, Nancy Gurley died of a heroin overdose. Gurley was charged with murder for injecting the drugs, and spent two years fighting the charges before being sentenced to probation. He remarried and had another child in 1972.
Later years
In 1978 Gurley started a band with his son Hongo on drums, featuring then girlfriend "Red" Robin Reed on rhythm guitar/lead vocals and Jim Holt ("Jerome") on lead psychedelic rock saxophone and vocals. As he did in later incarnations of Big Brother and the Holding Company, James added his distinctive bass lines and vocals; he also engineered and mixed the band's recordings. The band became Red Robin and the Worms, a psychedelic-edged early new wave, punk and reggae-flavored group, playing all originals. Later Dennis Franklin joined as lead guitar, contributing new songs and singing some lead vocals. Dennis later left to pursue a solo career. After auditioning guitarists, Mitch McKendry aka Mitch Master was asked to join and take over lead guitar.
Big Brother and the Holding Company again reunited in 1987 with original members Gurley, Sam Andrew, Peter Albin, and Dave Getz.
In May 1997, Gurley switched to a solo career. His first CD entitled Saint James – Pipe Dreams included two members of the Worms, Mitch McKendry and Hongo Gurley. St James – Pipe Dreams was released in January 2000.
After finding a long-forgotten live 4-track recording of Janis Joplin playing acoustic guitar and singing in a Bay Area venue, Gurley laboriously added drums, bass and whatever other instrumentation he deemed the songs needed and released it as a CD This is Janis Joplin. Shortly afterwards, he was contacted by someone speaking for Joplin's estate and told to desist.
Gurley, with fellow members of Big Brother, played at the induction ceremony for Joplin at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. He reunited with the band in the Bay Area at a concert for Chet Helms.
Gurley recorded and appeared with new age drummer and percussionist Muruga Booker for many years. They recorded the album Big Huge in October 2009, two months prior to Gurley's death.
Gurley died on December 20, 2009, from a heart attack at his home in Palm Desert, California, two days before his 70th birthday. His wife, Margaret, survived him, as did his two sons, Django and Hongo.
References
External links
Spörke, Michael. Living with the myth of Janis Joplin: The History of Big Brother & the Holding Co.. LULU Press. .
[ Allmusic: James Gurley]
Interview with PT Quinn from the year 2000
1939 births
2009 deaths
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Big Brother and the Holding Company members
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Detroit
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Gurley |
Jan Bucquoy (; Harelbeke, 16 November 1945) is a Belgian anarchist who has worked in various media (film, comics writing, painting, sculptures, museums). He gained fame for his controversial anti-establishment works and media stunts, which caused many court cases, including for lèse-majesté, copyright infringement and defamation. Between 2005 and 2010 he staged five attempts to attack the Belgian Royal Palace in Brussels and conquer it. Internationally he is best known as a film director, with La Vie sexuelle des Belges 1950–1978 (1994) and the cult film Camping Cosmos (1996) being his most famous films. A recurring theme in his work is Belgitude.
Career
After his studies in Strassburg (theatre) and Brussels (Insas) he started his career as an author of about 50 comics: ((Daniel) Jaunes, Le Bal du Rat Mort (1986), Retour au pays noir, Alain Moreau, etc...). With his producer Francis De Smet he made his much acclaimed series of The Sexual Life of the Belgians (with the famous trilogy) which includes 10 movies and documentaries about the whereabouts of Belgian people from the period after the war until now: the surrealist Camping Cosmos (1996) with Lolo Ferrari and Jan Decleir, and with a parody (détournement) of Tintin and Snowy and of the play Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht; The Closing down of the Renault Factory at Vilvoorde Belgium (1998) as a Belgian version of Roger & Me (1989) by Michael Moore; Les Vacances de Noël with Noël Godin and Yolande Moreau (2005) etc...
He opened the Underwear Museum in Brussels in 2009; in 2016 it moved to its current location in Lessines, Hainaut.
Influences
His movies are a mixture of French avant-garde cinema in the manner of Jean-Luc Godard (La Chinoise (1967), Tout va bien (1972), Italian neo-realism (Roberto Rossellini) and the humanism of Rainer Werner Fassbinder (Satansbraten (1976), The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979); Bucquoy directed some theatrical plays by Fassbinder during his university studies at Strassburg (The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant). He is influenced by the Situationist book Society of the Spectacle (1967) by Guy Debord.
Films
La Vie sexuelle des Belges 1950–1978 (1994)
Camping Cosmos (La vie sexuelle des Belges II ) (1996)
Crème et châtiment, aka Entartement de Toscan du Plantier au festival de Cannes 1996 (Cream and Punishment ) (short film) (1997)
(1998)
La Jouissance des hystériques (La vie sexuelle des Belges IV ) (2000)
Vrijdag Visdag / Friday Fishday (La vie sexuelle des Belges V ) (2000)
(2002)
La société du spectacle et ses commentaires (La vie sexuelle des Belges VI ) (2003)
(2005)
References
External links
Lambiek Comiclopedia article.
Transatlantic Films Belgium
September 1998 Reuters article
The Closing down of the Renault Factory at Vilvoorde Belgium
Bibliography
1945 births
Living people
Belgian activists
Belgian anarchists
Belgian political activists
Belgian satirists
Belgian parodists
Belgian republicans
Belgian film directors
Belgian cartoonists
Belgian comics writers
Belgian erotic artists
Critics of religions
20th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian sculptors
People from Harelbeke
Controversies in Belgium
Belgian political satire
Lèse-majesté | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Bucquoy |
Charles Teetai Ane Jr. (January 25, 1931 – May 9, 2007) was an American football offensive lineman who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Detroit Lions. He played college football at the University of Southern California.
Early years
Ane excelled in baseball, basketball and track as well as football at the Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii. He was a key two-way lineman on the powerful "Buff 'n Blue" teams of the late 1940s. He was inducted into the Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame. In 2015, he was inducted into the Polynesian Football Hall of Fame.
College career
Ane attended Compton Community College, before transferring to the University of Southern California. He was a two-way tackle and quarterback in the single wing offense. He also played baseball before leaving a year early for the NFL. He was an All-Coast selection in the early 1950s. In 2007, he was inducted into the USC Athletic Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Ane was selected by the Detroit Lions in the fourth round (49th overall) of the 1953 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he was a backup for center Vince Banonis. The next year was named the starter at right tackle. After his third year. He was rotated between the center and the right tackle positions throughout his career.
He was elected to the Pro Bowl in 1956 and 1958. He helped the Lions to three division titles, two NFL championships and was voted team captain from 1958 to 1959. He only missed one game during his seven-year career.
Ane was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft, but he opted to retire instead of reporting to the team.
Coaching career
Ane served as head football coach at Damien Memorial School on Oahu and St. Anthony High School on Maui and was an assistant coach at Punahou, Radford High School and Kaimuki High School. Ane was later an assistant coach under his son at Punahou for four seasons from 1999 to 2003.
Personal life
His son, Charles "Kale" Teetai Ane III played at Michigan State and for seven seasons in the NFL before becoming head football coach at Punahou School.
Ane died on May 9, 2007, in Honolulu. He was 76 years old and died after prolonged health issues.
References
External links
Hawaii Sports Hall of Fame Profile
1931 births
2007 deaths
American football centers
American football offensive guards
Detroit Lions players
USC Trojans football players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Punahou School alumni
Players of American football from Honolulu
American sportspeople of Samoan descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley%20Ane |
Müstair is a village in the Val Müstair municipality in the district of Inn in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. In 2009 Müstair merged with Fuldera, Lü, Switzerland, Santa Maria Val Müstair, Tschierv and Valchava to form Val Müstair.
The easternmost point of Switzerland, at Piz Chavalatsch, is located in the municipality.
The main tourist attraction in the area is the Benedictine Convent of Saint John.
History
Müstair is first mentioned in the early 9th Century as monasterium Tuberis.
Geography
Müstair has an area, , of . Of this area, 24.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 21.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (54.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The village is located in the Val Müstair sub-district (now Val Müstair municipality) of the Inn district. It is a long linear village and is the lowest and largest village in the Val Müstair. It is also the most eastern village in Switzerland. Until 1943 Müstair was known as Münster (GR).
Demographics
Müstair has a population () of 748, of which 5.9% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -9.4%.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The age distribution, , in Müstair is; 76 children or 10.2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 71 teenagers or 9.5% are 10 to 14, and 40 teenagers or 5.4% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 66 people or 8.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 107 people or 14.4% are 30 to 39, 109 people or 14.6% are 40 to 49, and 100 people or 13.4% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 68 people or 9.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 76 people or 10.2% are 70 to 79, there are 28 people or 3.8% who are 80 to 89, and there are 4 people or 0.5% who are 90 to 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 57.5% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (21.7%), the SPS (12.7%) and the FDP (7%).
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Müstair about 69.1% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Müstair has an unemployment rate of 0.95%. , there were 45 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 121 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 14 businesses in this sector. 270 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 50 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Languages
Most of the population () speaks Rhaeto-Romance (72.9%), with German being second most common (24.7%) and Portuguese being third ( 0.7%). Most of the population speaks the Jauer dialect of Romansh. In 1880 about 87% spoke Romansh as a first language, in 1910 88% spoke Romansh and in 1941 it was 89%. In 1990 about 88% understood Romansh as a first or second language, and in 2000 it was 86%.
Heritage sites of national significance
The Benedictine Convent of Saint John is both listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Weather
Müstair has an average of 86.7 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Müstair receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 9.3 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 10, but with only of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 9.3 days.
References
External links
Former municipalities of Graubünden
World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden
fi:Müstair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCstair |
Operation Babylon may refer to:
An alternative name for Operation Opera, an Israeli bombing raid on Iraqi nuclear installations
A 2015 Italian raid on a darknet market
See also
Operation Ancient Babylon (2003–2006), the code name given to the deployment of Italian forces during the Iraq War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Babylon |
Oswald Garrison "Mike" Villard Jr. (September 17, 1916 – January 7, 2004) was an American professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University.
Early life
Villard was born in Dobbs Ferry, New York, to a distinguished family. He was the great-grandson of William Lloyd Garrison, the famed abolitionist, and the grandson of Henry Villard, owner of the New York Evening Post and The Nation, who financed the work of Thomas Edison (by coincidence, Villard Jr's academic advisor was Terman, whose advisor was Bush, whose advisor was Kennelly, who worked for Edison). His father was Oswald Garrison Villard Sr., owner of Post and The Nation, a prominent Pacifist and civil rights activist.
He became interested in electricity after he was given "Harper's Electricity Book for Boys"; when he was 12, the family chauffeur gave him a radio assembled from a kit. He initially attended Buckley School in New York City, and later went to The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut. Villard received his bachelor's degree in English literature from Yale University in 1938, and entered Stanford as a graduate student in electrical engineering. After World War II interrupted, he returned to Stanford in 1947 and received his doctorate in 1949.
Academic career
In between his degrees, Villard worked first as a research associate 1939-1941 and instructor 1941-1942 under Professor Frederick Terman at Stanford, then at Harvard University's Radio Research Laboratory, designing electronic countermeasures; he also worked with William Hewlett during this time. By 1955, he was a full professor at Stanford, a position which he held until retirement in 1987. His Ph.D. students included Mac Van Valkenburg and Kung Chie Yeh. In 1947, one of his first inventions was a radio transmitter that allowed simultaneous two-way communication (such as in a phone conversation).
At Stanford, Villard used radar to study electrical disturbances in the upper atmosphere caused by meteor trails, nuclear explosions, and rocket launches. His most famous work may be his 1959 efforts in over-the-horizon radar, which worked by reflecting high-frequency radar from the ionosphere.
In 1969, when Stanford University ceased classified work due to student protests, Villard moved his group to Stanford Research Institute (SRI), where he developed stealth technologies to counteract radar and sonar. In the 1980s, he developed small antennas that could receive jammed transmissions, allowing many people to receive the Voice of America radio program, especially after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. After his official retirement in 1987, he continued to assist with students' doctoral degrees at Stanford and worked part-time at SRI.
Memberships and awards
Villard was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as a member on the U.S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board (1961–75) and the Naval Research Advisory Committee (1967–75), which he chaired from 1973 to 1975.
His awards include the 1957 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award from the Institute of Radio Engineers, Meritorious Civilian Service Award from the Department of the Air Force, Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service, and the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984. Stanford has established a graduate student fellowship in his name.
References
External links
Obituary from SFGate.com
Villard Graduate Fellowship.
1916 births
2004 deaths
Hotchkiss School alumni
Yale College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty
American electrical engineers
IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
SRI International people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Buckley School (New York City) alumni
Silicon Valley people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald%20Garrison%20Villard%20Jr. |
Scuol () is a municipality in the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region in the Swiss canton of Grisons. The official language in Scuol is Romansh. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Ardez, Guarda, Tarasp, Ftan and Sent merged into Scuol.
Name
The official name has undergone several changes in the 20th century:
Until 1943, the official name of the municipality was Schuls.
In 1943, it was changed to Bad Scuol/Schuls.
In 1970 Schuls was dropped as an official name, leaving only Bad Scuol.
In 1999 Bad was dropped, leaving today's name, Scuol.
History
Scuol is first mentioned in 1095 as Schulles. At the end of the 11th and in the 12th century, the lords of Tarasp owned extensive estates in Scuol. In 1095/1096 their family founded a Marian monastery in Scuol and endowed it richly. In 1150 the monastery was moved to Marienberg in the Vinschgau valley. In 1178 Pope Alexander III confirmed all of the monastery's possessions in Scuol, including the church.
The village was destroyed in the Swabian War of 1499; in 1516 Bernardo da Poschiavo built a new church. Circa 1533 Scuol became Protestant. In 1621/1622 the village was devastated by Austrian troops; in 1652 it bought its freedom from Austria.
From circa 1860 onwards, the healing springs of Scuol were used on a larger scale and the time of spa tourism began. During the following decades, the bath house and numerous hotels were built between the two old parts of the village. The opening of the Bever–Scuol line of the Rhaetian Railway in 1913 stimulated further growth.
With the advent of winter sports in the middle of the 20th century, the second era of tourism in Scuol began. After the gondola lift to Motta Naluns (1956), numerous chairlifts and surface lifts were constructed. The spa tradition was revived in 1993 with the opening of the Bogn Engiadina ("Engadine bath"), including the first Roman-Irish bath in Switzerland.
The Neo-Renaissance style Grand Hotel Waldhaus Vulpera in Scuol-Tarasp with Sgraffito-Elements was opened on 8 June 1897. It was one of the first addresses in the Swiss Alps and a major Belle Époque monument in Europe.
Geography
After the 2015 merger Scuol had an area of . Before the merger Scuol had an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of . Of this area, about 26.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 25.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and 46.1% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by and the agricultural land has decreased by .
The whole southern face towards Piz Champatsch on is being used as a skiing area called "Motta Naluns", named after a place north of Scuol. The resort has 80 kilometers of slopes and 12 lifts (aerial cableway/ chair lifts / drag lifts).
Before 2017 it was the municipality is the capital of the Inn district and was located in the Suot Tasna sub-district, after 2017 it was part of the Engiadina Bassa/Val Müstair Region. It is a well known spa town and vacation spot and is the business center of the Unterengadin valley. It is the largest village on the left side of the Inn river. It consists of the village of Scuol with the section Pradella and the old mining village of S-charl. Until 1970 Scuol was known as Scuol/Schuls.
The God da Tamangur ("the forest back there") is the highest continuous stone pine (pinus cembra) forest in Europe, right at the furthest end of the Val S-charl, south of Scuol. The forest nature reserve covers an area of about at up to in elevation. Due to the altitude and weather, the trees grow very slowly and may live up to 700 years.
Demographics
Scuol has a population (as of ) of . , 23.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.4%.
, the gender distribution of the population was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. The age distribution, , in Scuol is; 220 children or 10.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 106 teenagers or 5.0% are 10 to 14, and 139 teenagers or 6.6% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 248 people or 11.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 334 people or 15.7% are 30 to 39, 306 people or 14.4% are 40 to 49, and 278 people or 13.1% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 201 people or 9.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 154 people or 7.3% are 70 to 79, there are 115 people or 5.4% who are 80 to 89, and there are 21 people or 1.0% who are 90 to 99.
In 2013 there were 1,073 private households in Scuol. Of the 694 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 41.6% were single family homes and 36.6% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 36.5% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 11.4% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2012 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 20.57. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.48%.
Historic Population
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Languages
Half of the population () speaks Romansh (49.4%), with German being second most common (39.2%) and Italian being third ( 3.9%). Scuol is host to a branch of the Lia Rumantscha.
Economy
, there were a total of 2,240 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 39 people worked in 13 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 394 workers in 33 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 1,807 jobs in 265 businesses. In 2013 a total of 20.6% of the population received social assistance.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the BDP with 43.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (20.1%), the SP (15.1%) and the FDP (10.3%). In the federal election, a total of 666 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.0%.
Crime
In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Scuol was 41.3 per thousand residents. This rate is only 63.9% of the average rate in the entire country. During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 8.5 per thousand residents and the rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 0.9 per thousand.
Education
In Scuol about 69.7% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Transportation
The municipality has four railway stations: , , , and . All four are located on the Bever–Scuol-Tarasp line with regular service to and .
Hospital
There is one small regional hospital, called Ospidal Engiadina Bassa (Romansh: Hospital of the Lower Engadin). The hospital celebrated its 100th anniversary on 21 June 2008. It is one of the country's smallest hospitals, offering basic services such as departments of surgery, internal medicine, cardiology, dermatology, oncology, gynecology, a 24-hour Emergency Department, and a 2-bed intensive care unit. Understandably for a mountain resort with a major ski region, orthopedic procedures are very common.
Heritage sites of national significance
The Baselgia refurmada, the Chasa Wieland Nr. 29 and the Kurhaus Bad Tarasp (spa Bad Tarasp) in Scuol, the Chasté (a prehistoric site, a medieval fortress and a church) and the Doppelwohnhaus (Double-house) in Ardez, Tarasp Castle and the Trinkhalle (drinking hall) in Tarasp are all listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.
The Chastè site includes settlements from the late Bronze Age (Melauner culture) into the early Iron Age (Fritzens-Sanzeno culture) as well as some finds from the Roman Empire.
The Chasa Wieland Nr.29 in Scuol village was built around a three story medieval stone tower. It was likely built by one of a few Graubünden noble families. The tower may have been damaged when Scuol was destroyed in 1499 during the Swabian War, but if so it was quickly repaired. During the Bündner Wirren, in 1622, Scuol and the tower were burned. Soon thereafter a farmhouse was built over the ruins, incorporating the thick walls. Some of the doorways are from the tower, while new windows had to be broken into the walls. The date 1753 was carved into the lintel. The walls still show the Pietra Rasa construction, where the mortar that holds the rough stones together is also used as a plaster to them. After plastering with mortar, lines are incised into the mortar to give the appearance of regular bricks or stones.
Climate
Due to its geographical positioning, being located in the depth of a valley, Scuol features a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfb") with moderate summers and chilly winters, which is usually accompanied with occasional snowfall. Despite seeing an average low of −8º in its coldest month, the winters here are not as cold as the towns upstream (such as St. Moritz).
The town sees an average of 94.5 days of rain per year and on average receives of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Scuol receives an average of of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.8 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of of precipitation over 4.9 days.
Notable people
Felix Calonder, Swiss politician
Tonia Maria Zindel, Swiss actress
References
External links
Scuol municipality website (in Romansh and German)
Municipalities of Graubünden
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Spa towns in Switzerland
Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden
Populated places on the Inn (river) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuol |
The Government of Karnataka, abbreviated as GoK, or simply Karnataka Government, formerly Government of Mysore, is a democratically elected state body with the governor as the ceremonial head to govern the Southwest Indian state of Karnataka. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints his council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested.
Head Leaders
Council of Ministers
District In-charge Ministers
By Departments
Administrative divisions
Karnataka State has been divided into 4 revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 31 districts, 237 taluks, 747 hoblies/ revenue circles and 6,022 gram panchayats for administrative purposes.
The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations. Bangalore is the largest urban agglomeration. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world.
Political and administrative reorganization
Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg (Kodagu) were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. Mysore state was made up of 10 districts: Bangalore, Kolar, Tumkur, Mandya, Mysore, Hassan, Chikmagalur (Kadur), Shimoga and Chitradurga; Bellary was transferred from Madras state to Mysore in 1953, when the new Andhra State was created out of Madras' northern districts. Kodagu became a district, and Dakshina Kannada (South Kanara) district was transferred from Madras state, Uttara Kannada (North Kanara), Dharwad, Belgaum District, and Bijapur District from Bombay state, and Bidar District, Kalaburgi District, and Raichur District from Hyderabad state.
In 1989, Bangalore Rural district was carved out of Bangalore district. In 1997, Bagalkot district was carved out of Vijayapura district, Chamrajnagar out of Mysore, Gadag out of Dharwad, Haveri out of Dharwad, Koppal out of Raichur, Udupi out of Dakshina Kannada and Yadgir out of Kalaburagi. Davanagere district was created from parts of Bellary, Chitradurga, Dharwad and Shimoga.
In 2020, Vijayanagara district was carved out of Ballari district, to become the 31st district in the state. As a result, the world heritage site of Hampi, the erstwhile capital of Vijayanagara empire, is now part of a new district - Vijayanagara.
Legislature
The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of a member elected to the council is six years. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years.
Ministry
The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day-to-day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested..
The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers. The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary, who is the head of the administrative services.
As of August 2021, the Government of Karnataka consists of 30 ministers including Chief Minister.
Chief Minister
The Chief Minister of Karnataka is the chief executive of the Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
Karnataka Panchayat Raj
This is a 3-tier system in the state with elected bodies at the village (grama), taluka and district (zilla) levels. It ensures greater participation of people and effective implementation of rural development programs. There is a Grama Panchayat for a village (grama) or a group of villages (gramas), a Taluka Panchayat at the taluka level and a Zilla Panchayat at the district (zilla) level.
All the 3 institutions are made up of elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the governor to any of these councils. Karnataka was the first state in the country to enact the Panchayat Raj Act, incorporating all provisions of the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution.
In 2014, Karnataka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation Committee was constituted by the government of Karnataka, with Chairman S G Nanjaiahna Mutt and 6 members. The joint secretary of the committee was Dr. Revaiah Odeyar. The report was submitted on October 30, 2014. This resulted in the implementation of Gram Panchayath Elections in 2015.
Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service (KPAS), is the civil service of Karnataka state. The Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department conducts exams to recruit candidates for the service. The KPAS officers are usually appointed as Panchayat Development Officers (PDOs). They are trained under the Abdul Nazeer Sab State Institute of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (ANSSIRDPR), Mysuru.
The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 (5) was substituted by Act 44 of 2015 with effect from 25.02.2016, as follows:
CHAPTER XVI 1 [Administration, Inspection, Supervision and Creation of Commissionerate of Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj]
Section 232B of the Constitution of the Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service: The Government shall constitute a Karnataka Panchayat Administrative Service consisting of such category of posts from the rural development and panchayat raj department, the number of posts, scale of pay, method of recruitment and minimum qualifications shall be such as may be prescribed]. Inserted by Act 44 of 2015 with effect from 25.02.2016.
Urban Local Governance
Urban areas in Karnataka are governed by different municipal bodies; 10 Municipal Corporations, 59 City Municipal Councils, 116 Town Municipal Councils, 97 Town Panchayats and 4 Notified Area Committees. The Municipal Corporations are administered under the State under Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976, while the rest are under the Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964. The administration at Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike is overseen by the state government directly, while the Directorate of Municipal Administration does it for the rest of the urban local governments in Karnataka. The categorisation of urban areas is done on the following basis:
The Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 mandates constituting both Ward Committees and Area Sabha in each corporation. The rules for setting these up are given in Karnataka Municipal Corporations (Wards Committees) Rules, 2016. Ward Committees in the state have been defunct in cities where they have been formed, with the meetings being erratic or not publicised to the ward members. Since the provision for setting up Ward Committees was only given in the municipal act meant for municipal corporations, only cities with population of 3 lakh or more were mandated to form them. In January 2020, the Urban Development Department of the Karnataka Government announced that Ward Committees would be formed in all urban local bodies in the state, irrespective of their population.
Executive
A district of an Indian state is an administrative unit headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service and other Karnataka state services.
A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. The District SP is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for managing the forests, environment and wildlife related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service and other Karnataka forest and wildlife officials. Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the State Services.
Police Administration
The state is divided into 30 police districts, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, State Police consists of 20 police districts, 6 Police Commissioners at Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belagavi, Hubli-Dharwad and Kalaburgi cities, 77 sub-divisions, 178 circles, 927 police stations, and 317 police outposts. There are seven ranges: Central Range at Bangalore, Eastern Range at Davanagere, Northern Range at Belagavi, Southern Range at Mysore and Western Range at Mangalore, North Eastern Range Kalaburgi and Ballari range. The government Railway Police is headed by a ADGP of Police.
Units that assist the state in law and order include Criminal Investigation Department (Forest Cell, Anti-Dowry Cell, etc.), Dog Squad, Civil Rights Enforcement Wing, Police Wireless and Police Motor Transport Organization and special units. Village Defence Parties protect persons and property in the village and assist the police when necessary. The police force is at times supplemented by Home Guards.
Politics
Karnataka politics is dominated by the Indian National Congress (INC) Bharatiya Janata party (BJP), and Janata Dal (Secular).
In recent election conducted in May 2023, the Indian National Congress won in a landslide by getting 135 seats. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (Secular) conceded defeat, finishing second and third, respectively.
Previously, in the 2018 Assembly Election, BJP emerged as single largest party with 104 seats leaving behind INC with 79, JDS with 38, BSP with 1 and other 2 independent seats. While B. S. Yeddyurappa went ahead with the intention of making the government and requested the governor to allow him to form a government without the numbers though. Governor allowed him to take oath as Chief Minister on 17 May 2018 although his happiness was short-lived, as SC struck down 2 weeks of time provided by the governor for the floor test to just 2 days. He was forced to resign unable to prove the majority. After his resignation H. D. Kumaraswamy was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 23 May 2018 with absolute majority support from Congress total of 117.
In later bypolls JDS+Congress combine won 4 out of 5 seats 3MP & 2 MLA seats making the numbers up by 119.
On 23 July 2019 the government headed by H. D. Kumaraswamy fell short of majority in the trust vote due to the resignation of 17 MLAs from the Congress and the JDS.
B. S. Yeddiyurappa once again took oath as the chief minister for the 4th time on 26 July 2019.
Elections
Last assembly elections: 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
See also
Karnataka
List of chief ministers of Karnataka
2019 Karnataka political crisis
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070311212509/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/histry.htm
http://www.karnataka.com/govt/
https://web.archive.org/web/20100619201924/http://kla.kar.nic.in/cabm.htm
Police
http://www.karnatakastatepolice.org/First.htm
Judiciary
http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm
http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020037.html
http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/
Transport
http://www.rto.kar.nic.in Transport Department - All RTO's in Karnataka
LNG
http://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/asias-largest-fsru-planned-for-karnataka/
Government of Mysore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Karnataka |
Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha ("Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha the Nephew"; in ) (1644–1702) of the Köprülü family, was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Mustafa II from September 1697 until September 1702. Amcazade Koprulu Huseyin Pasha was close to ordinary Ottoman Muslim subjects being a member of the Mevlevi Order. He was known to be concerned with the needs of the common people as well as those of the military and bureaucratic classes.
Earlier years
Amcazade Huseyin was born in 1644 and was the son of Hasan Ağa Kypriljoti, the brother of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, and for this reason he has the cognonom of "amcazade (nephew)". We have little of his youth and education. His father had agricultural estates at the Turkish village of "Kozluca" in present-day Bulgaria and young Huseyin spent his youth there. He must have had a good Ottoman classical scribal or military education, since because when he is first mentioned he is a staff officer. He participated at the campaign for Siege of Vienna at 1683, as a high staff officer in the Ottoman army since Ottomans were commanded by the Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was his close relative. After the defeat of Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna and retreat to Belgrade, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa was executed and Amcazade Huseyin was arrested because of his close relationship to the executed commander.
In 1684 he was released from prison, but was sent away from the seat of power as an administrator of provinces with a rank of beylerbey. First he was appointed as guard-governor of Cardak near Gallipoli at the Dardanelles Straits; then he was given the rank of vizier and given a similar but more prestigious job at Seddulbahir. In 1691 for a time he was appointed as the temporary governor (kaimakam of Istanbul and returned to his main job on Dardanelles. On 1694 he was appointed the Kapudan Pasha (Ottoman admiral-in-chief) and was instrumental with the help of Mezzo Morto Huseyin Pasha in retaking of Chios from the Venetians in 1695. For this success he was appointed the governor of Chios. In 1696 he was again appointed as the temporary governor of Istanbul but soon was sent to the post of governorship of Belgrade. In August 1697 the Ottoman army under the command of Sultan Mustafa II was on the campaign against the Austrians and came to Belgrade. In a War Council planning on what to do next, Amcazade Huseyin Pasha proposed that the Ottoman army should go and put under siege the fortress of Varaždin. However, others argued that it should go towards Temesvar; their proposal was accepted and the Ottoman army was surprised and routed at the Battle of Zenta.
His daughter married Kavanoz Ahmed Pasha, who was grand vizier for a short time in 1703.
Years as Grand Vizier
Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha was appointed the Grand Vizier on 17 September 1697 just after the disastrous Ottoman defeat at Battle of Zenta on 11 September 1697. He was given a promise by the Sultan that he would be free agent in his government of the Empire with no interference by the Sultan. It was hoped that during the negotiations for peace to take place at Karlowitz, he could use family ability to get best possible terms for the ending of the long war against the Holy League of 1684, a coalition of European powers including the Habsburg monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice and Peter I of Russia. After long months of negotiations the Treaty of Karlowitz was signed on 26 January 1699. The Ottomans ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy, all of the Ottoman province of Hungary including Transylvania which was conquered after 1526; Podolia was returned to Poland and most of Dalmatia and Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece) passed to Venice. With the heavy loss of professional soldiers at the Battle of Zenta and the large territories ceded away, it became obvious that Ottoman military system, the financial system and bureaucratic systems sustaining the military and the state had to be reformed. This task fell mainly on the shoulders of the Grand Vizier Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha.
Amcazade Huseyin started with economic and financial reforms. The excise duties on tobacco and coffee, which had quadrupled during the war to provide finance for military effort, were substantially reduced and so too the duties on essential consumer goods, for example soap and cooking oil. During the war special imposition taxes were created and those who could not pay these extraordinary tax impositions were heavily fined. Amcazade Huseyin abolished these extraordinary tax impositions and issued a tax amnesty on those who were not able to pay and who were required to pay heavy fines. The rates of traditional taxes were adjusted down so that they matched the ability to pay. Debased coins struck during the war were replaced by coins of full value. New cultivators, from nomadic Turcomans, were induced to settle in places like Urfa, Malatya, Antalya and Cyprus where the numbers of agricultural peasants had decreased to very low levels. Efforts were made to develop a new manufacturing base, in place of devastated Ottoman craft industries and replacing imports from Europe.
Amcazade Huseyin, then, had the salary rolls of the professional army (kapıkulu corps) reviewed. The Janissaries, who had reached 70.000 men before Treaty of Karlowitz, of which only 10.000 were actually combatants, were reduced to 34,000 combatants; while the Artillery Corps was reduced from 6,000 to 1,250. There was new recruitment to the Kapıkulu Sipahi Corps. Similarly, the provincial timariot sipahis were reformed by eliminating bribery and making sure that they were properly maintained and trained.
The Navy was also reorganised under the command of Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha, who was a close ally of Amcazade Huseyin. At last, a new fleet of wind-driven galleons replaced the oar-driven galleys. The naval officers and personnel were also fully reorganised creating a complete hierarchy of officers. The lower rank galleon men were properly and regularly housed in barracks; paid well and even their retirement was thought of for the first time in Ottoman navy. Finally, the bureaucracy of scribes of the central government and of the palace was reorganised, retiring old inefficient scribes and introducing new ones trained at new scribal schools.
The Sultan was very much affected by the defeat at Battle of Zenta, where he was personally present. Giving Amcazade Huseyin a free hand in governing his realm, he retreated to a court life, not in Istanbul but in the old palace in Edirne. His close advisor was his old teacher, a cleric called Feyzullah Efendi, who he appointed as the Sheikh ul-Islam. Soon Feyzullah Efendi became the effective voice of the Sultan. As soon as the effects of Treaty of Karlowitz over, Feyzullah Efendi collected around him a clique of relatives and allies; started appointing them to key state posts and became the centre of intrigues against the Grand Vizier Amcazade Huseyin. Feyzullah Efendi had his son Fethullah Efendi given an appointment that would have given him the post of Sheik-ul-Islam when his father left the post. The appointment of a sheikh-ul-Islam by dynastic rules was totally unprecedented but Amcazade Huseyin had little choice in the matter. From then onwards whenever the state under Amcazade Huseyin started affecting adversely his interests, Feyzullah Efendi was able to intervene and stop the application of such a policy. In July 1701 Mezzo Morto Huseyin Pasha, who was an ally of Amcazade Huseyin, died and the delicate power balance between Istanbul and Edirne tipped towards Feyzullah Efendi in Edirne. This frustrated Amcazade Huseyin Pasha so much, that his serious illness is attributed to this helplessness. After that illness in September 1702 Amcazade Huseyin Pasha resigned from the post of Grand-Vizier.
He went to live in his estate at Silivri, near Istanbul. Before the end of the year he died at his estate. He was buried at a türbe (tomb) at the district of "Sarachanebasi" in Istanbul.
An able administrator and an important reformer he demonstrated again the ability of a member of the Koprulu dynasty in holding the Ottoman power intact after a big crisis, but at the end he was driven from office by a powerful cleric.
One of the oldest wooden coastal mansions on the Bosphorous near the first suspension bridge, is the partial remains of one belonging to him called the "Koprulu Amcazade Huseyin Yalisi". It is claimed that Amcazade Huseyin reviewed the final negotiated copy of the Treaty of Karlowitz at this left-over part of the mansion.
See also
Köprülü Era
Treaty of Karlowitz
List of Ottoman grand viziers
References
External links
1644 births
1702 deaths
Huseyin Pasha
18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire admirals
Albanian Pashas
17th-century Albanian people
18th-century Albanian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcazade%20K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC%20H%C3%BCseyin%20Pasha |
Szymon Konarski (1808–1839) was a 19th-century Polish-Lithuanian radical democratic politician and revolutionary, one of the leaders of the November Uprising of 1831. As a politician, he supported the radical idea of social and economic equality for all men, as well as the right of political and national liberty and self-governance. Konarski supported the idea of land reform in the form of parceling out aristocratic estates among the poor peasants, and opposed the clergy.
Life
Szymon Konarski was born on 5 March 1808 in the village of (Dobkiszki), Duchy of Warsaw, to a Calvinist landowning family. The Konarskis originated from Konary in southern Poland and traced their lineage to the House of Griffin. His grandfather, Jerzy, was an officer in the Polish Crown Army and a justice of the peace in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska. His father, Jerzy Stanisław, was a justice of the peace, the owner of Dobkiszki and Buchnicki starosta. He served as a colonel in the Polish Army and was a veteran of the War in Defense of the Constitution and the Kościuszko Uprising. He died when Szymon was a child. Konarski's mother, Paulina née Wiszniewska was also active in the struggle for independence for the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and took part in the Lithuanian Highest National Council (RNNL). At the age of 9 Szymon joined a local Calvinist school in Sejny and then a trade school in Łomża.
Upon graduating, on March 22, 1826 he joined the army of the Kingdom of Poland. Serving in the foot rifle regiment, Konarski quickly advanced through its ranks and the following year he rose from the rank of Private to NCO. During the November Uprising against Imperial Russia Konarski's regiment took part in some of the fiercest battles of the war, including those of Okuniew, Wawer, Grochów and Liw. Promoted to the rank of podporucznik (2nd Lieutenant), Konarski also took part in Gen. Dezydery Chłapowski's raid into Lithuania, which resulted in his internment in East Prussia.
Released, in March 1832 Konarski arrived in Besançon, France, where he took up clock making as a trade. At the same time he studied the French republican thought and came in touch with the works of some of the classics of the French Revolution. Fascinated with radical democracy and republicanism, Konarski also joined a masonic lodge and became active among the Great Emigration movement, notably in the circle of Joachim Lelewel. He became involved in the preparations for the ousting of Louis-Philippe of France, proposed by radical republicans. The plan was for the revolution to then spread to other countries, including Germany, Italy and Poland. The concept was soon accepted by the Polish emigrants who started preparations for Józef Zaliwski's raid into Poland and another national uprising. Thus Konarski became the representative of the revolutionaries for the areas of Kalvarija and Marijampolė.
Konarski, pursued by the Russians, reached Poland clandestinely in early 1833 and commenced preparations. However, the society was tired of constant warfare, the last uprising having ended only two years before. Konarski's activities met with little support and he was forced to yet again flee to Prussia. Arrested by the Prussians, he was allowed to pass on to Belgium. He spent some time in Brussels, but in late 1833 he was appointed to Bienn in Switzerland. There he came into contact with yet another radical wing of Polish emigration, allied with the Young Italy movement. Konarski then joined a Polish military unit which was to start a fight alongside the Italians against King Charles Albert of Sardinia. However, soon after the start of the campaign, the corps of Gen. Antonio Girolamo Ramorino was utterly defeated.
Not discouraged by the defeat, Konarski allied himself with Young Poland, a Polish faction of Young Europe movement. Conflicted with Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, he was alienated within generally less radical Polish emigrants. He openly criticized the aristocratic faction and became involved in the creation of Union of Children of the Polish People, under heavy influence of the Pavel Pestel's Russian Decembrists. In 1835, together with several radical democrats, among them Jan Czyński, Leon Zaleski and Adam Sperczyński, Konarski started to publish a democratic bi-weekly "Północ". They were to yet again move to Poland and start preparations for a revolution, but were arrested by the French police and deported to the United Kingdom, possibly due to Czartoryski's intrigue. Konarski then moved back to Brussels, where he came in touch with Joachim Lelewel. On the latter's instructions, in July 1835 Konarski reached the Free City of Kraków under yet another false name, Burhardt Sievers.
There he joined the Association of the Polish People, yet another revolutionary union of all sorts of Polish radicals. Konarski became one of its representatives of the Russian partition of Poland and was to promote revolutionary ideas. He crossed the border under a false name of Janusz Hejbowicz and settled in Ołyka in Volhynia (modern Olyka). Instead of direct agitation, Konarski began to unite all of the secret societies and political parties in Russian-held parts of Poland into the . The organization quickly grew and included Polish secret societies in other parts of Russia as well, most notably the students of the university of St. Petersburg. However, the organization, with its French supporters, were infiltrated by the French and Russian secret police (Ochrana).
Arrest and death
Louis-Philippe's secret agents passed the information of Konarski's true identity to the Russians and he was arrested on May 27, 1838 near Vilna (modern Vilnius). Imprisoned in the former Basilian monastery, Konarski could do little but to watch most of his comrades arrested in the following months, as Prince Alexey Trubetskoy was able to force some of Konarski's men to inform on the other members of the Union. Tried for high treason, Konarski tried to blame all on himself and portrayed his comrades as either manipulated or insane. He came into contact with one of the guards, a former Decembrist Lt. Aglay Kuzmin-Karavayev (), who planned Konarski's escape, however Kuzmin-Karavayev was himself arrested (together with other some 30 helpers and sympathizers) after the betrayal of the escape. Finally Konarski was sentenced to death by firing squad and was executed in Vilna on February 27, 1839. His grave was then trampled with horses and was never found.
On the night before his execution he wrote: "I do not want Heaven, I spit into Heaven, so long as my countrymen are enslaved!" [...] "O Lord, save Poland, O Lord, redeem Poland!".
See also
Józef Mianowski
Ludwik Trynkowski
References
Bibliography
External links
1808 births
1839 deaths
19th-century Polish nobility
Lithuanian politicians
November Uprising participants
Polish revolutionaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon%20Konarski |
Henrietta Ónodi (born May 22, 1974) is a Hungarian artistic gymnast. She competed at the 1992 and 1996 Olympics and won a gold and a silver medal in 1992. After retiring from gymnastics in 1997 she moved to the United States, married American Olympic pentathlete Jimbo Haley, and became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 2010, she was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.
Career
Ónodi, also known as "Heni" in the gymnastics community, began gymnastics in 1978 and made her international debut in 1986. Too young to qualify for the 1988 Olympics, she made her senior debut in 1989 and represented Hungary at the World Championships that year, where she placed 19th in the all-around and 5th in the balance beam event finals.
Over the next few years, Ónodi established herself as a medal contender at major events. In 1989 she became the first female Hungarian gymnast to medal at the European Championships with a gold on the uneven bars; at the 1990 Europeans she placed third in the all-around and the floor exercise. In 1990, she also finished third in the all-around at the Goodwill Games and the World Cup where she won the vault event. At the 1991 World Championships Ónodi suffered a sudden back injury but was able to win a silver medal on vault and helped the Hungarian squad qualify for the 1992 Olympics with an eighth-place finish in the team final.
The next year at the Olympics in Barcelona, Ónodi became the first female Hungarian gymnast in over 30 years to win an Olympic gold medal. She tied with Romanian Lavinia Miloșovici for the gold in the vault event final; on floor exercise, performing to "Hungarian Rhapsody" she finished second behind Miloşovici. Ónodi's difficulty level on vault was actually higher than Miloșovici's (they both used full twisting Yurchenkos but Henrietta did a piked barani and Milosovici a tucked). Ónodi also performed the difficult triple twist on floor, then an unusual move (nobody else in the Barcelona floor finals did it).
Ónodi semi-retired after Barcelona Olympics to focus on her studies. She returned to international competitions in 1995 at the World University Games and subsequently led the Hungarian team at the 1996 Olympics. She retired again in 1997 after attending her second University Games.
Skills and style
Ónodi made many contributions to gymnastics during her competitive career. She was lauded for her unique style and power on vaulting and floor. Her uneven bars routine consisted of elements on the low bar at a time when most gymnasts did the minimum two elements on the low bar.
Eponymous skill
Onodi has one eponymous skill listed in the Code of Points.
Post-retirement
In 2001 Ónodi graduated with a degree in marketing and found a job in Miami, Florida, as Director of Community Relations for the World Olympians Association. She married Jimbo Haley, an American pentathlete who also competed at the 1992 Olympics, and became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In 2010, she was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame.
Competitive history
See also
List of Olympic female gymnasts for Hungary
References
External links
List of competitive results at Gymn-Forum
Whatever happened to Henrietta Ónodi?
Henrietta's Domain unofficial fan site
1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Békéscsaba
Hungarian female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for Hungary
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
World champion gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Originators of elements in artistic gymnastics
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games medalists in gymnastics
European champions in gymnastics
Sportspeople from Békés County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta%20%C3%93nodi |
Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller (born 12 December 1945) is a former Jamaican politician. She served as Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2006 to September 2007 and again from 5 January 2012 to 3 March 2016. She was the leader of the People's National Party from 2005 to 2017 and the Leader of the Opposition twice, from 2007 to 2012 and from 2016 to 2017.
While serving as Prime Minister, Simpson-Miller retained the positions of Minister of Defence, Development, Information and Sports. She has also served as Minister of Labour, Social Security and Sport, Minister of Tourism and Sports and Minister of Local Government throughout her political career. Following her election win in December 2011, when her party defeated the Jamaica Labour Party, she became the second individual since independence to have served non-consecutive terms as prime minister, the first having been Michael Manley. The People's National Party under her leadership lost the 25 February 2016 general election by only one seat to the Andrew Holness-led Jamaica Labour Party. One political commentator described the poll as "the closest election Jamaica has ever had". Following this defeat, Simpson-Miller stepped down in 2017.
Simpson-Miller was ranked by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012. In 2011, she was named Person of the Year by The Gleaner and Observer.
Political career
Simpson-Miller was elected in 1976 to the Parliament of Jamaica, to represent the constituency of South West St. Andrew Parish, as a member of the People's National Party. The PNP boycotted the elections called in 1983. She was re-elected to the same seat in a later election, and served as Minister of Labour, Welfare and Sports from 1989 to 1993. She was Minister of Labour and Welfare from 1993 to 1995, Minister of Labour, Social Security and Sports from 1995 to February 2000, Minister of Tourism and Sports from February 2000 to October 2002, and Minister of Local Government and Sport since October 2002.
She served as vice president of the PNP from 1978 to 2006, when she became its president. In the PNP's internal vote to elect P. J. Patterson's successor, held on 26 February 2006, she received 1,775 votes, while her nearest rival, then security minister Dr. Peter Phillips, took 1,538 votes. She garnered approximately 47% of the delegates' vote, making her the first PNP president to be elected by less than half of eligible delegates. In July 2008, Simpson-Miller was challenged for the presidency of the PNP by Phillips. The election was held among the party's delegates on 20 September. She was re-elected as the head of the PNP for her second consecutive year, defeating him by an even wider margin than that of the previous election.
Prime minister
Simpson-Miller replaced Patterson as prime minister on 30 March 2006, becoming the first female head of government of the nation and the third in the Anglophone Caribbean, following Eugenia Charles of Dominica and Janet Jagan of Guyana. In organising the cabinet following her swearing-in, she assumed the portfolio of defence minister.
2007 elections
On 3 September 2007, Simpson-Miller's party narrowly lost the general election, retaining 27 seats against the Jamaica Labour Party's 33 seats. This margin was revised to 32–28 after recounts and an election petition decision concerning the eligibility of a government MP who had dual citizenship. This election ended 18 years of PNP rule, and Bruce Golding became the new prime minister.
The loss can in part be attributed to a well planned and executed campaign by the JLP. A part of their campaign strategy was a media blitz that claimed to highlight 18 years of neglect under the PNP and the incompetence of Simpson-Miller as a leader. One advertisement highlighted the deplorable conditions in Simpson-Miller's own constituency of South West St. Andrew while others were created from controversial interviews and still others discussed issues surrounding her competence as a leader.
Simpson-Miller initially refused to concede defeat, alleging voting irregularities and the possibility that recounts would change the final result. The Organization of American States issued a statement declaring the election free and fair. "I believe this election can stand international scrutiny," said OAS assistant secretary-general Albert Ramdin, who led a team of international observers who monitored the election. She conceded defeat on 5 September. On 11 September, Simpson Miller was succeeded as prime minister by JLP leader Bruce Golding. In 2011, Golding resigned, making way for Andrew Holness to become the 9th Prime Minister of Jamaica.
2011 election
On 5 December 2011, Holness asked the Governor-General, Sir Patrick Allen, to dissolve parliament and call an election, despite the fact that elections were not constitutionally necessary until September 2012. The date of the 2011 election was set as 29 December and major local media outlets viewed the election as "too close to call". However, as Simpson-Miller campaigned in key constituencies, the gap widened to favour the PNP. Days before the election, Simpson-Miller came out fully in favour of LGBT rights in a televised debate, sparking an eleventh-hour controversy ahead of the vote.
In early vote counting on 29 December, it was apparent that the PNP was winning a large number of swing constituencies. By evening, the Jamaica Observer had declared 41 of 63 constituencies for the PNP. The election results were officially declared by the Electoral Office on 5 January and, upon the request of the Governor General, Simpson-Miller formed the new Jamaican government.
In the 2011 Jamaican general election, the number of seats had been increased to 63, and the PNP swept to power with a landslide 42 seats to the JLP's 21. The voter turnout was 53.17%.
2016 elections
In the 2016 Jamaican general election on 25 February, Simpson-Miller lost to Andrew Holness by a narrow margin that resulted in a recount, which granted the PNP an additional seat, resulting in a one-seat loss; the PNP won 31 seats to the JLP's 32. As a result, Simpson-Miller became Opposition Leader for a second time. The voter turnout dipped below 50% for the first time, registering just 48.37%.
Following calls from within her own party for her to step down as party leader, Simpson-Miller announced she would not seek re-election on 4 December 2016. She was replaced by Peter Phillips, the Shadow Minister of Finance and former rival, on 26 March 2017. She stepped down as an MP in June 2017.
Political positions
Simpson-Miller supports Jamaican republicanism, and has endorsed replacing the Jamaican monarchy with an elected president. Simpson-Miller has reportedly pledged to transform Jamaica into a republic as part of the 50th anniversary of the island's independence. Simpson-Miller has occasionally been labeled as a populist.
After ambivalence during her first term in office, Simpson-Miller became the first head of government in Jamaican history to formally endorse civil rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender citizens during an election campaign. Simpson-Miller noted during an election debate that she "has no problem giving certain positions of authority to a homosexual as long as they show the necessary level of competence for the post." She expressed that equality within a nation for all people is of utmost importance. During her premiership, Simpson-Miller received some scrutiny from foreign LGBT organisations and commentators following the murder of Dwayne Jones for what they saw as lack of action by her government against anti-homosexual violence despite her pledge to improve conditions for LGBT Jamaicans.
Personal life
In 1998, Simpson married Errald Miller, a business executive and former CEO of Cable & Wireless Jamaica Ltd. On 29 May 2006 she was vested with the Jamaican Order of the Nation, giving her (and her husband) the title "The Most Honourable".
Simpson-Miller is also known as "Sista P" or "Mama P".
Education
Simpson-Miller holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Public Administration, and also Certificates in Public Relations and Advanced Management from the Union Institute & University of Cincinnati, Ohio. She also completed the Executive Programme for Leaders in Development at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Prime Minister Simpson Miller was awarded the Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by the Union Institute and an honorary doctorate in public service from the Northern Caribbean University.
Honours
Simpson-Miller was ranked by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012.
Simpson-Miller was named Person of the Year by The Gleaner and Observer in the Gleaner awards 2011.
Simpson-Miller is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former female presidents and prime ministers.
Simpson-Miller, in 2013, was elected vice-president of Socialist International following a conference in Cape Town, South Africa.
See also
Cabinet of Jamaica
Women in the House of Representatives of Jamaica
Skard, Torild (2014) Portia Simpson-Miller, Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide Bristol: Policy Press. .
References
External links
Official Profile
Extended profile
Update on the Jamaican Economy from the Center for Economic and Policy Research, May 2012
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1945 births
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
21st-century Jamaican politicians
21st-century Jamaican women politicians
Female defence ministers
Government ministers of Jamaica
Jamaican republicans
Living people
Union Institute & University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives of Jamaica
People from Saint Catherine Parish
People's National Party (Jamaica) politicians
Prime Ministers of Jamaica
Defence ministers of Jamaica
Tourism ministers of Jamaica
Recipients of the Order of the Nation
Women opposition leaders
21st-century women prime ministers
Women government ministers of Jamaica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portia%20Simpson-Miller |
Deniz Akkaya (born 3 August 1977) is a Turkish top model, presenter, occasional fashion editor and disc jockey, entrepreneur, businesswoman, and actress who won Best Model of Turkey 1997. As the top-earning model in Turkey in the early 2000s, Deniz Akkaya is considered to be one of the most leading models in Turkish fashion history, and one of the most beautiful women of the country.
Early life and family
Deniz Akkaya was born on 3 August 1977 in Istanbul, Turkey. She is Circassian, as the daughter of an Hatuqwai father and a Kabardian mother named Dinemyis (Adyghe: Apple of the eye).
Her father was a bureaucrat and master mariner who served as the CEO (managing director) of Turkish Maritime Facilities Inc. Her mother was an economist who worked for Turkish Airlines, the national flag carrier of Turkey. She studied American philology.
After graduating from the ISTEK SS Private High School on the Avenue in Kadıköy, she studied American Culture and Literature in Department of Western Languages and Literatures of Faculty of Letters at Istanbul University. Following the competitions Elite Model Look and Best Model of Turkey, she decided to embark on a professional modelling career.
Modelling career and fashion
In 2006, Akkaya became the host and lead judge of the fashion-themed reality television show Turkey's Next Top Model, the Turkish counterpart of the Top Model franchise that was hosted by many supermodels, including Tyra Banks in the United States and Heidi Klum in Germany.
In 2015, she was also entered in the Best of the Best as one of the Habertürk top 20 winners of the Best Model of Turkey competition, and finished first amongst the former female titleholders who found entry in the large-scale survey that lasted for fifteen days.
Acting career
After being crowned Best Model of Turkey 1997, Akkaya decided to embark on a professional modelling career. As a film and television actress, she has acted in the films The Masked Gang: Cyprus (2007), Living & Dying (2007), School (2003), Vizontele Tuuba (2003), and Green Light (2002) in addition to the television series Hemşehrim (1996), Şarkılar Seni Söyler (2003), and Metro Palas (2004). She also served as editor for a fashion magazine and launched the children's luxury ready-to-wear store Chic Frog by Deniz Akkaya.
Personal life
In 2009, she gave birth to her daughter in Miami, Florida, US.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1977 births
20th-century Turkish actresses
21st-century Turkish actresses
Actresses from Istanbul
Best Model of the World contestants
Best Model of Turkey winners
Turkish businesspeople in fashion
Fashion editors
Women DJs
Living people
People from Kayseri
Retail company founders
Turkish bloggers
Turkish female models
Turkish people of Circassian descent
21st-century women musicians
Women magazine editors
Turkish women editors
Turkish women bloggers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz%20Akkaya |
Tupac: Live at the House of Blues is a live album and the final concert by American rapper 2Pac. The performance was recorded at the House of Blues, Sunset Strip, West Hollywood, California, on July 4, 1996 and released on both CD and DVD on September 5, 2005.
Background
Although the album is credited solely to 2Pac, the concert was in fact a joint show with Snoop Dogg and tha Dogg Pound. Throughout the first half of the show, 2Pac, backed by his hip-hop-clique, the Outlawz, performs and features the R&B duo, K-Ci & JoJo, while in the second half, Snoop Dogg goes back and forth with tha Dogg Pound and features West Coast singer, Nate Dogg. For the show's climax, 2Pac rejoins the stage and performs his then-recent hit, "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted" alongside Snoop Dogg.
Of the songs performed by 2Pac, three, at that time, were unreleased and would not see an official release until years after his death. The unreleased songs performed were "Troublesome", "Tattoo Tears" and "Never Call U Bitch Again." Tha Dogg Pound also performed an unreleased song, "Me in Your World", which would see a release later the same year on Death Row Greatest Hits.
Since its release Tupac: Live at the House of Blues has sold over a million copies and is certified Platinum.
The DVD and Blu-ray edition contains the entire uncut concert and includes five full-length music videos; "California Love (Remix)", "To Live & Die in L.A.", "Hit 'Em Up", "How Do You Want It" and "I Ain't Mad at Cha."
Track listing
Charts
Album
Certifications
References
Concert films
Live albums published posthumously
Live video albums
2005 live albums
2005 video albums
Albums recorded at the House of Blues
Tupac Shakur live albums
Tupac Shakur video albums
Death Row Records live albums
Death Row Records video albums
Video albums published posthumously
Live gangsta rap albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20the%20House%20of%20Blues%20%28Tupac%20Shakur%20album%29 |
{{Infobox company
|name = AWA Technology Services
|logo = Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) logo.svg
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|key_people = Sir Hugh Denison (chairman)Ernest Fisk, General and Technical Manager
|area_served =
|industry = telecommunications
|products = Electronics manufacturer, broadcaster
|services =
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|footnotes = }}AWA Technology Services, name based on former name Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd, is an Australian provider for technology related services. Throughout most of the 20th century AWA was Australia's largest and most prominent electronics organisation, undertaking development, manufacture and distribution of radio, telecommunications, television and audio equipment as well as broadcasting services.
After the sell-off of most of its assets and operating divisions, AWA is now primarily an information and communications technology (ICT) services company.
History
Pre-World War II
The company commenced operations in 1909 as Australasian Wireless Limited (AWL), a Telefunken wireless agent. The first chairman was Hugh Denison. Ernest Fisk, a foundation director, was general and technical manager. In 1916 he became managing director and in 1932 chairman.
The Marconi Company sued the Australian government in 1912, for infringing their patent (and AWL issued writs against firms using Marconi equipment), the government decided in future to use circuits designed by John Balsillie. Eventually the two firms settled their differences and, on 11 July 1913, formed a new company, Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd, with exclusive rights throughout Australasia to the patents, 'present and future', of both Marconi and Telefunken. Later that year the new entity established the Marconi Telefunken College of Telegraphy, (later renamed the Marconi School of Wireless.
The first radio broadcast from the United Kingdom to Australia was received in 1918 by AWA with then Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes, praising the troops he has just inspected on the western front. In 1930, AWA transmitted the first newsreel pictures from Sydney to London.
The Australian Government, requiring a direct radio service with the UK - in lieu of submarine cables - commissioned AWA to create a service in 1922. The government boosted the new company's capital and became its majority shareholder. In 1926, the company established two large beam wireless stations on 180 hectare sites; a receiver site in Victoria at Rockbank near Melbourne and a transmitter site at Ballan near Ballarat which eventually become known as Fiskville. A shortwave beam radiotelegraph service between Australia and Britain, undercutting the cable companies, was inaugurated on 8 April 1927 and terminated on 31 May 1969. In 1928, it established a similar service between Australia and Canada. In April 1930 the Empire radiotelephone service commenced.
The Australian Government in 1922 granted AWA exclusive rights to operate the Coastal Radio Service (CRS), a network of maritime radio stations that eventually included stations in New Guinea which had been hurriedly installed when Japan entered World War II. The Overseas Telecommunications Act 1946 resulted in the creation of the Overseas Telecommunications Commission and ownership of the CRS was transferred to this new organisation on 1 October 1946. In effect, all overseas telecommunications was nationalised. Australia was adopting a Commonwealth-wide policy that had been adopted the Commonwealth conference in 1945. The main goal was to end the artificial routing of traffic to cable or wireless depending on private financial profits.
With its commencement in the 1930s, AWA Aviation Department (later Aviation Division) operated the major avionics servicing organisation in Australia and Papua New Guinea through a number of service depots located at major and secondary airports, with a large workshop located in Airport West, Victoria.
World War II years
During World War II, the Marconi School trained an extensive number of military personnel in signals and communications. Additionally, the Department of Defence appropriated and operated the Ballan facility for military radio operations, eventually returning it to civilian operations with the Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC). OTC joined with Telecom Australia in 1992 to form the Australian and Overseas Telecommunications Corporation, later to become Telstra.
AWA continued in maritime operations supplying marine radio operators to Australian registered vessels. The AWA Marine Division with its headquarters in the Sydney suburb of Leichhardt continued to wholesale marine communications and radar equipment to the Australian maritime and leisure-boating market into the mid-1980s.
The AWA Building at 45-47 York Street, Sydney was completed in 1939 becoming an instant landmark with its art-deco style and large white radio tower on top (in the shape of the Eiffel Tower) and was the tallest building in Australia until 1958. It remained the AWA head office until the 1990s and is now listed on the NSW State Heritage Register.
Post-World War II
Immediately after World War II through to the 1980s, AWA was extensively involved in the design, development and manufacture of advanced aeronautical communications, navigation and surveillance systems. These systems included the VHF Aural Range (VAR), Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) for airborne use and ground beacons, VHF Omni Range (VOR), Air Traffic Control systems (known as AWANET) and a Microwave Landing System (MLS) called Interscan. Many of these developments were undertaken jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Department of Civil Aviation. Some of these products are now produced and supported by Interscan Navigation Systems, which for some years was a privately held stand-alone company, but is now a fully owned subsidiary of Indra Sistemas, a Spanish defence and ICT contractor.
AWA engineers were also working with Marconi in England on television systems from 1948, and in 1954 AWA provided the first experimental TV broadcast in Australia during Queen Elizabeth II's Australian Royal Tour. From 1948 to 1991, under its Aviation Division, AWA held the contract to install and maintain the avionics of the Australian domestic airlines (Ansett-ANA, later Ansett Australia and Trans Australia Airlines, later Australian Airlines. The Aviation Division was sold to British Aerospace in 1996, before being sold again to Rockwell Collins to be absorbed within its Australian avionics maintenance operations.
AWA continued to have major involvement in the Australian defence electronics industry. It worked closely with the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) in developing the electronics in the Ikara anti-submarine weapon, Nulka EW rocket drone, AN/SSQ-801A Barra sonobuoy (with Plessey as Sonobuoys Australia Pty Ltd), Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM), Agile Gliding Bomb and ALR-2002 Radar Warning Receiver, as well as providing support to the initial Jindalee Over The Horizon Radar trials. AWA Defence Industries (AWADI) was formed in October 1988 by the merger of the defence electronics business of AWA with those of Thorn EMI Electronics Australia and Fairey Australasia. AWADI was sold to British Aerospace Australia (now BAE Systems Australia) in April 1996.
With Radio Corporation of America (RCA), AWA established a joint venture (Amalgamated Wireless Valve Co. Pty Ltd) to manufacture radio valves (vacuum tubes) at the Ashfield works under the AWV, RCA and Radiola brands. During World War II AWV produced a range of defence electronics materiel, including klystrons and magnetrons for radar equipment. In 1958 AWV commercialised research work by the AWA Research Laboratories to set up a plant to manufacture transistors and AWA Semiconductors was born. AWA continued to distribute products from RCA Semiconductor into the mid-1980s.
1970s
AWA was a major manufacturer of television receivers under the AWA Radiola Deep Image brand from the mid-1950s until the relaxation of import tariffs under the Whitlam government in the early 1970s. With the increased competition in the marketplace, AWA joined forces with Thorn Electrical Industries UK in 1973 to create AWA-Thorn Consumer Products Limited, to produce colour televisions in Australia. Thorn colour television receivers modified for Australia were marketed as AWA or Thorn models, with local improvements being made to these over the ensuing years. This division of AWA (later known as the Ashfield Division) was also the Australian distributor for many audio equipment manufacturers, including Tannoy, Revox, and AKG Acoustics.
AWA-Rediffusion, a company jointly owned by Rediffusion International and AWA Limited, was formed in 1971. The business was a platform to enter the Australian market with Rediffusion systems similar to those offered in the UK by RIS/RBE and included products and services such as Reditune Background Music, CCTV, Hotel Audio Distribution and Specialist Information Display Systems. In 1974 AWA-Rediffusion branched into the television sales and rental market setting up a chain of retail shops under their Redihire name. Colour television arrived in Australia in March 1975, around ten years after the UK. and Redihire had been preparing for the event for over a year with six shops opening in and around the Sydney area with the company's headquarters in Roseville, New South Wales. Television rental accounted for around twenty percent of the initial market and Redihire adopted a 'rent or buy' marketing approach from the onset majoring on existing models that were being made for AWA-Thorn by Mitsubishi Electric of Japan.
In 1975, AWA brought the first Pick minicomputer system to Australia, and set up a computer services arm.
In 1977 AWA MicroElectronics was formed to design and manufacture integrated circuits and established a fully operational wafer foundry, integrated circuit fabrication facility and design centre. The group was a joint venture between AWA Ltd (64%), British Aerospace (25%) and the NSW Government (11%). This group was sold off to Quality Semiconductor Australia (now Silanna Semiconductor) in 1996.
In 1979 the Marconi School of Wireless moved to Launceston, Tasmania to become part of the Australian Maritime College. Later that year, the last Australian-made AWA appliances were produced at the company's Sydney manufacturing plant in Ashfield. From the late 1970s, appliances such as TVs were being made for AWA-Thorn by Mitsubishi Electric of Japan. This division of AWA was also the Australian distributor for many audio equipment manufacturers, including Tannoy, Revox, AKG Acoustics and Clarion (car audio). In 1984, Mitsubishi Electric purchased AWA-Thorn, (renaming it Mitsubishi Electric AWA), marketing their VCRs, stereos and TVs in Australia while retaining 'AWA' in the brand name.
1980s
AWA moved into TV broadcasting again in 1980, purchasing the Nine Network TV station QTQ-9 in Brisbane, Queensland. In 1985, it was sold to Alan Bond, as Bond began to assemble his ownership of the Nine Network.
Through research done at the AWA Research Laboratories, AWA was an early entrant into the design and development of optical fibre technology in Australia. In 1984, AWA, in partnership with Corning of the US and Metal Manufactures Limited, established Optical Waveguides Australia Pty Ltd (OWA). AWA later sold its interest in OWA, which was eventually purchased fully by Corning to become Corning Noble Park, but closed in 2003. Also in 1984 AWA acquired Electrical Equipment Ltd, a major manufacturer of power transmission equipment. The AWA group had a combined staff of over 10,000.
In 1987, AWA reported A$49 million in foreign exchange losses due to unauthorised trading in 1986 and 1987. Over the next decade, in what developed into a landmark case in Australia, there were legal proceedings against auditors for failing to identify the trading, as well as cross claims against the company's directors, the foreign exchange trader and the banks involved.
As a result, later that year AWA radio stations 2GN Goulburn, 3BO Bendigo, 3MP Melbourne, 4CA Cairns, 4TO Townsville and 6KY Perth were purchased by Wesgo for A$40 million.
In 1988, the company was renamed "AWA Limited", and in August sold its telephone manufacturing and related businesses to Exicom. A year later, AWA Computer Support Services''' was established as an independent business unit. In the early 1990s, unable to compete with cheaper imported appliances, AWA exited the field of domestic appliances and consumer electronics, and focused on industrial technology.
In the late 1980s, AWA established AWASCo Pty Ltd, a joint venture with Serco of the UK. The company provided facilities management services to federal and state agencies, and eventually Serco purchased AWA's share to form Serco Australia.
1990s
In the early 1990s, unable to compete with cheaper imported appliances, AWA exited the field of domestic appliances and consumer electronics, instead to focus on industrial technology.
In 1991, AWA purchased Melbourne radio station 3XY, relaunching it in 1992 as 3EE The Breeze. The station attracted good weekend audience ratings due to broadcasts of Australian Football League matches, but its Monday to Friday audience share was less than forecast estimates, and in 1993 the station was sold to Wesgo Communications. AWA exited the industry in 1994, with the sale of Sydney station 2CH to John Singleton.
2000s
In 2001, AWA was acquired by Jupiters. Shortly after Jupiters merged with Tabcorp, in 2004 the company was spun off, once again becoming an independent company.
In 2006, AWA acquired Telefix Sales, which has been servicing home entertainment products since the early 1960s.
In May 2010, the employee at the centre of 1987's foreign exchange losses, Andrew Koval, was extradited from the United States to face criminal charges. He had previously defended a civil suit in relation to the matter.
2010s
In February 2014 AWA Limited voluntarily appointed administrators because it may have been insolvent. In May 2014 the company was purchased by Mount Waverley based Cabrini Health Limited, a not-for-profit Catholic healthcare provider.
Summary of company names
Australasian Wireless Limited (AWL) - 1909
Australasian Wireless Company, Limited (AWCL) - 1910
Amalgamated Wireless (Australasia) Ltd (AWA) - 1913
AWA Defence Industries (AWADI) - 1988
sold to British Aerospace Australia in April 1996
Amalgamated Wireless Valve Co. Pty Ltd (AWV)
AWA MicroElectronics Pty Ltd - 1987
AWA Plessey
AWA-Thorn Consumer Products Limited - 1973
In 1984, Mitsubishi Electric purchased AWA-Thorn, renaming it "Mitsubishi Electric AWA Pty Ltd"
Optical Waveguides Australia Pty Ltd (OWA) - 1984
AWA-Rediffusion (Pty) Ltd. 1971 - 1986.
In 1988, the company was renamed "AWA Limited"
AWASCo Pty Ltd
AWA Computer Support Services established as an independent business unit - 1989
In 2001 AWA was acquired by Jupiters, which was soon acquired by Tabcorp.
In 2004, the company was spun off as AWA Limited, and is once again an independent company.
Current
AWA has offices in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and Newcastle and a national network of more than 700 service agents.
References
External links
Electronics companies of Australia
Manufacturing companies based in Sydney
Manufacturing companies established in 1909
Telecommunications companies of Australia
1909 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWA%20Technology%20Services |
The Powers Department Store of Minneapolis, Minnesota was a department store chain with roots dating to 1873, and that, at its peak, consisted of 7 locations in Minnesota.
History
S. E. Olson & Co.
Norwegian immigrant Seaver E. Olson formed a partnership with John C. Smith and John Paul in La Crosse, Wisconsin in 1873 to open a retail, wholesale, and dry goods company. In 1875 the partnership was dissolved, and S.E. Olson opened his own company, which he ran until 1878. At that time, S.E. Olson left La Crosse and relocated to Minneapolis to join prosperous dry goods seller N.B. Harwood.
By May 1884, there was a legal disagreement between S.E. Olson and N.B. Harwood, which resulted in S.E. Olson forming a new business partnership with former coworker M.D. Ingram, and P.A. Larson. The new company, called Ingram, Olson & Co., purchased inventory, along with a building located at 325 Nicollet Avenue, from the estate of Eugene Lehmaier in July 1885. By October 1886, Ingram, Olson & Co was the leading dry goods seller in Minneapolis, with a newly remodeled store and expanded departments. The Ingram & Olson partnership was dissolved in July 1887 due to M.D. Ingram's deteriorating health, and later newspaper advertising was only in the name of S.E. Olson & Co. The business continued to grow, and S.E. Olson & Co. occupied a five-story building at 213 and 215 Nicollet Avenue in January 1889.
It was announced in April 1893 that S.E. Olson & Co. would be relocating to the corner of First Avenue South (later Marquette Avenue) and Fifth Street in Minneapolis. The new building had an estimated construction cost of $200,000, (~$ in ) and a spectacular grand opening in March 1894.
In December 1901 it was announced S.E. Olson retired from business, and S.E. Olson & Co had been acquired and was now known as Powers Mercantile Company
Powers Mercantile
Powers Mercantile Company was originally named Powers Brothers, and established by brothers Alonzo J. "A.J." and E.F. Powers in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Powers Brothers was a wholesale and retail business, and later on they abandoned the wholesale side of the business, and renamed themselves Powers Dry Goods. In 1900, A.J.'s son Fred came to Minneapolis and took over the management of S.E. Olson & Co. In 1902 A.J. sold his interest in Powers Brothers, and joined his son Fred in Minneapolis, where they acquired S.E. Olson & Co., and renamed it Powers Mercantile Company.
A large fire in the retail district of downtown Minneapolis in December 1904 saw Powers Mercantile's building suffer $60,000 in building damages, and $165,000 in inventory losses. While having the fire damage repaired, it was decided at this time to construct a new facade and expansion to the store in order to make it the largest retail establishment in Minneapolis. In an effort to further continue growth and expansion, Powers Mercantile leased Yerxa Corner in September 1906 so that they could expand their footprint in downtown Minneapolis. They constructed a new five story building which expanded the existing structure from First Avenue to Nicollet at a cost of nearly $1,000,000, which included the largest pane glass windows west of Chicago. In 1909 Powers Mercantile was one of two Minneapolis retail establishments, the other being Donaldson's, to shorten their hours to ease employee workloads.
In a merger, Powers Mercantile became a part of a newly formed corporation in 1909, United Dry Goods of Delaware. Powers was acquired along with the Associated Merchants Company and three other large stores. A.J. Powers said that the merger would have no effect on daily operations of Powers Mercantile, and that he was still in charge as long as he was able to do so.
A.J. Powers retired in April 1915, and died in October 1915 on a train from Pittsburgh to Chicago. He became ill while visiting his son Fred, who had previously relocated to Pittsburgh, and was en route to a hospital in Rochester, Minnesota when he died. Fred later died in 1935 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and was buried in Minneapolis
December 1915 brought about a large merger between United Dry Goods and Associated Merchants to form a new corporation named Associated Dry Goods.
The treasurer of Powers' parent company, Theron Atwater, became the president of Powers; and George E. Merrifield was the general manager of the store in 1916. The store continued to be prosperous, and Minneapolis was considered a healthy area of the country for the sale of dry goods.
By 1924 Powers advertising no longer referred to Power's Mercantile, and only used the Powers name.
In 1929, Powers became the first store in Minneapolis to install an escalator.
Powers Dry Goods
Powers Mercantile underwent a name change in 1937, and became listed as a Virginia corporation known as Powers Dry Goods.
After an unsuccessful attempt to expand to Edina, Minnesota in 1950, Powers opened their first suburban store in St. Louis Park, Minnesota in 1955 in Knollwood Plaza. By doing so, Powers became the first downtown Minneapolis store with a suburban branch. In June 1967 it was announced that the Knollwood Plaza store would be further expanded, with an additional 40,000 square feet added to the existing store.
In August 1958 Powers disclosed they were further expanding their retail footprint in the Twin Cities by building a new stand alone 3 story store in the Highland Village area of St. Paul, Minnesota. The new store opened March 17, 1960 with 92,000 square feet of retail space, and parking for 500 cars.
Powers updated their flagship Minneapolis location in 1966 by removing the exterior fire escapes, resurfacing the exterior with textured glass, and constructing awnings and new entrances. The downtown shopping area of Minneapolis was also undergoing a renovation at this time, as the Nicollet Mall project was introduced to make Nicollet Avenue a pedestrian only area. Powers supported the plan, but objected to the assessment requiring the plan to be funded based on property land values.
During May 1971 Powers combined with Sears to purchase a 114-acre tract of land for a new mall to be built in Burnsville, Minnesota. Powers planned to construct a 130,000 square foot anchor store at the proposed mall. It was reported at this time that Powers would erect a new store in Blaine, Minnesota also. Later that same year Powers further continued their planned expansion, stating they would also be participating as an anchor in a planned mall to be later built in Eden Prairie, Minnesota by the Homart Development Company.
Powers acknowledged in 1972 they were in third place in department store operations in Minneapolis, behind Donaldson's and Dayton's, and their planned expansion of stores was designed to double their retail footprint in the Twin Cities. Powers also attributed their growth to the discontinuation of outdated departments, and targeting younger clientele. They anticipated their sales volume would be greatly increased by doubling their retail space, concentrating on middle sized stores, and continuing to plan further expansions.
The Blaine, Minnesota store opened in Northtown Mall (Blaine, Minnesota) in October 1972, becoming the fourth store in the Powers chain. The two story Northtown store reflected Powers new image, with colors and lighting that were considered current, as well as boutique areas, and a luncheonette. The Northtown Powers branch also had a budget store, which was a first for the chain in a suburban location.
Maplewood Mall in Maplewood, Minnesota began construction in May 1972, and Powers was announced as one of the three anchor stores. Powers Maplewood store became the fifth store in the chain when they opened their two-story, 135,000 square foot store in July 1974.
Eden Prairie Center was the newest area mall in the Twin Cities in 1976, and Powers opened their sixth area store there March 3, 1976. Alden Berman, retiring president of Powers at the time, admitted in March 1976 that every time a suburban mall store branch opens, it cuts into the downtown store's profit. At that time Powers ranked 7th among major retailers in the Minneapolis area, behind Dayton's, Target, Sears, Montgomery Ward, Donaldson's, and JCPenney.
The 7th Store in the Powers chain opened at Burnsville Center August 3, 1977 in Burnsville, Minnesota.
Closure
In 1985, Powers was acquired from Associated Dry Goods by The L.S. Donaldson Company (also of Minneapolis, a unit of Allied Stores Corp.). This move converted and renamed all suburban Powers stores to Donaldson's; however the downtown Minneapolis store was instead sold to a real estate firm.
In 1987, after Campeau Corp.'s buy-out of Allied Stores Corp., Donaldson's was purchased by Carson Pirie Scott & Co. of Chicago, Illinois which in turn renamed all of the Donaldson's and former Powers stores with its own name.
In 1995 Carson's sold all of their Twin Cities area locations (formerly Powers/Donaldsons) to Dayton's parent Dayton Hudson Corp., which re-opened most of them under its moderate Mervyn's chain, mostly in a move to prevent serious competition in its Twin Cities stronghold. In 2004 when Dayton's successor Marshall Field's was acquired by May Department Stores, it also agreed to buy the former Donaldson/Powers locations operated by Mervyn's, and promptly shuttered them, selling the real-estate piecemeal.
Stores
Some former Powers locations are still retail businesses today, and some have since been demolished. The store in the Highland Park neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, was converted to a Carson Pirie Scott store and ultimately razed in 1994. The St. Louis Park, Minnesota store in the Knollwood Plaza mall was razed and rebuilt, becoming a Kohl's store. Blaine, Minnesota's Northtown Mall location has seen many name changes, and as of 2020 was a Becker Furniture Outlet. The Maplewood Mall store has also seen many name changes, and is currently Macy's. Eden Prairie Center's Powers location has had many name changes, but it is currently JCPenney listed on the 2020 store closing list. The Burnsville location has had many names, but is now split with Dick's Sporting Goods and Gordman's (closing 2020). The flagship store in downtown Minneapolis was demolished, and is currently the site of luxury apartments which opened in 2014.
References
'Remembering: Powers Department Store in Highland Park' By Tom Webb, Pioneer Press, Updated: 18 July 2009
Defunct department stores based in Minnesota
History of Minneapolis
Retail companies disestablished in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers%20Dry%20Goods |
Trafalgar House was a British conglomerate with interests in property investment, property development, engineering, construction, shipping, hotels, energy and publishing. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index but eventually floundered in the mid-1990s.
History
Trafalgar House was founded by entrepreneur Nigel Broackes, whose interests in share dealing and small scale property development brought him into contact with the directors of the Eastern International Investment Trust, a small trust quoted on the London Stock Exchange. In 1959, Broackes acquired a 42 per cent holding in Eastern's property subsidiary, Eastern International Property Investments (EIPI). Two years later, Broackes formed a relationship with Commercial Union which bought shares in EIPI and prepared to act as a financial backer for new property developments. Almost immediately EIPI bought a 55 per cent stake in CU's residential property subsidiary Westminster & Kensington Freeholds, thereby acquiring control of a property portfolio of £3.3 million for an equity cost of only £550.
In 1963, Trafalgar House was floated on the London Stock Exchange with Commercial Union owning 46 per cent and Broackes 21 per cent. The existence of a public quotation enabled Trafalgar House to issue shares for acquisitions and Broackes made extensive use of that facility for the company to become a formidable international industrial and commercial undertaking. According to The Daily Telegraph, Broackes embarked on "a string of construction and engineering acquisitions which established the core of a corporate group – and which gained Broackes the reputation for being a financier with an exceptional flair for victory in the cut and thrust of business life."
An acquisition with significant long term consequences was a 49% share of Bridge Walker in 1964 (increased to full ownership in 1967). Bridge Walker had been carrying out much of Trafalgar's construction work but apart from giving Trafalgar House its own contracting experience, the deal also brought in the owner, Victor Matthews, later to become Trafalgar's group managing director. With him and Broackes working together, acquisitions became high-profile. In that same year Trafalgar House bought Ideal Homes; Ideal had been the largest private house builder before the war and was once again expanded under its new ownership. The long-established London contractor, Trollope & Colls, was acquired at the end of the year.
For twenty years Trafalgar House continued to expand, with acquisitions again playing a major role. In construction and engineering these included The Cementation Company, John Brown Engineering, Cleveland Bridge and Redpath Dorman Long. Housebuilding saw the acquisition of two top ten housebuilders, Comben Homes and Broseley Homes. Trafalgar’s property development had led to the purchase of hotels but the high-profile acquisition was of the Ritz Hotel in 1976. Trafalgar also entered fields that were far removed from its original property development and construction roots with the purchase of Cunard in 1971 and Beaverbrook's Express Newspapers in 1976. Matthews' attentions were largely focussed on Express and this was floated as a separate entity in 1982 with Matthews as chairman.
In the course of thirty years or so, Trafalgar House became a formidable international industrial and commercial undertaking. During the final few years of its existence, it was consistently tabled as the largest contracting organisation in the UK.
Divisions or operating areas
A conglomerate by nature is usually a dynamic entity and fluid in its structure and content. For the purpose of this historical perspective a general indication only is given of the scope of industries, operations and companies embraced by Trafalgar House during its existence.
Hotels
The Ritz Hotel in London, which was acquired by Trafalgar House in 1976, was later sold to David & Frederick Barclay for £75 million in 1995.
Property
In 1980 there was public outcry at the sudden destruction by Trafalgar House of the Art Deco main entrance to the former Firestone tyre factory (designed by Wallis, Gilbert & Partners, 1928–29) in Brentford, which had been torn down over the August bank holiday weekend to (legally) pre-empt and thus nullify an imminent preservation order under the listed buildings legislation. The company was due to embark on the West Cross Development, an extensive redevelopment of the large industrial site, which would have been seriously hampered by a requirement to maintain both the lengthy architectural facade of the old factory and its broad approach sightlines and boundary features.
In 1988 Trafalgar House was involved in a joint development with British Aerospace to redevelop the former Royal Small Arms Factory site at Enfield.
In 1995 it bought the bomb-damaged site of the historic Baltic Exchange building, at 30 St Mary Axe in London, which had been severely damaged when the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb nearby on 10 April 1992. The building's former owner, the Baltic Exchange, was unable to bear the costs of fully restoring the building to English Heritage's requirements and sold the site to Trafalgar House. In 1998 the site was resold, with planning permission, for £81 million to Swiss Re, who commissioned and occupied the renowned Gherkin building, designed by Foster + Partners.
Housebuilding
Trafalgar bought Ideal Homes in 1967. It had been the pre-eminent private housebuilder before the war with sales of over 5,000 houses a year but by the time of the acquisition it was building little more than 1,000 a year. New management enabled Ideal to grow again and the size of the division was increased by the acquisition of two other large housebuilders: Comben Homes in 1984 and Broseley Homes in 1986. By 1987 Ideal was again selling around 5,000 houses a year.
Shipping
Trafalgar House acquired the Cunard group of shipping and leisure companies in 1971. Cunard operated cargo and passenger ships, hotels and resorts. At that time it had forty-two cargo ships in service, with fourteen more under construction; and three passenger ships, with two more under construction. But twelve years later the cargo fleet had shrunk to eighteen, half of which were by then container ships. The size of the passenger fleet had remained constant. In 1989 Trafalgar House withdrew Cunard from the cargo shipping industry and sold off all its freighters.
Construction
In 1964, Trafalgar House bought 49 percent of Bridge Walker (increased to full ownership in 1967). At the end of the following year it bought Trollope & Colls. From then on the prime umbrella operating division, in terms of turnover and revenue, was Trafalgar House Construction; generally referred to both inside the company and within the industry as 'THC'. As the division grew in scope and stature it was responsible for more and more large international projects.
Engineering
In 1986, Trafalgar House acquired John Brown Engineering, which built industrial gas turbines and also implemented licensed processes, such as the Union Carbide Corporation Polyethylene Plant. The basic processes were engineered to fit the purchaser's requirements, including the site plan, the production capacity, the raw material feedstock, and other constraints. John Brown Engineering had been the engineering division of the shipbuilder John Brown & Company of Clydebank.
In 1989 Trafalgar House purchased a 40% shareholding in British Rail Engineering Limited. This was sold in 1992 to fellow shareholder Asea Brown Boveri.
In 1992, Trafalgar House acquired the Davy Corporation, a group of international engineering companies which also included a well-established UK wide construction division.
Decline and disposal
As the 1990 recession approached, Trafalgar continued to invest heavily: some £750 million had been invested in commercial property alone between 1988 and the first half of 1990. Moreover, interest was not being charged to the profit and loss account but capitalised, and substantial borrowings were being carried off the balance sheet. In 1991, the Financial Reporting Review Panel threatened to apply for a court order that would require Trafalgar to charge a £142.5 million reduction in asset values through the profit and loss account rather than through reserves, which eventually led to directors restating their 1992 accounts from a £112.5 million profit to a £30 million loss. Massive provisions led to a £347 million loss in 1993 and Trafalgar itself became a takeover target.
Trafalgar's far-east associates, Jardine Matheson, invested in Trafalgar House and took fifteen percent of the company: later increasing to twenty-five per cent. The vehicle used for this investment was Jardine's property subsidiary Hong Kong Land. Jardines are controlled by the Keswick family, a dynasty of Scottish origin. Simon Keswick took the chair at Trafalgar House in 1994 but the company fortunes continued to slide.
On 18 April 1996, Norwegian shipbuilding and engineering group Kværner acquired Trafalgar House plc following a £904 million offer. The acquisition provided Kvaerner with a broad-based portfolio of companies with 34,000 staff.
References
Conglomerate companies of the United Kingdom
Property companies of the United Kingdom
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Defunct companies based in London
British companies established in 1963
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom
1963 establishments in England
1996 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1996
Construction and civil engineering companies disestablished in the 20th century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar%20House%20%28company%29 |
Spies (2002) is a psychological novel by English author and dramatist Michael Frayn. It is currently studied by A-Level, and some GCSE, literature students in various schools. It is also studied by some Year 12 VCE English students in Australia.
Synopsis
Narrating in the form of a bildungsroman, an elderly man, Stefan Weitzler, reminisces about his life during the Second World War as he wanders down the now modernised London cul-de-sac that he once called home.
Now a young boy, Stephen, regularly bullied at school and bored with his home life, is informed by his best friend Keith Hayward, a snobbish and domineering neighbour, that Keith's mother is an undercover operative working for the Germans. As the two boys spy on Mrs. Hayward from a hiding place in the hedges, they notice her unusual daily routine: leaving Keith's house with a picnic basket full of food, tapping on the window of Auntie Dee (Mrs. Hayward's sister, next-door-neighbour and best friend, whose husband, Uncle Peter, is away in the RAF), and walking through to the end of the cul-de-sac where she disappears into the nearby town. When the boys follow her, they cannot find her in any of the shops; and when they get back to their hiding place, Mrs. Hayward is already ahead of them, walking back into Keith's house.
When snooping in Keith's mother's room, they find her diary which contains a small 'x' marked on a day of every month (in reference to her menstrual cycle). The boys' naïveté leads them to believe that 'x' is another secret agent that Mrs. Hayward has meetings with each month. One day, the boys realise that Keith's mother does not turn left into the town every day, but instead turns right into a grimy tunnel that leads to a disused field. Later that night, Stephen goes through the tunnel and finds a box in the field that contains a pack of cigarettes. When Keith opens the packet, a slip of paper pops out with a single letter written on it: X. Another night, Stephen sneaks out to the tunnel and goes to the box once again; this time some clean clothes are inside. As he is looking through them, somebody appears behind him. Stephen is too scared to turn around and holds his breath hoping that he isn't noticed. Still holding a sock, Stephen runs away as soon as he cannot hear the sound of breathing behind him. His family are outside looking for him and are furious.
The next day, when Keith is doing homework, Mrs. Hayward visits Stephen in his hiding place in the bushes and tells him that she knows he is following her, and that he should stop now before he gets hurt. Despite this, Stephen shows Keith the sock, not telling him about Mrs. Hayward's warnings, and says that they need to uncover the truth before Keith's mother's next meeting with 'x'.
The next day, the boys revisit the field where they find the box empty. A few feet ahead of them they see something hiding under an iron sheet – a vagabond. Keith and Stephen take bars and smash at the sheet until finally realising they may have killed the vagabond. They run and bump into Keith's mother in the tunnel. She holds back Stephen and tells him since he is not going to stop spying on her, he will have to do her favours for the man in the field. Stephen realises that Mrs. Hayward is not a German spy, but in fact helping the vagabond whom she has taken under her care.
Stephen discovers the tramp is dying while taking eggs and milk to him, and is asked to give a silk map to Mrs. Hayward to show the man's love for her. However, Stephen is too scared to do so and later that night sees the police taking him away on a stretcher, his face badly mutilated after being hit by a train. Fifty years later, Stephen ties up the loose ends, explaining that the vagabond was in fact Uncle Peter who had gone AWOL and was carrying out an affair with Keith's mother while dying from war wounds. As well as this, it turns out that there was a German spy living in the cul-de-sac: Stephen's father, although he was actually working for the British.
A subplot is also included in the novel, where Stephen finds comfort in Barbara Berrill – a girl Stephen's age living in his neighbourhood – who is used as a plot device for revealing very important information that helps Stephen understand the mysteries he is uncovering. Barbara is also an important part of Stephen's transition from the childish world that he shared with Keith to the adult world, filled with complications but also understanding.
Characters
Stephen Wheatley – A shy boy who finds himself drawn into Keith's games and is a frequent target of school bullies. The book hints at that Stephen suffers from OCD, and seems to be sexually attracted to Barbara.
Geoff Wheatley – Stephen's older brother.
Keith Hayward – A snobbish, domineering child with a worryingly vicious streak, possibly inspired by the cruelty his father bestows upon him whenever he misbehaves. His inherent snobbery has alienated most other children and his parents seem to largely ignore him, so in a sense he relies on Stephen for companionship, although he frequently condescends to and mistreats him.
Mrs. Hayward – A mysterious character, implied as being very attractive. She vanishes for various amounts of time throughout the day for no apparent reason, leading her son to believe that she may be an undercover operative. She has a distant relationship with her husband and seems vaguely scared of him.
Mr. Hayward – A deeply introverted man, who spends most of his time in his shed working on various mechanical projects. He mostly ignores Keith, and only acknowledges Stephen's existence when it is apparent that he knows something he should not. He has a peculiar hold on his wife and is subtly conveyed as quite a nasty, mean-spirited individual. His anger at being unable to fight in the war like the rest of the men is channelled into a very calm (but all the more threatening) persona.
Barbara Berrill – A school peer of Keith and Stephen, who shows an interest in Stephen and occasionally accompanies him on his adventures. She often appears bossy and annoys Stephen, although it appears that he may have a slight crush on her. Barbara serves as a plot device for revealing important information at certain times during the novel.
Deirdre Berrill - Barbara's older sister who "meets up" with Geoff.
Auntie Dee – Mrs. Hayward's sister, whom she sees every day. Described as very bubbly and a frequent smiler.
Uncle Peter – Auntie Dee's husband, a handsome young man currently fighting abroad. He has garnered a reputation as a war hero.
Milly - The baby daughter of Dee and Peter.
Critical reactions
Spies was well-received by the literary community, with many critics praising Frayn for his creative and original approach. Once published, Spies went on to win the 2002 Whitbread Novel of the year for achievement in literary excellence, and the 2002 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for comic literature.
See also
Michael Frayn
Footnotes
Further reading
Spies (York Notes Advanced) by Anne Rooney (London: York Press, 2007)
2002 British novels
English novels
Novels by Michael Frayn
Costa Book Award-winning works
British bildungsromans
Novels set during World War II
Novels set in London
Faber and Faber books
Psychological novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spies%20%28novel%29 |
Unnecessary Fuss is a film produced by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvania's Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia. The raw footage was recorded by the laboratory researchers as they inflicted brain damage to baboons using a hydraulic device. The experiments were conducted as part of a research project into head injuries such as is caused in vehicle accidents.
Sixty hours of audio and video tapes were stolen from the laboratory on May 28, 1984, by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), described in their press release as the "Watergate tapes of the animal rights movement". ALF handed the tapes over to PETA. The footage was edited down to 26 minutes by Alex Pacheco and narrated by Ingrid Newkirk, then distributed to the media and Congress. Charles McCarthy, director of the Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR), wrote that the film had "grossly overstated the deficiencies in the Head Injury Clinic", but that the OPRR had found serious violations of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Due to the publicity and the results of several investigations and reports, the lab was closed.
The title of the film comes from a statement made to The Globe and Mail by the head of the clinic, neurosurgeon Thomas Gennarelli, before the raid. He declined to describe his research to the newspaper because, he said, it had "the potential to stir up all sorts of unnecessary fuss."
Contents of the film
The film shows at least one sedated but not anesthetized baboon with his wrists and ankles tied, strapped to table, his head secured with dental stone inside a helmet. A hydraulic device slams the baboon's head, intended to simulate whiplash. After one such injury is sustained, the helmet seems stuck and two researchers use a hammer and screwdriver to dislodge the helmet; a researcher is heard to say "Push!", grunts, then "It's a boy!" as the helmet finally comes loose. One sequence shows that a baboon's ear has been damaged as the helmet is removed: "... like I left a little bit of the ear behind." The footage shows researchers performing electrocautery on an inadequately sedated baboon, smoking cigarettes and pipes during surgery, laughing, and playing loud music. A researcher is seen holding a brain-injured baboon up to the camera, while others speak to the animal: "Don't be shy now, sir, nothing to be afraid of". While one baboon was strapped and waiting in the hydraulic device, the photographer pans to a brain-damaged baboon strapped into a high chair in another corner of the room as he says "Cheerleading in the corner, we have B-10. B-10 wishes his counterpart well. As you can see, B-10 is still alive. B-10 is hoping for a good result".
Distribution, reception, result
The film was distributed to major newspapers and new agencies, as well as Congress. The broad distribution and the piteous images in the film stirred public outrage. Journalist Deborah Blum wrote "It is difficult to put into words just how ugly that brief movie is."
The university's president halted its use of animals in experiments in response to a preliminary report by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, Margaret Heckler, after reading the same preliminary report, and after a four-day sit-in by animal rights activists at NIH, ordered the suspension of the annual $1 million NIH grant supporting the baboon research.
Several investigations and favorable assessments of the research have taken place. The NIH report and a university report were delayed because the activists refused to release the tapes for a year. The university report concurred with the NIH reviewers about the scientific merit of the head injury research, while delineating items where there were violations. It was noted in the report that since the raid and resulting media exposure, many of the concerns had already been addressed within the university. But in the end, the research lab was shut down.
The biomedical research community expressed its concerns that the government capitulating to activists would put other research at risk of attack by direct action.
OPRR investigation
An investigation was conducted by 18 veterinarians from the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, commissioned by the Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR). Charles R. McCarthy, director of the OPRR at the time, wrote that "[d]espite the fact that Unnecessary Fuss grossly overstated the deficiencies in the Head Injury Clinic, OPRR found many extraordinarily serious violations of the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals ... Furthermore, OPRR found deficiencies in the procedures for care of animals in many other laboratories operated under the auspices of the university."
The violations included that the depth of anesthetic coma was questionable; that most of the animals were not seen by a veterinarian either before or after surgery; survival surgical techniques were not carried out in the required aseptic manner; that the operating theater was not properly cleaned; and that smoking was allowed in the operating theater despite the presence of oxygen tanks.
When PETA made its 26-minute film available, the OPRR initially refused to investigate because the film had been edited from 60 hours of videotape. For over a year PETA refused to release the original footage. When they eventually handed over the unedited material, the OPRR discovered that the footage of the brain damage being inflicted involved just one baboon out of the 150 who had received the whiplash injuries, but the film had given the impression that the brain-damage scenes involved several animals.
The OPRR also found deficiencies in other laboratories operated by the university. The university's chief veterinarian was fired, new training programs were initiated, and the university was placed on probation, with quarterly progress reports to OPRR required.
Notes
References
External links
1984 films
1984 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about animal rights
Anti-modernist films
Animal cruelty incidents
Animal cruelty incidents in film
Animal testing in the United States
Anti-vivisection movement
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnecessary%20Fuss |
Benjamin Lauth (born 4 August 1981) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is most commonly known for his two spells at TSV 1860 Munich.
At international level, he represented Germany at under-18 and under-21 youth levels. Playing for the senior national team, he earned five caps scoring three goals.
Club career
1860 Munich
Born in Hausham, Bavaria, Lauth began his career with TSV 1860 Munich in 1992, where he had played in his youth years. He gradually established himself as their leading striker. In 2002, he scored the German Goal of the Year with a bicycle kick.
Hamburger SV
In 2004, 1860 Munich was relegated, and he moved to Hamburger SV. However, his progress was hampered by a string of nagging injuries, limiting him to only ten appearances in the 2004–05 season. However, he regained his form and earned himself a starting place in the HSV attack for much of the 2005–06 season.
VfB Stuttgart (loan)
On 25 January 2007, Lauth was loaned to VfB Stuttgart, playing his first Bundesliga game against Arminia Bielefeld on 30 January. That season Stuttgart went on to win the Bundesliga, earning Lauth a medal.
Hannover 96
On 3 July 2007, he moved to Hannover 96. At Hannover he played the last 21 of his 140 German top-flight matches.
Return to 1860 Munich
In July 2008, he returned to 1860 Munich.
In December 2012, the German Football Association suspended Lauth for four matches after ruling he had elbowed Marcel Reichwein of VfR Aalen in a 1–1 draw on 30 November.
In April 2014, 1860 Munich decided not to renew his contract. His final goal came against VfL Bochum on 4 May 2014.
In September 2015, Lauth announced his retirement.
International career
Lauth scored one goal in one appearance for the Germany under-18 youth team. For the Germany under-21s, he scored four goals in eight matches.
He made his senior international debut for Germany on 16 December 2002, in a charity match between the national team and a selection of foreign players of the Bundesliga. He scored twice in the 4–2 win. In total, he earned five caps but did not score for "the Mannschaft".
Personal life
Lauth is subject of the song Lauth anhören (a pun of laut anhören, listen loudly) by Sportfreunde Stiller, who are avid Bavarian football fans. Lauth was talented for tennis and skiing, at a young age he was offered the opportunity to go the young German academy for skiing.
Career statistics
Honours
Hamburger SV
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005
VfB Stuttgart
Bundesliga: 2006–07
DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2006–07
Ferencváros
Hungarian Cup: 2014–15
Hungarian League Cup: 2014–15
Individual
Goal of the Year (Germany): 2002
References
External links
1981 births
People from Miesbach (district)
Footballers from Upper Bavaria
Living people
Men's association football forwards
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
TSV 1860 Munich players
TSV 1860 Munich II players
Hamburger SV players
VfB Stuttgart players
Hannover 96 players
Ferencvárosi TC footballers
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
German expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
German expatriate sportspeople in Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Lauth |
Aggersborg is the largest of Denmark's former Viking ring fortress, and one of the largest archaeological sites in Denmark. It is located near Aggersund on the north side of the Limfjord. It consists of a circular rampart surrounded by a ditch. Four main roads arranged in a cross connects the fortress center with the rampart's outer ring. The roads were tunneled under the outer rampart, leaving the circular structure intact.
The location was originally the site of an Iron Age village which was removed during the 10th century to allow for the construction of the ring fortress. The fortress itself was likely constructed c. 980, and was later abandoned. Although the exact purpose of the fortress is unknown, the location is of significant strategic importance, as it overlooks a narrow strait of the Limfjord.
Many archaeological excavations have been conducted on the site, revealing its original structure and design. These excavations also uncovered a large number of artefacts from the Iron Age and Viking Age. The surface of the site as it exists today is a reconstruction.
History
Dating the structure has proven difficult, because it was the site of an Iron Age village before the construction of the ring fortress. Archaeological finds suggest that this village was settled during the late 8th century. It was destroyed during the 10th century, and the grounds were cleared for the construction of the fortress. The ring fortress itself is believed to have been constructed around 980 during the reign of king Harold Bluetooth and/or Sweyn Forkbeard. Five of the six ring fortresses in historical Denmark have been dated to this era. The exact purpose of the fortress remains uncertain. Some historians have argued that the fortress' primary function was as a barracks or training grounds in connection with Sweyn Forkbeard's armies, which conquered England in the early 1000s. This theory has been disproven by dendrochronological dating of the site. It is more likely that Aggersborg and the other Viking ring fortresses were intended as defensive strongholds along strategic trade points and/or administrative outposts of the budding state.
Aggersborg location was of strategic importance, as it was protected but also easily accessible by ship. Both ends of the Limfjord were open waterways when the fortress was constructed and the fjord constituted an important sailing route from the North Sea to the Kattegat. Although the waterway was open, it is speculated that ships had to portage on land past Løgstørgrunde. The portion of the fjord that Aggersborg is located is relatively narrow and was one of the three ancient crossings of the Hærvejen (army road) across the Limfjord. The two other crossings existed to the north of Farstrup, and near Lindholm Høje in Ålborg, respectively.
The structure of the ring fortress was completed within one or two years, and only used for a short period of time; between five and twenty years. The ring fortress had an inner diameter of 240 metres. The ditch was located eight metres outside of the rampart, and was approximately 1.3 metres deep. The wall is believed to have been four metres tall. The rampart was constructed of soil and turf, reinforced and clad with oak wood. The rampart formed the basis for a wooden parapet. Smaller streets were located within the four main sections of the fortress. Today, the fortress is approximately 10 meters above sea-level, and 350 meters from the coastline. It is believed the coastline and sea-level at the site had changed over time, as the strait was once much wider, reaching closer to the fortress itself. The modern Aggersborg is a reconstruction created in the 1990s. It is lower than the original fortress.
Archaeological remains
Several archaeological excavations have been carried out at the site since the 20th century. The National Museum of Denmark conducted significant excavations of the cite between 1945 and 1954. In 1970 and again in 1990, additional trenches were studied. Together, these excavations recovered more than 30,000 artefacts and many animal remains. They covered approximately 13,000 m2 of the site's total area and recorded some 19,500 individual features. The large number of archaeological finds discovered on the site include many imported luxury items. Examples include beads of mountain crystal and pieces of glass jars. A damaged golden ring has been discovered on the site as well; a replica is displayed in the Aggersborg museum.
Excavations have also uncovered artefacts from the Iron Age village which predated the ring fortress at the site. These artefacts include a variety of common household objects: pottery, iron tools and weapons, jewellery, and coins. Very few traces of specialised craft were uncovered, e.g. evidence of metalworking or refuse from bone-working. These artefacts also included a number of objects of import, primarily from Norway, but also western Europe and the British Isles. Based on these objects, the village was likely settled in the late 8th century and demolished during the 10th century. After the fortress which replaced it was abandoned, the village was not resettled, though artefacts from the period which immediately followed have been found in areas near the site.
The site's ring fortress structure is typified by its earthen rampart and its carefully aligned circular design, comprising wooded structures and buildings which are arranged into courtyards. Archaeologists have estimated that the ring fortress could hold a 5,000-man garrison, located in 48 longhouses. Twelve longhouses were located in each quadrant, all located on a north-south or west-east axis. No remains of the actual houses exist, but proof of the location of the walls has been found. The individual houses are believed to have been similar to the form seen on the Camnin chest, a house-shaped reliquary, as well as on house-shaped tombstones in England. The houses had curved roofs and curved sides, similar to the form of a ship; 32.5 metres long and 8.5 metres across. They were divided in a long inner hall, around 19 metres long, with smaller rooms at the end. It is estimated that construction of a single Aggersborg house required 66 large oak trees. The entire structure, housing included, is estimated to have used 5,000 large oaks.
Gallery
References
Inline citations
Viking ring fortresses
Forts in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Vesthimmerland Municipality
Archaeological sites in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggersborg |
The Adishi Gospels (Adishi Four Gospels) () is an important early medieval Gospel Book from Georgia.
The oldest dated extant manuscript of the Georgian version of the Gospels, it was created by Mikaeli at Shatberdi Monastery in the southwestern Georgian princedom of Klarjeti (located now in northeastern Turkey) in AD 897, and later removed thence to be preserved in the remote village of Adishi in highland Svaneti. The first five folios (30 x 25 cm) of the manuscript are illuminated.
The manuscript was first published, in 1916, by the prominent Georgian scholar Ekvtime Takaishvili. It has been extensively studied by both Georgian and international scholars (e.g., Robert Pierpont Blake of Harvard University). The manuscript is now preserved in the Mestia Ethnographic Museum, Georgia.
Text
It lacks text of Christ's agony at Gethsemane (Luke 22:43–44), and pericope of the adulteress (John 7:53-8:11), Longer Ending of Mark (Mark 16:9–20), the tradition of an angel who stirred the waters at the Pool of Bethesda (John 5:4), necessity for praying to Jesus (John 14:14), parable of two men in the field (Luke 17:36), Jesus' remark about his listeners (Mark 7:16), Jesus' speech about cutting sinful feet (Mark 9:44, 46), and Jesus' advice to forgive sins to others (Mark 11:26), Jesus' remark about people who do not go without prayer or fasting (Matthew 17:21), and one of Jesus' condemnatory sentences towards Scribes and Pharisees (Matthew 23:14); Thus providing the only (but earliest) Georgian witness for the omission of these passages.
The gospel also has some interesting variants. For example, in both Matthew 19:24 and Mark 10:25 the text reads "rope" instead of traditional "camel".
See also
Vani Gospels
References and further reading
Blake, Robert P. The Old Georgian Version of the Gospel of Matthew from the Adysh Gospels with the Variants of the Opiza and Tbet` Gospels. Edited with a Latin Translation [1933] (patrologia orientalis, 24/1). Turnhout: Brepols, 1976, 167 p.
David Marshall Lang, Recent Work on the Georgian New Testament. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1957), pp. 82–93
Akaki Shanidze, Two Old Recensions of the Georgian Gospels according to Three Shatberd Manuscripts (AD 897, 936, and 973) [in Georgian]; (Monuments of the Old Georgian Language, ii. Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences, 1945), p. 062.
External links
Georgian manuscripts
Text of the Gospels
Gospel Books
Art of Georgia (country)
897
9th-century biblical manuscripts
9th century in Georgia (country)
9th-century illuminated manuscripts
Georgian manuscripts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adysh%20Gospels |
The Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment or VCCI is the Japanese body governing RF emissions (i.e. electromagnetic interference) standards.
It was formed in December 1985.
The VCCI mark of conformance also appears on some electrical equipment sold outside Japan.
External links
VCCI English-language website
Certification marks
Electromagnetic compatibility | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary%20Control%20Council%20for%20Interference%20by%20Information%20Technology%20Equipment |
The is a national expressway in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is owned and operated by East Nippon Expressway Company.
Naming
Tateyama refers to the city of the same name on the Bōsō Peninsula, a major city in the region. Though the Tateyama Expressway does not actually reach the city proper, its extension the Futtsu Tateyama Road terminates at a point just beyond the city boundary in Minamibōsō City.
Officially the expressway is referred to as the Higashi-Kantō Expressway Tateyama Route and the Higashi-Kantō Expressway Chiba Futtsu Route.
Overview
Together with the Keiyō Road and Futtsu Tateyama Road, the expressway forms a link connecting the greater Tokyo area with southern Chiba Prefecture. The expressway has a junction with the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, creating the only direct road link connecting Chiba and Kanagawa Prefectures.
The first section of the expressway was opened to traffic in 1995 and the entire route was completed in 2007. The section from Kimitsu Interchange to Futtsu-Takeoka Interchange is 2 lanes, while the remainder is 4 lanes.
List of interchanges and features
IC - interchange, JCT - junction, SA - service area, PA - parking area, BS - bus stop, TN - tunnel, BR - bridge, TB - toll gate
Main Route
Kisarazu-minami Branch Route
References
External links
East Nippon Expressway Company
Expressways in Japan
Roads in Chiba Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama%20Expressway |
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