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The Stad Linité (official name) is a multi-use stadium in Victoria, Seychelles. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 10,000 and was built in 1992. The stadium plays host also to most of the home games of the Seychelles national football team. The stadium received in February 2007 an artificial turf pitch 3rd generation, One Star field test, by FIFA's development programme "win in Africa with Africa".
References
External links
Cafe.daum.net/stade – Stadium Pictures
Frank Jasperneite profile
Football venues in Seychelles
Athletics (track and field) venues in Seychelles
Seychelles
Victoria, Seychelles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20Linit%C3%A9 |
This is an incomplete list of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom in 1962. This listing includes the complete, 74 items, "Partial Dataset" as listed on www.legislation.gov.uk (as at September 2017).
Statutory Instruments
1-499
The Overseas Service Superannuation (Amendment) Order, 1962 SI 1962/44
The Superannuation (National Fire Service and Fire Brigades) Transfer Rules, 1962 SI 1962/109
The Superannuation (Transfer of Hostels Staff) Rules, 1962 SI 2962/158
The Visiting Forces Act (Application to the Isle of Man) Order 1962 SI 1962/170
The Commonwealth Telegraphs (Cable and Wireless Ltd. Pension) Regulations, 1962 SI 1962/196
The Construction (General Provisions) Reports Order, 1962 SI 1962/224
The Construction (Lifting Operations) Reports Order, 1962 SI 1962/225
The Construction (Lifting Operations) Prescribed Particulars Order, 1962 SI 1962/226
The London Cab Order, 1962 SI 1962/289
The Deeds of Arrangement (Amendment) Rules 1962 SI 1962/297 (L. 5)
The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Boundaries) Order in Council, 1962 SI 1962/396
The Statutory Orders (Special Procedure) Order, 1962 SI 1962/409
500-999
The British Wool Marketing Scheme (Amendment) Order, 1962 SI 1962/622
The Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (Norway) Order 1962 SI 1962/636
The Consular Conventions (Income Tax) (Spanish State) Order 1962 SI 1962/638
The Evidence (Barbados) Order 1962 SI 1962/641
The Evidence (Hong Kong) Order 1962 SI 1962/642
The Evidence (Jamaica) Order 1962 SI 1962/643
The Evidence (Montserrat) Order 1962 SI 1962/644
The Trustee Investments (Additional Powers) Order, 1962 SI 1962/658
The Housing (Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/668
The Exchange of Securities Rules 1962 SI 1962/868
The British Transport Commission Group Pension Funds Regulations, 1962 SI 1962/898
The Exchange of Securities (No.2) Rules 1962 SI 1962/906
The Trunk Roads (40 m.p.h. Speed Limit Direction) (No.27) Order 1962 S.I. 1962/973
1000-1499
The Cambridge Waterworks Order, 1962 SI 1962/1030
The Exchange of Securities (No.3) Rules 1962 SI 1962/1219
The Food and Drugs (Legal Proceedings) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/1287
The Exempt Charities Order 1962 SI 1962/1343
1500-1999
The Exchange of Securities (Consolidation) Rules 1962 SI 1962/1562
The Visiting Forces Act (Application to Colonies) (Amendment) Order 1962 SI 1962/1638
The Visiting Forces (Designation) (Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia) Order 1962 SI 1962/1639
Non-ferrous Metals (Melting and Founding) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/1667
The Opencast Coal (Notice of Work) (Amendment) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/1696
The Land Drainage (General) (Amendment) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/1734
The River Taw Mussel Fishery Order 1962 SI 1962/1751
The Transport Act 1962 (Commencement No.1) Order 1962 SI 1962/1788
Nationalised Transport (London Fares) Order 1962 (1) SI 1962/1880
2000-2499
The Cambridge Waterworks (No. 2) Order 1962 SI 1962/2130
The Exchange of Securities (No.4) Rules 1962 SI 1962/2140
The Exchange of Securities (No.5) Rules 1962 SI 1962/2167
The Copyright (Virgin Islands) Order 1962 SI 1962/2185
Transport Holding Company (Procedure) Order 1962 (1) SI 1962/2281
The Evidence by Certificate Rules 1962 SI 1962/2319
The Control of Dogs on Roads Orders (Procedure) (England and Wales) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/2340
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (South Africa) Order 1962 SI 1962/2352
The Sheriffs' Fees (Amendment) Order 1962 SI 1962/2417
The Post-War Credit (Income Tax) Amendment Regulations, 1962 SI 1962/2455
The Exchange of Securities (No.6) Rules 1962 SI 1962/2486
2500-2877
The Veterinary Surgery (Exemptions) Order 1962 SI 1962/2557
The Evidence (British Antarctic Territory) Order 1962 SI 1962/2605
The Evidence (Certain Provinces of Canada) Order 1962 SI 1962/2606
The Evidence (Falkland Islands) Order 1962 SI 1962/2607
The Evidence (Seychelles) Order 1962 SI 1962/2608
The Evidence (Sierra Leone) Order 1962 SI 1962/2609
The Trustee Investments (Additional Powers) (No.2) Order, 1962 SI 1962/2611
The Transport Act 1962 (Vesting Date) Order 1962 SI 1962/2634
The Radioactive Substances (Fire Detectors) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2640
The Radioactive Substances (Civil Defence) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2641
The Radioactive Substances (Electronic Valves) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2642
The Radioactive Substances (Testing Instruments) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2643
The Radioactive Substances (Luminous Articles) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2644
The Radioactive Substances (Exhibitions) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2645
The Radioactive Substances (Storage in Transit) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2646
The Radioactive Substances (Phosphatic Substances, Rare Earths etc.) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2648
The Radioactive Substances (Lead) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2649
London Transport (Consent Procedure) Regulations 1962 (1) SI 1962/2707
The Radioactive Substances (Uranium and Thorium) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2710
The Radioactive Substances (Prepared Uranium and Thorium Compounds) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2711
The Radioactive Substances (Geological Specimens) Exemption Order 1962 SI 1962/2712
The British Transport Reorganisation (Pensions of Employees) (No.1) Order 1962 SI 1962/2714
The British Transport Reorganisation (Pensions of Employees) (No.2) Order 1962 SI 1962/2715
The National Insurance (Modification of the Police Pensions Act 1948) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/2755
The British Transport Reorganisation (Pensions of Employees) (No.3) Order 1962 SI 1962/2758
The Double Taxation Relief (Taxes on Income) (South West Africa) Order 1962 SI 1962/2788
The Pipe-lines Act 1962 (Commencement) Order 1962 SI 1962/2790
The British Transport Reorganisation (Pensions of Employees) (No.4) Order 1962 SI 1962/2793
The British Transport Reorganisation (Compensation to Employees) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/2834
The Redistribution of Business (Revenue paper) Order 1962 SI 1962/2877
Unreferenced Listings
The following 12 items were previously listed on this article, however are unreferenced on the authorities site, included here for a "no loss" approach.
Post Office Register (Trustee Savings Banks) (Amendment) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/112
Sandwith Anhydrite Mine (Lighting) Special Regulations 1962 SI 1962/192
Thistleton Mine Special Regulations 1962 SI 1962/364
Sheffield Water (Regrouping) Order 1962 SI 1962/478
Rotherham Corporation Water Order 1962 SI 1962/485
Tendring Hundred Water (No. 2) Order 1962 SI 1962/761
Sheffield (Amendment of Local Enactment) Order 1962 SI 1962/1249
Force Crag Mine (Storage Battery Locomotives) Special Regulations 1962 SI 1962/1501
Doncaster and District Joint Water Board Order 1962 SI 1962/1924
Jamaica (Constitution) Order in Council 1962 SI 1962/1500
Several and Regulated Fisheries (Form of Application) Regulations 1962 SI 1962/2158
Barnsley Water (Penistone Boreholes) Order 1962 SI 1962/2873
References
External links
Legislation.gov.uk delivered by the UK National Archive
UK SI's on legislation.gov.uk
UK Draft SI's on legislation.gov.uk
See also
List of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
Statutory Instruments
Lists of Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Instruments%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%2C%201962 |
Beast over Hammersmith is a live album by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 4 November 2002. Recorded 20 years previously, during The Beast on the Road tour at the Hammersmith Odeon, the footage was specially co-produced and mixed by Steve Harris and Doug Hall to be a part of the Eddie's Archive box set. Even though this album contains material from The Number of the Beast, it was actually recorded two days prior to its release, although "Run to the Hills" had already been released as a single. The album became officially available for the very first time on vinyl as part of the Number of the Beast 40th anniversary special edition on 18 November 2022.
An abridged video version of the concert is included on the first disc of the 2004 DVD, The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days. Intended to be released on VHS around the time of its recording, the band withheld the footage as they were unhappy with its visual quality due to lighting difficulties during the show.
Track listing
Credits
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
Iron Maiden
Dave Murray – guitar
Bruce Dickinson – vocals
Clive Burr – drums
Steve Harris – bass guitar, co-producer
Adrian Smith – guitar
Production
Doug Hall – co-producer, mixing, engineering
Nick Watson – mastering
Derek Riggs – programme design (cover illustration)
Ross Halfin – photography
Piergiorgio Brunelli – photography
G. Schafer – photography
Toshi Yajima – photography
Andre Csillag – photography
Paul Bertie – photography
Rod Smallwood – photography
Charts
References
Iron Maiden live albums
2002 live albums
EMI Records live albums
Live heavy metal albums
Albums recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo
no:Eddie's Archive#Beast over Hammersmith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast%20over%20Hammersmith |
Report Definition Language (RDL) is a standard proposed by Microsoft for defining reports.
RDL is an XML application primarily used with Microsoft SQL Server Reporting Services. RDL is usually written using Visual Studio, although there are also third-party tools; it may also be created or edited by hand in a text editor. SQL Server Reporting Services or other 3rd party reporting frameworks use RDL to define charts, graphs, calculations, text, images (through links) and other report objects and render them in a variety of formats.
There are three high-level sections in a typical RDL file:
Page style - The objects to display including fields, images, graphs, tables.
Field definitions - The extended attributes of fields which are populated with formulas, dynamic data, or Database derived data.
Parameters and Database connections - Parameters that may be furnished by the user or passed in from another application; and database connections and queries for pulling data into the report.
References
External links
Report Definition Language Specification
XML-based standards
Microsoft database software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report%20Definition%20Language |
Ghazi Stadium (; ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in eastern Kabul, Afghanistan, which is mainly used for association football matches. It is sometimes called by other names such as the Afghan Football Federation Stadium. It was built during the reign of King Amanullah Khan in 1923, who is regarded as Ghazi (Hero) for the Afghan victory in the Third Anglo-Afghan War and gaining independence for his nation after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919. The stadium has capacity to house 25,000 people after the installation of seats.
The Ghazi Stadium was renovated in 2011 after the entire ground was removed and replaced with new soil and artificial turf placed on top. The stadium now holds bigger sporting events.
Events
The first international match played inside Ghazi Stadium was a football (soccer) match between Afghanistan and Iran on January 1, 1941, the game was a draw with neither team scoring. In 1963, American musician Duke Ellington held a concert here as part of his tour sponsored by the US State Department.
During the late 1990s the stadium was used as a venue for public executions by the Taliban government.
The stadium is currently used mostly for football matches between teams from different provinces of the country as well as international matches.
The stadium has also housed training facilities for the country's national women's boxing team, as documented in the film The Boxing Girls of Kabul.
Upgrade
On December 15, 2011, the Afghanistan National Olympic Committee celebrated the re-opening of the newly renovated Ghazi in Kabul. Hosted by the Afghan Olympic Committee, the event was attended by U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker, Afghan Olympic President Lieutenant General Mohammad Zaher Aghbar, and Commander of International Security Assistance Force Afghanistan General John R. Allen.
The event, which also included nearly 5,000 spectators, featured a parade of athletes on the track, opening remarks, a ribbon cutting, and two abbreviated football matches involving both men's and women's football teams. The upgraded playing field will be FIFA certified allowing for future matches to be internationally sanctioned.
See also
Afghanistan Football Federation Stadium which opened in 2012 and has a capacity of 5,000
References
External links
Football venues in Afghanistan
Athletics (track and field) venues in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Sport in Kabul
Multi-purpose stadiums
1923 establishments in Afghanistan
Sports venues completed in 1923
Execution sites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi%20Stadium |
The Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. It served as the home ground for the Azerbaijan national football team until they moved to the Baku Olympic Stadium. It holds 31,200 seats making it the second largest stadium in the country. The stadium is also used by the Azerbaijan Premier League clubs in the final rounds of European competitions.
History
The Tofiq Bahramov Republican Stadium was built in 1951. Its construction started before World War II in 1939, but was suspended. When its construction resumed, it was finished by German prisoners of war. Initially the stadium was named after Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) and built in form of C (Cyrillic: Cтaлин). After the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 it was renamed after Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) as a part of de-Stalinization. In 1993, the stadium was named after the famous football referee Tofiq Bahramov (1925–1993) who died in the same year.
In 2011, the Presidential Reserve Fund of the State Budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 allocated $10 million for capital repairs and reconstruction of the stadium as it could be used as potential venue for Eurovision Song Contest 2012. During a reconstruction process, the number of seats were increased from 29870 to 31200 and the grass cover football stadium was properly renewed according to FİFA standards. In addition, the projectors which were used to light the stadium were also renewed with innovative and modern technologies. President Ilham Aliyev attended the opening of the Tofig Bahramov Republican Stadium after major overhaul and reconstruction on 16 August 2012.
The stadium was one of the venues for the group stages of the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. One Group A match, a semi-final and the final were played there.
Events
The athletics competitions of the European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) was held at the stadium between July 22 and 27, 2019.
The stadium also hosted archery at 2015 European Games.
Aside from sporting uses, several concerts have been played at Tofiq Bahramov, with such big names as Shakira, Elton John, Jennifer Lopez and Tarkan playing.
Concerts
Gallery
See also
List of football stadiums in Azerbaijan
Baku Olympic Stadium
Tofiq Bahramov
References
Football venues in Baku
Athletics (track and field) venues in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Football venues in the Soviet Union
Athletics (track and field) venues in the Soviet Union
Sports venues completed in 1951
Neftçi PFK
Multi-purpose stadiums in Azerbaijan
2015 European Games venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofiq%20Bahramov%20Republican%20Stadium |
FBG may refer to:
Fiber Bragg grating
Finnish Border Guard
Fredericksburg station, Amtrak code FBG
Simmons Army Airfield, North Carolina, US | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBG |
The 2001 World Conference against Racism (WCAR), also known as Durban I, was held at the Durban International Convention Centre in Durban, South Africa, under UN auspices, from 31 August to 8 September 2001.
The conference covered several controversial issues, including redress for transatlantic slavery and the second-class citizenry issue in Palestine-Israel. The language of the final Declaration and Programme of Action produced by the conference was strongly disputed in these areas, both in the preparatory meetings in the months that preceded the conference and during the conference itself.
Two delegations, the United States and Israel, withdrew from the conference over objections to a draft document equating Zionism with racism. The final Declaration and Programme of Action did not contain the text that the U.S. and Israel had objected to, that text having been voted out by delegates in the days after the U.S. and Israel withdrew.
In parallel to the conference, a separately held NGO Forum also produced a Declaration and Programme of its own, that was not an official Conference document, which contained language relating to Israel that the WCAR had voted to exclude from its Declaration, and which was criticized by then United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson and many others.
The NGO Forum ended in discord. Mary Robinson lost the support of the United States in her office of High Commissioner, and many of the potential political aftereffects of the conference were annulled by the September 11, 2001 attacks. The attacks took place just three days after the conference ended, entirely eclipsing it in the news, and significantly affecting international relations and politics. The conference was followed by the 2009 Durban II conference in Geneva, which was boycotted by ten Western countries. A commemorative Durban III conference in September 2011 in New York has also drawn significant criticism and was boycotted by 14 Western countries.
Preparations
The conference was authorized by United Nations General Assembly Resolution #52/111. Prior to the conference various preparatory meetings (PrepComs) were held in order to identify conference themes and to create initial drafts of the Declaration and Programme of Action. These PrepComs encountered difficulties from the start.
The first problem was the question of what the conference theme was to be. The Western European states, along with the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, all wanted the conference objectives to be those given in the authorizing resolution. The Africa Group, the Latin American states, and the Caribbean states wanted the conference objectives to go beyond what was in the resolution, and include items dealing with regional, national, and international measures for compensation for colonialism and slavery.
Prior to the conference, there were also four Regional Conferences, in Strasbourg, Santiago, Dakar, and Tehran.
The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action
The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action were adopted by the governmental delegates attending the Conference at the International Convention Centre.
Compensation for colonialism and slavery
The issue of compensation for colonialism and slavery is addressed in ¶ 13, ¶ 14, ¶ 15, and ¶ 29 of the Declaration. It was one of the most controversial issues debated at the conference, one that had the potential to derail the entire conference. It was dealt with cleverly in the Declaration, containing rhetoric that satisfied the African bloc, without applying retroactively against the descendants of colonizers the principle of crimes against humanity and without establishing a clear responsibility for reparations on the parts of former colonial states.
The wording of the Declaration struck a delicate balance. Whilst acknowledging historical and contemporary practices of slavery and the slave trade as morally outrageous, and something that would be a crime against humanity today, it did not apply that legal principle to an era before the principle actually existed. The Durban Declaration provides that states recognize "that these historical injustices [slavery, colonialism, genocide, apartheid] have undeniably contributed to the poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion, economic disparities, instability and insecurity that affect many people in different parts of the world, in particular in developing countries." (Article 158)
One of the contentious points at the conference related to the issue was that of apartheid. During the preparatory processes of the conference, South Africa stressed that it did not want to link compensation to apartheid. At the Tehran Regional Conference, a paragraph making such a link was inserted by Asian governments. This was deleted at the request of the South African delegation. Linking compensation to apartheid had the potential to polarize South African society, and produce the same effects as had the controversial land reform programmes in Zimbabwe. Domestic political pressures, and the aim of the South African government to foster reconciliation within the country, made South Africa's position difficult.
The issue of compensation was thus a complex one, that was exacerbated by the President of Senegal, Abdoulaye Wade, calling campaigns to demand compensation for colonialism and slavery "childish".
The earliest point at which the issue of compensation caused problems was during preparations in May 2001, when delegations came to the decision of where to place it on the agenda. At the time, the fourth item on the agenda, out of five items, was "Provision of effective remedies, recourses, redress, compensatory, and other measures, at the national, regional, and international levels". The European Union, represented by Portugal, wanted to place the entire language in brackets. The United States just wanted to place the word "compensatory" in brackets. The African Group, Armenia, and Cuba strongly objected to both proposals, with the African Group stating that if the topic were placed in brackets, they would move for the entire text to be placed in brackets also. In the end, the U.S. proposal was adopted, with the addition of a statement in the report indicating the different perspectives on the exact meaning of those brackets. Western European states discussed informally amongst themselves, outside of the formal preparatory proceedings, what measures and levels of non-cöoperation they might adopt if the issue of compensation gained momentum at Durban itself.
Before the conference, the debate over compensation was seen as dealing with the transatlantic slave trade, and the colonization of Africa by Europeans, thus pitting Western European states (including the former colonial powers of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom) and the United States against the African Group. The African Group was supported by Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
Prior to the conference, on 3 August 2001, the African Group circulated a Non-Paper on the "Injustices of the Past", containing strong language but a generally moderate position. To this paper the E.U. responded, on 8 August 2001, with a Non-Paper of its own that addressed most but not all, of the issues in the African Group's paper. The United States circulated a Non-Paper as well, but this turned out to be less helpful than the E.U. one.
The African Group circulated a second Non-Paper on 3 September 2001 that was substantially stronger than its earlier one, with language shifts from "debt cancellation" to "immediate and unconditional cancellation of debt", emphasis upon crimes against humanity, and calls for reparation (something that the earlier paper had not included in part because of a U.S. demand, made at a preparatory meeting in Geneva, that such language be excluded from the text).
Several members of the African Group openly opposed calling for reparations. President Wade stated "We still suffer the effects of slavery and colonialism, and that cannot be evaluated in monetary terms. I find that not only absurd, but insulting." Similarly, South Africa was more interested in devoting time and effort to more pragmatic ends, such as Western aid for the Millennium Africa Recovery Programme, which would be more palatable to the U.S. and the E.U.
A consensus on the reparations issue was reached by late August 2001. On 24 August, President of the United States George W. Bush announced in a press conference that "the reparations issue has been solved — at least the last information I had was that the issue has … looks like it has been resolved", albeit that news media at the time failed to realize the significance of the comment. The U.S. walked out of the conference a few weeks later.
Zionism
Draft text prior to the conference
During preparatory meetings in Geneva, text that linked Zionism to racism was placed in brackets, with the expectation that it would be replaced by text that referred to violations of the rights of Palestinians. The U.S. had already threatened to boycott the conference should the conference draft documents include text that could be in any way interpreted as linking Zionism to racism. Mary Robinson had also said that regional political conflicts should not be imposed upon the agenda of the conference. The Australian, the Canadian, and some European delegations shared the U.S. view.
The Arab position was stated by the Secretary-General of the Arab League, Amr Moussa: "Israel's racist actions against the Palestinian people have to be dealt with in an international conference that aims to eradicate racism. Arab countries are not expecting the Durban conference to be a venue for dealing with the Arab- Israeli peace process, but they certainly expect that the Israeli racist practices against the Palestinian people will not be overlooked."
The Arab delegates were not insistent upon language that specifically equated Zionism with racism. It had been suggested that they were trying to revive United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (issued 1975, annulled 1991) which stated that "Zionism is a form of racism.". Their position was that they were, rather, trying to underline that the actions being committed by Israel against Palestinians were racist.
This stance was in part influenced by the U.S. threat of boycott, which would have made it impractical to insist upon harsh language condemning Israel or equating the suffering of the Palestinians with that of Holocaust victims. According to one Arab diplomat, no Arab state except for Syria had insisted upon any language linking Israel to racist practices.
At the start of the Geneva meeting, the text had been presented that comprised six bracketed paragraphs dealing with "Zionist racist practices", including an appeal for Israel "to revise its legislation based on racial or religious discrimination such as the law of return and all the policies of an occupying power which prevent the Palestinian refugees and displaced persons from returning to their homes and properties", and a suggestion for the need "to bring the foreign occupation of Jerusalem by Israel together with all its racist practices to an end".
By the end of the meeting, all of this text had either been removed or toned down. One such phrase removed was a mention of "holocausts" suffered by other peoples, which had been seen as an affront to the memory of the Jewish victims of the Nazi holocaust. South African diplomats had already told Arab and Muslim countries that they would have to offer text that could describe the current situation without using such language as "ethnic cleansing practices against Palestinians".
Nonetheless, the United States, objecting to the remaining text, decided to send a low-level delegation, headed by Ambassador Michael Southwick, to the Conference, rather than have United States Secretary of State Colin Powell attend himself. German officials criticized this decision, and the United States Congressional Black Caucus urged him to attend. The Anti-Defamation League urged him to stay away.
Withdrawal by U.S. and Israel
On 3 September 2001, after four days of deadlocked negotiations that did not reach agreement on language, the United States and Israeli delegations withdrew from the conference. Both United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Shimon Peres stated that this was done with regret.
The low-level U.S. delegation had kept a low profile throughout conference proceedings until that point, with delegates working quietly in sub-committee meetings, without (unlike in earlier conferences) giving news briefings or off the record statements to journalists, to change the text of the draft declaration, to make it less forceful and less specific against Israel, and to bring it into line with U.S. foreign policy goals with respect to the International Criminal Court (see United States and the International Criminal Court) by removing language that strengthened the ICC.
The draft documents had stated "deep concern" at the "increase of racist practices of Zionism and anti-Semitism" and talked of the emergence of "movements based on racism and discriminatory ideas, in particular the Zionist movement, which is based on racial superiority". Alternative proposals, which the U.S. had supported, from Norway, acting as a mediator, and Canada were rejected by Israel.
Despite Colin Powell's denunciation of the "hateful language" that "singles out only one country in the world, Israel, for censure and abuse" in the draft text and U.S. delegate Tom Lantos's statement that the conference had been "wrecked by Arab and Islamic extremists", some saw the U.S. delegation's withdrawal as not being entirely related to the language on Israel, but attributed it also, in part, to a reluctance on the part of the U.S. to address the issue of slavery.
The withdrawal of the U.S. and Israel was taken as a warning by many delegates that there was a strong possibility of Canada and the E.U. states withdrawing as well if no compromise was reached. Several reports had the Europeans staying on solely in order to help South Africa salvage the Conference. After the withdrawal, senior conference officials became highly involved in the rewriting of the Declaration — something that critics maintained they should have also been doing before that point.
Final text and subsequent reaction
In the end, the Conference delegates voted to reject the language that implicitly accused Israel of racism, and the document actually published contained no such language.
Several countries were unhappy with the final text's approach to the subject, but all for different reasons. Syria and Iran were unhappy because their demands for the language about racism and Israel had been rejected by the Conference, the latter continuing its insistence that Israel was a racist state. Australia was unhappy with the process, observing that "far too much of the time at the conference [had been] consumed by bitter divisive exchanges on issues which have done nothing to advance the cause of combating racism". Canada was also unhappy.
The language of the final text was carefully drafted for balance. The word "diaspora" is used four times, and solely to refer to the African Diaspora. The document is at pains to maintain a cohesive identity for everyone of African heritage as a victim of slavery, even including those who may have more European than African ancestors. The "victim" or "victims" of racism and slavery (the two words occurring 90 times in the document) are defined in only the most general geographic terms. The word "Jewish" is only used once, alongside "Muslim" and "Arab", and "anti-Semitism" is only used twice, once alongside its assumed counterpart of "Islamophobia" and once alongside "anti-Arabism". The difficulty that this generates is that it is politically impossible to act when the 219 calls for action in the Programme are couched in such generalities that only the "countless human beings" that the document explicitly talks of can be identified.
The NGO Forum Declaration
The NGO Forum ran separately from the main conference in the nearby Kingsmead Stadium in Durban, from 28 August to 1 September. It consisted 3,000 NGOs, attended by 8,000 representatives. The declaration adopted by the NGO Forum wan't an official document of the conference.
The Forum's proceedings were highly disorganized, with several NGO delegates walking out of the Forum, to the jeers of other delegates, and ended in discord. The NGO Forum's declaration described Israel as a "racist, apartheid state" that was guilty of "racist crimes including war crimes, acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing". The document was not intended to be presented to the Conference, although a copy of it was intended to be handed over, as a symbolic gesture, to the Conference secretary-general, Mary Robinson, at the conclusion of the Forum. Robinson refused to accept the document, citing concerns over its language. In a later interview she said of the whole conference that "there was horrible anti-Semitism present — particularly in some of the NGO discussions. A number people said they've never been so hurt or so harassed or been so blatantly faced with an anti-Semitism."
Critics described the description of Israel as apartheid as the "Durban Strategy". They claim that this comparison was made with the intention of causing and encouraging divestment from and boycott of Israel.
The NGO Forum was attended by U.S. NGOs, with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation, and the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation. The Ford Foundation provided USD10 million in support to the WCAR and the NGO Forum. These NGOs provided research assistance at the Forum and helped to develop declarations and resolutions that dealt with the issue of compensation for slavery.
The resolutions adopted by the Forum dealing with reparations for slavery dealt only with the transatlantic slave trade and did not mention the traffic in African slaves to Islamic lands in the Middle East. The Forum also called upon the United States to ratify all major human rights treaties that had already been ratified.
One such treaty was the UN Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), which the U.S. had ratified in 1994, but (per the Supremacy Clause of Article Six of the United States Constitution, which does not permit treaties to override the Constitution) had attached a reservation that its ratification did not accept treaty requirements that were incompatible with the Constitution of the United States. The NGOs, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, demanded that U.S. drop its reservations and "comply" with the treaty. The U.S. Department of State had noted specifically that CERD's restrictions on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly were incompatible with the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The United States was far from the only such country to do so, however. Incompatibility of the treaty with national constitutions, including the freedoms of assembly and speech guaranteed by those constitutions, is also noted by Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, France, Guyana, Jamaica, Japan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, and Thailand. Several, including France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Monaco, Nepal, the United Kingdom, note that they consider the provisions of the treaty to be restricted by and subject to the freedoms of speech and assembly set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
According to John Font, in order to comply with the interpretation of CERD created by the NGOs at the Forum, the United States would have to "turn its political and economic system, together with their underlying principles, upside down — abandoning the free speech guarantees of the Constitution, bypassing federalism, and ignoring the very concept of majority rule since practically nothing in the NGO agenda is supported by the [U.S.] electorate".
Tom Lantos assigns the blame for the withdrawal of the U.S. in part to the radicalism of many of the NGOs at the NGO Forum, to an inadequate response thereto by U.S.-based NGOs, and to the reluctance of the U.S.'s European allies to take a strong stand.
Aftermath
The Conference was largely overshadowed in the news and in international affairs by the September 11, 2001 attacks, which occurred 3 days after the Conference ended.
Mary Robinson's tenure as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
As a consequence of the Conference, the United States did not support the continuation of Mary Robinson as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, where once U.S. President Bill Clinton had called her a "splendid choice" for the post and the U.S. had considered her its favorite candidate for the job. She stepped down from the post in September 2002.
Many faults were attributed to Ms. Robinson, with a cumulative effect on the U.S. position. Some people stated that she lacked mediation and bureaucratic experience, and thus was unable to resolve sensitive issues at the Conference. News reports attributed her differences with the U.S. to four things: First, her views on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict differed from U.S. policy. Second, the U.S. did not approve of the detached way in which she acted as secretary-general to the Conference. Third, she had openly criticized the U.S. on various matters including the treatment of prisoners at Camp X-Ray, the "unsigning" of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court by the U.S., and the administration of capital punishment in the United States. Fourth, she had opposed U.S. calls to reform the election process of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
Tom Lantos himself did not assign sole or even primary blame to Robinson for the breakdown of U.S. relations with the conference. That he assigned to the NGOs, as aforementioned, and to the member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Moreover, several people have defended Robinson's secretary-generalship of the conference.
NGO repudiations of the NGO Forum's Declaration
Several NGOs, including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, disassociated themselves from the language of the NGO Forum's Declaration that dealt with Israel and with Jews.
Followups
It seems unlikely to analysts that the United States will support another WCAR. However, the Declaration and Programme of Action did make provision for follow-up mechanisms. Mary Robinson stated in her closing address that the Conference was intended to be a beginning, not an end. Dr. Manning Marable, of Columbia University in New York, pointed out that one of the objectives of the Conference was to increase coordination in human rights activities, and to strengthen networks amongst those combating racism; and as such the actions of governments in response to the Conference are not the sole intended outcomes — actions by civil society and non-governmental agencies are also required.
One such follow-up provision is for national governments to provide the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights with reports on their actions towards implementing the recommendations in the Programme of Action. Another is for the Secretary General of the United Nations to appoint an expert body with the remit of following up on implementation. A third is a call for the establishment of a database of practical means for addressing racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance.
A Permanent Memorial Trust Fund has also been established for the creation of a memorial at the New York United Nations site. The sculpture, to be titled the Permanent Memorial to the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, or the UN Slavery Memorial, is set to be completed in 2012.
By resolution #2002/68 of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights an Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action was established, which held its first meeting in January 2003 and which meets on an annual basis.
In resolution #61/149 of the United Nations General Assembly, passed in 2006, a Durban Review Conference was called. The conference took place in 2009, however, a number of countries expressed concern as a result of the 2001 conference. Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, and the United States, boycotted the conference. The Czech Republic discontinued its attendance on the first day, and twenty-three other European Union countries sent low-level delegations. In an 18 April 2009 speech, President Barack Obama announced the United States' boycott of the 2009 Durban Review Conference, reaffirming the country's opposition to language perceived as anti-Israel and anti-Western.
The United Kingdom and other European countries remain undecided. On 17 February 2009, Foreign Office Minister Lord Malloch-Brown said: "If we can’t go forward now, we will withdraw. I was at the first conference. I have never seen such a disgraceful event in quite a long international life."
Influence
The Institute for Global Jewish Affairs was founded, in part, as a response to the perceived antisemitism of the Durban conference.
Bernard-Henri Lévy credits the conference with being one of the inspirations for his book, Left in Dark Times: A Stand Against the New Barbarism.
See also
Israel and apartheid
Notes and references
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Conference and Forum texts and papers
— the text of the Declaration produced by the governments at the WCAR itself
— the text of the Declaration produced by the NGOs at the NGO Forum
Analyses and greater detail
— an analysis of the NGO Forum by the Executive Director of NGO Monitor
— discussion of other preparatory committee work
— a personal and detailed account of the proceedings of the NGO Forum in the Kingsmead stadium by David Matas, who represented B'nai B'rith Canada there
— an informational paper for NGOs about the Conference and the NGO Forum, circulated prior to the meetings
Anti-racism
New antisemitism
Anti-Zionism
Antisemitism in South Africa
Human rights
UNESCO
United Nations conferences
Reparations for slavery
Diplomatic conferences in South Africa
21st-century diplomatic conferences (Global)
2001 in international relations
History of Durban
August 2001 events in South Africa
September 2001 events in South Africa
2001 conferences
2001 in South Africa
South Africa and the United Nations
Transitional justice
Events in Durban | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Conference%20against%20Racism%202001 |
The Novello Theatre is a West End theatre on Aldwych, in the City of Westminster. It was known as the Strand Theatre between 1913 and 2005.
History
The theatre was built as one of a pair with the Aldwych Theatre on either side of The Waldorf Hilton, London, both being designed by W. G. R. Sprague. The theatre was opened by The Shubert Organization as the Waldorf Theatre on 22 May 1905, and was renamed the Strand Theatre, in 1909. It was again renamed as the Whitney Theatre in 1911, before again becoming the Strand Theatre in 1913. In 2005, the theatre was renamed by its owners (Delfont Mackintosh Theatres) the Novello Theatre in honour of Ivor Novello, who lived in a flat above the theatre from 1913 to 1951.
The black comedy Arsenic and Old Lace had a run of 1337 performances here in the 1940s, and Sailor Beware! ran for 1231 performances from 1955. Stephen Sondheim's musical A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum opened here in 1963, running for nearly two years. In 1971, the comedy No Sex Please, We're British opened here, remaining for over 10 years of its 16-year run until it transferred to the Garrick Theatre in 1982.
The theatre was extensively refurbished in 1930 and again in the early 1970s. It was Grade II listed by English Heritage on 20 July 1971. After The Rat Pack: Live from Las Vegas in 2005, its 100th anniversary year, the theatre was extensively refurbished. The current seating capacity is 1,105.
The theatre reopened on 8 December 2005 with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC)'s annual London season, playing to 4-week runs of Twelfth Night, The Comedy of Errors, A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It, concluding in March 2006.
In 2006, the theatre played host to the London première of the Broadway musical Footloose, starring Cheryl Baker. Ending on 11 November, Footloose made way for the Royal Shakespeare Company's return season for 2006–7, following which the Broadway musical The Drowsy Chaperone made its European première on 6 June 2007. The London production starred Elaine Paige, Bob Martin, Summer Strallen and John Partridge. The London production closed after a run of only two months on 4 August 2007 after failing to attract audiences, despite positive notices.
It was announced on 10 July 2007, just three days after the announcement of Drowsy's premature closure that the theatre would be the home of a new musical version of the MGM motion picture Desperately Seeking Susan with music by Blondie and Deborah Harry, directed by Angus Jackson, and starring Emma Williams and Kelly Price. The musical previewed on 16 October 2007 (originally 12 October 2007), receiving its world première on 15 November 2007. However, just two weeks after its opening, following a critical mauling, the show announced its final performance for 15 December 2007, having played just four weeks of previews and four weeks of open run, losing over £3.5 million.
A quick replacement came in the form of the cross-West End transfer of Shadowlands from the Wyndham's Theatre, commencing 21 December 2007 for a 12-week run to 25 February 2008. Producer Phil McIntyre opened ZooNation's adaptation of the musical Into the Woods, entitled Into the Hoods, on 26 March 2008.
This theatre is one of the 40 theatres featured in the 2012 DVD documentary series Great West End Theatres, presented by Donald Sinden.
In 2020, following the nation-wide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Delfont Mackintosh Theatres Ltd laid off most of the theatre's staff and in August 2020 they were facing redundancy.
Nearby Tube stations
Charing Cross
Holborn
Temple
Recent and current productions
No Sex Please, We're British (3 June 1971 – 16 January 1982)
The Real Thing (16 November 1982 – 16 February 1985)
Cabaret (17 July 1986 – 4 May 1987)
Someone Like You (22 March 1990 – 26 April 1990)
Leonardo the Musical: A Portrait of Love (3 June 1993 – 10 July 1993)
Buddy (6 October 1995 – 3 March 2002)
The Rat Pack: Live from Las Vegas (1 July 2003 – 28 May 2005)
The RSC's Twelfth Night (8 December 2005 – 31 December 2005)
The RSC's The Comedy of Errors (6 January 2006 – 28 January 2006)
The RSC's A Midsummer Night's Dream (2 February 2006 – 25 February 2006)
The RSC's As You Like It (2 March 2006 – 25 March 2006)
Footloose – The Musical (8 April 2006 – 11 November 2006)
The RSC's Much Ado About Nothing (7 December 2006 – 6 January 2007)
The RSC's Antony and Cleopatra (11 January 2007 – 17 February 2007)
The RSC's The Tempest (22 February 2007 – 24 March 2007)
The Drowsy Chaperone (6 June 2007 – 4 August 2007)
Desperately Seeking Susan – A New Musical (15 November 2007 – 15 December 2007)
Shadowlands (21 December 2007 – 23 February 2008)
Into the Hoods (14 March 2008 – 30 August 2008)
Eürobeat: Almost Eurovision (9 September 2008 – 1 November 2008)
The RSC's Hamlet (3 December 2008 – 10 January 2009)
The RSC's A Midsummer Night's Dream (15 January 2009 – 7 February 2009)
The RSC's The Taming of the Shrew (12 February 2009 – 7 March 2009)
Spring Awakening (21 March 2009 – 30 May 2009)
An Inspector Calls (22 September 2009 – 14 November 2009)
Cat On A Hot Tin Roof (12 December 2009 – 10 April 2010)
Grumpy Old Women Live 2 – Chin Up Britain (14 April – 5 June 2010)
Tap Dogs (15 June 2010 – 5 September 2010)
Onassis (12 October 2010 – 8 January 2011)
Betty Blue Eyes (19 March 2011 – 24 September 2011)
Crazy for You (8 October 2011 – 17 March 2012)
Noises Off (24 March 2012 – 30 June 2012)
Derren Brown: Svengali Tour (9 July 2012 – 11 August 2012)
Mamma Mia! (6 September 2012 –)
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
History at ArthurLloyd.co.uk
West End theatres
Theatres completed in 1905
Theatres in the City of Westminster
Edwardian architecture in London
Aldwych
Ivor Novello
Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster
1905 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novello%20Theatre |
Fritz Kachler was an Austrian figure skater. He was the 1912, 1913, and 1923 World champion and the 1914 & 1924 European champion.
He did not believe that sport and nationalism should be mixed and therefore chose not to participate in the Olympic Games of 1920 and 1924. He acted as a judge in the World Figure Skating Championships of 1926 (Men, Pairs), 1927 (Men) and 1937 (Women).
A mechanical engineer, he rose to become head of the Vienna/Lower Austria section of the Austrian Railways, after having been dismissed by the Nazis. He is buried in the Eisenstaedter family grave (plot 12G) in the Doeblinger Cemetery, Vienna, with his wife Margarethe Eisenstädter.
Competitive highlights
References
Navigation
Austrian male single skaters
1888 births
1973 deaths
Figure skaters from Vienna
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Burials at Döbling Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Kachler |
The World Wide Molecular Matrix (WWMM) was a proposed electronic repository for unpublished chemical data. First introduced in 2002 by Peter Murray-Rust and his colleagues in the chemistry department at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, WWMM provided a free, easily searchable database for information about thousands of complicated molecules, data that would otherwise remain inaccessible to scientists.
Murray-Rust, a chemical informatics specialist, has estimated that 80% of the results produced by chemists around the world is never published in scientific journals. Most of this data is not ground-breaking, yet it could conceivably be of use to scientists doing related projects—if they could access it. The WWMM was proposed as a solution to this problem. It would house the results of experiments on over 100,000 molecules in physical chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry and medicinal chemistry.
In other scientific fields, the need for a similar depository to house inaccessible information could be more acute. In a presentation at the "CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communications (OAI4)", Murray-Rust said that chemistry actually leads other fields in published data. He estimated that the majority of the data in some scientific fields never reaches publication.
Although scientific in nature, the WWMM was part of the broader open archives and open source movements, pushes to make more and more information freely available to any user via the Internet or World Wide Web. In his CERN presentation, Murray-Rust stated that the WWMM was a "response to the expense of [scientific] journals", and he asked the rhetorical question, "Can we win the war to make data open, or will it be absorbed into the publishing and pseudo-publishing world?" Murray-Rust and his colleagues are also responsible for the development of the Chemical Mark-up Language (CML), a variant of XML intended for chemists.
See also
The open archives initiative (OAI)
The science of Informatics
Chemical Mark-up language (CML)
References
External links
The home page of Dr. Peter Murray-Rust at the University of Cambridge
The Cambridge Center for molecular informatics
An outline of the WWMM
CERN Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communication (OAI4)
Data management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Wide%20Molecular%20Matrix |
Changlimithang Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Thimphu, Bhutan, which serves as the national stadium. It is predominantly used for football matches and is the home of the Bhutan national football team, other national selections and number of Thimphu-based football clubs. The stadium also regularly plays host to women's football, archery tournaments, minifootball and some volleyball matches. The stadium was initially constructed in 1974 for the coronation of the fourth Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck, but was completely refurbished in 2007 in advance of the coronation of the fifth Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. Floodlighting was added to the football pitch in 2009 and an evergreen turf was laid in 2012, to coincide with the start of the first season of the National League.
Located above sea level, the stadium is one of the highest in the world. It has raised numerous controversies in footballing circles, as its significant altitude affects the absorption of oxygen in the human body, offering considerable advantage to the home teams who are more accustomed to such conditions.
Original stadium
Changlimithang is built on the site of a decisive battle in Bhutan's history, fought in 1885, which established the supremacy of Ugyen Wangchuck, his coronation as the first Druk Gyalpo and led to the unification of Bhutan following a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. Construction for the original stadium was completed in 1974 in time for the coronation of the fourth Druk Gyaplo, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and at that time the whole park covered an area of approximately 11 hectares, with seating capacity of about 10,000 spectators. As well as taking on the role of national stadium and being the home to the Bhutan national football team and national archery competitions, the stadium also provided facilities for squash, billiard and tennis, in addition to being the headquarters of Bhutan Olympic Committee.
Refurbishment
The stadium was completely refurbished and reopened in 2008 for the dual celebration of the coronation of the fifth Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and the centenary of the establishment of the House of Wangchuck and the reunification of the country. Redevelopment plans were drawn up by the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement in conjunction with the National Steering Committee for the Coronation Celebrations. The old stand which consisted of 6 rows of seating with a capacity of around 10,000 was completely demolished to be replaced with a stand consisting of 21 rows of seating. This stand would provide substantial seating not just around the area of the football pitch, but also down alongside the archery range. In order to complete this construction, the squash and basketball courts were demolished, although the increased size of the stand allowed for the creation of areas for table tennis and shooting as well as facilities for bathing and changing underneath the seating area. In addition to changes to the sporting venues within the facility, the Olympic association were provided with new offices, the royal pavilion was expanded to increase guest capacity and the banqueting hall was renovated. Two new parks were also created on the land surrounding the facility: one between the car park and the river and another nearer the archery range were laid out at a cost of Nu 2,000,000. These renovations took two years and cost a total of Nu 230,000,000. The newly refurbished stadium was opened by Prince Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck.
Further enhancements were made to the football pitch in 2011, when floodlighting was added. There had been a desire to include floodlighting at the stadium since 2006, but this had not been achieved due to the high cost of installation. A trip to Bhutan by Tata Group owner Ratan Tata led to an agreement between Tata Power, Druk Green and the Bhutan Olympic Committee to install floodlighting, with Tata bearing the cost of installation as an act of corporate social responsibility. The total cost of installing the floodlighting was Rs 13,230,000.
Further refurbishment was announced in June 2016. The first improvements included installation of plastic seats on the concrete galleries, installation of additional restroom facilities, and expansion of player facilities, such as locker rooms. It was announced that plastic seats would be installed in other sections of the stadium pending budget. The Nu 35 million costs were provided by the government of India.
Modern usage
As well as continuing to hold sporting events, the facility has been utilised for wider public occasions including the Wedding of Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Jetsun Pema. Despite the increase in capacity a few years earlier, the stadium was unable to hold all of the people who wished to attend the occasion.
Following the wedding, more improvements were made to the football pitch, with the grass field being replaced with an artificial surface to improve the performance of the players and add additional durability to the facility as a whole. Historically, it had been very difficult to maintain the ground to an acceptable standard, with an uneven, rain-soaked pitch leading to mocking calls from spectators in the mid-1990s.
Financial support from FIFA enabled the project to go ahead and work started at the ground in March 2012 with the artificial turf being laid in November and finished in December the same year. As part of a two-day visit to Bhutan in March 2012, FIFA president Sepp Blatter performed the ground-breaking ceremony for the new pitch, promising that FIFA would support Bhutanese football. However, there were delays in completing the upgrade as cold weather at the beginning of the project prevented workers from starting construction and the monsoon weather in the summer hampered the ability of suppliers to deliver materials such as cement to the site. The delays were such that they nearly resulted in a postponement to the start of the national league, with the Bhutan Football Federation considering moving the initial matches to the Royal Bhutan Police's ground. The playing surface was manufactured in the Netherlands and was laid by companies from England and the Netherlands, as the first part of a two-stage series of works to install artificial turf at both Changlimithang and Changjiji football ground, also in Thimphu. The first match to be played on the new pitch was the opening match in the inaugural edition of the Bhutan National League between Druk Pol and Ugyen Academy. The President of the Bhutan Olympic Committee, Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuk, having officially opened the new playing surface, then took part in the first match as a player for Druk Pol. The total cost of the new pitch was estimated to $900,000.
Unusually for a national stadium, and as a result of the conversion of the playing surface to artificial turf, the football field at Changlimithang is available for public hire and is extremely popular with people in Thimphu, with the pitch booked for public use from 5 pm - 1am most days during the week as office workers seek to make use of it and from 7 am to 9 pm at weekends. This has proved to be a valuable source of income for the Bhutan Football Federation. With teams needing to make bookings weeks in advance, the Federation made Nu 75,000 in the first fortnight that the pitch was available to the public, with the money gained from hire charges going towards financing additional artificial surfaces planned for elsewhere in the country. Demand for the chance to play on an artificial surface is now so great that the Bhutan Football Federation prepared to hire out the artificial pitch at Changjiji, once available only to train members of the national squad.
Changlimithang played host to the FIFA World Cup trophy as part of its global tour prior to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
See also
Centenary and Coronation Park
References
Football venues in Bhutan
Bhutan
Multi-purpose stadiums
Sport in Thimphu
Sports venues completed in 1974
Buildings and structures in Thimphu
1974 establishments in Bhutan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changlimithang%20Stadium |
Richard Sanderson Keen, Baron Keen of Elie (born 29 March 1954) is a British lawyer and Conservative Party politician. He was Advocate General for Scotland from May 2015 until his resignation on 16 September 2020.
Early life
Keen was educated at The King's School, Rochester and Dollar Academy, and graduated LLB (with Honours) in law from the University of Edinburgh in 1976, where he was a Beckman scholar. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1980 and took silk (QC) in 1993. He was admitted to the Bar of England and Wales in 2009 and elected a Bencher of the Middle Temple in 2011.
Legal career
Keen served as standing junior counsel in Scotland to the Department of Trade and Industry from 1986–93. He specialises in commercial law, property law and administrative law. He is also a member of Blackstone Chambers in Middle Temple, London.
He defended Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, with Fhimah being acquitted of all charges. In 2007, he represented Henri Paul's family at the inquest into the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.
He represented Andy Coulson in relation to perjury charges.
He has regularly appeared in the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. In 2016, he appeared for the United Kingdom Government in the R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union ("Article 50 case") where he successfully argued that there was no constitutional requirement for the devolved administrations to consent to Brexit.
Keen was elected Dean of the Faculty of Advocates (leader of the Scottish Bar) in 2007. He remained Dean until January 2014 when he resigned to become chair of the Scottish Conservative Party, having been chosen in November 2013 to succeed David Mundell MP.
He was appointed the Advocate General for Scotland on 29 May 2015, and stepped down as chair of the Scottish Conservative Party. In May 2016 he was also appointed Lords Minister for the Ministry of Justice with policy responsibility for civil justice in England and Wales and regulation and promotion of the legal profession in England and Wales. In September 2017, he was appointed Minister for the Crown Dependencies.
Keen was created a Life Peer on 8 June 2015 taking the title Baron Keen of Elie, of Elie in Fife. On 15 November 2017 Lord Keen was sworn as a Member of the Privy Council.
On 16 September 2020, Keen offered his resignation over the United Kingdom Internal Market Bill, stating that he found it difficult to reconcile parts of it with the law.
On 12 January 2022 Keen was appointed a member of the UK delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe at Strasbourg.
Personal life
Keen is married and has two children. He was reported to be one of the highest earners in Scotland, being featured on a list of the top 100 earners in 2003. In 2017, Keen was charged with contravening section two of the Firearms Act 1968 by failing to safely secure a shotgun, to which he pleaded guilty and was fined the sum of £1,000. A hearing of the Bar Tribunals and Adjudication Service in 2019 found that the offence constituted a breach of standards, but did not amount to professional misconduct.
References
1954 births
Living people
Deans of the Faculty of Advocates
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People from Rochester, Kent
People educated at Dollar Academy
Scottish King's Counsel
People educated at King's School, Rochester
Scottish Conservative politicians
Advocates General for Scotland
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
20th-century King's Counsel
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Keen%2C%20Baron%20Keen%20of%20Elie |
Hassanal Bolkiah National Stadium (SNHB) is a multi-purpose stadium in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. It is currently used mostly for association football matches. The stadium holds 28,000 and was opened on 23 September 1983. It was named after Bruneian Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
Construction
Unusually for a public building in Brunei, members of the public donated and contributed towards the building of the stadium. Although the final collection of $1,102,761.57 accounted for a little more than 1.1 percent of the total building cost ($100 million), the public participation showed the Bruneians' great interest and support for this project. The entire project cost for the stadium is about $100 million.
Building
The stadium is long and wide. It can accommodate 30,000 spectators, which includes 110 seats for the royalties, 500 for the VIPs, and 3,000 in the grandstand section. It has four light towers — each is high and equipped with 108 2-kilowatt metal-halide lamps. The grandstand is covered with aluminium roofs which have a total length of and a total width of . The parking spaces can accommodate 2,785 private vehicles and 158 buses. The building is oriented in north-south direction with the grandstand located at the western section. It has a football field which fulfills FIFA standards, as well as the running track which fulfills IAAF standards. The stadium has a videomatrix scoreboard located at the northern section; it can display both Latin and Jawi writing.
Opening
It was opened on 23 September 1983, the date was chosen to celebrate the 69th birthday of Bolkiah's father and predecessor Omar Ali Saifuddien III. On the evening of the opening day, a friendly football match was played between the Brunei national football team and an invited English Football League team, Sheffield United. Despite the jet lag and the humid weather, Sheffield United won 1–0. The next day another match was held between United and a Brunei invited team which ended in a 1–1 draw.
Renovation
The stadium is currently being renovated since 2021 and was expected to be completed in the middle of 2022. Home matches for the national football team were held at the Track & Field Sports Complex instead.
On 17 September 2023, the stadium hosted the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Indonesia, opening its doors after last hosting the national team in 2019.
Major events
1999
20th Southeast Asian Games on 7–15 August.
2002
Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy on 16–26 August.
2005
Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy on 13–25 March.
2007
Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy on 3–12 March.
2012
Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy on 9–23 August.
2014
Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy on 24 February–9 March.
References
Football venues in Brunei Darussalam
Athletics (track and field) venues in Brunei
Brunei
Multi-purpose stadiums
Singapore Premier League venues
DPMM FC
Southeast Asian Games stadiums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal%20Bolkiah%20National%20Stadium |
The dyeing dart frog, cobalt poison frog, dyeing poison dart frog, tinc (a nickname given by those in the hobby of keeping dart frogs), or dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) is a species of poison dart frog. It is among the largest species, reaching lengths of . This species is distributed throughout the eastern portion of the Guiana Shield and Venezuela, including parts of Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and nearly all of French Guiana.
Etymology
The specific name, tinctorius, comes, however not from the variety of colors, but from the legends of some indigenous tribes. It has been said that tribe members used the frog poisons to cause green parrot feathers to grow different colors.
Poison
Like most species of the genus Dendrobates, D. tinctorius is highly toxic if consumed. It produces pumiliotoxins and allopumiliotoxins that the frog uses for self-defense. While pumiliotoxins are weaker than their derivative allopumiliotoxins and the batrachotoxins secreted by Phyllobates species, they are sufficiently toxic to discourage most animals from feeding on them. In the case of D. tinctorius, the toxins cause pain, cramping, and stiffness when the frogs are handled roughly. Due to the toxins of the frogs, animals that feed on D. tinctorius will typically learn to associate the bright colours of such frogs with the vile taste and pain that occurs after a frog is ingested. As it is such a variable species, different color morphs of D. tinctorius have varying degrees of toxicity and many can cause serious effects on humans including death.
In the northwest of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, there was a report of envenomation by this species. The patients were two photographers, 47 and 30 years old. One photographer quickly captured the frog and held it for about five seconds with his own hands, before releasing it and washing his hands in a nearby stream. The other photographer kept the frog from moving by placing both his hands on top. Neither of them suffered hand injuries. Both photographed the tree-frog for about five minutes without touching it again. However, 20 minutes after the first contact, the photographer who initially handled it began to feel numbness in his right arm, mainly at the height of the forearm. The other photographer, who after taking photos had touched his mouth without first washing his hands, felt a slight numbness in his lower lip. After 40 minutes, they no longer felt symptoms. Their symptoms could have been aggravated if the contact with the animal had lasted longer or if there had been a wound at the points of contact.
The main alkaloid carried by this species is pumiliotoxin (PTX), which is highly toxic. PTX interferes with the muscle contractions by affecting the calcium channels, causing locomotor difficulties, clonic convulsions, paralysis or even death. D. tinctorius toxin can lead to cardio-respiratory problems, mainly through the neurotoxic action, which affects the sodium and potassium channels, impairing the muscle contraction, and consequently, the heart and breathing muscles.
Description
The dyeing poison dart frog is large for a poison dart frog, but may be smaller than Phyllobates terribilis and Ameerega trivittata. Many small forms of D. tinctorius reach 3.5 cm long; most morphs are around 5 cm in length or slightly bigger; some of the larger morphs may exceed 7 cm, although large ones are usually closer to 5.5 cm long. For some time, captive individuals were thought to be incapable of reaching the sizes of wild specimens; however, later evidence suggested captive individuals do not reach their maximum potential size possibly due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. More recently, breeders had success raising dyeing poison dart frogs to very large sizes.
Dendrobates tinctorius is one of the most variable of all poison dart frogs. Typically, the body is primarily black, with an irregular pattern of yellow or white stripes running along the back, flanks, chest, head, and belly. In some morphs, however, the body may be primarily blue (as in the "azureus" morph, formerly treated as a separate species), primarily yellow, or primarily white. The legs range from pale blue, sky blue or blue-gray to royal blue, cobalt blue, navy blue, or royal purple and are typically peppered with small black dots. The "Matecho" morph is almost entirely yellow and with some black, with only a few specks of white on the toes. Another unique morph, the citronella morph, is primarily golden yellow with tiny splotches of black on its belly and royal blue legs that have no black dots.
Males are typically smaller and more slender than females, but they have larger toe discs. The toe discs of female dyeing poison dart frogs are circular while those of the males are heart-shaped. Also the females have arched backs as opposed to males who have curved ones.
Distribution
It exists in discrete patches throughout this region, being restricted to "highland" (up to ) areas. While this species can be found at sea level, individuals have been collected at the base of nearby hills or mountains. The isolation of populations has presumably occurred as a result of the erosion of these highland areas and the seasonal inundation of the inter-patch areas. Study shows that Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles can survive in pools having a high level of KH, vertical height of 15 meters and salinity up to 955 ppm.
Morphs
The species encompasses a great diversity of color and patterning variants (subspecies and morphs). Some batrachologists suspect that some of these are actually different species.
References
Sources
Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Further reading
External links
Caring for Your Dyeing Dart Frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius)
Dendrobates
Amphibians of Brazil
Amphibians of French Guiana
Amphibians of Guyana
Amphibians of Suriname
Amphibians described in 1797
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing%20poison%20dart%20frog |
The Dolen Omurzakov Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 23,000 and is currently the home ground of the Kyrgyzstan national football team, Dordoi Bishkek and Alga Bishkek. It has previously been known as Spartak Stadium.
International Soccer Matches
References
Athletics (track and field) venues in Kyrgyzstan
Buildings and structures in Bishkek
Football venues in Kyrgyzstan
Multi-purpose stadiums
Krygyzstan
Sports venues completed in 1941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolen%20Omurzakov%20Stadium |
The Al-Sadaqua Walsalam Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Adiliya Kuwait City, Kuwait. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 21,500. It is the 2nd largest stadium in Kuwait. The Stadium hosted many finals for the Kuwait Emir Cup and Kuwait Crown Cup. In addition, 2 Arabian Gulf Cup Tournaments were held in this Stadium, the first taking place in 1990 where Kuwait won the 10th Arabian Gulf Cup trophy, and the second in 2003, where they finished 6th. WWE also hosted its Kuwait International Tournament at the stadium in 1997.
This stadium is the home ground for Kazma.
Naming
Its name means "Friendship and Peace", a name it earned when it was host to a football match between Iraq and Iran after the end of the first Gulf War for the 1989 Peace and Friendship Cup.
Greece
Greece also has a stadium called Peace and Friendship Stadium (Στάδιο Ειρήνης και Φιλίας) in Piraeus.
See also
List of football stadiums in Kuwait
External links
Stadium information
References
Football venues in Kuwait
Multi-purpose stadiums in Kuwait | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Sadaqua%20Walsalam%20Stadium |
About a Boy is a 2002 comedy-drama film directed by Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz, who co-wrote the screenplay with Peter Hedges. It is an adaptation of the 1998 novel by Nick Hornby. The film stars Hugh Grant, Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette, and Rachel Weisz. The film at times uses double voice-over narration, when the audience hears alternately Will's and Marcus's thoughts.
The film was theatrically released on 26 April 2002 by Universal Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Actors Hugh Grant and Toni Collette were nominated for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award, respectively, for their performances. The film received positive reviews from critics and earned $130.5 million against a $30 million budget.
Plot
Will Freeman lives a carefree lifestyle without any responsibility or commitments, thanks to royalties left to him by his father's successful Christmas song. Although others view it poorly, he happily lives 'like an island'.
Will joins the Single Parents Alone Together (SPAT) community group under the pretense that he is the father to an imaginary child, but instead aims to meet single mothers. He meets Suzie who he is attracted to but also meets Marcus, the socially awkward son of one of Suzie's friends unexpectedly on a planned play-date. When Will and Suzie take Marcus home, they find Marcus' mother Fiona (who suffers bouts of depression) has attempted suicide and must rush to get her to the hospital in time.
Spying on him for a few days, Marcus soon discovers that Will's supposed toddler son does not exist, and uses it as leverage to blackmail him into going out with his mother to ensure Fiona doesn't get depressed again. Though Will shows no interest in Fiona, he begins to bond with Marcus and ultimately matures as an adult as a result. He helps Marcus to establish confidence, but this plan soon backfires, and Marcus accidentally reveals to his mom that Will is not a parent.
Fiona confronts Will and demands an explanation. He retorts that he is only building confidence in the boy because he is routinely humiliated and bullied at school. Though Will promises to cease further contact with Marcus, Fiona recognizes that Will's genuine interest in her son is good for both of them.
Will joins Marcus and Fiona for Christmas, giving Marcus a Mystikal album as well as a portable CD player. During an exchange with Suzie who knows by now of Will's earlier deception, Marcus stands up for Will, and in turn, also stands up to Fiona's confrontational methods. Will defuses the situation, citing an earlier incident where Marcus accidentally killed a duck with his mother's cottage loaf. Will is asked to stay for Christmas dinner, and he genuinely enjoys his day with Marcus' family.
As Marcus develops his first crush at school (Ellie), Will also meets Rachel, who he hits it off with. For the first time in his dating life, he begins to develop a serious interest in a woman. When Rachel begins to lose interest in him as he describes his lifestyle, he brings up Marcus. She responds as she is a single mother and believes Marcus is Will's son.
Will fails to correct her, so asks Marcus to pose as his son for a while. Marcus eventually encourages him to tell the truth to Rachel, but when he does it does not have the effect Will had hoped, and the relationship ends.
Fiona's depression returns, and Marcus goes to Will for help. Will, however, is still upset over his break-up and lashes out at him. He soon finds his previous life of self-dependence unfulfilling, missing Marcus's company. Will decides to reconcile with Marcus and talks to Fiona about her depression, but then finds out from her that he is due to perform at a school talent show that night, which would ultimately result in him being humiliated for the rest of his school life. As expected, Marcus' performance is greeted with brutal mockery, but Will joins in with a guitar, ultimately saving him from total humiliation.
By the next Christmas, Will and Rachel are together, with him having abandoned his previous lifestyle permanently. Will invites one of his Amnesty International colleagues to set him up with Fiona, and Marcus and Ellie remain good friends.
Cast
Soundtrack
The soundtrack composed by singer-songwriter Badly Drawn Boy was released on 23 April 2002. The film also included music from Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? by Keith Strachan and Matthew Strachan.
Track listing
"Exit Stage Right"
"A Peak You Reach"
"Something to Talk About"
"Dead Duck"
"Above You, Below Me"
"I love NYE"
"Silent Sigh"
"Wet, Wet, Wet"
"River, Sea, Ocean"
"S.P.A.T."
"Rachel's Flat"
"Walking Out of Stride"
"File Me Away"
"A Minor Incident"
"Delta (Little Boy Blues)"
"Donna and Blitzen"
Reception
Box office
With a budget of US$30 million, the film grossed $49.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $89.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $130.5 million.
The film made $8.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 187 reviews, and an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critical consensus states, "About a Boy benefits tremendously from Hugh Grant's layered performance, as well as a funny, moving story that tugs at the heartstrings without tilting into treacle." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
In December 2002, the film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the ten best movies of the year. The Washington Post declared the film to be "that rare comedy-drama that dares to choose messiness over closure, prickly independence over fetishised coupledom, and honesty over typical Hollywood endings." Rolling Stone wrote, "The acid comedy of Grant's performance carries the film [and he] gives this pleasing heartbreaker the touch of gravity it needs".
Roger Ebert observed that "the Cary Grant department is understaffed, and Hugh Grant shows here that he is more than a star, he is a resource." The film earned Grant his third Golden Globe nomination, while the London Film Critics Circle named Grant its Best British Actor and GQ honoured him as one of the magazine's men of the year 2002. "His performance can only be described as revelatory," wrote critic Ann Hornaday, adding that "Grant lends the shoals layer upon layer of desire, terror, ambivalence and self-awareness."
The New York Observer concluded: "[The film] gets most of its laughs from the evolved expertise of Hugh Grant in playing characters that audiences enjoy seeing taken down a peg or two as a punishment for philandering and womanising and simply being too handsome for words—and with an English accent besides. In the end, the film comes over as a messy delight, thanks to the skill, generosity and good-sport, punching-bag panache of Mr. Grant's performance."
About a Boy also marked a notable change in Grant's boyish look. Now 41, he had lost weight and also abandoned his trademark floppy hair. Entertainment Weeklys Owen Gleiberman took note of Grant's maturation in his review, saying he looked noticeably older and that it "looked good on him." He added that Grant's "pillowy cheeks are flatter and a bit drawn, and the eyes that used to peer with 'love me' cuteness now betray a shark's casual cunning. Everything about him is leaner and spikier (including his hair, which has been shorn and moussed into a Eurochic bed-head mess), but it's not just his surface that's more virile; the nervousness is gone, too. Hugh Grant has grown up, holding on to his lightness and witty cynicism but losing the stuttering sherry-club mannerisms that were once his signature. In doing so, he has blossomed into the rare actor who can play a silver-tongued sleaze with a hidden inner decency."
Awards
See also
About a Boy (TV series)
References
External links
2002 films
2002 romantic comedy-drama films
2000s buddy comedy-drama films
2000s English-language films
American romantic comedy-drama films
British romantic comedy-drama films
British buddy comedy-drama films
Films about depression
Films about dysfunctional families
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Nick Hornby
Films directed by Chris Weitz
Films directed by Paul Weitz
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Robert De Niro
Films produced by Tim Bevan
Films set in London
Films with screenplays by Chris Weitz
Films with screenplays by Paul Weitz
Films about mother–son relationships
StudioCanal films
Working Title Films films
2000s American films
2000s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About%20a%20Boy%20%28film%29 |
Mwandishi is the ninth album by jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, released in 1971. It is the first album to officially feature Hancock’s ‘Mwandishi’ sextet consisting of saxophonist Bennie Maupin, trumpeter Eddie Henderson, trombonist Julian Priester, bassist Buster Williams and drummer Billy Hart.
Background
This album is one of Hancock's first departures from the traditional idioms of jazz, as well as the beginning of an original and creative style which eventually appealed to a wider audience, e.g. in his 1973 album Head Hunters. In addition, Mwandishi was Hancock's attempt at continuing the musical principles and styles he explored in his previous experiences with Miles Davis, e.g. on In A Silent Way. Hancock's previous explorations of jazz fusion included Fat Albert Rotunda, an album related to the TV special ‘’Hey, Hey, Hey, It's Fat Albert’’.
Mwandishi was recorded at Wally Heider Studios Studio C, in San Francisco, California in January 1971, by Hancock's Mwandishi Sextet. The recording incorporated progressive notions of funk, jazz, and rock.
The tracks on Mwandishi include "Ostinato," the time signature of which is 15/8, "You'll Know When You Get There," and "Wandering Spirit Song." "Wandering Spirit Song" features Hancock's extensive use of tension and release, in which he builds the tension of the song by crescendos and an increasing number of musical voices, and then releases the tension with long held chords on his synthesizer.
("composer") is the Swahili name Hancock adopted during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The members of the Sextet each adopted a Swahili name: ("player," someone who plays a game) for Buster Williams, ("strong as a rock") for Billy Hart, ("doctor," whose traditional functions include exorcism, prophecy, and the removal of spells) for Eddie Henderson, Mwile ("body", from Swahili ) for Bennie Maupin,
("demon baby") for Julian Priester, and ("brother") for Leon Chancler.
Release history
Mwandishi, along with Fat Albert Rotunda and Crossings, was reissued in one set as Mwandishi: The Complete Warner Bros. Recordings in 1994 and as The Warner Bros. Years (1969-1972) in 2014.
Track listing
All songs composed by Herbie Hancock except where noted.
Personnel
Mwandishi / Herbie Hancock – Fender Rhodes piano
Mchezaji / Buster Williams – bass
Jabali / Billy Hart – drums
Mganga / Eddie Henderson – trumpet, flugelhorn
Mwile / Bennie Maupin – bass clarinet, alto flute, piccolo
Pepo Mtoto / Julian Priester – tenor trombone, bass trombone
with
Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums and percussion on "Ostinato (Suite For Angela)"
José "Chepito" Areas – congas and timbales on "Ostinato (Suite For Angela)"
Ronnie Montrose – guitar on "Ostinato (Suite For Angela)"
References
1971 albums
Herbie Hancock albums
Warner Records albums
Albums produced by Dave Rubinson
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Albums recorded at Wally Heider Studios
Jazz fusion albums by American artists
Concept albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwandishi |
"The Suicide's Soliloquy" is an unsigned poem, possibly written by Abraham Lincoln, first published on August 25, 1838, in The Sangamo Journal, a four-page Whig newspaper in Springfield, Illinois.
Shortly after Lincoln's assassination, one of Lincoln's personal friends, Joshua Speed, told William Herndon, Lincoln's biographer, that Lincoln had written and published "a few lines under the gloomy title of Suicide", although the article had never been found. In 1997, independent writer Richard Lawrence Miller found The Suicide's Soliloquy and, in 2002, came to realize that it matched the descriptions of Lincoln's missing article. Although it seems to follow the same themes and style as Lincoln's other works, there is still controversy over whether it was actually written by Lincoln.
Lincoln authorship controversy
Arguments in favor of Lincoln authorship
The poem was published in the Sangamo Journal, a newspaper in which Lincoln had previously published other works. The poem uses a similar meter, sync, dictation and tone with many other poems published by Lincoln and according to Richard Miller, the man who discovered the poem, the theme of the interplay between rationality and madness is "especially Lincolnian in spirit". In addition to this, many of the symptoms of depression that Lincoln expressed in letters and other writings are discussed in this poem. For example, one of Lincoln's symptoms was described as a "storm in his brain, punctuated by thunderclaps of thought--self-critical, fearful, despairing". He also wrote of an "intensity of thought, which will some times wear the sweetest idea thread-bare and turn it to the bitterness of death". In the poem, the narrator exclaims, "To ease me of this power to think,/ That through my bosom raves,/ I'll headlong leap from hell's high brink,/ And wallow in its waves." Although some doubt remains around the authorship of the poem, one Lincoln scholar said, "It looks like Lincoln. It sounds like Lincoln. It probably is Lincoln."
Arguments against Lincoln authorship
There is a general lack of agreement on the year the poem was published. In William Herndon's interview with Joshua Speed, one of Lincoln's closest friends, Speed initially said that the lost poem was published in 1840 or 1841 before settling on 1838. However an early authoritative biography by Jesse W. Weik, assembled largely from Herndon's writings, stated that the lost Lincoln poem was published in 1841. Thus Lincoln biographers assumed it had followed Lincoln’s suicidal breakdown in 1841, known to historians as the “fatal first of January.” However there was a period during 1835 when Lincoln's friends became concerned for his safety due to his talk of suicide following the death of a friend, Ann Rutledge, from typhoid fever. "The Suicide's Soliloquy" was published on the third anniversary of Rutledge's funeral, the point at which acquaintances first noticed that Lincoln was suffering from a depressive episode.
References
Further reading
Newly Discovered Poem Likely Lincoln's, Neal Conan, Talk of the Nation, NPR, June 9, 2004
Was Suicide Poem Written by Lincoln? from US news on NBC News.com
Lincoln's "Suicide" Poem: Has It Been Found?, Richard Lawrence Miller, For the People, Spring 2004
American poems
Poetry by Abraham Lincoln
Works about suicide
Works originally published in American newspapers
1838 poems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Suicide%27s%20Soliloquy |
Centro Desportivo Olímpico - Estádio () is a multi-purpose stadium in Taipa, Macau, China. It was formerly named Estádio Campo Desportivo () before the reconstruction of the stadium had been completed.
The Olympic Sports Center is the largest sporting complex in Macau. It is more often known as the Macau Olympic Complex Stadium since it is the largest facility of the complex. The complex comprises a stadium - a grass pitch (105 x 68 m) surrounded by an 8-lane athletic track and a long jump area, a 900-seated indoor stadium, a hockey centre, a practicing track and several tennis courts. In general, it is used mostly for football matches and athletics.
2005 reconstruction
The stadium has been under major overhaul including the reconstruction of the East and West Stand in order to increase its capacity for the 2005 East Asian Games. Prior to reconstruction the West Stand was the only part of the stadium with a roof, with the rest of them being open-air. The renewed stadium now has a capacity of around 16,272.
Tenants
The stadium has become the home ground of the Macau football team since its completion and has been a major venue for local athletic and football competitions including the Liga de Elite.
Notable football matches
After reconstruction it has held several high-profiled friendly matches such as China vs. Portugal in 2002, Barcelona vs. Shenzhen in 2005, Manchester United vs. Shenzhen in 2007, Chelsea F.C. vs. Guangzhou Pharmaceutical, Southampton F.C. vs. Guangzhou R&F in 2019.
On 5 September 2018, AFC announced that the stadium would host the 2018 AFC Champions League quarter final second leg between China's Tianjin Quanjian and Japan's Kashima Antlers on September 18.
Notable Football Matches
Team
Club
See also
Sport in Macau
References
External links
Stadium
y Google Maps
Football venues in Macau
Rugby union in Macau
Athletics (track and field) venues in Macau
Multi-purpose stadiums in Macau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio%20Campo%20Desportivo |
Meinrad, OSB (; 797 – 21 January 861 AD) was a German Benedictine hermit and is revered as a Catholic and Orthodox saint. He is known as the "Martyr of Hospitality". His feast day is 21 January.
Life
Meinrad was born into the family of the Counts of Hohenzollern and was educated at the abbey school of Reichenau, an island in Lake Constance, under his kinsmen, the Benedictine Abbots Hatto and Erlebald. There he became a monk and was ordained.
After some years at Reichenau, and the dependent priory at Benken, St. Gallen near Lake Zurich, around 829 he embraced an eremitical life and established his hermitage on the slopes of Etzel Pass, taking with him a wonder-working statue of the Virgin Mary which he had been given by the Abbess Hildegarde of Zurich. Because so many people sought him out, in 835 he retreated to a hermitage in the forest on the site of today's monastery in Einsiedeln. Inspired by the Desert Fathers, Meinrad practiced a strict asceticism. Gifts presented to him he passed on to poor. He was killed in 861 by two robbers who wanted the treasures which pilgrims left at the shrine. Meinrad is known as the Martyr of Hospitality.
Over the next eighty years, the hermitage was occupied by a succession of hermits. One of them, named Eberhard, previously Provost of Strasburg, erected a monastery, Einsiedeln Abbey, and became its first abbot. Meinrad was originally buried at Reichenau, but his relics were returned to Einsiedeln in 1029.
Veneration
During the Middle Ages, Einsiedeln became a popular place of pilgrimage for people from southern Germany, Switzerland, and Alsace. Meinrad's cell became the shrine of the Black Madonna of Einsiedeln. Over the years dust and the smoke of candles, oil lamps and incense darkened the image. In 1803 the hands and face were painted black.
The Chapel St. Meinrad at the summit of the Etzel Pass is first mentioned in the 13th century. The chapel and a nearby inn are located on the pilgrimage route of Camino de Santiago, which continues from the Zurich Oberland over the Etzel Pass to Einsiedeln and from there to the northern Spanish town of Santiago de Compostela.
The Feast Day of St. Meinrad is on 21 January.
St. Meinrad Archabbey in St. Meinrad, Indiana, is named for him.
See also
Einsiedeln Abbey, Switzerland
Hohenzollern
Saint Meinrad School of Theology
St. Meinrad Archabbey, Indiana
References
St. Meinrad (German language)
Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .
The Ecole Glossary
861 deaths
German hermits
Einsiedeln
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinrad%20of%20Einsiedeln |
HCAP may refer to:
HC Ambri-Piotta, a Swiss ice hockey club
Healthcare-associated pneumonia
human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein
The Honourable Company of Air Pilots, formerly the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, a London livery company
Host Credential Authorization Protocol, a component of Microsoft Network Policy Server
Hitachi Community Action Partnership, a program of The Hitachi Foundation
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCAP |
Temperance River State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, located between the communities of Schroeder and Tofte on Highway 61 on the North Shore of Lake Superior. It has campsites, picnic areas, and hiking trails on both sides of the Temperance River.
History
The Temperance River area was first permanently inhabited by Europeans in the 1830s. Settlers had to decide what to name various geographical features. When the geographical surveyors came through the area in 1864, they noticed that one particular river ran into water which was so deep that no sand bar formed at the mouth. Because there was no "bar" that river was named "Temperance."
In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps built several overlooks at certain places along the riverside. In 1957, the state organized of land into Temperance River State Park.
Wildlife
Visitors often view mammals such as white-tailed deer, snowshoe hare, red squirrel, beaver, red fox, river otter, moose, fisher, coyote, marten, northern flying squirrel, black bear and timber wolf.
Birds that roam within this park would be spruce grouse, kinglets, warblers, hawks and eagles. They seasonally migrate along shores. Northern spotted owls, woodpeckers, finches, ravens and unusual water birds as well as snowy, great gray and boreal owls are spotted by visitors during winter months.
Attractions
Temperance River has two campgrounds, one on each side of the river. Both campgrounds are closer to Lake Superior than most state park campgrounds near the lake. Besides the "bar-less" mouth of the river, Temperance River has three waterfalls which can be reached by footpath. The park is also one of four Minnesota state parks to allow rock climbing, along with nearby Tettegouche State Park.
The Superior Hiking Trail passes through the park, following the river gorge before climbing to the top of Carlton Peak, nearly above Lake Superior.
References
External links
Temperance River State Park
1957 establishments in Minnesota
Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1957
Protected areas of Cook County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance%20River%20State%20Park |
Allen Edward Atkinson (born July 28, 1943) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL). He played high school ball at Monsignor Bonner High School. He played college football for the Villanova Wildcats as a lineman. He played professionally in the AFL for the New York Jets from 1965 through 1969; then for the NFL Jets 1970 through 1974. He was a member of the Jets' 1968 World Championship team, and an AFL All-Star in 1968.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
External links
New York Jets bio page
1943 births
Living people
Players of American football from Philadelphia
American football linebackers
Villanova Wildcats football players
New York Jets players
American Football League players
American Football League All-Star players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Atkinson |
Pedro de Rojas was a Spanish licenciado (lawyer) and colonial official in the Philippines and New Spain. For 40 days in 1593 he served as interim governor of the Philippines.
He had first served in the Philippines as a member of the Audiencia of Manila, beginning in 1584. In 1590 he was made lieutenant assessor of the colony, an important position.
Expedition to the Moluccas
In 1593, the governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas led a Spanish expedition from Manila to capture the fort at Terrenate, in the Moluccas. Gómez Pérez left the military affairs of Manila and the rest of the Philippines in charge of Diego Ronquillo, and civil affairs in charge of Pedro de Rojas, who was then lieutenant assessor.
On the second day after the governor had sailed from Manila, the fleet reached the island of Caca, 24 leagues from the capital and just off the coast of Luzon. There the Chinese rowers of the galley that was the governor's flagship seized the ship and killed most of the crew and passengers, including Governor Pérez Dasmariñas. They then sailed the ship away from the Philippines, hoping to reach China.
Choice of a new governor
Governor Pérez Dasmariñas had brought with him to the Philippines a royal order directing him to choose a temporary successor to serve in the event of his death. He had shown this order to various prominent Spaniards in the colony, implying to each that he was the designated successor. In particular, both the governor's son Luis Pérez Dasmariñas and conquistador Captain Estevan Rodríguez de Figueroa expected the appointment. Both of these men had been on the expedition to the Moluccas with the governor. Both hurried back to Manila to take command of the colony.
Meanwhile, news of the seizure of the galley had arrived in Manila. The citizens and soldiers who had remained there assembled at the house of Licenciado Pedro de Rojas to discuss what to do. First they elected Rojas governor and captain general. Then they sent two frigates in pursuit of the galley, but they were unable to find it. Rojas also sent a message to Luis Pérez in Pintados, informing him of Rojas's election and ordering him to return immediately to Manila, as the city had been left nearly defenseless.
Rojas also began a search of the previous governor's papers to find the document naming his successor. The papers had been deposited in the Augustinian monastery in Manila, but the prior, not trusting Rojas, had secretly removed the document.
About 40 days after the election of Rojas, Luis Pérez and Estevan Rodríguez arrived together in the harbor, with many men. They did not disembark, and Pérez ordered another search for the missing document. This was now found, and it named Pérez as his father's successor. The city magistrates then withdrew recognition of Rojas, and turned over the government to Pérez. This was seconded by Pérez's soldiers, and by the fleet. Rojas left office, having governed for 40 days.
Rojas was soon replaced as lieutenant assessor, by Antonio de Morga, who had been sent from Spain. Rojas was promoted to the position of alcalde in Mexico City.
External links
History of the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga (1907). This work is also available at Project Gutenberg:
A little biographical information
1600 deaths
Colonial Mexico
16th-century Spanish people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20de%20Rojas |
The National Football Stadium (), also known as the Galolhu Rasmee Dhandu Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Malé, Maldives. It is used mostly for football matches of the Dhivehi League, FAM Cup, and International matches. The stadium holds around 11,000 spectators. The stadium was renovated to upgrade certain facilities including a media box for 2014 AFC Challenge Cup and was re-branded as National Football Stadium.
References
Football venues in the Maldives
Multi-purpose stadiums
Sport in Malé | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Football%20Stadium%20%28Maldives%29 |
National Sports Stadium (In ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. It is used mostly for football matches and has a capacity 12,500. The Naadam festival, which celebrates Mongolian independence, is held there every July. The land owned by the stadium company is about 27 hectares, of which the stadium takes about 8 hectares of land. The National Sport Stadium in Mongolia hosted the 2016 World University Archery Championship.
History
The stadium was established in 1958 by Russian construction in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Since then, it has not been majorly renovated, although it gets a little painting and touch up once a year. Even though the stadium was built for multi-use such as football and festivals, the only mandatory event is the Naadam festival held on July 11 of each year which commemorates Mongolian State Flag Day and the People's Revolution of 1921. In 1996, a military parade in the National Sports Stadium commemorated the 790th anniversary of the Mongol Empire and the 75th anniversary of the People's Revolution. Other events are usually held under a contract except those organized by the government.
Owners
The stadium is part private owned and part government owned, with a 51%/49% split. The reason for its split ownership is that there is only one stadium that can hold 2,500 people in Mongolia. If the stadium was wholly private the government would have to fund the entire Naadam festive, 70% of the costs of which are taken from ticket sales and the leasing of surrounding land.
Events
Core Contents Media artist, including T-ara, Davichi, SPEED, and The SeeYa held a concert in the stadium on 21 September 2013
References
1958 establishments in Mongolia
Athletics (track and field) venues in Mongolia
Football venues in Ulaanbaatar
Multi-purpose stadiums
Mongolia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Sports%20Stadium%20%28Mongolia%29 |
This article lists direct English translations of common Latin phrases. Some of the phrases are themselves translations of Greek phrases.
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Additional references
full | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Latin%20phrases%20%28full%29 |
Dasharath Rangasala (; ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Tripureshwar, Kathmandu. It is named after Dasharath Chand, one of the four great martyrs of Nepal.
The stadium is used mostly for football matches and cultural programmes. It has floodlights installed, to facilitate matches and events in the evenings. Most of Nepal's national and international tournaments are held in this stadium. Nepal's primary football division, Martyr's Memorial League, is also held on this ground every year. The stadium has also been the only host of the inaugural 2021 Nepal Super League season.
History
The stadium was built in 1956. It was renovated in 1998 to host the 1999 South Asian Games. In 2011, it was renovated again to host the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup.
As Nepal's biggest stadium, the stadium has hosted many important events. The 2012 AFC Challenge Cup and the 2013 SAFF Championship were held here, with the Halchowk Stadium hosting some of the matches as well. Numerous cultural festivals and musical events took place here as well. The 2011 concert of Bryan Adams was held in this stadium and was his first rock concert in Nepal.
The stadium suffered damage from the April 2015 earthquake that hit Nepal.
After the earthquake, the stadium was renovated for the third time and the opening was done again on 1 December 2019 for the 2019 South Asian Games.
Major catastrophe
On 13 March 1988, about 30,000 people were present in the stadium to watch a match between two clubs from Nepal and Bangladesh when a hailstorm broke out, causing a stampede as the supporters tried to escape the stadium. According to reports, about 93 people died in the stampede, including two police officers and a 12-year-old child. More than 100 people were hospitalised with injuries. It was considered one of the worst catastrophic events in the history of sports.
Major sports events
1997 SAFF Football Championship (4 – 13 September 1997)
1999 South Asian Games
2012 AFC Challenge Cup (8 – 19 March 2012)
2013 SAFF U-16 Championship (20 – 30 July 2013)
2013 SAFF Championship (31 August – 11 September 2013)
2019 South Asian Games (1 – 10 December 2019)
2022 SAFF Women's Championship (6 – 19 September 2022)
Major music and cultural events
Bryan Adams – live in concert by JPR events (19 February 2011)
Atif Aslam – live in concert (2013)
See also
All Nepal Football Association
Nepal national football team
Nepal women's national football team
Nepal national under-17 football team
Nepal national under-20 football team
Nepal Super League
List of football stadiums in Nepal
References
Football venues in Nepal
Athletics (track and field) venues in Nepal
Multi-purpose stadiums in Nepal
Sports venues in Kathmandu
Sports venues completed in 1956
1956 establishments in Nepal
Taekwondo venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasharath%20Rangasala |
The Tajikistan Central Stadium (), also known as Pamir Stadium or Central Tajikistan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium currently holds 20,000. It is currently the home ground of the Tajikistan national football team, Istiqlol Dushanbe and CSKA Pamir Dushanbe. It also hosted Afghanistan national football team matches in 2022 World Cup qualification.
Next to it is located the Dushanbe Zoo.
References
External links
Stadium Database: Pamir Stadium
Stadium Profile at FC Istiklol
Football venues in Tajikistan
Athletics (track and field) venues in Tajikistan
Buildings and structures in Dushanbe
Tajikistan
Multi-purpose stadiums
Sport in Dushanbe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir%20Stadium |
The 700th Anniversary of Chiang Mai Stadium () is a multi-purpose stadium in Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, built to host the 1995 Southeast Asian Games and to commemorate the 700th anniversary of Chiang Mai's establishment at the same time. It was also used for the 1998 Asian Games. Football side Chiangmai F.C. returned to the stadium for the 2009 season, having used a municipal stadium elsewhere in the city in recent years.
Navamin Reservoir (อ่างเก็บน้ำนวมินทร์), also known as Mae Jok Luang Reservoir (อ่างเก็บน้ำแม่จอกหลวง), is located directly behind the stadium.
Architecture
Architecturally, the stadium is clearly a forebear of the 80th Birthday Stadium in Nakhon Ratchasima. A continuous single tier, almost a perfect circle, rises up on one side to form a large main stand which provides covered accommodation for 4,500 spectators. Only the main stand is covered the rest of the all seater stadium is uncovered.
References
External links
700th Anniversary Stadium on fifa.com
Football venues in Thailand
Multi-purpose stadiums in Thailand
Sport in Chiang Mai
Buildings and structures in Chiang Mai
Sports venues completed in 1995
1995 establishments in Thailand
Chiangmai F.C.
1990s in Chiang Mai
Southeast Asian Games stadiums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/700th%20Anniversary%20Stadium |
The Democratic Party (, ), officially known as the Portuguese Republican Party ( ), was a Portuguese centre-left political party during the Portuguese First Republic. It was also the self-proclaimed successor to the original Portuguese Republican Party, which had been behind the revolution that established the Portuguese First Republic in 1910.
The name "Democratic Party" was never the official name of the party, as the Portuguese Republican Party never ceased to exist. However, the party was de facto different and thus the other parties (that belonged to the PRP before 1910) used the new expression to assert their opposition to the claim of continuation of the PRP by Afonso Costa, the first leader of the Democratic Party. Other names were given to the members of the Democratic Party, like the Afonsists, named after Afonso Costa.
History
When the Evolutionists and Unionists seceded from the Portuguese Republican Party in February 1912, the Democratic Party declared itself the latter party's heir. It soon controlled its electoral and propagandistic structure, a fact that would influence the dominance of the Democratic Party during the First Republic.
During the First Republic, the Democratic Party, led by Afonso Costa, managed to hold power despite suffering several revolutionary attempts, both monarchist and republican. Although some of the coups partially succeeded (Monarchy of the North, Pimenta de Castro, Sidónio Pais) the Democratic Party always managed to retain power.
During World War I, in which Portugal participated, the party entered a coalition government with the Evolutionist Party called "Sacred Union", to face the problems of the war. Following the war, discontent grew and the union was eventually dissolved. Sidónio took advantage of this and established a dictatorial government of his National Republican Party. Sidónio Pais was assassinated 14 December 1918. By 1919 the Democratic Party was again in power.
After 1919, with Afonso Costa in Paris, the party was led by António Maria da Silva. In the next phase of the party's existence, political, popular and syndicalist opposition created a climate of constant revolt. Groups also seceded from the party, with the creation of the Democratic Leftwing Republican Party and the Reformist Party, both on the Left.
Relations with the Republic
The identification of the First Republic with the Democratic Party was so close, as the party dominated all political life between 1911 and 1926, that Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa described it as a "multi-party system with a dominant party" and historian Fernando Rosas called it a "political monopoly" and a "democratic dictatorship".
Prime ministers
Augusto de Vasconcelos (1911–1912)
Duarte Leite (1912–1913)
Afonso Costa (1913–1914; 1915–1916; 1917 — in coalition with the Evolutionists [Sacred Union])
Bernardino Machado (1914; 1921)
Victor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho (1914–1915)
António José de Almeida — Evolutionists in coalition ([Sacred Union]) — (1916–1917)
José Relvas (1919)
Domingos Pereira (1919; 1920; 1925)
Alfredo de Sá Cardoso (1919–1920; 1920)
António Maria Baptista (1920)
José Ramos Preto (1920)
António Maria da Silva (1920; 1922–1923; 1925; 1925–1926)
Liberato Pinto (1920–1921)
Alfredo Rodrigues Gaspar (1924)
Vitorino Guimarães (1925)
Presidents of the Republic
Manuel de Arriaga (1911–1915)
Teófilo Braga (1915)
Bernardino Machado (1915–1918; 1925–1926)
Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1923–1925)
See also
Politics of Portugal
History of Portugal
History of Portugal (1834–1910)
History of Portugal (1910–1926)
History of Portugal (1926–1974)
5 October 1910 revolution
28 May 1926 revolution
Timeline of Portuguese history
List of political parties in Portugal
List of presidents of Portugal
List of prime ministers of Portugal
Defunct political parties in Portugal
Liberal parties in Portugal
Radical parties
Republicanism in Portugal
Republican parties
Political parties established in 1910
Political parties disestablished in 1926
1910 establishments in Portugal
1926 disestablishments in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Party%20%28Portugal%29 |
The Royal Palace () of Bucharest, known as Palace of the Republic () between 1948 and 1990, is a monumental building situated in the capital of Romania, on Calea Victoriei. The palace in its various incarnations served as official residence for the kings of Romania until 1947, when the communist regime was installed after Michael I of Romania's forced abdication. Since 1950, the palace hosts the National Museum of Art of Romania. The Romanian royal family currently uses Elisabeta Palace as its official residence in Bucharest. In addition, the Romanian government allows the royal family to use the Royal Palace different occasions.
The palace is the largest and most significant royal residence in the country, containing emblematic official spaces such as the Throne Hall, the Royal Dining Hall and the monumental Voivodes' Staircase. An equestrian statue of the first king of Romania, Carol I stands in the center of a large square in front of it, traditionally known as the "Palace Square" (), but renamed "Revolution Square" after the Romanian revolution of 1989.
History
The old Royal Palace – Golescu Mansion (1812–1937)
Between 1812 and 1815, the Golescu Mansion was built at the place of the present Royal Palace. It belonged to stolnic Dinicu Golescu, a high-ranking aristocrat (boyar). The house was built in Neoclassical style and had 25 rooms, a quite large house for the Bucharest of that era. In 1837, the Golescu Mansion became the official residence of Prince (Hospodar) of Wallachia, Alexandru II Ghica. From 1859 to 1866, the Prince (styled Domnitor after 1862) of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, used the Golescu Mansion as his official residence.
In February 1866, Cuza was removed from the throne by a political coalition of Liberals and Conservatives (see "Monstrous coalition") and the German Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (who would rule as Carol I) was invited to become Domnitor of the country, by then officially known as Romania. On 10 May 1866, Prince Carol I arrived in Bucharest for the first time and the aristocrats offered him the Golescu Mansion as state residence. During his reign, king Carol I made various changes to the mansion. After gaining its independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, Romania was proclaimed a kingdom in 1881, with the mansion now serving as Royal Palace. As the Golescu mansion was neither large enough nor had it the appropriate spaces for official duties, it was enlarged by a new wing, which included the main state rooms such as the throne hall.
In 1926, a fire destroyed the main building of the old Royal Palace. The royal family then used Cotroceni Palace as its official residence in Bucharest (Cotroceni was built by King Carol I as a residence for the young couple Ferdinand and Maria, during their tenure as Crown Princes). Since a total renovation was necessary, the remains of the old palace were demolished during the ample reconstruction performed in 1936–1937.
The new Royal Palace (1937–47)
The new Royal Palace, as it stands today, was erected between 1936 and 1937 under the direct supervision of Queen Marie and her son, King Carol II. The architect of the building was Nicolae Nenciulescu. During World War II, a complete reconstruction of the place before the palace was planned, but this architectural project was never completed.
Until 24 August 1944, a villa, called Casa Nouă ("The New House"), existed behind the Royal Palace, on the site occupied nowadays by the Sala Palatului concert hall. This was the house in which the royal family actually lived, since the new Royal Palace contained mainly official, large spaces. An alley existed between Casa Nouă and the palace, requiring visitors to go outdoor when passing from one to the other.
It is in villa Casa Nouă that the arrest of Marshall Ion Antonescu took place in the afternoon of 23 August 1944, during the coup led by King Michael that overthrew the pro-Nazi regime of Antonescu and resulted in Romania's switching sides to the Allies. The following day, a retaliation bombardment performed by the German Luftwaffe completely destroyed Casa Nouă and seriously affected the Royal Palace. On 24 August 1944, the day after King Mihai and his alles removed the government led by Ion Antonescu from power, the Royal Palace was severely damaged by the bombing of the German Luftwaffe aviation, which occurred as reprisal.
After 24 August 1944, with the Royal Palace made uninhabitable by the German bombardment and Cotroceni Palace still not recovered after the disastrous earthquake on 10 November 1940, the Romanian royal family missed again a functional Bucharest residence. King Michael asked his aunt, Princess Elisabeta of Romania, former Queen Consort of Greece, to allow the court to use her villa in Herăstrău Park (nowadays known as the Elisabeta Palace). The Elisabeta Palace would serve as the residence of the royal family until 1947, when Michael I was forced to abdicate and left in exile, and again after 1997, when the family was returned several former properties.
In 1945, the Throne Hall in the Royal Palace was superficially repaired, in a hurry, to host the ceremony of decoration for King Michael I, by the Soviets. They awarded the King the Order of Victory, their highest military decoration, for his merit in the 1944 coup. For the same reason, the King was awarded the Legion of Merit at highest degree (Chief Commander) by U.S. president Harry S. Truman, a year later.
The Royal Palace during the Communist regime (1947–89)
During communist rule, the Royal Palace in Bucharest was used to host the National Museum of Art of Romania.
The Throne Hall in the palace was renamed as "Sala Consiliului de Stat" ("The Hall of the State's Council") and used by subsequent leaders of Romania – such as Nicolae Ceaușescu – for various political events. During that era, all symbols reminding of the monarchy, such as the throne armchair itself, the great royal coat of arms on the walls and others, were removed. Behind the Royal Palace, a multi-purpose hall was built between 1959 and 1960 on the site where the royal residence called "Casa Nouă" was located, which now serves as a concert and conference hall 'Sala Palatului'.
In 1965, the Hall of the State's Council was used for the lying-in-state of deceased leader Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, with Romanian people encouraged to pay the last respects.
The Royal Palace after the Romanian Revolution of 1989
After its anti-Communist Revolution of 1989, Romania remained under a republican government and the former Royal Palace continued to host the National Museum of Art. During the events in December 1989, with violent armed confrontations on the streets, the palace was again seriously damaged and partially burnt, the art works of the National Museum inside it being put at great risk. The main halls in the Royal Palace were generally restored after the regime change – with the most ample restoration work completed in 2013 – and are now opened to tourists.
After the Romanian Revolution, former King Michael and his wife, Anne, were allowed for a first visit in the country in April 1992 (despite their attempts to do that immediately after the events). The two-day visit was a historical event, with the monarchist press claiming more than one million people were cheering the King in the streets. After that, the Romanian post-Communist authorities denied him a second visit – until 1997. Then, a newly installed government under Victor Ciorbea abolished the Communist decree which banned the King's Romanian citizenship, effectively allowing him to regain ID documents and free pass throughout the country.
In August 2016, the coffin of Anne, King Michael's spouse, was laid in the Throne Hall for two days, before her burial in Curtea de Argeș, with thousands of Romanians paying homages. Also in December 2017, the funeral of king Michael took place out of the Royal Palace.
References
Literature
External links
Image gallery
Palaces in Bucharest
Royal residences in Romania
Calea Victoriei
Buildings and structures in Bucharest
Historic monuments in Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Palace%20of%20Bucharest |
Lagoa Santa is a municipality in southeast Goiás state, Brazil. Lagoa Santa is one of the most recent municipalities in the state, having been installed on 1 January 2001. It has hot water springs and is being developed as a resort.
Location
Lagoa Santa is located on the border with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, divided by the Aporé River, a tributary of the Paraná. It is 483 kilometers from the state capital, Goiânia and is connected by highways BR-153 and BR-060, leaving from São Paulo, and from Goiânia, by highways Br-060 and BR-164 and GO-206 and GO-302.
Connections with the state capital are made by BR-060 / Abadia de Goiás / Guapó / Indiara / Acreúna / Rio Verde / GO-174 / GO-422 / Caçu / GO-206 / Itarumã / GO-178 / Itajá / GO-302.
It has boundaries on the north, east, and west with Itajá, and on the south with the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.
Geography
The average elevation is 380 meters and the average annual temperature is approximately 20 °C to 24 °C, with the minimum of 17 °C and the maximum of 31 °C. It is not uncommon to have cold fronts in the region, which come from the south. The climate is very humid, with humidity around 70%.
The town is crossed by the Rio Aporé, on the border with Mato Grosso do Sul. In the tropical forest along the river there is a natural lake, Lagoa Santa, with water temperatures of around 31 °C. This lake gave the town its name and is visited by tourists from all over the country, who seek a cure in the warm and medicinal waters of the lake.
Demographics
Population density in 2007: 2.67 inhabitants/km2
Total population in 2007: 5,409
Urban population in 2007: 852
Rural population in 2007: 373
The economy
The economy is based on services, government jobs, modest agriculture and cattle raising, and income generated from tourism. The cattle herd was 48,000 (2006).
Economic Data (2007)
Industrial establishments: 0
Retail establishments in 2007: 22
Automobiles: 60 (2007)
Main agricultural products in ha.(2006)
rice: 100
corn: 200
Farm Data (2006)in ha.
Number of farms: 81
Total area: 42,940
Area of permanent crops: 33
Area of perennial crops: 166
Area of natural pasture: 31,372
Persons dependent on farming: 212
Farms with tractors: 37
Number of tractors: 66 IBGE
Education and Health
There were 02 schools in activity (2006) and no hospitals.
Literacy Rate: n/a
Infant mortality rate: n/a (in 1,000 live births)
Lagoa Santa was first created a district of Itajá in 1988 with the name Termas de Lagoa Santa. In 1998 it became a municipality with the present name.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoa%20Santa%2C%20Goi%C3%A1s |
Stephen Hickman (April 9, 1949 – July 16, 2021) was an American artist, illustrator, sculptor, and author.
Biography
Hickman's professional career was launched in 1972 when he got a job creating T-shirt designs for Shirt Explosion in Lanham, Maryland. Hickman was given virtually unlimited artistic freedom. His entry into book illustration came in 1974, when Neal Adams of Continuity Studios introduced Hickman to Charles Volpe, art editor at Ace Books. Volpe bought the printing rights of items from Hickman's portfolio, and later commissioned paintings which were used for reprints of Ace Doubles in the Classics of Science-Fiction series. Hickman then became a full-time artist. His most prominent work is Space Fantasy Stamps, a series of science fiction and fantasy postage stamps made for the United States Postal Service. These stamps are a series of five scenes that depict space travel.
Awards
1994 Hugo Award, for Best Original Art Work
Six Chesley Awards
References
1949 births
2021 deaths
Fantasy artists
Hugo Award-winning artists
American speculative fiction artists
Science fiction artists
Role-playing game artists
Artists from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Hickman |
Louisa Hawkins Canby (December 25, 1818 – 1889) was nicknamed the "Angel of Santa Fe" in 1862 for her compassion toward sick, wounded, and freezing Confederate soldiers at Santa Fe, New Mexico. Mrs. Canby was the wife of Union Brig. Gen. Edward Richard Sprigg Canby whose order to destroy or hide not only weapons and ammunition but all food, equipment, and blankets prior to any retreat was largely responsible for the Confederates' misery. Taking pity on her husband's enemies, Mrs. Canby not only organized other officers' wives to nurse the sick and wounded among the occupying Confederate forces, but also showed Col. William Read Scurry where fleeing Union forces had hidden blankets and food. Mrs. Canby, said one rebel, "captured more hearts of Confederate soldier [sic] than the old general ever captured Confederate bodies."
Early life of a military wife
Louisa Hawkins was born December 25, 1818, at Paris, Kentucky, to John and Elizabeth (Waller) Hawkins. Relatives and close friends usually called her "Lou." Like the family of Louisa's future husband, the Hawkinses moved from Kentucky to Indiana. After graduating from Georgetown Female College in Georgetown, Kentucky, Louisa married Lt. E.R.S. Canby at Crawfordsville, Indiana on August 1, 1839. The Hawkins family apparently had a strong attraction to the military. Louisa's younger brother, John Parker Hawkins, was a West Point graduate, served during the Civil War, and retired a brigadier general in 1894. At least two of Louisa's three sisters also married military officers (who happened to be brothers).
A Methodist, Louisa was very religious but also ecumenical: she once helped a Protestant marry a Catholic in spite of the controversy stirred up by the union. At her husband's funeral service in Portland, Oregon, she arranged to have clergymen representing three Protestant denominations share in the service. (A fourth clergyman, feeling less ecumenical, bowed out.) At the final funeral service in Indianapolis, Indiana, a Baptist and a Methodist shared duties.
During E.R.S. Canby's military career, Louisa joined him on assignments with the almost sole exception of the Mexican–American War. In his memoirs, William Tecumseh Sherman recalls the arrival of the Canbys at Monterey, California, in early 1849 where then-Major Canby succeeded Sherman as adjutant-general of the military Department of California. The Canbys, with their six-year-old daughter, Mary (who died in childhood), took up residence in Monterey which was then the military headquarters for California. (Benicia, California was soon added as the headquarters for the Pacific.) About this time, Louisa met Lt. Col. Henry Stanton Burton, who became involved in controversy when he proposed marriage to Maria Amparo Ruiz, the granddaughter of the former Mexican governor of Baja California. (She was a remarkable woman in her own right: widely admired for her beauty and aristocratic carriage, she later became a successful novelist.) The announcement of their engagement set off a firestorm as the Roman Catholic Bishop of California condemned the union (Burton was a Protestant), and the governor declared that "all the authorities of California are not to authorize any marriage when either of the parties is a Catholic." Louisa offered the couple the use of the Canby home where their marriage took place on July 7, 1849. Major Canby, who had begun a tour of northern California on July 2 and did not return to Monterey until August 9, was forced to explain that he had taken no part in the affaire and that his wife, a civilian, had acted alone.
During the two years the Canbys were in the territory, California applied for statehood. Both Canbys contributed to this effort unofficially, Mrs. Canby by copying documents for the statehood convention and Major Canby by arranging and partially indexing territorial records.
Almost a decade later, in 1859, while Colonel Canby was commander of Fort Bridger, Utah Territory (now in the state of Wyoming), the Canbys spent an enjoyable Christmas with Captain Henry Hopkins Sibley a charming but volatile Louisianan who had graduated from West Point a year ahead of Canby. It is not certain whether Louisa had met Sibley previously although many rumors ranging from the outlandish (that Louisa was Sibley's sister) to the plausible (that her husband could have been best man at Sibley's 1840 wedding) would circulate on the Union side during 1862. Canby and Sibley certainly had crossed paths previously: Canby served on a court-martial panel that exonerated Sibley in 1858, and he subsequently endorsed Sibley's invention, the Sibley tent, which would be widely used during the Civil War. (The two men could have known each other earlier since both were at West Point and served in Florida and Mexico at about the same times, but it is uncertain whether they knew each other before the late 1850s.)
Civil War nurse behind enemy lines
When in January 1862 the newly minted Brig. Gen. Sibley led a Confederate brigade into New Mexico Territory and began marching up the Rio Grande toward Colorado, Colonel Canby (subsequently promoted to brigadier general in March of that year) was in charge of the defense of the entire territory, which included what is today the states of Arizona and New Mexico as well as the southern tip of Nevada. He assigned to himself the command of Fort Craig, which, at that point, was the southernmost fort in the Confederates' line of march that had not yet been captured. While her husband fought Sibley in the pitched Battle of Valverde, Louisa awaited the outcome of the campaign at Santa Fe, the territorial capital. On March 2, the Confederates captured Albuquerque and eight days later took Santa Fe. The Federal army and territorial government had evacuated the capital, burning or hiding any supplies they were unable to carry with them to Fort Union, which was northeast of Santa Fe.
Louisa, along with the wives and families of other Union officers chose to remain behind. They soon had misgivings, not for fear of the approaching rebel army so much as because the evacuation of territorial authorities had encouraged looters and other criminal elements. The Confederates who entered Santa Fe on March 10, 1862, were thus surprised to find a welcoming committee consisting of the wives of Union officers led by the wife of Colonel Canby. As expected, the Confederates established martial law and then conducted a mostly fruitlessly search for hidden supplies. On March 29, 1862, Confederate forces returned to Santa Fe from a Pyrrhic victory at Glorieta Pass. On their way to attack Fort Union, the Confederates had met a force made up predominantly of inexperienced Colorado volunteers. While the Confederates had won a technical victory, a unit of about 500 Coloradans had gone behind Confederate lines and destroyed more than 70 wagons loaded with Confederate food and gear. Without sufficient provisions to lay siege to Fort Union, the rebels had no alternative but to retreat.
It was late winter and snow still fell in the region. Without even enough blankets to keep their sick and wounded warm, the bedraggled Confederates who returned to Santa Fe must have made a pitiable sight. Louisa went to visit their wounded and was so moved by their suffering that she revealed hidden stores of blankets and turned her home into a field hospital; she personally led a hastily organized company of nurses to care for the sick and dying men and made trips to outlying encampments to bring her patients into Santa Fe or, failing that, to treat in situ those soldiers who could not be brought into the city. It was not until April 1 or 2 that General Sibley, who had been at Albuquerque most of this time, arrived at Santa Fe and personally met with Louisa. It is not known what transpired between them, but it can be presumed that he thanked her for caring for his men and reminisced about their earlier encounters when he and her husband had been on the same side.
Controversy
Historians are surprisingly mum about whether or not there were any negative consequences for Louisa Canby's actions, especially because these could have been interpreted as giving aid and comfort to the enemy. Her husband's biographer, Max Heyman, says that the Santa Fe Gazette described her actions as "praiseworthy," but the same paper declared that Colonel Canby had "given more general satisfaction than any other Department Commander" and "we have seen nothing to condemn" in his record. Just as the Gazette'''s favorable view of Canby did not mean that he was universally praised, so the paper's assessment of Mrs. Canby's actions may not have been shared by all. In understanding what consequences did occur, it is necessary to examine the context of her behavior. In comparison to other campaigns of the Civil War, and especially in light of the ill-treatment of prisoners of war at Andersonville by the Confederates and at Camp Douglas by the Federals, the conduct of the New Mexico Campaign was generally chivalrous. Truces were honored after each of the campaign's two major battles and prisoners of war were usually freed or "paroled" after brief captivity. General Canby personally set a high standard. After interviewing several former P.O.W.s, Confederate Sgt. Albert Peticolas concluded that all who had fallen into Canby's hands had been well treated. In this context, Louisa's compassion can be seen as consistent with her husband's policies.
Others in the territory, including Governor Henry Connolly, were not satisfied with General Canby's strategy of minimal engagement combined with drawing the Confederates further and further from their sources of support in southernmost New Mexico and Texas. The governor and others wanted to see more pitched battles with the invaders. The battle at Glorietta would never have taken place had Col. John Slough followed Canby's order to remain inside Fort Union. No doubt, Slough had gone forth with the blessing of the governor; yet, although the ultimate outcome of the battle favored the Union, Slough resigned his commission before Canby had the opportunity to demand it. (Though another interpretation is that he resigned in protest because Canby ordered him not to pursue the rebels.) Subsequently, Canby nearly engaged the retreating Confederates in a battle near Peralta, New Mexico, but halted preliminary skirmishing when a sandstorm arose. While Canby's decision was probably prudent in view of the bad weather and the fact that the Confederates were already defeated, many of his critics began to make up stories such as that Canby and Sibley "had an understanding" not to engage each other and that Louisa Canby was either Sibley's sister or Mrs. Sibley's cousin. (Mrs. Sibley was Charlotte Kendall, a New Yorker whose father was from Massachusetts and mother was from New York; there is no evidence that she and Louisa were related.) Many of these stories were seriously entertained by later historians, although Martin Hall and Heyman were among the first to realize that there was no basis for these rumors. In this context, it seems likely that Louisa's kindness toward the Confederate wounded played into the whispering campaign or even provided the germ of the rumor that the Kentucky-born officer's wife was actually the Louisiana general's sister; however, no one seems to have recorded any explicit charges against her, either officially or unofficially. This may have been because Louisa had her defenders (as evidenced by the April 26, 1862, article in the influential Gazette), but, finally, the fact of the Confederates' ultimate retreat from the territory rendered the issue moot.
General's wife
Soon after the defeat of the Confederates in New Mexico, General and Mrs. Canby were reassigned back East where Canby spent more than a year in bureaucratic service in Pennsylvania, New York, and Washington, D.C. sometimes as an unofficial administrative assistant to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. It was not until 1864 that Canby was allowed out from behind a desk, and he and Mrs. Canby were sent to the Trans-Mississippi region, eventually finding a home in New Orleans where Louisa stayed while her husband supported the Union's impending defeat of Confederate forces, which happened to include the remnants of Sibley's brigade; although, by this time, Sibley himself had been court-martialed for dereliction of duty during the Battle of Bisland. (Relieved of his command, he had gone to Richmond, Virginia.)
Shortly before his forty-seventh birthday, General Canby was shot by a sniper while on an inspection tour up the Mississippi and White rivers. His wound was a painful but "through-and-through" gunshot to the pelvis. He arrived home the day after his birthday, and Louisa immediately put him to bed and nursed him back to health during the next month.
Following the war, General Canby was retained by the army as one of only ten brigadier generals and served as military commander of various districts throughout the South. In an 1873 newspaper article, Mrs. Lew Wallace (née Susan Arnold Elston) would recall that Louisa practiced charity, tending to give things away to the needy wherever she went in the South, endearing herself to the local populace, but at some cost to her household. "I can hardly keep anything, there is so much suffering about us," Louisa wrote Wallace from New Orleans. She sometimes pleaded the case of someone in need to her husband if she thought he might help. Mrs. Wallace also said that Louisa was far more sociable than her husband and that she, rather than he, would arranged for any gatherings at the Canby residence.
The Canbys next moved to Portland, Oregon where the general became commander of the Department of Columbia. This Pacific Northwest command encompassed Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. In 1872 the Modoc War broke out, involving both Oregon and northern California. On April 11, 1873, Modoc leader Kintpuash (also known as Captain Jack) killed the unarmed Canby and several members of his party during peace talks. Canby had written frankly to Louisa about his misapprehensions over the negotiations with the Modocs. A chief concern (which proved to be prophetic) was that Captain Jack so feared treachery that he might be capable of committing treachery preemptively. On the day of his death Canby received a letter from his wife in Portland. She had written, "I think over all sorts of Modoc treachery till I am becoming a nervous, hysterical woman and will have to get away from Oregon to get over it." Louisa found her husband's death so unbearable that she spent a week in bed. His body was shuttled from place to place for more than a month before it reached Indianapolis, Indiana, and was finally buried at Crown Hill Cemetery. With the support of her brother, Colonel John Hawkins, Louisa devoted the last sixteen years of her life to promoting the memory of her husband.
Death and remembrance
The people of Portland, Oregon, upon learning the size of the pension that a general's widow could expect ($30 a month, which was increased to $50 by a special act of Congress a year later), raised and presented to her $5,000. Although this was meant as a gift, Mrs. Canby treated it as an interest-free loan, instead. She supplemented her income with the interest from the $5,000 but willed that the principal be returned to the people of Portland upon her death.
Louisa Hawkins Canby was buried beside her husband June 27, 1889. Nearly four years later, R. O. Fairs, a Confederate veteran organizing a reunion of the Sibley Brigade, wrote to the War Department asking for help in locating Louisa Canby. Not realizing that she was deceased, Fairs explained: "I wish to show her we still entertain kind remembrance and esteem for her, by inviting her to our reunion."
References
Books
Don Alberts, ed. Rebels on the Rio Grande: The Civil War Journals of Albert Peticolas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984.
Donald S. Frazier. Blood and Treasure: Confederate Empire in the Southwest. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 1995.
Martin H. Hall. Sibley's New Mexico Campaign. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1960.
Max L. Heyman, Jr. Prudent Soldier: A Biography of Major General ERS Canby, 1817-1873, Frontier Military Series III. Glendale, CA: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1959.
Robert L. Kirby. The Confederate Invasion of New Mexico and Arizona 1861-1862 [Westernlore Great West and Indian Series XIII]. Tucson: Westernlore Press, 1981 [second printing; first printing 1958].
Jerry Thompson. Henry Hopkins Sibley: Confederate General of the West. Natchitoches, Louisiana: Northwestern State University, 1987.
Books online
William T. Sherman. Memoirs of William T. Sherman, Vol. I, Part 1 https://web.archive.org/web/20060628065121/http://civilwartalk.com/cwt_alt/resources/e-texts/mem_sherman/03.htm
The Road to Glorietta Readers Companion: Edward Richard Sprigg Canby, [additional information not included in The Road to Glorietta: A Confederate Army Marches Through New Mexico by Donald W. Healy] https://web.archive.org/web/20041209122419/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~donh/page12.html (and following to /page20.html)
Journals online
Journal of San Diego History'' (Summer 1984, Volume 30, Number 3), "María Amparo Ruiz Burton: The General's Lady" by Kathleen Crawford. http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/84summer/burton.htm
Catalogues online
Filson Historical Society Library: MS #118. "Canby, Edward Richard Sprigg, 1819[sic]-1873. Papers, 1837-1873." A\C214. .33 cu. ft. Miscellaneous papers, 1844, 1862. C\C. 2 items." https://web.archive.org/web/20060816065719/http://www.filsonhistorical.org/guide2.html [The papers in this collection were consulted in writing this articles.]
External links
1818 births
1889 deaths
People from Paris, Kentucky
People of New Mexico in the American Civil War
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
American Civil War nurses
American women nurses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa%20Hawkins%20Canby |
Ji Jin-hee (born June 24, 1971) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the TV shows Dae Jang Geum (2003), "Spotlight" (2008), He Who Can't Marry (2009), Dong Yi (2010), "Second to Last Love (2016), Misty (2018) and Designated Survivor: 60 Days (2019).
Career
Ji Jin-hee graduated from Myongji University with a degree in visual design. He was working as a photographer at an advertising agency when a talent agent from SidusHQ approached him about pursuing a career in entertainment. Content at his present job and doubtful that he had any acting talent, Ji refused the offers for a year, but finally agreed when the ad agency downsized during the IMF financial crisis and he got laid off.
In 1999, Ji appeared in the music video for Jo Sung-bin's "Like a Third-rate Movie," and he made his acting debut in 2000 with the television drama Female Secretary. In the next few years, he continued his television career with Juliet's Man (2000), Four Sisters (2001), and the Korean-Japanese co-production Afternoon After the Passing Rain (2002) with Ryoko Yonekura.
Ji made his big screen debut in 2002, playing a detective in the thriller H. This was followed by If You Were Me, a human rights-themed omnibus where he starred in Park Kwang-su's short film Face Value.
He had drawn positive reviews for his portrayal of a surgeon caught up in a love triangle with a priest in the melodrama Love Letter, but Ji's breakthrough came in late 2003 with period drama Dae Jang Geum (also known as Jewel in the Palace). As a Joseon-era government official who falls in love with a female chef turned royal physician (played by Lee Young-ae), Ji's gentlemanly and integrity-filled character attracted female fans across Asia, for not only did Dae Jang Geum receive high viewership ratings domestically (reaching a peak of 57.8%), it also became popular overseas and became one of the proponents of the Korean Wave.
Ji later parlayed his pan-Asian stardom into roles in the Chinese musical film Perhaps Love and the Taiwanese drama The 100th Bride, both in 2005. He next played an amnesiac in Spring Day, the Korean remake of Japanese drama Hoshi no Kinka ("Heaven's Coins").
Fighting against being typecast in "nice" roles after Dae Jang Geum, Ji also played a playboy slacker in romantic comedy series Miss Kim's Million Dollar Quest (2004), for which he received his first acting award. And in black comedy Bewitching Attraction (2006), he was cast as a cartoonist who shares a past with a promiscuous professor.
In 2007, Ji starred in Im Sang-soo's The Old Garden, adapted from Hwang Sok-yong's novel about a couple who meet during the turbulent 1980s surrounding the Gwangju Uprising; he played an anti-government activist who gets released from prison after serving 17 years for his political activities. This was followed by Ji's first action film, Yoichi Sai's Soo, in which he played dual roles as a hired killer who avenges the death of his twin brother.
Ji returned to television in 2008, as a veteran news reporter in Spotlight. In 2009, he played a fussy, 40-year-old bachelor architect in He Who Can't Marry, the Korean remake of Japanese drama Kekkon Dekinai Otoko ("The Man Who Can't Get Married"). Ji next appeared in the Korean-Japanese "telecinema" Paradise, which both received a theatrical release and aired on SBS and TV Asahi.
He also published Ji Jin-hee in Italy: A Walk in the Clouds, which featured photos and essays about his travels in Rome, Florence and Milan, as well as Ji's recommendations and tips about wine.
In 2010, Ji starred in Parallel Life, playing Korea's youngest ever chief presiding judge, who upon his wife's murder discovers that his life may exactly replicate that of someone who died 30 years ago. He was next cast as a music critic and radio show host who goes in search of his missing spouse in the road trip comedy Looking for My Wife (also known as Runaway from Home).
Then Ji reunited with Dae Jang Geum television director Lee Byung-hoon in another period drama Dong Yi, which also proved popular with audiences. As King Sukjong, who falls for a palace maid (played by Han Hyo-joo) and makes her his royal concubine, Ji said he wanted to show a monarch who had "weak spots that show through his charismatic exterior. Rather than being a dignified king, he is an outgoing and adventurous character."
Ji continued playing leading roles in television, as an airline pilot in Take Care of Us, Captain (2012), general and Joseon dynasty founder Yi Seong-gye in The Great Seer (2012), an adulterous husband in One Warm Word (2013), and a villainous doctor in Blood (2015). He also wrote the original draft of the screenplay of horror-comedy Ghost Sweepers (2012), for which he received a story by credit.
From 2014 to 2015, Ji starred in three Chinese films, namely: On the Way opposite Eva Huang, in which a recently divorced Korean man meets a Chinese woman on a train while traveling in China; Bad Sister opposite Ivy Chen, a romantic comedy where a father who wants to stop his daughter's wedding teams up with the groom's equally disapproving older sister; and Helios, a crime thriller about the theft of nuclear weapons by a group of terrorists.
Philanthropy
In 2008 Ji Jin-hee attended a charity event in China (Beijing), where he put his and his wife's wedding rings up at an auction to help the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Variety shows
Music videos
Discography
Book
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1971 births
IHQ (company) artists
Living people
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
21st-century South Korean male actors
Male actors from Seoul
Chungju Ji clan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%20Jin-hee |
Best of the 'B' Sides is a compilation of B-sides by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 4 November 2002 as part of the Eddie's Archive box set. Each track was remastered and the set came with a running commentary from Rod Smallwood. It covers all of their singles from their first (1980's "Running Free") to 2000's "Out of the Silent Planet", although several of the band's original B-sides were excluded from the collection: "Total Eclipse" (from "Run to the Hills", 1982, although this has been added to the album The Number of the Beast from 1998 onwards), "Mission From 'Arry" (from "2 Minutes to Midnight", 1984); "Bayswater Ain't a Bad Place to Be" (from "Be Quick or Be Dead", 1992); and "I Live My Way" (from "Man on the Edge", 1995). Also missing are the band's cover of Thin Lizzy's "Massacre" (from "Can I Play with Madness", 1988) and a number of live B-sides.
The album is described on the band's website as "a collection that not only reveals much about the band as individuals and the inherent character of the band, but also provides a real insight into who and where their influences came from."
Track listing
Disc One
Disc Two
Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.
Iron Maiden
Steve Harris – bass guitar, producer (disc 2, tracks 5–7 and 9–14)
Dave Murray – guitar
Doug Sampson – drums (disc 1, track 1)
Paul Di'Anno – lead vocals (disc 1, tracks 1–3)
Dennis Stratton – guitar (disc 1, tracks 2 and 3)
Clive Burr – drums (disc 1, tracks 2–4)
Adrian Smith – guitar (disc 1, tracks 4–15; disc 2, tracks 15 and 16), lead vocals (disc 1, track 9)
Bruce Dickinson – lead vocals (disc 1, tracks 4–8 and 10–15; disc 2, tracks 1–8, 15 and 16), backing vocals (disc 1, track 9)
Nicko McBrain – drums (disc 1, tracks 5–15; disc 2)
Janick Gers – guitar (disc 2)
Blaze Bayley – lead vocals (disc 2, tracks 9–14)
Production
Guy Edwards – producer (disc 1, track 1)
Will Malone – producer (disc 1, track 2)
"Iron Maiden" – producer (disc 1, track 3; disc 2, tracks 15 and 16)
Martin Birch – producer (disc 1, tracks 4–15; disc 2, tracks 1–8)
Nigel Green – producer (disc 2, tracks 9–12)
Mark Wilkinson – cover illustration
Nick Watson – mastering
Rod Smallwood – management
Andy Taylor – management
Merck Mercuriadis – management
References
B-side compilation albums
Iron Maiden compilation albums
2002 compilation albums
Heavy metal compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20of%20the%20%27B%27%20Sides |
Kicking King (10 April 1998 – 21 March 2023) was a National Hunt racehorse trained in Straffan, County Kildare, Ireland, by Tom Taaffe. He is best known for completing the King George VI Chase-Cheltenham Gold Cup double in the 2004/05 National Hunt season. He was ridden in all his races over jumps by Barry Geraghty.
Kicking King won a bumper at Leopardstown on his first appearance on a racecourse in January 2002. The following season he won three times over hurdles in Ireland before making his first appearance in Britain at the 2003 Cheltenham Festival, where he ran second to the favourite, Back In Front, in the Grade 1 Supreme Novices' Hurdle.
In the 2003/04 season the five-year-old was introduced to novice chasing. After coming fifth and falling in his first two attempts, he won a novice chase at Punchestown and then secured his first Grade 1 win in the Arkle Novice Chase at Leopardstown. At the 2004 Cheltenham Festival he again came second, this time to Well Chief in the Arkle Challenge Trophy.
The 2004/05 season was Kicking King's most successful, with four Grade 1 wins. He started his campaign with a win in the Grade 2 Gowran Park Champion Chase and was then beaten into second place by favourite Beef Or Salmon in the JNwine.com Champion Chase at Down Royal. His next race was the John Durkan Memorial Chase at Punchestown, where he beat the odds-on favourite Beef Or Salmon into third place. On Boxing Day 2004, Kicking King started as favourite in the King George VI Chase at Kempton Park. He had a comfortable lead at the last when a bad mistake nearly unseated his jockey but he still managed to win by two-and-a-half lengths. There was added drama on the run-in when a spectator dressed as Santa ran across the course and narrowly avoided a collision with Kicking King. Kicking King then went on to win the Gold Cup at the 2005 Cheltenham Festival, followed by the Punchestown Gold Cup.
Kicking King won his second King George VI Chase on 26 December 2005, when the race was held at Sandown while Kempton Park Racecourse was being refurbished. After the race he was found to have sustained a tendon injury which kept him out of racing for the rest of the season and the following season. He returned to the racecourse in January 2008, finishing a close second to Nickname in the Normans Grove Chase. He was subsequently sent off favourite for the Red Mills Chase in February and finished third. He went on to contest the Punchestown Gold Cup but was pulled up.
Kicking King reappeared for the 2008/09 season in the Grade 2 Gowran Park Champion Chase and fell in the race eventually won by Knight Legend. He made another appearance in a chase at Punchestown, where he was 2nd of 4 runners behind War Of Attrition. It was his last race; his retirement was announced in November 2008. "I think he was a great ambassador for racing and for ourselves," his trainer said, adding that it was great that he had retired in one piece. Kicking King went to spend his retirement with the living legends at the Irish National Stud in County Kildare. Over his career Kicking King amassed more than £800,000 in prize money and had six Grade One wins to his name.
Kicking King died on 21 March 2023, at the age of 25.
Pedigree
Kicking King is 4x4 inbred to Darius II
References
External links
Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Kicking King
1998 racehorse births
2023 racehorse deaths
Cheltenham Gold Cup winners
Cheltenham Festival winners
National Hunt racehorses
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in Ireland
Thoroughbred family 8-c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kicking%20King |
Sakatah Lake State Park is an state park of Minnesota, USA, on a natural widening of the Cannon River near the town of Waterville. The Dakota native to the area called it "Sakatah" which means "singing hills". To honor this native heritage, some of the trails in the park have been given Dakota names. The Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail, which connects Faribault and Mankato, runs through this park.
Natural history
The park sits on a thick moraine deposited during the Wisconsin glaciation, resulting in a rolling and uneven topography. Blocks of ice left behind as the glaciers melted formed the basin in which Sakatah Lake now lies.
The park preserves a mixed transitional habitat where the Big Woods (maple, basswood, elm) of central Minnesota blend into the oak barrens of the southern part of the state. During drier eras patches of prairie arose, although they are now succeeding back to hardwood forests. The landscape is further diversified by wetlands and agricultural fields.
Wildlife
This park is home to white-tailed deer, rabbits, squirrels, raccoon, minks, and coyotes. These mammals are commonly seen by visitors. Bird watchers get an opportunity to view songbirds, woodpeckers, various hawks, and various owls in this park.
Cultural history
The Wahpekute band of Dakota Sioux traditionally inhabited this area, using the Cannon River as an important transportation route. Some of their burial mounds remain in the park. European settlement came in the late 1800s, and a rail line was laid between Faribault and Waterville in 1882, and extended to Mankato by 1886. By chance the forest on the south shore of Sakatah Lake was never logged, and a 1962 inquiry into making it a state park received much local support. The site was included in a bill that passed the next year which authorized fourteen state parks. Development occurred over the next few years and Sakatah Lake State Park officially opened to the public in 1967. Although there was a rail line running through the park, it was only occasionally used, and in 1976 the owners abandoned it entirely and willingly sold it to the state, which converted it into the Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail.
Recreation
Boating: The park has a public boat ramp and four rental canoes.
Camping:
Shaded campground with 62 sites and one camper cabin.
Two primitive group camps accessible by road at the east end of the park.
Camping area for travelers on the Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail.
Fishing: There is a fishing pier near the picnic area.
Trails: There is a total of of trails in the park, most of them well-shaded.
Sakatah Singing Hills State Trail (hiking/biking/roller-blading/snowmobiling)
Oak Tree/Utahu Can Trail - Hidden Pond Trail - Sumac Trail (hiking/skiing): These three trails form a loop around the center of the park.
Big Woods/Tanka Canwitc Loop (hiking/skiing): A 1 km loop accessible from either of the trail systems listed above.
Wahpekute Trail (hiking): The least developed trail in the park runs right along the lakeshore.
Timber Doodle Trail (hiking/skiing): A level loop through the more exposed scrub area in the eastern part of the park.
There is no designated swimming area in the park. The shore is quite muddy.
References
Arthur, Anne. Minnesota's State Parks. Adventure Publications, Inc.: Cambridge, MN, 1998.
Meyer, Roy W. Everyone's Country Estate: A History of Minnesota's State Parks. Minnesota Historical Society Press: St. Paul, 1991.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2006. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Web Site (online).
External links
Sakatah Lake State Park
1963 establishments in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1963
Protected areas of Le Sueur County, Minnesota
Protected areas of Rice County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakatah%20Lake%20State%20Park |
A meat hook is any hook normally used in butcheries to hang meat. This form of hook is a variation on the classic S hook.
Types
An S-shaped hook or jointed hook is used to hang up meat or the carcasses of animals such as pigs and cattle on a moving conveyor line. The jointed hook is able to swivel, allowing the carcass to be turned more easily.
A gambrel hook or stick is a frame (shaped like a horse's hind leg) with hooks for suspending a carcass in a more spread out fashion.
A grip hook is a single hook with a handle of some kind, to hold on to a carcass while butchering.
A bacon hook or bacon hanger is a multi-pronged coat-hanger type hook, used to hang bacon joints and other meat.
External links
Mechanical hand tools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%20hook |
Si Jalak Harupat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Kutawaringin Subdistrict, Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is currently used for association football matches and was used for the 2018 Asian Games men's football tournament.
The stadium is the home ground of Persikab Kabupaten Bandung. Since 2009, Persib Bandung started playing home matches here. The stadium holds 30,100 people.
Sporting events
2008 AFF Suzuki Cup Group A match between Myanmar vs Cambodia
2013 Piala Menpora
2018 Asian Games men's football tournament
2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup
International matches hosted
Tournament results
2008 AFF Championship
2018 Asian Games Men's Football
2023 FIFA U-17 World Cup
See also
List of stadiums in Indonesia
List of stadiums by capacity
References
See also
List of stadiums in Indonesia
Bandung Regency
Sports venues in Indonesia
Sport in West Java
Football venues in Indonesia
Athletics (track and field) venues in Indonesia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Indonesia
Sports venues in West Java
Multi-purpose stadiums in West Java
Football venues in West Java
Athletics (track and field) venues in West Java
Buildings and structures in West Java
Sports venues completed in 2003
Venues of the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games football venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalak%20Harupat%20Stadium |
Vacuum engineering is the field of engineering that deals with the practical use of vacuum in industrial and scientific applications. Vacuum may improve the productivity and performance of processes otherwise carried out at normal air pressure, or may make possible processes that could not be done in the presence of air. Vacuum engineering techniques are widely applied in materials processing such as drying or filtering, chemical processing, application of metal coatings to objects, manufacture of electron devices and incandescent lamps, and in scientific research.
Vacuum techniques vary depending on the desired vacuum pressure to be achieved. For a "rough" vacuum, over 100 Pascals pressure, conventional methods of analysis, materials, pumps and measuring instruments can be used, whereas ultrahigh vacuum systems use specialized equipment to achieve pressures below one-millionth of one Pascal. At such low pressures, even metals may emit enough gas to cause serious contamination.
Design and mechanism
Vacuum systems usually consist of gauges, vapor jet and pumps, vapor traps and valves along with other extensional piping. A vessel that is operating under vacuum system may be any of these types such as processing tank, steam simulator, particle accelerator, or any other type of space that has an enclosed chamber to maintain the system in less than atmospheric gas pressure. Since a vacuum is created in an enclosed chamber, the consideration of being able to withstand external atmospheric pressure are the usual precaution for this type of design. Along with the effect of buckling or collapsing, the outer shell of vacuum chamber will be carefully evaluated and any sign of deterioration will be corrected by the increase of thickness of the shell itself. The main materials used for vacuum design are usually mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Other sections such as glass are used for gauge glass, view ports, and sometimes electrical insulation. The interior of the vacuum chamber should always be smooth and free of rust and defects.
High pressure solvents are usually used to remove any excess oil and contaminants that will negatively affect the vacuum. Because a vacuum chamber is in an enclosed space, only very specific detergents can be used to prevent any hazards or danger during cleaning. Any vacuum chamber should always have a certain number of access and viewing ports. These are usually in the form of a flange connection to the attachment of pumps, piping or any other parts required for system operation. Extremely important is the design of the vacuum chamber's sealing capability. The chamber itself must be airtight to maintain perfect vacuum. This is ensured through the process of leaking checking, generally using a mass spectrometer leak detector. All openings and connections are also assembled with o-rings and gaskets to prevent any further possible leakage of air into the system.
Technology
Vacuum engineering uses techniques and equipment that vary depending on the level of vacuum used. Pressure slightly reduced from atmospheric pressure may be used to control airflow in ventilation systems, or in material handling systems. Lower-pressure vacuums may be used in vacuum evaporation in processing of food stuffs without excessive heating. Higher grades of vacuum are used for degassing, vacuum metallurgy, and in the production of light bulbs and cathode ray tubes. So-called "ultrahigh" vacuums are required for certain semiconductor processing; the "hardest" vacuums with the lowest pressure are produced for experiments in physics, where even a few stray atoms of air would interfere with the experiment in progress.
Apparatus used varies with decreasing pressure. Blowers give way to various kinds of reciprocating and rotary pumps. For some important applications, a steam ejector can quickly evacuate a large process vessel to a rough vacuum, sufficient for some processes or as a preliminary to more complete pumping processes. The invention of the Sprengel pump was a critical step in the development of the incandescent light bulb as it allowed creation of a vacuum that was higher than previously available, which extended the life of the bulbs. At higher vacuum levels (lower pressures), diffusion pumps, absorption, cryogenic pumps are used. Pumps are more like "compressors" since they gather the rarefied gases in the vacuum vessel and push them into a much higher pressure, smaller volume, exhaust. A chain of two or more different kinds of vacuum pumps may be used in a vacuum system, with one "roughing" pump removing most of the mass of air from the system, and the additional stages handling relatively smaller amounts of air at lower and lower pressures. In some applications, a chemical element is used to combine with the air remaining in an enclosure after pumping. For example, in electronic vacuum tubes, a metallic "getter" was heated by induction to remove the air left after initial pump down and closure of the tubes. The "getter" would also slowly remove any gas evolved within the tube during its remaining life, maintaining sufficiently good vacuum.
Applications
Vacuum technology is a method used to evacuate air from a closed volume by creating a pressure differential from the closed volume to some vent, the ultimate vent being the open atmosphere. When using an industrial vacuum system, a vacuum pump or generator creates this pressure differential. A variety of technical inventions were created based on the idea of vacuum discovered during the 17th century. These range from vacuum generation pumps to X-ray tubes, which were later introduced to the medical field for use as sources of X-ray radiation. The vacuum environment has come to play an important role in scientific research as new discoveries are being made by looking back to the fundamentals of pressure. The idea of “perfect vacuum” cannot be realized, but very nearly approximated by the technological discoveries of the early 20th century. Vacuum engineering today uses a range of different material, from aluminum to zirconium and just about everything in between. There may be the popular belief that vacuum technology deals only with valves, flanges, and other vacuum components, but novel scientific discoveries are often made with the assistance of these traditional vacuum technologies, especially in the realm of high-tech. Vacuum engineering is used for compound semiconductors, power devices, memory logic, and photovoltaics.
Another technical invention is the vacuum pump. Such invention is used to remove gas molecules from sealed volume, thus leaving behind a partial vacuum. More than one vacuum pump is used in a single application to create fluent flow. Fluent flow is used to allow a clear path made using vacuum to remove any air molecules in the way of the process. Vacuum will be used in this process to attempt to create a perfect vacuum. A type of vacuum such as partial vacuum can be caused by the usage of positive displacement type pumps. A positive displacement pump is able to transfer gas load from the entrance to the exit port, but due to its design limitation, it can only achieve a relatively low vacuum. In order to reach a higher vacuum, other techniques must be used. Using a series of pumps, such as following up a fast pump down with a positive displacement type pump, will create a much better vacuum than using a single pump. The combination of pumps used is usually determined by the need of vacuum in the system. Some applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, oil and gas and other industries require complex process vacuum systems.
Materials
Materials for use in vacuum systems must be carefully evaluated. Many materials have a degree of porosity, while unimportant at ordinary pressures, would continually admit minute amounts of air into a vacuum system if incorrectly used. Some items, such as rubber and plastic, give off gases into a vacuum that can contaminate the system. At high and ultrahigh vacuum levels, even metals must be carefully selected - air molecules and moisture can cling to the surface of metals, and any trapped gas within the metal may percolate to the surface under vacuum. In some vacuum systems, a simple coating of low-volatile grease is sufficient to seal gaps in joints, but at ultrahigh vacuum, fittings must be carefully machined and polished to minimize trapped gas. It is usual practice to bake components of a high-vacuum system; at high temperatures, any gases or moisture adhering to the surface are driven off. However, this requirement affects which materials can be used. For low pressure applications, it is possible to post process even 3-D printed plastic to make vacuum systems.
Particle accelerators are the largest ultrahigh vacuum systems and can be up to kilometres in length.
Vacuum systems have been studied for a long time so now the properties of basic materials used in vacuum tubes (carbon, ceramics, copper, glass, graphite, iron, mica, nickel, precious metals, refractory metals, steel, and all relevant alloys) and well understood, including their joining techniques and how to deal with common problems such as secondary emission and voltage breakdown.
History
The word “Vacuum” is originated from the Latin word “vacua”, which is translated to the word “empty”. Physicists use vacuum to describe a partially empty space, where air or some other gases are being removed from one container. The idea of vacuum relating to the empty space has been speculated as early as 5th century from Greek philosophers, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was the one who came up with the relation of vacuum being an empty space in nature would be impossible to ever create. This idea had stuck around for over centuries until the 17th century, when vacuum technology and physics was discovered. In the mid 17th century, Evangelista Torricelli studied the properties of a vacuum generated by a mercury column in a glass tube; this became the barometer, an instrument to observe variations in atmospheric air pressure. Otto von Guericke spectacularly demonstrated the effect of atmospheric pressure in 1654, when teams of horses could not separate two 20-inch diameter hemispheres, which had been placed together and evacuated. In 1698, Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that relied on condensation of steam to produce a low-grade vacuum, for pumping water out of mines. The apparatus was improved in the Newcomen atmospheric engine of 1712; while inefficient, it allowed coal mines to be exploited that otherwise would flood by ground water. During the years of 1564–1642, the famous scientist Galileo was one of the first physicist to conduct experiments to develop measured forces to develop vacuum using a piston in a cylinder. This was a big discovery for scientist and was shared among others. French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal used the idea that was discovered to look into further research of vacuum. Pascal discoveries were similar to Torricelli's research as Pascal used similar methods to pull vacuum using mercury. It was until the year 1661, when the mayor of the city of Magdeburg used this discovery to invent or retrofit new ideas. The mayor Otto von Guericke created the first air pump, modified the idea of water pumps, and also modified manometers. Vacuum engineering nowadays provides the solution for all thin film needs in the mechanical industry. This method of engineering is typically used for R&D needs or large scale material production.
Vacuum was used to propel trains experimentally.
Pump technology hit a plateau until Geissler and Sprengle in the mid 19th century, who finally gave access to the high-vacuum regime. This led to the study of electrical discharges in vacuum, discovery of cathode rays, discovery of X-rays and the discovery of the electron. The photoelectric effect was observed in high vacuum, which was a key discovery that lead to the formulation of quantum mechanics and much of modern physics.
See also
Foreline
Joining materials
Negative pressure (disambiguation)
Suction
Ultra high vacuum
Vacuum metallurgy
Vacuum arc remelting
Vacuum deposition
Vacuum induction melting
Vacuum plasma spraying
Vacuum molding
Vacuum casting
Vacuum chamber
Vacuum distillation
Vacuum evaporation
Vacuum flange
Vacuum furnace
Vacuum gauge
Vacuum grease
Vacuum oven
Vacuum packing
Vacuum pump
Vacuum tube
References
Vacuum pumps
Engineering disciplines
V
V | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum%20engineering |
Cecile Pearl Witherington Cornioley, (24 June 1914 – 24 February 2008), code names Marie and Pauline, was an agent in France for the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.
Witherington was born in Paris to British parents. She parachuted into France in September 1943 as a courier for the SOE Stationer Network and, in May 1944, became head of the SOE Wrestler Network in the Indre region in central France. She was the only woman to lead an SOE network and associated resistance groups, called maquis, in France.
Witherington's network, comprising about 2,000 maquisard fighters after the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, was especially efficient in sabotaging railroads and telephone lines. The official historian of the SOE, M.R.D. Foot, characterized the Wrestler network as "highly successful." She was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire from the United Kingdom and the Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre from France.
Early life
Cecile Pearl Witherington was born and raised in France by British expatriate parents, and was a British subject. Her father had been born into money but drank most of it away, and Pearl often had to negotiate with his creditors to save them from destitution. She was employed at the British embassy in Paris and engaged to Henri Cornioley (1910–1999) when the Germans invaded France in May 1940. Her fiancé had joined the British army in February 1940 and she did not see him again for three and one-half years.
Second World War
Courier for the SOE
Witherington escaped from occupied France with her mother and three sisters in December 1940. The family arrived in London in July 1941 where she found work with the Air Ministry, specifically the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. Determined to fight back against the German occupation of France, and wanting a more active role in the fight, she joined Britain's Special Operations Executive (SOE) on 8 June 1943. In training she emerged as the "best shot" the service had ever seen. Despite her prowess with firearms, she never carried a gun during her mission in France.
Given the code name "Marie", Witherington was dropped by parachute into occupied France on 22 September 1943, landing near Tendu in Indre Department.There she joined Maurice Southgate, leader of the SOE Stationer Network and Jacqueline Nearne, Southgate's courier, and reunited with her fiancé. Over the next eight months, posing as a cosmetics saleswoman, Witherington also worked as a courier. The Stationer network covered a large area in central France and Witherington was effectively homeless, spending nights sleeping on trains as she traveled from one place to another delivering messages and undergoing frequent checks of her (false) identity cards by the Gestapo and French police. Rheumatism put her out of action for a few weeks.
An exhausted Jacqueline Nearne returned to Great Britain in April 1944 and the Gestapo arrested Southgate on 1 May 1944 and deported him to Buchenwald concentration camp. Witherington was fortunate not to be arrested with him. Witherington and Southgate's wireless operator, Amédée Maingard were with Southgate the day he was arrested, but Witherington said that Maingard was worn out and that he needed to take the afternoon off. While the two of them were picnicking, Southgate was arrested. Survival as an SOE agent was often luck.
With Southgate a prisoner of the Germans, Witherington formed and became leader of a new SOE network, Wrestler, under the new code-name "Pauline", in the Valençay–Issoudun–Châteauroux triangle. She organised the network with the help of her fiancé, Henri Cornioley. Witherington did not attempt to issue orders to the maquis groups directly, but found a willing French colonel to do so. Witherington worked closely with the adjoining SOE Shipwright network, headed by her former colleague Amédée Maingard. Together, their networks caused more than 800 interruptions of railway lines in June 1944 focused on cutting the main railroad line between Paris and Bordeaux. Putting those lines out of operation hindered the German effort to transport men and material to the battle front in Normandy.
Attacked and attacking
On the morning of 11 June 1944, German soldiers attacked Witherington at the Les Souches château, her headquarters near the village of Dun-le-Poëlier. Only a few maquis and non-combatants were present when the Germans arrived. Under fire, Witherington hid the tin where she kept a large amount of money and fled to a wheat field where she hid until nightfall. Her fiancé, Henri Cornioley, also hiding in a wheat field, counted 56 truckloads of Germans participating in the operation. According to Witherington, the Germans didn't try to find the hidden maquis and the SOE agents, confining themselves to destroying the weapons they found in the chateau. The attack on Witherington's headquarters was part of a larger operation in which 32 maquis were killed.
The attack left Witherington in "a hopeless state—we had nothing left, no weapons and no radio." She bicycled to Saint-Viâtre to meet an SOE operative, Philippe de Vomécourt, nom de guerre "Saint Paul," and radioed London requesting resupply. On 24 June, three planes air-dropped supplies and Witherington was back in operation. The number of maquis in her region quickly ballooned to as many as 3,500 as the Normandy invasion emboldened young men to join the resistance. She and Cornioley divided the maquis into four subsections, each with its leader. SOE in Great Britain supported the maquis groups by parachuting 60 planeloads of arms and material to them. Witherington had long requested a military commander to help her and on 25 July Captain Francois Perdriset arrived to assist in the military operations of the maquis in Witherington's sector. She objected to characterizations of her work as "bang-bang-bang, she blew up trains." She said, "It's just not true. All I did was to visit and arm the resisters."
German surrender
In late August 1944, the four groups of maquis in Witherington's Wrestler network were ordered by French authorities, now asserting their control of the maquis as the Germans were being pushed out of France, to move to the Forest of Gatine near the town of Valençay. The objective was to stop the German army in southern France from linking up with German forces in northern France. Witherington opposed the movement, but nevertheless accompanied the Wrestler maquis. On 9–10 September, in a battle more than 19,000 German soldiers under the command of General Botho Elster were threatened by French maquis. Fearing retribution, Elster didn't want to surrender to the maquis, but instead to a "regular army" and negotiated a surrender with American General Robert C. Macon. The French maquis who had harassed the Germans were not invited to attend or participate in the surrender on 11 September at Issoudun or the formal surrender on 16 September at Beaugency bridge. "Thus," said historian Robert Gildea, "the most tangible contribution of the FFI (French Forces of the Interior) was not even registered." Witherington was furious. She said that after the surrender ceremony the Americans showered the German soldiers with "oranges, chocolate, the whole works. But that's an old story, you know, soldiers were welcoming other soldiers. We weren't soldiers."
Witherington was not alone in her fury. French men and women "who had next to nothing" looked on as the Americans distributed rations and luxuries to the Germans. American flags were torn down and outraged letters were published in local and national newspapers.
On 21 September 1944, Witherington and the British personnel under her command were ordered to return to the United Kingdom, their mission completed. She returned with an "extraordinary—and probably unique—breakdown of her expenditure in the field: amounting to several million francs, it listed in meticulous detail every expenditure, even including entries for purchases of cigarettes and razor blades."
Honours
After the war, Witherington was recommended for the Military Cross, but as a woman, she was ineligible and instead was offered a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Civil Division. Witherington rejected the medal with an icy note pointing out that "there was nothing remotely 'civil' about what I did. I didn't sit behind a desk all day". She accepted a military MBE and many years later was advanced to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). She was also a recipient of the Legion of Honour.
In April 2006, age 92, after a six-decade wait, Witherington was awarded her parachute wings, which she considered a greater honour than either the MBE or the CBE. She had completed three training parachute jumps, with the fourth operational. "But the chaps did four training jumps, and the fifth was operational – and you only got your wings after a total of five jumps", Witherington said. "So I was not entitled – and for 63 years I have been moaning to anybody who would listen because I thought it was an injustice."
Private life
Witherington married Henri Cornioley in Kensington Register Office on 26 October 1944; they had a daughter, Claire. With the help of journalist Hervé Larroque, Witherington's autobiography, Pauline, was published in 1997 (). The interviews of Pauline were edited by Kathryn J. Atwood into a straight narrative in 2013 and published as Code Name Pauline: Memoirs of a World War II Special Agent. Much of her wartime service is also included in the book Behind Enemy Lines with the SAS.
After the war, Witherington worked for the World Bank. In 1991, she and her husband helped to establish the Valençay SOE Memorial commemorating 104 SOE agents who died in the line of duty. The couple retired near Valençay, one of the places she frequented during World War II.
Pearl Witherington Cornioley died on 24 February 2008, aged 93, in the Loire Valley of France.
In popular culture
Her story has been cited as the inspiration for the Sebastian Faulks novel Charlotte Gray, which was made into a film of the same name starring Cate Blanchett in 2001, although Faulks denied this in an interview with The Guardian. However, in parallel with the story in Charlotte Gray, Witherington went to France partially to look for her fiancé, Henri Cornioley, also with the SOE in France.
At the end of his novel Jackdaws, author Ken Follett included a quote about Witherington's accomplishments from M.R.D. Foot's book SOE in France. Author Carole Seymour-Jones wrote a biography, She Landed By Moonlight: The Story of Secret Agent Pearl Witherington: the 'real Charlotte Gray' (2013).
References
External links
Obituary: Pearl Witherington Cornioley, timesonline.co.uk
Biodata, spartacus-educational.com
1914 births
2008 deaths
British people of French descent
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Female wartime spies
French people of English descent
British Special Operations Executive personnel
French Special Operations Executive personnel
Place of birth missing
French Resistance members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl%20Witherington |
Sir Frank Baines, KCVO, CBE, FRIBA (1877–1933) was chief architect at the British Office of Works from 1920 to 1927.
His most famous work was Thames House and its neighbour Imperial Chemical House (1929–30) in London. Thames House is currently the headquarters of the British Security Service (MI5) and Imperial Chemical House was built as the headquarters for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).
Much of his work involved the conservation and preservation of old buildings, on which he had a worldwide reputation, including Tintern Abbey, Bylands Abbey, Huntingtower Castle, Jedburgh Abbey, Melrose Abbey, and Dryburgh Abbey. He was also adviser on the restoration of Westminster Hall, Eltham Palace Hall, and Caernarfon Castle in connection with the investiture of the Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII.
However, he is also known for perpetuating the arts and crafts style into the mid-20th century, particularly by his large estates at Eltham, Roe Green, Kingsbury, and Camberwell, which in turn influenced housing provision by such bodies as the London County Council. The three larger houses he designed at Loughton also follow this model.
Baines was born in Stepney, and educated at the People's Palace School and later under architect and designer Charles Robert Ashbee. He later divided his life between Clapham, St Keverne Cornwall, and Loughton, Essex, near his brother, Hubert, and sister, Ethel, where he was a keen gardener. Two of his later works were the design of a new house each for the brother and himself in Loughton.
He was found dead on Christmas Day, 25 December 1933, but the death certificate records Christmas Eve as the date of death.
A blue plaque was erected to him in the Uplands, Loughton in 2011.
References
The Times, 1 September 1927
Chris Pond, The Buildings of Loughton and notable people of the town, 2nd ed 2010
1877 births
1933 deaths
Architects from London
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
People from Loughton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Baines |
Dolphin drive hunting, also called dolphin drive fishing, is a method of hunting dolphins and occasionally other small cetaceans by driving them together with boats and then usually into a bay or onto a beach. Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the open sea or ocean with boats and nets. Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world including the Solomon Islands, the Faroe Islands, Peru, and Japan, which is the most well-known practitioner of the method. In large numbers dolphins are mostly hunted for their meat; some end up in dolphinariums.
Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism, and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes, tens of thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year.
By country
Faroe Islands
Whaling in the Faroe Islands takes the form of beaching and slaughtering long-finned pilot whales. It has been practiced since about the time of the first Norse settlements on these North Atlantic islands, and thus can be considered aboriginal whaling. It is mentioned in the Sheep Letter, a Faroese law from 1298, a supplement to the Norwegian Gulating law.
It is closely regulated by the Faroese authorities, with around 800 long-finned pilot whales and some Atlantic white-sided dolphins slaughtered annually; mainly during the summer. The hunts, called grindadráp in Faroese, are non-commercial and are organized on a community level. Anyone who has a special training certificate on slaughtering a pilot whale with the spinal-cord lance can participate. The police and Grindaformenn are allowed to remove people from the grind area. The hunters first surround the pilot whales with a wide semicircle of boats. The boats then drive the pilot whales into a bay or to the bottom of a fjord. Not all bays are certified, and the slaughter will only take place on a certified beach.
Many Faroese consider the whale meat an important part of their food culture and history. Animal rights groups criticize the slaughter as being cruel and unnecessary. In November 2008, Høgni Debes Joensen, chief medical officer of the Faroe Islands and Pál Weihe, scientist, have recommended in a letter to the Faroese government that pilot whales should no longer be considered fit for human consumption because of the high level of mercury, PCB and DDT derivatives. However, the Faroese government did not forbid whaling. On 1 July 2011 the Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority announced their recommendation regarding the safety of eating meat and blubber from the pilot whale, which was not as strict as the one of the chief medical officers. The new recommendation says only one dinner with whale meat and blubber per month, with a special recommendation for younger women, girls, pregnant women and breastfeeding women. From 2002 to 2009 the PCB concentration in whale meat has fallen by 75%, DDT values in the same time period have fallen by 70% and mercury levels have also fallen.
Iceland
In mid-1950s, fishermen in Iceland requested assistance from the government to remove killer whales from Icelandic waters as they damaged fishing equipment. With fisheries accounting for 20% of Iceland's employment at the time, the perceived economic impact was significant. The Icelandic government asked the United States for assistance. As a NATO ally with an air base in Iceland, the US Navy deployed Patrol Squadrons VP-18 and VP-7 to achieve this task. According to the US Navy, hundreds of animals were killed with machineguns, rockets and depth charges.
In the late 1970s, after the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 and the ban on hunting killer whales in Washington in 1976 as discussed later in this article, the hunting of killer whales in Iceland resumed, this time aiming to capture live animals for the entertainment industry. The first two killer whales captured went to Dolfinarium Harderwijk in the Netherlands. One of these animals was soon after transferred to SeaWorld. These captures continued until 1989 with the additional animals going to SeaWorld, Marineland Antibes, Marineland of Canada, Kamogawa Sea World, Ocean Park Hong Kong, and Conny-Land.
Although commercial whaling does still take place in Icelandic waters today, dolphins are no longer hunted and whale watching is popular amongst tourists.
Japan
The Taiji dolphin drive hunt captures small cetaceans for their meat and for sale to dolphinariums. Taiji has a long connection to Japanese whaling. The 2009 documentary film The Cove drew international attention to the hunt. Taiji is the only town in Japan where drive hunting still takes place on a large scale. Concern is majority through the methodology of the hunt, as actions are viewed as inhumane. An article by National Geographic refers to The Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums' decision to no longer support the Taiji hunt. In 2015, it was announced that there would be a ban in the buying and selling of dolphins through the means of this hunt.
Kiribati
Similar drive hunting existed in Kiribati at least until the mid-20th century.
Peru
Though it is forbidden under Peruvian law to hunt dolphins or eat their meat (sold as chancho marino, or sea pork in English), a large number of dolphins are still killed illegally by fishermen each year. To catch the dolphins, they are driven together with boats and encircled with nets, then harpooned, dragged on to the boat, and clubbed to death if still alive. Various species are hunted, such as the bottlenose and dusky dolphin.
According to estimates from local animal welfare organisation Mundo Azul released in October 2013, between 1,000 and 2,000 dolphins are killed annually for consumption, with a further 5,000 to 15,000 being killed for use as shark bait. Sharks are captured both for their meat and for use of their fins in shark fin soup.
Solomon Islands
Dolphin are hunted in Malaita, in the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific, mainly for their meat and teeth, and also sometimes for live capture for dolphinariums. The hunt on South Malaita Island is smaller in scale than Tajai. After capture, the meat is shared equally between households. Dolphin teeth are also used in jewelry and as currency on the island.
Taiwan
On the Penghu Islands in Taiwan, drive fishing of bottlenose dolphins was practiced until 1990, when the practice was outlawed by the government. Mainly Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins but also common bottlenose dolphins were captured in these hunts.
United States
New England
From 1644 at Southampton, New York, on Long Island, the colonists established an organised whale fishery, chasing pilot whales ("blackfish") onto the shelving beaches for slaughter. They also processed drift whales they found on shore. They observed the Native Americans hunting techniques, improved on their weapons and boats, and then went out to ocean hunting.
Hawaii
In ancient Hawaii, fishermen occasionally hunted dolphins for their meat by driving them onto the beach and killing them. In their ancient legal system, dolphin meat was considered to be kapu (forbidden) for women together with several other kinds of food. As of 2008, dolphin drive hunting no longer takes place in Hawaii.
Texas
Hunting dolphins (at the time still often incorrectly referred to as fish or porpoises), primarily using harpoons and firearms, was considered a form of recreational hunting along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico in Texas in the late 19th and early 20th century. Pleasure dolphin hunting cruises could be booked in Corpus Christi in the 1920s, with a promise to tourists that if no successful dolphin kill was made, the excursion would be free of charge. The brutality of the practice started to spark animal welfare concerns and there is no reference of this practice still occurring in Texas after the Second World War.
Washington
Drive hunting methods were used to capture orcas in Puget Sound in the 1960s and 1970s. These hunts were led by aquarium owner and entrepreneur Edward "Ted" Griffin and his partner Don Goldsberry. After Griffin purchased an orca that was caught by accident by fishermen in Namu, British Columbia, in 1965, Griffin and Goldsberry used drive hunting techniques in the Puget Sound area to capture orcas for the entertainment industry. They implemented their new methods for orca capture in their Yukon Harbor operation in 1967. Others followed and despite the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 the practice continued until 1976 when the state of Washington ordered the release of a number of orcas that were being held in Budd Inlet and subsequently banned the practice.
See also
Animal welfare
Whaling
References
External links
atlanticblue - The inhumane dolphin slaughter in Taiji, Japan 2011
BBC news - dining with the dolphin hunters in Japan
Faroe Islands official whaling website
EIA reports: Up to date info.
EIA in the USA - reports on drive hunts: Up to date reports and info
Atlanticblue e.V. website, with current information about the Taiji dolphin hunt in Japan (German only)
Create worldwide awareness of dolphin slaughter and high level of toxic mercury in dolphin meat
3D animation of how a drive works, including links to two videos
Video at Glumbert.com - well known footage of a drive hunt in Futo in 1999
Matt Damon Narrated Film via EducatedEarth
Video report produced by BlueVoice.org
Video about the Taiji drive hunts from November 2007 produced by atlanticblue.de
CNN report on the Taiji drive hunts, 11 February 2008.
Mercury poisoning
http://www.theage.com.au/national/mercury-poisoning-linked-to-dolphin-deaths-20080605-2mbw.html
http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090923f2.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/20/world/asia/20iht-dolphin.1.10223011.html
Animal welfare
Hunting
Cruelty to animals
Dolphins and humans
Environmental impact of fishing
Environmental controversies
Types of whaling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin%20drive%20hunting |
Kim Kelly (born April 4, 1962, in Halifax, Nova Scotia as Kim Ackles) is a Canadian curler from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. She currently throws skip stones for Colleen Jones, whom she has won five national championships and two world championships.
In 2019, Kelly was named the eighth greatest Canadian curler in history in a TSN poll of broadcasters, reporters and top curlers.
Kelly had retired from competitive curling in 2006 but returned in 2010 playing third for Nancy Delahunt, failing to secure a spot in the provincial playdowns. She would then go on to join former teammate Mary-Anne Arsenault, playing the second position for the 2011–12 season.
For the 2012–2013 season Arsenault and Kelly reunited with former skip Colleen Jones, with the goal of reaching the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Jones played second, while Arsenault was skip. Jenn Baxter, played lead, while Stephanie McVicar, joined the team as the fifth. Nancy Delahunt was offered to join the team as coach or manager. Since this announcement McVicar left the team to play with Heather Smith-Dacey, and Delahunt joined the team as the fifth. Jones played second, and Kelly remained at third.
Kelly (as third) joined Jones, Mary Sue Radford and Delahunt to win the 2016 Canadian Senior Curling Championships, following that with an undefeated run to win the 2017 World Senior Curling Championships in Lethbridge, Alberta.
Personal life
Kelly is married and has two children. She is a retired pharmacist.
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Canadian women's curling champions
Canadian mixed curling champions
Canadian people of English descent
World curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants
Sportspeople from Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Curlers from Halifax, Nova Scotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Kelly |
Olga Gorelli, (June 14, 1920 Bologna, Italy, died February 18, 2006) was well known for her musical talents as a composer and pianist.
Life and career
Olga Gorelli, maiden name Gratch, immigrated to the United States in 1937 with her family and settled in New Jersey. She married a physician, and had two children. She was a resident of Pennington, New Jersey.
Gorelli began composing as a child in Italy and her first little piano pieces were published in Italy when she was ten years old. She pursued her music studies in the U.S., graduating from Immaculata College, the Curtis Institute of Music, Smith College, and the Yale University School of Music, and pursued graduate work at the Eastman School of Music. Her teachers included Rosario Scalero, Gian Carlo Menotti, Quincy Porter, Paul Hindemith, and Darius Milhaud.
Gorelli taught music theory at Hollins College, and piano at Trenton State College. She also taught privately at her home and composed each morning up until the last weeks of her life.
She has written orchestral and choral pieces, many songs for voice with various instruments, a mass, two operas, two dance dramas, and several works for different combinations of strings, brass, and woodwinds.
Recordings
Rosenfeld, Jayn and Vas, Meg. "The River." By Olga Gorelli. Jersey Sessions, Volume 2. Composers Guild of New Jersey (CGNJ1290), 1990. CD.
Cervantes, Ana. "Serenade: I Carry Your Heart With Me." By Olga Gorelli. Amore de la Danza. Ana L. Cervantes and John Baker Recordings (CERV1198), December 1998, July 2002. CD.
Anderson, William and Wolf, Marc. "Paolo e Francesca." By Olga Gorelli. Hausmusik. 20th Century Chamber Music for the Home. Furious Artisans (FACD6802), 2000. Innova (INNOVA310), 2010. CD.
Anderson, William and Wolf, Marc. "Silent Moon." By Olga Gorelli. Hausmusik. 20th Century Chamber Music for the Home. Furious Artisans (FACD6802), 2000. Innova (INNOVA310), 2010. CD.
Anderson, William and Wolf, Marc. "Mechanical Man." By Olga Gorelli. Hausmusik. 20th Century Chamber Music for the Home. Furious Artisans (FACD6802), 2000. Innova (INNOVA310), 2010. CD.
Pedagogical writings
Manual for teaching music skills. Book 1. With songs by Olga Gorelli. Minneapolis, T.S. Denison. 53p. T.S. Denison & Co. Inc. 27 March 1968; Library of Congress record A97B936. Accessed July 5, 2011.
Manual for teaching music skills. Book 3. With songs by Olga Gorelli. Minneapolis, T.S. Denison. 65 p. T.S. Denison & Co., Inc. 10 Dec 1968; Library of Congress record A35636. Accessed July 5, 2011.
Notes
External links
"Lullaby for Olga" ("Acalanto Para Olga") by Luiz Simas dedicated to late composer and pianist Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"Women Composers on Classical Discoveries". In Praise of Woman - 2006. March 29, 2006. Longing and Song of the Mermaids by Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"Women of Note". Princeton Research Forum. Poem, Cuando Viene La Rimavera? scored by Olga Gorelli, performed by Nancy Herl at Westminster Choir College. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"Musical Sashimi. An Ondine Repast". Palisades Virtuosi. Saturday, April 1, 2006. Song of the Mermaids by Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"Jayn Rosenfeld, Chamber Coach. Recordings". Composers Guild of New Jersey, New Jersey Sessions Volume 2. The River by Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"New Music Festival". New Jersey Percussion Ensemble. January 26, 1998, William Paterson University, New Jersey. Elegy for Martin (for Chimes & Piano) by Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
"2010 Engagements". Doug Miller. July 19 - August 9, 2010. Accessed August 21, 2011. "Recording sessions with Shikantaza for an upcoming collaborative effort with Front Row Seat productions. This collaboration will record selected works by some of the world's notable women composers, poets, and singers, including Olga Gorelli and Sylvia Rexach."
"Piano Music by Charles Griffin Performed by Ana Cervantes", Musical America Worldwide, October 31, 2008. Accessed August 21, 2011. "Also on the program are works by C.P.E. Bach, American Laurie Altman, William Byrd, Englishman Stephen McNeff, Chopin, Rodolfo Halffter, Russian-Italian Olga Gorelli, Brahms and Mexican Arturo Marquez."
"Sergio Cardenas Curriculum Vitae". Opera Between the Shadow and the Dream by Olga Gorelli. Accessed August 21, 2011.
1920 births
2006 deaths
American women composers
American composers
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Pennington, New Jersey
Yale University alumni
Immaculata University alumni
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Eastman School of Music alumni
Smith College alumni
Pupils of Darius Milhaud
Pupils of Paul Hindemith
20th-century American women musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Gorelli |
The 18th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Varna, Bulgaria, in 1974. This was the first world championships at which the individual all-around titles were contested in a separate session of competition, rather than being decided after the team competition.
Results
Men
Team Final
All-around
Floor Exercise
Pommel Horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel Bars
Horizontal Bar
Women
Team Final
All-around
Vault
Uneven Bars
Balance Beam
Floor Exercise
Medals
References
Gymn Forum: World Championships Results
Gymnastics
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, 1974
1974 in gymnastics
Sport in Varna, Bulgaria
International gymnastics competitions hosted by Bulgaria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20World%20Artistic%20Gymnastics%20Championships |
A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side.
Book or Books may also refer to:
Places
Book, Louisiana, a community in the United States
Book's Covered Bridge, also known as Kaufman Covered Bridge, an historic wooden bridge in Jackson Township, Pennsylvania
People with the name
Book (surname)
Bob Books (American football) (1903–1954), American football player
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Shepherd Book, a character in the Firefly television series and the following film, Serenity
J. B. Books, a character in the film The Shootist
Music
The Books, an American band
Books (EP), a 2004 Extended Play music recording by Belle & Sebastian
"Book", a 2015 song by Chon from Grow
Book (album), a 2021 album by They Might Be Giants
Other arts, entertainment, and media
Book (musical theatre), the spoken dialogue of a stage musical
Book, a 1997 memoir by Whoopi Goldberg
"Book 'em, Danno!", Det. Capt. Steve McGarrett's catchphrase on the Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)
Other uses
Book (graph theory), a split graph consisting of p triangles sharing a common edge
Book (wagering), a set of odds for the possible outcomes in betting
Book, a synonym for the act of making a reservation with a hospitality vendor (e.g., a table reservation or travel reservation) or entertainment act
Book, to arrest someone, i.e., apprehend and take them into custody
Book lung, a respiratory organ in some arachnids
Book of Life, the book in which God, on Rosh Hashana, writes the names of those who will live another year
Book wallpaper, in wallpaper installation, the step that activates the paste
Books, accounting and financial records
See also
Bookie
Booking (disambiguation)
Cook the Books (TV program)
Cook the Books
Good book (disambiguation)
The Book (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Mavrovo ( ) is a valley region in the northwest of the Republic of North Macedonia. It is home to Mavrovo National Park and a winter sports center. Some of the villages and smaller hamlets include: Mavrovo, Nikiforovo, Leunovo, and Mavrovi Anovi. This micro region is named Mavrovo after the most populated settlement in the region, the village of Mavrovo.
The region's location at Bistra mountain and the Lake Mavrovo have helped it grow into a year-round tourist center. Mavrovo is the most popular ski center in North Macedonia.
The Mavrovo lake lies at an altitude of 1220 m. It is 12 km long, 3 km wide and covers an area of 13.3 square kilometers. The coast is 24 km long. The deepest measured spot of the lake is 48 m deep.
References
Geography of North Macedonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrovo%20%28region%29 |
Parkers Cove, in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, is a coastal community in Annapolis County on the Bay of Fundy.
References
Communities in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkers%20Cove%2C%20Nova%20Scotia |
Calea Victoriei (Victory Avenue) is a major avenue in central Bucharest. Situated in Sector 1, and having a length of , it leads from (which runs parallel to the Dâmbovița River) to the north and then northwest up to Piața Victoriei, where Șoseaua Kiseleff continues north.
History
Initially, the road was known as Ulița Mare (Large Street), also known as Drumul Brașovului (Brașov Road), being part of the trade route between Bucharest and the city of Brașov, in Transylvania. In 1692, ruler Constantin Brâncoveanu paved the road with wood and partly regularized it, making it pass through the domains of the Bălăceni, of the Saint John Monastery, Zlătari Monastery and of the Cantacuzenes up to the Sărindari Monastery. Since 1692 it was known as Podul Mogoșoaiei (Mogoșoaia Wood-Paved Road) because it also was connecting the Bucharest's center with Brâncoveanu's Mogoșoaia Palace some kilometres outside the city.
Most roads in the Balkans at that time became muddy in the spring and autumn, and the wood prevented this. Consequently, the road was one of the most important construction works of the area and a source of pride to Bucharesters. The area surrounding the road became the most fashionable part of Bucharest: 35 boyar houses were located on the road itself in 1775.
Podul Mogoșoaiei was the first street in Bucharest to be illuminated with candles during the night, starting July 1814.
The wood was not a very sturdy material and often it was in a bad state, despite being repaired several times (including in 1793 and 1814). During the Russian occupation of the Danubian Principalities, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), an extension from Piața Victoriei northward was built by Pavel Kiseleff, the commander of the occupation troops, and is today named after him. In 1842 the road was paved with cobblestone. It was later upgraded to asphalt.
The road was renamed "Calea Victoriei" on October 12, 1878, following the Romanian victory in the Independence War of 1877–1878.
Calea Victoriei was Bucharest's showpiece street in the Interwar period. Tudor Octavian wrote, "this is how the whole of Bucharest would look if we had been allowed…, if its builders had been clever enough…". After roughly half a century of decline, it has recently been returning to this role.
Today, the avenue is lined with new fashion shops, art boutiques, coffee shops and restaurants, making it an upmarket shopping strip in Bucharest.
Buildings and monuments
Major buildings and monuments along the street include (from north to south):
The Cantacuzino Palace, hosting The George Enescu Museum
Museum of Art Collections
Știrbey Palace
The Athénée Palace Hotel, now a Hilton
Romanian Athenaeum
National Museum of Art of Romania
The Central Library of the University of Bucharest
Kretzulescu Church
Piața Revoluției (Revolution Square), including the Memorial of Rebirth
Palatul Telefoanelor
Odeon Theatre
Casa Capșa
Palace of the National Military Circle
Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse
Bucharest Financial Plaza
National Museum of History of Romania, with the Statue of Trajan and the She-wolf on its steps
CEC Palace
The avenue was also long home to the Constantin Tănase Revue Theatre (as of 2006, relocated to the Lipscani district), and was the site of the old Romanian National Theater, just north of Palatul Telefoanelor; the departed theatre's façade is replicated by the front of the Bucharest Novotel that opened in summer 2006. The Romanian Athenaeum is set back slightly from the street, with a small park in between.
The National Museum of Art of Romania (the former Royal Palace) and the University Library across the street from it (both damaged in the 1989 Revolution) were restored in the 1990s; Palatul Telefoanelor was restored between 1997 and 2005. There has also been an ongoing refurbishment of the street's many hotels, including the Athénée Palace, the Majestic, the Capitol, and the Capșa Hotel; as of 2010, the Grand Hotel du Boulevard is undergoing restoration, while renovation of the Continental and Novotel has been completed.
Notes
References
—, Bucureștiul Interbelic/Calea Victoriei/Interbellum Bucharest, NOI Media Print,
Ștefan Ionescu, Bucureștii în vremea fanarioților (Bucharest in the time of the Phanariotes), Editura Dacia, Cluj, 1974.
Florian Georgescu et al. Istoria Orașului București, Muzeul de Istorie a Orașului București, 1965
External links
Calea Victoriei on Flickr.com
Victoriei
Historic monuments in Bucharest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calea%20Victoriei |
Michael David Green (born October 12, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Washington Capitals, Detroit Red Wings and Edmonton Oilers.
Known for his hard slapshot and goal-scoring offense during his ten-year tenure with the Capitals, Green put up impressive offensive statistics for a defenceman from 2007 to 2010. During this time, he earned the nickname "Game Over Green" for his propensity to score game-winning goals.
Playing career
Minor
Green played his minor hockey career with the NASA Hockey Association, in Calgary, Alberta. He played major junior in the Western Hockey League (WHL) for five full seasons with the Saskatoon Blades. After a 14-goal, 39-point season in 2003–04, he was drafted in the first round, 29th overall, by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.
Professional
Washington Capitals
In 2005–06, Green split the season with the Capitals and their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hershey Bears. He scored his first career NHL goal against Ed Belfour of the Toronto Maple Leafs on February 3, 2006, and finished with three points in 22 games for the Capitals. The next season, 2006–07, Green was selected to play in the 2007 NHL YoungStars Game for the Eastern Conference, where he registered three assists despite playing with a bruised foot. Not having played the 25-game minimum to qualify as a rookie the previous season, the 2006–07 season counted as Green's rookie campaign. He completed his second season with 12 points in 70 games, while still appearing in 12 games in the AHL with the Bears.
In 2007–08, Green emerged as an elite offensive NHL defenceman while playing on a young and talented Washington team which included forwards Alexander Ovechkin, Alexander Semin and Nicklas Bäckström. Green earned the nickname "Game Over," made popular by play-by-play announcer Joe Beninati after his game-winning goals in the last minutes of the third period or overtime became a regular occurrence. Green finished the season with four game-winning goals to go with his NHL-leading 18 goals among defencemen and 56 points. Green did not start his goal-scoring run until after Bruce Boudreau replaced Glen Hanlon as head coach on Thanksgiving Day, 2007. That season, the Capitals made the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since 2003, and in his first career NHL playoff game on April 11, 2008, against the Philadelphia Flyers, Green brought Washington back from a 4–2 deficit with two goals in the third period. The Capitals eventually won the game on an Ovechkin game-winning goal. Known for his very powerful and heavy shot, Green took a slapshot from the blue line that same game that was blocked by Philadelphia's Patrick Thoresen; the shot broke Thoresen's protective cup and nearly ruptured a testicle, and he had to be taken to a local hospital, missing the next game. After the game, Green called Thoresen to check in on him. In Game 3, on April 15, Green recorded a Gordie Howe hat trick (a goal, an assist and a fight) in a 6–3 loss to the Philadelphia Flyers. The series went the distance, but the Capitals would lose in the seventh game.
During the 2008 playoffs, Green's signature "faux hawk" hairstyle received increased publicity as his profile in the NHL was raised. An Elliot in the Morning promotion, "Rawk the Hawk," had Green into the studio for the haircut, which willing fans could also have done for playoff tickets. The D.C. morning talk radio show brought this promotion back for the 2009 season, offering tickets for the first game of each new series. Additionally, during the season, an unofficial Green fan club, dubbed the "Gang Green" began showing up to home games wearing dark green T-shirts with "Gang Green" written on the front and Green's nickname, "GAME OVER," as the name plate on the back above the number 52.
At the end of the season, on May 21, 2008, Green was named to the Sporting News''' NHL All-Star team along with teammate Alexander Ovechkin. Later in the summer, Green signed a four-year contract extension with the Capitals, on July 1, averaging to $5.25 million per year.
Green picked up where he left off in 2008–09, but was plagued by injuries early in the season. Returning from the sidelines, Green captured back-to-back NHL Third Stars of the Week for the weeks ending February 1 and 8, 2009. On February 14, Green scored in his eighth consecutive game, setting the NHL record for most consecutive games with a goal by a defenceman. The former record was set by Mike O'Connell in the 1983–84 season. Then, after receiving a Second Star of the Week for the week ending March 23, he became just the eighth defenceman in history to score 30 goals in a season in a game against the New York Islanders on April 1. Finishing with 31 goals on the season, Green tallied 18 on the power play, one short of Sheldon Souray's 2006–07 record of 19.
In April 2009, Green was nominated for the James Norris Memorial Trophy for the NHL's top defenceman, along with Zdeno Chára and Nicklas Lidström. Green has been nominated for the award twice.
In 2009–10, Green set a career-high with 76 points. He missed a lot of time during the following two seasons due to various injuries.
On July 16, 2012, Green signed a three-year contract extension worth $18.25 million to stay with the Capitals.
In the 2012–13 NHL season, Green led all NHL defencemen in goals scored with 12.
In the 2013–14 season, Green was demoted to Washington's second power play unit. The emergence of John Carlson led to less ice time for “Game Over Green”.
In the 2014-15 season, Green played bottom pairing minutes mainly alongside defensive partner Nate Schmidt. Green periodically got more ice time on the first power play unit and was able to have a respectable offensive season with 45 points. Still a far-cry from his output in previous years, Green played an integral role in the capitals playoff run with the services of Dmitry Orlov being unavailable for the entire season.
Detroit Red Wings
On July 1, 2015, the Detroit Red Wings signed Green to a three-year, $18 million contract.
On October 17, 2016, Green notched his first career hat trick against Andrew Hammond of the Ottawa Senators.
During the 2017–18 season, Green was named to the NHL All-Star Game for the second time in his career after leading team defencemen in scoring and ranking fourth overall on the team. Green's season was cut short in March when he was ruled out for the rest of the season due to his injuries.
On June 30, 2018, the Red Wings resigned Green to a two-year, $10.75 million contract. After playing in 43 games the following season, Green was announced to be sitting out the rest of the year to recover from a virus on March 7, 2019. During the 2019–20 season, Green recorded three goals and eights assists in 48 games for the Red Wings.
Edmonton Oilers
On February 24, 2020, Green was traded to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Kyle Brodziak and a conditional fourth-round pick in 2020. He skated in two games for the team before suffering a sprained medial collateral ligament (MCL).
Green decided to opt out of the league's return to play program after the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 26, 2020, Green announced his retirement in an interview with The Athletic.
International play
Following his break-out season with the Capitals, Green debuted for Team Canada at the 2008 IIHF World Championship as the host country. He recorded 12 points in eight games as Canada went on to win a silver medal, losing to Russia in overtime in the gold medal game. Green was named to the tournament All-Star team. He was also selected for the 2010 Winter Olympics summer roster for Team Canada in August 2009 and considered a favourite, but did not make the final roster cut.
Off the ice
Green is involved in a number of community organizations and events. He is raising money for Children's National Medical Center as part of America's Giving Challenge, sponsored by Parade magazine. He also participated with Alexander Ovechkin in speaking at a local middle school and participating in a game of floor hockey. Green also has a program called "Green's Gang," where he purchases seven season tickets and donates them to Most Valuable Kids, a non-profit organization that works with underprivileged kids and active military.
In 2008, Green founded a charity called So Kids Can with Elliot Segal, host of DC101's Elliot in the Morning''. During the 2011–12 season, the group raised money to construct a playground at Hopkins-Tancil Court in Old Town Alexandria (Virginia). Working with KaBOOM!, a national non-profit dedicated to building playgrounds, the Alexandria Redevelopment and Housing Authority, and over 200 Washington Capitals fans and community volunteers, Green and Segal oversaw the construction of that playground. The S.T.A.R.S playground held its official opening on September 19, 2012. So Kids Can has raised over $200,000 since its founding. On August 9, 2014, Green married his longtime girlfriend, Courtney Parrie and the couple have three children together.
Records
Longest consecutive goal scoring streak by a defenceman — 8 games in 2008–09 (surpassed Mike O'Connell, 7 games in 1983–84)
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Calgary
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League All-Stars
Saskatoon Blades players
Washington Capitals draft picks
Washington Capitals players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Green%20%28ice%20hockey%2C%20born%201985%29 |
Partido Democrático can refer to:
Democratic Party (East Timor)
Democratic Party (Nicaragua)
Democratic Party (Portugal)
Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (Italy) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido%20Democr%C3%A1tico |
One Piece: Grand Battle is a fighting game made in Japan based on the anime and manga series One Piece. It is the fourth and final game in One Piece's Grand Battle series and the nineteenth One Piece video game released. The game was released in Japan as The English version uses the intro from the TV series.
Plot
Much like the manga and anime it is based on, Monkey D. Luffy wants to take Gol D. Roger's place to become King of the Pirates. Together with his crew namely, Roronoa Zoro, Nami, Usopp, Sanji, Chopper, and Nico Robin are on a quest to search for the great treasure and also to fulfill their own dreams. The story is based on the East Blue saga up to the Foxy's Return arc.
Gameplay
There are four different modes in the game: Grand Battle, a one-player/two player mode that features unlocked fighters and stages; Story Mode, a mode that follows every character through the story; Training, a testing mode to test one's skill; and Tourney, a tournament mode that allows to select a character and fight in it and baseball mode.
Returning Characters
New Characters
Foxy
Aokiji
Sequel
The Sequel of One Piece: Grand Battle entitled One Piece: Grand Adventure, which in Grand Adventure, you play along with 5 captains. Luffy is Easy, Buggy is Normal, Crocodile is Hard, Chaser/Smoker is Insane and especially Usopp is Pirate Panic (from level 40-100).
Reception
The game received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave both platforms a score of three sevens and one six for a total of 27 out of 40.
GameSpot awarded it a score of 6.0 out of 10, saying "Fans of the series will love One Piece's visuals but will be disappointed with just about every other aspect of the game." IGN awarded it 7 out of 10, saying "In the end, One Piece: Grand Battle is a fun game marred by a lack of innovation."
As of December 25, in Japan the game sold 88,058 units on the PlayStation 2 and 46,395 units on GameCube totaling 134,453 lifetime sales.
Notes
References
External links
Bandai America's Official Website (archived)
One Piece Grand Battle RUSH! (Japanese)
2005 video games
Atari games
Bandai games
GameCube games
Ganbarion games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Grand Battle
Platform fighters
PlayStation 2 games
Toei Animation video game projects
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with cel-shaded animation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Piece%3A%20Grand%20Battle%21 |
The East Twin River, formerly the Mishicot River, is a river in east-central Wisconsin that is a tributary to Lake Michigan. It merges with the West Twin River in the city of Two Rivers at its mouth with the lake. The source of the river is located in central Kewaunee County. On its course it passes through the villages of Mishicot and Tisch Mills. Its tributaries include Jambo Creek and Tisch Mills Creek.
Although the East Twin River is considered an impaired stream for phosphorus levels, a report in 2018 concluded that the "overall fish community in the Upper East Twin River watershed is in good to excellent condition." Fish surveys have found up to 20 species at a time.
References
Rivers of Wisconsin
Bodies of water of Kewaunee County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Twin%20River%20%28Wisconsin%29 |
The McGhee family (Scottish Gaelic: Clann Aoidh) is an ancient lowland family of Scotland, established as landowners in Galloway since at least the 13th century. Both the Clan Donald and the Clan Mackay claim it as a sept. Historically, however, the Mackays are in fact an offshoot of this family rather than vice versa. The ancient origins of the McGhees are uncertain, though they were probably Gaels from Ireland who took part in the conquest of Galloway (not then part of the Kingdom of Scotland) between the 9th and 11th centuries. Their property in Kirkcudbrightshire was significantly extended during the reign of the Stuarts. The family has always been self-consciously lowland and, almost uniquely among prominent Scottish families, remained entirely indifferent to the Clan system, as historians have noted:
"With such a variety of spellings many held lands, bore personal arms and sometimes held important positions and yet none, other than the Chief of Mackay, has been recognised in the chiefship of the kindred."
Gilmighel Mac Ethe is first mentioned subscribing allegiance to King Edward I of England in the Ragman Rolls of 1296. Neel McEth and Gillecryst McEth appear in another document of the same year as two of the Galloway men who, 'having aided John de Balliol late King of Scotland, in his war... against the King of England... confess their fault, come to his peace, and swear on the Saints to assist him against Balliol and all others'. In 1297, Edward thanked 'Gille Michel Mac Gethe' and others for 'putting down evil-doers and retaking castles in their country'. In 1304, however, Michael Macgethe is listed as a juror at an 'Inquisition' in Dumfries which asserted the rights of 'Robert de Brus earl of Carrick' (later Robert the Bruce) against those of Edward I in Annandale. Gilbertum McGeth is given as the collector of customs in Kirkcudbright in an exchequer roll of 1331, while in 1339 Michael Mcgeth was granted a pardon by Edward III after 'having joined his enemies in Scotland'.
Balmaghie ('Ballem'gethe') was erected into a free barony in 1348 and Gilbert Macge (also M'Gy (1370–1426)) is recorded as 'dominus de Balmage' in 1426. The family acquired progressively more influence and importance, especially during the reign of the Stuarts – Sir John McGhie of Balmaghie was knighted by Charles II. Having won favour with and then spurned the Stuarts at the right times, the family was prominent in Scottish and London society by the eighteenth century. However, this was lost with the sale of its estates and a lack of male heirs; by the early 18th century the families of Balmaghie, Airie and Airds, and Castlehill were practically extinct. John McGhie, last of Castlehill, had six daughters, the eldest of whom had six sons who all died childless. Because this decline occurred before the romantic revival of interest in the clans, the family never acquired its own tartan. McGhees may therefore choose to show allegiance to either the MacDonalds or the Mackays in their choice of tartan. The Balmaghie Estate itself, consisting of about of agricultural and sporting land (best known for its roe deer stalking) is now owned by another family.
The coat of arms of the Balmaghie McGhees is given as "sable, three leopards' heads erased argent." Its motto is "Quae Sursum Volo" ("I desire heavenly things"). Early records of the arms show some variation, however:
Ceulx de Maligny – Azure, three lions' faces or. ~ Armorial de Berry, 1440s
Maogee of Balmagy – Sable, three human faces Argent tongues extended Gules. ~ Slains Armorial, 1565
Macgie of Balmagie – Sable, three leopards' heads erased affronte argent, langued gules. ~ Hague Roll, 1590s
Mcgie – Sable, three Leopard heads erased Argent. ~ Sir George Mackenzie's The Science of Herauldrie, 1680
MacGie – Sable, three leopards' heads Argent. ~ Nisbet's A System of Heraldry, 1722
MacGie of Balmaghie – Sable, three leopards' heads Or. ~ Nisbet's A System of Heraldry, 1722
Magee [Ireland] – Crest, a lion, sejant, collared. ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
Macgee – Gules, three martlets Or. ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
McGee, or McGhee [West India] – Sable, a fesse between three leopards' faces Argent. Motto, "Fac et Spera". ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
MacGhie [Balmagie, Scotland] – Sable, three leopards' heads Or. (Another, Argent). ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
<blockquote>
McGhie [England] – Sable, a fesse between three leopards' faces Argent. Crest: an ostrich Argent, in the beak a horse-shoe Azure. ~ Robson's The British Herald', 1830
</blockquote>
MacGie – Azure, three leopards' heads erased, Argent. ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
McGie – Sable, a mullet arranged between three leopards' heads, erased guardant Or. Crest: a leopard's head, erased guardant Or, ducally gorged Gules. ~ Robson's The British Herald, 1830
The other prominent Galloway branches of the family were those of Airds and Castlehill. The name was also commonly interchangeable with Mackie and Mackay in Wigtownshire and Kintyre, and a branch of the family controlled the Rhinns of Islay for several centuries. Alexander M'Ghie inherited the Lairdship of Atrochie in Aberdeenshire from his father Hugo.
McGhee and its variants (e.g. McGee, McGie, McGhie, Magee, M'Gie etc.) is also a common surname in Ireland. Persons bearing this name are almost certainly inter-related, given the volume of migration across the Irish Sea, in both directions, particularly during the Galloglass and Plantation years. While both Catholic and Protestant McGhees can be found, the Balmaghie family were Presbyterian and the family's most notable churchmen were low Anglicans, as in the case of Archbishop Magee of Dublin and Archbishop Magee of York. The Revd Nathaniel McKie, a younger son of Balmaghie, was an eccentric and witty minister of Crossmichael who wrote the humorous self-parodying song "Nae dominies for me, laddie", about a young minister spurned by a young lady for a man with finer livery. A prominent exception is the current Bishop of Cloyne, a Traditionalist Catholic who was falsely accused of murdering Pope John Paul I. Odo MacIdh was Canon of Argyll in 1433.
The only peer with the surname is The Hon. Lord McGhie, Chairman of the Scottish Land Court and President of the Lands Tribunal for Scotland. Knights with this name include Sir John McGhie of Balmaghie (knighted by Charles II), and Sir Ian Magee (knighted by Elizabeth II). Robert Makgye was Court Jester to James II from 1441–50.
Chiefs
The McGhees were never a Scottish Clan, and therefore the title of "clan Chief" was never used. The undisputed head of those bearing the surname, however, was the head of the family at Balmaghie (given below), who bore the undifferenced arms of McGhie.
Michael Macge (1339-13??)
Gilbert M'Ghie, 1st Lord of Balmage (13??-1426)
Gilbert M'Gy, 2nd Lord of Balmage (1426–1471), m. Mareota de Keth
William M'Gye of Balmage and Slogarrie (1471–1527), m. Blanch de Levenax
Nicholas M'Ghie of Balmagee and Torris (1527-15??), m. Elizabeth Maxwell
William Makgee (15??–1570), m. Lady Margaret Stewart
Alexander McKie (1550–1611), m. Katherine Agnew
Robert M'Ghie (1611–1637), m. Grissel Charteris
Sir John M'Ghie (1637–1658), m. 1stly Barbara Anderson, 2ndly Elizabeth Levingstoune
Alexander M'Ghie (1658–1690), m. 1stly Margaret M'Kee, 2ndly Elizabeth Stewart
William M'Ghie (1690–1704), m. Anna Ballantyne or Fullerton
John M'Ghie (1704–1732), m. Hon Isabel Gordon (daughter of Viscount Kenmure)
Alexander M'Ghie (1732–1739), m. Grizzell Gordon (his cousin, granddaughter of the same Viscount Kenmure)
John M'Ghie (1739–1761)
William M'Ghie (1761-17??), m. Hon Eleonora McDouall (sister of the Earl of Dumfries)
Spencer McGee (1997-20??),
William (uncle of John) inherited Balmaghie unexpectedly, with John McGhie's son having predeceased him. He was a merchant in Edinburgh and sold all the estate in 1786 to the Gordon family, to which he was closely related. He was Secretary of the fashionable Honourable Society of Hunters (a racing club composed of the principle nobles and gentry of Scotland). The grand Hunters' Ball at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh was the highlight of the early nineteenth-century Scottish social season. He was also a friend of James Boswell. Boswell described him as "a good-natured man, who has no aversion to be a butt, although he takes care to have a good premium for every arrow that he receives."
Another William M'Ghie was a doctor in London, one of Samuel Johnson's best friends, and a member of his Ivy Lane Club. He was also a poet and friend of Tobias Smollett. He fought with the Government against the Jacobite rising of 1745 as Captain of the Edinburgh Company of Volunteers, and was taken prisoner by the rebels after the disastrous Battle of Falkirk. Other distinguished officers include Lt-Col John Macghie of the Scots brigade who was killed fighting for the Dutch in 179 and Captain James Maghie.
In 1709 John Macghie was appointed Physician to the King by King George I in return for his loyalty to the Hanoverian succession. Major-General John McGhie CB was an Honorary Physician to Queen Elizabeth II.
Other Branches
The arms of the branch of the family (who spelled the name McGhie or McGee) which was seated in England by the early 19th century is given by Thomas Robson in "The British Herald" as sable a fesse between three leopards' faces argent''. Their crest, however, bears no resemblance to the Balmaghie family's – it is quoted in Fairbairn's 'Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain' as "an ostrich argent, in the beak a horse-shoe azure." This is the crest of the Gell baronets, to whom a connection may be supposed. Robert McGhie and his sons William and Willoughby McGhie lived at Upcott House, Bishop's Hull, Taunton. Another English Robert McGhie's estate was fought over in an extended Courts of Chancery case (McGhie v McGhie) in 1817.
A man bearing the name McGie matriculated the following arms in the early 19th century: "sable a mullet arranged between three leopards' heads erased guardant or." The crest was a leopard's head erased guardant or, ducally gorged gules." The significance of the ducal coronet is not known.
Robert McGhee had possession of the vast and controversial Greenside sugar estate in Jamaica in the late eighteenth century. Their arms and crest were identical to the English family's, but with the motto "Fac et Spera" (Do and Hope).
Incidentally, it was a Church of Scotland missionary named the Revd William R F McGhie who designed the flag of Jamaica in 1962.
The Irish surname "Magee", while sharing ancient origins with the Scottish variants, is considered a separate family. Their crest is "a lion sejant collared", while their arms are not given in Robson.
References
Scottish families
Scottish Lowlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGhee%20family |
Bas-Caraquet ( ) is a former village in Gloucester County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Caraquet.
History
On 1 January 2023, Bas-Caraquet amalgamated with the town of Caraquet. Bas-Caraquet remains in official use.
Geography
Situated on the Acadian Peninsula on the shore of Chaleur Bay, its name translates into "Lower Caraquet". It is located at the eastern entrance to Caraquet Harbour, adjacent to the town of Caraquet.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bas-Caraquet had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Economy
Fishing is the village's principal industry.
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Village de Bas Caraquet
Communities in Gloucester County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick
Populated places disestablished in New Brunswick in 2023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Caraquet%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
USS Reeves (DE-156/APD-52) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was transferred to Ecuador for use as an electric generator plant in 1960. Her final fate is unknown.
History
Reeves was named in honor of Chief Petty Officer Thomas J. Reeves (1895–1941), who was killed in action, while serving aboard the battleship during the attack on Pearl Harbor. For his distinguished conduct to bring ammunition to anti-aircraft guns, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The ship was laid down by the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, on 7 February 1943; launched on 23 April 1943; sponsored by Miss Mary Anne Reeves, niece of Chief Radioman Reeves; and commissioned on 9 June 1943.
Following shakedown, Reeves returned to Norfolk and on 16 August got underway on her first transatlantic escort run, a slow convoy to Casablanca. Arriving at New York six weeks later, she underwent availability and further training, at Casco Bay, then returned to escort duty and for the next 12 months shepherded fast tanker convoys between New York and the United Kingdom. On 18 March 1944, after SS Seakay had been sunk, Reeves rescued 83 of the merchantman's 84-man crew. For heroism during that rescue, one of the escort's coxswains, E. E. Angus, was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. The following day, Reeves took in tow after she had been torpedoed, stood by until relieved by tugs, then continued on carrying the damaged escort's more seriously wounded men.
Through D-Day and the summer of 1944, Reeves continued to escort fast convoys. On 23 September she completed her last Atlantic escort mission and entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport.
Redesignated APD-52 on 25 September, Reeves emerged from the shipyard on 23 December and after amphibious training, headed for the Panama Canal and duty in the Pacific. Arriving at Ulithi on 26 February 1945, she continued on to the Philippines in early March to rehearse for Operation Iceberg, the invasion of the Ryukyus.
On 26 March Reeves arrived off the Kerama Retto invasion area and, after initial duties as a standby ship for Underwater Demolition Team operations, shifted to anti-submarine and anti-aircraft screening duties. She served on that harrowing duty for 109 days interrupted only for a fast convoy to Ulithi and a brief availability in the Philippines. Detached 18 August, the APD delivered men, mail, and provisions to ships of the fleet, then sailed north to Japan. There, into October, she assisted in the repatriation of former POWs, including Maj.'Pappy' Boyington. Then supported the United States Strategic Bombing Survey mission assigned to the Nagasaki area. She was the first American ship to drop anchor in Japanese(Tokyo)water before the surrender.
Reeves sailed for the United States on 26 November and, after stops in the Volcano, Marshall, and Hawaiian islands, arrived at San Diego on 23 December. Three days later she continued on, and, on 10 January 1946, she arrived at Boston to begin inactivation. Assigned to the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet, she decommissioned on 30 July at Green Cove Springs, Florida where she remained until struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1960 and transferred to the Government of Ecuador for use as an electric generator plant.
Awards
Reeves earned one battle star during World War II.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Portsmouth, Virginia
1943 ships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Reeves%20%28DE-156%29 |
Irene Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq (born 1941) is one of Canada's most renowned Inuit artists. Her work is rooted in her lived experience, often dealing with themes of being an orphan and Inuit stories her grandmother told her. Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq is noted for her drawings, prints, and wall hangings.
Personal background
Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq was born on the north shore of Tebesjuak Lake near Baker Lake, Nunavut, Canada. Although she believes she was born in 1941, she was once told by an acquaintance that her actual year of birth was 1936. At that time in the area, the dates of births on the land were not generally recorded. Her mother, Gualittuaq, died shortly after Avaalaaqiaq was born, and her father, Itiplui, unable to care for her, so her grandparents raised her on the land in the customary Inuit style. Speaking of her childhood, Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq said:Whenever I see my wall hangings they remind me of my life. Also I always remember my grandmother and the stories and legends she told me. When I grew up there were no other people except my grandparents. I had never seen white people. When I do sewing and make a wall hanging I do what I remember. I can see it clear as a picture. When I am looking at it, it looks like it is actually happening in those days, as it was in my life.
On August 9, 1956, she married David Tiktaalaaq in Baker Lake. They moved to Baker Lake in 1958, where Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq gave birth to one of their children.
Artwork
Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq began her art career between 1969 and 1970 with small soapstone carvings, often of animals with human heads.
Her works are part of the collections at the National Gallery of Canada, the Winnipeg Art Gallery, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre and the College of William and Mary in Virginia.
Exhibitions
Two Great Image Makers from Baker Lake, 1999 (with Josiah Nuilaalik)
Works On Cloth, 2002
Institutions that have held exhibitions of her work, as cited in Judith Nasby's book Irene Avaalaaqiaq: myth and reality include:
Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario
Amway Environmental Foundation Collection, Ada, Michigan
Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario
Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland
Canadian Guild of Crafts Quebec, Montreal, Quebec
Canadian Museum of Civilization, Hull, Quebec
Carleton University Art Gallery, Ottawa, Ontario
CIBC Collection, Toronto, Ontario
Confederation Centre Art Gallery and Museum, Charlottetown,
Prince Edward Island
Dennos Museum Center, Northwestern Michigan College, Traverse City,
Michigan
Heard Museum, Phoenix, Arizona
Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Itsarnittakarvik: Inuit Heritage Centre, Baker Lake, Nunavut
Kitchener-Waterloo Art Gallery, Kitchener, Ontario
Macdonald Stewart Art Centre, Guelph, Ontario
McMaster Museum of Art, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, Ontario
Mendel Art Gallery, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
Musee des beaux-arts de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia
National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
University of Lethbridge Art Gallery, Lethbridge, Alberta
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick
Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba
Honours
In 1999, the University of Guelph awarded Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq an honorary doctorate of laws in recognition of her contribution to the development of Inuit art and her leadership role in the Nunavut community of Baker Lake. In her address, Avaalaaqiaq Tiktaalaaq remarked, "It makes me feel proud that my art is recognized after so many years of being an artist." Her address to the audience at the ceremony for the Ontario Agricultural College and the College of Arts was delivered in her native Inuktitut, with her friend Sally Qimmiu'naaq Webster acting as translator.
She was inducted into the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.
References
External links
Marion Scott Gallery Newsletter (pdf file with photo)
Irene Avaalaaqiaq: Myth and Reality by Judith Nasby (book review)
Nuatsiaq News
1941 births
Living people
Inuit printmakers
Inuit illustrators
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
People from Baker Lake
Canadian Inuit women
Artists from Nunavut
Canadian printmakers
20th-century Canadian women artists
21st-century Canadian women artists
Women printmakers
20th-century printmakers
Inuit from the Northwest Territories
Inuit from Nunavut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Avaalaaqiaq%20Tiktaalaaq |
In organic chemistry, an auxochrome () is a group of atoms attached to a chromophore which modifies the ability of that chromophore to absorb light. They themselves fail to produce the colour, but instead intensify the colour of the chromogen when present along with the chromophores in an organic compound. Examples include the hydroxyl (), amino (), aldehyde (), and methyl mercaptan groups ().
An auxochrome is a functional group of atoms with one or more lone pairs of electrons when attached to a chromophore, alters both the wavelength and intensity of absorption. If these groups are in direct conjugation with the pi-system of the chromophore, they may increase the wavelength at which the light is absorbed and as a result intensify the absorption. A feature of these auxochromes is the presence of at least one lone pair of electrons which can be viewed as extending the conjugated system by resonance.
Effects on chromophore
It increases the color of any organic compound. For example, benzene does not display color as it does not have a chromophore; but nitrobenzene is pale yellow color because of the presence of a nitro group (−NO2) which acts as a chromophore. But p-hydroxynitrobenzene exhibits a deep yellow color, in which the −OH group acts as an auxochrome. Here the auxochrome (−OH) is conjugated with the chromophore −NO2. Similar behavior is seen in azobenzene which has a red color, but p-hydroxyazobenzene is dark red in color.
The presence of an auxochrome in the chromogen molecule is essential to make a dye. However, if an auxochrome is present in the meta position to the chromophore, it does not affect the color.
An auxochrome is known as a compound that produces a bathochromic shift, also known as red shift because it increases the wavelength of absorption, therefore moving closer to infrared light. Woodward−Fieser rules estimate the shift in wavelength of maximum absorption for several auxochromes attached to a conjugated system in an organic molecule.
An auxochrome helps a dye to bind to the object that is to be colored. Electrolytic dissociation of the auxochrome group helps in binding and it is due to this reason a basic substance takes an acidic dye.
Explanation for the colour modification
A molecule exhibits colour because it absorbs colours only of certain frequencies and reflects or transmits others. They are capable of absorbing and emitting light of various frequencies. Light waves with frequency very close to their natural frequency are absorbed readily. This phenomenon, known as resonance, means that the molecule can absorb radiation of a particular frequency which is the same as the frequency of electron movement within the molecule. The chromophore is the part of the molecule where the energy difference between two different molecular orbitals falls within the range of the visible spectrum and hence absorbs some particular colours from visible light. Hence the molecule appears coloured. When auxochromes are attached to the molecule, the natural frequency of the chromophore gets changed and thus the colour gets modified. Different auxochromes produce different effects in the chromophore which in turn causes absorption of light from other parts of the spectrum. Normally, auxochromes which intensify the colour are chosen.
Classification
There are mainly two types of auxochromes:
Acidic: −COOH, −OH, −SO3H
Basic: −NH2, −NHR, −NR2
References
Chemical compounds
Color
Chemical reactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxochrome |
A hurdle race in Great Britain and Ireland is a National Hunt horse race where the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles or flights that are over three and a half feet high. They are typically made of a series of panels made of brush and are flexible. Hurdle races always have a minimum of eight hurdles and a minimum distance of two miles (3.2 km).
National Hunt horses that have the size and scope to jump higher than the height of a hurdle use these types of races in order to gain experience of jumping obstacles so they can later be sent to jump bigger obstacles called fences. Hurdle races tend to be run at a faster pace than Chases as the height of the hurdle is much lower than a chasing fence. The best hurdlers have a low and efficient style of jumping, which means they do not lose much momentum when they run over or hurdle a hurdle.
Australian hurdle races were conducted over wooden fences which provide some flexibility when ran over or hurdled. In Victoria, these runs consist of portable hurdles in which the natural brush has been replaced by bright yellow soft synthetic brush. Hurdle races are usually run over a minimal distance of 2 800 metres. Victoria and South Australia were for a time the only two states in Australia that conduct jumping races but in 2022 the South Australian Government outlawed jumping races in the state (although racing authorities had already discontinued jumps racing due to a decline in local horse numbers). In 2021, the One Fit model of hurdles was introduced in Victoria, and they were being used in 13 tracks in UK.
See also
Steeplechasing
References
Horse racing terminology
Steeplechase (horse racing)
Hunt racing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdling%20%28horse%20race%29 |
The West Twin River, formerly the Neshota River, is an river in east-central Wisconsin that is a tributary to Lake Michigan. It merges with the East Twin River in the city of Two Rivers, Wisconsin, less than a mile from the lakeshore. The source of the river is in southeast Brown County, near Richard J. Drum Memorial Forest. It is formed by the confluence of the Devils River and the Neshota River. On its course it passes through the unincorporated communities of Kingsbridge and Shoto.
About upstream from its mouth, the West Twin River is blocked by Shoto Dam, which divides the river into upper and lower reaches. The river below Shoto Dam is broad, shallow, and slow and the water quality is poor, while above the dam it is narrow, deep, and fast-flowing with good to excellent water quality. Shoto Dam creates a reservoir known as Shoto Lake.
Major tributaries
Major tributaries of the West Twin River include:
Black (Buck) Creek
Devils River
Francis Creek
King Creek
Kriwanek Creek
Neshota River
Twin Hill Creek
See also
List of rivers of Wisconsin
References
Rivers of Wisconsin
Rivers of Brown County, Wisconsin
Rivers of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Twin%20River%20%28Wisconsin%29 |
The Turra Coo (Doric for "the Turriff Cow") was a white Ayrshire-Shorthorn cross dairy cow which lived near the Aberdeenshire town of Turriff in north-east Scotland in the early twentieth century. The cow became famous following a dispute between her owner, supported by local people, against the government over taxes and compulsory national insurance.
Background
Under the Liberal government of the 1910s, the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George introduced a scheme whereby National Insurance contributions (by employer) became compulsory for all workers between the ages of 16 and 70. This was enacted via the National Insurance Act 1911, and caused outrage among the farmers local to Turriff, who claimed that their contributions were too high; and that, as they were rarely able to be off work due to illness like industrial workers, it was unfair for them to have to pay for a service they were unlikely to use.
In Turriff, popular protests were held in the Johnston and Paterson Mart, and Lendrum farmer Robert Paterson refused to stamp the insurance cards of his employees. Paterson was charged under the National Insurance Act and sentenced to pay a fine of £15 plus the arrears of national insurance contributions. Paterson paid the fine, but refused to make up the arrears, resulting in orders on 13 November 1913 for Turriff's sheriff George Keith to seize property to the value of from Paterson's farm. However, this was more difficult than it seemed as officers could not move property without local assistance, and the locals refused to help in protest.
The Cow
Sheriff's Officer George Keith poinded the only piece of property which was easily mobile: Paterson's white milk cow, which was set to be sold in Turriff on 9 December, the delay being due to the fact that both of Turriff's agricultural marts supported Paterson and refused to handle the sale, requiring a special licence to be granted for a public sale and an auctioneer to be brought in from elsewhere. On the appointed day, the cow was taken from Paterson's farm and led to Turriff on foot. The citizens of Turriff found the cow tied in the village square, decorated in ribbons and painted with the words 'Lendrum to Leeks' in reference to Lloyd George's Welsh origin, and representing the sheriff's and government's victory over the hostile farmers. The cow was put up for auction. The response was a near riot, and a 100-strong mob proceeded to pelt the sheriff's officers with rotten fruit and soot. Amidst the melee, the cow herself escaped from her handler and ran away, later being found in a nearby barn. Eight farm workers, including Paterson, were subsequently put on trial in Aberdeen for disorderly conduct but all were acquitted, having received verdicts of "not proven".
The cow was eventually taken to Aberdeen where it was sold to a farmer, Alexander Craig, for £7, but Bryony Miller, a local girl and wife of the Patersons' farmhand John Miller, with his help, rallied the local community together to buy back the cow for Lendrum. The presentation of the cow back to the Patersons on 20 January 1914 was a major public event; it was estimated that more than 3,000 people turned out to see the cow paraded in triumph through Turriff, adorned with ribbons and garlands of dried flowers, painted with the slogan "Free!! Divn't ye wish that ye were me" and accompanied by a band playing "See the Conquering Hero Comes". The cow returned to the Patersons' farm at Lendrum, where she died six years later and was buried in a corner of the farmland.
The cow in film
A film was made of the cow. This was shown at both The Gaiety and Coliseum cinemas in Aberdeen in February 1914. These were operated by William Dove Paterson "who took the film to Turriff for a special show in aid of the Parish Church renovation scheme, and to the Victoria Hall, Ellon, where great cheers and applause greeted the appearance on screen of several well-known farmers."
Sculpture and commemoration
The case became a cause celebre at the time and numerous souvenir items were produced featuring likenesses of the Coo and frequently adorned with the slogan "Lendrum to Leeks".
The foghorn of Girdle Ness Lighthouse was nicknamed the 'Torry Coo', as an allusion to the cow, and the horn's cow-like bellow.
On 31 October 1971, a roadside monument was unveiled at Lendrum, with a plaque featuring a silhouette of a cow's head and the words "The Famous 'Turra Coo' incident took place in 1913 when Robert Paterson headed resistance to injustice to farm workers in the insurance act."
On 20 November 2010, a sculpture of the Turra Coo by David Blyth, Charles Engebretsen and Ginny Hutchinson was unveiled in Turriff town centre, at the junction of the two major shopping streets, a spot now known locally as "Coo Corner". The sculpture was based on a stuffed cow known as "Alese" and bearing a strong resemblance to photographs of the original Turra Coo. Alese herself is on display at the Aberdeenshire Farming Museum in Mintlaw.
The centenary was officially marked in Turriff on 16 November 2013, with various events revolving around a dramatic re-enactment of the story.
In 2014, the town's Highland League football club, Turriff United F.C., adopted a mascot based on the Turra Coo (though unlike the original, the mascot is usually referred to as male).
References
External links
Fenton, Alexander. The Turra Coo: A Legal Episode In The Popular Culture of North-East Scotland, Aberdeen University Press, 1989 (updated edition, 2013)
The Far Famed Fite Turra Coo (1984 song)
History of Aberdeenshire
Individual cows
Sculptures of cattle
2010 sculptures
Tax resistance in the United Kingdom
Individual animals in Scotland
Protests in Scotland
2010 in Scotland
Riots and civil disorder in Scotland
1910s in Scotland
Political history of Scotland
History of agriculture in Scotland
Animal sculptures in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turra%20Coo |
This is a list of viceroys in Jamaica from its initial occupation by Spain in 1509, to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1962. For a list of viceroys after independence, see Governor-General of Jamaica. For context, see History of Jamaica.
Spanish Governors of Santiago (1510–1660)
Jamaica was claimed for Spain in 1494 when Christopher Columbus first landed on the island. Spain began occupying the island in 1509, naming it Santiago. The second governor, Francisco de Garay, established Villa de la Vega, now known as Spanish Town, as his capital.
Juan de Esquivel, 1510–1514
Francisco de Garay, 1514–1523
Pedro de Mazuelo, 1523–1526
Juan de Mendegurren, 1526–1527
Santino de Raza, 1527–1531
Gonzalo de Guzman, ?–1532
Manuel de Rojas, 1532–?, first time
Gil González Dávila, 1533?–1534?
Manuel de Rojas, 1536–?, second time
Pedro Cano, 1539?, first time
Francisco de Pina, 1544?
Juan González de Hinojosa, 1556?
Pedro Cano, 1558?, second time
Blas de Melo, 1565?
Juan de Gaudiel, 1567?–1572?
Hernán Manrique de Rojas, 1575?
Iñigo Fuentes, ?–1577
Rodrigo Núñez de la Peña, 1577–1578
Lucas del Valle Alvarado, 1578–1583?, first time
Diego Fernández de Mercado, 1586?
Lucas del Valle Alvarado, 1591?, second time
García del Valle, 1596?
Fernando Melgarejo Córdoba, 1596–1606
Alonso de Miranda, 1607–1611
Pedro Espejo Barranco, 1611–1614
Andrés González de Vera, 1614–?
Sebastián Lorenzo Romano, 1620?
Francisco Terril, 1625–1632
Juan Martínez Arana, 1632–1637
Gabriel Peñalver Angulo, 1637–1639
Jacinto Sedeño Albornoz, 1639–1640, first time
Francisco Ladrón de Zegama, 1640–1643
Alcades, 1643–1645
Sebastián Fernández de Gamboa, 1645–1646
Pedro Caballero, 1646–1650
Jacinto Sedeño Albornoz, 1650, second time
Francisco de Proenza, 1650–1651, first time
Juan Ramírez de Arellano, 1651–1655
Francisco de Proenza, 1655–1656, second time
Cristóbal Arnaldo Isasi, 1656–1660
English Commanders of Jamaica (1655–61)
In 1655, an English force led by Admiral Sir William Penn, and General Robert Venables seized the island. Following their departure, the incumbents successfully held it against Spanish attempts to retake it over the next few years.
Admiral Sir William Penn 11 May 1655 – 1655
General Robert Venables, 1655
Edward D'Oyley, 1655–1656, first time
William Brayne, 1656–1657
Edward D'Oyley, 1657–1661, second time
English Governors of Jamaica (1661–62)
In 1661, England began colonisation of the island.
Edward D'Oyley, 1661–August 1662, continued
Thomas, Lord Windsor, August 1662–November 1662
Deputy Governors of Jamaica (1662–71)
Charles Lyttleton, 1662–1663, acting
Thomas Lynch, 1663–1664, acting, first time
Edward Morgan, 1664
Sir Thomas Modyford, 1664–August 1671
Lieutenant Governors of Jamaica (1671–90)
In 1670, the Treaty of Madrid legitimised English claim to the island.
Thomas Lynch, August 1671–November 1674, second time
Henry Morgan, 1674–1675, acting, first time
John Vaughan, 1675–1678
Henry Morgan, 1678, acting, second time
The Earl of Carlisle, 1678–1680
Henry Morgan, 1680–1682, acting, third time
Thomas Lynch, 1682–1684, third time
Hender Molesworth, 1684–December 1687, acting
Christopher Monck The Duke of Albemarle, 1687–1688
Hender Molesworth, 1688–1689, acting
Francis Watson, 1689–1690, acting
Governors of Jamaica (1690–1962)
The Earl of Inchiquin, 1690–16 January 1692
John White, 1691–22 August 1692, acting
John Bourden, 1692–1693, acting
Sir William Beeston, March 1693–January 1702, acting to 1699
William Selwyn, Jan-April 1702 (died in office)
Peter Beckford, 1702, acting
Thomas Handasyd, 1702–1711, acting to 1704
Lord Archibald Hamilton, 1711–1716
Thomas Pitt, 1716-1717
Peter Heywood, 1716–1718
Sir Nicholas Lawes, 1718–1722
The Duke of Portland, 1722–4 July 1726
John Ayscough, 1726–1728, acting, first time
Robert Hunter, 1728–March 1734
John Ayscough, 1734–1735, acting, second time
John Gregory, 1735, acting, first time
Henry Cunningham, 1735–1736
John Gregory, 1736–1738, acting, second time
Edward Trelawny, 1738–1752
Charles Knowles, 1752–January 1756
Sir Henry Moore, February 1756–April 1756, acting, first time
George Haldane, April 1756–November 1759
Sir Henry Moore, November 1759 – 1762, acting, second time
Sir William Lyttleton, 1762–1766
Roger Hope Elletson, 1766–1767
Sir William Trelawny, 1767–December 1772
John Dalling, December 1772 – 1774, acting, first time
Sir Basil Keith, 1774–1777
John Dalling, 1777–1781, second time
Archibald Campbell, 1781–1784, acting to 1783
Alured Clarke, 1784–1790
The Earl of Effingham, 1790–19 November 1791
Sir Adam Williamson, 1791–1795, acting
The Earl of Balcarres, 1795–1801
Sir George Nugent, 1801–1805
Sir Eyre Coote, 1806–1808
The Duke of Manchester, 1808–1827
Sir John Keane, 1827–1829, acting
The Earl Belmore, 1829–1832
George Cuthbert, 1832, acting, first time
The Earl of Mulgrave, 1832–1834
Sir Amos Norcott, 1834, acting
George Cuthbert, 1834, acting, second time
The Marquess of Sligo, 1834–1836
Sir Lionel Smith, 1836–1839
Sir Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1839–1842
The Earl of Elgin, 1842–1846
George Henry Frederick Berkeley, 1846–1847, acting
Sir Charles Edward Grey, 1847–1853
Sir Henry Barkly, 1853–1856
Edward Wells Bell, 1856–1857, acting
Charles Henry Darling, 1857–1862
Edward John Eyre, 1862–1865, acting to 1864
Sir Henry Knight Storks, 12 December 1865 – 16 July 1866
Sir John Peter Grant, 1866–1874
W. A. G. Young, 1874, acting
Sir William Grey, 1874–January 1877
Edward Rushworth, January 1877, acting
Sir Anthony Musgrave, January 1877 – 1883
Somerset M. Wiseman Clarke, 1883, acting
Dominic Jacotin Gamble, 1883, acting
Sir Henry Wylie Norman, 1883–1889
William Clive Justice, 1889, acting
Sir Henry Arthur Blake, 1889–1898
Henry Jardine Hallowes, 1898, acting
Sir Augustus William Lawson Hemming, 1898–1904
Sydney Haldane Olivier, 1904, acting, first time
Hugh Clarence Bourne, 1904, acting, first time
Sir James Alexander Swettenham, 30 September 1904 – 1907
Hugh Clarence Bourne, 1907, acting, second time
Sydney Haldane Olivier, 16 May 1907 – January 1913, acting
Philip Clark Cork, January 1913 – 7 March 1913, acting
Sir William Henry Manning, 7 March 1913 – 11 May 1918
Robert Johnstone, 11 May 1918 – 11 June 1918, acting
Sir Leslie Probyn, 11 June 1918 – 1924
Herbert Bryan, 1924, acting, first time
Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson, 29 September 1924 – June 1925
Sir Herbert Bryan, 1925, acting, second time
Sir Arthur S. Jelf, October 1925 – 26 April 1926, acting, first time
Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs, 26 April 1926 – 9 November 1932
Sir Arthur S. Jelf, 9 November 1932 – 21 November 1932, acting, second time
Sir Alexander Ransford Slater, 21 November 1932 – April 1934
Sir Arthur S. Jelf, April 1934–24 October 1934, acting, third time
Sir Edward Brandis Denham, 24 October 1934 – 2 June 1938
Charles Campbell Woolley, 2 June 1938 – 19 August 1938, acting
Sir Arthur Frederick Richards, 19 August 1938 – July 1943
William Henry Flinn, July 1943 – 29 September 1943, acting
Sir John Huggins, 29 September 1943 – 7 April 1951
Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot, 7 April 1951 – 18 November 1957
Sir Kenneth Blackburne, 18 December 1957 – 6 August 1962
In 1962, Jamaica gained independence from the United Kingdom. Since independence, the viceroy in Jamaica has been the Governor-General of Jamaica.
References
Bibliography
External links
http://www.rulers.org/ruljk.html
http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Jamaica.htm
Governors
Government of Jamaica
Jamaica
16th century in the Spanish West Indies
17th century in the Spanish West Indies
17th century in the Caribbean
18th century in the Caribbean
19th century in the Caribbean
20th century in the Caribbean
Governors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20governors%20of%20Jamaica |
Mike Callaghan (born March 31, 1963) is a former Assistant United States Attorney and a politician. In 2006, he was the Democratic nominee for West Virginia's 2nd congressional district. He unsuccessfully challenged Republican incumbent Shelley Moore Capito.
Background
Callaghan grew up in Richwood, a small town in Nicholas County, West Virginia. He attended Richwood High School and the University of Virginia, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in engineering. He then attended the West Virginia University College of Law where he served as editor-in-chief of the West Virginia Law Review. He currently practices law at the firm Neely & Callaghan, www.neelycallaghan.com, in Charleston, West Virginia. He also is an owner of Great Expectations Realty www.greatexpectationsrealty.com in Charleston, West Virginia.
Professional career
For nine years, Callaghan was as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of West Virginia, serving from 1997 until 2001 as head of the criminal division. In 2001, Mike was appointed Secretary of the Department of Environmental Protection by then Governor Bob Wise.
Political career
Callaghan has served as Chairman of the West Virginia Democratic Party. He was honored at the 2004 Jefferson-Jackson Dinner with the Franklin D. Roosevelt award, naming him the West Virginia Democrat of the Year.
Family life
Callaghan married Cheri Heflin.
References
1963 births
20th-century American lawyers
American real estate brokers
Living people
Politicians from Charleston, West Virginia
People from Richwood, West Virginia
State political party chairs of West Virginia
University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
West Virginia Democrats
West Virginia lawyers
West Virginia University College of Law alumni
Lawyers from Charleston, West Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Callaghan |
The Battle of Lyndanisse or Lindanise (now Tallinn, Estonia) was fought on 15 June 1219 during the Northern Crusades, between the forces of the invading Kingdom of Denmark and the local non-Christian Estonians. The Danish victory in the battle, at the site of the later Hanseatic city of Reval (Tallinn) helped King Valdemar II of Denmark to subsequently claim the territory of northern Estonia as his participation in the crusade into Estonia had been undertaken in response to calls from the Pope.
The 1219 Battle of Lyndanisse is still well known to this day, especially amongst Danes and Estonians, because of a popular legend about the first ever Danish flag, the Dannebrog, which allegedly fell from the sky, as an apparently helpful divine intervention, just when the Danish Crusaders were about to lose the battle to the local pagans.
Battle
Valdemar II, along with Archbishop Anders Sunesen of Lund, Bishop Theoderich von Treyden, and his vassals Count Albert of Nordalbingia and Vitslav I of Rügen, sailed to the northern Estonian province of Revalia at the beginning of June 1219. The crusading army camped at Lindanise and built a castle there, named Castrum Danorum (which, according to an unattested urban legend, the indigenous Estonians thereafter started to call Taani linna, meaning "Danish castle", shortened later to Tallinn). The Estonians sent several negotiators, but they were only playing for time as they assembled an army large enough to fight the Danes.
On 15 June 1219, the Estonians attacked the Danes near the castle, right after supper time. They advanced from five different directions and completely surprised the crusaders, who fled in all directions. Bishop Theoderich von Treyden was killed by the Estonians, who thought he was the king. The Danes were saved by their Wendish vassals, as Witslaw led a quick counterattack which stopped the Estonian advance. This gave the crusaders time to regroup, and the Estonians were routed.
Association with the Dannebrog
Tradition has maintained that the Danish flag appeared at the Battle of Lyndanisse on 15 June 1219. Legend holds that during the battle, in the Danes' hour of need, the Dannebrog fell from the sky and gave them renewed hope. As the Estonians attacked the Danish stronghold, the Danes were hard pressed. Anders Sunesen, the Archbishop of Lund, raised his hands to the sky in prayer, and the defenders held tight as long as his hands were raised. As Archbishop Sunesen became exhausted, he eventually had to lower his arms, and the Estonians were on the verge of victory. Then, a red flag with a white cross fell from the sky, and gave the Danes the victory.
This account builds on two different versions from the early 16th century, both based on an even older source. According to legend, Denmark received its national flag, the Dannebrog, during the battle. This legend is mentioned in the last three books (14-16) of the Gesta Danorum, which describe Danish conquests on the south shore of the Baltic Sea and the Northern Crusades. An edition of the Gesta Danorum was edited by Danish priest Christiern Pedersen, and published by Jodocus Badius on 15 March 1514.
This older source set the emergence of Dannebrog as a battle in Livonia in 1208. But the Franciscan friar Peder Olsen () rectified the year as 1219. The legend became affixed to the Battle of Lindanise. The legend of Dannebrog as originating in the Northern Crusades holds true, as the red flag with a white cross originated as a crusader symbol.
See also
Castrum Danorum
Danish Estonia
Flag of Denmark
History of Estonia
Livonian Crusade
Northern Crusades
Notes
References
Bibliography
Urban William L. The Baltic Crusade (Northern Illinois University Press. 1994)
Lindholm, David; Nicolle, David The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades 1100–1500 (Osprey Publishing; 2007)
Christiansen, Eric Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier (University of Minnesota Press, 1981)
External links
Legenden om Dannebrog
1219 – When the Danish flag fell from above
National flag’s dubious origins as a banner from heaven
Lyndanisse
Lyndanisse
Lyndanisse
1219 in Europe
13th century in Denmark
Lyndanisse
History of Tallinn
Lyndanisse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Lyndanisse |
The Arab American Institute (AAI) is a non-profit membership organization that advocates for the interests of Arab-Americans. Founded in 1985 by James Zogby, the brother of pollster John Zogby, the organization is based in Washington, D.C.
The organization seeks to increase the visibility of Arab-American involvement and candidates in the American political system. It issues "Action Alerts" to its members much like the Anti-defamation League when issues of particular concern arise. According to its website the organization develops policy initiatives much in the manner of a think tank and encourages its members to contact Members of Congress.
Stated Goals
The AAI has stated on its website,
Activities
Arab-American Census
The AAI has been designated by the United States Census Bureau as the only Census Information Center for compiling data on Arab-Americans. Limitations of the sampling methodology, combined with non-response by some, under-response (only two ethnic backgrounds are tabulated and reported), and reporting ancestry as race, results in higher under reporting among Arab Americans. While the 2000 Census accounted for some 1,250,000 persons who self-identify with an Arabic-speaking origin, AAI estimates (based on research done by the Zogby International polling and marketing firm) place the population at more than 3,500,000. They live in all 50 states—the top 11 by population are (in descending order):
California: 715,000
Michigan: 490,000
New York: 405,000
Florida: 255,000
New Jersey: 240,000
Illinois: 220,000
Texas: 210,000
Ohio: 185,000
Massachusetts: 175,000
Pennsylvania: 160,000
Virginia: 135,000
Two-thirds reside in 10 states; one-third of the total live in California, New York, and Michigan. About 94% live in metropolitan areas; Los Angeles, Detroit, New York City, Chicago and Washington, D.C., are the top 5 US metro-areas of Arab-American concentration. Lebanese-Americans constitute a greater part of the total number of Arab-Americans residing in most states; however, in New Jersey, Egyptian-Americans are the largest Arab group. The AAI believes that Americans of Arab ethnicity were underrepresented in the 2000 National Census as are most "other ethnic, minority, and immigrant populations" and believes that this undercount occurs because many Arab-Americans simply "do not understand the relevance of the census, its confidentiality, or did not respond to the question on the sample 'long form' that measures ethnic ancestry".
Annual Lobby Day
In addition to action alerts on specific issues, and generally encouraging members and supporters to meet with their members of congress, the AAI sponsors an annual "Lobby Day." It encourages members and supporters to visit or call their representatives on a specific date. It also provides talking points and asks for a report on the results of visits.
Anti-Arabism
The AAI also conducts research related to anti-Arabism in the United States. According to an AAI 2001 poll of Arab-Americans: "32% of Arab Americans reported having been subjected to some form of ethnic-based discrimination during their lifetimes, 20% reported having experienced an instance of ethnic-based discrimination since September 11. Of special concern, for example, is the fact that 45% of students and 37% of Arab Americans of the Muslim faith report being targeted by discrimination since September 11."
In July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, Patrick Syring left three voice mails and sent four emails to the headquarters office of the Arab American Institute. A Federal Grand Jury in the District of Columbia returned an indictment on August 15, 2007, charging Syring with violation of Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 875(c), threatening messages in interstate commerce to injure an individual, and violation of Title 18 United States Code Section 245(b)(2)(C), by threat of force or use of force, to interfere with the civil rights of the founder and employees of the Arab American Institute. Syring pleaded guilty to the charges June 12, 2008, was sentenced to prison July 11, 2008, and was released in January 2009.
In 2001, the Coalition of American Assyrians and Maronites rebuked the Arab American Institute in a letter for categorizing Maronite Christians and Assyrians as Arabs.
Politics
The Arab American Institute is non-partisan. That is, it does not endorse or identify with any particular political party, though the AAI's founder and president is a prominent Democrat.
In November 2008, the Arab American Institute sent a letter to Democratic Senate majority leader Harry Reid, as part of a failed attempt to block the reappointment of Senator Joe Lieberman to the chairmanship of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee. The letter cited in particular a report on Islamist extremism and the "Homegrown Terrorist Threat" completed by the committee under Lieberman's chairmanship in May 2008.
Polling of Arab attitudes toward the United States
In collaboration with Zogby International, the AAI conducts yearly polls of Arab public opinion regarding the United States.
See also
Arab lobby in the United States
American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee
Council on American-Islamic Relations
References
External links
Arab American Institute
The Coalition of American Assyrians and Maronites letter to AAI
Arab-American culture in Washington, D.C.
Arab-American organizations
Anti-Arabism in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20American%20Institute |
Robert Hayden Avellini (born August 28, 1953), is a former American football quarterback. For most of his career he played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears, before finishing on the roster of the New York Jets, for whom he did not appear in a game.
Professional career
Avellini played college football at the University of Maryland and was a sixth round selection of the Bears in the 1975 NFL Draft. As a rookie with Chicago in 1975, he started four games on a team that finished 4–10, throwing for 942 yards with 6 touchdown passes along with 11 interceptions.
He played for the Bears from 1975 to 1984, primarily serving as a backup quarterback during his NFL career. Fully established as the Bears starter in 1976, Avellini started all 14 games, throwing for 1,580 yards, although with 15 interceptions to only 8 touchdowns. Chicago improved to a 7–7 mark. Avellini improved those numbers in 1977, passing for 2,004 yards while once again starting every game for the Bears. His interception rate was rather high, throwing 18 picks compared to only 11 touchdown passes. The Bears showed improvement as they tied the Minnesota Vikings for the NFC Central title at 9–5 and earned a trip to the playoffs as the wildcard team, where they were handily beaten by the Dallas Cowboys. Walter Payton’s season of over 1,800 yards rushing had much to do with their success.
In 1978, the Bears struggled. They started 4–8 with Avellini under center, as he threw for 16 interceptions, while tossing only 5 touchdown passes. This caused coach Neill Armstrong to make a switch at quarterback, inserting veteran Mike Phipps into the starting role. Phipps, for whom Bears had traded their first-round pick in the 1978 draft to acquire from the Cleveland Browns, won 3 out of the final 4 games, to establish himself as the starter for the next season. The Bears surprisingly rolled to a 10–6 record in 1979, tying the record of the division champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Avellini was now the backup. He continued in this capacity, playing behind Phipps, Vince Evans, and Jim McMahon until the 1984 season, seeing little action on the field.
In 1984, with the Bears starting 2–0, Jim McMahon was injured and Mike Ditka inserted Avellini as the starter for a road game against the Green Bay Packers. Avellini had started only five games since the end of the 1978 season. The Bears mustered little offense with Avellini at the controls, but still managed to edge the Packers 9–7. Chicago struggled the next week as they were soundly beaten by the Seattle Seahawks 38–9. This resulted in Avellini being cut from the Bears’ roster by Ditka, ending his decade-long tenure with Chicago. Avellini signed with the New York Jets in mid-November, where he ended his playing career after the 1984 season. The Jets released him before the 1985 season. The Bears, meanwhile, went to the NFC Championship game in 1984 and won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Avellini made a brief comeback in 1986 with the Dallas Cowboys, starting three preseason games, but was released at the final cut deadline.
Legal troubles
In May 2009, Avellini was arrested for driving under the influence and acquitted for the third time. He had been convicted of the offense in 2002. In October 2013, a DuPage County grand jury indicted Avellini on felony drunken driving charges a week after his sixth DUI-related arrest since 2002. On November 19, 2014, Avellini was sentenced to 18 months in prison for his 3rd DUI. Avellini declared bankruptcy on February 27, 2012 listing debts of more than $2.2 million and assets of $1.3 million.
On November 20, 2014, Avellini was sentenced to 18 months in prison for aggravated DUI.
Personal life
Avellini is actively involved in a number of Chicago area charitable organizations and despite his professional real estate career has been on the air at several Chicago radio and television sports shows.
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
Players of American football from New York City
American football quarterbacks
Maryland Terrapins football players
Chicago Bears players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Avellini |
Johann Georg Reiffenstuel (1641–1703) was a Canon law expert.
He was born in Kaltenbrunn, Bavaria, and died in Freising, Bavaria. He was a member of the Franciscan (Reformed) Order, and was chosen definitor of his province. He taught philosophy at Freising, Landshut, and Munich, and Canon law at Freising. His works on moral theology and Canon law give him first rank among the canonists of his time, and have gone through numerous editions, with additions by other authors.
1641 births
1703 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Georg%20Reiffenstuel |
Shock is a novel written by Robin Cook in 2001. It is a medical science fiction woven around a fertility clinic that uses unethical means to get rich.
Plot introduction
The novel is about two friends Deborah Cochrane and Joanna Meissner, both of whom are shown equally as protagonists. Joanna dumps her boyfriend Carlton Williams and finds herself in need of money to complete her studies. Her friend Deborah shows her a newspaper article about Wingate Clinic that is offering $45,000 for people willing to donate their eggs for infertile patients. The two friends decide to take the offer and donate the eggs. Everything goes on peacefully till they complete their doctorate studies and come back to USA. Here their curiosity gets the better of them and they decide to find out what happened to their eggs. With the Wingate Clinic maintaining a strict silence about their working, the two of them decide to use some unfair means to get this information.
Plot summary
Using the help of a hacker friend, Joanna and Deborah try to break into the online records of Wingate Clinic, but are met with failure as it was a very well-protected system. They then decide to get the inside information by first getting in posing as prospective employees. They use Social Security Numbers of recently deceased women to forge their identity and get employed in the clinic. Joanna (under the alias of Prudence Heatherly) gets work as a word processing employee while Deborah (under the alias of Georgina Marks) gets a job of a lab assistant.
In order to get access to the high-security data, they steal the Access Card of Wingate Clinic's owner, Spencer Wingate, by giving him an overdose of liquor. Using the Access Card, they gain (un)authorized entry into the Server Room, from where the records are managed. Unfortunately for them, as all movements into the Server Room, as well as the changes made in the file system, are logged, their identity gets revealed. In parallel, they find out that while Joanna was subjected to organ theft, the Clinic illegally performs ovary culture (on stem cells) on all the stolen eggs as well as uses many workers as surrogate mothers.
From here starts the chase where the Wingate Clinic's officers try to kill the women while they try to save their lives and bring Wingate's ill-deeds to the knowledge of the world.
The novel has an open ending, leaving the readers to guess what happens to the villains in the end.
Characters
Deborah Cochrane – main character (alias of Georgina Marks)
Joanna Meissner – main character (alias of Prudence Heatherly)
Carlton Williams – Joanna's boyfriend (becomes ex')
Major themes
The major theme of the book is the issue of cloning and organ theft as possible unethical means, left unchecked by society, to give a chance for people to make quick money. Although the author himself doesn't specifically mention this, the message from this book is clear that the author considers it wrong for people to use these means. The author uses this as a creative possibility for a thriller medical science fiction novel.
The other creative possibility used by the author as a new method of doing fraud is identity theft, although in this novel, the author specifically uses the possibility of identity theft from recently deceased people whose records don't get updated quickly.
References to current science
This novel discusses the issue of Bioethics ( ethics of cloning and stem cell research) in a quite involved manner and uses it as a base of science fiction novel. The author, in an interview, stated that he used this topic specifically to give the readers an insight into this new and quite unknown field. Quite evidently, the author has used a current science and technology related topic to build a thriller.
External links
Amazon.com's listing of the novel
2001 American novels
Novels by Robin Cook
American science fiction novels
Medical novels
G. P. Putnam's Sons books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock%20%28novel%29 |
Ellington Indigos is a 1958 jazz album by Duke Ellington.
The stereo CD reissue released by Columbia (CK 4444) in 1987 contains a track listing and cover art that is drastically different from the original mono LP. A change in song order and two "new" songs — "Night and Day" and "All The Things You Are" — were added to the CD while "The Sky Fell Down" was omitted.
LP (Columbia CL1085)
Side one
"Solitude" — 4:43 (Duke Ellington) Soloist is Duke Ellington on piano. Recorded on October 14, 1957.
"Where or When" — 4:02 (Richard Rodgers) Soloist is Paul Gonsalves on tenor saxophone. Recorded on October 10, 1957.
"Mood Indigo" — 3:07 (Duke Ellington/Barney Bigard) Soloist is Shorty Baker on trumpet. Recorded on September 9, 1957.
"Autumn Leaves" — 7:10 (Music: Joseph Kosma, Lyrics: Jacques Prévert/Johnny Mercer) Vocalist is Ozzie Bailey. Soloist is Ray Nance on violin. Recorded on Oct 1, 1957.
Side two
"Prelude to a Kiss" — 4:44 (Duke Ellington) Soloist is Johnny Hodges on alto saxophone. Recorded on October 1, 1957.
"Willow Weep for Me" — 4:15 (Ann Ronell) Soloist is Shorty Baker on trumpet. Recorded on October 10, 1957.
"Tenderly" — 5:23 (Walter Gross) Soloist is Jimmy Hamilton on clarinet. Recorded on September 9, 1957.
"Dancing in the Dark" — 4:28 (Arthur Schwartz) Soloist is Harry Carney on baritone saxophone. Recorded on October 1, 1957.
CD (Columbia COL 4723642)
"Solitude"
"Where or When"
"Mood Indigo"
"Night and Day" — 2:54 (Cole Porter) Soloist is Paul Gonsalves on tenor saxophone. Recorded on October 10, 1957.
"Prelude to a Kiss"
"All the Things You Are" — 3:50 (Jerome Kern) Soloist is Duke Ellington on piano. Recorded on October 10, 1957.
"Willow Weep for Me"
"Tenderly"
"Dancing in the Dark"
"Autumn Leaves"
"The Sky Fell Down"
Different versions
The original mono (CL 1085) and stereo (CS 8053) LP issues contained some different takes between them on various tracks, "Willow Weep for Me" being one of them.
The CD (CBS 463342 2) liner notes say that "All The Things You Are and "Night and Day" were previously unreleased versions and that "Autumn Leaves" was an alternate take. Analyzing the two versions of "Autumn Leaves" shows that they are identical — but the LP has Ozzie Bailey's first vocal chorus (a French one) edited out. (There is indeed an alternate version of "Autumn Leaves" recorded September 9, 1957 available, on Duke Ellington & His Great Vocalists (Columbia CK 66372).) The stereo versions of "Mood Indigo" and "Willow Weep for Me" are different from their mono counterparts.
There are a multitude of versions of this album in circulation. For instance, there is another mono take of "Mood Indigo" available on the LP (CBS 88653 side 2, track 6).
Listing
LP: Columbia CL 1085 (mono — 9 tracks — original album)
LP: Columbia CS 8053 (stereo — 8 tracks — no "The Sky Fell Down")
LP: CBS 88653 (stereo — 8 tracks — no "The Sky Fell Down")
CD: Columbia CK 4444 (stereo — 10 tracks — no "The Sky Fell Down")
CD: CBS 463342 2 (stereo — 10 tracks — no "The Sky Fell Down")
CD: Columbia COL 4723642 (stereo — 11 tracks — French)
Personnel
Performance
Duke Ellington (piano)
Jimmy Woode (bass)
Sam Woodyard (drums)
Paul Gonsalves (tenor saxophone)
Jimmy Hamilton, Russell Procope (clarinet, alto saxophone)
Harry Carney (baritone saxophone)
Johnny Hodges, Rick Henderson (alto saxophone)
John Sanders, (bass trombone)
Quentin Jackson, Britt Woodman (trombone)
Cat Anderson, Shorty Baker, Willie Cook, Clark Terry (trumpet)
Ray Nance (trumpet, violin)
Ozzie Bailey (vocal)
Credits
Irving Townsend (producer)
Stanley Dance (liner notes)
Allen Weinberg (artwork, cover design)
David Gahr (photography)
Michael Brooks (digital producer)
Larry Keyes (remixing)
Mike Berniker, Amy Herot (production & Jazz masterpieces series coordinators)
References
1958 albums
Duke Ellington albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Irving Townsend
CBS Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellington%20Indigos |
Southern Lebanon () is the area of Lebanon comprising the South Governorate and the Nabatiye Governorate. The two entities were divided from the same province in the early 1990s. The Rashaya and Western Beqaa Districts, the southernmost districts of the Beqaa Governorate, in Southern Lebanon are sometimes included.
The main cities of the region are Sidon, Tyre, Jezzine and Nabatiyeh. The cazas of Bint Jbeil, Tyre, and Nabatieh in Southern Lebanon are known for their large Shi'a Muslim population with a minority of Christians. Sidon is predominantly Sunni, with the rest of the caza of Sidon having a Shi'a Muslim majority, with a considerable Christian minority, mainly Melkite Greek Catholics. The cazas of Jezzine and Marjeyoun have a Christian majority and also Shia Muslims. The villages of Ain Ebel, Debel, Qaouzah, and Rmaich are entirely Christian Maronite. The caza of Hasbaya has a Druze majority.
History
Free Lebanon State and South Lebanon security belt
Southern Lebanon became the location of the self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State, announced in 1979 by Saad Haddad. The state failed to gain international recognition, and its authority deteriorated with the death of Saad Haddad in 1984.
Southern Lebanon has also featured prominently in the Israel-Lebanon conflict.
Ahmadinejad's state visit
In October 2010 Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited South Lebanon. This was his first visit to Lebanon since he first assumed office in Tehran in 2005. Both Israel and the United States condemned the trip as being "provocative." Ahmadinejad was welcomed by tens of thousands of supporters of Hezbollah, Iran's Shiite Muslim ally in Lebanon which has been branded a terrorist organization in part or whole by much of South America, the EU, the Arab League, the United States and Israel. This is despite its participation in Lebanon's fragile government.
Cities and districts
Aaramta
Al Rihan
Alma ash-Shab (Aalma ach Chaab)
Abbasieh
Adlun
Al Mansuri
Ain Ebel
Ain Baal or Ayn Bal
Aitaroun or Aytarun
Ansariyeh or Insariye
Ansar
Ash Shawmara
At Tayyabah
At Tiri
Aitit
Aynata
Ayta ash Shab (Ayta al-Sha'b, Ayta)
Baraachit
Barish
Bayt Lif
baytulay
Bazouryeh
Beit Yahoun
Bint Jbeil
Blida, Lebanon
Borj el Shamali or Borj Chemali
Borj Qalaouiyeh
Borj Rahal
Boustane
Brashit
Braikeh
Chaqra
Chtoura
Deir Kifa
Deyrintar
Dayr Qanunc
Deir Qanoun En Nahr
Derdghaya
Dibil or Debel
Dibbine
Doueir
Ebel el Saki
El Biyyadah or Al Bayyadah
El Hennyeh or Al Hinniyah
El Mansoun or Al Mansuri
El Qlaile or Al Qulaylah
El Soultaniyeh
Fardis
Frun
Ghandouriyeh
Ghaziyeh
Ghassaniyeh
Hadata or Haddathah
Hanaway
Harris or Harres
Hula or Houla
Hounin
Jabal Amel
Jarjouh
Jarmaq
jebchet
Jmaijmah
Joiya or Jouaya or Jwayya
Qabrikha or Kabrikha
Kaakaeit al-Jesser
Kafra, Lebanon
Kafr Dunin
Kafr Kila
Kawkaba or Kaoukaba
Kfar Melki
Kafarrouman
Khirbet Selm
Khiam
Kfarchouba
Kfarfila
Kfarhamam
Kfar Tebnit
Kounin
Maachouq
Mahrouna
Majdel Balhis
Majdel Selm or Majdal Zun
Marakeh
Marjayoun—a Lebanese Christian village
Markaba (Marqaba)
Maroun al-Ras
Marwahin
Maaroub
Mayfadoun
Meiss el Jabal or Mays al Jabal
Mlikh
Miye ou Miye
Maghdouche
Nabatiye or Nabatiyeh
Naqoura (Nakoura, An-Naqurah)
Niha
Nmairiyeh
Odaisseh
Oum el Ahmad
Qlayaa
Qana
Qantara
Rab El Thalathine
Rachaf—a small town
Rachaya El Foukhar—Hasbaya Qaza
Ramyah
Ras Al-Biyada
Rmaich
Rmadyeh
Roûm
Selaa
Shabriha
Shebaa and Shebaa Farms (ownership disputed, occupied by Israel since 1967)
Shihin, Lebanon
Shhur
Siddiqine
Sidon or Saida
Sir el Gharbiyeh
Srifa
Sujod
As-Sultaniyah
Tallousa
Tair Debbe
Tayr Harfa or Tair Harfa
Tayr Falsayh
Taibeh
Tebnine (Tebnine, Tibneen), site of the former castle town Toron
Tulin, Lebanon (Toulin)
Tura
Tyre or Sur
Saida district
Jezzine district
Tyre district
Wadi al-Taym
Yarin
Yaroun or Yarun
Yahun
Yater or Yatar
Zibdine
Zibqin
Other notable sites
Abou Assouad River
Awali River
El Zahrani River
Litani River
Saitaniq River
Kasmieh River
Blue Line (Lebanon)
Beaufort Castle
Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, including Ain al-Hilweh, Nabatieh camp and Wavel
Ras al-Ain, Lebanon
See also
Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
South Lebanon Army
South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)
Northern District (Israel)
Operation Litani against the Palestinian Liberation Organization
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (instituted by United Nations Security Council Resolution 425)
South lebanon security belt
References
External links
South Lebanon Website
Regions of Lebanon
Geography of Lebanon
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
2006 Lebanon War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Lebanon |
Trichonephila clavipes (formerly known as Nephila clavipes), commonly known as the golden silk orb-weaver, golden silk spider, or colloquially banana spider (a name shared with several others), is an orb-weaving spider species which inhabits forests and wooded areas ranging from the southern US to Argentina. It is indigenous to both continental North and South America. Known for the golden color of their silk, the large size of their females, and their distinctive red-brown and yellow coloring, T. clavipes construct large, asymmetrical circular webs attached to trees and low shrubs in woods to catch small- and medium-size flying prey, mostly insects. They are excellent web-builders, producing and utilizing seven different types of silk, and they subdue their prey by injecting them with venom, as opposed to related species which immobilize their prey by wrapping them in silk first. They are not known to be aggressive towards humans, only biting out of self-defense if touched, and their relatively harmless venom has a low toxicity, posing little health concern to healthy human adults. Due to their prevalence in forests, T. clavipes may be encountered by hikers.
Like many orb-weaver species, T. clavipes shows sexual dimorphism, with females possessing both a larger size and more complex and noticeable coloration. Males of the species do not suffer sexual cannibalism or genital mutilation to the same rate that males of other related species in the subfamily Nephilinae do, making T. clavipes a focus of study into the mating behaviors of spiders. The species shows both monogynous and polygynous mating, with a preference for polygyny in most mating environments.
T. clavipes is a well-studied species with a high recognized value to humans because of their usefulness in spider silk research. Analysis of the species' genome, the first of the orb-weaving spiders to be completely annotated, has revealed 28 unique genes for the proteins comprising spider silk, known as spidroins. Furthermore, the silk of T. clavipes has the potential to aid in surgeries involving the nervous system, a capability which has been demonstrated in past experimental studies.
Description
Like most orb-weavers, the species displays marked sexual dimorphism in both size and color pattern. T. clavipes females are some of the largest non-tarantula spiders in North America, ranging from 24 mm to 40 mm in length when fully developed. It is possible that they are even the largest orb-weaver species indigenous to the United States. Females also have very distinct coloring, making the species relatively easy to recognize. They have a silvery white cephalothorax and a longer orange-brown abdomen with two rows of small white-yellow spots. The abdomen changes color as the spider matures. Their legs consist of dark yellow and brown banding, and the first, second, and fourth leg pairs also contain black brush-like tufts of hair near the joints.
Males, meanwhile, are much smaller, about one-third to one-quarter the size of females at roughly 6 mm in length, and also have a more slender build. Their mass is roughly between 1/30th and 1/70th that of a large female. Male coloration, meanwhile, is much less complex, consisting of a dark brown body and legs. Males' legs contain a black band near the end of the tibial segment, in the same area as where the black hair tufts would be on a female.
T. clavipes resemble its congener Trichonephila plumipes in that the females both possess a collection of stiff hair on their legs. However, the hairs of T. plumipes are more closely set together than those of T. clavipes.
Etymology of scientific name
The specific epithet clavipes is derived from the Latin: clava, which can mean "club" or "knotted staff"; and pes, meaning "of or pertaining to a foot". As a whole, the name means "club-footed." Linnaeus, who named the species in 1767, was likely referring to the noticeable tufts of hair on the females' legs, giving them a clubbed or knotted appearance.
Population structure, speciation, and phylogeny
Phylogeny
According to some scientists, Trichonephila clavipes belongs to the spider family Nephilidae, or golden orb-weaving spiders. However, other researchers have done away with the Nephilidae family, instead assigning all golden orb-weaving spiders to the subfamily Nephilinae, within the family Araneidae. After the latest phylogenetic studies, the Nephilinae subfamily now contains the genera Nephila, to which T. clavipes originally belonged, and Trichonephila, its current assignment. Of all the Nephilinae genera, Trichonephila is the most species-rich genus.
Distribution and transport
T. clavipes occurs most commonly in the Antilles and in Central America from Mexico in the north through Panama in the south. Less abundantly it occurs as far south as Argentina and in the north it occurs in parts of the southern states of the continental USA. Seasonally, it may range more widely; in the summer, it may be found as far north as lower Eastern Canada. Beyond 40° N latitude, these spiders seldom survive the winter.
T. clavipes may also be found within or near colonies of Metepeira incrassata, a Mexican colonial orb-weaver spider that typically forms large groups, ranging from a few hundreds to thousands of individual spiders.
Because humans inadvertently transport spiders as passengers in cargo containers, plant nursery stock, and the like, T. clavipes generally occurs very unevenly over wide areas; often, patches of high local densities are found far from any other populations. Accidental human transport of the species increases markedly in late August to early September, when the spiders' reproduction is at its height.
Mating
Mate searching behavior
In T. clavipes, males move from web to web, attempting to mate with the female web-owners. Males risk death with each move to a new web, largely due to predation, and this mortality risk increases as the breeding season progresses, so that the risk is lower in the early stages of the season and highest in its later stages. As a result, males are more choosy in the early season than they are in the late season.
Female/male interactions
Number of mates
T. clavipes males may mate just once, monogynously, but are also capable of polygynous mating. In many web-building spider species, including those of the Nephila genus, male spiders are only able to mate once due to behaviors such as sexual cannibalism and genital mutilation during copulation. These spiders thus display monogynous mating systems. Unusually, however, males of T. clavipes rarely face sexual cannibalism or genital mutilation, and are thus able to mate multiply. Monogyny can still occur for many male individuals, though, due to factors like ability to encounter female webs and ability to compete successfully with other males. Another, less conspicuous factor contributing to monogyny is that like many spider species, T. clavipes males produce a limited amount of sperm over their lifetimes. Thus, sometimes a male will only have enough sperm for a single mating, forcing the male to invest in a monogynous relationship rather than searching for further mates.
There are several factors that play into a male's total mate number, but the ability of T. clavipes males to mate multiply allows males of all sizes to have equivalent mating success. It is thought that as a result, there is relaxed selection on male size in T. clavipes and other similar species.
Male sperm limitation
T. clavipes males have a limited amount of sperm available to them throughout their lifetimes and can therefore only inseminate a few females at most before they die. Multiple mating success is dependent on the first female they choose to mate with: when males mate with virgin, newly molted females, they completely deplete their sperm supply, whereas when they mate with older, non-virgin females, they are able to retain some of their sperm for future matings. Additionally, males may still engage in mating behavior even when they do not have any sperm to give to the female, although the mating behavior is markedly less vigorous. This inability of a male to inseminate further females may explain why male T. clavipes who have mated with virgin females will often remain on the female's web and guard her, rather than leave the web to search for future mates.
Mating success with virgin vs. non-virgin females
Mating with virgin females can be seen as a high-risk, high-reward situation for males of the species. In situations where male T. clavipes are limited to monogyny in their environment, mating with virgin females offers the most reproductive payoff. Hence, a male using up his entire sperm reserves mating with a virgin makes sense; it allows the male to maximize his potential reproductive success with that single female. However, T. clavipes females do vary in mate quality, and virgin females happen to be the most active during a time period when a female's risk of mortality before she lays her fertilized eggs is highest. Thus, mating once with a virgin female and never mating again, although offering higher potential payoffs, also poses greater risks and a high variability in reproductive success. In fact, mating multiply with two or more non-virgin females is usually just as successful for males as mating monogynously with a virgin female, and given that the risks associated with non-virgin female mating are lower, it is likely that T. clavipes males prefer polygyny over monogyny.
Mate guarding
Mate guarding by T. clavipes males is size-dependent. Because smaller males are less successful at physically competing with other males, they must invest much more time into successfully mating with a female on her web. As a result, it benefits the male more to search for a new web, rather than to spend even more time on the current web guarding the female with whom he has just mated. Conversely, larger males have a higher chance of winning access to a female at a new web and can thus afford to spend time engaging in mate guarding before searching for a new partner. The trade-off is that increased mate guarding generally results in a lower mate number, so males perceive a benefit in a higher mate number, guarding rates will generally decrease.
Size is just one factor that influences male guarding behavior. Other factors like choice of a virgin female mate and sperm depletion can also make guarding behavior more likely, since the male cannot engage in further matings and no longer experiences a trade-off between guarding and mate searching.
Webs
Web type
T. clavipes females construct large, vertical, asymmetric circular ("orb"-shaped) webs. The main web of a mature female can range from 1–2 meters in diameter, not counting the main filaments that anchor the web between trees; such anchor filaments may be 2–3 meters in length. A yellow pigment in the silk lends it a rich, golden glow in suitable lighting. As with many other orb-webs, it is common to see a trail of organic waste above the center which, as research has shown, attracts prey thanks to its rotten smell. Given its size, the web is easily damaged by large flying bugs, birds, or debris; and needs to be repaired constantly.
Physiology
Glands and toxins
Silk glands
There are seven different types of silk glands across the orb-weaving spider species, each producing its own type of silk, and T. clavipes females possess all seven of these silk glands. The glands are: (i) major ampullate, (ii) minor ampullate, (iii) piriform, (iv) aciniform, (v) tubuliform, (vi) flagelliform, and (vii) aggregate. The major ampullate silk shows high tensile strength and is thus used in structures that require stability, such as draglines, bridgelines, and the radii of webs. Minor ampullate silk is used as scaffolding during the web-building process, while piriform silk is used like cement, bonding fibers to each other and other structures. Aciniform silk is also strong, like major ampullate silk, but is flexible as well, allowing it to be used for wrapping prey and insulating egg cases. Tubuliform silk forms the tough outer shell of egg cases, and the flagelliform and aggregate silks are used in prey capture for their extensibility and stickiness. These silks differ in the specific spider fibroin, or "spidroin," proteins that comprise them.
A single thread of the anchor silk has a tensile strength of 4×109 N/m2, which exceeds that of steel by a factor of eight (ultimate strength of steel 500x106 N/m2). Research at Iowa State University has shown that T. clavipes silk, specifically in the draglines, has exceptionally high thermal conductivity, exceeding that of most metals.
Diet
T. clavipes feed on small flying insects. Webs constructed by this species are used to catch this prey. They can feed on grasshoppers, flies, and other small insects. As the prey is entangled in the strong web, T. clavipes wrap it in silk like a casing.
Bites to humans and animals
The spider is not aggressive and only bites if handled roughly; the venom is relatively harmless and rarely causes more than slight redness and temporary localized pain.
Significance to humans
Usefulness in spider research
T. clavipes has been incredibly useful in the study of spidroins; its spidroins were the first to be characterized, and its genome has been the first of the orb-weaving spiders to be annotated, contributing information about 28 unique spidroins. In addition, T. clavipes had been chosen, because of its highly asymmetric web and elongated body shape, for an experiment in the ISS to test the effect of zero gravity on web-related behaviour.
Usefulness in medicine
The silk of T. clavipes has recently been investigated to evaluate its usefulness in surgically improving mammalian neuronal regeneration. In vitro experiments showed that a filament of the silk can lead a severed neuron through the body to the site from which it was severed. The silk elicits no reaction from the immune system, and thereby escapes rejection by the host body.
References
Further reading
Borror, D. J. (1960). Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms. Mayfield Publishing Company, 134 pp.
Cameron, H. D. (2005). "An etymological dictionary of North American spider genus names", Chapter 73, page 73 in Ubick D., Paquin P., Cushing P. E. and Roth V. (eds.) Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society, Keene (New Hampshire).
External links
Mating pair
Pictures of T. clavipes (free for noncommercial use)
Gravity favours smaller males : Review of scientific article on why males are much smaller than females
Nephilidae
Spiders of North America
Spiders of South America
Spiders described in 1767
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichonephila%20clavipes |
John E. Roemer (; born February 1, 1945, in Washington, D.C., to Ruth Roemer and Milton Roemer, namesake of Roemer's law) is an American economist and political scientist. He is the Elizabeth S. and A. Varick Stout Professor of Political Science and Economics at Yale University. Before Yale, he was on the economics faculty at the University of California, Davis, and before entering academia Roemer worked for several years as a labor organizer. He is married to Natasha Roemer, with whom he has two daughters.
Roemer received his A.B. in mathematics summa cum laude from Harvard in 1966. He then enrolled as a graduate student in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. He became intensely involved in the anti-Vietnam-War movement, transferred to the doctoral program in economics, and was suspended by the university for his political activities. He taught mathematics in San Francisco secondary schools for five years. Eventually he returned to Berkeley and received his Ph.D. in economics in 1974.
Roemer is fellow of the Econometric Society, a past Guggenheim fellow and Russell Sage fellow, a member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. He was past president of the Society for Social Choice and Welfare and served on the editorial boards of many journals in economics, political science, and philosophy. Roemer served on the advisory board of Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP).
Academic contributions
Roemer has contributed mainly to five areas: Marxian economics, distributive justice, political competition, equity and climate change, and the theory of cooperation.
Marxian economics
Roemer's early work was an attempt to state the main themes of Marxian economics using the tools of general equilibrium and game theory. In Roemer (1982), he proposed a model of agents who were differentiated by their endowments and had to choose occupations—involving either selling labor, hiring labor, or working on one's own capital stock. In optimizing with respect to market prices, agents choose one of five class positions, each consisting of various combinations of these three activities. This gives rise to a class structure, whose agricultural nomenclature would be landlords (who only hire labor), rich peasants (who hire labor and work themselves on their fields), middle peasants (who only work for themselves and do not participate in the labor market), poor peasants (who work on their own plot and sell labor), and landless laborers (who only sell labor). Independently of this taxonomy, individuals are either exploiters or exploited, depending upon whether they consume goods embodying more or less labor than they expend. The central result, the Class Exploitation Correspondence Principle (CECP), states that individuals who optimize by hiring labor are necessarily exploiters, and those who optimize by selling labor are exploited. Thus, a classical Marxian principle, taken as an observed fact in Marx's writings, emerges here as a theorem. Microfoundations are provided for the relationship between exploitation and class.
In simple models (e.g., that of Leontief), the definition of 'labor embodied in goods' is straightforward. With more complicated production sets, it is not, and hence the definition of exploitation is not obvious. Roemer's program was then to propose definitions of embodied labor time, for economies with more general production sets, which would preserve the CECP. This led to the observation that, for general production sets, embodied labor time cannot be defined before one knows equilibrium prices. Thus, contrary to Marx, labor value is not a concept which is more fundamental than prices.
Distributive justice
Roemer's work on exploitation led him to believe that the fundamental cause of exploitation was inequality of ownership of productive assets, rather than the kind of oppression that occurs in the labor process at the point of production—the latter view was held by many in the 'New Left' (see, e.g., Braverman 1974). While writing A General Theory of Exploitation and Class (1982), Roemer met the philosopher G. A. Cohen and the political theorist Jon Elster: they and others had formed a group of like-minded Marxists, young social scientists and philosophers who saw their task as reconstructing Marxism on solid analytical foundations, using modern techniques. Roemer joined this group in 1981. He was strongly influenced by Cohen, whose work Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence (1978) was to become the gold standard of analytical Marxism. Having decided that inequality of asset ownership was the key culprit in capitalist inequality, Roemer, under Cohen's influence, began reading philosophical work on equality. He was impressed with Ronald Dworkin's (1981a, 1981b) writings, advocating a kind of resource egalitarianism. But in Roemer (1985), he showed that the hypothetical insurance market which Dworkin postulated to take place behind a veil of ignorance did not suffice to compensate those with a poor endowment of natural talents or bad luck in the birth lottery, as Dworkin had intended. In fact, pathologically, Dworkin's insurance market could transfer wealth from disabled to able persons. Influenced as well by Richard Arneson's (1989) proposal, Roemer (1993) proposed a conception of equality of opportunity, which attempted to carry out Dworkin's and Arneson's program—that is, to compensate persons for bad luck in the birth lottery, but to hold them responsible for their choices, or effort. He expanded this theory in Roemer (1996, 1998, 2012), where he proposed an algorithm whereby a society could equalize opportunities for a given objective (wage earning capacity, income, health), consonant with its own view of what factors individuals should be held responsible for, and what factors demanded compensation. Roemer and collaborators have produced a number of applications of this approach (Roemer et al. 2001; Llavador and Roemer 2001; Betts and Roemer 2007; Keane and Roemer 2009; Bjorkund, Jantti, and Roemer 2012). The World Bank (2006, 2009) has employed this approach to evaluate inequality of opportunity in developing countries.
Political competition
Roemer was naturally interested in the 'democratic class struggle,' that is, the manner in which classes in democracies contest their opposing interests. He was dissatisfied with the reigning concept of political equilibrium, Hotelling-Downs equilibrium, for several reasons: first, it conceptualizes political actors as caring only about winning elections, rather than representing constituents, and second, the concept is extremely fragile, as equilibrium exists, generically, only if the policy space is uni-dimensional. In Roemer (1999), he proposed a concept of political equilibrium in party competition, which exploited the idea that party organizations consist of factions. In one variant of the proposal, each party organization comprises three factions—the Militants, who wish to propose a policy which maximizes the average utility of the party's constituents, the Opportunists, who wish only to maximize the probability of victory, and the Reformists, who wish the maximize the expected utility of their constituents. An equilibrium consists of a policy proposal by each party, such that no party can deviate to another policy that would increase the payoffs of all three of its factions. This concept, called Party Unanimity Nash Equilibrium (PUNE), can be viewed as involving Nash bargaining among factions within each party, and Nash equilibrium between parties. As well as capturing what appears to happen in party competition, PUNE has the virtue that it exists regardless of the dimension of the policy space. (In fact, with two parties, a two-dimensional set or manifold of equilibria generically exist, under reasonable conditions.) This theory was extended and applied to a number of examples in Roemer (2001). In Roemer, Lee and Van der Straeten (2006), it was applied to analyze elections in four countries, where the two dimensions of policy were postulated to be taxes and immigration (or the race question). In Roemer (2006), a dynamic model was studied, where the question posed is whether political competition over the long period would tend to produce more economic equality, through democratically chosen policies of educational finance.
Equity and climate change
With collaborators Humberto Llavador and Joaquim Silvestre, Roemer has elaborated a formal theory of sustainability, which the authors apply to the problem of climate change (Llavador, Roemer, and Silvestre 2010 and 2011). Rather than maximizing a sum of discounted generational utilities into the future, which is the virtually ubiquitous practice of economists working on climate change, the authors maximize an objective which sustains welfare at the highest feasible level, or sustains growth in welfare at a chosen growth rate. Roemer (2011) critiques the discounted utilitarian approach. In Llavador, Roemer, and Silvestre (2012) the authors propose how the bargaining problem between the global North and South can be resolved, over the allocation of rights to emit greenhouse gases. The proposal does not begin from an ethical position which postulates an a priori distribution of pollution rights to nations, but rather with a politically motivated postulate that the authors argue is necessary and sufficient for an agreement to be reached.
Cooperation
Although evolutionary biologists, anthropologists, and behavioral economists increasingly view Homo sapiens as a cooperative species, almost all of economic theory assumes non-cooperative behavior: general equilibrium theory and non-cooperative game theory are the main tools. Even 'cooperative' game theory does not model cooperation but treats it as a black box: the values of coalitions in a cooperative game are taken as given, and it is not explained how coalitions produce these values. In Roemer and Silvestre (1993), the authors proved the existence, for quite general economic environments, of an allocation they called the proportional solution (PS): an allocation of goods and labor which is Pareto efficient, and in which each receives goods whose value (at supporting efficiency prices) is proportional to the value of their expended labor. In particular, if such an allocation could be realized, it would rectify the inefficiencies exhibited in the Nash equilibrium known as the tragedy of the commons. But how could it be realized? Roemer (1996) showed that the proportional solution is a 'Kantian equilibrium' of a natural game. In Nash equilibrium a player asks, autarkically, whether he can improve his payoff by altering his action, assuming all others' actions remain fixed. In Kantian equilibrium, a player only alters his labor supply by a certain multiple, if he would prefer that all players alter their labor supplies by the same multiple. In other words, he takes an action only if he prefers the situation in which his action is 'universalized.' A Kantian equilibrium is a vector of labor offers such that no player would like to multiply all offers by any non-negative number. This captures a kind of cooperation—agents do not contemplate deviating independently of others, but only in concert with others. In Roemer (2011), it is shown that, in a variety of games, Kantian equilibria deliver Pareto efficient allocations—they rectify the inefficiencies associated with Nash equilibrium. In particular, if a tribe of fishers, who live on a lake, learn to optimize in the Kantian manner, they will use the lake in an efficient manner, avoiding the tragedy of the commons.
See also
Roemer model of political competition
other marxian economists: Marc Fleurbaey, Philippe Mongin
References
Arneson, R. 1989. "Equality and equal opportunity for welfare," Phil. Stud.93, 77-112
Björklund, A., M. Jäntti, and J. Roemer, 2012. “Equality of opportunity and the distribution of long-run income in Sweden,” Social choice and welfare 39, 675-696
Braverman, H. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital, Monthly Review Press
Cohen, G. A. 1978. Karl Marx's theory of history: A defence, Oxford University Press
Betts, J. and J. Roemer, 2007. “Equalizing Opportunity for Racial and Socioeconomic Groups in the United States through Educational Finance Reform,” in P. Peterson (ed.), Schools and the equal opportunity problem, MIT Press
Dworkin, R. 1981a. "What is equality? Part 1: Equality of welfare," Phil.& Public Affairs 10, 185-246
Dworkin, R. 1981b. "What is equality? Part 2: Equality of resources," Phil. & Public Affairs 10, 283-345
Keane, M. and J. Roemer, 2009. "Assessing policies to equalize opportunity using an equilibrium model of educational and occupational choice," J. Pub. Econ. 093, 879-898
Llavador, H. and J. Roemer, 2001. “An equal-opportunity approach to the allocation of international aid”, J. Development Econ. 64, 147-171
Llavador, H., J. Roemer, and J. Silvestre, 2010. “Intergenerational justice when future worlds are uncertain,” J. Math. Economics 46, 728-761
Llavador, H., J. Roemer, and J. Silvestre, 2011. “A dynamic analysis of human welfare in a warming planet,” J. Public Econ. 95, 1607-1620
Llavador, H., J. Roemer, and J. Silvestre, 2012. “North-South convergence and the allocation of CO2 emissions,” Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper
Roemer, John E. 1982. A general theory of exploitation and class, Harvard Univ. Press
Roemer, John E. 1985. "Equality of talent," Economics & Phil. 1, 155-188
Roemer, John E. 1993. "A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner," Phil. & Public Affairs 10, 146-166
Roemer, John E. 1996. Theories of distributive justice. Description and scrollable chapter-preview links. Harvard Univ. Press
Roemer, John E. 1998. Equality of opportunity. Description and preview. Harvard Univ. Press
Roemer, John E. 1999. "The democratic political economy of progressive taxation," Econometrica 67, 1-19–2001. Political Competition. Description and preview. Harvard Univ. Press
Roemer, John E. 2006. Democracy, education, and equality. Description and prreview. Cambridge Univ. Press
Roemer, John E. 2008. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. For the following, 1st-sentence links; TOC and Abstract links:
"equality of opportunity"
"Marxian value analysis." TOC
"socialism (new perspectives)"
Roemer, John E. 2010. "Kantian equilibrium," Scandinavian J. Econ.112, 1-24–2011. “The ethics of intergenerational distribution in a warming planet,” Environmental and resource economics 48, 363-390–2012. "On several approaches to equality of opportunity," Econ. & Phil. 28, 165-200
Roemer, J. et al., 2001. " To what extent do fiscal systems equalize opportunities for income acquisition among citizens?" J. Pub. Econ. 87, 539-565
Roemer, J. and J. Silvestre, 1993. “The proportional solution in economies with private and public ownership,” J. Econ. Theory 59, 426-444
Roemer, J., W. Lee and K. Van der Staeten, 2007. Racism, xenophobia, and distribution: Multi-issue politics in advanced democracies, Harvard Univ. Press
World Bank, 2006. World Development Report: Equity and Development
Paes de Barros, R. et al. 2009. Measuring inequality of opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington D.C.:World Bank
Notes
External links
Professor Roemer on 'Equality in an Era of Responsibility' Podcast of lecture for the Foundation for Law, Justice and Society, Oxford, 29 April 2009
1945 births
Living people
Economists from Washington, D.C.
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American political philosophers
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Yale University faculty
University of California, Davis faculty
Socialist economists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
21st-century American economists
Ithaca High School (Ithaca, New York) alumni
Marxian economists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Roemer |
Gabriel Liiceanu (; b. May 23, 1942, Râmnicu Vâlcea) is a Romanian philosopher.
He graduated from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Philosophy in 1965, and from Faculty of Classical Languages in 1973. He earned a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Bucharest in 1976. Between 1965 and 1975, Liiceanu was a researcher at the Institute of Philosophy, and between 1975 and 1989 at the Institute of Art History. He received a fellowship from the Humboldt Foundation between 1982 and 1984.
He has been the manager of Humanitas publishing house since 1990 . He has been professor at the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Philosophy since 1992. Liiceanu is also a founding member of the Group for Social Dialogue (1990), president of the Romanian Publishers' Association (since 2000), and member of the scientific council of New Europe College. Between 1998 and 2001, he was a member of the Romanian National Television's Administrative Board.
He was greatly influenced by his mentor, Constantin Noica, especially during the time spent at Păltiniș, an experience that he evokes in "Jurnalul de la Păltiniș" ("The Păltiniș Diary"). Noica, a Romanian philosopher known abroad as well as in the country, used to take his most valuable students and followers to his small house at Păltiniș, where he would teach them what they afterwards called "not philosophy lessons, but spiritual experiences". Another Noica follower who was invited to Păltiniș was Andrei Pleșu (Liiceanu and Pleșu are still friends today). Liiceanu refers to that experience in his books as the "Păltiniș School" and the term began to be widely accepted and used in Romanian, as well as European, philosophy. Liiceanu continued to publish well into the 2000s, and he remains a mainstream figure in Romanian intellectual public life, with close connections with Andrei Pleșu, Monica Lovinescu, and Virgil Ierunca. One critic, Gabriel Andreescu, suggested that Liiceanu allegedly facilitated extremism by allowing his publishing house to edit the works of inter-war (Communist-persecuted) Romanian figures whom Andreescu accused of being "ideologues of right-wing extremism".
Work
Books
Tragicul. O fenomenologie a limitei și depășirii (The Tragic - A Phenomenology of limit and overtaking), 1975
Încercare în politropia omului și a culturii (Essay on the polytropy of man and culture), 1981
Jurnalul de la Păltiniș. Un model paideic în cultura umanistă (The Paltiniş Diary: A Paideic Model in Humanist Culture), 1983
Le Journal de Păltiniș, La Decouverte, Paris, 1998
Paltiniș Diary, CEU Press, Budapest and New York, 2000
Epistolar (Epistolary), 1987, coauthor and editor
Apel către lichele (Appeal to knaves), 1992
Cearta cu filozofia. Eseuri (Quarrel with philosophy. Essays), 1992
Despre limită (On limit), 1994
De la limite, Ed. Michalon, Paris, 1997
Itinerariile unei vieţi: EM. Cioran urmat de Apocalipsa după Cioran. Trei zile de convorbiri - 1990, 1995
Itineraires d'une vie: E.M. Cioran suivi de Les Continents de l'insomnie, Ed. Michalon, Paris, 1995
Apocalypsen enligt Cioran, Dualis Forlags, Ludvika, Suedia, 1997
Declarație de iubire (Love declaration), 2001
Ușa interzisă (The Forbidden door), 2002
Om și simbol. Interpretări ale simbolului în teoria artei și filozofia culturii (Man and Symbol. Interpretations of the symbol in art theory and culture philosophy), 2005
Despre minciună (On lie), 2006
Despre ură (On hate), 2007
Scrisori către fiul meu, 2008
Întâlnire cu un necunoscut, 2010
Întâlnire în jurul unei palme Zen, 2011
Meeting with a Stranger
His books are currently being published in Brazil by Editora Ecclesiae.
Translations
From Greek and German:
Plato, Aristotelic commentators, German philosophers (Martin Heidegger, Schelling)
Movies
Exercițiu de admirație (Exercise of Admiration), 1991, with Constantin Chelba (coauthor)
interview with Eugène Ionesco, 1992
Apocalipsa după Cioran (Apocalypse according to Cioran), 1995, with Sorin Ilieșiu (coauthor)
Audiobooks
Ușa interzisă (The Forbidden Door), 2003
Noica, 2003, with Andrei Pleșu (coauthor)
Apel către lichele (Appeal to knaves), 2006
Declaraţie de iubire (Love declaration), 2006
Sebastian, mon frère. Scrisoare către un frate mai mare (Sebastian, mon frère. Letter to an elder brother), 2006
Strategii ale seducţiei. De la Romeo și Julieta la sărutul cioranian (Strategies of seduction. From Romeo and Juliet to Cioranian kiss), 2006
Awards
Romanian Writers' Union Prize, 1983, for Păltiniș Diary
Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, 1992
Great Prize of the Romanian Film-makers Union, 1992, ex-aequo, for Exercise of Admiration
Cross of Merit, First class, of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2006, for promotion of German language and culture in Romania
Knight of the Order of the Star of Romania, 2006
References
External links
http://www.cariereonline.ro/articol/gabriel-liiceanu-conducatorul-seducator
http://www.evz.ro/dragnea-il-face-mincinos-pe-liiceanu-o-minciuna-este-o-minciuna.html
http://www.evz.ro/dragnea-scrisoare-catre-presedintele-comisiei-libe.html
https://ecclesiae.com.br/index.php?route=product/author&author_id=1034
https://zoso.ro/pana-acum-avem/
Romanian book publishers (people)
Romanian essayists
Romanian film directors
Romanian journalists
20th-century Romanian philosophers
21st-century Romanian philosophers
Romanian translators
People from Râmnicu Vâlcea
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Knights of the Order of the Star of Romania
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1942 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Liiceanu |
The Molasses Act 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (6 Geo. 2. c. 13) that imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. The Act was passed not to raise revenue but to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. The Act greatly affected the significant colonial molasses trade.
Merchants purchased raw sugar (often in its liquid form, molasses) from plantations in the Caribbean and shipped it to New England and Europe, where it was sold to distillery companies that produced rum. Merchant capitalists used cash in New England from the sale of sugar to purchase rum, furs, and lumber, which their crews shipped to Europe. With the profits from the European sales, merchants purchased Europe's manufactured goods, including tools and weapons and on the next leg, shipped those manufactured goods, along with the American sugar and rum, to West Africa where they bartered the goods for slaves seized by local potentates. The crews then transported the slaves to the Caribbean and sold them to sugar plantation owners. The cash from the sale of slaves in Brazil, the Caribbean islands, and the American South used to buy more raw materials, restarting the cycle. The full triangle trip took a calendar year on average, according to the historian Clifford Shipton.
The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as copper, cloth, trinkets, slave beads, guns and ammunition. When the ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. On the second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned, drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port, from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar, rum, and molasses; from Virginia, tobacco and hemp. The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle.
The Molasses Act 1733 provided:
The historian Theodore Draper described British intent on the tax as it would affect the American colonies:
A large colonial molasses trade had grown between the New England and Middle colonies and the French, Dutch, and Spanish West Indian possessions. Molasses from the British West Indies, which was used in New England for making rum, was priced much higher than its competitors and they also had no need for the large quantities of lumber, fish, and other items offered by the colonies in exchange. The British West Indies in the first part of the 18th century were the most important trading partner for Great Britain so Parliament was attentive to their requests. However, rather than acceding to the demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands, Parliament passed the prohibitively high tax on the colonies for the import of molasses from those islands. Historian John C. Miller noted that the tax:
Largely opposed by colonists, the tax was rarely paid, and smuggling to avoid it was prominent. If actually collected, the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry. However, smuggling, bribery, or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law. Miller wrote:
The growing corruption of local officials and disrespect for British Law caused by the act and others like it such as the Stamp Act or Townshend Acts eventually led to the American Revolution in 1776. This Act was replaced by the Sugar Act 1764. This Act halved the tax rate but was accompanied by British intent of actually collecting the tax this time.
References
Sources
Further reading
The text of the act
Act
1733 in the Thirteen Colonies
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1733
History of sugar
Laws leading to the American Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses%20Act |
The Calvinist Church () at Hrnčiarska ulica (English: Pottery Street) in Košice, Slovakia was initially an army store-house.
In the years 1805–11 it was rebuilt to a Calvinist church with a new 48-metre slender spire. The church interior is very simple, the only presentable piece is the pulpit. A metal rooster made in 1589 was given on the spire. Initially it was installed on the northern tower of the St. Elisabeth Cathedral.
Gallery
References
Churches in Košice
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed churches
19th-century churches in Slovakia
Neoclassical church buildings in Slovakia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist%20Church%20at%20Hrn%C4%8Diarska%20Street |
Robert Anthony "Bob" Ficano (born July 19, 1952) is an American politician, and the former County Executive and former Sheriff of Wayne County, Michigan.
Early life
Ficano was born in Detroit, Michigan. He received his BA in 1974 from Michigan State University, and his JD in 1977 from University of Detroit. He worked as an attorney, and was assistant city attorney for the city of Westland, Michigan. He was nominated as the Democratic candidate for Michigan House of Representatives from the 36th District in 1980.
County Executive
After years as an attorney in private practice in Westland, Michigan, Ficano was appointed to deputy County Clerk under then County Clerk James Kileen. When William Lucas left the office of Wayne County Sheriff in 1983 to run for Wayne County Executive, Ficano was appointed Wayne County Sheriff in 1983, and elected in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2000. In the history of electoral politics in Wayne County, no one has ever been elected sheriff without being appointed to the job prior to an election. In 2002, Ficano was elected county executive, and took office in 2003.
As county executive, he generated controversy in 2004 with his veto of a proposed ordinance to ban smoking in most workplaces.
He is of Italian descent and lives in Livonia. Ficano has long held ties to the organized labor and the UAW in particular. His father was a custodian (and union member) in Livonia Public schools and his grandfather worked in the Ford Rouge factory.
Wayne County, which includes the city of Detroit and its western and southern suburbs, is one of the nation's largest population counties, with 1.8 million people.
FBI investigation
In October 2011, Ficano was served with subpoenas by the FBI for records related to "pay to play" allegations, where constituents felt forced to contribute to designated "charities", which employed friends of his, and also his office's authorization of a $200,000 severance payment to Turkia Awada Mullin, an employee who resigned. After local media reported it to the public, Mullin agreed to return the money.
During a special meeting on October 31, 2011, the Wayne County Airport Authority announced the termination of Turkia Mullin as CEO of Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. Shortly after Mullin's termination, Thomas Naughton was selected by the Airport Board as Interim CEO until a permanent replacement is announced. Naughton's history with the Wayne County Airport Authority extends back to 2002, where he's served as both Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer.
Charges against former employees
In May 2012, Laura Cox, a Republican on the County Commission, called for the immediate resignation of Ficano due to corruption charges against his former aide, David Edwards.
Edwards, who resigned in August 2012 from the department of technology, was charged on 8 May 2012 with one count of bribery. He allegedly misappropriated $13,000 from a county contractor.
2014 defeat
On August 5, 2014, Ficano lost his bid for a fourth term as County Executive as he finished fourth in the Democratic primary, which was won by former Wayne County Sheriff and Detroit Chief of Police Warren Evans, taking just 6% of the vote.
References
Who's Who in American Politics, 1993
External links
Challengers backing away from running against Ficano, Observer & Eccentric newspapers, February 5, 2006
Ficano Should Round Up Fake Badges, Detroit News editorial, November 11, 2004 (Google cache)
Ficano Was Right To Veto Countywide Smoking Ordinance, Detroit News editorial, March 31, 2004 (Google cache)
Ficano Probes No-Bid Deals, Detroit News, June 22, 2003 (Google cache)
Ficano Bad for Labor, Wayne County Guardian, April 22, 2010 (Record Added)
County executives in Michigan
Sheriffs of Wayne County, Michigan
Michigan Democrats
American people of Italian descent
Michigan State University alumni
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
People from Livonia, Michigan
1952 births
Living people
Radio personalities from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20A.%20Ficano |
The Acadian Peninsula () is situated in the northeastern corner of New Brunswick, Canada, encompassing portions of Gloucester and Northumberland Counties. It derives its name from the large Acadian population located there. Two major islands off the northeast tip of the peninsula, Lamèque Island and Miscou Island, are culturally considered part of the Acadian Peninsula.
Most settlement in the peninsula occurred as a result of the Expulsion of the Acadians during the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758), where British personnel forcibly removed them from their homes, mostly in southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
Fishing is the dominant industry on the peninsula, with a large agricultural sector as well. The disappearance of the Lady Audette and Lady Dorianne vessels in 1970/71 shocked the peninsula. Peat bogs are found in the Shippagan and Lameque areas.
List of major towns
Major towns on the Acadian Peninsula include:
Caraquet
Shippagan
Tracadie
Neguac
Lamèque (on Lamèque Island)
See also
Acadian World Congress
External links
Official page
Acadia
Peninsulas of New Brunswick
Landforms of Gloucester County, New Brunswick
Landforms of Northumberland County, New Brunswick
Geographic regions of New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian%20Peninsula |
Father Jean-Vincent Scheil (born 10 June 1858, Kœnigsmacker – died 21 September 1940, Paris) was a French Dominican scholar and Assyriologist. He is credited as the discoverer of the Code of Hammurabi in Persia. In 1911 he came into possession of the Scheil dynastic tablet and first translated it.
After being ordained in 1887, he took courses in Egyptology and Assyriology at the École des Hautes Études, and was a student at the Collège de France, where he was a pupil of Assyriologist Julius Oppert. In 1890/91 as a member of the French Archaeological Mission of Cairo, he took part in excavations at Thebes. In 1892 he conducted excavations near Baghdad for the Ottoman Imperial Museum, followed by work in Constantinople, where he was tasked with classifying and drafting a catalog of Assyrian, Chaldean and Egyptian antiquities of the museum.
In 1895 he became a lecturer at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, where in 1908 he was named its director. In 1908 he also became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. In 1923 he became an officer of the Légion d'honneur.
In 1901 he discovered Hammurabi's Law Code at Susa, of which, he subsequently translated and published the 250 articles of the stele containing approximately 3600 lines; La loi de Hammourabi (vers 2000 av. J.-C.), (1904).
Selected works
Les inscriptions de Salmanasar II : roi d'Assyrie (860-824), 1890 (with Arthur Amiaud) Inscriptions of Shalmaneser, King of Assyria.
Une saison de fouilles à Sippar, 1902 – A season of excavations at Sippar.
La loi de Hammourabi (vers 2000 av. J.-C.), 1904 – The law of Hammurabi, circa 2000 BC.
Annales de Tukulti Ninip II, roi d'Assyrie 889-884, 1909 (with Joseph Étienne Gautier) – Annals of Tukulti Ninip II.
Le prisme S d'Assaraddon, roi d'Assyrie 681-668, 1914 – The prism of Esarhaddon.
Recueil de lois assyriennes : texte assyrien en transcription avec traduction française et index, 1921 – Collection of Assyrian laws.
Inscriptions des Achéménides à Suse, 1929 – Inscription of the Achaemenids at Susa.OCLC Classify published works</ref>
References
External links
Biography of Jean-Vincent Scheil
1858 births
1940 deaths
19th-century archaeologists
20th-century French archaeologists
French Assyriologists
French Egyptologists
École pratique des hautes études alumni
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French Dominicans
People from Moselle (department)
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Sippar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Vincent%20Scheil |
Hamsa is a Near Eastern symbol often used as a protective amulet.
Hamsa or may also refer to:
Hamsa (bird) or Hansa, bird mentioned in ancient Indian literature, the swan
Hamsa (literature) or Khamsa, set of Persian poems by Nizami Ganjavi
Hamsa (musical group) (חמסה), an Israeli musical quintet
Ali Hamsa (1955-2022), Malaysian politician
M. Hamsa (born 1955), Indian politician
A subsidiary Purana in Hinduism
A mantra, see
See also
Hamza (disambiguation) (Arabic-language diacritical marking)
Hansa (disambiguation)
Hamza (disambiguation)
Khamsa (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsa%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Roberto López Ufarte (born 19 April 1958) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward.
Nicknamed The little devil, most of his 15-year career was spent at Real Sociedad where he remained 12 seasons, winning four major titles including two La Liga championships. He also represented in the competition Atlético Madrid and Betis, amassing totals of 418 matches and 112 goals.
López Ufarte appeared for Spain at the 1982 World Cup.
Club career
López Ufarte was born in Fes, Morocco. His parents, from Andalusia and Catalonia, moved abroad in search of work, and arrived in Morocco (then part of Spain) in 1944 during the Second World War. They returned to Irun (Basque Country) after about 22 years in Morocco. After making his early footballing efforts at neighbouring Real Unión he signed for Real Sociedad, making his La Liga debut in the 1975–76 season, playing his first game in the competition on 30 November 1975 in a 2–0 derby away loss against Athletic Bilbao aged only 17. From then on he became an essential first-team member, scoring 16 goals in 63 matches in the side's back-to-back league titles.
López Ufarte left the Txuriurdin in 1987, after another solid season: 33 games and ten goals in the league, and the conquest of the Copa del Rey. He scored 129 goals in 474 official appearances during his spell.
After one season with Atlético Madrid (third place), López Ufarte closed his career at Real Betis at the age of 31, after struggling with knee injuries and seeing his team relegate to the Segunda División. He then acted as assistant manager to several coaches at his first professional club, following which he returned to Real Unión as director of football.
International career
López Ufarte won 15 caps for the Spain national team in five years. His debut came on 21 September 1977, scoring in 2–1 friendly win in Switzerland.
López Ufarte appeared for the nation at the 1982 FIFA World Cup which was held on home ground, playing his last match in a 1–2 second group-stage loss against West Germany.
International goals
Honours
Real Sociedad
La Liga: 1980–81, 1981–82
Copa del Rey: 1986–87
Supercopa de España: 1983
See also
List of La Liga players (400+ appearances)
List of Real Sociedad players
List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Moroccan people of Spanish descent
Spanish people of Catalan descent
Footballers from Fez, Morocco
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Irun
Men's association football forwards
La Liga players
Tercera División players
Real Unión footballers
Real Sociedad B footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
Atlético Madrid footballers
Real Betis players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
1982 FIFA World Cup players
Basque Country men's international footballers
Spanish football managers
Tercera División managers
Real Sociedad B managers
Real Sociedad non-playing staff | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20L%C3%B3pez%20Ufarte |
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is an autosomal dominant type of hemiplegic migraine that typically includes weakness of half the body which can last for hours, days, or weeks. It can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as ataxia, coma, and paralysis. Migraine attacks may be provoked by minor head trauma. Some cases of minor head trauma in patients with hemiplegic migraine can develop into delayed cerebral edema, a life-threatening medical emergency. Clinical overlap occurs in some FHM patients with episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, benign familial infantile epilepsy, and alternating hemiplegia of childhood.
Three genetic loci for FHM are known. FHM1, which accounts for about 50% of FHM patients, is caused by mutations in a gene coding for the P/Q-type calcium channel α subunit, CACNA1A. FHM1 is also associated with cerebellar degeneration. FHM2, which accounts for less than 25% of cases, is caused by mutations in the /-ATPase gene ATP1A2. FHM3 is a rare subtype of FHM and is caused by mutations in a sodium channel α-subunit coding gene, SCN1A. These three subtypes do not account for all cases of FHM, suggesting the existence of at least one other locus (FHM4).
Also, nonfamilial cases of hemiplegic migraine are seen, termed sporadic hemiplegic migraine. These cases seem to have the same causes as the familial cases and represent de novo mutations. Sporadic cases are also clinically identical to familial cases with the exception of a lack of known family history of attacks.
Signs and symptoms
FHM signs overlap significantly with those of migraine with aura. In short, FHM is typified by migraine with aura associated with hemiparesis, and in FHM1, cerebellar degeneration, which can result in episodic or progressive ataxia. FHM can also present with the same signs as benign familial infantile convulsions and alternating hemiplegia of childhood. Other symptoms are altered consciousness (in fact, some cases seem related to head trauma), gaze-evoked nystagmus, and coma. Aura symptoms, such as numbness and blurring of vision, typically persist for 30–60 minutes, but can last for weeks to months. An attack resembles a stroke, but unlike a stroke, it resolves in time. These signs typically first manifest themselves in the first or second decade of life.
Causes
See the equivalent section in the main migraine article.
FHM mutations are believed to lead to migraine susceptibility by lowering the threshold for cortical-spreading-depression generation. The FHM1 and FHM3 mutations occur in ion channels expressed in neurons. These mutations may lead to both the hyper- and hypoexcitable neurons that might underlie cortical-spreading-depression. How the mutations seen in FHM2 patients might lead to FHM symptoms is even less clear, as the gene mutated in FHM2 is expressed primarily in astrocytes. One proposal states that the depolarization of astrocytes caused by haploinsufficiency of the ATP1A2 /-ATPase causes increased release of compounds such as adenosine from astrocytes. These compounds then interact with neighboring neurons, altering their excitability and leading to cortical-spreading-depression and migraine.
Pathophysiology
FHM1 (CACNA1A)
The first discovered FHM locus was the CACNA1A gene (originally named CACNL1A4), which encodes the P/Q-type calcium channel CaV2.1. Currently, 17 mutations in this channel are known (table 1), and these mutations are distributed throughout the channel. Some of these mutations result in patients with notable cerebellar degeneration or other dysfunction, including one mutation (S218L), which may be related to severe responses to mild concussion, up to and including delayed cerebral edema, coma, and death. Fifteen of these mutants have received at least some further analysis at the electrophysiological level to attempt to determine how they might lead to the FHM1 phenotype. Contradiction in the literature is increasing as to the end result of these mutations on channel kinetics and neuronal excitability.
A good example of this contradiction can be seen in the literature regarding the R192Q mutation. The first investigation of this mutation, using the rabbit isoform of the channel expressed in oocytes, found that it did not alter any measured channel properties. A subsequent report, using human channels expressed in HEK293 cells, found a small, hyperpolarizing shift in the midpoint for activation, a result common among FHM1 mutants. This shift results in channels that open at more negative potentials, thus have a higher open probability than wild-type channels at most potentials. This report also found that the R192Q mutant produced almost twice as much whole-cell current compared to wild-type channels. This is not due to a change in single channel conductance, but to an equivalent increase in channel density. A subsequent group noticed that this mutation is in a region important for modulation by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCR activation leads to inhibition of wild-type CaV2.1 currents. R192Q mutant channel currents are also decreased by GPCR activation, but by a smaller amount. A more recent group has confirmed some of these results by creating a R192Q knock-in mouse. They confirmed that the R192Q mutant activates at more negative potentials and that neurons producing these channels have much larger whole-cell current. This resulted in a much larger quantal content (the number of neurotransmitter packets released per action potential) and generally enhanced neurotransmitter release in R192Q-expressing neurons versus wild-type. Consequently, these mutant mice were more susceptible to cortical-spreading-depression than their wild-type counterparts. The most recent experiments on this mutant, however, have contradicted some of these results. In CaV2.1 knockout neurons transfected with human channels, P/Q-type currents from mutant channels are actually smaller than their wild-type counterpart. They also found a significant decrease in calcium influx during depolarization, leading to decreased quantal content, in mutant versus wild-type expressing neurons. Neurons expressing mutant channels were also less able to mediate inhibitory input and have smaller inhibitory postsynaptic currents through P/Q-type channels. Further testing with this and other mutants is required to determine their end effect on human physiology.
FHM2 (ATP1A2)
The second subtype of familial hemiplegic migraine, FHM2, is caused by mutations in the gene ATP1A2 that encodes a /-ATPase. This /-ATPase is heavily expressed in astrocytes and helps to set and maintain their reversal potential. Twenty-nine known mutations in this gene are associated with FHM2 (table 2), many clustering in the large intracellular loop between membrane-spanning segments 4 and 5 (figure 1). Twelve of these mutations have been studied by expression in model cells. All but one have shown either complete loss of function or more complex decreases in ATPase activity or potassium sensitivity. Astrocytes expressing these mutant ion pumps will have much higher resting potentials and are believed to lead to disease through a poorly understood mechanism.
FHM3 (SCN1A)
The final known locus FHM3 is the SCN1A gene, which encodes a sodium channel α subunit. The only study so far that has found mutations in this gene discovered the same Q1489K mutation in three of 20 families (15%) with 11 other kindreds (55%) already having mutations in CACNA1A or ATP1A2. This mutation is located in a highly conserved region of an intracellular loop connecting domains three and four. This mutation results in a greatly hastened (two- to four-fold) recovery from inactivation compared to wild-type. As this channel is important for action potential generation in neurons, the Q1489K mutant is expected to result in hyperexcitable neurons.
FHM4 (1q31)
The final locus for FHM maps to the q-arm of chromosome 1. A number of attractive candidate genes occur in this area, though no mutations in them have yet been linked to FHM4.
Other genetic associations
A fourth gene associated with this condition is the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2 gene) - an axonal protein associated with the exocytosis complex.
A fifth gene associated with this condition is SLC4A4, which encodes the electrogenic NaHCO3 cotransporter NBCe1.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of FHM is made according to these criteria:
Two attacks of each of:
Aura with motor weakness accompanied by either reversible visual symptoms (flickering lights, spots, lines, etc.), reversible sensory symptoms (pins and needles, numbness, etc.) or speech symptoms
At least two occurrences of:
One or more aura symptoms that develop over at least 5 minutes
These symptoms lasting more than 5 minutes and less than 24 hours
Headache beginning within 60 minutes of aura onset: These headaches can last 4–72 hours, occur on only one side of the head, pulsate, be of moderate to severe intensity, and may be aggravated by common physical activities such as walking. These headaches must also be accompanied by nausea/vomiting, phonophobia (avoidance of sound due to hypersensitivity), and/or photophobia (avoidance of light due to hypersensitivity).
At least one close (first- or second-degree) relative with FHM
No other likely cause
Sporadic forms follow the same diagnostic criteria, with the exception of family history.
In all cases, family and patient histories are used for diagnosis. Brain-imaging techniques, such as MRI, CAT scan, and SPECT, are used to look for signs of other familial conditions such as CADASIL or mitochondrial disease, and for evidence of cerebellar degeneration. With the discovery of causative genes, genetic sequencing can also be used to verify diagnosis (though not all genetic loci are known).
Screening
Prenatal screening is not typically done for FHM, but it may be performed if requested. As penetrance is high, individuals found to carry mutations should be expected to develop signs of FHM at some point in life.
Management
See the equivalent section in the main migraine article.
People with FHM are encouraged to avoid activities that may trigger their attacks. Minor head trauma is a common attack precipitant, so FHM sufferers should avoid contact sports. Acetazolamide or standard drugs are often used to treat attacks, though those leading to vasoconstriction should be avoided due to the risk of stroke.
Epidemiology
Migraine itself is a very common disorder, occurring in 15–20% of the population. Hemiplegic migraine, be it familial or spontaneous, is less prevalent, at 0.01% prevalence according to one report. Women are three times more likely to be affected than males.
See also
Channelopathy
Childhood absence epilepsy
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Malignant hyperthermia
Timothy syndrome
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Familial Hemiplegic Migraine
Channelopathies
Headaches
Rare diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial%20hemiplegic%20migraine |
() is a Japanese multinational drinks company specializing in tea production, distribution, and sales. Ito En is the largest green tea distributor in Japan. The Ito En Group includes subsidiaries based in Japan, Indonesia, the United States, Australia, and China. Its products include unsweetened, bottled green tea and loose leaf tea. Ito En is currently the fourth-largest soft drink producer in Japan, after Coca-Cola, Suntory, and Kirin Beverage. Ito En also produces private label drinks for Seven & I Holdings Co. in Japan. In 2006, it acquired Tully's Coffee's business in Japan as a subsidiary. The company also has a line of flavored teas called Teas' Tea.
Ito En’s origins lie in a company called Japan Family Service Co., Ltd. The corporate logo that was designed for this company’s founding employed a four-leaf clover motif, expressing the hope of ensuring the happiness of its employees and their families. Based on this motif, the logo expresses the warmth, richness and lively vibrancy of nature and good health.
Ito En (Hawaii) LLC
Ito En (USA) Inc. established local roots when Ito En, Ltd. purchased Shimoko and Sons, Inc. (S&S) in 1987. As Hawaii’s most popular maker of Saimin noodles and Aloha Maid Tropical Fruit Drinks, the fit was a natural one. The S&S line of products was sold to Sun Noodle Hawaii, LLC in 2006. In 2016, the Ito En (USA) Inc. business was dissolved and a new company, Ito En (Hawaii) LLC, was created in its place. Ito En (Hawaii) LLC offers the Hawaii market access to current seasonal Japan teas and beverages. Affiliate company, Ito En (North America) Inc. markets Asian teas and beverages to the mainland and Hawaii.
The company sells still drinks in Hawaii as Aloha Maid, and is a competitor to local Hawaiian Sun drinks.
External links
Ito En, Ltd.
Ito En (North America) Inc.
References
Tea companies of Japan
Food and drink companies based in Tokyo
Tea brands in Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese companies established in 1966
Japanese brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ito%20En |
The spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum, also called Tarsius tarsier) is a species of tarsier found on the island of Selayar in Indonesia. It is apparently less specialized than the Philippine tarsier or Horsfield's tarsier; for example, it lacks adhesive toes. It is the type species for the genus Tarsius. While its range used to also include the population on nearby southwestern Sulawesi, this population has been reclassified as a separate species, Tarsius fuscus. Some of the earlier research published on Tarsius spectrum refers to the taxon that was recently reclassified and elevated to a separate species, the Gursky's spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrumgurskyae).
Taxonomy and evolution
"Tarsiers were once thought to be of the Strepsirrhini suborder, grouped with Lemuroidea and Lorisidae because of their similar appearance and because they have a small stature and are also nocturnal. It has been decided that tarsiers are members of the suborder haplorrhine, which is a suborder of primates that hosts tarsiers and the simians (Archuleta, 2019)." According to Gursky et al. 2003, based on phylogenic research, tarsiers are more closely related to humans and apes then lemurs and lorises. Some scholarly articles suggest dividing the genus into 3 and some references reflect this attempted revised taxonomy. "This taxonomic discrepancy is strongly supported by data collection of physiological attributes such as coat colors, tail lengths, and size as well as molecular data (Gursky et al. 2003)." According to animaldiversity.org there are 3 living clades of the Tarsius species. The western tarsiers, the Philippine tarsiers, and the Sulawesi tarsiers.
Conservation status
Sharon Gursky suggested changing the conservation status of the spectral tarsier from indeterminate to vulnerable in 1998. Today, the spectral tarsier is still listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List assessment. "Habitat loss and deforestation contributes to a decline in tarsier populations. Currently, tarsiers reside in many protected areas (Archuleta S. 2019)."
Anatomy
The spectral tarsier has a body weight of 200 grams, with a body length of 240 mm, a head body length of 80 mm, and a tail length of 160 mm. When considered to include Tarsius fuscus, females of the species weigh between while males are . It has a head-body length of and its tail length ranges from .
Lifespan
The average lifespan in the wild is thought to be 10 years; however, in captivity the closely related Horsfield's tarsier can live up to 17 years and it is thought the spectral tarsier may have similar longevity. It is believed that old age begins affecting tarsiers behavior at between 14 and 16 years of age, and apparently, like us, their hair begins to turn gray.
Distribution and habitat
Tarsiers inhabit the tropical forests and islands of Southeast Asia, but, according to the research done by Sabrina Archuleta with the University of Michigan's Museum of Zoology, eocene and Miocene tariser fossils have been found in China, Thailand, and southern Pakistan. The islands of Southeast Asia are actually an archipelago, which is a cluster or collection of islands. The tarsiers are found in forests that range in density and agriculture from island to island, including both primary and secondary habitats. "They roost in dense vegetation, shrubs, bamboo, palm, dense thickets of grass, bush, thorn scrubs, and secondary habitats on plantations for logging and growing coffee, nutmeg, coconut, or coca crops (Archuleta, S. 2019)."
Food and foraging
In a study done by John and Kathy MacKinnon, it was found that tarsiers consume a completely carnivorous diet. Although some species will prey on small birds and rodents, their diet consists mainly of insects that they collect from the ground, air, and on tree branches and leaves (Mackinnon et al., 1980).
Behavior
Tarsiers are nocturnal mammals. They wake up at sunset and spend the nights foraging for insects and eating. They travel between trees and socialize, which usually includes grooming one another, scent marking, playing and vocalizing (Gursky et al. 2000).
Social structure
At the very base of the tarsier society is that they live in groups and males and females have different roles. Males tend to travel longer distances and they occupy a larger area. Females tend to hunt more efficiently and they also consume more insects. A study done by Sharon Gursky in 1998 defines group size as the number of individuals sharing a sleeping site. She goes on to say that these groups are usually composed of 2 to 6 individuals. The study was done in the Tangkoko Dua Saudara Nature Reserve and Gursky et al. found that 14% of groups contained more than 1 adult female. "In one of the groups with two adult females, both females gave birth to infants (Gursky et al. 1998)." In the research done by Sabrina Archuleta, it was found that tarsiers can be both monogamous and polygynous. She found that some live in pairs or groups and some males may even live alone.
Reproduction and parenting
In a study done in North Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2007, the Mackinnons found that the spectral tarsiers were monogamous and territorial. They found that families slept at the same sites each day and that they gave loud duet songs as they gathered at sleeping sites. As their study went on they found that tarsier young are quite advanced and that they start traveling alone at as young as 23 days (Mackinnon et al. 1980). Hidayatik et al. did a 9-month survey in 2018 where they found that the tarsiers courtship behaviours consist of scent marking and genital marking for females and that males use genital inspection. They recorded that copulations lasted between 3 and 4 minutes and occurred only once per pair for the duration of the study (Hidayatik et al. 2018).
Sharon Gursky did a study in the a northern Sulawesi rain forest in 1994 where she found that infants were alone from 40%-50% of the time. Gursky et al. found that the two subadults in the group were more regularly caring for the infant than the adult males, females or mothers were. They believe that these results suggest that subadults are actually guarding or babysitting the infants (Gursky et al. 1994). Infanticide has been reported by Gursky, but only in one case and by a neighboring adult male. "The only hypothesis that could not be rejected outright, on the basis of this single observation, was the competition for limited resources hypothesis (Gursky et al. 2011)."
Competition
According to the study done by the Mackinnons, tarsiers scent mark their ranges by rubbing branches with urine and special epigastric glands (Mackinnon et al. 1980). It was found that the primary predators of the tarsiers are monitor lizards, civets, snakes, and diverse birds of prey. "Tarsier niches are largely as predator and prey. Their presence affects the population size of organisms that they feed on and of those who feed on them (Archuleta S. 2019)." Archuleta goes on to say that they are host to many endo- and ectoparasites, including mites and intestinal worms.
Communication
A study done in 2019 by Sharon Gursky found that spectral tarsiers use ultrasonic vocalizations. These are high frequency and can only travel short distances. Gursky identifies this as echolocation and says it is used for navigation (Gursky et al. 2019). "There are 5 main categories of vocalizations: chirps, twitters, choruses, doubles and whistles. Chirps, twitters, and choruses extended from the audible to the ultrasonic range, the doubles and whistles were pure ultrasound (Gursky et al. 2015)."
Archuleta S. 2019 talks about how vocalizations include high pitched whistles and duets. She goes on to say that duets are like chattering melodies and high pitched whistles vary from simple calls to predator warnings; to mob, or ward off a predator. "In the presence of bird predators, individuals vocalize and disperse to hide. When in the presence of a terrestrial predator, such as a snake, individuals "mob" the threat (Archuleta S. 2019)." Sharon Gursky describes mobbing as all the individuals in an area responding to a threat with vocalizations and then each repeats lunging towards and retreating from the predator (Gursky et al. 2006).
References
Tarsiers
Endemic fauna of Indonesia
Mammals of Sulawesi
Primates of Southeast Asia
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Mammals described in 1777
Taxa named by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20tarsier |
Walter Eucken (; 17 January 1891 – 20 March 1950) was a German economist of the Freiburg school and father of ordoliberalism. He is closely linked with the development of the concept of "social market economy".
Early life
Walter Eucken was born on 17 January 1891 in Jena in Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (present-day Thuringia), as son of the philosopher Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926), who won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature and his wife, Irene (1863–1941, née Passow), a painter. Walter had one sister and one brother, the chemist/physicist Arnold Eucken.
Walter grew up in an intellectually stimulating environment. His father was one of the most influential philosophers of the German Empire and read Aristotle with his sons in the original. Visitors to the family villa included Stefan George, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Edvard Munch and Ferdinand Hodler.
Walter Eucken studied Nationalökonomie (economics) at Kiel, Bonn and Jena and was awarded his doctorate at Bonn in 1914 (thesis: Verbandsbildung in der Seeschifffahrt). He served as an officer in World War I on both the western and eastern fronts.
Weimar Republic
After the war ended, Eucken went to Berlin University where he became a full professor in 1921 (thesis: Die Stickstoffversorgung der Welt). Eucken married the writer and philosopher Edith Erdsiek (b. 1896) in Berlin in 1920. They had two daughters and one son.
Like most in his family, he was a conservative nationalist and mistrusted the new republic. His mother and sister were active in the German National People's Party (DNVP). Eucken joined the party, but left after one year, though he stayed close to it. He also associated with the movement later known as Conservative Revolutionary movement. Eventually, Eucken came to distance himself from the conservative movement, in particular because its economic program was not to his liking: protectionism, client politics favouring and large industry, völkische social partnership between workers and employers and a positive view of cartels.
In 1925, he moved to the Tübingen and in 1927 to the University of Freiburg where he remained for the rest of his life.
Nazi Germany
During the Nazi period, Martin Heidegger became rector (head of Freiburg University) and imposed the regime's policies. Eucken was vocal in opposing these in the university's Senat. Some of his lectures in the 1930s resulted in protests from the local Nazi student association.
After the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1938, Eucken was one of several Freiburg academics who banded together with several local priests in a so-called Konzil, where they debated the obligation of Christians to fight against tyranny. The Freiburg Circles had links to Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, key figures of the resistance against Hitler. Bonhoeffer asked Eucken, and Constantin von Dietze to write an appendix to a secret memorandum, in which they worked out a post-war economic and social order. The central planning system of the Nazis was to be replaced with a liberal competitive system. If the attack of 20 July 1944 had succeeded, these plans would have been the basis of a new economic order. After the coup failed, Lampe and von Dietze were arrested and tortured by the Gestapo. Eucken, too, was arrested and interrogated twice but released. Two of his friends were executed.
Post-war era
In the aftermath of World War II, Eucken's theories influenced the reforms that are said to have set the stage for the Wirtschaftswunder. As a member of the advisory council to Ludwig Erhard, then economic director of the American-British zone of occupation, he helped in rebuilding the economic system in western Germany. He attended the founding conference of the Mont Pelerin Society and was elected one of the vice-presidents. One of Eucken's students, was the author of the law that abruptly abolished price controls (Leitsätzegesetz) in June 1948.
Death and legacy
Eucken died of a heart attack on 20 March 1950 during a lecture series at the London School of Economics, UK.
The Walter Eucken Institut was founded four years after his death.
By way of his friend Franz Böhm, Eucken's ideas found their way into the of 1957, the foundation of West-German competition policy.
His papers were cared for by the Walter Eucken Archiv in Frankfurt. They have now been handed over to the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek.
Theory
Eucken's ordoliberalism, which is a special German variant of neoliberalism in its traditional definition, argues that the state has the task to provide the political framework for economic freedom to flourish. In contrast to laissez-faire, which by the 1930s had been observed to give rise to cartels and an undue concentration of power, ordoliberalism aims to put limits on the economic power of individuals, companies and associations. This is achieved through a legal and institutional framework, including maintenance of private property, enforcement of private contracts, liability, free entry to markets, and monetary stabilization. In this, the state should refrain from directing or intervening in the economic processes of daily practices, as in a centrally planned economy, but rather provide a well-functioning competitive Ordnung (order) in which private agents can act without frequent discretionary influence from the state.
The idea of ordoliberalism was introduced for the first time in 1937 in Ordnung der Wirtschaft, a periodical published by Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm and . From 1948 on it was further developed in the journal ORDO.
Works
Kritische Betrachtungen zum deutschen Geldproblem, 1923
"Nationalökonomie wozu?", in: Wissenschaft und Zeitgeist 10, 1938/1949
Die Grundlagen der Nationalökonomie, 1939/1950
"Wettbewerb als Grundprinzip der Wirtschaftsverfassung", in: Schmölders, G., ed., Der Wettbewerb als Mittel volkswirtschaftlicher Leistungssteigerung und Leistungsauslese (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1942)
"Die Soziale Frage", in: Salin, E., ed., Synopsis, Festgabe für A. Weber (Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider, 1948)
"Die Wettbewerbsordnung und ihre Verwirklichung", in: Ordo 2, 1949
"Technik. Konzentration und Ordnung der Wirtschaft", in: Ordo 3, 1950
Unser Zeitalter der Mißerfolge, 1951
Kapitaltheoretische Untersuchungen, 1934/1954 (as editor)
References
External links
Walter Eucken Institute
Walter Eucken Archive in Frankfurt am Main / Germany
1891 births
1950 deaths
Writers from Jena
People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
German anti-fascists
Freiburg School economists
20th-century German economists
University of Kiel alumni
University of Bonn alumni
University of Jena alumni
German Army personnel of World War I
German resistance members
German people of World War II
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Eucken |
The Linnaean enterprise is the task of identifying and describing all living species. It is named after Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, ecologist and physician who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy.
As of 2006, the Linnaean enterprise is considered to be barely begun. There are estimated to be 10 million living species, but only about 1.5-1.8 million have been even named, and fewer than 1% of these have been studied enough to understand the basics of their ecological roles. Linnaean enterprise plays a larger role in applied science and basic science. With applied science, it can assist in finding new natural products and species (bioprospecting) and effective conservation practices. It allows for an understanding of evolutionary biology and how ecosystems function in basic science.
The cost of completing the Linnaean Enterprise has been estimated at US $5 billion.
Name
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) was one of the most well known natural scientists of his time. Very unsatisfied with the contemporary way of naming living things, he was responsible for creating the binomial nomenclature system still used in science to name species of organisms. Linnaeus's work laid the basis of modern taxonomy. As part of his work, Linnaeus formally described and classified numerous species of plants and animals, and created binomial (scientific) names that still are used today for many of the most common species in Europe. Notably, Linnaeus's taxonomic system was the first where humans were taxonomically grouped with apes, classifying both genus Homo as well as Simia (now defunct and replaced by several other genera) to be members of order Primates.
See also
Catalogue of Life
Encyclopedia of Life
Wikispecies
References
Sources
Edward O. Wilson, A Global Biodiversity Map, Science 29 September 2000: Vol. 289. no. 5488, p. 2279
Taxonomy (biology)
Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean%20enterprise |
Nigatsu-dō ( ) is one of the important structures of Tōdai-ji, a temple in Nara, Japan. Nigatsu-dō is located to the east of the Great Buddha Hall, on the hillside of Mount Wakakusa. It includes several other buildings in addition to the specific hall named Nigatsu-dō, thus comprising its own sub-complex within Tōdai-ji.
History
Nigatsu-dō was founded by a monk by the name of Sanetada in 752, but the Buddhist monk Jitchu, a pupil of Rōben, later introduced a repentance service dedicated to the image of the eleven-faced Bodhisattva, Kannon in 760. It has taken place as an annual rite since 760 without any break. The service has come to be known as Shuni-e ( ), as it was held in the second month of the traditional lunisolar calendar. At present, it starts on 1 March and ends on the 15th of the month. Omizutori, which means taking sacred water, has become the popular name of the ceremony.
While the first Shuni-e service is said to have been held by Jichu in another temple in 752, the original construction of Nigatsu-dō hall is estimated to have completed only somewhere between 756 and 772. Nigatsu-dō was destroyed in 1667 due to a fire.
1667 (Kanbun 7): After fire destroyed the main temple structure, work on rebuilding at Nara commenced.
Re-construction of Nigatsu-do is completed in 1669. In 1944, it was chosen by Japan as one of the most important cultural aspects of the country.
Architecture
Although the hall was saved from civil wars in 1180 and 1567 in which the Great Buddha Hall was lost, it was burnt down during the Shuni-e service of 1667. The hall was rebuilt two years later.
The current main hall of Nigatsu-dō is a designated National Treasure. The hall holds two Kannons, a large one and a small one, although both of them are classified as Hibutsu (秘仏) – "secret Buddhas" – and therefore are not publicly shown.
Additional Images
See also
Omizutori, the climax of Shuni-e service which takes place on 12 March every year.
For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.
Notes
References
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. ; see also Imprimerie Royale de France,
World Heritage Sites in Japan
National Treasures of Japan
Buddhist temples in Nara Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigatsu-d%C5%8D |
The Center for International Policy (CIP) is a non-profit foreign policy research and advocacy think tank with offices in Washington, D.C., and New York City. It was founded in 1975 in response to the Vietnam War. The Center describes its mission as promoting "cooperation, transparency and accountability in global relations. Through research and advocacy, our programs address the most urgent threats to our planet: war, corruption, inequality and climate change."
The center is the parent organization for a variety of projects, including the Security Assistance Monitor, the Arms & Security Project, and the Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative. It also has collaborated with the Washington Office on Latin America and the Latin America Working Group to publish the Just the Facts website. The center is currently the fiscal sponsor of the environmental protection organization, Mighty Earth, and Freedom Forward. Several prominent individuals serve as senior fellows and board members with CIP, including former Costa Rican president Óscar Arias Sánchez, UN ambassador Dessima Williams, Michael Barnes, and Matthew Hoh.
History
1970s
The center was founded in 1975 under the fiscal sponsorship of the Fund for Peace by activists, including Bill Goodfellow and then-retired US foreign service official Donald Ranard, who served as the center's first executive director.
During its first years, the Center focused its work on Asia, especially United States foreign policy towards South Korea and its relationships with the Park Chung Hee-led government. In 1976, Ranard testified to Congress on human rights violations in South Korea and the role of South Korean lobbyists in Washington. In 1978, the center established an Indochina Program, which advocated the normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia; the program was closed 11 years later in 1989.
In the mid-1970s, while at the time also co-chairs of the center's Board, US Representatives Donald Fraser and Tom Harkin introduced legislation that incorporated foreign countries' human rights records into consideration of security and economic aid.
1980s
During the 1980s, CIP campaigned in support of the Contadora Group and the subsequent Esquipulas Peace Agreement.
After South Africa received a loan from the International Monetary Fund in 1983, the center began a campaign that pushed for provisions that prohibited the US representative to the IMF to support loans to countries that practice apartheid. The Center continued its work with research into labor practices and economic impacts of apartheid in South Africa.
1990s
In 1990, the center established a joint program with the Costa Ricabased Arias Foundation, founded by Óscar Arias. The organisation's new president, Robert White, also worked extensively with Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide during his exile in Washington in the 1990s.
Wayne Smith joined the Center in 1991 to establish its Cuba program, working towards the normalisation of relations between the United States and Cuba.
In the mid-1990s, Adam Isacson established the Latin American Security program, which still operates today. The program campaigned against the militarisation of Plan Colombia and supporting the movement of funds to programs for judicial reforms and economic development. In June 1999, the program led the first ever congressional delegation to meet with insurgent leaders inside the territory they controlled.
2000s
Clarissa Segun and Paul Olweny, leaders for the Demilitarization for Democracy project, joined the Center in 2000. The project campaigned for diplomatic aid and United Nations peacekeeping. The project eventually closed in 2006.
Sarah Stephens worked on Cuba policy, joining the Center in 2001 with the Freedom to Travel project. She left CIP in 2006 and then launched the Center for Democracy in the Americas (CDA).
In 2003, then-President Robert White established a program focused on governmental corruption in Central America, specifically illegal logging in Honduras. Former The Washington Post foreign correspondent Selig Harrison joined CIP in the same year to head the center's Asia program which focused on North Korea and the Indian subcontinent.
With the publishing of his book Capitalism's Achilles Heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free-Market System (Wiley & Sons, 2005), CIP senior fellow Raymond Baker founds Global Financial Integrity (GFI), a non-profit, research and advocacy organisation focused on the role of illicit financial flows.
In June 2007, the Americas Program joined CIP after the dissolution of the International Relations Center. The Americas Program continues as the TransBorder Project and the Americas Project today.
Current Programs
The center currently operates nine programs including the Arms & Security Project, Security Assistance Monitor, and the Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative among others. In its capacity, the center also fiscally sponsors the environmental protection organization, Mighty Earth, and Freedom Forward.
Security Assistance Monitor
Led by director Christina Arabia, Security Assistance Monitor (SAM) tracks and analyzes U.S. security and defense assistance programs worldwide. By informing policymakers, media, scholars, NGOs and the public in the United States and abroad about trends and issues related to U.S. foreign security assistance, their aim is to enhance transparency and promote greater oversight of U.S. military and police aid, arms sales and training.
The SAM database compiles all publicly available data on U.S. foreign security assistance programs worldwide from 2000 to the present. Collected from a wide range of government documents, the database provides detailed numbers on U.S. arms sales, military and police aid and training programs. Users can search these numbers by country, region, program and assistance type.
Arms & Security Project
The Arms and Security Project engages in media outreach and public education aimed at promoting reforms in U.S. policies on nuclear weapons, military spending and the arms trade. It seeks to advance the notion that diplomacy and international cooperation are the most effective tools for protecting the United States. According to program director William D. Hartung, "the use of military force is largely irrelevant in addressing the greatest dangers we face, from terrorism, to nuclear proliferation, to epidemics of disease, to climate change, to inequities of wealth and income. The allocation of budgetary resources needs to be changed to reflect this reality."
Hartung's research is most frequently sited in publications such as the Hill, Defense News, the Washington Post among others.
Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative
The Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative (FITI) "believes that promoting transparency is the best tool for highlighting the impact – potentially for both good and ill – of foreign influence on American democracy." Directed by Ben Freeman, the program "works to devise policy solutions to increase the incentives for agents to properly register and report the work they are doing on behalf of foreign powers and to make the details of such contracts and work publicly available." Most recently, FITI is heavily critical of the Pentagon budget and the Saudi Arabian lobby in Washington.
Sustainable Defense Task Force
The Sustainable Defense Task Force (SDTF) is a "bipartisan group of experts from academia, think tanks, government, and retired members of the military." CIP launched the Sustainable Defense Task Force (SDTF) in November 2018 to strategize a 10-year budget plan for the Pentagon. In June 2019, the task force published a report stating the Pentagon could save $1.2 trillion in projected spending over the next decade "while providing a greater measure of security." The report was featured in The Hill, the Washington Post, Defense News, and other news sources.
Full list of current CIP programs
Security Assistance Monitor
Arms & Security Project
Foreign Influence Transparency Initiative
Sustainable Defense Task Force
Cuba Project
Americas Program
Africa Program
Mighty Earth (fiscally sponsored)
Freedom Forward (fiscally sponsored)
References
External links
Center for International Policy
Peace organizations based in the United States
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Think tanks established in 1975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20International%20Policy |
Angelique or Angélique may refer to:
Angélique (given name), a French feminine name
Arts and entertainment
Music
Angélique (instrument), a string instrument of the lute family
Angélique, a 1927 opéra bouffe by Jacques Ibert
"Angelique" (song), the Danish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961, performed by Dario Campeotto
"Angélique", a song by Theatre of Tragedy from the album Aégis
"Angelique", a song by Badfinger from the album Magic Christian Music
"Angelique", a song by Mike Oldfield from the album Light + Shade
Angelique, the debut album by Yukie Nishimura
Other uses in arts and entertainment
Angélique (novel series), by Anne Golon
Angélique, Marquise des Anges, a 1964 film adaptation directed by Bernard Borderie
Angélique (film), a 2013 film adaptation directed by Ariel Zeitoun
Angélique (play), by Lorena Gale
Angelique (video game series), a cross-media franchise including video games, manga, and anime
Angelique, a doll from the Groovy Girls product line
Other uses
Angélique (given name), a French feminine name
Angelique (grape), another name for the French wine grape Mondeuse noire
Marie-Joseph Angélique, an executed French slave known as "Angélique"
Angélique, an absinthe produced by the distillers of La Clandestine Absinthe
See also
Angelic (disambiguation)
Angelica (disambiguation)
Angelika (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelique |
Leslie John Green (born 1956) is a Scottish-Canadian legal scholar specialising in jurisprudence. He is Professor of the Philosophy of Law and Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford University, and Professor of Law and Distinguished Faculty Fellow at Queen's University, Kingston. A legal positivist, his research also focuses on political philosophy and constitutional theory.
Life and career
Born in Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, Scotland in 1956, and educated at Queen's University, Canada, and at Nuffield College, Oxford, he completed his dissertation—which culminated in a book, The Authority of the State—under professors Charles Taylor and later Joseph Raz. Like Raz, he has been an expositor and defender of the tradition of legal positivism and wrote the introduction and new supplementary materials for the third edition of H.L.A. Hart's classic work The Concept of Law.
In 2006, Green was elected to the Professorship of Philosophy of Law at Oxford University, which includes a Fellowship at Balliol College. The Professorship, a new statutory chair, was created upon the retirement of Joseph Raz from his personal Chair, also at Balliol. It is one of just two statutory professorships in jurisprudence at Oxford, the other being held by Ruth Chang. In 2010, the distinguished lawyer, Philip Gordon, endowed the Balliol fellowship, and Green became the first Pauline and Max Gordon Fellow at Balliol. At the same time, Green took up a part-time appointment as Professor and Distinguished University Fellow in the Philosophy of Law at Queen's University.
Prior to this, Green taught for most of his career at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, in Toronto. He has also taught at Lincoln College, Oxford, at Boalt Hall Law School at the University of California, Berkeley; at the University of Chicago Law School, and was for several years a Regular Visiting Professor at the University of Texas at Austin law school. He has been a visiting fellow at Columbia University's Center for Law and Philosophy, and a Hauser Global Faculty member at New York University School of Law.
He is founding co-editor (with Brian Leiter) of Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Law. With the late John Gardner and Timothy Endicott, he is also co-editor of the book series, Oxford Legal Philosophy.
Green and 30 other academics signed a public letter in the Sunday Times published on June 16, 2019 entitled “Stonewall is stifling academia”. The letter claims that Stonewall are stifling academic progress by restricting academic freedom in the classroom. Green himself is on the record as a defender of the position that trans people should be addressed by the pronouns of their choice.
Publications
Books
Selected articles
"Should Law Improve Morality?’ 7 Criminal Law and Philosophy 473-494 (2013).
"Two Worries about Respect for Persons," 120 Ethics 212 (2010).
"Positivism and the Inseparability of Law and Morals," 83 New York University Law Review 1035 (2008).
"Pornographies," 8 Journal of Political Philosophy 27 (2000).
"Positivism and Conventionalism," 12 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 35 (1999).
"The Concept of Law Revisited," 94 Michigan Law Review 1687 (1997).
“Stonewall is stifling academia”
"The Forces of Law: Duty, Coercion and Power" 29 "Ratio Juris" 164-181 (2016).
References
External links
Leslie Green's Oxford faculty page
Green on authority and obligation
Green on legal positivism
Canadian philosophers
Living people
People from Renfrewshire
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Jurisprudence academics
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
New York University faculty
Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford
Legal scholars of the University of Oxford
Academic staff of the Osgoode Hall Law School
Political philosophers
Philosophers of law
1956 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Green%20%28philosopher%29 |
H.B Mar Joseph Meelis Zaia AM ( ), known as ' Mar Meelis Zaia, is the Metropolitan of the Assyrian Church of the East (), presiding over the Diocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon. He also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Trustees which controls the financial affairs of the Church, and is one of five trustees of the Assyrian Church of the East Relief Organization, which he founded in 2017.
Early life
A native of Baghdad, Meelis Zaia was ordained a priest of the Church in 1982 in California. He was appointed Bishop, being given the title of Mar, of the Church's diocese of Australia and New Zealand in 1984 and arrived to take up that position in March 1985, which he held until 2009 when he was elevated to Metropolitan of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon. He is a fluent speaker of his native language Suret, and as well as Arabic and English.
Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
Mar Meelis's archdiocese includes all of Australia, including Sydney and Melbourne, New Zealand and Lebanon. Presently, there are about 19,000 registered adult members who contribute financially to the Church, and about 4,500 registered non-paying members under the age of 18 years. Of the adult members there are approximately 13,000 in Sydney/New South Wales, 3,500 in Victoria, and 2,500 in New Zealand. The Assyrian community also includes about 6,000 people who are not members of the archdiocese. After the passing of Mar Narsai De Baz in February 2010, Mar Meelis was given additional responsibility of the Archdiocese of Lebanon, which was added to his title.
Parishes
St Hurmizd Cathedral - Sydney, Australia
Mart Mariam (St. Mary) Parish - Sydney, Australia
Mar Gewargis (St. George) Parish - Little Bay, Australia
St. Peter and Paul Parish - Sydney, Australia
Mar Gewargis (St. George) Parish - Melbourne, Australia
Mart Mariam (St. Mary) Parish - Auckland, New Zealand
St. Odisho Parish - Wellington, New Zealand
Ministries
Nisibis Assyrian Theological College - Sydney, Australia
St. Narsai Assyrian Christian College - Sydney, Australia
St. Hurmizd Assyrian Primary School - Sydney, Australia
St. Hurmizd Early Learning Centre - Sydney, Australia
Grace Child Care and Early Learning Centre - Sydney, Australia
Accolades
On 26 January 2007, Mar Meelis was awarded a 'Member of the Order of Australia' (AM) Medal, in the Australia Day 2007 Honours List by the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, for his community service through the Assyrian Church of the East and for his pioneering work in the field of education and the establishment of educational facilities.
On 7 December 2008, Mar Meelis was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon, taking the honorific His Beatitude in place of the earlier His Grace. He was blessed by Mar Dinkha IV who flew from Chicago along with a further five bishops from around the world. The event drew close to 3,700 people at the St. Hurmizd Assyrian Cathedral, Greenfield Park in Sydney, Australia.
Contributions
Since his arrival, as Bishop of the Diocese of Australia and New Zealand, Mar Meelis has expanded and contributed to the growth of the Church and its activities, which has steadily improved the Assyrian communities in both countries.
In 1988, Mar Meelis officially established the Assyrian Church Youth Group.
In 1990, he played a central role in obtaining a donation of $1.1 million to build a cathedral in Greenfield Park, and in 1999 assisted in the raising of funds for the construction of a reception hall on the cathedral property. In recent times, he played an important part in raising funds from others for the construction of classrooms and an administration facility for a primary school.
Mar Meelis was instrumental in the 2002 establishment, of the first Assyrian school outside of the Assyrian homeland (Mesopotamia), St. Hurmizd Assyrian Primary School in Sydney,accommodating to over 700 Kinder to Year 6 students.
In 2006, Mar Narsai (St. Narsai) Assyrian Christian College, a secondary school in Sydney, became the second school run by the Diocese of Australia and New Zealand, catering to approximately 1200 students in the Fairfield area and its surrounding suburbs.
In 2004, Mar Meelis approved and supported the establishment of the St. Peter and Paul Parish in Sydney; an English-speaking parish. The fledgling parish grew from 50 members to a 300+ strong congregation in less than two years. Meelis also initiated a number of programs for troubled youth including drug and alcohol addicts.
In 2007, he founded the Assyrian Church of the East Relief Organization (ACERO), which is a charitable aid/relief organisation pretending to support Assyrian and other Christian refugees, and internally/externally displaced persons in the Middle East. It has its international headquarters in London, United Kingdom, and is registered with the relevant regulatory bodies in the countries in which it operates. He currently serves as one of the organization's five trustees.
His Beatitude has not only focused on educational institutions for the young and youth, but also the elderly. In 2012, St. Mary's Retirement Village (rear of St. Mary's Church) was opened, with 52 units of different configurations catering retirees.
In 2016, utilizing St Narsai's temporary campus (Nineveh Lounge), the Assyrian Language College was established where hundreds of youth and adults enrolled in classes run twice a week to learn the Assyrian language Aramaic.
In 2018, announcements were made for the establishment of another primary school in Sydney's Cecil Park, next door to Saints Peter and Paul Church.
In early 2019, Mar Meelis held a third meeting to discuss the establishment and academic teaching commencement of the Nisibis Assyrian Theological College in Sydney, during which a Dean was appointed.
Controversies and lawsuits
In 1989, there was a major church split in the Church of the East in Fairfield. The event resulted in legal proceedings over property rights. After the Supreme Court of New South Wales ruled in favour of Bishop Mar Meelis, the Assyrian Church of the East Diocese of Australia and New Zealand, to take ownership of St Mary's Church, Assyrians of the Ancient Church of the East sect protested since they found the court's ruling highly objectionable and unjust, as their sect claimed the St Mary's Church beforehand. Richard Carleton from 60 minutes covered the story in a studio that contained around 200 Assyrians who opposed the Bishop. The Bishop described the actions of his raucous opponents as "primitive".
Mar Meelis's alleged efforts at controlling the Church Committee and taking possession of its assets (which had been registered under the Companies Act) split the Church of the East community into old and new calendar factions. He took the Old Calendar faction to court in order to take full control of St. Mary's church in 1988–9. This conflict also caused a split in the Australian branch of the AUA (based on the Church factions), and led to inter-communal rivalry between the Nineveh Club and the Assyrian Sports and Cultural Club, which aligned itself with the Old Calendar faction of the Church of the East and began its own Nisibin Assyrian School.
In 2017, churchgoer Sargon Eshow, who established a denunciation against Mar Meelis on Facebook, was ordered to pay $150,000 in damages after the religious leader sued him for calumny in the NSW Supreme Court. Eshow was suspended from the church for two years from April 2015, after making a couple of posts on his Facebook page in Arabic derisively criticizing the bishop. He was warned and told to cease from this behaviour. Eshow persevered, where he still went on and accused the archbishop of being evil, a hypocrite and "worse than ISIS". His posts also stated the archbishop was "violent, drunk, dishonest and incompetent and ... [had] made false accusations against the defendant". Justice Lucy McCallum said the defamation was "serious and persistent" and deserved a significant award of restitution.
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
Notes
References
Living people
People from Baghdad
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Iraqi emigrants to Australia
1956 births
Clergy from Sydney
Iraqi Assyrian people
Australian people of Assyrian descent
Australian people of Iraqi descent
Members of the Order of Australia
American emigrants to Australia
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meelis%20Zaia |
Franz Böhm (16 February 1895 – 26 September 1977) was a German politician, lawyer, and economist.
Early life
Franz Böhm was born on 16 February 1895 in Konstanz. He moved along with his family in 1898 to Karlsruhe as his father was appointed the Minister of Cultural Affairs for the Grand Duke of Baden.
Early career
After completing his Abitur and military service, Böhm enlisted in the military at the beginning of World War I. He was the first citizen of Karlsruhe to be awarded the Iron Cross. In 1919 Böhn began studying law and political science at the University of Freiburg and completed his Staatsexamen in 1924, receiving shortly thereafter a job as a public prosecutor.
Böhm published his first essay entitled "Das Problem der privaten Macht, ein Beitrag zur Monopolfrage" (The problem of private power; a contribution to the question of monopolies) in 1928, establishing himself as a prominent economist. In the wake of the publication of this essay, fellow economists Alexander Rüstow and Friedrich Lutz strongly encouraged Böhm to write a disputation of the economic work of Adam Smith. Böhm eagerly took up their suggestion and wrote what would become his principal work: "Wettbewerb und Monopolkampf."
After writing these pieces Böhm received a professorship at the University of Freiburg, where he and colleague Walter Eucken established the Freiburger Schule. During this time Böhm worked closely with Eucken and Hans Grossmann-Doerth in establishing the groundwork for their economic theory, Ordoliberalism.
From 1925 to 1931 Böhm served in the economic ministry of the Weimar Republic.
Nazi era
The liberal economic beliefs of the Freiburger Schule directly contrasted the economic beliefs of the Nazi Regime. Every assembly of the Freiburger Schule was therefore a direct afront to the regime. Public discussions became evermore dangerous, so the school was quickly forced to begin meeting secretly. During this time the assembly began calling itself the "Diehl-Seminar" in recognition of its meeting place, the home of Karl Diehl.
Böhm had his ability to teach revoked from him by the Nazis in 1938 due to his public outspokenness against the anti-Jewish policies of the regime. During the same year, Böhm became active in the Freiburger Konzil, which served as a meeting point for anti-Nazi professors from the university and pastors of the Confessing Church. Böhm became heavily involved throughout the following years in opposition groups such as the Bonhoeffer-Krise and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Erwin von Beckerath, a council of liberal economists opposed to Nazi economic practices.
Only through name confusion resulting from a mistake by the Nazis was Böhm able to avoid arrest after the failed July 20 plot. This confusion relates to the arrest of the Roman Catholic Parish Priest Franz Boehm, who had already been arrested on June 5, 1944 for preaching against the Nazi film industry.
Post-war and political career
After the war Böhm was able to resume teaching in Freiburg and was granted the position of Prorector. In 1946 he accepted a professorship at the University of Freiburg. During his time at the university he worked with Walter Eucken to found the German scholarly journal ORDO in 1948, which remains today a mouthpiece of German institutional economists.
During this time Böhm became active in politics, joining the CDU shortly after the war. He served as the minister of cultural affairs in Hessen under Karl Geiler from 1 November 1945 until February 1946, when he resigned due to differences of opinion with the American occupying forces.
Böhm was a member of the German Bundestag from 1953 until 1965. During this time he was the leader of the German delegation for the reparations negotiations with Israel.
Throughout his time in the Bundestag Böhm remained deeply connected to the University of Freiburg and his students, continuing to provide seminars despite his role in the Bundestag. His political role remained secondary in importance to his career as an instructor. Böhm died on 26 September 1977 in Rockenberg.
The Franz-Böhm Schule, a Berufsschule in Frankfurt am Main, is named in his honor.
References
Further reading
Blumenberg-Lampe, Christine (2004). "Franz Böhm." Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler: Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union. Ed. Buchstab, Günter; Kaff, Brigitte; Kleinmann, Hans-Otto. Freiburg, Germany: Herder, 2004. 108-114. Print.
External links
Freiburger Schule
1895 births
1977 deaths
People from Konstanz
Freiburg School economists
20th-century German economists
German anti-fascists
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for Hesse
Members of the Bundestag 1961–1965
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961
Members of the Bundestag 1953–1957
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20B%C3%B6hm |
Archibald Stinchcombe (17 November 1912 – 3 November 1994) was a British ice hockey player from Cudworth near Barnsley, Yorkshire. The right-winger is best known for representing Great Britain at the international level, including at the 1936 and 1948 Winter Olympics. Stinchcombe was somewhat of a novelty among hockey players in that his vision was limited - he could only see out of one eye, and yet was able to enjoy an extremely successful career.
Career
Stinchcombe's first appearance in British hockey was playing for Streatham in 1935. In his rookie season, he was selected as an All-Star. The recognition was enough to earn him a spot on the national team for the 1936 Winter Olympics.
The British team was a prohibitive underdog at the Olympics, with Canada favoured to take gold in ice hockey. However, behind the strong play of goalie Jimmy Foster and several other players with dual Canadian-British citizenship, Great Britain was able to win every game and capture its first (and only) Olympic gold in ice hockey.
After the Second World War, Stinchcombe played with the Wembley Lions and Wembley Monarchs. He was one of the first British hockey players to score over one hundred goals in the post-War period.
Stinchcombe continued to represent Great Britain on the national team until 1948. As captain of the team, Stinchcombe led Great Britain to a respectable fifth-place finish at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz.
Upon his retirement in 1949, Stinchcombe went on to coach the Nottingham Panthers, leading them to English National Championships in 1951 and 1953. He was inducted into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1951.
References
A to Z Encyclopedia of Hockey
External links
1912 births
1994 deaths
British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
English ice hockey players
English Olympic medallists
Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1936 Winter Olympics
Nottingham Panthers coaches
Nottingham Panthers players
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic ice hockey players for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Cudworth, South Yorkshire
Sportspeople from Nottingham
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
Wembley Lions players
Wembley Monarchs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Stinchcombe |
Alyque Padamsee (5 March 1928 – 17 November 2018) was an Indian theatre personality and ad film maker. He played Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the 1982 British period film Gandhi.
Besides being involved in Indian theatre as an actor and producer, Padamsee was an advertising professional who once headed the advertising company Lintas Bombay.
Early life and education
Padamsee was born in Bombay in 1928 into a traditional Khoja Muslim Ismaili family hailing from the Kutch region of Gujarat. Ancestors of Padamsee family originally belonged to the Charan community of Kutch who converted to Islam and joined Khoja caste. The name Padamsee derives from the Sanskrit Padmasinh (padma=lotus, sinh=lion, usually a title). The family had been settled in the nearby Kathiawar region for some generations; Padamsee's grandfather, who had been the sarpanch (headman) of Vāghnagar, a village in Bhavnagar district, was famous for having distributed his entire granary to the village during a famine.
Padamsee's father, Jafferseth Padamsee, was an affluent businessman who owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware and furniture business. His mother, Kulsumbai Padamsee, was a home-maker. She was Jaffer Padamsee's second wife; they had eight children. Her eldest son was Sultan Padamsee, also known as Bobby, a theatre actor who was reputedly gay and died by suicide at the age of twenty-three. Alyque was born after three girls; one of his older sisters, Zarina, was the wife of Hamid Sayani, brother of Ameen Sayani. Another of his sisters was Roshan Alkazi, wife of Ebrahim Alkazi. One of Padamsee's (distant) cousins is the painter Akbar Padamsee, son of Hasanali Padamsee. Although rich, this trading family was not well-educated, and neither of his parents had finished school. Alyque and his brothers (but not his sisters) were the first in the family to attend school and learn English there; the parents later picked up a smattering of the language from their sons. Raised in an extremely traditional environment, in a devout Muslim family, Padamsee described himself as an agnostic who disclaimed all religion by the age of 18. He was educated at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.
Personal life
Padamsee's first wife was Pearl Padamsee, a Christian divorcee born to a Baghdadi Jewish mother and Christian father. Pearl's first husband had been a Hindu, and she had two children by that marriage, a daughter named Rohini (1951–1961) and a son, Ranjit Chowdhry (1955–2020). Rohini Chowdhry died at age 10, very shortly after Pearl and Padamsee got married. Ranjit became an actor and died in 2020. Padamsee and Pearl had one daughter together, Raell Padamsee, who runs the acting school founded by her mother. Padamsee and Pearl were divorced not long after the birth of Raeel, but Pearl chose to retain her married name 'Padamsee' for the rest of her life.
After his first divorce, Padamsee had an extended relationship with Dolly Thakore, another Christian divorcee. Again, Dolly had been married to a Hindu gentleman, Dilip Thakore, and divorced him to cohabit with Padamsee. For all intents and purposes, Padamsee and Dolly were assumed to be husband and wife by the world. They had a son together, Quasar Thakore-Padamsee, also a theatre professional.
After separating from Dolly, Padamsee married Sharon Prabhakar, a third Christian divorcee who is twenty-seven years younger than him. Born to a Hindu father and a Christian mother, Sharon had previously been married to Bryan Mascarenhas. Padamsee and Sharon had a daughter together, Shazahn Padamsee. Like all her father's other children and step-children, Shazahn is a small-time actress.
Advertising
For 14 years, Padamsee was the Chief Executive who built Lintas India to be one of the top agencies in the country. He went on to become the Regional Co-ordinator of Lintas South Asia. Known as the 'Father of Modern Indian Advertising', Padamsee has built over 100 brands. He was the only Indian to be voted into the International Clio Hall of Fame, the Oscars of World Advertising. He was Chairman of the London Institute of Corporate Training at which he conducted courses on leadership training and ideation. His best seller book on Advertising entitled A Double Life is prescribed in business schools.
Padamsee created Lalitaji for Surf, Cherry Charlie for Cherry Blossom Shoe Polish, the MRF Muscle Man, the Liril girl in the waterfall, the Kamasutra couple, Hamara Bajaj, the TV detective Karamchand, the Fair & Handsome brand, etc. Recently he created the Idea of a Fatwa against Terrorism which was announced by the Grand Mufti of the Deoband Uloom. For the Golden Jubilee of The Indian Institute Technology Bombay his idea of starting an initiative to create 10 Great Ideas That Will Change The World In The Next 50 Years caused a great deal of excitement. He was also working on AIDS Prevention Idea with the Dept. of Biotechnology.
He was the CEO of AP Advertising Pvt. Ltd., a firm of Image and Communications Consultants, who have provided consultancy services to a number of national and multinational companies, as Creative Advisor.
Theatre
Padamsee is also known for his English language theatre productions in India like Evita, Jesus Christ Superstar, Tuglaq, and his latest, Broken Images, which was invited to the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC in 2011. He was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award for Theatre by the Sangeet Natak Akademi; and this January the Tagore Ratna. Internationally, he is known for his portrayal of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Sir Richard Attenborough's Gandhi.
He worked for the Citizens for Justice & Peace, the Citizens Action Group, and he was on the Advisory Council of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay). Earlier he worked as Communications Advisor to Chandrababu Naidu, the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Recently he was appointed to the Prime Minister's AIDS Task Force (Earlier served as Advisor to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi on Commercial Television).
Awards
The President of India conferred on him the Padmashri in 2000.
The Advertising Club of Mumbai named him "Advertising Man of the Century".
Received Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna in 2012.
Bibliography
A Double Life: My Exciting Years In Theatres and Advertising (autobiography)
References
External links
Alyque Padamsee at Penguin India
1928 births
2018 deaths
Indian advertising people
Indian agnostics
Indian male stage actors
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Artists from Mumbai
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni
Indian theatre directors
Indian Ismailis
Gujarati people
People from Kutch district
Indian tax resisters
Khoja Ismailism
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyque%20Padamsee |
Astur is a decorative typeface that was designed in 1940 and licensed by the Spanish foundry Nacional Typefoundry. The letters appear to be made of wooden planks, and it is often used when an outdoor or camping look is desired. The font's name, a reference to the ancient inhabitants of northern Spain (the Astures), is meant to underline its rustic appearance.
A common software version of the font is called "Woodplank".
Display typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Digital typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astur%20%28typeface%29 |
Alfred Müller-Armack (28 June 1901 – 16 March 1978) was a German economist and politician. He coined the term "social market economy" in 1946.
Müller-Armack was professor of economics at University of Münster and University of Cologne. He was a central figure of the "Cologne school". He always pointed out that the economy had to serve humanity. A regulatory environment should provide the basis for a form of competition that was to the best for all people.
In 1933 he published a book with some praise of Nazism, entitled Ideas of the State and Economy Order in the New Reich. The Nazis did however not like the book and a second edition was refused in 1935. He worked as an advisor to the Nazi regime and the German army, and contributed to discussions about the post-war economic order. When he became more and more disillusioned with the Nazi regime, he withdrew to his academic research and turned towards religious sociological studies. This resulted in a big volume entitled "Das Jahrhundert ohne Gott" (Century without God), published in 1948.
After the war, he joined the CDU and he coined the phrase “Social Market Economy” in his book “Wirtschaftslenkung und Marktwirtschaft” (Economic Steering and Market Economy), written in 1946 and published in 1947. In his understanding, the Social Market Economy combined the power and dynamism of a free market economy with a limited social equilibration and social security system. In 1950, he got a position as full professor at the University of Cologne.
Müller-Armack was a member of the Mont Pelerin Society an organization of free market economists and classical liberal thinkers established by Friedrich Hayek although Müller-Armack was less libertarian oriented than Hayek.
After 1952, he worked in the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs under Ludwig Erhard (CDU) as section chief of the newly founded policy department (Grundsatzabteilung). From 1958 to 1963 he was Europa-Staatssekretär, (Under-)Secretary of State for European Affairs, in the ministry. The failure of the negotiations for the United Kingdom to join the European Economic Community prompted his resignation that became effective in late 1963.
He returned to the University of Cologne where he continued to teach until his retirement in 1970. Besides his academic and political activities, he held several business positions like member of the board of the European Investment Bank (EIB) and chairman of the board for the Rheinischen Stahlwerke (Rhenish steel works) in the 1960s and 1970s.
In 1971 he published his memoirs with the title „Auf dem Weg nach Europa“ (On the way towards Europe).
References
1901 births
1978 deaths
Politicians from Essen
Academic staff of the University of Cologne
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Academic staff of the University of Münster
20th-century German economists
State Secretaries of Germany
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20M%C3%BCller-Armack |
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