text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Ngiratkel Etpison (3 May 1925 – 1 August 1997) was a politician and businessman from Palau. Etpison was elected President in 1988 and served from 1989 until 1993, becoming the country’s first elected president to serve a full term in office.
Election
Before the 1988 elections, Etpison was a businessman and governor of Ngatpang State with limited political experience. He also did not speak English.
He was elected the country's president in the 1988 elections, the final elections conducted under a plurality voting system, in which he received just 26% of the votes cast, defeating opponent Roman Tmetuchl by a margin of 31 votes. The near-tie led elections in Palau to be reformed, and after that they were conducted under majority voting, with a second round if no candidate received more than half of all votes cast. He served from 1 January 1989 to 1 January 1993. He ran again in the 1992 elections, but attracted just 2,084 votes compared to rivals Johnson Toribiong with 3,188 votes and Kuniwo Nakamura with 3,125 votes.
Presidency
Ngiratkel Etpison was the first president that survived his entire presidency. (Haruo Remeliik was murdered and Lazarus Salii committed suicide by shooting, both while in office.)
While in office, Etpison proposed a request to the United States of America to grant Palau independence from its 43-year U.N. trusteeship. Because of the Palauan constitutional requirement of achieving a 75% majority vote, the initial proposal was overturned. This proposal would later develop into the Compact of Free Association, an agreement with the United States that would grant independence to the Republic of Palau. The Compact of Free Association was approved by the United States in 1994 under Kuniwo Nakamura after negotiating a 50-year stimulus plan to support Palau's founding of its new Republic in exchange for military assets in land.
Business work
Ngiratkel Etpison founded the NECO group of companies in 1945. He started by using a Japanese scrapped generator to make ice candy, later becoming one of the prominent businessmen of Palau. He started the first tourist and sightseeing business in the 1970s, and in 1984 opened Palau Pacific Resort, Palau's most luxurious beach resort.
He died on Aug 1, 1997 in California, United States. His daughter Mandy T. Etpison managing his museum and she is the current director of the museum.
References
1925 births
1997 deaths
People from Koror
Presidents of Palau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiratkel%20Etpison |
Red Flag is a synthpop act founded in 1984 in San Diego by brothers Chris and Mark Reynolds. After the death of Mark in 2003, Chris has continued as a solo act since 2007 under the name Red Flag.
History
Hailing from Liverpool, England, and after growing up there, the brothers moved to locations such as Montreal and Seattle, following their father's itinerant job. In 1979, the family settled in California, arriving first in Los Angeles. The brothers first started playing electronic music in 1982, when Mark Reynolds bought a Roland Juno-60 synthesizer over a guitar on a trip to a music store. The first song they recorded, "Distant Memories", under the name Shades of May, was discovered and selected for a compilation album by San Diego radio station 91X in 1984, prompting them to move to San Diego. Shades of May subsequently received offers to play live, and the brothers began to study music and computer technology seriously in turn. In this interim, the band also changed its name to Red Flag. Later, the name would frequently be associated with the red flag iconography of the Soviet Union, though the band insisted that it was taken from a warning signal used in surfing.
Later in March 1988, they performed at a party for Resource Record Pool, a record pool based in Southern California, at the Mannikin club in Pacific Beach. There, the band was noticed by Synthicide Records (a subsidiary of Enigma Records) head and producer Jon St. James. After their demo tapes were reviewed the following day, the band recorded their first single, "Broken Heart" (as well as its B-side, "Control") at St. James's recording studio, Formula One, a week later. St. James, best known for his work with singer Stacey Q, co-produced the record with her; she also provided backing vocals and coached Mark on his singing.
"Broken Heart" was released in July 1988; the single was printed on 12" clear red vinyl, and received airplay on both 91X and the influential KROQ-FM. That month also saw the band play at larger venues, such as Videopolis at Disneyland. Their first album, Naïve Art, was released in 1989 under label Enigma. Released at the time of seminal new wave/synthpop group Depeche Mode's greatest success, it drew comparisons as being stylistically similar to that group's recordings, featuring extensive use of synthesizers and dance beats, and vocals that were generally deep and gloomy in mood. Several singles from the album charted highly on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts, such as "Russian Radio" (No. 11) and "If I Ever" (No. 12). Red Flag went on to appear on American Bandstand, and the video for "Russian Radio" was played by MTV's 120 Minutes. Notable producers who worked on Naïve Art include Paul Robb of synthpop band Information Society and Joseph Watt of the remix service Razormaid. Naïve Art remains the only full album Razormaid ever produced.
Red Flag toured frequently, playing at first as opening act to new wave and synthpop artists such as Devo, Thomas Dolby, Book of Love and Real Life.
In 1991, Enigma Records closed, and the duo signed on with I.R.S. Records and released "Machines" in 1992 before leaving the label in 1993. The brothers then founded an independent record label, Plan B Records, from which they have released all their subsequent recordings. Red Flag tracks have appeared on numerous compilations, including several put out by Razormaid.
By 2000 and the release of the highly acclaimed dark album, The Crypt, the brothers were performing with European electropop and futurepop bands like Dance or Die, Melotron, Mesh, T.O.Y., and De/Vision.
On 17 May 2002, Red Flag performed for an audience of nearly one thousand at a concert at the Museum of the Nation in Lima, Peru.
Mark Reynolds died of suicide on 7 April 2003.
In 2007, Chris Reynolds relaunched the band's official website, announcing plans to record a new Red Flag album solo. The new album, titled Born Again, which marked Chris Reynolds' debut as vocalist, captivated fans in the dark industrial and goth genres. Chris Reynolds also revealed plans for a winter 2007 release Christmas-themed album and possibly a "best of" album in the coming year. Red Flag's comeback tour was kicked off by shows in Chicago and included festival performances at Dark Arts Festival 07 and Gothicfest 07 and Gothic Cruise 08. Paul Fredric of Asmodeus X and Phase Theory filled in on electronic percussion.
Music
Naïve Art, Red Flag's first album, was acclaimed by critics as a mixture of classically oriented melodies, driving dance beats and industrial sounding samples and fills.
The 1994 album The Lighthouse stood out as being stylistically unlike any of the band's prior or subsequent recordings, with highly ambient, tranquil melodies.
The 2000 release of the highly acclaimed and dark album, The Crypt, marked a new darker and more industrial style for Red Flag. Though often compared at the time to some of the music hailing from Europe's futurepop movement, Red Flag's music has been characterised by a unique style set apart from any other electronic music; distinguishing Red Flag in terms of melodies, vocals, and an expertly crafted electronic style all their own.
The releases of both Fear of a Red Planet and The Bitter End were harshly criticised by critics in the synthpop genre, who were unaccustomed to and unaccepting of Red Flag's increasingly dark style, lamenting what they considered the gloomy and dark aspects of these albums compared to Red Flag's earlier synthpop works. Only in later years were these two albums noticed anew in the goth and darkwave genres, by both fans and DJs, where they are enjoying a resurgence of interest and airplay. The name Fear of a Red Planet is a nod to Public Enemy's 1990 album Fear of a Black Planet.
Their 2003 release Codebreaker t133 fared only slightly better with synthpop adherents than preceding albums. The uptempo album with all songs set to a beat of 133 per minute was more danceable than some prior Red Flag works but the album failed to catch on.
Red Flag's 2002 remix album, Who are the Skulls?, featured other synthpop artists such as Information Society's Paul Robb, Cosmicity, Provision, and Rob Rowe of Cause & Effect. The concept of the album was to organise a project in answer to the many requests from other remixers to work with the band.
In 2007, Chris Reynolds resumed recording as Red Flag and released the album Born Again to acclaim among the gothic community.
Discography
Albums
Naïve Art (1989)
The Lighthouse (1994)
Caveat Emptor (1998)
The Eagle and Child (2000)
The Crypt (2000)
Fear of a Red Planet (2001)
The Bitter End (2002)
Codebreaker T133 (2002)
Born Again (2007)
Time Is the Reaper (2008)
Remnants (2008)
Nemesis (2010)
Serenity (2012)
Endless (2019)
Remix albums
Naïve Dance (1990)
EP (1996)
Naïve Art – Special Edition (2001)
Who Are the Skulls (2002)
RMXDI (2008)
RMXDII (2009)
ELECTROVOT The :red flag RMXS (2020)
Singles
"Broken Heart" (1988)
"Russian Radio" (1988)
"If I Ever" (1989)
"All Roads Lead to You" (1989)
"Count to Three" (1990)
"Machines" (1992)
"Disarray" (2000)
"The Game" (2000)
"In My Arms Again" (2000)
"Goodbye" (2000)
"Curtains" (2000)
"I See You" (2000)
"Black Christmas" (2000)
"Prelude to a Disc (Montage Fait Accompli)" (2001)
"Fear of a Red Planet" (2001)
"I Am the Wind" (2001)
"Cause & Consequence" (2001)
"On the Highway" (2001)
"So Lie with Me" (2002)
"Lullaby for a Restless Girl" (2002)
"Mathematics of Tears" (2002)
"Halo" (2008)
"Once Past Twice Future" (2008)
"My Door Is Open" (2008)
"Time Is the Reaper" (2008)
"Misery Loves Company" (2008)
"Unleash All Hell" (2009)
"Run" (2009)
Story
"Spider and the Astronaut" (2002)
Megablack series
"Disarray" (2000)
"Machines Limited" (2000)
"The Game" (2000)
"In My Arms Again" (2000)
"Goodbye" (2000)
"Curtains" (2000)
"I See You" (2000)
"Black Christmas" (2000)
"Black Christmas-2001" (2001)
Fear series
"Fear of a Red Planet" (2001)
"I Am the Wind" (2001)
"Cause & Consequence" (2001)
"On the Highway" (2001)
"So Lie with Me" (2002)
"Lullaby for a Restless Girl" (2002)
"Mathematics of Tears" (2002)
Box sets
Megablack (2000)
"Prelude to a Disc"
"Disarray" – CD single
"Machines" Limited Renditions – CD single
"The Game" – CD single
"In My Arms Again" – CD single
"Goodbye" – CD single
"Curtains" – CD single
"I See You" – CD single
"The Eagle and Child" – album
"The Crypt" – album
Fear Series (2002)
Lev.el 01 – "Fear of a Red Planet" – maxi-single
Lev.el 02 – "I Am the Wind" – maxi-single
Lev.el 03 – "Cause & Consequence" – maxi-single
Lev.el 04 – "On the Highway" – maxi-single
Lev.el 05 – "So Lie with Me" – maxi-single
Lev.el 06 – "Lullaby for a Restless Girl" – maxi-single
Lev.el 07 – "Mathematics of Tears" – maxi-single
Lev.el 08 – "Spider and Astronaut" – a story
Lev.el 09 – "Fear of a Red Planet" – album
Lev.el 10 – "The End Is the Beginning" – EP
Notes
References
External links
Lyrics at The First Spanish Depeche Mode Page
Reviews at Synthpop.NET
Red Flag Forever! Forum
English new wave musical groups
British synth-pop new wave groups
Musical groups from Liverpool
English electronic music duos
American industrial music groups
Musical groups from San Diego
Male musical duos
Sibling musical duos
New wave duos
Musical groups established in 1984
Enigma Records artists
I.R.S. Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Flag%20%28band%29 |
Duck Dodgers is an American animated television series developed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone based on the 1953 theatrical animated short film of the same name. It was produced by Warner Bros. Animation from 2003 to 2005. Duck Dodgers is a comic science fiction series, featuring the Looney Tunes characters in metafictional roles, with the character Daffy Duck as the title character. It originally aired on Cartoon Network and later ended on Boomerang.
Concept
Though primarily based around the original Duck Dodgers short (which is set in roughly 2318 AD), the series also takes visual and thematic cues from other Looney Tunes shorts, with other Looney Tunes characters appearing in the series, albeit adapted to fit within the show's universe. For example, Yosemite Sam becomes "K'chutha Sa'am", a parody of Klingons in Star Trek, Elmer Fudd becomes "The Fudd", a parasitic mind-altering alien disease, (a combination of the Flood and the Borg), Wile E. Coyote was a Predator-like alien hunter. Also appearing in the show were Witch Hazel, Count Bloodcount, Goofy Gophers, Nasty Canasta, Taz, Rocky and Mugsy, the Crusher, "Shropshire Slasher", Michigan J. Frog, Ralph Phillips, Egghead Junior, and the unnamed evil scientist who owned Gossamer.
Theme songs
The show's theme song (arranged by the Flaming Lips) is sung by Tom Jones, in a style reminiscent of the theme from the James Bond film Thunderball. Daffy once played a caricature of Jones, who was his singing voice in the second-season episode "Talent Show A Go-Go", singing his signature song, "It's Not Unusual". Dave Mustaine of the thrash metal band Megadeth was featured in the third-season episode "In Space, No One Can Hear You Rock", with the band performing the song "Back in the Day" from their 2004 album The System Has Failed.
Accolades
Duck Dodgers was nominated in 2004 Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Television Production Produced For Children, Music in an Animated Television Production, Production Design in an Animated Television Production, and Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production. It won the Annie award in 2004, for Music in an Animated Television Production, music by Robert J. Kral. It was also nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing – Live Action and Animation and Special Class Animated Program in 2004, and again in 2005. It later won for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program—Joe Alaskey. The series ended production in 2005 after its third season.
Characters
Galactic Protectorate
Duck Dodgers (voiced by Joe Alaskey) – A hapless soul that was accidentally frozen for over three centuries for unknown reasons. He was later revived by Dr. I.Q. Hi in the 24½th century. Dodgers is arrogant, lazy, gullible, and not particularly intelligent. However, throughout the series, he occasionally displays surprisingly high levels of heroism and competence, suggesting that he is not quite as daft as he appears to be, although he usually succeeds through sheer dumb luck and the work of the Eager Young Space Cadet. Though he doesn't show it often, Dodgers cares deeply for his cadet, even though he often demeans and puts him through humiliating situations. He is played by Daffy Duck.
The Eager Young Space Cadet (voiced by Bob Bergen) – Looks up to Dodgers, seeing him as a father-figure in many ways. He is utterly loyal to Dodgers and doesn't doubt a word he says. Despite being much smarter than his so-called hero, he lets him give all the orders. Dodgers cares deeply for his Cadet though he rarely shows it, and often tries to take credit for the Cadet's work. Dodgers relies heavily on the Cadet's assistance and would likely fail most missions without it. The Cadet is also fairly successful as a ladies man, often being the one who gets the girl Dodgers swoons over. He graduated summa cum laude from the Protectorate Academy. The Cadet is played by Porky Pig.
Dr. I.Q. Hi (voiced by Richard McGonagle) – The overweight scientist that revived Dodgers after being frozen for three centuries. Serious and hard-working, he is often irritated and frustrated with Dodgers' incompetent side, and doubts that Dodgers truly was a 21st-century hero. In addition to being a hard-working scientist, he constantly wears gloves that stretch up his arm, ending at his elbow and leaving a gap between his fingertips and the glove's tips (which he did not wear in the 1953 short).
Captain Star Johnson (voiced by John O'Hurley) – Johnson is a rival captain of Dodgers' in the Galactic Protectorate. Gifted with a university education, Johnson has a Flash Gordon-like personality about him, and once took Dodgers to court over his incompetence. Since then, Johnson has been involved in freeing Mars from the military coup by General Z9, and searching for gangsters when Dodgers went missing for a brief period of time. He also played rocketball in college.
Bigfoot (voiced by Michael Patrick McGill) – In "The Six Wazillion Dollar Duck" (a parody of The Six Million Dollar Man), it was revealed that Bigfoot worked for the Protectorate as a Maintenance Supervisor and was also the first (thing) to receive cyborganic implants (Steve Boston was the first man to receive them, but before The Protectorate tested it on someone with a similar anatomy). These implants enhanced his combat abilities, as he is able to hold off several centurions before they bait and trapped him with pie. He is seemingly very uneducated as the only two words he says are "Duck" and "Stereo".
The Martian Empire
Queen Tyr'ahnee (voiced by Tia Carrere) – The ruler of Mars and the main antagonist of the series. Despite being his enemy, she is infatuated with Dodgers and, just like Cadet, believes him to be a true hero. Her outfits are reminiscent of Martian Princesses in the John Carter of Mars book series.
Martian Commander X-2 (voiced by Joe Alaskey) – The confident commander of the Martian military who is Dodgers' archenemy. He is infatuated with the Martian Queen that he serves, and considers Dodgers more of a nuisance than a true enemy. He once essentially created Duck Dodgers by going back in time and making him a hero so as to not be proven wrong by the Queen (the Queen did figure it out and punished him). He is played by Marvin the Martian.
K-9 (voiced by Frank Welker) – Martian Commander X-2's dog.
Centurion Robots (voiced by Michael Dorn) – The faithful robotic servants of the Mars Empire. They appear to be sentient, and make up a large portion of the Imperial Army, while the organic Martians act as officers. This is a homage to the Cylon Centurions of Battlestar Galactica. Dorn's casting may be a nod to his popular sci-fi character Worf from Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Instant Martians – Strange bird-like Martian beings with purple hair. They were used briefly as an escape ploy by Commander X-2. They emerge from minuscule seeds that are activated upon contact with water. They first appeared in the 1958 cartoon Hare-Way to the Stars, in which the Martian Commander ordered them to capture Bugs Bunny.
Episodes
Voice cast
Joe Alaskey – (Daffy Duck as) Duck Dodgers, (Marvin the Martian as) Martian Commander X-2, Beaky Buzzard, Drake Darkstar, Hubie and Bertie, Rocky, Muttley
Bob Bergen – (Porky Pig as) the Eager, Young Space Cadet
Richard McGonagle – Dr. I.Q. Hi
Tia Carrere – Queen Tyr'ahnee
Michael Dorn – Centurion Robots, Captain Long, Klunkin Warrior
John O'Hurley – Captain Star Johnson
Home media
Warner Home Video released Duck Dodgers – The Complete First Season: Dark Side of the Duck to DVD on February 19, 2013, Duck Dodgers – The Complete Second Season: Deep Space Duck on July 23, 2013, and Duck Dodgers - The Complete Third Season on January 28, 2020. Unlike the previous 2 seasons released on DVD the 3rd was released on a DVD-R. The complete series was released on Blu-ray on March 28, 2023. The Blu-ray set also includes the original 1953 short Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century as a bonus feature.
See also
Looney Tunes
Daffy Duck
Duck Dodgers
List of Duck Dodgers characters
References
External links
Duck Dodgers
2003 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American animated television series
2000s American comic science fiction television series
American animated television spin-offs
American children's animated comic science fiction television series
American children's animated space adventure television series
Animated television series about ducks
Animated television series about extraterrestrial life
Animated television series about pigs
Boomerang (TV network) original programming
Cartoon Network original programming
English-language television shows
Television series about impact events
Looney Tunes television series
Television about Bigfoot
Television series by Warner Bros. Animation
Television series set in the 24th century
Television series set in the future
Television series set on fictional planets
Vampires in animated television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20Dodgers%20%28TV%20series%29 |
"Colonel" Ed Fletcher (December 31, 1872 – October 15, 1955) was a real estate developer and U.S. Republican and Democratic politician from San Diego, California.
Early life and career
Fletcher was born 1872 in Littleton, Massachusetts, son of Charles Kimball Fletcher. His family moved to Worcester and Boston, where he attended school. In 1888 Fletcher, age 15, came to San Diego alone, and with $6.10 in his pocket began selling produce.
He was a born salesman and soon had his own business with a partner. In 1901, he entered the real estate business as a land agent, and started a partnership in 1908 with William J. Gross, silent film actor and producer. That partnership developed Grossmont, Mt. Helix, and Del Mar. Fletcher donated land on Mt. Helix where Easter Sunrise services are held. With George Marston, he developed Pine Hills.
In 1907, Fletcher was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the California National Guard, which earned him the title "Colonel", which stuck for the remainder of his life. Fletcher became interested in road building and saw to it many road projects were completed. With Fred Jackson, Fletcher raised civic interest to building a road to Imperial Valley, thence a plank road across the desert to Yuma, Arizona.
Fletcher was later active in having state and U.S. highways built to San Diego.
Fletcher also took an interest in developing projects delivering water to San Diego, including creating Lake Hodges. Fletcher and Montana businessman James A. Murray purchased the San Diego Flume Company on June 1, 1910, renaming it the Cuyamaca Water Company. Fletcher and Murray owned and operated the company for 15 years, making or planning improvements to the water system of San Diego County including the construction of the San Vicente Dam and Reservoir, among others. Fletcher was a director of the Panama-California Exposition (1915) and California Pacific International Exposition (1935). After the 1915 Expo, he raised funds to save the well-received temporary buildings from destruction. He also raised funds to buy land for the Naval Training Station in San Diego, and for building the YMCA.
In 1919, Fletcher was elected the first president of the Dixie Overland Highway Association. In 1923, Fletcher presided over a ceremony full of fanfare dedicating a commemorative highway milestone honoring Robert E. Lee at Horton Plaza Park in downtown San Diego. The monument marked the arrival of the Robert E. Lee Highway at the Pacific Coast. President Calvin Coolidge was reported to have pushed a button in the White House that triggered a gong at the ceremony.
Political career
In 1934 Fletcher was elected to the California State Senate, and served until 1947. Sometime while in the Senate, he switched his party affiliation from Republican to Democratic. He authored laws creating the San Diego County Water Authority and transferring ownership of Mission Bay to the city. While in the Senate he was able to acquire for San Diego a heroic statue of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, donated to the state in 1939 by the government of Portugal and claimed by both San Diego and Oakland. Fletcher personally "kidnapped" the statue from its storage in a garage at a private residence in Oakland; the statue is now on display at Cabrillo National Monument.
Personal life
Fletcher married Mary C. Batchelder April 8, 1896 at Ayer, Massachusetts. They had ten children, including Charles K. Fletcher, who would become a Congressman in 1947 and served until 1949. Fletcher died in 1955 in San Diego.
Recognition
Ed Fletcher's legacy includes a number of landmarks in the San Diego area. These include:
Fletcher Parkway in La Mesa,
Fletcher Hills in El Cajon
Fletcher Chimes of Hardy Memorial Tower at San Diego State University
Fletcher Cove in Solana Beach
Fletcher Point on the southern shore of Lake Hodges
Colonel Fletcher Building
The Fletcher Building, located at Sixth and Broadway in San Diego, housed the Barnett-Stine department store and later the Owl Drug Company, was built by Fletcher in 1906 along with Frank Salmans, and designed by Edward Quayle. it was being remodeled by Champion Development Group.
References
, vol. 1, pp. 346–350: "Roads, by Ed Fletcher"; and vol. 2, pp. 128–132: "Ed Fletcher", includes portrait.
Biography. Also has biography of his wife.
, pp. 27–47: "A Colony for Artists: 1902-1917"; photos.
Notes
External links
Biography (San Diego Historical Society). Based on Heilbron's biography (above)
Ed Fletcher Papers MSS 81. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.
Join California Edward Fletcher
California state senators
Politicians from San Diego
1872 births
1955 deaths
Businesspeople from San Diego
California Republicans
California Democrats
People from Littleton, Massachusetts
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Fletcher |
Lester Harrison may refer to:
Les Harrison (basketball)
Lester Harrison (serial killer)
See also
Les Harrison (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester%20Harrison |
The House of Tomorrow EP is the third major release by The Magnetic Fields, and the first with Stephin Merritt as the main vocalist. Merge Records reissued it in 1996. The EP's five songs are built on both musical and vocal repetition, so much so that the sleeve reads "five loop songs" as a pun on "five love songs".
Track listing
Personnel
Stephin Merritt - guitar and vocals
Claudia Gonson - drums and vocals
Sam Davol - cello
Additional personnel
Phylene Amuso – bass guitar
Nell Beram - guitar
References
1992 debut EPs
The Magnetic Fields albums
Merge Records EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20House%20of%20Tomorrow%20%28album%29 |
Sabena Flight 571 was a scheduled passenger flight from Brussels to Lod via Vienna operated by the Belgian national airline, Sabena. On 8 May 1972 a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft operating that service, captained by British pilot Reginald Levy, DFC, was hijacked by four members of the Black September Organization, a Palestinian terrorist group. Following their instructions, Captain Levy landed the plane at Lod Airport (later Ben Gurion International Airport). The hijackers demanded that Israel release Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the hostages. The standoff was ended by an Israeli commando raid in which all of the hijackers were killed or captured.
Hijacking
The attack, planned by Ali Hassan Salameh, was carried out by a group of two men and two women who pretended to be two couples: the group's leader Ali Taha Abu Snina, plus Abed al-Aziz Atrash, Rima Tannous and Theresa Halsa. They were armed with two handguns, two hand grenades and two belts of explosives. Twenty minutes out of Vienna, the hijackers entered the cockpit. "As you can see," Captain Levy told the 90 passengers, "we have friends aboard." He concealed from the hijackers that his wife was a passenger on the plane, traveling with him to celebrate his birthday in Tel Aviv.
Soon after taking command, the hijackers separated the Jewish hostages from the others and sent them to the back of the aircraft. When the plane had landed, the hijackers demanded the release of 315 convicted Palestinian terrorists imprisoned in Israel, and threatened to blow up the airplane with its passengers. Captain Levy managed to send the Israelis a coded message requesting help. Defense Minister Moshe Dayan and Transport Minister Shimon Peres, who would become Prime Minister and later President of Israel, conducted negotiations with the hijackers while preparing a rescue operation, code-named "Operation Isotope." Captain Levy said he talked to the hijackers about everything "from navigation to sex" while the passengers and crew waited to be rescued.
On 9 May 1972 at 4:00 p.m. the rescue operation began: a team of 16 Sayeret Matkal commandos, led by Ehud Barak and including Benjamin Netanyahu, both future Israeli Prime Ministers, approached the aircraft disguised as aircraft technicians in white coveralls. Having immobilized it during the preceding night by deflating some of the landing gear tires, they convinced the hijackers that its hydraulic system needed repair. They then stormed the aircraft, killing both male hijackers within two minutes. They also captured the two female hijackers and rescued all 90 remaining passengers. Three passengers were wounded in the exchange of fire, one of whom later died of her injuries. Netanyahu was also wounded during the rescue when another commando, Marko Ashkenazi, accidentally discharged his gun as he used it to hit Theresa Halsa. The bullet passed through her and penetrated Netanyahu's bicep.
Aftermath
Halsa and Rima Tannous were eventually sentenced to life imprisonment—Halsa for 220 years. They were freed in November 1983, in a prisoner exchange after the 1982 Lebanon War.
Sabena continued to operate the aircraft for another five years, until it was purchased by Israel Aircraft Industries. It was eventually sold to the Israeli Air Force, and served as a spy plane for many years, participating in most of the Air Force's long-range operations.
Captain Levy, a Royal Air Force veteran who took part in strategic bombing missions over Germany during World War II and also in the Berlin airlift, had joined Sabena in 1952. He retired in 1982 and died of a heart attack, at a hospital near his home in Dover on 1 August 2010. The hijacking took place on his 50th birthday.
In media
From Night Flak to Hijack: It's a Small World, autobiography by Captain Reginald Levy DFC.
Sabena Hijacking: My Version, Israeli docudrama depicting the hijacking and rescue, in which three Prime Ministers of Israel were involved.
References
External links
Israeli Special Forces History
1970s in Tel Aviv
1972 murders in Israel
1972 in Belgium
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707
Aircraft hijackings
Attacks on aircraft by Palestinian militant groups
Sabena
Aviation accidents and incidents in Israel
Counterterrorism in Israel
Hostage taking in Israel
May 1972 events in Asia
Sabena
Sabena
Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe
Sabena accidents and incidents
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1972
Terrorist incidents in Israel in the 1970s
Terrorist incidents in Tel Aviv
Black September Organization attacks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena%20Flight%20571 |
Sandra Sumang Pierantozzi (born 9 August 1953 in Koror) is a Palauan politician. She served as the country's Vice-President from 19 January 2001 to 1 January 2005. Pierantozzi was defeated by Camsek Chin in the 2 November 2004 vice-presidential election, winning only 28.9% of the vote.
Biographical details
Pierantozzi was born in Palau and holds degrees from San Diego State University, the University of Hawaii and Union College in Lincoln, Nebraska.
She was elected a Senator from 1996-2001 and during that time she was the floor leader. In the 2000 vice-presidential elections, she was elected Vice President of Palau. She held this position from January 2001 January 2005.
Pierantozzi also served in a number of appointed ministerial posts. From 1992 to 1993, she was Minister of Administration. Again from 2001 to 2002 , she was Minister of Finance of Palau. From 2001 to 2005, she was Minister of Health. And from 2009 to 2010 she was Minister of State, in charge of foreign and domestic affairs and international trade.
She served as Senator for the last 6 months of the vacant seat left by the late Senator Katharine Kesolei, who died in October 2015. The special election in which Sandra Pierantozzi won was held in December 2015.
She serves as honorary consul of the Czech Republic in Palau.
References
1953 births
Living people
Vice presidents of Palau
Female foreign ministers
Finance ministers of Palau
Health ministers of Palau
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
San Diego State University alumni
Union College (Nebraska) alumni
Members of the Senate of Palau
Women government ministers of Palau
People from Koror
21st-century Palauan politicians
Female finance ministers
Female interior ministers
Foreign Ministers of Palau
Palauan women diplomats
Women vice presidents
21st-century Palauan women politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Pierantozzi |
Rivoli's hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens), also known as the magnificent hummingbird, is a species of hummingbird in the "mountain gems", tribe Lampornithini in subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the United States.
Taxonomy and systematics
Eugenes fulgens was originally described as the magnificent hummingbird, and by the late 1800s was treated as having two subspecies. Beginning in 2017 the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (NACC), the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy split them into the current Rivoli's hummingbird and the Talamanca hummingbird (E. spectabilis). However, as of 2020, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains the single species "magnificent" hummingbird treatment.
Rivoli's hummingbird is monotypic.
Description
Rivoli's hummingbird is about long and weighs about , with males typically a little larger than females. It has a wingspan of . Of the hummingbirds found in the United States, Rivoli's hummingbird is one of the two largest species, rivaled in size only by the blue-throated hummingbird. The black bill is long and straight to slightly decurved. Both sexes look very dark unless the sun catches the iridescence of the plumage and the brilliant colors flash in the sunlight. During much of the year the species is in the "definitive basic" breeding plumage described below. It has a protracted molt between that plumage and the duller non-breeding appearance. There are some minor clinal variations in bill length and the color of the vent area.
The adult male is green-bronze dorsally, becoming more bronzed on the black-tipped tail. The crown is violet, the throat gorget bright blue-green, and the rest of the head black apart from a white spot behind the eye. The chest is green-bronze and the belly grayish. The female is bronze-green dorsally and has a dull gray ventral coloring. There is a white stripe behind her eye. Immature birds are like the female, but darker and browner.
Distribution and habitat
Rivoli's hummingbird breeds in mountains from the southwestern United States to Honduras and Nicaragua. It inhabits the interior, edges, and clearings of pine-oak forest and cloudforest from about up to the timberline as well as more open secondary forest and some grasslands. It regularly comes to bird feeders.
Behavior
Movement
Rivoli's hummingbird is migratory in part of its range. It is a year-round resident from north-central Mexico south to northern Nicaragua. It nests but does not overwinter in southeastern Arizona, possibly in southwestern New Mexico, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and possibly others. There are summer records in the Chisos Mountains of Texas but breeding has not been confirmed there.
Interspecific interaction
Throughout its range Rivoli's hummingbird is subordinate to the larger blue-throated hummingbird. Rivoli's coexists with many other hummingbird species including black-chinned (Archilocus alexandri) and broad-tailed (Selasphorus platycercus). In Mexico they tend to dominate smaller hummingbirds such as amethyst-throated (Lampornis amethystinus), berylline (Saucerottia beryllina), and bumblebee (Atthis heloisa).
Feeding
Rivoli's hummingbird feeds on nectar from a wide variety of flowering plants whose composition varies by season, elevation, and latitude. In parts of Mexico at least, males defend feeding territories. It also feeds on small insects, which apparently make a larger part of its diet than the diets of other North American hummingbirds. It captures them in mid-air or by gleaning from vegetation while hovering.
Breeding
The Rivoli's hummingbird breeding season spans from May to July in the U.S and is possibly year-round in El Salvador. It has not been defined elsewhere. It builds an open cup nest of soft feathers and moss bound with spider silk and covered with lichen. The cup's interior is about deep and wide. They are typically placed on a horizontal branch or in a fork, often in maples and sycamores, and often over streams. They are usually at least above the ground. The female alone incubates the clutch of two white eggs; the period is not known but is probably 15 to 19 days like that of many other hummingbirds. The time to fledging appears to be about 25 days.
Vocalization
What might be Rivoli's hummingbird song is "a loud or high-pitched, sharp tchik or tcheep." Another possible song is "a short chatter of notes that rise and fall". Males give single or a string of chip notes both while perched and in flight. During aggressive actions or alarm, the species gives a very rapid sequence of chip notes.
Status
The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so treats Rivoli's and Talamanca hummingbirds as a single species assessed as being of Least Concern. As a whole it has a large range and an apparently stable population, though the population size is not known. Forest fires are a potential threat in the U.S. because Rivoli's is found only in higher isolated mountain ranges. "Habitat destruction in southern Mexico and Central America may have a longer-lasting impact on populations".
References
External links
Eugenes
Birds of Mexico
Birds of the United States
Native birds of the Southwestern United States
Birds of Guatemala
Birds of Honduras
Hummingbird species of Central America
Birds described in 1827
Birds of the Sierra Madre Occidental
Taxa named by William John Swainson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoli%27s%20hummingbird |
In archaeology, seriation is a relative dating method in which assemblages or artifacts from numerous sites in the same culture are placed in chronological order. Where absolute dating methods, such as radio carbon, cannot be applied, archaeologists have to use relative dating methods to date archaeological finds and features. Seriation is a standard method of dating in archaeology. It can be used to date stone tools, pottery fragments, and other artifacts. In Europe, it has been used frequently to reconstruct the chronological sequence of graves in a cemetery (e.g. Jørgensen 1992; Müssemeier, Nieveler et al. 2003).
Contextual and frequency seriation
Two different variants of seriation have been applied: contextual seriation and frequency seriation (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, pp. 116–117). Whereas contextual seriation is based on the presence or absence of a design style, frequency seriation relies on measuring the proportional abundance or frequency of a design style. Contextual seriation is often used for reconstructing the chronological sequence of graves as only the presence or absence of a design style or type is important. Frequency seriation is applied in cases of large quantities of objects belonging to the same style. An example of this being assemblages of pottery shards that include roughly the same range of types, though in different proportions.
History
Flinders Petrie excavated at Diospolis Parva in Egypt in the late nineteenth century. He found that the graves he was uncovering contained no evidence of their dates and their discrete nature meant that a sequence could not be constructed through their stratigraphy.
Petrie listed the contents of each grave on a strip of cardboard and swapped the papers around until he arrived at a sequence he was satisfied with. He reasoned that the most accurate sequence would be the one where concentrations of certain design styles had the shortest duration across the sequence of papers (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, p. 116; Kendall 1971, p. 215; Shennan 1997, p. 341). Whereas Petrie is considered the inventor of contextual seriation, Brainerd (1951) and Robinson (1951) were the first to address the problem of frequency seriation (Shennan 1997, p. 342).
The model
Description of the model
The assumption that design styles follow a bell curve of popularity – starting slowly, growing to a peak and then dying away as another style becomes popular – provides the basis for frequency seriation. It also assumes that design popularity will be broadly similar from site to site within the same culture. In addition, it is vital that the lifespans of the different design styles overlap. Following these rules, an assemblage of objects can be placed into sequence so that sites with the most similar proportions of certain styles are always together (Lock 2003, p. 125).
Pitfalls
The task of identifying design styles i.e. to form groups of objects belonging to the same design style is by no means trivial. Creating a typology frequently is the basis of a seriation. Errors in typology result in errors in seriation: For example, if a certain design style had two peaks in popularity (bimodal distribution), this design style is not appropriate for seriation and its inclusion in the analysis may result in strange results.
Some design styles were used for a very long time as the shape constructed was handy and no improvement or ornament was added. Of course, these design styles are not eligible for chronological seriation. For example, knives in early medieval times in Europe are said to show no chronological variation.
In addition to temporal organization, seriation results may reflect assemblage differences in social status, age, sex or those resulting from regional variation (or a combination of two or more of these factors). Shennan (1997, p. 343) presents a seriation result of Danish hoards based on artefact types like daggers, axes, and swords. The result is not a chronological sequence due to the selection of types, the ordering seems to start with extremely male hoards and ends with extremely female ones.
Three conditions for chronological seriation
Doran and Hodson (1975, p. 269) list three conditions that must be satisfied to obtain a chronological seriation result:
Regional variation must be kept to a minimum, i.e. assemblages must best be drawn from one locality.
The objects analyzed must all come from a single cultural tradition.
The traits or attributes included in the seriation must depend on cultural aspects (rather than on function).
Statistical methods
Development of seriation methods
Nowadays, seriation results are no longer produced manually as in Petrie's times but by appropriate algorithms. Though according to David George Kendall (1971), Petrie's paper showed already a deep understanding of the mathematics of the seriation problem (Quote: "..in my view Petrie should be ranked with the greatest applied mathematicians of the nineteenth century"). In Baxter's (2003, p. 8) list of landmarks of statistics in archaeology the paper of Robinson (1951) is the first entry. Robinson based his frequency seriation method on a similarity matrix. In 1971, Kendall proposed the use of multidimensional scaling techniques for seriation problems, and this approach has also been used by some other scientists (see Baxter 2003, pp. 202–203). Baxter also presents a review of statistical methods for seriation and a description of these approaches (pp. 202–207). In 1975, Doran and Hodson (pp. 269–281) summarized the state of the art of seriation methods thoroughly, giving detailed descriptions of Kendall's and Robinson's approaches.
Correspondence analysis for seriation purposes
Today, the most popular seriation method both for contextual and frequency problems is based on correspondence analysis. The sequence of the first axis of a correspondence analysis is considered the best seriation order (Shennan 1997, p. 342; Lock 2003, p. 127; Jensen & Høilund Nielsen 1997). Using this technique, not only the sequence of the objects but also those of the design styles is established. Note that external evidence is needed to establish the direction of the sequence calculated, i.e. the method does not tell whether the first object in the sequence is the oldest or the youngest object.
Kendall (1971) applied multidimensional scaling to the cemetery data of Münsingen. The resulting scatterplot showed the form of a horse-shoe where the graves were arranged on the curve according to their chronological order. Similarly, a mapping of the component scores for the first two axes of the correspondence analysis result will display a parabola if the design styles considered are controlled by one factor only (like chronology). This is called the arch effect by Hill and Gauch (1980). Both Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (1997) created artificial data sets to show that the parabola results in ideal circumstances. Therefore, it is recommended inspecting the scatterplot of the first two axes of correspondence analysis to find out if other factors play a role as well (see Examples 2 and 3).
If more than one factor is important, the arch effect may distort the results. Hill and Gauch (1980) presented a method to remove this effect.
In 2003, Groenen and Poblome adapted the correspondence analysis algorithm to combine seriation with absolute dates and stratigraphic relationships.
Examples
Example 1: Small contextual seriation
The small example below was inspired by Flinders Petrie's serial ordering of Egyptian pottery as published by Renfrew and Bahn (1996, p. 117).
The raw data are stored in an unsorted binary contingency table indicating which design style can be found in which context by a star symbol. For example, consider the first column: context 3 contains the design styles blackrim, bottle, and handle. A beaker is contained in contexts 1 and 2. Contextual seriation sorts the design styles and the contexts in such a way that the star symbols are found as close as possible to the diagonal of the table. Of course, for a small examples like this, no computer programs are needed to find the best ordering, but for larger data sets like the 900 graves studied by Petrie they are extremely helpful.
Example 2: Simulated data, seriation and correspondence analysis
The data presented in this example was simulated by WinBasp. Initially 60 contexts (called units in WinBasp) were created along with 50 types. The contexts were labeled in chronological order by numbers 01 to 60, the types are labeled in the form T00001 to T00050. If a type is represented by one object only this object is not relevant for the chronological sequence as it does not provide a link to another context. Similarly, contexts containing one object only are irrelevant for seriation. Therefore, the contexts with one or no object and types represented by one object or not at all were eliminated. The resulting raw simulated data consisting of 43 contexts and 34 types are shown on the left. As expected, the dots indicating the occurrence of a type in a context are close to the diagonal of the table.
The image on the right hand side shows the result of the seriation for this data set. Note that the dots are even more compact along the diagonal of the table compared to the raw data. This shows a minor problem of seriation: In fact, the intervals of production may be somewhat longer than those calculated by the algorithm. In general, the sequences of contexts and types calculated by a seriation algorithm are not the correct chronological sequences but they are fairly close.
The image above shows the scatterplot with the typical parabola shape of the first two axes of a correspondence analysis for the contexts of the simulated data set.
Example 3: Ideal data, seriation and correspondence analysis
The contingency table shows 29 contexts with ideal seriation data as created by Kendall and Jensen & Høilund Nielsen (see above). With each new context a new type appears and another type disappears. For this regular data, it seems reasonable to assume constant time intervals for contexts adjacent in time.
The correspondence analysis results shown in the figures below were calculated on the basis of 49 contexts with ideal seriation data. The scatterplot of the first two correspondence analysis axes shows the typical parabola shape. The display of the scores on the first and the third axes exhibits points lying on a third degree polynomial curve. Similarly, the plot of the scores on the first and the fourth axes will show a fourth degree polynomial for ideal data – and so on.
Note that the distances of the scores for adjacent contexts on the first axis vary: At the beginning and the end, the distances are extremely small, the largest distances in the centre is about 30 times as large as the smallest distance. Hill and Gauch (1979) created a similar contingency table with a regular structure with each context containing six types. They note, too, that the within-context distances are smaller at the ends than in the middle. This was one of the reasons why they proposed an adjustment which is called detrended correspondence analysis.
Nevertheless, some archaeologists think that a linear transformation of the scores on the first axis on the basis of some known absolute dates will create good estimates for the unknown absolute dates, and this approach is the basis of the method presented by Groenen and Poblome (see above) to combine relative and absolute dates. This ideal example shows that a linear transformation might not be appropriate in all cases, though a simulation study by van de Velden, Groenen and Poblome comes to the conclusion that the predictions of the approach are quite good.
Archaeological sequence
The archaeological sequence (or sequence) for short, on a specific archaeological site can be defined on two levels of rigour.
Normally it is adequate to equate it to archaeological record. However, the two terms are not exactly interchangeable. The term 'Archaeological record' is broader in its meaning and can be applied to artifacts and other evidence such as Biofacts and Manuports as well as to the stratigraphy of a site. Also, the terms Archaeological sequence and Archaeological stratigraphy are closely related and somewhat interchangeable. These colloquial uses of the term are normal in conversation but:
The term 'sequence' when narrowly defined, and used in a serious piece of writing, refers to the stratigraphy of a given site or any discrete part of the archaeological record as revealed by stratification. It is a succession of Archaeological contexts, such that the relationships between them create the sequence chronologically by virtue of their stratigraphic relationships. In other words, the events causing the stratigraphic contexts to be deposited happened one after another, in an order which can be determined from study of the several contexts. It is this sequence of events which is the archaeological sequence.
See also
Archaeological context
Excavation
Harris matrix
Ordination (statistics) – same objective as seriation in archaeology, but mainly used in ecology
Reverse stratigraphy
Sequence – Stratigraphy of the archaeological record, used as part of the 'seriation' method of relative dating
Notes
References
Baxter, M. (2003). Statistics in Archaeology. London: Arnold. .
Fagan, B. (2005). Ancient North America. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
Janssen, U.: Die frühbronzezeitlichen Gräberfelder von Halawa, Shamseddin, Djerniye, Tawi und Wreide am Mittleren Euphrat. Versuch einer Datierung und Deutung sozialer Strukturen anhand multivariater statistischer Verfahren (Korrespondenzanalyse und Seriation). Ugarit Forschungen 34, Münster 2002.
Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (1997). Burial Data and Correspondence Analysis. In Jensen, C.K. and K. Høilund Nielsen (eds.) Burial and Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Burial Data. Aarhus University Press, pp. 29–61. .
Kendall, D.G. (1971). "Seriation from abundance matrices". In Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences. Edited by F. R. Hodson, D. G. Kendall, and P. Tautu, pp. 215–252. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. .
Lock, G. (2003). Using Computers in Archaeology: towards virtual pasts. London: Routledge. .
O'Brien, Michael J. and R. Lee Lyman (1999). Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils: The Backbone of Archaeological Dating. New York: Plenum Press. .
Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P. (1996). Archaeology. Theories, Methods, and Practice. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. .
Siegmund, F. (2015). How to perform a correspondence analysis. A short guide to archaeological practice. Charleston SC: CreateSpace. 2015. .
External links
WINBASP – Seriation program (Windows)
CAPCA – Excel based seriation program (Windows)
R-package seriation (Windows/Linux/OS X)
PAST 3.x A free software by Øyvind Hammer (Oslo), which calculates a correspondence analysis, a detrended CA, or a canonical CA.
Step by step introduction to frequency seriation
Archaeological terminology
Methods in archaeology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriation%20%28archaeology%29 |
Eugenes is usually considered a monotypic genus with its sole member the magnificent hummingbird (E. fulgens).
Species
The genus contains two species:
References
External links
Bird genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenes |
The term seriation [mise en série] was proposed for use in semiotics by Jean Molino and derived from classical philology. Seriation "invokes the idea that any investigator, in order to assign some plausible meaning to a given phenomenon, must interpret it within a series of comparable phenomena." One cannot interpret what philology calls a hapax; that is, an isolated phenomenon. Art historian Erwin Panofsky has explained the situation in very clear terms:
'Whether we deal with historical or natural phenomena, the individual observation of phenomena assumes the character of a 'fact' only when it can be related to other, analogous observations in such a way that the whole series 'makes sense.' This 'sense' is, therefore, fully capable of being applied, as a control, to the interpretation of a new individual observation within the same range of phenomena. If, however, this new individual observation definitely refuses to be interpreted according to the 'sense' of the series, and if an error proves to be impossible, the 'sense' of the series will have to be reformulated to include the new individual observation' (1955, p. 35)" (1990, pp. 230–231).
A seriation is determined by the plot.
Sources
Molino, Jean (1974). Cited in Nattiez (1990).
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music (Musicologie générale et sémiologue, 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1990). .
Panofsky, Erwin (1955). Cited in Nattiez (1990).
Semiotics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seriation%20%28semiotics%29 |
Prakash Puram (born 1954) is the former President and CEO of the former small business iXmatch, and a former member of former President Bush's Export Council.
Biography
Education
He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Loyola College, Chennai, India; a Business Management diploma from Xavier Labour Relations Institute, Jamshedpur, India; an MBA from the University of Minnesota; and a Master of Public Administration from Harvard University. Prakash serves on the advisory board of the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
Career
Puram has had leadership and product management roles at Net Perceptions, Honeywell, IBM, Pillsbury, and Unilever.
On September 22, 2006 U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Puram to be a member of the President's Export Council. Following a breakfast with Federal Reserve Bank Chairman Alan Greenspan, Puram and other new members were sworn-in on December 6, 2005 by U.S. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez who administered the oath of Office. White House Chief of Staff, Andrew H. Card, Jr., attended the swearing-in ceremony, representing the President.
References
External links
http://www.ixmatch.com/board.html
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050922-3.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/privsectormems.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/tpandnsub.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/index.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/12605Agenda.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/executivebranchmems.html
http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/23310&EDATE=
http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011120070401/http://www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/l2l/fall2000/austin.html
http://www.ixmatch.com/prakash_appointment_PEC.html
http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/pec/12605transcript.html
1955 births
Carlson School of Management alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Indian emigrants to the United States
Living people
American people of Indian descent
XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash%20Puram |
Israel Gay Youth (IGY) (, Irgun Noar Ge'eh, lit. "Proud Youth Organization"; , Igy, "IGY") was founded in 2001 in Israel as a non-profit NGO, branching off from the Israeli Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Association.
Overview
Israel Gay Youth (IGY) is a voluntary Israeli NGO for lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, pansexual, queer, and transgender youth, as well as young people questioning their sexual orientation and their gender identity. IGY provides a social framework for youth to meet and advocates for LGBT youth in Israel. The organization operates in 22 cities and towns in Israel for over 1,500 youth annually. Additional programs include a youth club in Tel Aviv, leadership programs, topic groups (such as groups for HIV positive youth) and Nir Program, named after Nir Katz, a victim of the shooting at the Bar Noar LGBT youth club in 2009. The organization is recognized and supported by the local Ministry of Education.
History
Social activities for youth were held by the National Association of GLBT in Israel ("The Aguda") during the 1990s. In 2001, IGY was established within the Aguda by Yaniv Waizmann, operating at first mostly in Tel Aviv and nearby cities. The organization became independent in 2004 by Yaniv Waizmann and Gal Uchovsky. In the coming years, IGY increased activity and expanded its geographical range, including to peripheral cities and towns in the south and north of the country. In 2010, the Ministry of Education recognized volunteer work in the organization as part of the mandatory volunteer hours in Israeli high schools.
Today, Waizmann functions as IGY's chairperson. Additional leaders include Gal Uchovsky, and Avner Dafni who serves as executive director. Offices are located in the Gay Community Center in Tel Aviv. The organization is one of the largest in the local LGBT community, collaborating extensively with Tehila, and organization of parents and friends of LGBT, and Hoshen (Israeli GLSEN), the community's education center.
List of cities and towns
The organization is active in Kiryat Shmona, Karmiel, Haifa, HaKrayot, Jezreel Valley, Afula, Hadera, Kfar Saba, Netanya, Herzliya, Hod HaSharon, Petah Tikva, Rosh HaAyin, Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, Kiryat Ono, Holon, Bat Yam, Rishon LeZion, Rehovot, Ramla-Lod, Modi'in, Ashdod, Ashkelon, Kiryat Gat, Be'er Sheva and Eilat.
Additional groups include "IGY stars" a drama class (now inactive), Religious groups in collaboration with Hevruta and Bat-Kol; "IGY Ambassadors", an educational group in collaboration with Hoshen; HIV-positive group and a youth club which operates in the Israeli Gay Community Center. Additional collaborations include the youth groups of Jerusalem House for Pride and Tolerance.
See also
2009 Tel Aviv gay centre shooting
Tehila
References
External links
Israel Gay Youth (IGY) – website
LGBT youth organizations based in Israel
Organizations established in 2002
LGBT organizations in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Gay%20Youth |
Silk Degrees is the seventh solo album by Boz Scaggs, released on Columbia Records in February 1976. The album peaked at No. 2 and spent 115 weeks on the Billboard 200. It has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA and remains Scaggs's best selling album.
Silk Degrees spawned four singles. "It's Over" (No. 38), "Lowdown" (No. 3) and "Lido Shuffle" (No. 11) made the Top 40, while "What Can I Say" peaked at No. 42.
The front cover photograph was by Moshe Brakha of Scaggs at Casino Point, Avalon, California.
Background
The album was recorded at Davlen Sound Studios and Hollywood Sound Recorders in Los Angeles. Among the accompanying musicians, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, and David Hungate became members of Toto, while Fred Tackett became a member of Little Feat. The album marked Scaggs's commercial zenith, a mix of pop rock ("Jump Street" and "Lido Shuffle"), soul ("What Can I Say" and "Lowdown"), and ballads ("Harbor Lights" and "We're All Alone", which became a hit for Rita Coolidge). Scaggs wrote "Jump Street" 10 minutes before recording it, only having a rough idea of the lyrics. He stated he'd scream out words that "worked phonetically".
Release and reception
"Lowdown" reached the top 5 on the club play, black, disco, and pop charts and also did respectably on the AC chart, with its peak at number 3 on the pop chart. The song is an airplay staple to this day, particularly on AC, oldies, and smooth jazz radio stations. "It's Over", "What Can I Say", and "Lido Shuffle" reached numbers 38, 42 and 11, respectively, on the pop chart. At the Grammy Awards of 1977, "Lowdown" won the Grammy for Best R&B Song. Scaggs also received nominations for Album of the Year, Best LP Package, Best Pop Vocal by a Male, and Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Male for "Lowdown" and Joe Wissert received a nomination for Producer of the Year.
Reviewing for The Village Voice in 1976, Robert Christgau praised the album as "white soul with a sense of humor that isn't consumed in self-parody." Alex Henderson of music database website AllMusic wrote that Scaggs "hit the R&B charts in a big way with the addictive, sly 'Lowdown' [...] and expressed his love of smooth soul music almost as well on the appealing 'What Can I Say'", nonetheless noting that "Scaggs was essentially a pop/rocker, and in that area he has a considerable amount of fun". Henderson found that while the more adult contemporary-leaning ballads are less remarkable, they "have more heart than most of the bland material dominating that format."
On February 27, 2007, Silk Degrees was reissued by Legacy Records with three bonus tracks recorded live at the Greek Theatre on August 15, 1976.
Track listing
Side one
Side two
2007 bonus tracks
Personnel
Boz Scaggs – guitar, lead vocals, backing vocals (4, 7, 8)
Fred Tackett – guitar
Les Dudek – slide guitar (3)
Louis Shelton – guitar, slide guitar (8), acoustic guitar (10)
David Paich – arrangements, acoustic piano (1-4, 7-10), Hohner clavinet (2), Fender Rhodes (5-8), Moog synthesizer (5, 6, 9), ARP synthesizer (6), Minimoog (6, 8, 9), Hammond organ (6, 9), Wurlitzer electric piano (7, 8), harpsichord (7)
David Hungate – bass
Jeff Porcaro – drums, percussion (4), timbales (8)
Joe Porcaro – percussion (1, 3)
Plas Johnson – tenor saxophone solo (1), saxophone (8)
Jim Horn – tenor saxophone (4)
Bud Shank – saxophone (8)
Chuck Findley – flugelhorn solo (5)
Sid Sharp – string conductor and concertmaster
Horns – Vincent DeRosa, Jim Horn, Paul Hubinon, Dick Hyde, Plas Johnson, Tom Scott and Bud Shank
Backing vocals – Jim Gilstrap (1, 6), Maxine Green (4, 7, 8), Augie Johnson (1, 6), Marty McCall (1, 6), Pepper Swenson (4), Carolyn Willis (1, 6)
Production personnel
Joe Wissert – production
Tom Perry – engineering
Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab (Los Angeles, CA).
Ron Caro – design
Nancy Donald – design
Moshe Brakha – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
"Silk Degrees" at discogs
1976 albums
Albums produced by Joe Wissert
Boz Scaggs albums
Columbia Records albums
Rhythm and blues albums by American artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk%20Degrees |
Ghost Stories is a punk rock album by the Chicago, Illinois band The Lawrence Arms, released in 2000 by Asian Man Records. It was the band's second full-length album. With this release the band moved away from the political nature of some of their previous songs in favor of more introspective lyrics. Also, while singer/bassist Brendan Kelly had handled the majority of lead vocals on their previous album A Guided Tour of Chicago, on this album he and singer/guitarist Chris McCaughan split vocal duties almost equally. This singing style would continue throughout their next several albums, and eventually the two would begin to share lead vocals in an almost duet style on Oh Calcutta! It also features the only Lawrence Arms song written and sung by drummer Neil Hennessy, "106 South". The album was recorded at Scientific Studios in December 1999 by Mike Giampa. All of the drums were triggered, and the bass was recorded through a SansAmp. Accompanied by a heavily distorted guitar, this resulted in a very raw sounding album. It's loved by hardcore fans for its dark tones and lyrical themes. Brendan Kelly has stated that this is his second least favorite Lawrence Arms album, but called the cover his favorite. The album was released on vinyl for the first time in 2009 on Asian Man Records, with all new artwork.
Song information
"Sixteen Hours" is about Brendan's health, and how he was so bummed that he smoked cigarettes. "Chicago is Burning" is an ode to Chicago, but criticizes the constant heavy pollution. Brendan Kelly once called "Turnstyles" the best Lawrence Arms song. It's one of the few songs from the earlier days that was still played live as the years went on. They re-recorded it for their 2005 compilation album, Cocktails & Dreams. "Asa Phelps is Dead" references a character from The Simpsons, named Asa Phelps. "The Old Timers 2x4" is about Brendan's relationship with his father. It was also re-recorded for Cocktails & Dreams. "Here Comes the Neighborhood" makes reference of tons of places in Chicago, like The Empty Bottle. It was also included on PopStache's list of "Chicago Theme Songs That Don't Suck". "Light Breathing (Me and Martha Plimpton in a Fancy Elevator)" is a true story. Chris ran into actress, Martha Plimpton in an elevator, but couldn't get the nerve to say anything to her. Though not to the extent of "Turnstyles", this song sometimes still appears in their live sets. "106 South" is the only song by the band that was written and sung by drummer, Neil Hennessy. He came in with the song completely done, and they decided to put it on the record. It also mentions The Simpsons. "The Last One" is often viewed as being one of the best songs by the band. It has three hidden tracks attached to it. "Old Mexico Way" and "Heaven Help Me" are satirically dark country songs. They feature Brendan Kelly singing in a slight country accent, but are often said to be some of the band's strongest tracks. Both were added as hidden tracks on the re-recorded version of "Turnstyles" on their compilation album, Cocktails & Dreams. "Purple Haze" and "Heaven Help Me" were recorded on home audio equipment by the band. "Purple Haze" was later renamed and recorded as "Faintly Falling Ashes" on their split with Shady View Terrace. All tracks from that split were also featured on their compilation album, Cocktails & Dreams.
Track listing
"Sixteen Hours" - 1:07
"Chicago Is Burning" - 1:44
"Turnstyles" - 2:28
"Asa Phelps Is Dead" - 2:51
"All the Week" - 1:29
"The Old Timer's 2x4" - 2:10
"Here Comes the Neighborhood" - 1:55
"Light Breathing (Me and Martha Plimpton in a Fancy Elevator)" - 2:57
"Ghost Stories" - 2:34
"106 South" - 2:09
"Minute" - 1:06
"The Last One" / "Old Mexico Way" / "Purple Haze" / "Heaven Help Me" - 19:10
Personnel
Chris McCaughan - guitar, vocals
Brendan Kelly - bass, vocals
Neil Hennessy - drums, vocals on "106 South"
Album information
Record label: Asian Man Records
Recorded at Scientific Studios in December 1999 by Mike Giampa
Track engineering by Neil Hennessy
Additional engineering by Jim Godsey
Mastered by Harry Brotman at Harry's Sonic Bistro
Logo and disc picture by Chris Bach
Photography by Julia, Shannon and the Lawrence Arms
Graphics production by MaximumMac Studios
2000 albums
Asian Man Records albums
The Lawrence Arms albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20Stories%20%28The%20Lawrence%20Arms%20album%29 |
Stagville Plantation is located in Durham County, North Carolina. With buildings constructed from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, Stagville was part of one of the largest plantation complexes in the American South. The entire complex was owned by the Bennehan, Mantack and Cameron families; it comprised roughly and was home to almost 900 enslaved African Americans in 1860.
The remains of Historic Stagville consist of , in three tracts, and provides a unique look at North Carolina's history and general infrastructure in the antebellum South. Among structures on the Stagville site are several historic houses and barns, including the original Bennehan House and some of the original slave quarters, which were in an area known as Horton Grove.
The Bennehan House, built 1787 with a large addition in 1799, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973; Horton Grove, an area of two-story slave residences built in 1850, was listed in 1978. The slave residences are well preserved and are the only two-story slave quarters remaining in North Carolina. Significant archaeological finds around the quarters have given archaeologists and historians a glimpse into the lives of the many enslaved people who lived and worked at Stagville and throughout the Bennehan-Cameron holdings.
In 1976, Liggett and Meyers Tobacco Company, which had owned and worked the land for decades, donated some of the acreage to the state of North Carolina, which now operates the property as Historic Stagville State Historic Site, a historic house museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.
Notes
External links
Historic Stagville - official site
North Carolina Historic Site: Historic Stagville
The Plantation Letters Project: Selections from Cameron Family Letters
Sources
Anderson, Jean Bradley. Piedmont Plantation: The Bennehan-Cameron Family and Lands in North Carolina. Durham: Historic Preservation Society, 1985
Anderson, Jean Bradley. A History of Durham County, North Carolina. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991
Archaeological sites in North Carolina
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
North Carolina in the American Civil War
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic house museums in North Carolina
Plantation houses in North Carolina
Open-air museums in North Carolina
Museums in Durham County, North Carolina
Georgian architecture in North Carolina
North Carolina State Historic Sites
National Register of Historic Places in Durham County, North Carolina
Houses in Durham County, North Carolina
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagville |
John Robert Fox (May 18, 1915 – December 26, 1944) was a United States Army first lieutenant who was killed in action after calling in artillery fire on the enemy during World War II. In 1997, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest military decoration for valor, for his actions on December 26, 1944, in the vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy. It is believed that he called in his own coordinates because he was in an area overran with German soldiers.
Fox and six other African Americans who served in World War II were awarded the Medal of Honor on January 12, 1997. The Medal of Honor was posthumously presented to Fox by President Bill Clinton on January 13, 1997, during a Medal of Honor ceremony for the seven recipients at the White House in Washington, D.C. The seven recipients awarded in 1997 are the only Black Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II.
Biography
Fox was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 18, 1915, the eldest of three children. He was raised in Wyoming, Ohio, and attended Ohio State University. He transferred to Wilberforce University, participating in ROTC under Captain Aaron R. Fisher, a highly decorated World War I veteran. Fox graduated with a degree in engineering and received a commission as a U.S. Army second lieutenant in 1941.
Military service
During World War II, Fox was in the 92nd Infantry Division, known as the Buffalo Soldiers, a segregated African American division. Lt. Fox was a forward observer of the 598th Artillery Battalion, supporting the 366th Infantry Regiment of the division. On December 26, 1944, Fox was part of a small forward observer party that volunteered to stay behind in the Italian village of Sommocolonia, in the Serchio River Valley. American forces had been forced to withdraw from the village after it had been overrun by the Germans. From his position on the second floor of a house, Fox called in defensive artillery fire. As the Wehrmacht soldiers continued attacking, Fox radioed the artillery to bring its fire closer to his position, eventually ordering to fire directly on his position.
The soldier who received the message, Fox's close friend, Lt. Otis Zachary (1917–2009), was stunned, knowing that Fox had little chance to survive, but Fox said, "Fire it! There's more of them than there are of us. Give them hell!" The resulting artillery barrage killed Fox and approximately 100 German soldiers surrounding his position. Fox's sacrifice gained time for U.S. forces to organize a counterattack. The village was recaptured by January 1, 1945.
Fox was buried in Colebrook Cemetery in Whitman, Massachusetts. On April 15, 1982, Fox was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross; the initial award recommendation had been lost.
Medal of Honor
In the early 1990s, the US Army determined that black soldiers had been denied consideration for the Medal of Honor in World War II because of race discrimination. In 1993, the U.S. Army commissioned Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina, to research and determine if there was racial disparity in the Medal of Honor nomination and awarding process. The study found that there was systematic discrimination; it recommended in 1996 that ten African American veterans of World War II be awarded the Medal of Honor. In October 1996, Congress passed a bill to allow President Bill Clinton to award the Medal of Honor to these former soldiers. Seven of the ten, including Lt. Fox, were approved, and awarded the Medal of Honor (six had Distinguished Service Crosses revoked and upgraded to the Medal of Honor) on January 12, 1997.
A day later, President Clinton awarded the Medal of Honor to the seven soldiers in a formal ceremony, but six awards were made posthumously and received by family members. Fox's widow accepted the Medal of Honor on his behalf. Vernon Baker was the only living recipient of the medal at the time.
Other honors
After the war, the citizens of Sommocolonia erected a monument to nine men who were killed during the artillery barrage: eight Italian soldiers and Lt. Fox.
In 2005, the toy company Hasbro introduced a 12-inch action figure "commemorating Lt. John R. Fox as part of its G.I. Joe Medal-of-Honor series."
On July 16, 2000, Sommocolonia dedicated a peace park in memory of Fox and his unit.
American Legion Post 631, located in Fox's birthplace of Cincinnati, Ohio, is named for Lt. Fox.
Military awards
Fox's decorations and awards include:
Medal of Honor citation
Fox's Medal of Honor citation reads:
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor posthumously to
Citation:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty: First Lieutenant John R. Fox distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism at the risk of his own life on 26 December 1944 in the Serchio River Valley Sector, in vicinity of Sommocolonia, Italy. Lieutenant Fox was a member of Cannon Company, 366th Infantry, 92nd Infantry Division, acting as a forward observer, while attached to the 598th Field Artillery Battalion. Christmas Day in the Serchio Valley was spent in positions which had been occupied for some weeks. During Christmas night, there was a gradual influx of enemy soldiers in civilian clothes and by early morning the town was largely in enemy hands. An organized attack by uniformed German formations was launched around 0400 hours, 26 December 1944. Reports were received that the area was being heavily shelled by everything the Germans had, and although most of the U.S. infantry forces withdrew from the town, Lieutenant Fox and members of his observation party remained behind on the second floor of a house, directing defensive fires. Lieutenant Fox reported at 0800 hours that the Germans were in the streets and attacking in strength, He called for artillery fire increasingly close to his own position. He told his battalion commander, "That was just where I wanted it. Bring it 60 yards!" His commander protested that there was a heavy barrage in the area and bombardment would be too close. Lieutenant Fox gave his adjustment, requesting that the barrage be fired. The distance was cut in half. The Germans continued to press forward in large numbers, surrounding the position. Lieutenant Fox again called for artillery fire with the commander protesting again stating, "Fox, that will be on you!" The last communication from Lieutenant Fox was. "Fire it! There's more of them than there are of us. Give them hell!" The bodies of Lieutenant Fox and his party were found in the vicinity of his position when his position was taken. This action, by Lieutenant Fox, at the cost of his own life, inflicted heavy casualties, causing deaths of approximately 100 Germans, thereby delaying the advance of the enemy until infantry and artillery units could be reorganized to meet the attack. Lieutenant Fox's extraordinary valorous actions exemplify the highest traditions of the military service.
See also
List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients
Final protective fire
Winter Line
Notes
External links
1997 Medal of Honor Ceremony
1915 births
1944 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
Wilberforce University alumni
Military personnel from Cincinnati
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
African Americans in World War II
African-American United States Army personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Fox |
The 2001 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from December 7 to December 15, 2001.
Participating nations were Argentina, Belgium, host Malaysia, India, Japan, and South Africa. The winner earned a spot at the 2002 Champions Trophy in Cologne, Germany.
India defeated South Africa 2–1 in the final to win the competition.
Squads
Head Coach: Jorge Ruiz
Head Coach: Cedric d'Souza
Head Coach: Paul Lissek
Head Coach: Rob Pullen
Results
Pool
Classification
Fifth place game
Third place game
Final
Statistics
Final ranking
Awards
See also
2001 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy
External links
1st Men's Challenge Hockey from Rediff.com
Official FIH Reports
Champions Challenge
Hockey Champions Challenge
International field hockey competitions hosted by Malaysia
Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I
Hockey Champions Challenge
Sports competitions in Kuala Lumpur
2000s in Kuala Lumpur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20Men%27s%20Hockey%20Champions%20Challenge |
Ethenzamide (2-ethoxybenzamide) is a common analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is also an ingredient in numerous cold medications and many prescription analgesics. It is used as an over-the-counter drug in Japan, often in combination with caffeine and acetaminophen, where it is marketed for uses including toothache, menstrual cramps, headache, and fever.
It is metabolized in vivo into salicylamide.
References
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Benzamides
Phenol ethers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethenzamide |
Jim Payne (born c.1955) is a Newfoundland folk singer, best known for performing and recording many of the traditional sea shanties of Newfoundland culture. He also composed the song "Wave Over Wave" with Janis Spence and founded the record label SingSong Inc.
Payne was born in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. He plays guitar, diatonic accordion, mandolin, tin whistle, and violin, and is a singer, storyteller, actor, writer, stepdancer, and teacher of traditional Newfoundland set and square dances.
Career
Payne performs regularly with Fergus O'Byrne and with the band A Crowd of Bold Sharemen. He is also one-half of the musical comedy duo, "Sods'n Rhymes," with Glenn Downey.
He has directed, composed, and performed music, as well as creating soundtracks for plays, documentaries, and videos. He has performed on radio and television in Canada and abroad, and has toured throughout Canada, the US, Europe, Japan and Australia.
His recordings range from original solo efforts to contributions to anthologies of Newfoundland music. He also owns a recording company, "SingSong Inc.", which provides support and production work for recordings by other Newfoundland artists.
SingSong, Inc.
Started in 1989, the label is dedicated to traditional and contemporary music, story, song, and dance that reflect the Newfoundland experience. As of 2005, the label has fourteen currently available titles, making it the largest traditional music label in the province of Newfoundland. In 2005, SingSong published a CD-ROM version of Kenneth Peacock's 1965 book Songs of the Newfoundland Outports, thus making the long out-of-print work more widely available than it had been. The CD-ROM was produced as a collaboration between Payne's company and the Canadian Museum of Civilization.
SingSong also works in conjunction with the Newfoundland Museum and the Historic Resources Division of the Department of Tourism and Culture to produce music at various music festivals. The series was developed by SingSong and presents Sunday afternoon concerts throughout the summer by performers of Newfoundland traditional folk music.
The company is also a sponsor of the Newfoundland Folk Music Club, a regular performance event in St. John's produced by The St. John's Folk Arts Council.
SingSong recordings are distributed in Canada by Tidemark Music and Distribution and by Camsco Music in the USA.
Discography
How Good Is Me Life! (with Fergus O'Byrne)
A Crowd of Bold Sharemen (with A Crowd of Bold Sharemen)
Wave Over Wave (with Fergus O'Byrne)
Sods 'N Rhymes (with Glenn Downey)
Empty Nets (solo)
State of the Nation (music from Rising Tide Theatre)
Southern Cross (solo)
Awards
1997 ECMA, "Roots/Traditional Artist Nominee", Wave over Wave
1999 MIA, "Instrumental Album of the Year", Motion Potion (label owner, and backing vocal)
1998 MIA, "Album of the Year", Battery Included (label owner, and mixer)
References
(French) Canadian-English folk music
External links
Jim Payne - website about Payne's participation with an expedition to circumnavigate Newfoundland in 2002 (includes MP3s of his singing)
James Payne - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, v. 4, p. 236
Canadian folk singers
1950s births
Living people
Musicians from Newfoundland and Labrador
People from Newfoundland (island) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Payne%20%28folk%20singer%29 |
Manduca albiplaga, the white-plaqued sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was first described by Francis Walker in 1856.
Distribution
Its range is from Brazil to southern Mexico, although a stray has been recorded as far north as Kansas.
Description
Its wingspan is 120–180 mm.
Biology
The larvae feed on plants of the family Boraginaceae and some in the family Annonaceae including Rollinia deliciosa.
References
External links
White-plagued sphinx Moths of North America
Manduca
Moths of North America
Moths of South America
Moths described in 1856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca%20albiplaga |
Shek Pik Reservoir () is a reservoir in Shek Pik on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. Built between 1957 and 1963, it has a storage capacity of 24 million cubic metres and is the third largest reservoir in Hong Kong after High Island Reservoir and Plover Cove Reservoir.
Location
Shek Pik Reservoir is located within Lantau South Country Park. It is surrounded by the following areas: Kau Nga Ling (east), Keung Shan (west), Muk Yue Shan and Sz Tsz Tau Shan (north). The top of the main dam is part of Keung Shan Road which connects Tai O with Cheung Sha, Mui Wo and Tung Chung. Below the dam is Shek Pik Prison managed by the Hong Kong Correctional Services.
History
In the 1950s, water became short in Hong Kong. To relieve the problem the Hong Kong Government decided to build a reservoir in Shek Pik Heung valley () and to further develop Lantau Island. The main contractor for the reservoir scheme was Soletanche, a French company.
Prior to construction there were four villages, Shek Pik Tai Tseun (), Fan Pui Tsuen (), Kong Pui Tsuen () and Hang Tsai Tseun (), in the valley. They were all relocated as part of the reservoir construction.
A Hau Wong Temple was located there and was inundated by the Shek Pik Reservoir in 1960.
In 1961, an 8-mile submarine pipeline was built to move water from the reservoir to Hong Kong Island, submerged from Silvermine Bay to Sandy Bay. Water supply started November 1963, however there was an internal lining failure.
See also
Water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong
References
Further reading
External links
Reservoirs in Hong Kong
Shek Pik | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek%20Pik%20Reservoir |
Potestas is a Latin word meaning power or faculty. It is an important concept in Roman Law.
Origin of the concept
The idea of potestas originally referred to the power, through coercion, of a Roman magistrate to promulgate edicts, give action to litigants, etc. This power, in Roman political and legal theory, is considered analogous in kind though lesser in degree to military power. The most important magistrates (such as consuls and praetors) are said to have imperium, which is the ultimate form of potestas, and refers indeed to military power.
Potestas strongly contrasts with the power of the Senate and the prudentes, a common way to refer to Roman jurists. While the magistrates had potestas, the prudentes exercised auctoritas. It is said that auctoritas is a manifestation of socially recognized knowledge, while potestas is a manifestation of socially recognized power. In Roman political theory, both were necessary to guide the res publica and they had to inform each other.
Evolution of the concept in the Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, most institutions of Roman public law fell into disuse, but much of Roman political theory remained. In a letter, Duo Sunt, Pope Gelasius I argued that Christendom was ruled, in theory, by the priests and princes. The former had the spiritual authority, which was identified with auctoritas, while the latter had temporal power, identified with potestas. At first, the Pope crowned secular rulers after Pope Stephen II crowned the Frankish king Pepin the Short in January 754, and secular rulers often appointed local bishops and abbots, but after the Investiture Controversy the Pope was instead chosen by the College of Cardinals and, at least in theory, approved episcopal nominations.
As the effective power of the Holy Roman Empire declined, kingdoms asserted their own independence. One way to do this was to claim that the king had, in his kingdom, the same power as the emperor in the empire, and so the king assumed the attributes of potestas.
The concept of plena in re potesta was often used in 13th-century Europe, of ownership as being "in full power" to do what one likes with one's property. The use of the dogma was also used by Edward I. Although its ultimate use is ambiguous, it was used to give to parliament representatives the authority of making choices in parliament (full powers). This, in turn, helped Edward I coerce shire representatives to grant taxes.
Podestà
In some of the Italian city states, the term "Potestas" describes the authority of a magistrate developed into "Podestà", which was the chief magistrate's title.
References
See also
Roman law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potestas |
The epideictic oratory, also called ceremonial oratory, or praise-and-blame rhetoric, is one of the three branches, or "species" (eidē), of rhetoric as outlined in Aristotle's Rhetoric, to be used to praise or blame during ceremonies.
Origin and pronunciation
The term's root has to do with display or show (deixis). It is a literary or rhetorical term from the Greek ἐπιδεικτικός "for show". It is generally pronounced or . Another English form, now less common, is epidictic .
Characteristics
This is rhetoric of ceremony, commemoration, declamation, demonstration, on the one hand, and of play, entertainment and display, including self-display. It is also the rhetoric used at festivals, the Olympic games, state visits and other formal events like the opening and closing ceremonies, and celebrations of anniversaries of important events, including illustrious victories, births, deaths, and weddings. Its major subject is praise and blame, according to Aristotle in the limited space he provides for it in the Art of Rhetoric (Freese translation).
This rhetoric deals with goodness, excellence, nobility, shame, honor, dishonor, beauty, and matters of virtue and vice. The virtues or the "components" of virtue according to Aristotle, were "justice, courage, self-control, magnificence, magnanimity, liberality, gentleness, practical and speculative wisdom" or "reason". Vice was the "contrary" of virtue.
In his book Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity, Jeffrey Walker claims that epideictic rhetoric predates the rhetoric of courts and politics, the study of which began in the 5th or 4th century BC with the Sophists. The other two kinds of public speech were deliberative or political speech, and forensic, judicial, or legal speech. Epideictic rhetoric or style is according to Aristotle most appropriate for material that is written or read. In the Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle stated that "The epideictic style is especially suited to written compositions; for its function is reading." (Book III, 12).
Aristotle on epideixis
Aristotle instructs that in creating a speech of praise or blame, the author should consider the attitude of their audience: Will they be moved to see his object of praise (be it a person or a thing) in a new light, or will he be wasting everyone's time by "preaching to the choir"? What values and behavior does this particular audience find praiseworthy? Whether the audience is sympathetic, hostile, or indifferent to their object of praise or blame determines how difficult the task is that lies before them. As Aristotle reminds the reader, "[F]or as Socrates used to say, it is not difficult to praise Athenians in Athens" (Rhetoric, 1367b).
According to Aristotle’s conception of epideixis, “the present is the most important; for all speakers praise or blame in regard to existing qualities, but they often make use of other things, both reminding [the audience] of the past and projecting the course of the future” (Rhet. 1358b). Epideixis is Aristotle's least favored and clearly defined topic. Now considered to be the stuff of ceremonies with its exhortations, panegyrics, encomia, funeral orations and displays of oratorical prowess, epideictic rhetoric appears to most to be discourse less about depth and more attuned to style without substance. Still, the Art of Rhetoric is cited as an example of epideictic work.
Epideixis may not deserve the charge of lacking depth. The charge that this branch of rhetoric lacks depth can be countered by the recognition that it systematizes the successful attribution of value (to things, people, or concepts). Attributing value (whether in terms of "the good" and "the bad" or of "virtue" and "vice") to 1) perception, 2) emotions, 3) thought, 4) action, and 5) goals is the fundamental basis of relativistic conceptions of 1) aesthetics, 2) human character, 3) intelligence, 4) ethics, and 5) wisdom. For instance, applying epideixis to 'human perceptions' yields aesthetics, and its application to 'human action' yields fundamental relativistic ethics. Nevertheless, epideixis can always be reduced to simply the study of how best to preach the positive or negative characteristics of creatures, contraptions, concepts (etc.) to an audience. Epideictic rhetoric appeals to - and serves to sway - personal and cultural values, whereas pure deliberative and judicial rhetoric appeal to reason alone.
And, Lockwood, also in The Reader's Figure, describes how readers are figured by their readings, and how readers figure their readings, and that readers can accept the readers' account, and forget their own account of their present and past, and that the rhetor's account is produced by language.
Modern authors on epideixis
For centuries, epideictic oratory was a contested term, for it is clearly present in both forensic and deliberative forms, but it is difficult to clarify when it appears as a dominant discursive form. According to Chaïm Perelman and Lucy Olbrechts-Tyteca, “The speaker engaged in epidictic discourse is very close to being an educator. Since what he is going to say does not arouse controversy, since no immediate practical interest is ever involved, and there is no question of attacking or defending, but simply of promoting values that are shared in the community . . .” (52).
Some of the defining terms for epideictic discourse include declamation, demonstration, praise or blame of the personal, and pleasing or inspiring to an audience.
Lawrence W. Rosenfield contends that epideictic practice surpasses mere praise and blame, and it is more than a showy display of rhetorical skill: “Epideictic’s understanding calls upon us to join with our community in giving thought to what we witness, and such thoughtful beholding in commemoration constitutes memorializing”. Epideictic rhetoric also calls for witnessing events, acknowledging temporality and contingency (140). However, as Rosenfield suspects, it is an uncommon form of discourse because of the rarity of “its necessary constituents — openness of mind, felt reverence for reality, enthusiasm for life, the ability to congeal significant experiences in memorable language . . .” (150).
The philologist Ernst Curtius provides an account of its history, and many examples, in European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Praise and blame were "reduced" to praise by Aristotle, he wrote; and recently another author called it a "blameless genre". He and Lockwood seem to say that what was in the past called rhetoric was later called literature. Curtius believed that misinterpretations of medieval literature occur because so much of it is epideictic, and the epideictic is so alien to us today. During the Middle Ages it became a "school subject" as the sites for political activity diminished in the West, and as the centuries went on the word "praise" came to mean that which was written. During this period literature (more specifically histories, biographies, autobiographies, geographies) was called praise.
Ben Witherington III, writing from a biblical perspective on sacred exhortation, noted that "in general, epideictic rhetoric is highly emotional and meant to inspire the audience to appreciate something or someone, or at the other end of the spectrum, despise something or someone. Epideictic rhetoric seeks to charm, or to cast odium."
Commendatory verse is a genre of epideictic writing. In the Renaissance and Early Modern European tradition, it glorified both its author and the person to whom it was addressed. Prefatory verses of this kind— e.g. those printed as preface to a book—became a recognised type of advertising in the book trade.
In poetry
A significant example of epideictic writing in Chinese poetry is the fu rhapsody that developed in the early Han Dynasty. This highly ornamented style was used for almost any subject imaginable, and often incorporated obscure language with extensive cataloguing of rare items, all in verse of varying rhyme and line length.
See also
Gratitude
Praise
Signifying
References
Rhetoric | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epideictic |
Yevgeny Ivanovich Shaposhnikov (; 3 February 1942 – 8 December 2020) was a Soviet and Russian military leader and business figure. He was awarded the rank of Marshal of Aviation in 1991. He was the final Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union.
Early years
Shaposhnikov was born on a farm near Aksay in Rostov Oblast, Russia. He graduated from the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School in 1963 and the Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1969.
Military career
Shaposhnikov joined the Soviet Air Force and rose through the ranks. In 1987–1989, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov was the air force commander of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (16th Air Army?). In July 1990, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Soviet Air Force.
Political career
Soviet Union
In August 1991 – February 1992, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov held the post of Minister of Defence of Soviet Union (and thus the last Soviet Defence Minister). Recognized the Belovezhsky agreement on the termination of the existence of the USSR immediately after its signing on 8 December 1991. On 21 December 1991, simultaneously with the accession of 8 republics to the Commonwealth of Independent States (all, except for Georgia and the Baltic republics that previously left the USSR) a protocol was signed on the assignment of temporary command of the Armed Forces of the USSR to Shaposhnikov. Around the end of January 1992, the Ministry of Defense of the disintegrated USSR began to de facto call itself the main command of the CIS Armed Forces. In the Decree of the President of Russia of 4 January 1992, Marshal Shaposhnikov was mentioned as the head of the Ministry of Defense of the former USSR.
Commonwealth of Independent States/Russian Federation
Only on 14 February 1992 did the Council of CIS Heads of State officially appoint Shaposhnikov Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the CIS, and only on March 20 of the same year, on the basis of the USSR Ministry of Defense, the General Command of the CIS Joint Armed Forces was officially created.
In June–September 1993, Yevgeny Shaposhnikov held the post of the secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
Business career
In January 1994, Shaposhnikov became a representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the main arms-exporting company Rosvooruzhenie. In November 1995 – March 1997 he was the CEO (General Director) of Aeroflot airline company. He has been employed as an adviser of the President of the Russian Federation on matters of aviation and space exploration since March 1997.
Death
Shaposhnikov died on 8 December 2020 in Moscow from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia. He was buried in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery on 11 December.
References
External links
Biography
|-
1942 births
2020 deaths
Soviet Air Force marshals
Soviet Ministers of Defence
Russian politicians
Aeroflot
Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 2nd class
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia
Soviet military personnel of the Soviet–Afghan War
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny%20Shaposhnikov |
A by-election was held for the United Kingdom parliament constituency of Wirral South, in Merseyside, England, on 27 February 1997. The seat became vacant on the death of Conservative Party Member of Parliament Barry Porter, and was won by Labour's Ben Chapman.
The Conservative loss in this seat, which came close to the last possible date for a general election, meant that they no longer had a majority in the House of Commons. Wirral South was the last in a run of significant Conservative losses, following a period of dissatisfaction with the Major years. This was the last Conservative loss to Labour in a by-election until the 2012 Corby by-election. Labour has held this seat since the by-election.
Result
Previous result
Notes
External links
British Parliamentary By Elections: Campaign literature from the by-election
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
List of parliamentary constituencies in Merseyside
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
1997 elections in the United Kingdom
1997 in England
1990s in Merseyside
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Merseyside constituencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Wirral%20South%20by-election |
Corydoras paleatus is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Callichthyidae. Its common names include blue leopard corydoras, mottled corydoras, and peppered catfish. It originates from the lower Paraná River basin and coastal rivers in Uruguay and Brazil.
Description
This fish species reach about 5.9 - 7 centimeters (2.3 - 2.75 in) SL. The male is smaller than the female, and in proportion to body length, the dorsal fin and pectoral fins are longer on the male than the female.
Ecology
Corydoras paleatus is found in the Amazon basin, and feeds on worms, crustaceans, insects, and plant matter.
C. paleatus has been known to produce sound; it does this by the abduction of its pectoral fins. This is used by males during courtship and intrapersonal communication, and by both sexes and juveniles when distressed.
In reproduction, males do not behave aggressively toward each other, nor do they monopolize mating areas or females. The T-position is involved in courtship, as with many other Corydoras species.
Charles Darwin discovered the C. paleatus when he went to Buenos Aires during his expedition aboard the Beagle during the 1830s.
In the aquarium
It is a very good choice for the community aquarium, as it is a hardy, good-looking, and peaceful fish. They can be successfully kept with other small, peaceful aquarium fish like livebearers, danios, and tetras. It is sometimes seen in the shops as an albino form, although this is similar to other albino corys (see the C. aeneus albino form). It grows to around 7.5 cm and is easily bred at home.
These fish prefer a planted tank with temperatures around 16 to 24 °C (61 – 75 °F), although they can take lower temperatures than this as it originates from colder waters. Their high temperature tolerance seems poor, and 30 °C (86 °F) is the highest safe temperature. They like to nibble on the algae that grow on floating plants but are not specialized algae-eating catfish. The lighting must not be too bright, and hiding places, such as bogwood, are needed as they like to hide from the light during certain parts of the day. Heavily planted areas should also be provided, where the light is minimized, as they like darker areas due to their bottom-feeding nature.
Diet should be sinking pellets, algae wafers, frozen and live food, such as bloodworm or daphnia. They may also occasionally enjoy blanched spinach, which can be attached to plants with a peg or the side of the glass with magnetic clips. They can be seen to dart to the top of the tank: this is because they can use atmospheric oxygen to supplement what their gills extract from the water. They will do this more frequently when water quality is starting to deteriorate, and so should be watched for this indication.
Breeding
Peppered corydoras reach their sexual maturity and start to show reproductive behaviors once the females reach an average (minimum) size of 5.625 cm (2.214 inches) and once the males reach about 4.875 cm (1.919 inches). The males initiate the courtship ritual, which entails chasing the females around the tank. The female darts away, and the males search for her and find her a few moments later. The males shiver all over the female and may lie down on top of her. When she is ready to spawn, she turns to the male next to her and pounds below his ventral fin. The pair go into the "T-position" with the male releasing the sperm into the female's mouth before the sperm fertilizes the eggs. The female cups her ventral fins and lays a few eggs (usually between 4 and 12 eggs) in her fins. The eggs are about 1.8 mm in diameter. The female now starts cleaning a spot on the glass to put her eggs on. Corydoras are egg depositors and lay their eggs all over the aquarium. Favorite spots include the heater, filters, and the glass, although, occasionally eggs are also laid on plants and driftwood.
After depositing a group of eggs closely together, the female rests for a few moments. The males regroup and start chasing each other and then resume chasing the female. The males are so relentless in this pursuit that they try to mate with the female even while she is busy laying her eggs. The spawning lasts more than an hour, and many eggs are laid in different places. On average, about 50 to 150 eggs are laid during a single spawning.
Raising the fry
The incubation period for the eggs for peppered corydoras was found to be between 96 hours and 113 hours at 24±2°C, with the average incubation period being about 102 hours (or 4.25 days). In one study, the average hatching ratio of the eggs was found to be approximately 87%, with the overall egg-laying period lasting between 20 and 35 days. Peppered cories can eat their eggs, but will not eat the living fry. At first, the fry is small (with a mean length of 7.5246 mm) and is unable to eat, sustaining themselves on the last of their yolk sacs. The fry will begin to eat 1-3 days after hatching, and will eat the protozoan organisms in the tank and can be fed powdered food at this stage. By about one month, the fry will start to become rounder and will begin developing adult coloration, eventually becoming miniature versions of the adults. The juveniles will reach adult size at around 1 year of age, although this varies between individuals and how well they are kept. The age of sexual maturity also varies between individuals, but juveniles will typically begin breeding at around 8-12 months of age. However, they can begin as early as 6 months and as late as 18 months of age. From the onset of sexual maturity, it can take the fish up to another year to successfully produce fertile eggs; at first, entire clutches of eggs may be infertile. Albino strains may develop slower and be less fertile due to inbreeding.
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
Siluriformes
References
Corydoras
Fish of South America
Fish described in 1842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corydoras%20paleatus |
Wandong is a town in Victoria, Australia. The town is about north of the state capital, Melbourne, on the Hume Highway. It adjoins the town of Heathcote Junction, and at the , the two towns had a population of 1,340. The main centre nearest Wandong is Kilmore.
History
The traditional owners of Wandong are the Taungurung people, a part of the Kulin nation that inhabited a large portion of central Victoria including Port Phillip Bay and its surrounds. Wandong itself is an Aboriginal word meaning "Spirit".
The first Europeans to reach Wandong were Hamilton Hume and Captain William Hilton Hovell who travelled through the centre of the future town of Wandong on the 13th December, 1824.
The explorers proceeded 1260 metres South of Arkell’s Lane, Wandong and crossed the Dividing Range at the low peak there that they named Hume’s Pass. They then moved South along Eastern Ridge, Hidden Valley, and downhill to the Merri Creek, Wallan East near Kelby Lane.
That made Wandong the second township site in Victorian history to be traversed by European explorers. Broadford was the first: Hume and Hovell had passed through it on the same morning.
This exact route has been proven by decoding the map drawn by Hamilton Hume which conforms exactly to the original journal of William Hovell. Hamilton Hume in 1867 corrected his own earlier error that the party crossed the Dividing Range at Big Hill, Bylands.
Wandong was a pastoral region from at least 1843.
By 1876 a small settlement had arisen and a post office gazetted to Mr. F. G. Arkell.
From 1880 Wandong became a major sawmilling and processing town and region.
The town is now a major transport hub with the Hume Highway and the Albury-Wodonga and Shepparton railway lines passing through it. It has its own railway station.
The local school was originally situated to the south of Wandong/Heathcote Junction and was known as Lightwood Flat Common School when it opened in 1871. The school was transferred to its current site in Wandong in 1882, and is currently known as Wandong Primary School. The school was damaged slightly in the Black Saturday bushfires.
The town hosts the Wandong Country Music Festival.
References
External links
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Mitchell
Hume Highway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandong |
James Lucius Hickman (May 10, 1937 – June 25, 2016), nicknamed "Gentleman Jim", was an American professional baseball outfielder and first baseman. He played 13 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets, Los Angeles Dodgers, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Cardinals.
Career
Hickman was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals as an amateur free agent prior to the 1956 season; he spent six seasons in the Cardinals’ farm system until he was selected by the New York Mets in the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft.
New York Mets
Hickman played 624 games with the Mets, from 1962 through 1966. He batted .241 with 60 home runs and 210 RBI.
Hickman has earned several places in Mets history. He was the first Met to hit for the cycle, accomplishing the feat in a 7–3 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals at the Polo Grounds on August 7, 1963; it is one of the few natural cycles in Major League history. A month later, on September 18, he hit the last home run ever hit at the Polo Grounds, a solo against Chris Short of the Philadelphia Phillies in a 5–1 Mets' loss, in the final game ever played at that stadium. Hickman was also the first Met to hit three home runs in one game, at Sportsman's Park on September 3, 1965, in a 6–3 victory over the Cardinals. All three home runs were hit off Ray Sadecki. Finally, he was the last of the original Mets, when he was traded to the Dodgers (along with infielder Ron Hunt) for outfielder Tommy Davis on November 29, 1966. Hickman also set a pair of Shea Stadium firsts, earning the team's first walk and first batter hit by pitch, both accomplished in the team's inaugural game at the stadium, a 4–3 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 17, 1964.
Los Angeles Dodgers
Hickman spent 1967 with the Dodgers, batting just .163 in 65 games played, with no home runs and 10 RBIs.
Chicago Cubs
In April 1968, Hickman was traded to the Cubs. During the 1968 season he hit .223, and in 1969 he hit .237. Hickman then had his best season in 1970, when he hit .315 with 162 hits, 33 doubles, 32 home runs, 115 RBIs, 102 runs scored, and 93 walks — all career highs. His performance won the National League Comeback Player of the Year Award and placed him 8th in the NL Most Valuable Player balloting.
Hickman made his only All-Star appearance on July 14, 1970, at the Cincinnati Reds' newly opened Riverfront Stadium where, in the 12th inning, his RBI single drove in hometown favorite Pete Rose for the winning run, Rose barreling over Cleveland Indian catcher Ray Fosse to score the run. Like Hickman, the pitchers of record were also Tennessee natives; Claude Osteen, Hickman's Dodger teammate in 1967, was the winning pitcher, while Hickman collected the walk-off single off Clyde Wright, his eventual 1970 American League Comeback Player of the Year counterpart.
In his six seasons with Chicago, Hickman batted .267 with 97 home runs and 336 RBIs in 682 games played.
St. Louis Cardinals
In March 1974, Hickman was traded to the Cardinals. He played in 50 games for them, batting .267 with two home runs and four RBIs. On July 16, 1974, he was released.
In his 13-year major league career, Hickman batted .252 with 159 home runs and 560 RBIs in 1421 games played.
Later years
Hickman was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. He died on June 25, 2016, aged 79.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
References
Further reading
External links
Hickman's 1970 All-Star Game RBI via YouTube
Jim Hickman at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
1937 births
2016 deaths
People from Henning, Tennessee
Baseball players from Tennessee
National League All-Stars
Chicago Cubs players
New York Mets players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Albany Cardinals players
Portland Beavers players
Spokane Indians players
Tacoma Cubs players
Billings Mustangs players
Rochester Red Wings players
Winston-Salem Red Birds players
Dallas Rangers players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball first basemen
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hickman%20%281960s%20outfielder%29 |
Manduca jasminearum, the ash sphinx, is a member of the moth family Sphingidae. It ranges from east of the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean, being common in the northeast United States.
The wingspan is 84–105 mm. There are two generations per year with adults on wing from May to September. They nectar at flowers.
The larva of this species mainly feed on ash species (Fraxinus), but have also been recorded feeding on Syringa and Ulmus species.
References
Manduca
Moths described in 1832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca%20jasminearum |
Cooper Lake State Park is a Texas State Park in Delta and Hopkins counties, about three miles (5 km) south of Cooper, Texas. The park is situated on Jim Chapman Lake, formerly known as Cooper Lake. There are actually two geographically separate units; the Doctors Creek unit is located on the north side of the lake, in Delta County, while the South Sulphur unit is located on the south side of the lake, in Hopkins County.
History
The park's land was inhabited by Caddo people until the 1800s, when settlers brought the agriculture (including cotton and dairy) and livestock industries to the area. Cooper Lake itself was built between 1986 and 1991, by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Nature
The park lies at the intersection of the Tallgrass Prairie and Post Oak Savannah ecoregions. There is a diverse variety of mammals (including the gray fox and nine-banded armadillo) and birds in the park, and multiple species of catfish, crappie, and bass in the lake.
References
External links
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
Lakes of Texas
State parks of Texas
Protected areas of Delta County, Texas
Protected areas of Hopkins County, Texas
Bodies of water of Delta County, Texas
Bodies of water of Hopkins County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20Lake%20State%20Park |
The Igelström family is a Swedish noble family from Nylödöse, which also belonged to the Russian and German nobility.
History
The earliest reference dates back to 1529, with Bengt Haraldsson being the oldest of known ancestors. The Igelström family originated thanks to Harald Bengtsson (1604–1678) in 1645 and was registered in the List of Swedish noble families in 1647. The successors of Igelstrom owned estates in Livonia and in Estonia, in 1739 five brothers Igelstrom received the noble titles of barons in Poland, and in 1792 in Germany and in Russia.
The name was registered in several of the House of Nobility in the Baltic states and Germany under spelling Igelstrom or von Igelström.
Summary of genealogical table of the Stora Wånga Family
Simon, lived 1350–1370. Squire. His shield: three silver bands in a blue field.
Magnus Simonsson, lived 1403. married with Margaretha von Putten.
Anders Magnusson to Ljusefords. lived 1410–1436. He participated in Engelbrekt's War of Freedom. Magnus Anderson to Stora Wånga, lived 1444. Married with Christina Tonissadotter (widowed from the senator Carl Magnusson from Elifstorpa)
Magnus Magnusson from Stora Wånga, lived 1490.
Harald Magnusson from Stora Wånga. He was an established man of family and class.
Bengt Haraldsson from Stora Wånga. He left Sweden in 1529. Married to Catharina Johansdotter Lind.
Harald Bengtsson. Died in the 1570s. Lord from Surte and Söderby. Secretary at Elfsborg and Merchant in Lödöse. Married Ragnhild Svensdotter.
Bengt Haraldsson, district clerk, 1625.
Anders Haraldsson, died 1649, Lord from Söderby, Surte and Folered, district judge, was granted the honor of nobility with the name Appelbom (introduced 1647 under no. 325) Progenitor (first fathers) of the baronial family of Appelbom.
Harald Bengtsson Igelström, died 1677.
Notable members in Baltic nobility
Harald Bengtsson Igelström (1604–1677), from Västergötland, Lord of Ropka Ropkoy), Wallikolta, Jermala and Taubenhoff manors in Tartumaa, Duchy of Livonia, Chamber Assistant and Colonel. Raised to the honor of nobility with the name Igelstrom (introduced 1647 under no. 320) Progenitor for the noble and Russian countly name Igelstrom.
Harald Haraldsson Igelstöm (died 1678) Lord of Kärevere (Kerrafer), Laeva (Laiwa) and Ropka (Ropkoy) estates.
Harald Haraldsson Igelstöm (died 1710 Druja an der Düna) Swedish and then Polish major, Lord of Kärevere (Kerrafer), Laeva (Laiwa) and Ropka (Ropkoy) estates.
Harald Wilhelm Igelström (?-1760) Lord of Devēna (Deewen) estate (now in Latvia)
Otto Reinhold Igelström (?-1751) Lord of Dzelzava (Selsau) estate (now in Latvia)
Gustaf Henrik Igelström (?-1771) Lord of Kärevere (Kerrafer), Laeva (Laiwa) and Ropka (Ropkoy) estates (now in Estonia).
Harald Gustav Igelström (1733–1804) Lord of Kärevere (Kerrafer), Laeva (Laiwa) and Kabina (Kabbina) estates (now in Estonia).
Alexander Igelström (1770–1855) Lord of Kärevere (Kerrafer) and Kabina (Kabbina) estates (now in Estonia).
Jakob Johann Igelström (1735–1804) Lord of Vaabina (Uelzen), Põlgaste (Pölcks) and Jaungulbene (Neu-Schwaneburg) estates.
Otto Heinrich Igelström (ru: Iosif Igelström, 1737–1823) Lord of Unipiha (Unnipicht) and Meeri (Meyershof) estates (now in Estonia).
Notable members in Russia
Konstantin Igelström (1799–1851)
Andrei Igelstrom (1860–1927) or Anders Igelström later when living in Finland
See also
List of Swedish noble families
External links
Riddarhuset
Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften Estland
Igelströms and Tolls
Swedish noble families
Baltic-German people
Baltic German nobility
Russian noble families
Swedish-language surnames
Families of Swedish ancestry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igelstr%C3%B6m |
John Taber (May 5, 1880 – November 22, 1965) was an American attorney and New York politician who represented parts of the Finger Lakes and Central New York regions in the United States House of Representatives from 1923 to 1963.
Biography
Taber was born in Auburn, New York, on May 5, 1880, the son of attorney and businessman Franklin P. Taber and Susan (Parker) Taber. He attended the public schools of Auburn, and graduated from Auburn High School in 1898. He graduated from Yale University in 1902, and received his law degree from New York Law School in 1904. He attained admission to the bar in November 1914, and commenced practice in Auburn.
Taber represented Auburn's second ward on the Cayuga County Board of Supervisors in 1905 and 1906. From 1910 to 1918, he served as a special judge of the county court. Taber was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1920, 1924, and 1936, and chairman of the Cayuga County Republican Committee from 1920 to 1925. In 1922, he was chosen to serve as president of the Auburn Chamber of Commerce.
He represented New York in the House of Representatives as a Republican from the 68th to the 87th Congresses (March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1963), where he was the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations during the 80th and 83rd Congresses. He was not a candidate for renomination to the 88th Congress in 1962. Taber voted against of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Taber died in Auburn on November 22, 1965, and was interred at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn.
Family
In 1929, Taber married Gertrude Johnson Beard, who had been working as his secretary. They were the parents of a son, Charles Beard Taber (1920-1969).
Notes
References
Bibliography
Congressman John Taber of Auburn: Politics and Federal Appropriations, 1923–1962, Cary S. Henderson, Ph.D. dissertation, Duke University, 1964.
1880 births
1965 deaths
Politicians from Auburn, New York
Yale University alumni
New York Law School alumni
New York (state) state court judges
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
20th-century American judges
Auburn High School (Auburn, New York) alumni
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taber |
Manduca brontes is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is known from Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic and Suriname.
Adults are on wing from April to June in Florida.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Tecoma species (including Tecoma stans), Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus excelsior and Fraxinus platycarpa.
Subspecies
M. brontes brontes (Jamaica and Cuba, Greater Antilles and northern South America)
M. brontes cubensis (Kitching and Cadiou, 2000) (Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, the Cayman Islands and Florida)
M. brontes haitiensis (B.P. Clark, 1916) (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
M. brontes pamphilius (Cramer, 1782) (Suriname)
References
External links
brontes
Moths of North America
Sphingidae of South America
Lepidoptera of the Caribbean
Insects of Cuba
Insects of the Dominican Republic
Insects of Haiti
Lepidoptera of Jamaica
Fauna of Suriname
Moths described in 1773
Taxa named by Dru Drury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca%20brontes |
The Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC, University of San Carlos of Guatemala) is the largest and oldest university of Guatemala; it is also the fourth founded in the Americas. Established in the Kingdom of Guatemala during the Spanish colony, it was the only university in Guatemala until 1954, although it continues to hold distinction as the only public university in the entire country.
The university grew out of the Colegio de Santo Tomás de Aquino (Saint Thomas Aquinas High School), founded in 1562 by Bishop Francisco Marroquín. After a series of major earthquakes in 1773, which destroyed many parts of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, the crown authorities ordered the evacuation of the city and the relocation of its government, religious and university functions to the new capital La Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, the university's present location. In the early years, from the 16th to 19th centuries, it offered studies in civil and liturgical law, theology, philosophy, medicine and indigenous languages.
History
First era: Royal and Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo
The university tradition in Guatemala and Central America goes back to the 17th century, when the University of San Carlos was founded on 31 January 1676 by Royal Decree of Carlos II in the colonial capital of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala. The Royal University of San Carlos became the third Royal College founded in Spanish America and it was consecrated by Pope Innocent XI on June 18, 1687.
Colonization by the Spaniards implied a new formation of society, with its brand new civil and ecclesiastical institutions. As time went by, residents demanded a place in the royal institutions for their descendants, in return for the heroics of their ancestors during the battles of conquest. However, there were no schools to teach youth to become public servants.
It was not until the second half of the 16th century that the first initiatives to found schools that covered more than religious indoctrination and reading and writing took place. The first bishop of Guatemala, Francisco Marroquín, requested the approval of the Spanish crown to set up a grammar class, in which Latin was to be taught, as it was the intellectual language of the time. This single fact has been the basis to perpetuate the myth that links bishop Marroquin to the early stages of the University of San Carlos.
Towards the end of his life, in 1562, Marroquin left in his will some funds to set up a school, the Santo Tomás de Aquino, where Grammar, Arts, Philosophy and Theology would be taught. The beneficiaries of this pious enterprise would be the children of poor Spaniards, given that they could not travel to cities (like Mexico) where the Royal Universities were. This will has been also interpreted by scholars as the origin of the University of San Carlos. However, the late priest had a clear idea of the difference between a school (i.e., a home for students, with or without classes) and a university (or General Study) where the students earned degrees. About this, historian John Tate Lanning tells that "his will is so well known that there are some scholars that have not even seen it and have already read a lot of things that are not there at all. Nowhere in his will Marroquín talks about any university, much less talk about his intentions to establish one..." On the other hand, what is documented is that major Pedro Crespo Suárez left in his will twenty thousand pesos to set up the classes for the university that is "in the works with the authorities".
In 1598, the third bishop of Guatemala Gómez Fernández de Córdoba y Santillán, O.S.H., following ecclesiastical directions from the Council of Trent and on the basis of the royal decrees issued after that council, authorized the foundation of the "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción" School and Seminary, which was the first higher educational institution in the Kingdom of Guatemala. The Jesuits, who already had their Colegio de San Borja and wanted to run the seminary themselves, opposed its foundation, as they did not like other regular orders – Mercedarians, Franciscans and Dominicans or the leader of the secular clergy took an initiative in religious and educational matters.
The president of the Real Audiencia authorized that classes should start while they were awaiting the authorization to build the new school for the students; at the time they only had one classroom in the Dominican convent where, in theory, they gave the Arts, Theology and Religion classes. After several decades, discussions and petitions, king Carlos II on 31 January 1676, granted a license to the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala to found a university. This would be third royal university in the Spanish Empire in America, and the second in New Spain, after the one in Mexico. After the disputatious process of organization, and five years after the royal decree, the university started officially its lectures of five of the nine classes, on 7 January 1681, with little more of sixty registered students and with its first president, Dr. José de Baños y Soto Mayor, who was in charge of the cathedral, Preacher of the King of Spain and Doctor from the University of Osuna. The university started under the protection of San Carlos Borromeo, with its first directive written by Francisco Saraza y Arce, who copied from those of the University of México which, in turn, were adapted from the Universidad de Salamanca in Spain.
First graduates and science teaching
In 1660 the printer :es:José de Pineda Ibarra arrived at Santiago de los Caballeros. Among all his works he introduced university graduation cards, where it was written what the final exam was going to be about, date and time for the exam, and the names of the university authorities and student sponsors.
On 11 July 1717, thirty years after its papal sanction, the first medicine student graduated; his name was Vicente Ferrer González. The next physician to graduate was Pedro Palacios y Cóbar, who presented his final exam seventeen years later; and forty-seven years after that, the eminent Dr. José Felipe Flores graduated.
The Franciscan friar Juan Antonio Liendo y Goicoechea reformed university education towards the end of the 18th century by introducing science; Chemistry, Physics, Anatomy and Mathematics; and technology studies.
Second era: Science Academy
After Independence, the University of San Carlos lost its Royal status and became simply the "Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo" but it was in a precarious position: after the move from Santiago de los Caballeros it had to use a borrowed building to teach, and in 1821 its new one was not finished yet; besides, the political climate of the region was very unstable at the time. In 1825, Dr. Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol was elected as president of the university, and kept the religious curriculum that the institution had had for decades. However, in 1829, the conservative regime of his brother Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol was defeated by the liberal general Francisco Morazán, and the conservatives – mainly the Aycinena family – and the regular clergy were expelled from Central America and the university was suspended. In 1834, when doctor Mariano Gálvez was head of State of Guatemala, he found the Science Academy in the State, which took the position that the Pontifical University had previously occupied; the new university eliminated religious education altogether and implemented classes of Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and Physics; besides, the institution began to offer studies in engineering. The Academy of Science was open until 1840, because in that year the conservatives regained power in Guatemala under the strong leadership of General Rafael Carrera who reopened the old "Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo"; Dr. Aycinena was once again named as president of the university.
Third era: Pontifical University
The power that the Catholic Church and the Aycinena family – to whom most of Carrera's advisors and secretaries belonged – had during the conservative regime in Guatemala was ratified the Concordat of 1854, in which Guatemala entrusted the education of its people to the regular clergy of the Catholic Church, committed itself to respect all church property -including haciendas, monasteries and sugar mills, authorized mandatory tithing and let the bishops censor all the country's publications; in return, Guatemala obtained indulgences for Army members, was allowed to keep all those properties that had been taken from the orders in 1829 – provided they were now in private hands, received a tax of the church income and had the right to prosecute any priest or bishop under Guatemalan law, if necessary. The concordat was designed by Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, who was a cabinet member of the government – besides being the university president; then, it was first ratified by Secretary of the Interior, Justice and Ecclesiastical affairs Pedro de Aycinena and finally, approved by president Rafael Carrera, who in 1854 was appointed as Guatemala's president for life.
Fourth era: The university during the Liberal regimes
After the Liberal Revolution in 1871, the conservatives defeat resulted in a complete change of direction in the education in Guatemala: once again the regular clergy was expelled from the country, and all of their properties we confiscated. The education changed from completely religious to agnostic and kept like that until 1954.
The new Liberal regime founded the Polytechnic School -Military Academy- in 1873 to prepare military engineers, topographers and telegraphers, besides military officers. In July 1875, Justo Rufino Barrios closed the Pontifical University of San Carlos Borromeo and in its place founded the Central College of Law and the Central College of Medicine and Pharmacy which formed the National University of Guatemala. The government decreed that the teaching of Medicine had to be practical – as much as possible – and philosophical, with all the modern scientific theories. In 1877, the government found the Western College of Law in Quetzaltenango and in 1879 founded the National Library.
Finally, in 1879 president Barrios founded the Colleges of Engineering, Philosophy and Literature.
President general Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián (1885–1892) founded the Western College of Medicine in Quetzaltenango and granted scholarship to the best students to continue their education abroad, both from Guatemala and Quetzaltenango.
On 21 March 1893, during the government of general José María Reina Barrios, decree #193 of the National Assembly established that all the board of directors members, deans and faculty of the National University colleges would be appointed by the President of Guatemala; thus the colleges lost the autonomy to select their own authorities.
In 1897, after the failure of the Exposición Centroamericana and the deep economic crisis that ensued, Reina Barrios implemented austerity measures that included closing the schools and university colleges. At the end of that year, Salvador Mendieta came back to Guatemala to attend the university, but due to the political stability of the times after the revolts against Reina Barrios both in the Eastern and Western regions of the country once it was known that Reina Barrios had extended his presidential term, and the closing of the university, decided to move to México in early 1898. However, after the assassination of president Reina Barrios on 8 February, the Guatemalan government reopened the educational institutions, claiming that they were the basis for all the Liberal institutions; Mendieta, then, registered to begin that semester in the College of Law of the National University.
Estrada Cabrera presidency
Nicaraguan citizen Salvador Mendieta, who had already been expelled once from the Central National Institute for Boys by the former president José María Reyna Barrios for attempting to form a student association aimed at criticizing the school principal, founded on 18 June 1899 along with other fellow students "El Derecho" student association. The new association had members from the colleges of Law, Engineering and Medicine and an ideology identified with the Central American union. The new society became public on 15 September 1899 when the Guatemala City mayor invited some of its members to ceremonies for the Independence of Central America celebration that took place in the College of Law.
This society had several humanistic and social goals:
gather all the Central American students around the idea of the region unity
tighten social relationships and encourage intellectual sharing
promote the formation of similar societies all across Central America
organize the fight between those who think and those who oppress.
Due to the strong accusations against his presidency, Estrada Cabrera closed "El Derecho" after only a year of its life, and they had Mendieta sent to prison after which he sent the Nicaraguan into exile for promoting rebellion against his government.
In April 1899, the National Assembly submitted Estrada Cabrera a decree declaring the autonomy of the university colleges to elect their own authorities; the president vetoed the decree indicating that "the colleges could not be autonomous given that they were dependent on the State in all senses [...]" Therefore, the different colleges remain as dependencies of the Secretary of Public Education, which submitted a yearly review of their status, and also recommended the president whom to choose as dean and faculty members. Also, by a decree published on 16 June 1900, Estrada Cabrera militarized all the male student centers, including the university colleges, who received military instruction for the six first months of their careers.
By 1907, the colleges were:
College of Law (seventy students)
College of Medicine and Pharmacy (150 students)
Dentistry institute (5 students)
School of midwives (10 students)
School of Engineering (15 students)
Note that in 1907, the school of Engineering was part of the National University. This school, due to budget reasons, was alternatively part of the National University and the military academy; finally in 1908, the school was left as part of the university for good, after president Estrada Cabrera closed the academy following a failed assassination attempt that the cadets had plotted against him.
In 1918, the servility towards the presidents was at its peak and the university was renamed "University of Guatemala, Estrada Cabrera", by decree of the National Assembly on 2 May 1918. Francisco Galvez Portocarrero, close friend of the president, lobbied heavily for the new university given that in a recent trip to Perú], Argentina and Chile, he liked the model the universities followed in those South American countries. Upon returning to Guatemala, Galvez – who was also a National Assembly representative- brought along a complete library about universities and convinced both the president and the Assembly members to create the "University of Guatemala".
Carlos Herrera presidency (1920–1921)
University "Estrada Cabrera", was closed after the falling of the former president. However, one of the first decrees of the new president Carlos Herrera y Luna -appointed president by the National Assembly on 8 April- was to appoint new authorities and faculty for the National University, which now had the following academic departments:
College of Natural Science and Pharmacy
College of Law
College of Medicine
College of engineering
Herrera y Luna, as a token of appreciation of all the efforts of the university students during the last days of Estrada Cabrera regime, gave the different colleges their autonomy to elected their own authorities, although it did not grant them full autonomy. At this time the Student Body Association was founded and included Miguel Ángel Asturias, among a series of other Guatemalan intellectuals, and the second era of "El Derecho" Law student association, which had been closed by Estrada Cabrera in 1899.
Fifth era: the university after the 1944 Revolution
After the revolution against general Ubico's successor, general Federico Ponce Vaides, on 20 October 1944, the new government granted its complete autonomy to the university; Decree #12 on 11 November 1944 granted autonomy and renamed the institution as "Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala" ("University of San Carlos of Guatemala"). The university's new role was to be director of college education in Guatemala, and to cooperated in study and solution of the critical problems that Guatemala faced at the time.
New colleges were created that time:
College of Human Studies: created by then president Dr. Juan José Arévalo on 17 September 1945. Among its founder were Dr. Eduardo García Máynez -professor emeritus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México- as honorary faculty. The college studied: Philosophy, History, Literature, Psychology and Pedagogy.
College of Agriculture
College of Architecture
College of Economics
Likewise, access was granted to both women and to all the society members that had been excluded from the institution in the past.
After 1954 coup d'état
Following its constitutional mandate, the university became involved in the political life of the country, presenting concrete social, economic and political proposals. However, with the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union -major super powers that split world dominance after their victory in World War II, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and the influx of students from all over the social spectrum in Guatemala, Marxism became radical in the university. Besides, then archbishop of Guatemala Mariano Rossell y Arellano found out that it was urgent to recover some of the former influence Catholic Church used to have, and that it lost during the liberal regime of Justo Rufino Barrios in 1872, and therefore decided to work with the United Fruit Company to get rid of the Revolutionary governments whom he accused of atheist and communist. On 4 April 1954, Rossell y Arellano issued an open letter in which he denounced Communism advances in the country, and begged Guatemalans to rise in arms and fight against the common enemy of God and the Land. His letter has published all over Guatemala, and even though he kept claiming that the Catholic Church was not seeking privileges in its anticommunist quest, Rossel y Arellano was able that after the 1954 coup, new president colonel Carlos Castillo Armas included the following back in the new Constitution of Guatemala, for the first time since 1872:
that the Catholic Church had the right to own real estate and other properties
that religious education was declared of public interest
that the State supported religious education
that there were independent private universities not connected with University of San Carlos.
This way, the Catholic Church recover some of the former power it held before 1871, when the Liberal Reform confiscated its properties and cancelled its privileges, in a direct attack against it as the main conservative party member of the time.
Nottebohm case and the Dean of the College of Law
Between 1951 and 1955, College of Law dean, Dr. Adolfo Molina Orantes, worked as a legal advisor for the Guatemalan delegation before the International Court of Justice of The Hague for the Nottebohm case (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) [1955]. The case about Mr. Nottebohm, who was born 16 September 16, 1881, in Hamburg, Germany and possessed German citizenship although he lived in Guatemala from 1905 until 1943 because he never became a citizen of Guatemala. On October 9, 1939, Nottebohm applied to become a naturalized citizen of Liechtenstein. The application was approved and he became a citizen of that country. He then returned to Guatemala on his Liechtenstein passport and informed the local government of his change of nationality. When he tried to return to Guatemala once again in 1943 he was refused entry as an enemy alien since the Guatemalan authorities did not recognize his naturalization and regarded him as still German. It has been suggested that the timing of the event was due to the recent entry of the United States and Guatemala into the Second World War. He was later extradited to the United States, where he was held at an internment camp until the end of the war. All his possessions in Guatemala were confiscated. After his release, he lived out the rest of his life in Liechtenstein.
The Government of Liechtenstein granted Nottebohm protection against unjust treatment by the government of Guatemala and petitioned the International Court of Justice. However, the government of Guatemala argued that Nottebohm did not gain Liechtenstein citizenship for the purposes of international law. The court agreed and thus stopped the case from continuing.
The Nottebohm case was subsequently cited in many definitions of nationality. and Dr. Molina Orantes was recognized as an expert in international Law and named permanent consultant of the International Court.
Private universities
As a result of the political climate changes after the coup of 1954, the society elites decided to create their own private universities, which would have very different ideologies from the ones presented in the University of San Carlos. Basically the new institutions would have capitalist and liberal ideologies while the national university chose Marxism. After heavy lobbying, in 1965 the new ISR tax law exonerated potential private universities from any kind of taxation and state contributions, and in 1966 the Law of Private Universities was approved.
Research on Guatemalan history
In 1957 the highly regarded Marxist historian :es:Severo Martínez Peláez return to Guatemala after his exile and joined the university as a faculty member. The College of Economics dean, Rafael Piedrasanta Arandi, and the university president, Edmundo Vásquez Martínez, approved a scholarship for Martinez Pelaez to research the Archivo General de Indias in Sevilla, Spain between 1967 and 1969. From this research comes his main work, La patria del criollo, published in 1970, as well as the program of Economic History of Central America of the College of Economics and the total reform of the School of History in 1978.
In 1979, due to death threats from the general Fernando Romeo Lucas García regime, Martínez Peláez had to go into exile once again with his family and continued with his research and teaching activities in the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla in Mexico, where he was an invited speaker in several seminars and created new curricula for the College of History. Besides, he had important meetings with historians and Guatemalan exiles in Mexico.
Veterinary medicine
The College of Veterinary was created on 27 September 1957, and initially was part of the College of Medicine and was located in the old Medicine Building in Guatemala City Historical Downtown. In 1958 and 1959 it moved into private homes that the university rented in zones 9 and 4 of Guatemala City; it also used the university's Botanic Garden library in zone 4. By 1960, the College of Veterinary moved into its definite home in the main University campus.
On 11 January 1969 the School of Animal Studies, which was independent of the School of Veterinary medicine. and on 27 September 1974 it moved into the new modular buildings on the southwest section of the main campus, next to the Veterinary Medicine Hospital.
Repression and decline
During general Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes presidency, the university started suffering repression due to its position alongside the main labor unions, with three students murdered in front of the College of Law in 1962.
The EXMIBAL Case
During the government of Julio César Méndez Montenegro the possibility of giving the nickel mines in Izabal in concession to a Canadian mining company was brought to the table, but it did not materialized. As soon as the general Carlos Arana Osorio took office on 1 July 1970, he reopened the case and began working in for EXMIBAL to get a concession. However, many social sectors opposed to it, arguing that it would be too costly for the country. One of the main opponents was the commission that the University of San Carlos created to discuss the matter; among the members of the commission was the lawyer Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López, then representative in the Congress, the respected Guatemalan intellectual Alfonso Bauer Paiz -who had been part of the staff of presidents Juan José Arévalo Bermejo and Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and Julio Carney Herrera Both Camey Herrera and Bauer Paiz were shot in November 1970: Carney died of his wounds while Bauer Paz, severely wounded, had to go into exile.
The commission members had strongly opposed the conditions proposed by the Government to grant the concession EXMIBAL; after the attack against Bauer Paiz and Carney, on 13 February 1971 Mijangos López was assassinated by unknown assailants as he left his office long the 4th Avenue in Zone 1 of the Guatemala City. Mijangos Lopez had been under the fatal impression that the government was not going to assassinate him because he was on a wheelchair since 1958.
On 8 May 1971, Arana Osorio's administration finally granted the concession to EXMIBAL; it covered 385 square kilometers in the area of El Estor, with and initial investment of US$228 million. The mine, built in the mountains of indigenous maya Q'eqchi people, included a residential complex of 700 homes, numerous offices, a hospital, a small shopping center, school, a golf course and a large area for industrial processing.
Laugerud and Lucas García military governments
During the military governments of the seventies, the tension between the government and the university kept growing, until it reached its peak in 1978 during the massive demonstration that occurred to protest rising urban public transportation costs. The Association of University Students (AEU) had a leading role in the protests, but this brought persecution of their leaders and the murder of the secretary general of the association Oliverio Castañeda de León, on 20 October of that year. Just fifteen days after the murder of Castañeda de León, was missing his successor, Antonio Ciani García, and over the next 18 months almost every student leader and university faculty with political connections were threatened (even with the legal parties). Whoever did not paid attention and continued with their protest activities, was simply killed or kidnapped.
In early 1979, the following attacks occurred against renowned members of the university:
On 25 January 1979, Alberto Fuentes Mohr, Doctor of Economics, Congress representative, leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and former minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs during the administration of Julio César Méndez Montenegro, was murdered.
That same day, but a few hours later, was shot and killed the student and union leader Ricardo Martinez Solorzano.
On 14 February, Manuel Lisandro Andrade Roca, general secretary of the university in the tenure of Saúl Osorio Paz as university president -and a student leader during the "Marches of 1962"- was killed.
On 22 March, former Guatemala City mayor Manuel Colom Argueta was killed, in an operation in which his murderers allegedly used a helicopter to direct the operation Colom had been director of Center for Urban and Regional Studies (CEUR) of the University of San Carlos of Guatemala and a political leader of the United Revolutionary Front (FUR). Next to Fuentes Mohr, he was the most prominent members of the legal political opposition and their deaths ended, even more, the political space in Guatemala. These murders and threats against leaders of the FUR and the PSD continued in 1979 and 1980, and in subsequent years against the Guatemalan Christian Democracy party.
At the university, university president Saúl Osorio Paz, after attacks on his colleagues and death threats against him, began to live in presidency, protected by student brigades of the communist FRENTE student party. In an unprecedented case, the president directed the university from underground for almost two years.
The effect of state repression was worse on the student movement: the AEU ended decimated. Despite all this, the association continued to be a belligerent organization during this campaign of terror. To protect themselves, the AEU restructured its organizational form such that their leaders were not so vulnerable, and declined to reveal their names.
In January 1979, a new freshmen generation arrived to the university. Many of them had been members of the CEEM or student associations in the public institutes and had participated in the events of October 1978. It was them who took the leadership of the AEU. But it was much more difficult to replace the fallen or exiled faculty, which resulted in a marked decline in the academic quality of the institution. Later, laws that severely restricted the university autonomy were proposed, and violating the constitutional mandate to give 5% of the national budget to the institution became commonplace for the government.
Burning the Spain Embassy in Guatemala
On 31 January 1980, several students from the University of San Carlos advised a k'iche' peasant group who wanted to let the world know about their precarious situation; when the country's newspapers did not dare to publish their demands, and after all legal avenues to be heard had been exhausted, the group decided to take the premises of the Embassy of Spain and use it as a platform for their demands. The reaction of the government of general Fernando Romeo Lucas García was strong and direct: police surrounded the premises of the embassy and after several hours of siege, the situation ended with the burning of the room where all the people who were inside the embassy had taken refuge, including almost the entire Embassy staff and some random visitors, including former vice president of Guatemala, Eduardo Cáceres Lehnhoff and former Foreign Affairs Minister, Adolfo Molina Orantes. The only two survivors were Ambassador Máximo Cajal López and peasant Gregorio Yuja Xona, who were taken to the Private Hospital Herrera Llerandi. Yuja was kidnapped there and a group tried to kidnap the ambassador, but he was taken from the hospital just in time by the ambassador of Costa Rica in Guatemala; Cajal left the country that night. Yuja, meanwhile, was tortured and his body thrown off the premises of the president mansion at the University of San Carlos. His body was buried in the Heroes and Martyrs Plaza on Central Campus.
1985 civil unrest: military invasion of Central Campus
During the government of general Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores, the Mutual Support Group (GAM) -led by Nineth Montenegro- was founded and the High School Student Coordination Group (CEEM) also gained considerable strength. The latter was formed by students from the Central National Institute for Boys, the Central Normal Institute for Young Ladies Belén and Rafael Aqueche which organized mass protests in September 1985 against the rising prices for public transportation. At least ten people died in Guatemala City in the most extensive wave of urban unrest since protests against the government of Fernando Romeo Lucas García in August 1978. The unrest began with demonstrations against rising prices public transportation but then became widespread due to the bad economic situation the country was in at the time. Burning of buses, blockades and massive protests that resulted in destruction of public infrastructure occurred almost every day. The government responded with three thousand Army soldiers, whom supported by light armored forces and the riot squad of the National Police, were deployed in central and peripheral areas of the city. Also, the night of 3 September 1985 the University of San Carlos of Guatemala was occupied by the military who allegedly found an underground shooting range subversive propaganda.
Several hundred people were arrested and General Mejia Víctores addressed the nation through a television and radio address in which he announced measures to address prevailing social unrest. General Mejia announced public schools closure until further notice and the freezing of prices of consumer goods; in the end, as part of the process solution a high school student bonus was granted to both elementary and high schools so they could be transported free in public transportation, plus all the public school students were promoted by decree. Students who graduated by decree in 1985 were received with brutal initiations by the different student bodies through the university.
Constitution of 1985: Election of judges and university representatives before government institutions
After the murder or forced exile of most of its faculty, the stability of the College of Law after the Guatemalan Civil War was recovered with deanship of Cipriano Soto Tobar, who took office in 1988. Soto Tobar took a significant effort on hiring faculty. However, his main goal was to establish political networks to favor political lobbies exploiting the new role that the Constitution assigned to the University of San Carlos: which, enacted in 1985, entrusted the College of Law and the University of San Carlos with the task of naming representatives to the process of election of judges of the highest courts of the land, as well as the Comptroller General of Accounts, and the Chief Public Prosecutor Also, the university was given the power to send a judge to the Constitutionality Court.
These networks took hold and strengthened through the 1990s, with relationships set up between institutions and societal sectors beyond the university. After leaving the deanship, the University Council nominated Soto to the Constitutionality Court, although there were persistent rumors that he was selling diplomas and certificates. However, his application was accepted because his involvement in these felonies could not be proved because no credible evidence was presented. Two of his performances in the Constitutionality Court showed possible political compromise: first, he voted to validate an illegal adoption network and, then he voted in favor of the registration as a presidential candidate of general Efraín Ríos Montt, despite the prohibition of the 1985 Constitution, which does not allowed as a candidate anybody that had been part of a coup d'état. In those years, adoption networks operating in Guatemala could collect up to US$60,000 per child and went from delivering 1200 children in 1997 to more than four thousand in 2004.
Estuardo Galvez, who took that dean office in 2000 and later went on to become university president, was one of the members of the networks established by Soto; realizing the importance of the Bar Association, which was also a participant in the election of judges -and until then controlled by lawyers linked to the traditional capital of the country- Galvez sought from the beginning of his term to favor his post graduate students placing them in public institutions so that they could show their loyalty with favorable votes in the Bar elections. After several elections, and once Galvez was no longer dean, the network that Soto set up beat the traditional capital lawyers in the Bar Association elections by 300 votes; as recorded in the minutes, the majority of his votes were young lawyers -his former students.
Student leaders murders in 1989
In 1987, the president of the Student Association "El Derecho" (AED), Willy Ligorría, was expelled from the Association of University Students (AEU) for embezzling funds from the Huelga de Dolores Committee, for his direct involvement in an embezzlement money of the association and usurpation of functions and for signing as acting as general secretary in various activities and international documents. After his departure, a series of death threats against members of the board of the AEU began: in 1989 there was a steady escalation of threats, some of them signed by death squads as "the Dolorosa", the "Jaguar of Justice" or "Secret Anticommunist-Army". Despite his expulsion, Ligorría, maintained a very high and combative profile, while his close friend, Marco Tulio Montenegro, was still part of AEU.
In 1989, several student body leaders returned to Guatemala from exile intending to achieve a resurgence of student coordination, which was practically dismantled since the seventies. But on August 21, Iván Ernesto Gonzalez was arrested and kidnapped; the next day, Carlos Contreras Conde, leader of the University Student Movement (MEU), was abducted near the university. That same day Hugo Leonel Gramajo was abducted and introduced in a red pick-up with foreign plates. On 23 August, Victor Hugo Rodriguez Jaramillo and Silvia Azurdia Utrera founders of MEU, were kidnapped and taken violently amid two cars that blocked their way. And Mario De León left a press conference that the Student Body held that day at around 19:45 hours and was detained by the National Police and has not been seen again since. Finally, Aaron Ochoa disappeared the next day.
During an emergency meeting in which the response to the government offensive was being discussed, Willy Ligorría called to say that he knew where Hugo Gramajo and Aaron Ochoa were hidden and that he could bring the still free student leaders to them. In September other members of the student movement, Carlos Chutá Carney, Carlos Humberto Cabrera and Carlos Palencia were kidnapped and found dead shortly afterwards.
After the murders of the student leaders, Ligorría spoke at some rallies in college and participated in the demonstrations that took place. On Saturday September 15 at 14:15 hours he left for Panamá along with Marco Tulio Montenegro and Byron Milian Vicente. Montenegro returned to Guatemala on 11 November 1989 to rejoin the AEU, but he was already a suspect, and was killed with knife soon after. Meanwhile, Ligorría was appointed head of research of public prosecutions. On September 12, 1997, the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, which became a political party after the peace accords, formally accused Ligorría for his involvement in the murder of the student leader, claiming that he was a member of military intelligence.
University presidents
"Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" presidents
Dr. José de Baños y Soto Mayor, arcediano de la Catedral, Predicador del Rey de España y Doctor de la Universidad de Osuna
Antonio de Larrazábal y Arrivillaga(1813, 1820–1825)
Dr. Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol (1825–1829)
"Academia de Ciencias" presidents
Dr. Pedro Molina Mazariegos (1836–1840).
"Pontificia Universidad de San Carlos Borromeo" Presidents
Bishop Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, (1840–1865)
National University presidents
Dr. Agustín Gómez
Dr. Carlos Federico Mora (1944)
University of San Carlos presidents
Dr. Carlos Federico Mora (1944–1945)
Dr. Carlos Martínez Durán
Dr. Mario Dary Rivera
Dr. Edmundo Vásquez Martínez (1966–1970)
Rafael Cuevas
Saúl Osorio Paz (-14 de julio 1980)
Roberto Molina Mejía (14 July 1980 – 31 July 1980)
Dr. Eduardo Meyer Maldonado
Roderico Segura
Alfonso Fuentes Soria
Jafeth Cabrera
Efraín Medina
Dr. Carlos Estuardo Gálvez Barrios
Dr. Carlos Alvarado Cerezo
Ing. Murphy Olimpo Paz Recinos
Pablo Ernesto Oliva Soto
Walter Mazariegos Biolis
Colleges
University of San Carlos colleges are structured as follows:
Board of directors
Each college board of directors is structure with a dean, who runs it, a secretary and five trustees, of whom two are professor representatives, one is a representative of the professional association and two are student representatives.
Dean
The deans are the directors and representative of their colleges and work on four-year terms. To be reelected a dean needs 3/5 parts of the electors, a new dean needs half +1.
Academic units
The university has 40 academic units:
10 colleges;
10 schools;
19 regional centers
1 Technical Institute
Colleges
Schools
Regional Campuses
Sports
The school's football club Universidad de San Carlos (Guatemalan football club) of the Liga Nacional de Fútbol plays at Estadio Revolución located on campus grounds.
Notable alumni
A list of notable faculty and alumni can be found in List of notable students and faculty of University of San Carlos of Guatemala.
Gallery
See also
Guatemala Civil War
History of Guatemala
List of universities in Guatemala
List of colonial universities in Latin America
Notes and references
Notes
References
Further reading
Lanning, John Tate. The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment in the University of San Carlos de Guatemala. Ithaca: University Press Cornell 1958.
External links
Official webpage of the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
Educational institutions established in the 1670s
1676 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1676 establishments in North America
Guatemalan Revolution
Forestry education
Charles Borromeo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad%20de%20San%20Carlos%20de%20Guatemala |
John of Gloucester (or John of Pontefract) (c. 1468 – c. 1499 (based on historical hypothesis)) was an illegitimate son of King Richard III of England. John is so called because his father was Duke of Gloucester at the time of his birth. His father appointed him Captain of Calais, a position he lost after his father's death. He seems to have been held in custody at some point during the reign of Henry VII and may have been executed around 1499.
Early life
The identity of John's mother is not known, nor is his date of birth. However, since Katherine, Richard III's other illegitimate child, was old enough to be wedded in 1484 and John was old enough to be knighted in September 1483 in York Minster (when his half brother Edward, Richard's only legitimate heir, was invested Prince of Wales) and to be made Captain of Calais in March 1485, most historians agree these 2 children were fathered during Richard's teen years.
Dr Ashdown-Hill suggests that John was conceived during Richard's first solo expedition to the eastern counties in the summer of 1467 at the invitation of John Howard and that the boy was born in 1468 and named after his friend and supporter. Richard himself noted John was still a minor (not being yet 21) when he issued the royal patent appointing him Captain of Calais on 11 March 1485, possibly on his seventeenth birthday.
An order referring to his appointment as Captain of Calais calls him "John de Pountfreit Bastard." Because of this, it has been suggested that he was born at Pontefract. Michael Hicks has suggested that John's mother was Alice Burgh, who was granted an annuity of 20 pounds when Richard was at Pontefract on 1 March 1474; the grant states that it was made for "certain special causes and considerations." Another candidate is Katherine Haute, who Rosemary Horrox has suggested was a mistress of Richard and possibly the mother of Richard's illegitimate daughter Katherine, who married William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. Horrox notes that Richard granted Katherine Haute an annuity of five pounds in 1477. It is unknown, however, whether Katherine and John had the same mother. They were both half-siblings of Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales.
Career
John was one of two persons knighted on 8 September 1483 in York during the celebrations which invested his half-brother Edward of Middleham as Prince of Wales.
John is known to have been in Calais by November 1484 and was officially appointed Captain of Calais by his father on 11 March 1485. His letter of appointment has Richard referring to him as "our dear bastard son". The patent appointing John gave him all of the necessary powers of his position, except of appointing officers, which it reserved until he turned twenty-one; it does not indicate how close to turning twenty-one he was. A warrant dated 9 March 1485 to deliver clothing to "the Lord Bastard" probably refers to John.
Under Henry VII
After Richard was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485), Henry VII removed John from the position of Captain of Calais, but did not further persecute him and, on 1 March 1486, granted him an annual income of 20 pounds sterling.
In his confession, Perkin Warbeck stated that when he began his impersonation of Richard, Duke of York, in 1491, "King Richard's bastard son was in the hands of the king of England." In the seventeenth century, an early defender of Richard III, George Buck, claimed that around the time of the executions of Warbeck and Edward, Earl of Warwick, in 1499, "there was a base son of King Richard III made away, and secretly, having been kept long before in prison." Buck, who does not identify John by name, claims that he was executed to prevent him from falling into the hands of certain Irishmen who wished to make him their chief or prince. There are no other sources for John's execution.
Sources
External links
An article on the natural children of Richard III
15th-century births
1499 deaths
House of York
15th-century English people
People of the Tudor period
English knights
Richard III of England
Year of birth unknown
Place of birth unknown
Illegitimate children of Richard III of England
Sons of kings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Gloucester |
The Colony of British Columbia was a British Crown Colony that resulted from the amalgamation of the two former colonies, the Colony of Vancouver Island and the mainland Colony of British Columbia. The two former colonies were united in 1866, and the united colony existed until its incorporation into the Canadian Confederation in 1871.
Background
The Colony of Vancouver Island had been created in 1849 to bolster British claims to the whole island and the adjacent Gulf Islands, and to provide a North Pacific home port for the Royal Navy at Esquimalt. By the mid-1850s, the Island Colony's non-indigenous population was around 800 people; a mix of mostly British, French-Canadian, Hawaiians, but with handfuls of Iroquoians, Métis and Cree in the employ of the fur company, and a few Belgian and French Oblate priests. First Nations' populations had not recovered from smallpox epidemics in the 1770s and 1780s. Three years earlier, the Oregon Treaty had established the boundary between British North America and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains along the 49th parallel. The mainland area of present-day British Columbia was an unorganized territory under British sovereignty until 1858. The region was under the de facto administration of the Hudson's Bay Company, and its regional chief executive, James Douglas, who also happened to be Governor of Vancouver Island. The region was informally given the name New Caledonia, after the fur-trading district which covered the central and northern interior of the mainland west of the Rockies.
All this changed with the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1857–1858, when the non-aboriginal population of the mainland swelled from about 150 Hudson's Bay Company employees and their families to about 20,000 prospectors, speculators, land agents, and merchants. The British Colonial Office acted swiftly, proclaiming the Crown Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) on 2 August 1858, and dispatching Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony into the British Empire's "bulwark in the farthest west" and "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific". Moody was appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.
United colonies
Moody and the Columbia Detachment disbanded in July 1863, and Moody returned to England. Douglas continued to administer the mainland colony from Victoria, but Sir Arthur Kennedy was appointed to succeed him as Governor of Vancouver Island. New Westminster would welcome its first resident governor, Frederick Seymour, in 1864. Both colonies were labouring under huge debts, largely accumulated by the completion of extensive infrastructure to service the huge population influx. As gold revenues dropped, the loans secured to pay for these projects undermined the economies of the colonies, and pressure grew in London for their amalgamation. Despite a great deal of ambivalence in some quarters, on 6 August 1866, the united colony was proclaimed, with the capital and assembly in Victoria, and Seymour was designated governor.
Seymour continued as governor of the united colonies until 1869, but after the British North America Act joined three colonies (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada) into the Canadian Confederation in 1867, it seemed increasingly only a matter of time before Vancouver Island and British Columbia would negotiate terms of union. Major players in the Confederation League such as Amor De Cosmos, Robert Beaven, and John Robson pushed for union primarily as a way of advancing both the economic health of the region, as well as increased democratic reform through truly representative and responsible government. In this effort, they were supported and aided by Canadian officials, especially Sir Samuel Tilley, a Father of Confederation and Minister of Customs in the government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. Seymour, ill and beset by protests that he was dragging in his feet in completing negotiations for the HBC's territory, was facing the end of his term, and Macdonald was pressing London to replace him with Sir Anthony Musgrave, outgoing governor of the Colony of Newfoundland. Before the appointment could be finalized, however, Seymour died.
With Musgrave's appointment, the British colonial secretary, Lord Granville, pushed Musgrave to accelerate negotiations with Canada towards union. It took almost two years for those negotiations, in which Canada eventually agreed to shoulder the colonies' massive debt and join the territory to a transcontinental railway, to be finalized. His efforts led to the admission of British Columbia as the sixth province of Canada on 20 July 1871.
Governors of the united Colony of British Columbia
Frederick Seymour, 1866–1869
Sir Anthony Musgrave, 1869–1871
Legislative Council of the united Colony of British Columbia
1866 to 1869 14 members were appointed by the governor and 9 were elected by the public.
1869 to 1872 13 members appointed by the Governor, 8 elected by the public.
Elections to the Legislative Council of the united Colony of British Columbia
1866 Colony of British Columbia general election
1869 Colony of British Columbia general election
Supreme Court
In 1869 Supreme Courts were established on the mainland ("The Supreme Court of the Mainland of British Columbia") and on Vancouver Island ("Supreme Court of Vancouver Island"), which merged in 1870 as the Supreme Court of British Columbia.
In 1858 the British Government had sent over Matthew Baillie Begbie as Chief Justice for the colony. Although trained at Lincoln's Inn he had never practised law, but soon published a Rules of Court and a timetable of sittings. He held the post, under consecutive administrative regimes, until his death in 1894.
See also
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867
Alaska boundary dispute
Reference List
External links
Order in Council determining British Columbia's terms of union with the Dominion of Canada, 1871
British North America
Colony of British Columbia (1866-1871)
Colony of British Columbia (1866-1871)
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
States and territories established in 1866
1871 disestablishments in North America
1866 establishments in the British Empire
Former colonies in North America
1866 establishments in North America
1870s disestablishments in the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony%20of%20British%20Columbia%20%281866%E2%80%931871%29 |
Patrick Wintour (born 1 November 1954) is a British journalist and the diplomatic editor of The Guardian. He was the political editor of The Guardian from 2006 to 2015 and was formerly the newspaper's chief political correspondent for two periods, from 1988 to 1996, and 2000 to 2006. In the intervening period he was the political editor of The Observer.
Early life
Wintour was born on 1 November 1954, the son of former Evening Standard editor Charles Vere Wintour by his marriage to Eleanor "Nonie" Trego Baker (1917–1995), an American, the daughter of a Harvard law professor. His parents married in 1940 and divorced in 1979. His elder sister, Dame Anna Wintour, is the current Editor-in-Chief of the American edition of Vogue magazine. His brother Jim arranged equestrian events at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Wintour is the grandson of Major-General Fitzgerald Wintour.
Wintour was educated at The Hall School in Hampstead, Westminster School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. At Westminster, he was a contemporary of Adam Mars-Jones and Chris Huhne.
Career
Known for his contacts inside the Labour Party, Wintour began his career in journalism on the New Statesman from 1976 to 1982, before joining The Guardian as chief Labour Correspondent in 1983. From 1988, he was the paper's Chief Political Correspondent, 1988–1996, and then Political Editor of The Observer, The Guardians Sunday sister paper, until 2000. He returned to The Guardian as Chief Political Correspondent in 2000 before being appointed political editor in 2006, on the retirement of Michael White. Wintour won the British Press Awards "Political Journalist of the Year" award in 2007.
In October 2015, Wintour moved to a new role as The Guardians Diplomatic Editor. In December Anushka Asthana and Heather Stewart were appointed to succeed him in a job-share arrangement. All three took up their new roles at the beginning of 2016.
Personal life
Wintour's second wife is Rachel Sylvester, a journalist for The Times. The couple have two children.
Wintour was formerly married to the journalist Madeleine Bunting, with whom he also has two children.
References
External links
My job: Patrick Wintour, political editor, The Guardian, Press Gazette, 28 May 2007
1954 births
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
British male journalists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Westminster School, London
The Guardian journalists
British people of American descent
Patrick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Wintour |
Manduca florestan, the Florestan sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Caspar Stoll in 1782.
Distribution
It is found from the mountains of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and the lower Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas through Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the rest of Central America south into South America at least to Paraguay, Bolivia, Venezuela, Argentina, Brazil and Suriname. they have also been spotted in N.S.W Australia.
Description
The wingspan is 99–110 mm. It is similar in appearance to several other members of the genus Manduca, but a number of differences distinguish it from Manduca lichenea, to which it most closely compares. There is a great deal of individual variation. The forewings have a greenish tint and prominent black discal streaks.
Biology
There is one generation with adults on wing from late June to early August in the United States. In Bolivia, adults have been reported in March and again from October to December, while adults are on wing year round in Costa Rica. They feed on the nectar of various flowers, including Plumeria rubra in Costa Rica.
The larvae feed on Tecoma and Citharexylum species, Stachytarpheta frantzii, Callicarpa acuminata, Aegiphylla martinicensis, Citharexylum costaricensis, Tabebuia ochracea, Callichlamys latifolia, Cydista heterophylla, Cydista diversifolia, Crescentia alata, Macfadyena unguis-cati, Cordia panamensis, Cordia alliodora and Chionentis panamensis. In Brazil, larvae have been reported on Lantana camara, Pyrostegia venusta and Vitex megapotamica.
References
External links
Manduca florestan Moths of North America
Manduca
Moths described in 1782
Sphingidae of South America
Moths of South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca%20florestan |
Morrison Hill ( or ) is an area and the location of a hill between Wan Chai and Bowrington, on Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong.
History
The hill was at the seashore until the Praya East Reclamation Scheme in the 1920s, which used its constituent rock/earth to reclaim land from the harbour, extending the shoreline away from the area. This major operation took most of the decade and to carry away the rock and soil, temporary railway tracks were laid, running along Bowrington Canal (present day Canal Road),
The hill was named for Protestant missionary and linguist Dr Robert Morrison who travelled through the region as part of the Morrison Education Society.
Features
Today, the centre of the area is occupied by the Morrison Hill Swimming Pool and several secondary schools, within a circular street, Oi Kwan Road (). A main road, Morrison Hill Road (), runs along the east side of the area. The Queen Elizabeth Stadium and the Tang Shiu Kin Hospital are on its southern fringe. There is also a skatepark near the children's playground to the south-east.
Facilities along Oi Kwan Road
Amenity facilities include:
Queen Elizabeth Stadium
Morrison Hill Swimming Pool
Medical establishments include:
Tang Shiu Kin Hospital
Tang Chi Ngong Specialist Clinic
MacLehose Dental Centre
Educational institutions include:
Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Morrison Hill) (with the headquarters of Vocation Training Council by its side),
Lady Trench Training Centre
Tang Shiu Kin Victoria Government Secondary School
Sheng Kung Hui Tang Shiu Kin Secondary School
Other major facilities include:
The Scout Association of Hong Kong Regional Headquarters
Tang Shiu Kin Social Service Centre
Ammar Mosque and Osman Ramju Sadick Islamic Centre
Residential building includes:
Oi Kwan Court
See also
Khalsa Diwan Sikh Temple
Mount Parish
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison%20Hill |
Joachim "Blacky" Fuchsberger (pronounced ; 11 March 1927 – 11 September 2014) was a German actor and television host, best known to a wide German-speaking audience as one of the recurring actors in various Edgar Wallace movies (often a Detective Inspector with Scotland Yard). In the English-speaking world, he was sometimes credited as Akim Berg or Berger.
Life and career
Fuchsberger was born in Zuffenhausen, today a district of Stuttgart, and was a member of the obligatory Hitler Youth. During World War II, at the age of 16, he was trained as a Fallschirmjäger, combat instructor and sent to the Eastern Front where he was wounded. He was captured in a hospital in Stralsund by the Red Army and came into Soviet captivity and later in American and British captivity. Because of this turbulent time of his youth in Second World War, he never obtained a school diploma. In 1946, he worked as a coal miner for the British in Recklinghausen. His nickname Blacky hails from that time.
After his release, he worked as an engineer for typesetting and printing machines in the family business and later in a publishing house in Düsseldorf. In 1949, he was advertising manager of the German Building Exhibition in Nuremberg. From 1950 to 1952, he was spokesman at the radio station in Munich and newsreel spokesman. In 1951, he married the pop singer Gitta Lind, from whom he divorced after two years. In 1954 he married the radio technician and actress Gundula Korte (born 24 March 1930), with whom he has a son. In the same year he had his breakthrough playing "Gunner Asch" in the three-part war film 08/15 film series, based on the novel by Hans Hellmut Kirst.
After several war films, he starred in the 1959 film Der Frosch mit der Maske (The Frog with the Mask) playing amateur detective Richard Gordon. More than 3.2 million visitors saw the movie in the cinema. The surprising success laid the foundation for many other film adaptations of novels by Edgar Wallace.
After this success, he played the detective in another 12 Edgar Wallace films: 1960 – Chief Inspector Long in The Terrible People; 1961 – Inspector Larry Holt in The Dead Eyes of London; 1961 – Insurance Agent Jack Tarling in The Devil's Daffodil; 1961 – Inspector Mike Dorn in The Strange Countess; 1962 – Inspector Wade in The Inn on the River; 1963 – Clifford Lynne in Der Fluch der gelben Schlange (The Curse of the Yellow Snake); 1963 – Estate manager Dick Alford in The Black Abbot; 1964 – Investigator Johnny Gray in Room 13; 1964 – Inspector Higgins in Der Hexer (The Warlock); 1967 – Inspector Higgins in The Monk with the Whip; 1968 – Inspector Higgins in Im Banne des Unheimlichen (Under the Spell of the Sinister); 1972 – Inspector Barth in What Have You Done to Solange?.
Fuchsberger was the stadium announcer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. During the closing ceremony, it was suspected that a hijacked passenger aircraft was on its way to the stadium. Fuchsberger, fearing a panic, decided against evacuation. This decision was vindicated when the original suspicion turned out to have been false.
In the late 1960s, Fuchsberger co-founded a real estate company that went bankrupt in a short time. At 42, he had lost his entire fortune, had to sell his villa and sat on a mountain of debt. With the help of his wife, Gundula, good friends and tireless work, he managed to discharge the debt and to start a new existence.
In 1978, he was bitten by a chimpanzee during a TV show and fell seriously ill with hepatitis B. He spent 4 months at the quarantine station and suffered through a depression but recovered. He withdrew from film and television work in the late 1970s and concentrated on his stage career. In the late 1990s he started reappearing in some television movies, which after a break he continued from the late 2000s until his death.
In 1984, he was the first German ambassador for UNICEF. On 13 November 2006, he was awarded the Bavarian State Medal for Social Services for those activities. Since 2009, Fuchsberger is member of the Board of Trustees of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup and co-patron of the volunteer program for the FIFA Women's World Cup 2011.
His son, (1957–2010), was a composer and drowned in Kulmbach on 14 October 2010. Late in life, Fuchsberger lived in Grünwald near Munich and in Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania. He held Australian citizenship together with his original German one. He died of organ failure at his German home in Grünwald on 11 September 2014.
Awards
1942 – War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords
1961 – Bravo Otto
1961 –
1969 – Bambi Award
1970 – International Film Ribbon (Italy)
1970 – Bravo Otto
1971 – Bravo Otto
1972 – Bravo Otto
1979 – Bavarian Order of Merit
1982 – Goldene Kamera
1982 – Bambi Award
1983 – Federal Cross of Merit
1985 – Der liebe Augustin (Austria)
1986 – Goldene Europa
1983 –
1994 – Grand Federal Cross of Merit
1999 – Honorary Ambassador of Tourism (Tasmania)
2005 – Bavarian TV Awards
2006 –
2007 –
2007 – in the category Lifetime Achievement Award
2008 – Platin Kurier Romy
2009 –
2010 – Goldene Kamera for Lifetime Achievement
2011 – Deutscher Fernsehpreis for Lifetime Achievement
2011 – German Sustainability Award
2012 – Bambi Award for his life's work
Selected filmography
1953: Open Your Window (Director: Anton Kutter)
1954: Wenn ich einmal der Herrgott wär (Director: Anton Kutter) .... Fred
1954: 08/15 (Director: Paul May) .... Gefreiter Asch
1955: The Song of Kaprun (Director: Anton Kutter) .... Der 'schöne Eugen'
1955: (Director: Paul May) .... Wachtmeister Asch
1955: The Last Man (Director: Harald Braun) .... Alwin Radspieler
1955: (Director: Paul May) .... Leutnant Herbert Asch
1956: Symphonie in Gold (Director: Franz Antel) .... Walter Gerlos
1956: (Director: Franz Antel) .... Johann Leim, Tischler
1956: Wenn Poldi ins Manöver zieht (Director: Hans Quest) .... Thomas
1957: (Director: Carl Boese) .... Journalist Harry Greif
1957: Kleiner Mann – ganz groß (Director: Hans Grimm) .... Thomas Olderhoff
1957: Song of Naples (Director: Carlo Campogalliani) .... Franco Ferri
1957: Illusionen (TV Movie, Director: ) .... Tom
1957: The Twins from Zillertal (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Franz von Auerstein
1957: Hafenmelodie (Director: Joachim Fuchsberger)
1958: Eva küßt nur Direktoren (Director: Rudolf Jugert) .... Karl Müller
1958: The Green Devils of Monte Cassino (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Lt. Reiter
1958: Liebe kann wie Gift sein (Director: Veit Harlan) .... Stefan Bruck
1958: U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Oberleutnant Thomas Birkeneck
1958: (Director: Eugen York) .... Norbert Wilms
1958: Mein Schatz ist aus Tirol (Director: Hans Quest) .... Peter Weigand
1959: The Scarlet Baroness (Director: Rudolf Jugert) .... Tailor
1959: Der Frosch mit der Maske (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Richard Gordon
1959: Mein Schatz komm mit ans blaue Meer (Director: Rudolf Schündler) .... Direktor Paul Marzez
1960: Final Destination: Red Lantern (Director: Rudolf Jugert) .... Martin Stelling
1960: Die zornigen jungen Männer (Director: Wolf Rilla) .... Dr. Jürgen Faber
1960: The Terrible People (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Chefinspektor Long
1961: Zu viele Köche (TV miniseries about the detective Nero Wolfe, Director: Kurt Wilhelm) .... Archie Goodwin
1961: The Dead Eyes of London (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Inspektor Larry Holt
1961: The Devil's Daffodil (Director: Ákos Ráthonyi) .... Jack Tarling
1961: The Strange Countess (Director: Josef von Báky) .... Inspektor Michael 'Mike' Dorn
1961: Auf Wiedersehen (Director: Harald Philipp) .... Ferdinand Steinbichler
1962: (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Harry Raffold
1962: The Inn on the River (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Insp. Wade
1962: Mystery Submarine (Director: C. M. Pennington-Richards) .... Cmdr. Scheffler
1963: (Director: Paul May) .... Strafverteidiger
1963: The Curse of the Yellow Snake (Director: Franz Josef Gottlieb) .... Clifford Lynn
1963: The White Spider (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Ralph Hubbard
1963: The Black Abbot (Director: Franz Josef Gottlieb) .... Dick Alford
1964: Room 13 (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Johnny Gray
1964: Der Hexer (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Inspector Bryan Edgar Higgins
1965: Hotel der toten Gäste (Director: ) .... Barney Blair
1965: The Last Tomahawk (Director: Harald Reinl) .... Captain Bill Hayward
1965: The Face of Fu Manchu (Director: Don Sharp) .... Carl Jannsen
1965: I Knew Her Well (Director: Antonio Pietrangeli) .... The Writer
1966: (Director: José Luis Madrid) .... Clyde Smith
1966: (Director: ) .... Robert B. Fuller
1966: Long Legs, Long Fingers (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Robert Hammond
1966: How to Seduce a Playboy (Director: Michael Pfleghar) .... Sokker
1967: Spy Today, Die Tomorrow (Director: Franz Josef Gottlieb) .... Army MP Haggan (uncredited)
1967: The Monk with the Whip (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Inspektor Higgins
1967: (Director: ) .... Frankie Bargher
1967: (TV miniseries, Director: Wolfgang Becker) .... Edward Morrison
1968: Im Banne des Unheimlichen (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Inspektor Higgins
1968: Commandos (Director: Armando Crispino) .... Oberleutnant Heitzel Agen - Professor
1969: Seven Days Grace (Director: Alfred Vohrer) .... Hendriks
1969: The Unnaturals (Director: Antonio Margheriti) .... Ben Taylor
1969: (TV film, Director: Wolfgang Becker) .... Chris Norman
1970: 11 Uhr 20 (TV miniseries, Director: Wolfgang Becker) .... Thomas Wassem
1971: Heißer Sand (TV film, Director: ) .... Jeff Barlow
1971: Olympia-Olympia (TV film, Director: Kurt Wilhelm) .... Schutzgeist
1972: What Have You Done to Solange? (Director: Massimo Dallamano) .... Inspector Barth
1972: (Director: Rudolf Zehetgruber) .... Plato
1973: The Girl from Hong Kong (Director: Jürgen Roland) .... Frank Boyd
1973: The Flying Classroom (Director: Werner Jacobs) .... Dr. Johannes Böhk, gen. Justus
1977: (Director: Michael Verhoeven) .... Mitglied der Rock & Roll Jury
1982: Der Fan (Director: Eckhart Schmidt) .... Mann im Fernsehen / Man on TV
1996: (TV miniseries) – Director: Fabrizio Costa .... Earl Alessio Capilupi
1998: (TV film, Director: ) .... Baldassarre
1998: (TV miniseries, Director: Fabrizio Costa) .... Marke
2007: (Director: and ) .... Lord Dickham
2008: (TV film, Director: Christoph Schrewe) .... Pope Innocent
2010: (TV film, Director: Wolfgang Murnberger) .... Degenhard Schagowetz
2013: (TV film, Director: Wolfgang Murnberger) .... Degenhard Schagowetz (final film role)
TV shows
1960–1961: Nur nicht nervös werden (ARD)
1973–1975: Der heiße Draht (SWF)
1975–1976: Spiel mit mir (SWF)
1977–1986: (SWF)
1980–1991: Heut' abend (ARD)
1990–1994: Ja oder Nein (ARD)
Documentation
1988–2003: Terra Australis (20 films by Fuchsberger about people and landscapes of his adopted country)
2011: Germaine Damar – Der tanzende Stern (TV) – Regie: Michael Wenk (Fuchsberger as interviewee commemorating his former film partner Germaine Damar)
Audiobooks
2011: Altwerden ist nichts für Feiglinge.'' [Growing old is not for cowards] Publisher: Gütersloher Verlagshaus (Biography, read by Joachim Fuchsberger), .
References
External links
Joachim Fuchsberger in the German Dubbing Card Index
1927 births
2014 deaths
Male actors from Stuttgart
People from the Free People's State of Württemberg
German male film actors
German male stage actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors
German game show hosts
German television personalities
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Bambi (prize)
Recipients of the Romy (TV award)
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of Australia
ARD (broadcaster) people
Hitler Youth members
Fallschirmjäger of World War II
Deaths from organ failure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Fuchsberger |
A by-election was held in the Welsh parliamentary constituency of Islwyn on 16 February 1995 following the resignation on 20 January of Neil Kinnock who was appointed as a European Commissioner.
Whilst being a safe Labour seat and a comfortable victory, the Conservative party suffered a serious drop in support which saw them lose their deposit, gaining less than 5% of the vote. The Conservative candidate, Robert Buckland, would later be elected as MP for South Swindon 15 years later, and would go on to serve in the cabinet.
Result
See also
List of United Kingdom by-elections
References
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Welsh constituencies
Islwyn by-election
Islwyn by-election
1990s elections in Wales
Islwyn by-election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Islwyn%20by-election |
La Violencia (, The Violence) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the countryside.
La Violencia is considered to have begun with the assassination on 9 April 1948 of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, a Liberal Party presidential candidate and frontrunner for the 1949 November election. His murder provoked the Bogotazo rioting, which lasted ten hours and resulted in around 5,000 casualties. An alternative historiography proposes the Conservative Party's return to power following the election of 1946 to be the cause. Rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia.
La Violencia is estimated to have cost the lives of at least 200,000 people, almost 2% of the population of the country at the time.
Development
The La Violencia conflict took place between the Military Forces of Colombia and the National Police of Colombia supported by Colombian Conservative Party paramilitary groups on one side, and paramilitary and guerrilla groups aligned with the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Communist Party on the other side.
The conflict caused millions of people to abandon their homes and property. Media and news services failed to cover events accurately for fear of revenge attacks. The lack of public order and civil authority prevented victims from laying charges against perpetrators. Documented evidence from these years is rare and fragmented.
The majority of the population at the time was Catholic. During the conflict there were press reports that Catholic Church authorities supported the Conservative Party. Several priests were accused of openly encouraging the murder of the political opposition during Catholic mass, including the Santa Rosa de Osos Bishop Miguel Ángel Builes, although this is unproven. No formal charges were ever presented and no official statements were made by the Holy See or the Board of Bishops. These events were recounted in the 1950 book Lo que el cielo no perdona ("What heaven doesn't forgive"), written by the secretary to Builes, Father Fidel Blandon Berrio. Eduardo Caballero Calderón also recounted these events in his 1952 book El Cristo de Espaldas ("Backwards Christ"). After releasing his book, Blandon resigned from his position and assumed a false identity as Antonio Gutiérrez. However, he was eventually identified and legally charged and prosecuted for libel by the Conservative Party.
As a result of La Violencia there were no liberal candidates for the presidency, congress, or any public corporations in the 1950 elections. The press accused the government of pogroms against the opposition. Censorship and reprisals were common against journalists, writers, and directors of news services; in consequence many media figures left the country. Jorge Zalamea, director of Critica magazine, fled to Buenos Aires; Luis Vidales to Chile; Antonio Garcia to La Paz, and Gerardo Molina to Paris.
Timeline
Before 1946
Since the 1920s, Conservatives had held the majority of governmental power, a position it would continue to occupy until the 2002 election of Alvaro Uribe. Even when Liberals gained control of the government in the 1930s, there was tension and even violent outbursts between peasants and landowners, as well as workers and industry owners. The number of yearly deaths from conflict, however, were far less than those estimated to have occurred during La Violencia.
1946–1947
In the 1946 election, Mariano Ospina Pérez of the Conservative party won the presidency, largely because the Liberal votes were split between two Liberal candidates.
Mariano Ospina Pérez and the Conservative party Government used the police and army to repress the Liberal party. Their response was to fight back with violent protests. This led to an increasing amount of pressure within political and civil society. Some consider La Violencia having started at this point because the Conservative government began increasing the backlash against Liberal protests and small rebel groups. There were an estimated 14,000 deaths in 1947 due to this violence.
1948
On April 9, 1948, Liberal Party leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was assassinated by Juan Roa Sierra on the street in Bogotá, via three shots from a revolver. Gaitán was a popular candidate and would have been the likely winner of the 1950 election. This began the Bogotazo as angry mobs beat Roa Sierra to death and headed to the presidential palace with the intent of killing President Ospina Pérez. The murder of Gaitán and subsequent rioting sparked other popular uprisings throughout the country. Because of the Liberal nature of these revolts, the police and military, who had been largely neutral before, either defected or became aligned with the Conservative government.
1949–1953
Initially, Liberal leaders in Colombia worked with the Conservative government to stop uprisings and root out Communists. In May 1949, Liberal leaders resigned from their positions within the Ospina Pérez administration, due to the widespread persecution of Liberals throughout the country. Attempting to end La Violencia, the Liberals, who had majority control of Congress, began impeachment proceedings against President Ospina Pérez on November 9, 1949. In response, Ospina Pérez dissolved the Congress, creating a Conservative dictatorship. The Liberal Party decided to stage a military coup, and it was planned for November 25, 1949. However, many of the party members decided it was not a good idea and called it off. One conspirator, Air Force Captain Alfredo Silva, in the city of Villavicencio, had not been notified of the abandonment of the plan and carried it out. After rallying the Villavicencio garrison, he disarmed the police and took control of the city. Silva proceeded to urge others in the region to join the revolt, and Eliseo Velásquez, a peasant guerrilla leader, took Puerto López on December 1, 1949, as well as capturing other villages in the Meta River region. In this time, Silva was caught and arrested by troops from Bogotá coming to take back control of Villavicencio.
In 1950, Laureano Gómez was elected president of Colombia, but it was a largely manipulated election, leading Gómez to become the new Conservative dictator.
After Alfredo Silva's disappearance, Velásquez assumed power of the forces in the Eastern Plains that, by April 1950, included seven rebel zones with hundreds of guerrillas known as the "cowboys". While in command of the forces, Velásquez suffered from a superiority complex, leading him to commit abuses including body mutilation of those killed. Without sufficient arms, during the first major offensive of the Conservative army, the Liberal forces took major losses and confidence in Velásquez was lost. New populist leaders took control of the different groups of rebels and eventually came together to impose a 10% tax on wealthy landowners in the region. This tax created divisions from the wealthy Liberals and the Conservative government used them to recruit counter guerrillas. The Conservative army then increased its offensive attacks; committing atrocities along the way, they burned entire villages, slaughtered animals, and massacred suspected rebels, as well as set up a blockade of the region. The rebels were able to combat the offensive with small, covert, attacks to capture outposts and supplies. By June 1951, the government agreed to a truce with the guerrilla forces and they temporarily lifted the blockade.
A few months after the truce, larger army units were sent to the Eastern Plains to end the Liberal revolt, but they were still unsuccessful. In this time, the Liberal leadership in Bogotá realized the Conservatives were not giving up power any time soon, and they wanted to organize a national revolt. In December 1951 and January 1952, Alfonso López Pumarejo, the former Colombian president and leader of the Liberal Party, made visits to the Eastern Plains to renew his alliance with the "cowboys". When López Pumarejo returned to Bogotá he issued declarations stating that the guerrillas were not criminals but were simply fighting for freedom, and in response the Conservative dictatorship shut down the newspapers and imposed strict censorship. 1952 passed with only small skirmishes and no organized guerrilla leader, but by June 1953, Guadalupe Salcedo had assumed command.
In 1952 the future revolutionary leader Ernesto "Che" Guevara, then an unknown young man traveling through South America, briefly visited Bogotá. In a letter he wrote to his mother on July 6, 1952, later published in "The Motorcycle Diaries", Guevara noted that "There is more repression of individual freedom here than in any country we've been to, the police patrol the streets carrying rifles and demand your papers every few minutes". He went on to describe the atmosphere as "tense" and "suffocating", even hypothesizing that "a revolution may be brewing".
In other parts of Colombia, different rebel groups had formed in throughout 1950; they formed in Antioquia, Tolima, Sumapaz, and the Middle Magdalena Valley. On January 1, 1953, these groups came together to launch an attack against the Palanquero Air Base, with the hope of using the jet planes to bomb Bogotá and force the resignation of the Conservative dictatorship. The attack relied entirely on surprise to be successful, but the rebels were spotted by the sentry posts and were quickly hit with machine gun fire. The attempt was a failure, however it did incite fear into Bogotá elites.
Conclusion
Most of the armed groups (called guerrillas liberales, a pejorative term) were demobilized during the amnesty declared by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla after he took power on 13 June 1953. The most prominent Guerrilla leaders, Guadalupe Salcedo and Juan de la Cruz Varela, signed the 1953 agreement.
Some of the guerrilleros did not surrender to the government and organized into criminal bands or bandoleros, which caused intense military operations against them in 1954. One of them, the guerrillero leader Tirofijo, had changed his political and ideological inclinations from being a Liberal to supporting the Communists during this period, and eventually he became the founder of the communist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC.
Rojas was removed from power on 10 May 1957. Civilian rule was restored after moderate Conservatives and Liberals, with the support of dissident sectors of the military, agreed to unite under a bipartisan coalition known as the National Front and the government of Alberto Lleras Camargo and which included a system of alternating the president and power-sharing both in cabinets and public offices.
In 1958, Lleras Camargo ordered the creation of the Commission for the Investigation of the Causes of "La Violencia". The commission was headed by the Bishop Germán Guzmán Campos.
The last bandolero leaders were killed in combat against the army. Jacinto Cruz Usma, alias Sangrenegra (Blackblood), died in April 1964 and Efraín Gonzáles in June 1965.
Impacts
Humanitarian
Due to incomplete or non-existent statistical records, exact measurement of La Violencia'''s humanitarian consequences is impossible. Scholars, however, estimate that between 200,000 and 300,000 people died; 600,000 to 800,000 were injured; and almost one million people were displaced. La Violencia directly or indirectly affected 20 percent of the population.La Violencia did not acquire its name simply because of the number of people it affected; it was the manner in which most of the killings, maimings, and dismemberings were done. Certain death and torture techniques became so commonplace that they were given names—for example, picar para tamal, which involved slowly cutting up a living person's body; or bocachiquiar, where hundreds of small punctures were made until the victim slowly bled to death. Former Senior Director of International Economic Affairs for the United States National Security Council and current President of the Institute for Global Economic Growth, Norman A. Bailey describes the atrocities succinctly: "Ingenious forms of quartering and beheading were invented and given such names as the 'corte de mica', 'corte de corbata' (aka Colombian necktie), and so on. Crucifixions and hangings were commonplace, political 'prisoners' were thrown from airplanes in flight, infants were bayoneted, schoolgirls, some as young as eight years old, were raped en masse, unborn infants were removed by crude Caesarian section and replaced by roosters, ears were cut off, scalps removed, and so on." While scholars, historians, and analysts have all debated the source of this era of unrest, they have yet to formulate a widely accepted explanation for why it escalated to the notable level it did.
Legal
As a result of La Violencia, landowners were allowed to create private armies for their security, which was formally legalized in 1965. Holding private armies was made illegal in 1989, only to be made legal once more in 1994.
Historical interpretations
The death of the bandoleros and the end of the mobs was not the end of all the violence in Colombia. One communist guerrilla movement, the Peasant Student Workers Movement, started its operations in 1959. Later, other organizations such as the FARC and the National Liberation Army emerged, marking the beginning of a guerrilla insurgency.
Credence in conspiracy theories as causes of violence
As was common of 20th-century eliminationist political violence, the rationales for action immediately before La Violencia were founded on conspiracy theories, each of which blamed the other side as traitors beholden to international cabals. The left were painted as participants in a global Judeo-Masonic conspiracy against Christianity, and the right were painted as agents of a Nazi-Falangist plot against democracy and progress.
Anticlerical conspiracy theory
After the death of Gaitán, a conspiracy theory which was circulated by the left, that leading conservatives, militant priests, Nazis and Falangists were involved in a plot to take control of the country and undo the country's moves toward progress, spurred the violence. This conspiracy theory supplied the rationale for Liberal Party radicals to engage in violence, notably the anti-clerical attacks and killings, particularly in the early years of La Violencia. Some propaganda leaflets circulating in Medellín blamed a favorite of anti-Catholic conspiracy theorists, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), for the murder of Gaitán.
Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, because they believed that the clergy had guns, a rumor which was proven to be false when no serviceable weapons were found during the raids. One priest, Pedro María Ramírez Ramos, was slaughtered with machetes and hauled through the street behind a truck, despite the fact that the militants had previously searched the church grounds and found no weapons.
Despite the circulation of the conspiracy theories and the propaganda after Gaitán was killed, most of the leftists who were involved in the rioting on 9 April learned from their errors, and as a result, they stopped believing that priests had harbored weapons.
The belief in the existence of some sort of conspiracy, a belief which was adhered to by members of both camps, made the political environment toxic, increasing the animosity and the suspicion which existed between both parties.
Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
The Conservatives were also motivated by their belief in the existence of a supposed international Judeo-Masonic conspiracy. In their view, they would prevent the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy from coming to fruition by eliminating the Liberals who were in their midst. In the two decades prior to La Violencia, Conservative politicians and churchmen adopted from Europe the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory to portray the Liberal Party as involved in an international anti-Christian plot, with many prominent Liberal politicians actually being Freemasons.
Although most of the rhetoric of conspiracy was introduced and circulated by some of the clergy, as well as by Conservative politicians, by 1942, many clerics became critical of the Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory. Jesuits outside Colombia had already questioned and published refutations of the authenticity of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', disproving the concept of a global Judeo-Masonic conspiracy. Regarding this same matter, Colombian clergy also came under the increasing influence of U.S. clergy; and Pius XI asked U.S. Jesuit John LaFarge, Jr. to draft an encyclical against anti-Semitism and racism. The belief in the existence of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy played a prominent role in the politics of Laureano Gómez, who lead the Colombian Conservative Party from 1932 to 1953. More provincial politicians followed suit, and the fact that prominent national and local politicians voiced this conspiracy theory, rather than just a portion of the clergy, gave the idea greater credibility while it gathered momentum among the party's members.
The atrocities that were committed at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 were seen by both sides as a possible precedent for Colombia, causing both sides to fear that it could also happen in their country; this belief also spurred the credibility of the conspiracies and it also served as a rationale for violence. anticlerical violence in the Republican zones in Spain in the first months of that war when anarchists, left-wing socialists and independent communists burned churches and murdered nearly 7,000 priests, monks, and nuns, and used this to justify their own mass killings of Jews, Masons, and socialists.
See also
Central American crisis
Colombian Civil War
Colombian conflict
History of Colombia
History of FARC
Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America
List of civil wars
List of conflicts in Central America
List of conflicts in South America
Marquetalia Republic
Cali explosion
Notes
References
Further reading
Wirpsa, Leslie. Economics fuels return of La Violencia
Anti-clericalism
Antisemitism in South America
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in South America
Civil wars of the 20th century
Conservatism in Colombia
History of Catholicism in South America
Military history of Colombia
Persecution of Christians
Political repression in Colombia
Rebellions in South America
Revolution-based civil wars
20th-century Catholicism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Violencia |
PCCC may refer to:
Clandestine Colombian Communist Party ()
Parallel concatenated convolutional code, a code used in UMTS
Passaic County Community College, a community college in New Jersey
Peoria Charter Coach Company, a bus company in Illinois
Permanent Commission of the FIDE for Chess Compositions (sometimes called just Permanent Commission for Chess Compositions)
Prairie Capital Convention Center, a convention center in Springfield, IL, United States
Primary, Community and Continuing Care, a section of the Irish Health Service Executive
Programmable Controller Communication Commands, a network protocol employed in some industry control networks
Progressive Change Campaign Committee, a political action committee in the United States
Providence Continuing Care Centre, one of the three university hospitals in Kingston, Ontario
Police and Customs Cooperation Centre, common centres established on the internal or external borders of European Union countries with their neighbouring countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCCC |
Los Angeles County High School for the Arts (LACHSA, ) is a visual and performing arts high school located on the campus of California State University, Los Angeles (Cal State LA) in Los Angeles, California, United States.
History
The school was founded by philanthropist Caroline Leonetti Ahmanson in 1985.
Overview
LACHSA is a public and tuition-free school, offering both college preparatory courses and conservatory style training. Though it shares facilities with Cal State LA, the two schools' activities are usually separate. It is operated by the Los Angeles County Office of Education.
The school specializes in preparing students for careers in the arts. It is one of two arts high schools in Los Angeles that allows students from any district within Los Angeles County to attend, the other being Charter High School of the Arts in Van Nuys. Acceptance into the school is based on an audition process for the approximately 130 spots available for incoming students, about 90% of whom are freshmen.
The school has five departments, Dance, Music (Vocals and Instrumental), Theatre, Visual Arts, and Cinematic Arts (Film). Specializations in Musical Theatre, Opera, Technical Theatre, and Commercial Music are also offered.
In 2012, Academy Award nominee Scott Hamilton Kennedy made an award-winning documentary about LACHSA called Fame High.
In late March 2013, LACHSA officially moved many of its classes to a more permanent building on the edge of Cal State LA's campus. It has three stories, the third floor being a black box theater, where most performances from the school take place.
Demographics
In 2018–19 LACHSA had 542 students enrolled in grades nine through twelve, with a student-teacher ratio of 6.7:1.
Academic recognition
LACHSA received a GreatSchools Rating of 9 out of 10.
LACHSA was listed as the #1 arts high school in the nation in 2023
U.S. News 2021 Rankings
102 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
227 in California High Schools
1,498 in National Rankings
U.S. News 2020 Rankings
3 in Los Angeles County Office of Education High Schools
128 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
279 in California High Schools
2,030 in National Rankings
U.S. News 2019 Rankings
165 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
356 in California High Schools
2,315 in National Rankings
Notable alumni
Ai, singer
Anthony Anderson, television actor
Jon B., singer and songwriter
Corbin Bleu, actor
Angel Blue, opera singer
Phoebe Bridgers, singer and songwriter
Daniel Brummel, bassist
Monica Calhoun, actress
Sadie Calvano, television actress
Ako Castuera, sculptor, storyboard artist
Gerald Clayton, jazz pianist and composer
Zoey Deutch, actress
Clea DuVall, actress
Jenna Elfman, actor
Maya Erskine, actor and writer
Michael Fitzpatrick, singer and songwriter
Dillon Francis, music producer
Angelica Garcia, singer/songwriter
Eva Gardner, bassist, singer/ songwriter
Drew Garrett, actor
Spencer Grammer, television actress
Josh Groban, singer
Haim (band), sister band
Beth Hart, singer
The Hound, singer
Taran Killam, television actor
Thomas Kotcheff, composer
Josefina Lopez, playwright
Rashaan Nall, actor
Ryan Scott Oliver, musical theatre composer and lyricist
Elizabeth Olsen, actor
Gretchen Parlato, jazz singer and composer
Christina Quarles, painter
Ernando Recendez, singer/songwriter
Marla Sokoloff, actress and musician
Tammy Townsend, actress and singer
McKenzie Westmore, television actress
Kehinde Wiley, painter
Finn Wittrock, television actor
References
External links
Official LACHSA website
High schools in Los Angeles
Art in Greater Los Angeles
California State University, Los Angeles
Eastside Los Angeles
El Sereno, Los Angeles
Public high schools in California
Drama schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20County%20High%20School%20for%20the%20Arts |
Margalit Matitiahu (Hebrew: מרגלית מתתיהו, born 1935, in Tel Aviv) is a poet in Ladino and Hebrew from Israel.
After the Holocaust, her parents moved to Israel from Thessaloniki, Greece where they were Sephardi Jews who were descendants of Jews from León. She studied Hebrew Literature and Philosophy at Bar Ilan University.
She started writing in Hebrew and in 1988 she published Curtijo Quemado (later in Vela de luz) in Ladino, which is a testimony of Nazi destruction. She has worked as a presenter in radio and investigated her mother tongue. She is a member of the World Academy of Art and Culture (having received a doctorate Honoris Causa), of the Israel PEN club and of the Hebrew Writers Association in Israel. She has been awarded several prizes:
the 1994 "Fernando Jeno Award" the international prize for Jewish literature giving by the Jewish community of Mexico.
the 1996 "Ateneo de Jaen Award", the international literature prize for poetry in Jaen, Andalucia, Spain.
the 1999 Israeli Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Writers
the 2003 "Poetry Award" the international prize for poetry given by the "Orient-Occident" Academy of Curtea de Arges, Romania
Giusepina Gerometa from University of Udine wrote her PhD thesis on The poetry of Margalit Matitiahu in 2001–2002. This was the first thesis on contemporary modern Sephardic poetry. The second thesis (on translation) was written by Sonja Bertok from University of Trieste in 2003–2004.
Documentary films 2004–2008
Production of documentary films: The series of "Sefarad Ways and life"
Work with her son Jack Matitiahu – director and photographer of the series. The two films of the series were presented in Israel, Spain, Toronto, Canada, London. The films are:
"Leon reencounter"
"Toledo the hidden secret"
Sample verse
Her works
In Hebrew
Through the Glass Window (1976)
No Summer Silence (1979)
White Letters (1983)
Handcuffed (1987)
Midnight Stairs (1995)
To wake the silence (2005)
In Ladino
Alegrica (1993)
Matriz de luz & Vela de la luz (1997)
Kamino de Tormento (2000)
Vagabondo Eternel & Bozes en la Shara (2001)
Canton de solombra (2005)
Asiguiendo al esfuenio (2006)
External links
Primary Music Margalit's Record Label featuring her musical work 'Aromas Y Memorias'
1935 births
Living people
Jews from Thessaloniki
Israeli Sephardi Jews
Judaeo-Spanish-language poets
Israeli people of Greek-Jewish descent
Israeli poets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margalit%20Matitiahu |
Thomas Dachser (13 March 1906, in Haldenwang (near Günzburg) – 11 April 1979, in Munich) was a German businessman. In 1930, he founded the forwarding agency Dachser in Kempten in the Allgäu. Today the business, still owned by the family, is one of the largest logistics service providers in Europe. In 1977, Thomas Dachser was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit by the then prime minister of Bavaria Alfons Goppel.
References
Businesspeople from Bavaria
1906 births
1979 deaths
People from Günzburg (district)
German businesspeople in transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dachser |
The National Democratic Party, also known as Gold Democrats, was a short-lived political party of Bourbon Democrats who opposed the regular party nominee William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. The party was then a "liberal" party in the context of the times, which is more of a fiscal-conservative or classical-liberal in the political context of the United States today.
Most members were admirers of Grover Cleveland as they considered Bryan a dangerous man and charged that his "free silver" proposals would devastate the economy. They nominated the Democratic politicians John M. Palmer, a former Republican governor of Illinois and Union general; and Simon Bolivar Buckner, a former governor of Kentucky and Confederate general, for president and vice president, respectively.
They also ran a few candidates for Congress and other offices, including William Campbell Preston Breckinridge in Kentucky.
Overview
The new party's founders were disenchanted Democrats who saw its organization as a means to preserve the ideals of Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and Grover Cleveland. In its first official statement, the executive committee of the party accused the Democratic Party of forsaking this tradition by nominating Bryan. For more than a century, it declared, the Democrats had believed "in the ability of every individual, unassisted, if unfettered by law, to achieve his own happiness" and had upheld his "right and opportunity peaceably to pursue whatever course of conduct he would, provided such conduct deprived no other individual of the equal enjoyment of the same right and opportunity". They stood "for freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, freedom of trade, and freedom of contract, all of which are implied by the century-old battle-cry of the Democratic party, 'Individual Liberty.'" The party criticized both the inflationist policies of the Democrats and the protectionism of the Republicans.
Almost a "who's who" of classical liberals gave the party their support. They included President Cleveland; E. L. Godkin, the editor and publisher of The Nation; Edward Atkinson, a Boston fire insurance executive, textile manufacturer and publicist for free market causes; Spencer Trask, a New York financier and philanthropist; Horace White, the editor of the Chicago Tribune and later the New York Evening Post; and Charles Francis Adams Jr., a leading political reformer and the grandson of President John Quincy Adams. Two other supporters of Palmer and Buckner became better known in the decades after 1896: Moorfield Storey, the first president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the journalist Oswald Garrison Villard, an anti-imperialist and civil libertarian. However, the two supporters of Palmer and Buckner who enjoyed the greatest fame in subsequent years were those bulwarks of progressivism, Louis Brandeis and Woodrow Wilson.
Most backers of the party's ideals ended up voting for Republican candidate William McKinley in the election, but the party won 137,000 votes, about 1.0% of the national total. After the election of McKinley, some Gold Democratic partisans tried to portray the election as a stunning victory for their party and confidently predicted that the defeat of the despised Bryan would open the door for Gold Democrats' recapture of the Democratic Party. In a post-election editorial, Henry Watterson claimed, "Palmer and Buckner have saved the country from shame and have saved the party from destruction."
Although the Gold Democrats captured the 1904 nomination with Alton Parker, Bryan and his supporters would win the long-term control of the Democratic Party. Bryan would again be nominated by the Democrats in 1900 and 1908, and modern liberals such as Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt would enact many populist proposals into law. After disappointing results in the 1898 elections, the executive committee voted to disband the party in 1900. Most of its members eventually returned to the regular Democratic Party in 1900 because they opposed McKinley's imperialistic foreign policy.
Platform
The platform was adopted at the Convention of the National Democratic Party at Indianapolis, Indiana on September 3, 1896: This convention was assembled to uphold the principles upon which depends the honor and welfare of the American people in order that Democrats throughout the Union may unite their patriotic efforts to avert disaster from their country and ruin from their party. The Democratic party is pledged to equal justice and exact justice in all men of every creed and condition; to the largest freedom of individual consistent with good government; to the preservation of the Federal Government in its constitutional vigor and support of the maintenance of the public faith and sound money; and it is opposed to paternalism and all class legislation.
The declarations of the Chicago Convention attack individual freedom, the right of private contract, the independence of the judiciary, and the authority of the President to enforce Federal laws. They advocate a reckless attempt to increase the price of silver by legislation to the debasement of our monetary standard, and threaten unlimited issues of paper money by Government. They abandon for Republican allies the Democratic cause of tariff reform to court the favor of protectionists to the fiscal heresy.
In view of these and other grave departures from Democratic principles, we cannot support the candidates of that convention, nor be bound by its acts. The Democratic party has survived a victory won in behalf of the doctrine and the policy proclaimed in its name at Chicago.
The conditions, however, which make possible such utterances from a national convention are a result of class legislation by the Republican party. It still proclaims, as it has for many years, the power and duty of the Government to raise and maintain prices by law; and it proposes no remedy for existing evils except oppressive and unjust taxation.
See also
Silver Republican Party
References
Further reading
Beito, David T. and Linda Royster Beito. "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896-1900". Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000). 555–575.
Harpine, William D. "Bryan's “a cross of gold:” The rhetoric of polarization at the 1896 democratic convention." Quarterly Journal of Speech 87.3 (2001): 291-304. online
Jones, Stanley L. The Presidential Election of 1896. University of Wisconsin Press. 1964.
Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and greenbacks: The antimonopoly tradition and the politics of finance in America, 1865-1896 (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party (1896) by Democratic Party (U.S.) National committee. This is the Gold Democrats handbook and it strongly opposed Bryan.
1896 establishments in the United States
1900 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct liberal parties in the United States
Political parties disestablished in 1900
Political parties established in 1896
Anti-imperialist organizations
Centre-right parties
Classical liberal parties in the United States
Economic liberalism
Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
Gold standard
Liberalism in the United States
National liberal parties
Progressive Era in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29 |
Siddharth Vashisht (born 1977), better known as Manu Sharma, is a murderer of Indian origin, convicted in 2006 to serve life imprisonment for the 1999 murder of Jessica Lal. He was released in June 2020. Sharma is the son of the former Indian National Congress leader, Venod Sharma, and the brother of media baron, Kartikeya Sharma.
Manu Sharma is one of several high-profile criminals brought to trial in India through media activism. Along with that of some other murderers, his conviction is viewed as demonstrating the impact of the general public in correcting imbalances in the Indian legal process.
Personal life
Sharma was born in 1977. His father was a member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha during 1990s, elected on an Indian National Congress ticket. He was later elected to the Haryana legislature. His uncle is the son-in-law of former President of India, Shankar Dayal Sharma. The family owns two sugar mills, at Indri in Haryana, and Patran in Punjab.
Sharma suffers from asthma and for this reason, he was favoured during his childhood. He completed two years of undergraduate courses in Commerce at a college in Chandigarh.
On 22 April 2015, Sharma married his friend Preity Sharma a Mumbai based model. The marriage was delayed due to conviction.
Murder and conviction
In the late 1990s, Sharma was known to be a regular party-goer in Delhi. On 29 April 1999, he was present at a party where an unlicensed bar was operating. Jessica Lal refused to serve him, despite being offered 1000 rupees, and Sharma then fired a .22 pistol and killed her. Sharma was arrested and charged with murder, destruction of evidence and other offences. During the trial, 32 witnesses turned "hostile". Seven years after the case was opened, on 21 February 2006, Sharma and eight others of the twelve accused were acquitted. The trial judge commented after the outcome that:
After his acquittal by the trial court, Sharma was ostracized with SMS campaigns being sent out to boycott all establishments owned by the Sharma family. The acquittal led to widespread public outcry. In March 2006, the case was re-admitted in the Delhi High Court where it was tried on a fast-track basis. Among the evidence re-introduced were two spent cartridges recovered from Sharma's car; the ballistic analysis for one of which showed it as matching the bullet recovered from Lal's skull. This evidence had been overlooked by the trial court. On 18 December 2006, the High Court ruled Sharma guilty of murdering Jessica Lal and sentenced him to life imprisonment. After conviction, he was imprisoned in the Tihar Jail. Sharma appealed to the Supreme Court of India through his counsel Ram Jethmalani. However, the court upheld his sentence of life imprisonment on 19 April 2010.
Current status
Sharma was incarcerated in the Tihar Jail along with co-accused Vikas Yadav and Amardeep Singh Gill, who had been sentenced for destroying evidence. Along with another high-profile convict, Santosh Kumar Singh, Sharma was involved in helping other prisoners draft legal appeals.
On 24 September 2009, the Delhi Lieutenant Governor granted Sharma 30-day parole from jail on the grounds that he needed to attend to his ailing mother, attend the last rites of his grandmother, and also look after the family business which was suffering in his absence. It was later revealed that the parole was granted despite an objection from the Delhi police.
In November 2009, Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit came under criticism for granting parole to Sharma after media reports of him visiting night clubs in Delhi emerged. During the parole, he got involved in a brawl with the son of police commissioner of Delhi. After a public uproar that he violated parole norms, the Delhi Government had to cancel his parole and on 10 November 2009, Sharma returned to Tihar Jail.
Sharma established the Siddhartha Vashishta Charitable Trust during imprisonment. It is managed by his mother and brother. According to The Times of India, the Trust is intended to assist causes such as" child education, cancer awareness, [and] rehabilitation of prisoners etc." By July 2011, it had provided assistance to at least 130 children of prison inmates.
Sharma was granted five days' parole in November 2011 to attend the wedding of his younger brother. The parole restricted his movements to the cities of Karnal, Chandigarh, and Ambala, and prevented him from visiting any night club. Sharma was granted nine days parole in December 2013 and 30 days on 26 December 2014 to appear for his master's degree exams.
Considering his good conduct, Sharma was moved to an "open jail" in November 2017 where he was allowed to leave prison everyday and return in evening.
On 2018, Sabrina Lal, the only surviving family member of Jessica Lal said in a letter to the welfare office of Tihar jail that she had no objection to the release of Manu Sharma as he had spent 15 years in prison. On 2 June 2020, Delhi Lieutenant Governor allowed the release of Sharma after a recommendation by the Sentence Review Board (SRB). The decision was taken by SRB on 13 May 2020 under the chairmanship of Delhi Home Minister, Satyendra Jain. His sentence was supposed to end on 6 May 2023.
Sharma was released from imprisonment in June 2020. After his release Manu Sharma expressed regret in an interview to The Times of India for killing Jessica Lal.
In media
No One Killed Jessica, a 2011 Indian political crime thriller film based on the Murder of Jessica Lal case.
References
External links
1977 births
Drinking establishment owners
Living people
People from Chandigarh
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India
Indian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by India
Inmates of Tihar Jail
1999 murders in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu%20Sharma |
Benefield Anechoic Facility (BAF) is an anechoic chamber located at the southwest side of the Edwards Air Force Base main base. It is currently the world's largest anechoic chamber. The BAF supports installed systems testing for avionics test programs requiring a large, shielded chamber with radio frequency (RF) absorption capability that simulates free space.
The facility is named after Rockwell test pilot and flight commander Tommie Douglas "Doug" Benefield, who was killed in a crash northeast of Edwards Air Force Base in the desert east of Boron on August 29, 1984 during a USAF B-1 Lancer flight test.
Purpose
The BAF is a ground test facility to investigate and evaluate anomalies associated with Electronic Warfare systems, avionics, tactical missiles and their host platforms. Tactical-sized, single or multiple, or large vehicles can be operated in a controlled electromagnetic (EM) environment with emitters on and sensors stimulated while RF signals are recorded and analyzed. The largest platforms tested at the BAF have been the B-52 and C-17 aircraft. The BAF supports testing of other types of systems such as spacecraft, tanks, satellites, air defense systems, drones and armored vehicles.
The BAF equipment generates RF signals with a wide variety of characteristics, simulating red/blue/gray (unfriendly/friendly/unknown) surface-based, sea-based, and airborne systems. With the combination of signals and control functions available, a wide variety of test conditions can be emulated. Many conditions that are not available on outdoor ranges can be easily generated from the aspect of signal density, pulse density and number of simultaneous types.
Through the use of environmental monitoring systems, an independent agency captures, records, and verifies RF generated signals. These systems have the capabilities for real-time and post-test RF signal parameter measurement, instrument display recording, data analysis and test coordination, as well as providing the data for signal verification.
Some aircraft tested at the BAF include:
F-22 Raptor
C-130 Hercules
NC-130H
F-16 Fighting Falcon
B-1 Lancer
X-43A
MH-47 Chinook
V-22 Osprey
KC-46A Tanker
F-15SG Eagle
F-15SA Saudi Advanced Eagle
Special use
In 2003, BMW tested levels of electromagnetic interference on then-upcoming 2004 models of the 530i, 545i and debut model, 645i.
References
External links
Edwards AFB homepage
Satellite image on Google Maps
Avionics
Edwards Air Force Base | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefield%20Anechoic%20Facility |
Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (16 January 1537 – 10 April 1605) was Count of Schwarzburg and founder of the Line of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, which later received the title of Prince.
Early life
He was the youngest of the surviving sons of Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg and his wife Countess Elisabeth zu Ysenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (1508-1572).
Biography
His father, Günther XL, had united all of the Schwarzburg possessions. After he died in 1552, the county inherited by his four surviving sons, Günther XLI, John Günther I, William I and Albrecht VII, who divided their country in 1572. After the deaths of childless Günther XLI in 1583 and Wilhelm I in 1597, his possessions were divided between the still living brothers Johann Günther and Albrecht VII. This partition became the beginning of two lines of the house of Schwarzburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, both of which existed until the post-World War I major governmental changes of 1918.
Albrecht, studied at several German universities and in Padua. From 1557 he resided at the court of the Prince of Orange-Nassau. He served from 1563 under his brother Günther XLI in the army of King of Denmark and from 1573 lived in Rudolstadt.
Family and children
He was married twice. Firstly, on 14 June 1575 he married Countess Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, daughter of Count William I of Nassau-Dillenburg and had the following children:
Charles Günther, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (6 November 1576 – 24 September 1630)
Elisabeth Juliane (1 January 1578 – 28 March 1658)
Sophie (1 March 1579 – 24 August 1630), married on 30 March 1595 to Count Jobst II of Barby-Mühlingen
Magdalene (12 April 1580 – 22 April 1632), married on 22 May 1597 to Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera
Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (27 May 1581 – 4 November 1646)
Albert Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstdat (8 August 1582 – 20 January 1634)
Anna Sybille (14 March 1584 – 22 August 1623), married on 15 November 1612 to Count Christian Günther I of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
Katharina Maria (13 July 1585 – 19 January 1659)
Katharina Susanna (13 February 1587 – 19 April 1662)
Henry Günther, died young in 1589
Secondly, on 2 March 1591 he married Countess Albertine Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1568–1617), daughter of Count Reinhard II von Leiningen-Westerburg (1530-1584) and his wife, Countess Ottilia von Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Keyll (1536-1597). The marriage was childless.
Sources
F. Apfelstedt: Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit, Arnstadt 1890
Dr. Kamill von Behr: Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser, Leipzig 1870
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Albrecht VII of
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Albrecht VII of
Counts of Schwarzburg
House of Schwarzburg
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
16th-century German people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht%20VII%2C%20Count%20of%20Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt |
Humppasirkus is a 2006 album by the Finnish group Eläkeläiset.
Track listing
Humppaa Suomesta - 3.53 (The Sounds - Living in America / "Humppa from Finland")
Vihaan humppaa - 2.55 (Children of Bodom - Hate Me! / "I Hate Humppa")
Jukolan humppa - 3.32 (Nightwish - Nemo / "The Jukola Humppa")
Humppaidiootti - 3.24 (The Hives - Walk Idiot Walk / "Humppa Idiot")
Viinaa hanuristille - 3.32 (Buzzcocks - Harmony in My Head / "Booze for the Accordionist")
Humppaneitsyt - 3.09 (Madonna - Like a Virgin / "Humppa Virgin")
Kulumaton humppa - 3.36 (Kylie Minogue - Can't Get You Out of My Head / "The Enduring Humppa")
Humppa telkkariin - 2.50 (Kemopetrol - Saw It on TV / "Get Humppa On TV")
Nautiskelen humpasta - 3.02 (Hellacopters - By The Grace of God / "I Savor The Humppa")
Hävisin lotossa taas - 3.02 (Cardigans - My favourite game / "I Lost The Lottery Again")
Humpataan - 2.20 (Andrew WK - Party Hard / "Let's Humppa")
Humppa raikaa - 2.17 (Cameo - Word up! / "The Humppa Resounds")
Jatkosotajenkka - 2.11 (Hank Williams - Move It On Over / "Continuation War Jenkka")
Orpo humppari - 2.57 (Neil Diamond - Solitary man / "The Orphan Humpper")
References
Official Homepage
Russian Eläkeläiset fanclub
Texts from this album
2006 albums
Eläkeläiset albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humppasirkus |
Manduca wellingi is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is found from Mexico to Belize.
It is similar to Manduca pellenia, but is smaller.
References
Manduca
Moths described in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduca%20wellingi |
The Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVG) (University of the Valley of Guatemala) is a private, not-for-profit, secular university in Guatemala City, Guatemala. It was founded in 1966 by a private foundation, which had previously overseen the American School of Guatemala. It was the first private university to give a strong emphasis to technology and technical background in the country. UVG holds the registry for the .gt country-code domain name.
Faculties
The university has seven faculties:
Engineering
Education
Social Studies
Science and Humanities
Design Innovation and Arts
Global Management and Business Intelligence
Colegio Universitario
Associations and clubs
UVG has clubs and associations, which promote student participation.
Each career may have its own association. Currently, the university has 15 associations:
Asociación de Estudiantes de Biología
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales y Ecoturismo
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Civil
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería en Alimentos
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Ciencias de la Computación
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Industrial
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Mecánica
Asociación de Estudiantes de Química Farmacéutica
Asociación de Estudiantes de Nutrición
Asociación de Estudiantes de Psicología
Asociación de Estudiantes de Educación
Asociación de Estudiantes de Bioquímica y Microbiología
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Electrónica
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Mecatrónica
Asociación de Estudiantes de Ingeniería Química
Asociación de Estudiantes de Facultad de Ingeniería
Asociación de Estudiantes de Facultad de Ciencias Humanas
Asociación de Estudiantes de Facultad de Ciencias Sociales
The school has clubs for interested students.
Art Club
Music Club
Theater Club
Volleyball Club
Chess Club
Lecture Club
and others
See also
List of universities in Guatemala
References
External links
Official website of the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala
Official website of the Universidad del Valle Foundation
Universidad del Valle de Guatemala
Educational institutions established in 1966
1966 establishments in Guatemala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad%20del%20Valle%20de%20Guatemala |
Released in 2003, Ophidian: 2350 is a collectible card game (CCG) created by Ophidian Games and Fleer. It uses a play structure called the Flow rather than the normal turn-based system typically used in the genre.
Game Lore
Ophidian 2350 takes place in the year 2350, where a strange reptilian race known as Ophidians run gladatorial arenas for humans, aliens and demons alike. Combat consists of one team pitted against another, and though competitors often die, the gladiators' DNA is often taken before the match to resurrect the fallen warrior.
Gameplay
Each player's team is made up of up to four gladiators, usually one of each victory point (VP) level (ranging from 1 to 4), but a team can technically be made up of any combination that adds up to exactly 10. A player can win either by defeating an opponent's gladiators, by defeating gladiators worth a greater number of victory points after four Waves (rounds) or by amassing 15 points worth of cheer from the audience.
Each side of the table is divided up into an action field, where powerful gladiators can attack and protect others from attacks, and a support field, where less powerful gladiators and supporting minions usually reside. Between waves, cards can move between the two fields as needed.
Some of the game mechanics are recognizable from previous games such as Magic: The Gathering - cards are "set" when activated, being rotated ninety degrees to show that they have been used, which is identical to "tapping" in Magic. However, the turns of previous CCGs are not present in Ophidian, instead replaced by the Flow.
The Flow
The Flow is the momentum-based system that replaces turns in Ophidian, and allows both players to be active at one time, one "with the Flow" and the other without it. All actions are either positive (denoted by a plus), or negative (denoted by a minus). Players can play only when they have the Flow, and whilst positive actions allow one to keep the Flow and play additional actions, a negative Flow action gives Flow to the opponent. It is also possible to expend cheer to change an opponent's positive action into a negative action, and thus force a change in control of the Flow. Certain actions (responses) can be played even without the Flow.
When both players have no further actions to take, the Wave (round) ends, with both sides taking a breather. When the next Wave starts, the Flow begins with the player who has the most damage on his or her gladiators (both alive and dead).
Development history
In the late 1990s three college students (Shaun Mahar, Gregg Schwartz, and Raffi Tasci) created Ophidian 2350. The team spent 5 years developing the game before bringing it to market. The team signed with Fleer Entertainment to print and publish their game. They worked with some local playtesters and game designers to refine the game, adding mechanics like "Cheer" and "Reinforcement Gladiators." They built a “Lore” around the game and Fleer hired a professional writer to develop story content around that lore. Fleer created a tournament structure and developed special rules and prize support for the game. Fleer showcased the game at game conventions such as “Origins” and "Gen Con" and incorporated fan support into their web presence.
The game initially garnered positive reviews, including a five star rating from Scrye. However, after only three months on the market, Fleer pulled the product because of general financial difficulties arising from the faltering sales of sports cards, Fleer's primary product.
In 2013, the unsold inventory of Ophidian 2350 game cards was rediscovered. It was purchased to form the basis of Hack and Slash Games. In 2015 Hack and Slash Games acquired licensing rights from Ophidian Games with a plan to bring the game back to market with a convention tour and Kickstarter event.
In 2016, Hack and Slash Games released Ophidian 2360: Survival of the Fittest, a non-collectible version of the game. It features updated icons, templates, and artwork, but is completely backwards compatible with the Ophidian 2350 release. Hack and Slash Games plans to continue to release expansions for Ophidian 2360, updating most of the Ophidian 2350 cards over time with the updated icons and templates, and sometimes with new artwork as well.
In 2022, Hugo Ferreira under the banner of Ophidian Universe (Justich Fan Productions group) was granted permission to make and sell Ophidian 2350 CCG products based on the first 5 digital releases originally published on the Ophidian Games website as digital exclusives in 2004-2006.
References
Card games introduced in 2003
Collectible card games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophidian%202350 |
UVG may refer to:
Urban Vocal Group, a musical charity based in Portsmouth City, United Kingdom.
Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, a private not-for-profit secular university in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Universal Airlines (Guyana) (ICAO airline code: UVG)
Urban Villages Group (UK) the originator of the urban village concept.
UVG (UK) a coachbuilder that built the UVG Urbanstar
The Ultra Violet Grasslands and the Black City (UVG), an RPG setting by Luka Rejec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVG |
Humppaelämää is a 2003 album by the Finnish group Eläkeläiset. This is the first Eläkeläiset album in which none of the tracks are covers.
Track listing
Humppaelämää - 3.20
Katkolla humppa - 2.57
Humppa-Aatami - 2.16
Unelmahumppa - 3.35
Lauantaitanssit - 3.26
Lusijan Humppa - 3:35
Keväthumppa - 3.00
Ona vaan - 3.04
Humppashokki - 2.51
Humppaäimä - 3.43
Pesu- ja linkoushumppa - 2.02
Humppasäteilyä - 1.59
Nynnyhumppa - 2.09
Haudalle kukkia - 1.40
References
2003 albums
Eläkeläiset albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humppael%C3%A4m%C3%A4%C3%A4 |
The Puyang River (浦阳江) is one of the three main tributaries of the Qiantang River (钱塘江) in Zhejiang Province (浙江省), China.
At present, the Puyang River is 150 kilometers long and empties into the Qiantang River northwest of Linpu (临浦镇).
The gazette of Xiaoshan County (蕭山縣誌)states: "The Puyang River ... tends to flood easily because its catchment area is quite large, the course of the river is winding, the river bed descends in narrow channels, and the flow runs up against the incoming tide of the Qiantang Estuary.
Before the mid-15th century, the river ran east of Linpu to flow in a winding, snakelike course to the south of Xiaoshan (萧山) and the northwest of Shaoxing (绍兴市), leaving numerous lakes along its course before emptying into Hangzhou Bay.
The frequent flooding of the Puyang River has resulted in it being called the "Little Yellow River". This is a reference to the Yellow River, also known for flooding.
The river has its headwaters in Pujiang County (浦江县), a mountainous, scenic area in central Zhejiang, and runs through Zhuji (诸暨市), the home of the legendary beauty Xi Shi. Among the scenic sites located along or near the river are Matoushan (马头山), which has the shape of a horse's head, Nanshan ( 南山) with many strange rock formations, Changshan (常山), and Guanyenshan (官岩山), where legend says Yu the Great (Yu (Xia dynasty ruler)) ordered the opening of a channel for the Puyang River. Some of these names appear to come from the Shanhai Jing 山海经: A Chinese Bestiary).
Further reading
Schoppa, R. Keith, Five Power, Legitimacy, and Symbol: Local Elites and the Jute Creek Embankment Case, in Esherick, Joseph W., and Mary Backus Rankin, (editors) "Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance", Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
Rivers of Zhejiang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyang%20River |
The 2003 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge took place in Johannesburg, South Africa from 19–27 July 2003.
Spain earned a spot at the 2004 Champions Trophy in Lahore, Pakistan after defeated Korea 7–3 in the final.
Squads
Head Coach: Mike Hamilton
Head Coach: Paul Lissek
Head Coach: Charlie Oscroft
Head Coach: Paul Revington
Head Coach: Kim Young-Kyu
Head Coach: Maurits Hendriks
Umpires
Below are the 9 umpires appointed by the International Hockey Federation:
Results
All times are South African Standard Time (UTC+02:00)
Pool
Classification
Fifth and sixth place
Third and fourth place
Final
Awards
Statistics
Final ranking
External links
Official FIH website
Official website
C
C
2003
Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Men%27s%20Hockey%20Champions%20Challenge |
Moscow is an unincorporated community in Polk County, Texas, United States. As of the year 2000, the community had approximately 170 residents.
Geography
Moscow is at the junction of U.S. Highway 59 and Farm to Market Road 350, ninety miles north of Houston in central Polk County.
History
David and Matilda Green first settled the area in the 1840s. The first post office was established in 1847 under Green's name. The community's name was changed to Moscow, after Moscow, Russia, in 1853 as the postal authorities deemed the proposed name of Greenville as being too similar to Greensboro, Texas. The First Baptist Church was established in 1849. Moscow became a trading center for Polk County farmers during the latter 1850s and a stage stop on the Liberty-Nacogdoches Road, with cotton gins, shops, saloons and a hotel.
The town was noted for its school, the Moscow Masonic Academy (or Moscow Masonic High School depending on source). Built in 1853 as the Moscow Masonic Male and Female Academy, the institution served the community under its latter name from 1857. Future Texas Governor William P. Hobby attended the school. The school burned down around 1935.
The Houston, East and West Texas Railway reached the town in 1880 followed by the seven-mile long Moscow, Camden and San Augustine Railroad in 1899, one of the shortest railroads in Texas. A mule-drawn streetcar line linked the train station with the business district.
Sawmills in Moscow supported the burgeoning logging industry. A cannery for vegetables and fruit and a column factory (making architectural columns) were early industries in the town that helped diversify Moscow's economy.
In 1880, with an estimated 228 residents, Moscow was the largest town in Polk County. By 1900 its population had reached 263. By the 1920s, the lumber supply in East Texas began to dwindle due to overharvesting. During the Great Depression, many farmers went bankrupt and lumber companies left the area due to the economic conditions. With the decline of logging and agriculture, Moscow's population began to decline also and per 2000 census was 170.
It's a small peaceful quiet town with a Hobby Park, Big Jake's restaurant, and Kundi Ranch near U.S. Route 59.
Education
Moscow is served by Corrigan-Camden Independent School District.
Notable people
William P. Hobby, publisher of the Houston Post and the 27th Governor of the U.S. state of Texas from 1917 to 1921.
References
External links
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Unincorporated communities in Polk County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow%2C%20Texas |
Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. is an academic publishing house located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Since beginning operations in 1972, Hackett has concentrated mainly on the humanities, especially classical and philosophical texts. Many Hackett titles are used as textbooks, making the company very visible at American colleges and universities. Their publications are distinguished by their high quality and extensive commentary.
While Hackett titles are generally recognized for their simple covers (consisting of the title and the author on a plain solid color background), more recent editions of classical (particularly Greek and Latin) works have been notable for their anachronistic use of modern photographs as covers. For example, an image of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial adorns the Hackett edition of Virgil's Aeneid, while Robert F. Sargent's famous photograph of the Allies storming the beaches of Normandy during D-Day is used with Homer's Iliad. Their issue of the Republic has for its cover "The Weather Project," photographed by Jens Ziehe.
References
External links
Official website
Publishing companies established in 1972
Book publishing companies based in Indiana
Companies based in Indianapolis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackett%20Publishing%20Company |
BeleniX is a discontinued operating system distribution built using the OpenSolaris source base. It can be used as a Live CD as well as installed to a hard disk. Initially developed as a Live CD along the lines of Knoppix to showcase OpenSolaris technologies. Belenix went on to become the initial base for Sun's OpenSolaris distribution. A number of technologies pioneered in the Belenix project have gone on to become full projects in their own right within the OpenSolaris ecosystem.
Design and principles
BeleniX aims to have the latest stable revisions of most software, and packages are continuously pushed in the package repository with this aim in mind. However, in many cases bleeding-edge software is pushed out to help validate it and try out new features. Due to these reasons BeleniX also includes a lot of third-party drivers that may not be found in the official OpenSolaris distribution from Sun.
While the focus of BeleniX is on the developer desktop, it is also stable and scalable enough to work as a workstation or development server environment. This is mainly due to the underlying OpenSolaris kernel and userland environment.
BeleniX is compiled only for 32-bit execution (at i586/Pentium opcode based). However, references from the BeleniX team members have indicated that as of BeleniX 0.7, their live CD contains both 32-bit and 64-bit installation files.
BeleniX is focused on using KDE for its desktop environment, although Xfce has also been supported since the beginning of the distribution. An upcoming release will also include first-class support for GNOME. The BeleniX dev team includes other OpenSolaris based distros such as MilaX, Nexenta OS, and SchilliX. The name and logo are references to the Celtic god of light, Belenus. BeleniX thus is also a first-class OpenSolaris development environment and is completely self-hosting. Every package included in BeleniX is built on BeleniX itself, including the OpenSolaris kernel. BeleniX aims to be an easy-to-use distribution that gently exposes the power of OpenSolaris. The Live CD format makes OpenSolaris more easily approachable, and boots within two to three minutes from a CD-ROM. It also aims to encourage innovation by bringing in new features and usability enhancements and increasing community participation.
History
After the announcement of the OpenSolaris project, BeleniX was started as a private project by a few Sun employees working at Sun's India Engineering Centre in Bangalore, India, in the year 2005. Their aim was to have something along the lines of Knoppix to showcase OpenSolaris to end users. In a few weeks' time, an ISO image was ready for people to use.
Over a period of time, BeleniX was developed further and grew in popularity. Non-Sun contributors also joined in the effort developing it into a FOSS community project. BeleniX was the first OpenSolaris distribution to bundle a complete working Xorg X11 GUI environment.
Over the years a number of critical innovations sprung out of the BeleniX project which were later incorporated into the OpenSolaris distributions from Sun. In fact, the first beta release of Sun's OpenSolaris distribution was largely based on BeleniX. BeleniX was the second OpenSolaris distribution to appear, after SchilliX, and the first to provide an auto-configuring Xorg based GUI. It introduced various missing technologies in OpenSolaris. Some of the important innovations include:
Auto-Configuration of interfaces prior to NWAM;
Complete working Xorg X11 environment, which later resulted in the Fully Open X project;
On-The-Fly Loopback Decompression of CD contents;
New Algorithm for file placement optimization leveraging DTrace profiling;
Implementation of read-ahead and I/O scheduling in the HSFS(ISO9660) filesystem in OpenSolaris;
Live CD built toolkit;
First OpenSolaris distribution to provide a NTFS and Ext2fs mount capability;
First OpenSolaris distribution to provide advanced Xorg auto-configuration capability;
First OpenSolaris distribution to be able to run a fully functional Java 5/6 environment;
First OpenSolaris distribution to provide a basic port of GNU Parted;
First OpenSolaris distribution to provide a complete KDE 3.5.x environment.
Project Indiana has leveraged all these technologies and has served as a starting point for it. Taking this and other technologies developed for Indiana in account, the future focus for BeleniX has been set to evolve and grow as a source-level Indiana derivate with focus on the KDE desktop, and to make a fully featured and functional OpenSolaris distribution based on KDE.
Check the LiveCD Features Timeline in References to see a chronological account of BeleniX development till the release of the OpenSolaris distribution by Sun in 2008.
Software and toolchain
The BeleniX team aims to ensure that all packages co-exist on the same system, while ensuring that the latest versions of the package are built with the latest compilers. As a result, Belenix has so far had KDE 3.5.9 built with GCC 3.4.3, newer packages including KDE4 being increasingly built with GCC 4.4. There are some packages, especially the GNOME components derived from the JDS project, that are being built with Sun Studio 12. These are being actively migrated to Gcc 4.4. The team aims to eventually have all of BeleniX built on the completely FOSS toolchain GCC.
Desktop environments
BeleniX has so far positioned itself as a KDE distribution, while also providing XFCE. Upcoming releases will also provide GNOME.
KDE 3.x and 4.2.4(upcoming)
XFCE
GNOME
Installation
BeleniX today uses the same Caiman Installer and libraries that are used in Sun's OpenSolaris distribution. Going forward there are plans to re-implement the Installer GUI in Qt4 while still using the underlying Caiman Installer libraries.
Packaging
The BeleniX team presently continues to use SVR4 packaging, which is what Solaris has provided to date. The team does not intend to use IPS in its present state due to various technical reasons, and is considering alternatives including the deb format and the RPM5 format along with the Smart Package Manager.
References
External links
BeleniX Home Page ''
BeleniX FAQ on Genunix OpenSolaris Wiki
KDE
OpenSolaris
Unix variants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeleniX |
Allison Curbishley (born 3 June 1976) is a former British athlete from Stockton-on-Tees but who represented Scotland. She specialised in the 400m. A play scheme in the summer holiday when she was ten years old got Curbishley interested in sport and although athletics was the sport she eventually chose she also reached county standard in netball and field hockey.
She graduated from the University of Birmingham with a degree in Sport and Exercise Sciences. During her career her knee was operated on six times, and the injury finally led to her retirement in 2003. She is now working in broadcasting for the BBC and her partner is fellow BBC commentator Steve Cram with whom she lives in Northumberland.
International competitions
References
Olympic Profile
1976 births
Living people
English people of Scottish descent
Sportspeople from Stockton-on-Tees
Sportspeople from Newcastle upon Tyne
Scottish female sprinters
British female sprinters
Olympic athletes for Great Britain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Scotland
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Great Britain
European Athletics Championships medalists
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Olympic female sprinters
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison%20Curbishley |
Viktor Georgiyevich Pugachev () (born 8 August 1948 in Taganrog, RSFSR) is a retired Russian Air Force officer and a former Soviet test pilot who was the first to demonstrate the so-called Pugachev's Cobra manoeuvre to the general public in 1989, flying an Su-27. Gold medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to him in the late 1980s. He graduated from Yeysk military aviation school in 1970, test-pilot school in 1978 and the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1980. After two years with Gromov Flight Research Institute he joined OKB Sukhoi where he tested the Su-9, Su-15, Su-24, Su-25 and the Su-27. On 1 November 1989 he landed an Su-27K on an aircraft carrier for the first time in Soviet history. He became famous after his 1989 Su-27 demonstrations on the Paris Airshow. Pugachev is credited with first ever non-vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) from the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.
He currently lives in Zhukovsky and works as the Chief Pilot Designer at Sukhoi Design Bureau.
Record flights
While working as a test pilot at Sukhoi he broke 13 world records in the Sukhoi P-42:
Honours and awards
Hero of the Soviet Union (1989) – for courage and heroism in the development of the Su-27
Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 3rd class (1999) – for services to the state, a large contribution to the development, creation of modern aviation technology and years of diligent work
Order of Lenin (1989)
Order of the Badge of Honour (1983)
Order for Personal Courage
Honoured Test Pilot of the USSR (1991)
Order of Ivan Kalita (Moscow Region (2008)
Prize Laureate. Vladimir Vysotsky's "Own Track"
Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"
References
Living people
1948 births
Soviet aviators
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order "For Personal Courage"
Military personnel from Taganrog
Russian aviation record holders
Soviet test pilots
Soviet aviation record holders
Recipients of the Order of Courage (Russia) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Pugachev |
Wild Love is the fourth album by Bill Callahan (also known as Smog), released on March 27, 1995, on Drag City and re-released in Europe on Domino in 2001. Jim O'Rourke appeared as cellist on this album, his first collaboration with Smog. Drag City's producer Rian Murphy helped to develop a wider musical palette than its predecessor Julius Caesar.
Critical reception
Wild Love has attracted favorable critical reviews. In a retrospective biography of Smog, AllMusic's Jason Ankeny called the album "a triumph of abject failure", seeing that it "reflected [Callahan's] bitter obsessions with stunning clarity."
Cat Power later covered "Bathysphere" on her 1996 album What Would the Community Think.
Track listing
All tracks written by Bill Callahan, except where noted.
Personnel
Bill Callahan – vocals, guitar, keyboards
Cynthia Dall – guitar on tracks 8 and 11; vocals on track 11
Jason Dezember – drums on track 10
Ron Burns – drums on tracks 8, 11 and 12
Ian O'Hey – Chamberlin on tracks 9 and 11
Jim O'Rourke – cello on tracks 2, 4, 11 and 12
Rian Murphy – production
Konrad Strauss – engineering
References
External links
1995 albums
Bill Callahan (musician) albums
Drag City (record label) albums
Domino Recording Company albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Love%20%28album%29 |
Benapole () is a township in Sharsha Upazila in the Jessore District of Bangladesh. The Petrapole Customs station of India is situated across the border and since 1971 (some sources say 1947), many people have travelled between Bangladesh and India through Benapole Customs / Land port station. The railway link between Bangladesh and India through Benapole was discontinued when war broke out between Pakistan and India in September 1965 (during this time, modern day Bangladesh was part of Pakistan, known as East Pakistan). Urbanization of Benapole started in the 1990s along the Grand Trunk Road. In April 1971, the operational area of the sector 8 comprised the districts of Kushtia, Jessore, Khulna, Barisal, Faridpur and Patuakhali. At the end of May the sector was reconstituted and comprised the districts of Kuhstia, Jessore, Khulna, Satkhira and the northern part of Faridpur district. Benapole served as the headquarters of sector 8 in the liberation war. It has the largest land port in south Asia and Bangladesh.
Customs
On the Bangladesh-India land border, Benapole land port is the most important land port of Bangladesh and is operated by the Bangladesh Land Port Authority (BLPA). About 90% of the imported Indian goods enter Bangladesh through this port. Geographically Benapole is a major strategical point for border trading between India and Bangladesh owing ito its proximity to Kolkata. According to Land Port Authority, approximately 90 percent of the total imported items from India come through Benapole. Primarily Benapole land port was an Land Customs station and gradually it turned into a Customs Division (1984) and later Custom House (1997) in response to its rising importance as in terms of import volume.
As of 2009, 143 staff including 9 officials and 134 employees are working at the Benapole land port. In fiscal year 1996-97 revenue realized from Benapole land port was around Taka 5 billion, at present it is Taka 8.50 billion.
Benapole land port is also lucrative for Indian exporters for its cheaper service and equipment charges. Indian goods receive duty exemption advantage in this land port. The Indian Government has also decided to give priority to export in Bangladesh through Benapole-Petrapole border. Kolkata, one of the commercial hubs of India, is only 80 kilometers away from the Petrapole-Benapole border and is involved in development in the area.
Benapole had witnessed a rise of imports by 15 – 20 percent each year. It has become a significant revenue generator for the government since late 1980s. However, port facilities remain under-developed as yet. Carriability of the road from Benapole to Jessopre is limited notwithstanding regular maintenance. A two-member consultant team of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is working to sort out improvement areas in the immigration and customs of the land port and also studying feasibility of Benapole-Petropole border as a corridor of transit in this South Asian region.
See also
Benapole Border Crossing
References
External links
Populated places in Khulna Division
Communications in Bangladesh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benapole |
The MedStar duology is a series of two Star Wars books by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry set during the Clone Wars. Published by Del Rey in 2004, the books take place two years after Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, and 21 years before Episode IV: A New Hope.
MedStar I: Battle Surgeons
The Clone Wars that swept across the galaxy in the twilight years of the Republic engulfed more than Jedi Knights, clone troopers and droid soldiers. On the fierce battlefields of Drongar, a tiny med unit tends to those wounded from the ceaseless combat waged on the jungle world for control of a priceless native plant.
In the pages of this Clone Wars novel, readers will meet a surgeon that cloaks his despair with sardonic wit; another who weathers the death and misery of Drongar by making beautiful music; a compassionate nurse with her heart in her work and her eye on a doctor; and a Jedi Padawan on a healing mission without her Master.
MedStar II: Jedi Healer
The situation on the far world of Drongar is desperate as Republic forces engage in a fierce fight with the Separatists.
Despite the all-enveloping armor and superior genetic pedigree, the soldiers of the Republic are still flesh and blood. In the steaming jungles of Jasserak, on the planet of Drongar, the doctors and nurses of a small med unit are devoted to patching together the beleaguered troops of the Republic.
This eccentric lot of surgeons is overworked, and even the Jedi healing abilities of Padawan Barriss Offee are tested to the limits. The conflict and casualties continue to grow, and an unthinkable option becomes the inevitable solution to this terrible problem.
External links
Amazon.com Listing
Official CargoBay Listing
2004 American novels
2004 science fiction novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Novels by Michael Reaves
Del Rey books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedStar%20duology |
"Cinderella" is a song performed by Australian recording duo Shakaya for their debut album Shakaya (2002). The song was released as the album's third and final single on 30 September 2002. It was written by Vincent DeGiorgio, Rebecca Hortlund, Mikael Lundh, George Samuelson and Quint Starkie and produced by Patrick Crowley, Reno Nicastro and Khesrow Rasta.
Track listing
CD single
"Cinderella" (Radio Edit) – 3:33
"Cinderella" (Vocal Remix) – 3:40
"Cinderella" (NRG Mix) – 5:57
"Sublime" (Hess Bamboo Mix) – 7:38
"What I Want" – 3:33
"Good Times" – 3:44
In popular culture
The song features in episodes three and four of "We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year" (2005).
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
Songs based on Cinderella
2002 singles
Shakaya songs
2002 songs
Songs written by Vincent DeGiorgio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella%20%28Shakaya%20song%29 |
Lundu is a town and the capital of Lundu District located in the northwest of Kuching Division of Sarawak, Malaysia, and borders the Indonesian Province of West Kalimantan.
History
Lundu is a district located in the Northwest of Kuching Division of Sarawak, Malaysia, and borders with Indonesian Province of West Kalimantan. Once upon a time, Lundu was a strategic area in the waters of Tanjung Datu that has been known for centuries in history, including in the history of Majapahit, China and Srivijaya. This was realized by the British colonialists when Lundu was later made the first stronghold.
As far as anyone knows, the lands around Lundu was empty of people until relatively recently. Although the main river is called Batang Kayan, "the Kayan river," there is no evidence at all that any Kayan people ever lived there. In the middle of the eighteenth century a group of Bidayuh people from near Bau migrated and settled on the west bank of the Batang Kayan, where Kampong Stunggang Melayu now stands. They came to be called the Dayak Lundu, and though the last member of the tribe died in the 1960s, you can still see the grove of durian trees they planted.
The name "Lundu" itself is taken from a small catfish that abounds in the Sungai Lundu which flows down from Gunung Gading. There are also local sources said that Lundu name comes from community groups known as the Undu, but when mixing marriage with Malay, Bidayuh and Iban this community has group into Malay, Bidayuh and Iban. Undu is actually a variation of the name Undi or Datu Undi or known as Raja Jarom who comes from Minangkabau, Sumatra. Datu Undi or Undu has seven children. His children became the government in Saribas, Samarahan, Kalaka, Sadong. His children are very famous such as Dato Terawoh in Kota Samarahan and Datu Godam (Saribas) who use the title of Abang.
Towards the close of the eighteenth century three groups of people at the same time came separately to make their homes in Lundu. From the east came the Ibans. These Ibans were originally from Balau on the west bank of the Batang Lupar. As the Iban were coming to Lundu from the east, Chinese and Selako settlers were arriving from the west, over the hills that separate Sarawak from what is now Indonesian Borneo. Chinese had been living in Pontianak and Sambas for a hundred years or more. When gold was discovered in Bau, Chinese migrated there. Also from the west came the Selako or Selakau. Malays also came to settle from the Natuna Islands.
What is wonderful about Lundu, is that although four different people settled very close together, there has from the beginning never been any friction between them. They seek a better life, and each people pursued their aim in a way that did not compete with the others. Lundu had electricity and piped water (from Gunung Gading) by the early 60s. The Lundu hospital was built in 1965, and now offers treatment for all except the most serious problems. They have a dental clinic and ultrasound screening for mothers-to-be. Until 1968, Lundu could be reached from Kuching only by boat. The road from Bau to Lundu was completed in that year and regular bus service began.
Lundu is currently under constant development, with more and more public infrastructures and other being built and proposed.
Politics
In state and federal Constituencies, Lundu area is represented by Barisan Nasional:
Y.B. Azizul Annuar Adenan of PBB - Member of Sarawak State Legislative Council for N3 Tanjung Datu.
Y.B. Billy anak Sujang of SUPP - Member of Sarawak Legislative Council for N1 Opar.
Y.B. Dato' Sri Nancy Shukri of PBB - Member of Parliament of Malaysia for P193 Santubong.
Y.B. Mordi anak Bimol of DAP - Member of Parliament of Malaysia for P192 Mas Gading.
Local government
Lundu District Office is the nerve center of the administration of the District. The first district officer was appointed in 1877 and the current district officer is the 44th. The district officer has wide statutory powers, to enable him to function effectively. The district officer is also chairman of the Lundu District Council.
Lundu District Council provides municipal services for Lundu District. The secretary to the Lundu District Council is the CEO. The early history of the Lundu District Council is just like other councils in Sarawak which was in 1953, chaired by D.L Bruen (1953-1956), which was then known as Lundu District Authority. On the 1 April 1957, the Lundu District Local Authority was re-established and known as Lundu District Council until the restructuring of Local Councils in 1981 till today to handle the management and administrative duties of the Lundu District.
The Lundu District Council Office is located at the Batang Kayan Road, near the town of Lundu, opposite the Batang Kayan river. There are 32 council members including Chairman and Deputy Chairman appointed as Council Member by His Excellency's Speaker of the State of Sarawak to perform all the obligations entrusted to the people.
Transportation
Local Bus
Lundu is located 100 km from Kuching City, 70 km from Bau Town, 28 km from Sematan Bazzar, 26 km from Biawak Bazzar, 18 km from Kampong Sebako and 10 km from Pandan Beach. It is accessible by road. In the mid- to late-2000s, Batang Kayan Bridge was officially opened to traffic, ending the ferry services to and from Lundu through Batang Kayan. Lundu was previously connected by air, and there are remains of the former airstrip in Lundu. Part of the runway of the old airstrip is now used as a road.
Biawak which is near the Indonesia-Malaysia border is the location of one of three land border crossings into Indonesia. The Malaysian checkpoint is called the Biawak Immigration, Customs, Quarantine and Security Checkpoint while the Indonesian checkpoint is called the Aruk Border Crossing Checkpoint. The nearest towns to Aruk are Sambas town about 93m away, and Singkawang about 160 km away. Both towns are in West Kalimantan.
Education
Centre for Technology Excellence Sarawak (CENTEXS) set up a hospitality and tourism academy in Lundu in December 2022 to upskill and reskill school leavers, industry employees, and university graduates.
Primary schools
SK Raso
SK Bokah
SK Stungkor
SK Selampit
SK Sampadi
SK Siar Campuran
SK Lebai Mentali
SK Biawak
SK Hollyname
SK Bumiputra
SK Sebiris
SK Serayan/Keranji
SK Paon
SK Sebako
SK Sebat
SK Pueh
SK Sematan
SK Telok Melano/Serabang
SJK (C) Chung Hua Serayan/Selarat
SJK (C) Chung Hua Sematan
SJK (C) Chung Hua Lundu
Secondary schools
SMK Lundu
SMK Sematan
SMK Senibong
Climate
Lundu has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round and with extremely heavy rainfall in January and February.
Economic activities
Agriculture - cocoa, black pepper, paddy, fruits and palm oil)
Aquaculture - fish (sea bass hatchery), prawns (tiger prawns) and crab (flower and mud crabs)
Fishing
Tourism - homestay programs
Cottage industry - fish crackers, traditional cakes and biscuits and chips, supported by government agencies such as Department of Agriculture, FELCRA and SALCRA
Attractions and recreational spots
Siar beach is located to the west of the Lundu town, within Pandan village. Sarawak Land Consolidation & Rehabilitation Authority (SALCRA) Bajo training centre and Union Yes Retreat & Training Centre are located near the Siar beach.
Tanjung Datu National Park - westernmost tip of Sarawak
Gunung Gading National Park - home to the Rafflesia
Pandan Beach
Pugu Beach
Sematan Beach - Abang Amin Beach, Sungai Kilong Beach and Pueh Beach
Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary
Sampadi Island
Rambungan Beach
Sebako hot spring
Jangkar Waterfalls
Pueh Longhouse Homestay - Salako ethnic
Kangka Longhouse Homestay - Iban ethnic
References
External links
Lundu District Council official website
Gunung Gading National Park
Otto's Lundu Page, created by Dr.Otto Steinmeyer
Lundu District
Towns in Sarawak | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundu%2C%20Sarawak |
Entrelac is a knitting technique used to create a textured diamond pattern. While the result resembles basket-woven strips of knitted fabric, the actual material comprises interconnected squares on two different orientations.
Unlike many textured knitting techniques, Entrelac allows for colorwork as well. Though single-color entrelac is the norm, it is often used to create colored patterns. The use of variegated yarn with long color repeats for entrelac has become commonplace, since careful use can create distinct squares of color with only one yarn.
Entrelac can be knit flat (back-and-forth) or in the round for a cylinder, as for the hat at right. However, unlike typical round knitting, the knitting is turned after a full round of squares so the next set is knitted in the opposite direction.
Method
Knitting entrelac requires only the knit and purl stitches, an ability to "k2tog" and "p2tog" (knit or purl two stitches together) and to pick up stitches. Entrelac can be done entirely in garter stitch although stockinette is more common.
A unique aspect of entrelac is that a "row" of knitting actually contains many smaller "rows" within the squares. Squares within a row (for instance, the first set of blue squares in the hat above) are knitted in sequence and then topped with a new row of squares (black squares in the example above).
The knitter picks up stitches along the side edge of an existing square and knits along them, knitting or purling two together as needed each time they reach the live stitches along the top of the neighboring square.
Because of the picked-up stitches, the back of stockinette entrelac is generally less attractive than the front, as seen in the photo to the left.
For garments and projects requiring square edges, the entrelac is ringed in triangles, knit in the same way as the squares but with increases and decreases. A row of triangles is the typical starting point for an entrelac project, though they can also be started with connected squares, as in the scarf to the left, which was knit from side to side starting with the white row.
Entrelac fabric is often felted to create the illusion of an intarsia argyle pattern; the felting flattens the entrelac texture but leaves the different-colored squares, as if the object were knitted in different colors at the same time.
Other uses
The Entrelac technique can also be used in crochet or Tunisian crochet.
References
Knitted fabrics
Textile techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrelac |
The Decade of the Brain was a designation for 1990–1999 by U.S. president George H. W. Bush as part of a larger effort involving the Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research".
The interagency initiative was conducted through a variety of activities including publications and programs aimed at introducing members of Congress, their staffs, and the general public to cutting-edge research on the human brain and encouraging public dialog on the ethical, philosophical, and humanistic implications of these discoveries.
Inception
During the 1980s, a renewed interest in the localization of neural phenomena to distinct anatomical regions of the brain led to a rapid uptick in more direct study of the brain and its psychological implications. In 1980, the Society for Neuroscience founded a committee dedicated to lobbying directly with the United States Congress for increased neuroscience funding, as well as encouraging members of the society to contact their own representatives. This group, alongside the National Committee for Research in Neurological and Communicative Disorders, the National Science Foundation’s Interagency Working Group in Neuroscience, the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Inter-Society Council for Biology and Medicine, met with legislators in Washington D.C. throughout the 1980s in order to educate them about the importance of neuroscience research and advocate for fiscal appropriations.
In 1987, the National Committee for Research in Neurological and Communicative Disorders collaborated with an National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke advisory council to propose a large-scale attempt to build on recent advances in order to further research and clinical development in neuroscience. This proposal to designate the decade, beginning January 1990, as the "Decade of the Brain", was sponsored by Representative Silvio O. Conte, and passed by the United States Congress in a joint resolution on March 8, 1989. A formal proclamation was thereafter issued by then President of the United States George H. W. Bush on July 18, 1990.
Publicity and popularization efforts
Responding to the Presidential mandate, professional organizations began to support the effort via further promulgation of Decade of the Brain materials, and Decade of the Brain lectures became commonplace at annual meetings of prominent scientific communities. Nevertheless, in the early years of the decade, the neuroscience community was concerned that their efforts would not lead to an increase in funding of neuroscience research. David J. Mahoney, at the time the Chairman of the Charles A. Dana Foundation for brain research, arranged a gathering of influential neuroscientists in Cold Spring Harbor in 1992 to discuss ways to improve the Decade of the Brain movement. The meeting resulted in the signing by 60 scientists of a formal Declaration of ten research goals to be accomplished by the end of the decade, as well as personal commitments made by those scientists to speak to the public about their research using appropriate lay language. The Dana Foundation also sponsored the publication of newspapers, newsletters, journals, and other outlets to convey neuroscience research, alongside $34 million in research grants for brain research, and the founding of Brain Awareness Week, a global campaign to promote public interest in neuroscience.
Global adoption
The United States' neuroscience community's publication of Decade of the Brain led international communities to adopt the movement as well. The Government of Japan invested $125 million into neuroscience research in 1997, leading to the development of the Brain Science Institute. The Government of India founded the National Brain Research Centre during the same year. In 1998, the Chinese Institute of Neuroscience was founded.
Impact
During the time period of the Decade of the Brain, the field of neuroscience made rapid gains and in several important ways rose to the forefront of both scientific and public interest. American neurologist Lewis P. Rowland stated:As a public relations gambit, the Decade was a success. As a way of engaging scientists, legislators, and leaders of voluntary agencies, it was a success. As an education program it successfully mirrored the wonderful scientific and technological advances. As part of the preparation for the bipartisan doubling of the neuroscience budget, the Decade was a clear success.We cannot be certain the Decade had anything to do with these advances, which might well have come without the public hue, but the advances and the education marched together.Several scientific accomplishments occurred during the Decade of the Brain Among them are:
the development of fMRI BOLD neural imaging and the emergence of the field of computational neuroscience
the discovery of neural plasticity and critical periods of neural development
the development of second-generation antidepressants and anti-psychotics
the discovery of genetic mutations responsible for Huntington's disease, ALS, and Rett Syndrome
the discovery of the neural origins and impacts of alcoholism
Society also benefited from the Decade, through major cash infusions into early childhood development programs. Due to the funding of research into the physiological impact on the brain of children's early experiences, many states in the US began a great push for pre-school education. Today, almost 20 years later, most children in the US are enrolled in these types of programs.
The Decade of the Brain also inspired the offshoot project, the Decade of the Mind.
See also
BRAIN Initiative
Brain mapping
Decade of the Mind
Human Brain Project (EU)
Outline of brain mapping
Outline of the human brain
References
External links
Project of the Decade of the Brain official U.S. government page.
History of neuroscience
Presidency of George H. W. Bush | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade%20of%20the%20Brain |
Mysore Venkatesha Doreswamy Iyengar (1920-1997) was a Carnatic musician and one of the greatest exponents of the veena in modern Indian history.
Early life
He was a son of Venkatesha Iyengar, a learned vainika and royal musician at the court of the Princely State of Mysore.
Iyengar started learning the veena from his father at an early age and soon became a disciple of Veena Venkatagiriyappa. He performed in the presence of the then Maharaja of Mysore at the age of 12. Spellbound, the Maharaja presented him with a fifty-rupee silver coin. Iyengar received a BA degree from Maharaja's College, Mysore.
Career
He gave his first public performance in 1943 at the Bangalore Gayana Samaja. He participated in music conferences including one in Shiraz, Iran, in 1969, where he was also invited to perform at the Shiraz Persepolis Festival of Arts..
He served as the Music Director at the All India Radio in Bangalore. The University of Mysore conferred upon him an Honorary Doctorate in 1975.
In an age when most of the other vainikas had started using the contact microphone, Iyengar stuck to the ‘acoustic’ Veena. His style of playing is sometimes referred to as the Mysore Style. This distinctive style is marked by the movements from one note to another being achieved with the playing fingers (the index and middle fingers of the left hand) parted. This, along with his prolonged, medieval string plucking style enabled him to achieve the continuity of sound.
Concerts of Iyengar, accompanied by Mysore T Chowdiah on the violin, became very popular. He participated in many Jugalbandis, including with famous Hindustani classical instrumentalists such as Ustad Ali Akbar Khan. He composed music for dance dramas, notably to those of P. T. Narasimhachar. Iyengar also composed songs for a few Kannada films, notably Subbashastri, starring Kalyan Kumar. Iyengar was regularly accompanied on mridangam by V S Rajagopal. The noted vainika C. Krishnamurthy was one of Iyengar's main disciples.
Iyengar died aged 77 in Bangalore, India.
Awards
Doreswamy Iyengar was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 1983, the Sangeetha Kalanidhi of the Madras Music Academy in 1984, the Sangeetha Kalasikhamani of the Indian Fine Arts Society in 1994, the Sangeetha Kalarathna of the Bangalore Gayanasamaja, and the Chowdiah National Memorial Award.
References
External links
Listen to Tyagaraja Compositions performed by Sri Doreswamy Iyengar
his compositions in mp3 format
1920 births
1997 deaths
Saraswati veena players
Male Carnatic singers
Carnatic singers
Musicians from Mysore
University of Mysore alumni
Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni
All India Radio people
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreswamy%20Iyengar |
Richard Desjardins (born March 16, 1948) is a Québécois folk singer and film director.
Career
Desjardins and his friends formed the country rock ensemble Abbitibbi in the 1970s; Desjardins played piano, guitar, and sang. When the group disbanded in 1982, Desjardins pursued a solo career. He released a number of solo albums, including Tu m'aimes-tu in 1990 and Boom Boom, which appeared on the RPM 100 Top Albums list in 1998.
Desjardins also found work scoring films, especially documentaries. This involvement in the Quebec film industry even led him to co-direct a number of feature-length documentaries. He was known for his environmental activism, especially with regards to protecting forests from over-exploitation, and to promote this he created the documentary film L'erreur boréale in 1999. In 2007 Desjardins, along with Robert Monderie, created The Invisible People, a documentary about the Algonquin nation in Quebec.
Desjardins went on tour in 2013, promoting his album L'existoire; after that he made occasional live appearances, including the 2018 Festival guitares du monde in Abitibi.
In 2017 a group of singers came together at Steve Jolin's Rouyn-Noranda record company to record Chanter Richard Desjardins, a tribute album of Desjardins' songs.
He was profiled in Lisette Marcotte's 2019 documentary film The Last Nataq (Le dernier Nataq).
Discography
Albums
1981-Boom Town Café (with Abbittibbi)
1988-Les derniers humains
1989-Le trésor de la langue (with René Lussier)
1990-Tu m'aimes-tu
1992-Les derniers humains (new recording)
1994-Chaude était la nuit (with Abbittibbi)
1998-Boom Boom
2003-Kanasuta
2011-L'existoire
Live albums
1993-Richard Desjardins au Club Soda
1996-Desjardins Abbittibbi Live (with Abbittibbi)
Soundtrack
1990-Le Party
DVD
Kanasuta - Là où les diables vont danser (2005)
Filmography
1977 - A Raging Disaster (Comme des chiens en pacage) by Desjardins and Robert Monderie
1978 - Firefly (Mouche à feu), by Desjardins and Robert Monderie
1999 - Forest Alert (L'erreur boréale) by Desjardins and Robert Monderie
2007 - The Invisible Nation (Le peuple invisible) by Desjardins and Robert Monderie
2011 - The Hole Story (Trou story) by Desjardins and Robert Monderie
Music for films and theater
À double tour (English title: Twice Convicted), by Marie Cadieux, 1994
The Party (Le Party) by Pierre Falardeau, 1990
La Nuit avec Hortense (The night with Hortense), by Jean Chabot, 1988
Noranda, by Robert Monderie and Daniel Corvec, 1984
Le doux partage (Soft Sharing) by Sylvie van Brabant, 1983
Depuis que le monde est monde (Since the world is world) by Sylvie van Brabant, 1981
Blue Winter (L'hiver bleu) by André Blanchard, 1978
Beat by André Blanchard, 1976 (Desjardins and Abbittibbi as well as other musicians)
Composed music for and was musical director of ”Têtes rondes et têtes pointues“ ("The Roundheads and the Peakheads") by Bertold Brecht, at the 1986 Brecht International Festival in Toronto.
Bibliography
Carole Couture, "la parole est mine d’or", Éditions Tryptique, Montréal, 1999.
References
External links
Desjardins' web site.
Words to 59 of Desjardins' songs. (site down)
Radio Canada (Documentary about Richard Desjardins)
Radio France, France Blue (Interviews with Desjardins)
Summary of Desjardins Life’s work
1948 births
Living people
French Quebecers
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
French-language singers of Canada
People from Rouyn-Noranda
Film directors from Quebec
Canadian documentary film directors
Canadian environmentalists
Singers from Quebec
Songwriters from Quebec
Canadian film score composers
Félix Award winners
20th-century Canadian songwriters
21st-century Canadian songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Desjardins |
Liz Sanbourne is a fictional character from the American soap opera Passions, which aired on National Broadcasting Company (NBC) from 1999 to 2007 and on DirecTV from 2007 to 2008. Created by the soap's head writer, James E. Reilly, Liz was portrayed by Amelia Marshall from October 3, 2001, to February 17, 2006. Arreale Davis and Taquel Graves also played the character in flashbacks in 2003. Reilly approached Marshall about the role after they worked together on Guiding Light; Marshall was attracted to the series due to the opportunity to play a darker and more complex character than her previous experiences. Her casting was part of NBC's attempt to include a racially diverse ensemble on daytime television.
Liz, part of Passions' Russell family, is introduced as a resort owner involved in the love triangle between Sheridan Crane and Antonio Lopez-Fitzgerald and his brother Luis Lopez-Fitzgerald. She gains more prominence on the series as the antagonist and foil to her adoptive sister Eve Russell. Liz's desperation to expose her sister's past relationship—and child—with Julian Crane leads to the breakup of the latter's marriage and family. Later storylines focus on her relationship with Eve's husband T. C. Russell and attempts to murder Alistair Crane for raping her as a teenager. Liz eventually abandons her vendetta against Eve and Alistair in order to find love in the future. Following her exit from the series, Liz is identified as the biological mother of Chad Harris-Crane, which proves his relationship with Whitney Russell is not incestuous.
Liz has been widely praised by television critics, specifically for her role as a villain. Marshall received a nomination for Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess in a Drama Series – Daytime in the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards, but lost to Jane Elliot for her portrayal of General Hospitals Tracy Quartermaine. Co-stars Tracey Ross and Rodney Van Johnson praised Marshall's performance on the series, but they were disappointed at her removal. Marshall's departure was the result of significant cuts in the soap opera's budget.
Background
Creation and casting
Passions''' creator and head writer James E. Reilly had approached Amelia Marshall about the role of Liz Sanbourne after they worked together on Guiding Light. Marshall said that she was attracted to the character since it was different from her previous performances as Belinda Keffers in All My Children, and Gilly Grant Speakes in Guiding Light. While discussiong her professional relationship with Reilly in an interview with Soap Talk, she had commented: "I just love the fact that he saw me and realized that I could be such a witch." Prior to receiving the role, Marshall was already aware of the soap opera's supernatural elements, and said the following about Passions: "... there were always these strange things happening on the show. It really pulls you in." Marshall portrayed Liz from October 3, 2001, until February 17, 2006. In 2003, Arreale Davis and Taquel Graves had played the character in flashbacks.
Sheraton Kalouria, senior vice president of National Broadcasting Company (NBC)'s daytime programming, described the show's use of color-blind casting as part of an effort to build a diverse pool of characters that best reflected ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Kalouria believed the show was set apart from other soap operas, by including "the African American Russells and the Hispanic Lopez-Fitzgeralds". In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Marshall said Kalouria has led the effort: "to making sure the African-American community knows they are telling tales with African-American actors."
Characterization and relationships
Marshall attributed her background as a dancer as giving her the discipline and direction to prepare for her character. She described the show as "so on the edge all the time", explaining that the storylines "ground[ed] [her] and the freedom from the dance world [...] g[ave] [her] the freedom to just soar with it." For the character's early appearances on Passions, Marshall characterized Liz as "milquetoast" and lacking any edge. She viewed Liz as a "very strong, centered woman who has had some hard knocks and challenge", and felt she was "wise beyond her years" and terrified of being left alone.
Early in the show, Marshall commented that Liz's relationship with former lover Antonio Lopez-Fitzgerald was not defined by the differences in the characters' races. She viewed the soap opera as a "breath of fresh air" due to this approach rather than handling it differently in regards to its interracial aspect. Echoing Marshall's sentiment, Tracey Ross, who portrays Liz's adoptive sister Eve Russell, identified social class as the biggest obstacle for relationships on Passions rather than race.
Over the course of the series, Marshall attempted to reconcile Liz's psychotic behavior with her approach to playing the character. Due to the lack of concrete information on her character's past at the outset, Marshall formulated different storylines for Liz that "allow[ed] [her] the freedom to go for what [she] s[aw] as Liz's level of anger and betrayal." Describing the role as an improvement over the girl next door characters she had previously played, she interpreted Liz's "unhealed pain and anger", primarily her inability to reconcile with her adoptive sister, as interesting acting challenges. She attributed Liz's behavior in the 2005 episodes to the character "operat[ing] even crazier than she normally does", describing her mental unraveling as a fun story arc to perform.
Marshall based her understanding of Liz on the character's relationship with Eve, which served as the primary focus for her character development and story arcs. Liz was initially not included in the show's descriptions of Eve's past. In the 2001 tie-in novel Hidden Passions: Secrets from the Diaries of Tabitha Lenox, Eve is characterized as the only child of "too-busy Harvard history Professor Warren Johnson and journalist Tanya Lincoln Johnson". Marshall felt Liz was irredeemable for her actions against Eve and her love interest Julian Crane. Interpreting the character as having a form of mental illness due to her repeated sexual abuse, Marshall said that "[e]very emotion she has it twisted". Ross added to Marshall's commentary by recommending that Liz should get "some serious electroshock therapy". Marshall found Liz's rivalry with Eve to be absurd, particularly a scene in which they fight in the Crane mansion. She went on to praise her working relationship with Ross, saying: "[i]t's a gift as an actor to have a good relationship with your scene partner when you're always the aggressor because you can go where you need to go and not be afraid."
Removal
Following Liz's exit in 2006, media outlets began to question the exact nature of Marshall's departure from the show. Commentators believed that the decision to remove several of the series' main characters was influenced by the slashing of the budget by "a reported $4-to-$5 million" to secure its renewal. Even though Passions representatives clarified the budget cuts were limited to a reduction in the production team, sets, and extras, television critics connected the departures of certain actors to the show's financial restraints. According to Metacritic, Marshall was fired due to the cuts in budget. TV Guides soap opera columnist, Daniel R. Coleridge was critical of Liz's exit, writing that it prevented fans from "enjoy[ing] the pleasure of watching [her] digest all of that explosive info and act upon it."
Storylines
Backstory
Liz Sanbourne is the adopted daughter of Mr. Sanbourne and Ruby Lincoln and the adoptive sister of Eve Russell, who is Ruby's daughter from a previous marriage. Eve and Liz are both unaware of the adoption, believing that they were half-sisters. Mr. Sanbourne repeatedly molested Liz after Eve left home and became a nightclub singer and a prostitute and started a relationship with businessman Julian Crane. Liz blamed Eve for abandoning her to her father's sexual abuse. When she was fourteen, Liz went to Boston in search of Eve. She tracked down Julian at a jazz club to talk to him about her sister and their relationship. Later that night, Alistair Crane, Julian's father, raped Liz in his son's apartment; Julian was passed out in a drunken stupor in the same room and was unaware of what happened. The rape resulted in Liz's pregnancy with Chad Harris-Crane, who was later believed to be Eve and Julian's son; Liz gave up her baby for adoption at birth, and was forced to undergo surgery that left her barren.
2001–2006: Passions
Liz first appears in the episode airing on October 3, 2001, as the owner of the unnamed resort on the fictional island of St. Lisa's, located near Bermuda and the Bermuda Triangle. She helps her former boyfriend Brian O'Leary rescue Sheridan Crane following the explosion of her boat. Along with Brian, and their friend Doc, Liz becomes close with the amnesiac Sheridan while trying to help her to remember her past. Sheridan believes her name is Diana due to confusing memories of her friendship with Diana, Princess of Wales with her own; she begins a romantic relationship with Brian. Liz grows increasingly jealous of the attention Brian pays to Diana and suspicious of Brian's true identity. Liz forms a close friendship with Luis Lopez-Fitzgerald after he comes to the island to pick up a boat for his then girlfriend Beth Wallace. She thinks Luis is Diana's fiancée, but fails to reunite them, despite several attempts, before he returns home. Liz joins Diana and Brian to sail the ship back to the fictional town of Harmony. Upon returning to Harmony on Christmas Eve, Brian reveals his identity as Antonio Lopez-Fitzgerald, the long lost brother of Luis, and Liz and Diana convince him to reunite with his family. Liz again attempts to reunite Diana with Luis, but fails to do so before they return to St. Lisa's Island.
In 2002, Liz returns to Harmony in response to a telephone call from Diana; she tells Liz about her true identity as Sheridan, her engagement to Luis, and Antonio's terminal illness. While visiting Antonio in the hospital, Liz is startled and angry to find Eve in Harmony. She plots to reveal Eve's past to her husband T. C. Russell and her children Whitney and Simone Russell in order to replace her sister as the head of her family. Between 2002 and 2004, Liz makes bolder moves to expose Eve and coerce T. C. to have sex with her. In 2003, Liz buys the Blue Note, a jazz club Julian constructed as a copy of the place where he first met Eve, as a cover to stay in Harmony longer without raising suspicion. The storyline culminates in July 2004 when Liz brings Eve's aunt Irma Johnson to tell T. C. the truth about Eve's past relationship with Julian and their child. The characters also find out that Eve, not Julian, was responsible for the car accident ending T. C.'s tennis career. In retaliation, Eve tells everyone in Harmony about Liz's true identity as her sister. T. C. later divorces Eve after finding himself unable to forgive her for lying about her past. Following the signing of the divorce papers, he openly begins a romantic relationship with Liz.
In 2005, Liz drinks poisoned punch which Julian's ex-wife Rebecca Hotchkiss had intended for Eve. Liz accuses Eve of deliberately giving her the punch, and Eve is arrested for attempted murder. T. C. proposes to Liz, but she becomes increasingly paranoid over his romantic feelings for Eve. Liz attempts to force Julian to have sex with her in the middle of an earthquake and tsunami, and stabs him in the back when he does not comply. At this point, Liz lies to Julian by saying that he had raped her in the past. T. C. later breaks off his engagement with Liz after reconciling with his ex-wife's past and rebukes all of her efforts to seduce her way back into his life. On the eve of Eve's trial, Liz offers her adoptive sister a deal: she will rescind her accusation and not testify if Eve promises to leave Harmony forever. Eve considers the deal before ultimately refusing it. Near the end of Eve's trial, Julian agrees to give Rebecca anything she wants in exchange for her testimony that she saw Liz with the vial of poison. Tabitha Lenox's daughter Endora Lenox magically casts the jury into a fake flashback, matching Rebecca's testimony, and the judge declares a mistrial.
Liz's desperation to destroy Eve, Julian, and Alistair drives her to act more violent and erratic, such as threatening to kill Julian with a letter opener. At the New Year's Eve party, titled "A Murder is Announced", Liz stabs Alistair in the neck, which puts him into a coma. Before attempting to disconnect Alistair's life support, Liz confesses to Julian that she was the one who shot him in 2002. She tells Julian that he did not rape her, and that it was actually Alistair. Julian stops Liz from killing Alistair by encouraging her to let go of her hatred in order to find love in the future. She agrees to abandon her plans for revenge against Eve and Alistair in order to find a new direction for her life and leaves Harmony. In his comatose state, Alistair swears revenge against Liz. While in Rome, Italy, Chad discovers that Liz is his mother through his birth certificate provided by tabloid editor J. T. Cornell. The birth certificate also reveals that Liz was not Eve's half-sister, and Chad's relationship with Whitney was not incestuous.
Reception
Critical response
Liz Sanbourne has been widely praised by television critics. The reveal that "the hard-working, kind-hearted hotel owner" Liz was Eve's sister was cited as one of Passions' biggest twists by a writer from Soap Opera Digest, who described the moment as "a slap-filled reunion". Liz's constant attempts to seek revenge against her adoptive sister was included as a highlight on Soap.com's Lori Wilson's overview of the high points of Eve's story arcs. Prior to the reveal of her true identity, Candace Havens of The Free Lance-Star felt that Liz would be a fan favorite character. Havens praised Liz as a woman with "well-rounded views and good sense of humor", pointing to her attempts to reunite the then supercouple Sheridan Crane and Luis Lopez-Fitzgerald as one of her appealing characteristics.
Critical response to Liz's characterization as a villain was largely positive. The character was praised as "deliciously devious" by Linda Marshall-Smith of Soapdom.com, and described as a "naughty diva" by Sister 2 Sister's Jamie Foster Brown. Marshall received a nomination for Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Villainess in a Drama Series – Daytime in the 2005 Soap Opera Digest Awards, but lost to Jane Elliot for her portrayal of General Hospitals Tracy Quartermaine.
Cast response
Marshall's performance received a positive response from Passions' cast members. Ross felt that Marshall had the most demanding role on the soap opera, and commended her ability to make "Liz want[ing] to have sex in the middle of the tsunami" look believable. During the filming of the show, she said that she watched Marshall to take notes on how to improve her own acting.
Marshall's exit was the subject of criticism. In an interview with Soap Opera Digest'', Ross criticized the decision to remove Marshall, and said, "When you're an actress of her caliber and kind to everyone and plan Christmas parties and celebrate everyone's birthday and know your lines and are the most darling girl that ever breathed, of course you're going to be fired!" Rodney Van Johnson, who portrayed T. C. Russell, said that he was disappointed when the show began removing its racially diverse actors, feeling that it was a sign of its imminent cancellation.
References
Citations
Book sources
External links
Liz Sanbourne at NBC.com
Adoptee characters in television
Female characters in television
Female villains
Fictional African-American people
Passions characters
Television characters introduced in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz%20Sanbourne |
The 2005 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge took place in Alexandria, Egypt from April 1–9, 2005.
Argentina earned a spot at the 2006 Champions Trophy in Terrassa, Spain after defeated Korea in the final.
Squads
Head Coach: Jorge Ruiz
Head Coach: Giles Bonnet
Head Coach: Gerhard Rach
Head Coach: Jason Lee
Head Coach: Paul Revington
Head Coach: Cho Myung-Jun
Umpires
Below is the eight umpires appointed by International Hockey Federation (FIH):
Results
All times are Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00)
Pool
Classification
Fifth and sixth place
Third and fourth place
Final
Awards
Top Scorers
Jean-Philippe Brulé
Lee Jung-Seon
Player of the Tournament
Germán Orozco
Statistics
Final ranking
References
External links
Official FIH website
Official website
Official website
C
F
International field hockey competitions hosted by Egypt
Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Men%27s%20Hockey%20Champions%20Challenge |
Emilie (Ämilie, Aemilie) Juliane (19 August 1637 – 3 December 1706) was a German countess and hymn writer.
Biography
Emilie Juliane was a daughter of Count Albert Frederick I of Barby-Mühlingen and his wife, Sophia Ursula of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst. During the Thirty Years' War, her father and his family were compelled to seek refuge in the castle of Heidecksburg in Rudolstadt after being persecuted for their Lutheran Protestant faith. It belonged to his uncle, Count Louis Günther I of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and Emilie was born there.
After the death of her father (in 1641) and mother (in 1642), she was adopted by her aunt Emilie of Oldenburg, who was also her godmother and had become the wife of Count Louis Günther. Emilie Juliane was educated at Rudolstadt with her cousins under the care of Ahasuerus Fritsch and other teachers. She received a good education in religion, Latin, history, among other sciences. She is regarded as a forerunner of pietism.
On 7 July 1665, she was married to her cousin, Count Albert Anton II of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. She was the most productive of German female hymn-writers, almost 600 hymns being attributed to her. Her hymns, such as "", are full of a deep love for her Saviour. She published , Rudolstadt, 1683; , Rudolstadt, 1685; , Rudolstadt, 1685.
Her hymns "" (EG 329) and "" (EG 530) are contained in the Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch.
References
External links
Ämilie Juliane von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Ämilie Juliane Gräfin zu Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Biography
Susanne Schuster: Aemilie Juliane von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt / Mitten im Leben sind wir vom Tod umfangen Frauen und Reformation
1637 births
1706 deaths
People from Rudolstadt
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
German Lutherans
Countesses in Germany
German women poets
German Lutheran hymnwriters
Emilie Juliane
Women hymnwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie%20Juliane%20of%20Barby-M%C3%BChlingen |
Charles Henry Ferguson (born March 24, 1955) is the founder and president of Representational Pictures, Inc., and director and producer of No End in Sight (2007) and Inside Job (2010), which won the Oscar for Best Documentary Feature. Ferguson is also a software entrepreneur, writer and authority in technology policy.
Early life and education
A native of San Francisco, Ferguson was originally educated as a political scientist. A graduate of Lowell High School in 1972, he earned a BA in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1978, and obtained a PhD in political science from MIT in 1989. Ferguson then conducted postdoctoral research at MIT while also consulting to the White House, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Department of Defense, and several U.S. and European high technology firms. From 1992–1994 Ferguson was an independent consultant, providing strategic consulting to the top management of U.S. high technology firms including Apple Inc., Xerox, Motorola, and Texas Instruments.
Charles Ferguson is bicoastal, splitting his time between New York City and California.
Career
Early career
In 1994, Ferguson founded Vermeer Technologies, one of the earliest Internet software companies, with Randy Forgaard. Vermeer created the first visual website development tool, FrontPage. In early 1996, Ferguson sold Vermeer for $133 million to Microsoft, which integrated FrontPage into Microsoft Office.
After selling Vermeer, Ferguson returned to research and writing. He was a visiting scholar and lecturer for several years at MIT and Berkeley, and for three years was a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington DC. Ferguson is the author of four books and many articles dealing with various aspects of information technology and its relationships to economic, political, and social issues. Ferguson is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a director of the French-American Foundation, and supports several nonprofit organizations.
Film Career
For more than 20 years, Ferguson had been intensely interested in film, and regularly attended film festivals such as the Telluride Film Festival for over a decade. In mid-2005, he formed Representational Pictures and began production of No End in Sight, which was one of the first feature-length documentaries on post-war Iraq.
No End in Sight won a special jury prize for documentaries at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival and was nominated for an Oscar in 2008 in the documentary feature film category. Ferguson also received a nomination for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay for the film.
Inside Job, a feature-length documentary about the financial crisis of 2007–2008, was screened at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010 and the New York Film Festival and was released by Sony Pictures Classics in October 2010. It received the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Ferguson credits narrator Matt Damon for contributing to the film, specifically the structure of the ending, in addition to his narration duties.
On May 1, 2011, The New York Times reported that Ferguson had agreed to make a film about WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange for HBO Films. According to IMDb the film was scheduled for release in 2013 but the project was eventually mothballed.
On September 30, 2013, Charles Ferguson wrote on the Huffington Post that he would be cancelling his CNN documentary on Hillary Clinton due, not just to pressure from the Clintons and their allies, but also from the Republican Party, to stop pursuing the project. In the article Ferguson lamented that "nobody, and I mean nobody, was interested in helping me make this film. Not Democrats, not Republicans – and certainly nobody who works with the Clintons, wants access to the Clintons or dreams of a position in a Hillary Clinton administration." In a June 2013 interview with former President Bill Clinton, Clinton told Ferguson that he and Larry Summers couldn't change Alan Greenspan's mind about the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, which deregulated derivatives and helped fuel the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession. Congress then passed the Act with a veto-proof supermajority. Ferguson thought Clinton was "a really good actor" and that this was a lie. Actually, Ferguson wrote, the Clinton Administration and Larry Summers lobbied for the Act and, along with Robert Rubin privately attacked advocates of regulation.
Ferguson directed the first major documentary about the Watergate Scandal. Entitled Watergate, the 260-minute film had its European premiere at the 2019 Berlin International Film Festival and received the 2019 Cinema for Peace award for Most Political Film of the Year.
Technology Investing
Starting in 2022, Ferguson has become an extremely active early stage technology investor and startup advisor. He is a limited partner in six early stage venture capital funds, and is an angel investor in early stage technology startups. Recent investments include placing the first money into ApertureData, Dicer.ai, and AOMNI.
Works and publications
This is a companion to the movie Inside Job, providing citations for many of the claims in that movie.
Filmography
No End in Sight (2007)
Inside Job (2010)
Time to Choose (2015)
Watergate (2018)
References
External links
Representational Pictures, his film production company
Dec. 2010 Interview with KGNU's Claudia Cragg on 'Inside Job'
Charles H. Ferguson on Charlie Rose
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Ferguson about No End in Sight, October 28, 2007
DemocracyNow interview about Predator Nation, 2012
Official site for the movie Inside Job
1955 births
Living people
Businesspeople in software
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Directors of Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Directors Guild of America Award winners
American documentary film producers
Film producers from California
Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
Writers Guild of America Award winners
Angel investors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ferguson%20%28filmmaker%29 |
Hunter Easton Hayes (born September 9, 1991) is an American multi-genre singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. He is proficient at more than 30 instruments.
Hayes released his self-titled debut album in 2011. It reached number seven on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top Country Albums, and sold over 1.1 million copies. Its most successful single, "Wanted", sold over 3.5 million copies and made Hayes the youngest male act to ever top the Billboard Hot Country Songs.
Hayes' commercial success and his talent both as a songwriter and instrumentalist prompted Billboard to call him the leader of "Country Music's Youth Revolution" in 2014. He has been nominated for five Grammy Awards including Best New Artist, and won the 2012 CMA Award for New Artist of the Year and three BMI Awards.
Life and career
Hayes was born on September 9, 1991, at Larniurg Hospital in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana; he is an only child. His parents both have Cajun ancestry, along with English, Scots-Irish, and German. He grew up Catholic, singing songs in both English and French.
Hayes started performing when he was 2. At 4, he began making appearances locally and on national television, including Maury, Rosie O'Donnell Show, and the Nickelodeon game show Figure It Out, where he performed "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)". American Songwriter writes that "Hayes received his first guitar from actor Robert Duvall at age 6" At age 7, he was invited to perform for President Bill Clinton for a White House lawn party. At 13, he appeared on America's Most Talented Kids, a show hosted by Dave Coulier; he performed the hit Hank Williams song, "Hey Good Lookin'". At age 9, Hunter released his debut independent studio album "Through My Eyes" on October 8, 2000, under Suagartown Records and Louisiana Red Hot Records. He released several more independent albums: Make a Wish in 2001, Holidays with Hunter in 2003, Honoring our French Heritage in 2006, and Songs About Nothing in 2008.
In 2008, he moved from Breaux Bridge to Nashville, Tennessee, and signed with Universal Music Publishing Group as a songwriter. In 2010, Hayes co-wrote "Play" for the Rascal Flatts album Nothing Like This. In September, he was signed to Atlantic Records Nashville and began working on what would become his major-label debut.
Hayes appeared as the opening act of 10 dates of country star Taylor Swift's Speak Now World Tour throughout the summer of 2011 and concluded his leg of the tour in St. Louis, Missouri. In April 2011, he went on his own radio tour where he debuted songs that would appear on his debut album. His debut headlining tour was the Most Wanted Tour; the first leg of the tour began on October 8, 2011, in Beaumont, Texas, and ended on December 4, 2011, in San Bernardino, California.
Hayes and singer Victoria Justice contributed a duet to the soundtrack of 2011's Footloose remake, recording a cover of Mike Reno's and Ann Wilson's 1984 hit "Almost Paradise" from the original film. From January to February 2012, Hayes was the opening act on the Rascal Flatts "Thaw Out" tour.
"Where We Left Off" is an original song, written by Hayes, that can be heard on the soundtrack for the 2012 war film Act of Valor.
During the 2012 O Music Awards, The Flaming Lips broke a Guinness World Record (previously held by Jay-Z) for most concerts played in multiple cities in a 24-hr. period. Hayes was the opening act for them at the Hattiesburg stop.
In May 2012, Martin Guitars named Hayes as C.F. Martin & Co.'s newest brand ambassador. American Songwriter quoted Hayes on the subject: "It is an absolute honor to be named an official Martin Ambassador and to be recognized by the Martin family."
On September 7, 2012, he was inducted at the Mahalia Jackson Theater in New Orleans, Louisiana, into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
2011–2014: Hunter Hayes and Storyline
Hayes's debut single, "Storm Warning", released to radio on May 16, 2011. His self-titled major-label debut album was released on October 11, 2011. He co-wrote every song, played every instrument, and along with Dann Huff, produced the album. "Wanted", the second single, was released to radio on March 5, 2012.
On July 24, 2012, he appeared on the CBS's The Talk, where he was then given an RIAA Gold Certification plaque for "Wanted". Just shy of two months since "Wanted" went gold, the song was certified Platinum by RIAA on August 23, 2012.
"Wanted" became his first No. 1 single, making him the youngest solo male act to top Hot Country Songs, breaking the record set in 1973 by Johnny Rodriguez. Twenty weeks after first appearing in the top spot and under a new chart format, "Wanted" returned to the top spot. "Somebody's Heartbreak", the album's third single, went to No. 1 on the Country Airplay chart.
Starting September 14, 2012, Hayes began appearing as the opening act on 90+ dates for Carrie Underwood's Blown Away Tour.
He was also nominated for three Grammys including Best New Artist at the 2013 Grammy Awards; he is the youngest male country artist to be nominated in all three categories for which he was nominated. The album's fourth single, "I Want Crazy", which is from the deluxe Encore edition, was released to country radio on April 7, 2013. It peaked at number two on the Country Airplay chart in August 2013. Following it was "Everybody's Got Somebody but Me", a re-recording of a song from the original press of the album. The re-recorded version features guest vocals from Jason Mraz.
Hunter was one of five country singers who won a CMT Artist of the Year award in 2013. This award is awarded every year to a group of country musicians who have had an outstanding year.
Hayes performed "Invisible", the lead single from his second album, at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Storyline was released on May 6, 2014. In an effort to promote his album and to raise awareness to end child hunger, Hunter broke the Guinness World Record for the most concerts played in multiple cities in 24 hours, previously held by The Flaming Lips. The album's second single, "Tattoo" released to country radio on June 16, 2014.
On July 20, 2014, Hayes's self-titled debut album was certified double platinum by the RIAA. Following that was "Light Me Up", another single from the deluxe version of his debut album, in 2015.
2015–2018: The 21 Project and cancelled album
On May 21, 2015, Hayes released "21", which was the title track for both his EP and third studio album, The 21 Project. He also appeared on the track "I Can Play Guitar" on Brett Kissel's album Pick Me Up.
On November 2, 2016, Hayes performed with four holograms of himself on Jimmy Kimmel Live's after the CMA show.
In March 2017, Hayes performed as part of the C2C: Country to Country festival in the UK where he played alongside Dan + Shay and Darius Rucker supporting Reba McEntire and will return in 2019 with Carly Pearce and Dustin Lynch in support of Lady A. Following "21," Hayes released several songs including “Yesterday’s Song” which were slated to be part of a studio album set to be released in February 2018. Hayes then cancelled the project citing ‘shifted priorities’.
Hayes also appeared as a guest in a Nickelodeon show, Bella and the Bulldogs.
2018–present: Wild Blue and Red Sky
In December 2018, Hayes guest starred on Darci Lynne: My Hometown Christmas. He also recorded a duet with Irish singer Catherine McGrath for her debut album Talk of This Town.
In January 2019, Hayes released his first radio single in three years titled "Heartbreak" which was the lead single for an upcoming album to be released by Warner Music Nashville. Hayes headlined the Closer to You Tour in 2019 with Levi Hummon and Tegan Marie as supporting acts.
In August 2019, Hayes made a surprise announcement on NBC's Today Show revealing his album Wild Blue (Part I) would be released on August 16, 2019. The album is the first part of a three-part ‘trilogy’ of albums.
In April 2020, Hayes competed in the third season of The Masked Singer as "Astronaut". In June 2020, the Saskatchewan-based Hunter Brothers released their single "Hard Dirt", co-written and produced by Hayes. He also co-wrote and produced their 2021 single "Been a Minute".
In October 2021, Hayes released the album Wild Blue Complete an extension of the album Wild Blue (Part I).
Discography
Through My Eyes (2000)
Make a Wish (2001)
Holidays with Hunter (2003)
Honoring Our French Heritage (2006)
Songs About Nothing (2008)
Hunter Hayes (2011)
Storyline (2014)
The 21 Project (2015)
Wild Blue (2019)
Red Sky (2023)
Tours
Headlining
Most Wanted Tour (2011)
Let's Be Crazy Tour, with Ashley Monroe (2013)
We're Not Invisible Tour, with Danielle Bradbery and Dan + Shay (2014)
24 Hour Road Race to End Child Hunger (2014)
Tattoo (Your Name) Tour, with Dan + Shay and The Railers (2014)
Let's Be Crazy / Crazier UK Tour (2015)
21 Tour, with Ryan Lafferty and Kelsea Ballerini (2015)
Closer to You Tour, with Levi Hummon and Tegan Marie (2019)
Red Sky Tour (2023)
Supporting
Speak Now World Tour – Taylor Swift (2011)
Blown Away Tour – Carrie Underwood (2012)
Wheels Up Tour – Lady Antebellum (2015)
C2C: Country to Country – Reba McEntire (2017), Lady Antebellum with Dustin Lynch and Carly Pearce (2019)
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Academy of Country Music Awards
The Academy of Country Music Awards, also known as the ACM Awards, were first held in 1966, honoring the industry's accomplishments during the previous year. It was the first country music awards program held by a major organization. The academy's signature "hat" trophy was created in 1968. The awards were first televised in 1972 on ABC.
American Country Awards
The American Country Awards is a country music awards show, entirely voted on by fans. Created by the Fox Network, the awards honor country music artists in music, video, and touring categories. Hayes has won two awards from five nominations.
Grammy Awards
A Grammy Award (originally called Gramophone Award), or Grammy, is an accolade by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS) of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest.
Other awards
References
External links
Hunter Hayes at Country Music Television
1991 births
Living people
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
American child singers
American country guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American multi-instrumentalists
Atlantic Records artists
Cajun accordionists
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
People from Breaux Bridge, Louisiana
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Louisiana
21st-century accordionists
Country musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20Hayes |
The Doctor Came at Dawn is the fifth album by Bill Callahan (under his "Smog" moniker), released in 1996 on Drag City. It was re-released in Europe in 2001 by Domino. Callahan's occasional creative partner, Cynthia Dall, appears on the album.
Critical reception
Uncut wrote: "A dark collection of songs, admittedly, but arguably it marked the maturing of Callahan as a songwriter." The Cleveland Scene wrote: "Spare and bitter, its songs conjure closed scenes that hum and bleed with intense sensory details." The New Rolling Stone Album Guide wrote that Smog's "plaintive tunes and self-parodic misogyny both hit new levels." CMJ New Music Monthly called The Doctor Came at Dawn "the bleakest, saddest album of 1996." NME ranked the album at fortieth in their list "Darkest albums ever: 50 of the best."
Track listing
"You Moved In" – 4:34
"Somewhere in the Night" – 2:10
"Lize" – 5:58
"Spread Your Bloody Wings" – 3:27
"Carmelite Light" – 0:42
"Everything You Touch Becomes a Crutch" – 2:34
"All Your Women Things" – 6:47
"Whistling Teapot (Rag)" – 3:39
"Four Hearts in a Can" – 4:12
"Hangman Blues" – 4:49
References
1996 albums
Bill Callahan (musician) albums
Drag City (record label) albums
Domino Recording Company albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Doctor%20Came%20at%20Dawn |
Taťána Netoličková (née Kocembová (, divorced Slaninová; born 2 May 1962) is a retired 400 metres runner who represented Czechoslovakia. Her greatest achievement was winning the silver medal behind teammate Jarmila Kratochvílová at the 1983 World Championships in a personal best time of 48.59s. A time that still ranks her seventh on the world all-time list. She won a second silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay. In 1984, she won the 400m at the European Indoor Championships. She also holds the world best for the unofficial distance of 500 metres.
Personal life
Born in Ostrava, she is married to Jaroslav Netolička, with whom she has a son. She was previously married to her coach Jan Slanina. Their daughter, Jana Slaninová (born 1990) is also a sprinter, with a 400m best of 53.74 secs (2013).
International competitions
References
External links
1962 births
Living people
Czech female sprinters
Czechoslovak female sprinters
Sportspeople from Ostrava
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships athletes for Czechoslovakia
Friendship Games medalists in athletics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A5%C3%A1na%20Kocembov%C3%A1 |
The Quirinópolis Microregion is a region in south Goiás state, Brazil. It includes 8 municipalities with a population of 95,094 (2007) and a total area of 16,117.60 km2.
Municipalities gaining population since 1980: Caçu, Paranaiguara, Quirinópolis, São Simão.
Municipalities losing population since 1980: Cachoeira Alta, Itajá, Itarumã.
Municipalities formed after 1980: Gouvelândia and Lagoa Santa.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
Economics
Health and education
See also
Microregions of Goiás
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Quirin%C3%B3polis |
Lucy Seki (27 March 193923 June 2017) was a Brazilian linguist specializing in indigenous languages of the Americas. She authored a grammar of the Kamayurá language.
Biography
Lucy Seki had a Master's and Ph.D. in linguistics from the Patrice Lumumba University in Moscow. She was also awarded a Bachelor in history by the Federal University of Minas Gerais, and did post-doctorate studies at the University of Texas at Austin. She was a full professor at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil. In 2010, she was elected an honorary member of the Linguistic Society of America for her outstanding contribution to the field.
Publications
Books
Gramática do Kamaiurá, Língua Tupi-Guarani do Alto Xingu. 482 pages + 17 color photo album Editora UNICAMP and São Paulo State Official Press (2000, in Portuguese). .
Papers
Kamaiurá (Tupi-Guarani) as an active-stative language. In D. L. Payne (ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages, University of Texas Press (1990).
References
External links
Coleção Lucy Seki: papers by Lucy Seki at the Curt Nimuendaju Digital Library
Lucy Seki's profile at Etnolinguistica.Org's Directory of South Americanists
1939 births
2017 deaths
Linguists from Brazil
People from Belo Horizonte
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
Academic staff of the State University of Campinas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20Seki |
Kuzma (; in older sources also Kuzdoblan, Prekmurje Slovene: Küzdobljan, ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Kuzma in the Prekmurje region in northeastern Slovenia, on the borders with Austria and Hungary.
Name
Kuzma was attested in written sources in 1387 as Zalocha and Zaloucha, and as Kuzma in 1763–87. The name Kuzma is derived from the Slovene saint's name Kozma 'Cosmas'. Locally, the settlement is known as Kuzdobljan, which is derived through contraction of Koz(ma in) Damijan 'Cosmas and Damian', referring to the local church.
Church
The local church in the village is dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Murska Sobota. Since 1964, it has been a parish church. It dates to the first half of the 19th century and was dedicated in 1863. The nave was built upon the plans by the architect Majda Nerima from 28 April 1963 until 1 December that year. That is when the church was used for the worship service for the first time. The interior of the church was decorated in 1964 by the painter Lojze Perko, who used the sgraffito technique.
References
External links
Kuzma on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Kuzma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzma%2C%20Kuzma |
Vecsēlpils ("old Sēlpils", formerly Sēlpils; ) is a village in Sēlpils Parish, Jēkabpils Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia, on the location of the ancient Selonian town of Sēlpils.
The ruins of the ancient Sēlpils Castle were on the left bank of Daugava near Vecsēlpils, but are now on an island since the construction of Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station and reservoir.
See also
Jaunsēlpils ("new Sēlpils"), developed about 6 km south of the previous location around a railway station built at the beginning of the 20th century.
References
Villages in Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Friedrichstadt County
Selonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecs%C4%93lpils |
Pekudei, Pekude, Pekudey, P'kude, or P'qude (—Hebrew for "amounts of," the second word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 23rd weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It is the 11th and last in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of the setting up of the Tabernacle (, Mishkan).
It constitutes Exodus 38:21–40:38. The parashah is made up of 4,432 Hebrew letters, 1,182 Hebrew words, 92 verses, and 159 lines in a Torah scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews read it the 22nd or 23rd Sabbath after Simchat Torah, in March. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024, 2027, 2030, 2033, 2038, 2041, 2043, 2046, and 2049), Parashat Pekudei is read separately. In common years (for example, 2026, 2028, 2029, 2031, 2032, 2034, 2036, 2039, 2040, 2042, 2044, 2047, 2048, and 2050), Parashat Pekudei is generally combined with the previous parashah, Vayakhel, to help achieve the needed number of weekly readings (although in some non-leap years, such as 2025, 2037, and 2045, they are not combined).
Readings
In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or , aliyot.
First reading—Exodus 38:21–39:1
In the first reading, at the direction of Moses, Aaron's son Ithamar oversaw the accounts of the Tabernacle, and the text sets forth the amounts of gold, silver, and copper that Bezalel, Oholiab, and their coworkers used. The silver came from the half-shekel a head for each man 20 years old or older who was counted in the census.
Second reading—Exodus 39:2–21
In the second reading, Bezalel, Oholiab, and their coworkers made the priests' vestments, the ephod, and the breastpiece—just as God had commanded Moses.
Third reading—Exodus 39:22–32
In the third reading, Bezalel, Oholiab, and their coworkers made the robe, the tunics of fine linen, and the frontlet inscribed "Holy to the Lord"—just as God had commanded Moses.
Fourth reading—Exodus 39:33–43
In the fourth reading, they brought the Tabernacle and all its furnishings to Moses, and he blessed them.
Fifth reading—Exodus 40:1–16
In the fifth reading, God told Moses to set up the Tabernacle, and Moses did just as God had commanded him.
Sixth reading—Exodus 40:17–27
In the sixth reading, it was the first day of the second year of the Exodus that Moses erected the Tabernacle and its furnishings—just as God had commanded Moses.
Seventh reading—Exodus 40:28–38
In the seventh reading, Moses finished the work, and the cloud covered the Tent of Meeting, and God's Presence filled the Tabernacle. When the cloud lifted from the Tabernacle, the Israelites would set out, and when the cloud did not lift, they would not set out. And God's cloud rested over the Tabernacle by day, and fire would appear in it by night, throughout the Israelites' journeys.
Readings according to the triennial cycle
Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading may read the parashah according to a different schedule.
In inner-Biblical interpretation
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:
Exodus chapters 25–39
This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings:
Exodus chapter 39
2 Chronicles 1:5–6 reports that the bronze altar that Bezalel built, which they brought to Moses in Exodus 39:39, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it.
Exodus chapters 39–40
The Priestly story of the Tabernacle in Exodus 39–40 echoes the Priestly story of creation in Genesis 1:1–2:3. As the creation story unfolds in seven days, the instructions about the Tabernacle unfold in seven speeches. In both creation and Tabernacle accounts, the text notes the completion of the task. In both creation and Tabernacle, the work done is seen to be good. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, God takes an action in acknowledgement. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, a blessing is invoked. And in both creation and Tabernacle, God declares something "holy."
Jeffrey Tigay noted that the lampstand held seven candles, Aaron wore seven sacral vestments, the account of the building of the Tabernacle alludes to the creation account, and the Tabernacle was completed on New Year's Day. And Carol Meyers noted that Exodus 25:1–9 and 35:4–29 list seven kinds of substances—metals, yarn, skins, wood, oil, spices, and gemstones—signifying the totality of supplies. Martin Buber and others noted that the language used to describe the building of the Tabernacle parallels that used in the story of creation:
In early nonrabbinic interpretation
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:
Exodus chapter 38
Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan.
In classical rabbinic interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud:
Exodus chapter 38
The Midrash Tanḥuma taught that God considers studying the sanctuary's structure as equivalent to rebuilding it.
Reading Exodus 38:21, "These are the accounts of the Tabernacle," Rabbi Tanḥuma cited Proverbs 28:20, "A faithful man shall abound with blessings; but he that makes haste to be rich shall not be unpunished." Rabbi Tanḥuma taught that God always brings blessings through a person of integrity, but one who is not faithful and "makes haste to be rich shall not be unpunished." The Midrash taught that "a faithful man" refers to Moses, who was God's confidant, as Numbers 12:7 reports, "My servant Moses... is trusted in all My house." Thus, Solomon said in Proverbs 28:20, "A faithful man shall abound with blessings," because God blessed everything that Moses oversaw, on account of his trustworthiness. Another explanation of "A faithful man" is that it refers to Moses, who was made treasurer over the work of the Tabernacle. But the Rabbis taught, "One must not appoint fewer than two people to control the finances of a city or community," and the Midrash asked whether Moses was not solely in charge. The Midrash answered that although Moses was the sole treasurer, he called others to audit the accounts. The Midrash noted that Exodus 38:21 says, "These are the accounts of the Tabernacle," and does not say, "which Moses rendered," but "which were rendered according to the commandment of Moses." Thus the accounts were rendered through Moses but, as Exodus 38:21 reports, "by the hand of Ithamar" (implying that Moses showed all the accounts to Ithamar).
Reading Exodus 38:21, "as they were rendered according to the commandment of Moses," a Midrash taught that the Israelites did everything that they did by the command of Moses. And reading the continuation of Exodus 38:21, "through the service of the Levites, by the hand of Ithamar, the son of Aaron the priest," the Midrash taught that everything that Moses made was done through others. Even though everything was done with witnesses, as soon as the construction of the Tabernacle was completed, Moses wasted no time to promise the people the complete details of all the expenditures involved. Moses then began to expound in Exodus 38:21, "These are the accounts of the Tabernacle," saying how much he had expended on the Tabernacle. While engaged in this calculation, Moses completely forgot about 1,775 shekalim of silver that he had used for hooks for the pillars, and he became uneasy thinking to himself that the Israelites would find grounds to say that Moses took them for himself. So God opened the eyes of Moses to realize that the silver had been converted into hooks for the pillars. When the Israelites saw that the account now completely tallied, they were completely satisfied with the integrity of the work on the Tabernacle. And thus Exodus 38:21 says, "These are the accounts of the Tabernacle," to report that the accounts balanced. The Midrash asked why Moses had to account to the Israelites, seeing as God trusted Moses so implicitly that God said in Numbers 12:7, "My servant Moses is not so; he is trusted in all My house." The Midrash explained that Moses overheard certain Israelites scoffing behind his back, for Exodus 33:8 says, "And they (the Israelites) looked after Moses." The Midrash asked what the people would say about Moses. Rabbi Joḥanan taught that the people blessed his mother, for she never saw him, as he was always speaking with God and always wholly given over to his service. But Rabbi Hama said that they used to remark how fat and prosperous Moses looked. When Moses heard this, he vowed to give an account of everything. And this is why Exodus 38:21 says, "These are the accounts of the Tabernacle."
Rabbi Simeon son of Rabbi Ishmael interpreted the term "the Tabernacle of the testimony" in Exodus 38:21 to mean that the Tabernacle was God's testimony to the whole world that God had forgiven Israel for having made the Golden Calf. Rabbi Isaac explained with a parable. A king took a wife whom he dearly loved. He became angry with her and left her, and her neighbors taunted her, saying that he would not return. Then the king sent her a message asking her to prepare the king's palace and make the beds therein, for he was coming back to her on such-and-such a day. On that day, the king returned to her and became reconciled to her, entering her chamber and eating and drinking with her. Her neighbors at first did not believe it, but when they smelled the fragrant spices, they knew that the king had returned. Similarly, God loved Israel, bringing the Israelites to Mount Sinai, and giving them the Torah, but after only 40 days, they sinned with the Golden Calf. The heathen nations then said that God would not be reconciled with the Israelites. But when Moses pleaded for mercy on their behalf, God forgave them, as Numbers 14:20 reports, "And the Lord said: ‘I have pardoned according to your word.'" Moses then told God that even though he personally was quite satisfied that God had forgiven Israel, he asked that God might announce that fact to the nations. God replied that God would cause God's Shechinah to dwell in their midst, and thus Exodus 25:8 says, "And let them make Me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them." And by that sign, God intended that all nations might know that God had forgiven the Israelites. And thus Exodus 38:21 calls it "the Tabernacle of the testimony," because the Tabernacle was a testimony that God had pardoned the Israelites' sins.
Rabbi Tanḥuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of Exodus 38:22, "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Ḥur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For Exodus 38:22 does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses." And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them.
A Midrash explained that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as Exodus 32:24 says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of Isaiah 54:16, "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as Isaiah 54:16 says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in Exodus 35:30, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel."
Exodus 35:30 identifies Bezalel's grandfather as Ḥur, whom either Rav or Samuel deduced was the son of Miriam and Caleb. A Midrash explained that Exodus 35:30 mentions Ḥur, because when the Israelites were about to serve the Golden Calf, Ḥur risked his life on God's behalf to prevent them from doing so, and they killed him. Whereupon God assured Ḥur that God would repay him for his sacrifice. The Midrash likened it to the case of a king whose legions rebelled against him, and his field marshal fought against the rebels, questioning how they could dare rebel against the king. In the end, the rebels killed the field marshal. The king reasoned that if the field marshal had given the king money, the king would have had to repay him. So even more so the king had an obligation to repay the field marshal when he gave his life on the king's behalf. The king rewarded the field marshal by ordaining that all his male offspring would become generals and officers. Similarly, when Israel made the Golden Calf, Ḥur gave his life for the glory of God. Thus, God assured Ḥur that God would give all Ḥur's descendants a great name in the world. And thus Exodus 35:30 says, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri, the son of Ḥur."
Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. 2 Kings 8:1 shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." Ezekiel 36:29 shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And Exodus 31:1–2 shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that we cannot appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the people, as Exodus 35:30 says: "And Moses said unto the children of Israel: ‘See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, surely Moses must also. God told Moses that, all the same, Moses should go and consult the people. Moses then asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. They replied that if God and Moses considered Bezalel suitable, then surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , betzel El, "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in Exodus 31:7) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, betzel El) and had thus come to know this. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that Exodus 35:31 indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For Exodus 35:31 says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and Proverbs 3:19 says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and Proverbs 3:20 says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up."
Doing the math implied by Exodus 36:4, Exodus 38:22, Joshua 14:7, and 1 Chronicles 2:19–20, the Gemara deduced that in earlier generations, a boy of eight could father children. Exodus 38:22 reports that "Bezalel, son of Uri, son of Ḥur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord had commanded Moses," when they built the Tabernacle. And 1 Chronicles 2:19–20 reports that Caleb fathered the Ḥur who fathered Uri who fathered Bezalel. Exodus 36:4 reports that "wise men... wrought all the work of the Sanctuary," so Bezalel must have been at least 13 years old to have been a man when he worked on the Tabernacle. A Baraita taught that Moses made the Tabernacle in the first year after the Exodus, and in the second, he erected it and sent out the spies, so the Gemara deduced that Bezalel must have been at least 14 years old when Moses sent out the spies, the year after Bezalel worked on the Tabernacle. And Joshua 14:7 reports that Caleb said that he was 40 years old when Moses sent him to spy out the land. Thus, the Gemara deduced that Caleb was only 26 years older than his great-grandson Bezalel. Deducting two years for the three pregnancies needed to create the three intervening generations, the Gemara concluded that each of Caleb, Ḥur, and Uri must have conceived his son at the age of eight.
Rabbi Judah ben Simon taught that God required each of the Israelites to give a half-shekel (as reported in Exodus 38:26) because (as reported in Genesis 37:28) their ancestors had sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for 20 shekels.
Exodus chapter 39
A Midrash noted that the section recounting the setting up of the Tabernacle in Parashat Pekudei, in which, beginning with Exodus 39:1, nearly every paragraph concludes, "Even as the Lord commanded Moses," is followed by Leviticus 1:1: "And the Lord called to Moses." The Midrash compared this to the case of a king who commanded his servant to build him a palace. On everything the servant built, he wrote the name of the king. The servant wrote the name of the king on the walls, the pillars, and the roof beams. After some time, the king entered the palace, and on everything he saw he found his name. The king thought that the servant had done him all this honor, and yet the servant remained outside. So the king had called that the servant might come right in. So, too, when God directed Moses to make God a Tabernacle, Moses wrote on everything he made "Even as the Lord commanded Moses." God thought that Moses had done God all this honor, and yet Moses remained outside. So God call Moses so that he might enter the innermost part of the Tabernacle. Therefore, Leviticus 1:1 reports, "And the Lord called to Moses." Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Nathan that "as the Lord commanded" is written 18 times in the section recounting the setting up of the Tabernacle in Parashat Pekudei, corresponding to the 18 vertebrae of the spinal column. Likewise, the Sages instituted 18 benedictions of the Amidah prayer, corresponding to the 18 mentions of the Divine Name in the reading of the Shema, and also in Psalm 29. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba taught that the 18 times "command" are counted only from Exodus 38:23, "And with him was Oholiab, the son of Ahisamach of the tribe of Dan," until the end of the Book of Exodus.
Rabbi Judah ben Pazi noted that a similar word appears in both Genesis 1:6—where , rakya, is translated as "firmament"—and Exodus 39:3—where , vayraku, is translated as "and they flattened." He thus deduced from the usage in Exodus 39:3 that Genesis 1:6 taught that on the second day of creation, God spread the heavens flat like a cloth. Or Rabbi Judah ben Simon deduced from Exodus 39:3 that Genesis 1:6 meant "let a lining be made for the firmament."
The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the robe (, me'il) mentioned in Exodus 28:4 was entirely of turquoise (, techelet), as Exodus 39:22 says, "And he made the robe of the ephod of woven work, all of turquoise." They made its hems of turquoise, purple, and crimson wool, twisted together and formed into the shape of pomegranates whose mouths were not yet opened (as overripe pomegranates open slightly) and in the shape of the cones of the helmets on children's heads. Seventy-two bells containing 72 clappers were hung on the robe, 36 on each side (front and behind). Rabbi Dosa (or others say, Judah the Prince) said in the name of Rabbi Judah that there were 36 bells in all, 18 on each side.
A Baraita taught that the High Priest's wore his miter so that hair was visible between the headplate and the miter described in Exodus 39:30–31.
The Pesikta Rabbati taught that when the Israelites continually complained, God asked them to build the Tabernacle, so that they would be too busy to complain. But when, as Exodus 39:32 reports, all the work of the Tabernacle was finished, God exclaimed, "Woe is Me! It is finished!"
Reading Exodus 39:33, "its hooks, its frames, its bars, its pillars, and its bases," Rabbi Yose the son of Rabbi Bun taught that people could see the Tabernacle's hooks from the inside, and they looked like stars in the firmament.
Reading Exodus 39:33, "and they brought the Tabernacle," a Midrash taught that on the day that the Tabernacle was set up, the Israelites rejoiced greatly because God then dwelt in their midst. And the people sang the words of Song of Songs Song 3:11, "Go forth, O you daughters of Zion, and gaze upon King Solomon, even upon the crown wherewith his mother has crowned him in the day of his espousals, and in the day of the gladness of his heart." "O you daughters of Zion" were the children who are distinguished as God's from among the peoples. "And gaze upon King Solomon" meant "gaze upon a King to whom all peace belongs" (reading the name Solomon as a play on the word "His peace")—that is, upon the King of kings, God. "Even upon the crown wherewith his mother has crowned him" referred to the Tabernacle, which was called a crown because just as a crown has beautiful designs, so was the Tabernacle beautifully designed. "In the day of his espousals" referred to Sinai (at the Revelation). "And in the day of the gladness of his heart" referred to Jerusalem (when God caused God's presence to dwell in the Temple in Jerusalem). According to another explanation, "in the day of his espousals" was the day when God was with Israel at the Red Sea, and "in the day of the gladness of his heart" was when God's presence dwelt in the Tent of Meeting. And according to yet another explanation, "in the day of his espousals" was in the Tabernacle, and "in the day of the gladness of his heart" was in the Temple (when they were erected).
In the Tosefta, Rabbi Meir taught that when, as Exodus 39:43 reports, Moses saw all the work of the Tabernacle and the Priestly garments that the Israelites had done, “Moses blessed them” with the blessing of Deuteronomy 1:11, saying, “The Lord, the God of your ancestors, make you a thousand times so many more as you are, and bless you, as God has promised you!”
Exodus chapter 40
A Midrash taught that the priestly garments of which God spoke in Exodus 40:13 were in fact the garments for which Jacob prayed at Bethel in Genesis 28:20. The Midrash taught that Jacob did not ask simply for food and garments, but that God would promise to be with him and build up the world from him. And Jacob would know that God was with him and guarded him when God would raise up from him sons who would be priests, eating of the showbread and clothed in the priestly garments. The Midrash interpreted the words of Genesis 28:20, "bread to eat," to refer to the showbread, and "garments to put on" to refer to the priestly garments, for Exodus 40:13 says: "And you shall put upon Aaron the holy garments."
A Midrash taught that many wise people were there, yet they had to come to Moses, for they could not erect the Tabernacle on their own. Moses excelled them all in skill, as Solomon said in Proverbs 31:29, "Many daughters have done valiantly, but you excel them all." So each of the wise people took a finished piece of work and came to Moses to present him the boards, the bars, and all the parts. As soon as Moses saw the parts, the Holy Spirit settled on him, and he set the Tabernacle up. The Midrash clarified that Moses did not set it up by himself, for miracles were performed with it, and it rose of its own accord, for Exodus 40:17 says (using the passive voice), "The Tabernacle was reared up." And the Midrash taught that Solomon's Temple, too, was built of its own accord. Similarly, noting that Exodus 40:17 reports that "the Tabernacle was reared up"—using the passive voice—another Midrash told that when in Exodus 40:1–2 God told Moses to set up the Tabernacle, Moses protested that he did not know how to set it up. So God told Moses to begin working with his hands and make a show of setting it up, and the Tabernacle would stand up on its own. But God reassured Moses that God would record that Moses set it up, as Exodus 40:18 reports, "Moses reared up the Tabernacle."
Rav Havivi (or others say Rav Assi of Hozna'ah) deduced from the words, "And it came to pass in the first month of the second year, on the first day of the month," in Exodus 40:17 that the Tabernacle was erected on the first of Nisan. With reference to this, a Tanna taught that the first of Nisan took ten crowns of distinction by virtue of the ten momentous events that occurred on that day. The first of Nisan was: (1) the first day of the Creation, (2) the first day of the princes' offerings, (3) the first day for the priesthood to make the sacrificial offerings, (4) the first day for public sacrifice, (5) the first day for the descent of fire from Heaven, (6) the first for the priests' eating of sacred food in the sacred area, (7) the first for the dwelling of the Shechinah in Israel, (8) the first for the Priestly Blessing of Israel, (9) the first for the prohibition of the high places, and (10) the first of the months of the year.
Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi taught that from Exodus 40:18, "And Moses erected the Tabernacle, and he laid its sockets, and set up its boards, and put in its bars, and erected its pillars," one can derive the principle that one does not descend in matters of sanctity. Judah ha-Nasi read the verse to teach that once Moses, who was at a higher level of sanctity than the rest of the people, began the work of erecting the Tabernacle, he alone completed it, as the involvement of any other people would have been considered a step down.
In Deuteronomy 18:15, Moses foretold that "A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you . . . like me," and Rabbi Joḥanan thus taught that prophets would have to be, like Moses, strong, wealthy, wise, and meek. Strong, for Exodus 40:19 says of Moses, "he spread the tent over the Tabernacle," and a Master taught that Moses himself spread it, and Exodus 26:16 reports, "Ten cubits shall be the length of a board." Similarly, the strength of Moses can be derived from Deuteronomy 9:17, in which Moses reports, "And I took the two tablets, and cast them out of my two hands, and broke them," and it was taught that the tablets were six handbreadths in length, six in breadth, and three in thickness. Wealthy, as Exodus 34:1 reports God's instruction to Moses, "Carve yourself two tablets of stone," and the Rabbis interpreted the verse to teach that the chips would belong to Moses. Wise, for Rav and Samuel both said that 50 gates of understanding were created in the world, and all but one were given to Moses, for Psalm 8:6 said of Moses, "You have made him a little lower than God." Meek, for Numbers 12:3 reports, "Now the man Moses was very meek."
The Mishnah taught that any sacrifice performed by a priest who had not washed his hands and feet at the laver (described in Exodus 40:30–32) was invalid.
Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Ḥanina taught that a priest was not permitted to wash in a laver that did not contain enough water to wash four priests, for Exodus 40:31 says, "That Moses and Aaron and his sons might wash their hands and their feet thereat." ("His sons" implies at least two priests, and adding Moses and Aaron makes four.)
The Mishnah reported that the High Priest Ben Katin made 12 spigots for the laver, where there had been two before. Ben Katin also made a machine for the laver, so that its water would not become unfit by remaining overnight.
Rabbi Joshua of Siknin taught in the name of Rabbi Levi that the Tent of Meeting was like a cave by the sea that the sea fills when it becomes rough. Though the cave becomes filled, the sea loses nothing. So the glory of the Divine Presence, the Shechinah, filled the Tent of Meeting, and yet the world lost nothing of the Shechinah. And the Shechinah rested on the world on the day when Moses set up the Tabernacle.
A Midrash taught that seven righteous men arose who brought the Shechinah down from the celestial to the terrestrial regions. Abraham brought it down from the seventh region to the sixth, Isaac brought it down from the sixth to the fifth, Jacob brought it down from the fifth to the fourth, Levi brought it down from the fourth to the third, Kohath brought it down from the third to the second, Amram brought it down from the second to the first, and Moses brought it down from the celestial to the terrestrial region. Rabbi Isaac read Psalm 37:29, "The righteous shall inherit the earth, and dwell (, veyishkenu) therein forever," to teach that the wicked caused the Shechinah () to depart from the earth, but the righteous have caused the Shechinah to dwell (, hishkinu) on the earth. And the Shechinah came to rest on the earth on the day when Moses erected the Tabernacle, as Exodus 40:34 reports, "Then the cloud covered the tent of meeting, and the glory of the Lord filled the Tabernacle."
Rabbi Zerika asked about an apparent contradiction of Scriptural passages in the presence of Rabbi Eleazar, or, according to another version, he asked in the name of Rabbi Eleazar. Exodus 40:35 reads: "And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of meeting because the cloud abode thereon," whereas Exodus 24:18 says: "And Moses entered into the midst of the cloud." The Gemara concluded that this teaches us that God took hold of Moses and brought him into the cloud. Alternatively, the school of Rabbi Ishmael taught in a Baraita that in Exodus 24:18, the word for "in the midst" (, be-tokh) appears, and it also appears in Exodus 14:22: "And the children of Israel went into the midst of the sea." Just as in Exodus 14:22, the word "in the midst" (, be-tokh) implies a path, as Exodus 14:22 says, "And the waters were a wall unto them," so here too in Exodus 24:18, there was a path (for Moses through the cloud).
Reading the words of Exodus 40:38, "For over the Tabernacle a cloud of God rested by day, and fire would appear in it by night," a Midrash taught that when the Israelites saw the pillar of cloud resting on the Tabernacle, they rejoiced, thinking that God had been reconciled with them. But when night came, the pillar of fire descended and surrounded the Tabernacle. All the Israelites saw it as one flame of fire and began to weep in sorrow, feeling that they had labored (building the Tabernacle) for nothing, as all their work appeared to have been burnt up in a moment. When they arose early the next morning and saw the pillar of cloud encompassing the Tabernacle, they immediately rejoiced with an inordinate joy.
In medieval Jewish interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources:
Exodus chapter 38
Bahya ben Asher taught that just as God employed two separate attributes—that of Justice and that of Mercy—when creating the universe, so the Tabernacle was constructed principally by two separate craftsmen—Bezalel and Oholiab, as reported in Exodus 38:22–23. Bezalel was from the Tribe of Judah, representing the attribute of Mercy, and Oholiab was from the Tribe of Dan (), representing the attribute of Justice (, din).
In modern interpretation
The parashah is discussed in these modern sources:
Exodus chapter 38
Exodus 38:24 reports that Bezalel and Oholiab used roughly a ton of gold in making the Tabernacle. According to one estimate, the metal listed in Exodus 38:24–29 amounted to 2,210 pounds of gold, 7,601 pounds of silver, and 5,350 pounds of copper. By comparison, an inscription from Bubastis reports that the Ancient Egyptian king Osorkon I dedicated more than 391 tons of gold and silver objects to Egyptian temples in the first four years of his reign. This table translates units of weight used in the Bible:
Exodus chapter 39
Noting the juxtaposition of the two terms "Tabernacle" (, Mishkan) and "Tent of Meeting" (, Ohel Mo’ed) in Exodus 39:32, 40; 40:2, 6, 29; Umberto Cassuto wrote that the two synonymous expressions stand in juxtaposition to stress the formal solemnity of the statement of the formal ending of the account of the Tabernacle's construction. Nahum Sarna wrote that the combination of the two distinct terms for the sanctuary together expresses its dual function as the symbol of the indwelling of the Divine Presence in the camp of Israel and as the site of communication between God and Moses. Gunther Plaut concluded that the two terms probably reflect two traditions, one using the term "Tabernacle" (, Mishkan) and the other the term "Tent" (, Ohel). Plaut reported that the school of Julius Wellhausen considered the "Tent" tradition the older and the "Tabernacle" passages as retrojections of the Priestly source and therefore as largely unhistorical. Plaut reported that another theory assigned the Ark and Tabernacle to a northern and the Tent of Meeting to a southern source and held that David, by putting the Ark into the Tent in 2 Samuel 6:17, united the tribes and traditions and that thereafter the term "Tabernacle of the Tent of Meeting"
(, Mishkan Ohel Mo-ed) was coined.
Exodus chapter 40
Moshe Greenberg wrote that one may see the entire Exodus story as “the movement of the fiery manifestation of the divine presence.” Similarly, William Propp identified fire (, esh) as the medium in which God appears on the terrestrial plane—in the Burning Bush of Exodus 3:2, the cloud pillar of Exodus 13:21–22 and 14:24, atop Mount Sinai in Exodus 19:18 and 24:17, and upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 40:38.
Everett Fox noted that “glory” (, kevod) and “stubbornness” (, kaved lev) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly, Propp identified the root kvd—connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness—as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in Exodus 4:10 and heavy arms in Exodus 17:12; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in Exodus 7:14; 8:11, 28; 9:7, 34; and 10:1; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in Exodus 5:9; God in response sent heavy plagues in Exodus 8:20; 9:3, 18, 24; and 10:14, so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in Exodus 14:4, 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a “heavy cloud,” first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in Exodus 19:16; 24:16–17; 29:43; 33:18, 22; and 40:34–38.
Commandments
According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are no commandments in the parashah.
In the liturgy
A Midrash taught that on the day that Moses completed construction of the Tabernacle (as reported in Exodus 40:33), he composed Psalm 91, which Jews read in the Pesukei D'Zimrah section of the morning Shacharit prayer service.
Haftarah
Generally
The haftarah for the parashah when there is no special Sabbath is:
for Sephardi Jews: 1 Kings 7:40–50
for Ashkenazi Jews: 1 Kings 7:51–8:21
Sephardi—1 Kings 7:40–50
Both the parashah and the haftarah in 1 Kings 7:40–50 report the leader's erection of the holy place—Moses' setting up the Tabernacle in the parashah, and Solomon's building of the Temple in Jerusalem in the haftarah. Both the parashah and the haftarah report that the builders finished the work: "Moses finished the work" (, vayechal Mosheh et ha-melachah) in Exodus 40:33, and "so Hiram made an end of doing all the work" (, vayechal Chiram la'asot et kol ha-melachah) in 1 Kings 7:40.
Ashkenazi—1 Kings 7:51–8:21
Similarly, both the parashah and the haftarah in 1 Kings 7:51–8:21 report the finishing of the leaders' work: "Moses finished the work" (, vayechal Mosheh et ha-melachah) in Exodus 40:33, and "all the work that king Solomon wrought . . . was finished" (, vatishlam kol ha-melachah asher asah ha-melech Shlomoh) in 1 Kings 7:51. And in both the parashah and the haftarah, a cloud and the Presence of the Lord fill the Sanctuary, indicating God's approval.
Parashat Vayakhel–Pekudei
When Parashat Vayakhel is combined with Parashat Pekudei and there is no special Sabbath, the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews: 1 Kings 7:51–8:21
for Sephardi Jews: 1 Kings 7:40–50
On Shabbat HaChodesh
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat HaChodesh ("Sabbath [of] the month," the special Sabbath preceding the Hebrew month of Nissan—as it does in 2025, 2026, 2028, 2031, 2034, 2037, 2040, 2044, 2045, 2047, and 2048), the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews: Ezekiel 45:16–46:18.
for Sephardi Jews: Ezekiel 45:18–46:15.
On Shabbat HaChodesh, Jews read Exodus 12:1–20, in which God commands that "This month (Nissan) shall be the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year," and in which God issued the commandments of Passover. Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 45:21–25 discusses Passover. In both the parashah and the haftarah, God instructs the Israelites to apply blood to doorposts.
On Shabbat Parah
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (the special Sabbath prior to Passover—as it does in 2029, 2032, 2036, 2039, and 2042), the haftarah is:
for Ashkenazi Jews: Ezekiel 36:16–38.
for Sephardi Jews: Ezekiel 36:16–36.
On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read Numbers 19:1–22, which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (, parah adumah). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 36 also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel 36, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites.
On Shabbat Shekalim
When the parashah coincides with the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim (as it does in 2035), the haftarah is 2 Kings 12:1–17.
On Shabbat Rosh Chodesh
When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Rosh Chodesh, the haftarah is Isaiah 66:1–24.
Notes
Further reading
The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:
Biblical
Psalms 78:5 (testimony); 93:5 (God's holy place); and 133:2 (anointing Aaron).
Early nonrabbinic
Philo. Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? 26:131. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st Century CE. In, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, 287. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993.
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 3:6:1–10:1. Circa 93–94. In, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston, 85–95. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987.
Classical rabbinic
Seder Olam Rabbah, chapter 7. 2nd century CE. In, e.g., Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology. Translated and with commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, pages 79–87. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson, 1998.
Mishnah: Shekalim 5:2; Yoma 3:10; Zevachim 2:1. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 259, 269, 700–01. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Tosefta: Zevachim 1:8; Menachot 7:7–8. Land of Israel, circa 250 C.E. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 1310, 1434–35. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002.
Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 6a; Peah 5a; Kilayim 76a; Shabbat 20b; Shekalim 1a; Sukkah 8a, 27a; Rosh Hashanah 2b, 6a; Taanit 10b; Ketubot 30a; Sanhedrin 12a. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 1, 3, 5, 13, 20, 22, 24–25, 31, 44. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2020.
Genesis Rabbah 3:9; 4:2; 84:18. Land of Israel, 5th Century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by Harry Freedman and Maurice Simon, volume 1, pages 25, 27; volume 2, page 783. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
Midrash Tanḥuma Pekudei. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis; edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 390–457. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004.
Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 55a; Shabbat 28a, 87b; Yoma 4b, 6a, 12a–b, 32a, 37a, 71b; Sukkah 7b, 21a; Rosh Hashanah 3a; Taanit 29a; Megillah 29b; Yevamot 4b; Nedarim 38a; Sotah 11b, 37a, 38a; Sanhedrin 69b; Zevachim 15b, 19a–b, 22a, 58b, 88b, 119a–b; Menachot 62a, 98a, 99a; Chullin 138a; Bekhorot 5a, 44a; Arakhin 3b. Sasanian Empire, 6th Century. In, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006.
Medieval
Bede. Of the Tabernacle and Its Vessels, and of the Priestly Vestments. Monkwearmouth, England, 720s. In Bede: On the Tabernacle. Translated with notes and introduction by Arthur G. Holder. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994.
Exodus Rabbah 51:1–52:5. 10th Century. 10th Century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, 3:562–81. London: Soncino Press, 1939.
Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 38–40. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. In, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 507–24. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994.
Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 431–38. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997.
Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 3:23. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, page 162. New York: Schocken Books, 1964.
Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 747–66. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.
Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 29, 96. New York: Dover Publications, 1956.
Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 651–55. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013.
Naḥmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 609–26. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973.
Zohar part 2, pages 220a–269a. Spain, late 13th Century. In, e.g., The Zohar: Pritzker Edition. Translation and commentary by Daniel C. Matt, volume 6, pages 258–415. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.
Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1438–62. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003.
Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 959–83. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 535–44. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001.
Modern
Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492 and 1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 421–49. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.
Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1229–38. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.
Joseph Garçon. "Sermon on Elleh Fequde." Salonika, 1500. In Marc Saperstein. Jewish Preaching, 1200–1800: An Anthology, pages 199–216. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. In, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 486–95. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997.
Moses Almosnino. "Sermon on Elleh Fequde." Salonika, 1568. In Marc Saperstein. Jewish Preaching, 1200–1800: An Anthology, pages 217–39. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 615–18. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000.
Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. In, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 372–93. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007.
Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 4:44. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, page 643. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982.
Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 909–23. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999.
Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. In Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 249–321. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991.
Nachman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. In Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 292–98. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011.
Moritz Markus Kalisch. A Historical and Critical Commentary on the Old Testament with a New Translation: Exodus, pages 455–62. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855. Reprinted, e.g., RareBooksClub.com, 2012.
Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 694–712. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878.
Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 895–96. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012.
Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 139–43. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012.
Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 71–73. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936.
Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 1032–48. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992.
Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 468–85. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967.
Carol L. Meyers. The Tabernacle Menorah. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1976.
Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 530–51. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981.
Victor (Avigdor) Hurowitz. "The Priestly Account of Building the Tabernacle." Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 105 (number 1) (January–March 1985): pages 21–30.
Richard Elliott Friedman. "A Brilliant Mistake" and "The Sacred Tent." In Who Wrote the Bible?, pages 161–87. New York: Summit Books, 1987.
Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 99–102. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987.
Gabriel Josipovici. "Building the Tabernacle." In The Book of God: A Response to the Bible, pages 90–107. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Jon D. Levenson. "Cosmos and Microcosm." In Creation and the Persistence of Evil: The Jewish Drama of Divine Omnipotence, pages 78–99. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.
Craig R. Koester. Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament. Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1989.
Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 86–94. New York: UAHC Press, 1991.
Richard Elliott Friedman. "Tabernacle." in Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman, volume 6, pages 292–300. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 231–37. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 644–53, 689–709. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010.
Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 972–81. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994.
Judith S. Antonelli. "Women's Wisdom." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 221–30. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995.
Victor Avigdor Hurowitz. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454824 "The Form and Fate of the Tabernacle: Reflections on a Recent Proposal." The Jewish Quarterly Review, volume 86 (number 1/2) (July–October 1995): pages 127–51.
Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 146–48. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 222–31. New York: UAHC Press, 1996.
Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 155–60. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997.
Elana Zaiman. "The Birthing of the Mishkan (Tabernacle)." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 179–82. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000.
Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, page 39. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.
Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001.
Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 461–98. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 145–60. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002.
Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 135–38, 141–46. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002.
Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003.
Martha Lynn Wade. Consistency of Translation Techniques in the Tabernacle Accounts of Exodus in the Old Greek. Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.
Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 526–35. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.
Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 197–202. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 155–60. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005.
W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 627–39. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006.
William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 624–722. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006.
Suzanne A. Brody. "Successful Campaign." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 84. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007.
James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, page 289. New York: Free Press, 2007.
Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”).
The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 545–66. New York: URJ Press, 2008.
Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 759–66. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
Lisa Edwards and Laurence Edwards. "A Knack for Design: Parashat Pekudei (Exodus 38:21–40:38)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 117–20. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 135–39. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009.
Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.).
Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 265–67. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009.
Carol Meyers. "Exodus." In The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version with the Apocrypha: An Ecumenical Study Bible. Edited by Michael D. Coogan, Marc Z. Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, and Pheme Perkins, pages 137–40. New York: Oxford University Press, Revised 4th Edition 2010.
Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 303–57. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010.
James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30.
William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, pages 244, 246. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012.
Shmuel Herzfeld. "An Easier Way to Achieve Redemption." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 135–40. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012.
Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 480–530. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012.
Michael B. Hundley. Gods in Dwellings: Temples and Divine Presence in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013.
Pinchas Landau. "One Man's ‘Inequality' Is... : A tax that made everyone an equal partner in the Temple service, irrespective of their sociopolitical class." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 24) (March 10, 2014): page 47.
Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 115–19. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015.
Raanan Eichler. "The Poles of the Ark: On the Ins and Outs of a Textual Contradiction." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 135, number 4 (Winter 2016): pages 733–41.
Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 145–49. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016.
Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 217–24. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 71–73. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017.
Leon R. Kass, Founding God's Nation, pages 574–98. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2021.
External links
Texts
Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
Hear the parashah read in Hebrew
Commentaries
Academy for Jewish Religion, California
Academy for Jewish Religion, New York
Aish.com
American Jewish University—Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies
Chabad.org
Hadar
Jewish Theological Seminary
MyJewishLearning.com
Orthodox Union
Pardes from Jerusalem
Reconstructing Judaism
Union for Reform Judaism
United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
Yeshiva University
Weekly Torah readings in Adar
Weekly Torah readings from Exodus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekudei |
Harionago (), also known as Harionna (), is a "frightening female ghoul" in Japanese mythology. Her name literally meaning "Barbed woman" the Harionago is said to be a "beautiful woman with extremely long hair tipped with thorn-like barbs," Her hair is under her "direct control, and she uses it to ensnare men." She is said to wander the roads of the Japanese prefecture of Ehime on the island of Shikoku. When she finds a "young man, she will smile at him, and if the young man dares to smile back, Harionago will drop her terrible, barbed hair and attack."
References
Yōkai
Female legendary creatures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harionago |
Suliasi Kurulo (born 1958) is a Fijian Pentecostal minister and evangelist. He is the President and Founder of Christian Mission Fellowship International (CMFI), an international denomination based in Kinoya, Suva, Fiji and is also the senior pastor of World Harvest Center church, located in Suva. He oversees missionaries in such places as the United Kingdom, the United States and Hawaii, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar, Kenya, Mozambique, Zambia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Panama, Honduras, Puerto Rico, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Bougainville, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Cook Islands, Guam, Nauru, Palau, Tuvalu, The Federal States of Micronesian, New Zealand and Australia.
Pastor Suli is a friend of international evangelists Reinhard Bonnke, Luis Palau, Benny Hinn, Dr Elmer Towns, Dr James Davis, the late Dr Myles Munroe, Dr Bill Winston, Bishop Dale Bronner, and was praised by the late Christian Men's Network founder and author Edwin Louis Cole.
He also runs World Harvest Institute, a bible college based at the World Harvest Center in partnership with the world renowned Oral Roberts University from Tulsa Oklahoma. Students, past and present come from all around the Pacific, Asia, Africa and as far as Europe.
Education and career
He was born to a Methodist family in 1958 in the village of Navave, in Bua Province. He was educated initially at Vuya District School, but went to live with an uncle in Toorak, Suva, in 1966 in order to further his education, enrolling in Suva Methodist Primary School. After returning to his village for family reasons, he subsequently boarded at Ratu Kadavulevu School and went on to the Fiji Institute of Technology (FIT), where he studied building and civil engineering before switching to a new course called "Multi-Craft." After graduating from the course, he taught at Bua Secondary School. He returned to FIT in 1978-1979 to complete his building and civil engineering diploma, and subsequently became a cabinet maker.
He started full-time missionary work in 1984. He earned a Bachelor's degree in theology in 1991 and Master's degree in 1993, both from New Covenant International (a Christian university for pastors) in the United States. CMFI now has 20,000 members in Fiji and 5000 churches internationally. He has appeared on the Christian TBN channel in the United States and won the World Pastors Prestigious Award 2005 in January 2006; only one of two annual recipients is allowed to be from outside the United States.
2000 and 2006 coup
Pastor Suli condemned the overthrow of the governments of Mahendra Chaudhry and Laisenia Qarase by George Speight in 2000 and by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 5 December 2006 respectively. The Fiji Times quoted him on 8 December as calling the coup "the manifestation of darkness and evil." He was also vocal in condemning the detention and alleged physical mistreatment of six pro-democracy activists by the Military in the early hours of Christmas morning, with the Fiji Sun quoting him on 26 December as saying that the Military should be ashamed of themselves.
Pastor Kurulo made a blistering attack on President Ratu Josefa Iloilo on 4 January 2007, after Iloilo made a broadcast endorsing the coup and the process that followed. Iloilo was "a puppet of the Military," the Fiji Times quoted him as saying. He went on to say that the president's address "made a mockery of our culture, government and our beloved nation Fiji" and that "To say that he would have done exactly the same thing is a crying shame."
Personal life
He married Mere Dinaulu, a Labasa nurse. They have three sons and one daughter.
References
People from Bua Province
Living people
1958 births
Fijian Pentecostal ministers and clergy
People from Labasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliasi%20Kurulo |
Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov or Kiseleff (Па́вел Дми́триевич Киселёв) (, Moscow – , Paris) is generally regarded as the most brilliant Russian reformer during Nicholas I's generally conservative reign.
Early military career
Kiselyov first distinguished himself during the Napoleonic Wars, serving as Count Miloradovich's aide-de-camp in the Battle of Borodino, marching with the Russian army all the way to Paris and gaining promotion to Alexander I's aide-de-camp at the close of the campaign.
Five years later, Kiselyov was appointed Chief of Staff of the Second Army, stationed in Tulchyn, Podolia. It was there that he first tried to implement his reforms, including the mitigation and condemnation of corporal punishment, which aroused the animosity of the powerful War Minister, Count Arakcheyev. Pavel Pestel and other Decembrists who formed the southern revolutionary league served under Kiselyov and were supported by him, although the extent to which their collusion was encouraged by Kiselyov's liberalism has been disputed.
Administration of the Danubian Principalities
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 Kiselyov was appointed to command the Russian occupying troops in Wallachia and Moldavia, and appointed Plenipotentiary President of the Divans in Wallachia and Moldavia (de facto governor) on October 19, 1829 (he was in Zimnicea at the time). He remained the most powerful man in the Danubian Principalities until 1834, when Mahmud II, the Ottoman Sultan, appointed new voivods, Alexandru II Ghica in Wallachia and Mihail Sturdza in Moldavia.
Under his administration, the two states got their first constitutions, the Regulamentul Organic ("Organic Statute", French: Règlement organique, Russian: Oрганический регламент, Organichesky reglament), introduced in Wallachia in 1831 and in Moldavia in 1832, which remained valid until the 1859 union of the principalities, with a short intermission in Wallachia during the 1848 Revolution. The Statute, despite its shortcomings, had a beneficent effect on the economy and politics of the Principalities. He was also responsible for the creation of one of the most important arteries in Bucharest, Șoseaua Kiseleff (Kiseleff Road), a northward continuation of Calea Victoriei (then known as Podul Mogoşoaiei).
Emancipation projects
Back in Saint Petersburg in 1835, Kiselyov was admitted to the State Council of Imperial Russia and to the secret committees deliberating on effective ways to emancipate the serfs. The same year, Kiselyov submitted to the tsar a comprehensive programme for reforms, which scared conservative landowners so much that the monarch had it laid to rest. It is believed that the programme was based on Kiselyov's own memorandum, which he had first prepared as early as 1816.
Two years later, Kiselyov was appointed Imperial Minister of State Properties, a key post which he filled with great efficiency for 18 years. In 1839, Kiselyov became a count and reformed the administration of state-owned peasants. He also instituted a system of schools for peasant children, popularly known as the Kiselyov Schools. The minister could not persevere with other reform plans, as the ascendancy of reactionary forces lasted until Nicholas's death in 1855. Nicholas's successor, Alexander II, dispatched Kiselyov to Paris in the capacity of Minister Plenipotentiary to deal with the effects of the Crimean War.
Kiselyov was married to Countess Sofia, Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki's daughter, but their only son died in infancy. As a result, the old courtier spent much time with his nephews and heirs from the Milyutin family. Although he hoped to see Nicholas Milyutin presiding over the emancipation reform that followed, his aspirations in this regard were only partially rewarded. His other nephew, Dmitry Milyutin, was responsible for the sweeping reforms of the Russian military in the 1870s. Kiselyov remained in the diplomatic service until 1862, when failing health compelled him to lay down his offices. He never returned to Russia and died in Paris ten years later.
See also
Kiseleff Cup
References
A.P. Zablotsky-Desyatovsky. Count P.D. Kiselyov and His Time, vol. 1–4. SPb, 1884.
N.M. Druzhinin. State-owned Peasants and the Kiselyov Reforms, vol. 1–2. Moscow-Leningrad, 1946, 1958.
1788 births
1872 deaths
Politicians from Moscow
Diplomats of the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Army generals
Counts of the Russian Empire
Politicians from the Russian Empire
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Monarchs of Moldavia
Regents and governors of Wallachia
History of Bucharest
1820s in Romania
1830s in Romania
Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to France
Russian duellists
Diplomats from Moscow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Kiselyov |
Franco Uncini (born 9 March 1955) is an Italian former professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racing. He was 1982 FIM Road Racing World Champion with Suzuki. He was inducted into the F.I.M. MotoGP Hall of Fame in 2016.
Career
Uncini was born at Recanati, province of Macerata. He made his debut as professional motorcycle road racer in the 750cc class with Laverda, moving later to Ducati, with whom he earned various titles as Italian champion. His first year in the Grand Prix World Championship was with Yamaha in 1976, in both the 250cc and the 350cc classes. The following year he continued to race in both classes, this time with the Harley-Davidson team, winning two Grands Prix in 250cc (Grand Prix of Nations and Czechoslovakia) and finishing second in championship behind Mario Lega. However, his quarrelsome relationship with teammate Walter Villa forced him to move back to Yamaha.
After some disappointing years with a privateer Yamaha team, in 1979 he purchased a Suzuki RG500 and launched a private team of his own in the 500cc class. He was the top-ranking privateer both in 1979 and 1980, with 5th- and 4th-place finishes. Accidents hindered his 1981 season, but after Marco Lucchinelli left Suzuki to join Honda, Suzuki offered Uncini an official factory-sponsored race bike run by Roberto Gallina's team. Finally, with a competitive vehicle, Uncini won the World Championship in 1982, scoring five victories (GPs of Austria, Netherlands, Yugoslavia, Great Britain and GP of Nations). He was the last Italian rider to win the 500cc crown until Valentino Rossi won in 2001, and for almost two decades the last European rider to win 500cc before Alex Criville won his title in 1999.
In 1983, he was severely injured at TT-Assen (The Netherlands), when he fell off his bike and was struck in the head by competitor Wayne Gardner's bike. He went into a coma, but eventually recovered. He retired from motorcycle competition after the 1985 season.
Today, Uncini acts as Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme Safety Officer in MotoGP.
Career statistics
Grand Prix motorcycle racing results
Points system from 1969 to 1988:
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
1955 births
Living people
People from Recanati
People from Civitanova Marche
Italian motorcycle racers
250cc World Championship riders
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Sportspeople from the Province of Macerata
500cc World Riders' Champions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20Uncini |
Are You Ready is the second and the final album by Australian girl duo Shakaya, released on 5 March 2006 by Columbia Records. It was produced by Billy Mann and Christopher Rojas and features urban R&B songs—written by Shakaya themselves and Audius Mtawarira, Daniel O'Donoghue, Ruth-Anne Cunningham and Jonathan Davis. Sales of the album in Australia did not match those of their first album Shakaya (2002), and the singles "Are You Ready" and "We Ain't Goin' Down" were not major hits. It is the final album from the group, as they disbanded later in the year.
Track listing
"Are You Ready" (Daniel O'Donoghue, Ruth-Anne Cunningham) – 3:23
"No Shame" (Wenitong, Stacey, Rob Fusari, Falonte Moore, Aleese Simmons, Andre Morton) – 3:20
"Broken" (Wenitong, Stacey, Alex Greggs, O'Donoghue, Mark Sheehan) – 3:38
"We Ain't Goin' Down" (Nigel Butler, Ray Hedges, Tracy Ackerman, Abdul Nello) – 3:18
"Too Late" (Wenitong, Stacey, Audius Mtawarira) – 3:55
"Tryna Find Tha One" (Wenitong, Stacey, Mtawarira) – 3:29
"Love Story" (Wenitong, Stacey, Billymann, Chris Rojas) – 3:26
"I Do Better" (Wenitong, Stacey, Greggs, O'Donoghue, Sheehan) – 2:54
"It's Alright" (Wenitong, Stacey, Jonathan Davis, Calvin Gaines) – 3:17
"Motor" (Wenitong, Stacey, Greggs, O'Donoghue, Sheehan) – 3:36
"Something's Gotta Give" (Greggs, O'Donoghue, Sheehan) – 4:15
External links
"Are You Ready" by Shakaya at Discogs
2006 albums
Shakaya albums
Columbia Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are%20You%20Ready%20%28Shakaya%20album%29 |
La Goulette (, ), in Arabic Halq al-Wadi ( ), is a municipality and the port of Tunis, Tunisia.
La Goulette is located at around on a sandbar between Lake Tūnis and the Gulf of Tunis. The port, located 12km east of Tunis, is the point of convergence of Tunisia's major road and rail networks. La Goulette is linked to Tunis by the TGM railway and to Europe by a ferry service.
Origin of the name
The name derives from the "gullet" or "river's throat", a channel where the city is located, and not from the ship type schooner, called goélette, gulet, goleta or goletta in French, Turkish, Spanish and Italian.
Transit activities
In addition to its transit and cruise activities, the port of La Goulette also receives ships carrying cargoes such as cars, bulk cereals. It handles a large portion of the country's imports and much of its exports (principally phosphates, iron ore, and fruits and vegetables).
However, the development plan of the port provides for its specialization as a port exclusively reserved for passenger and tourist traffic.
History
The kasbah fortress was built in 1535 by Charles I of Spain, but was captured by the Ottoman Turks in 1574. The remains of Hispano-Turkish fortifications lie inland.
The port was a popular destination for summer holidays in the 19th century, known as 'la petite Sicile'. It was also home to a sizeable Jewish, Italian, and Maltese community.
The town and port were part of World War II Operation Torch.
See also
European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
Tunisian navy (1705-1881)
Luis Fajardo, attacked this place in 1609
Tunisian Italians
References
External links
1996 film inspired by pre-1967 religious diversity in area
Communes of Tunisia
Goulette
Populated places in Tunisia
Ports and harbours of the Arab League
Transport in the Arab League
Goulette | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Goulette |
Scott Derek Severin (born 15 February 1979 in Stirling) is a Scottish former professional footballer. Severin played for Heart of Midlothian, Aberdeen, Watford, Kilmarnock and Dundee United. Severin was club captain of Aberdeen for two seasons. He also made 15 appearances for the Scotland national football team. During his career, Severin played as a defensive midfielder, centre back, right back, striker, and once as a goalkeeper for Hearts.
Club career
Severin started his career at Heart of Midlothian. He was captain of the youth team that won the Scottish Youth Cup in 1998 under Peter Houston. Severin made his debut as a substitute in Hearts' 3–1 victory over Dundee United on 6 April 1999, and his first starting appearance came three weeks later in a 4–0 win against Motherwell. Severin started to play regularly for Hearts in the 1999–2000 season, making 28 appearances in all competitions and scoring his first professional goal in a Scottish League Cup match against Queen of the South. Hearts finished the season in third place, earning them qualification for the UEFA Cup and Severin's form earned him a new contract until 2004. In his first ever continental match, Severin scored Hearts' first goal in their 2–0 UEFA Cup Qualifying victory over Icelandic side ÍBV. Severin played once as a goalkeeper for Hearts, following an injury to Teuvo Moilanen.
In July 2004, Severin left Hearts on the expiration of his contract, and became Jimmy Calderwood's first signing at Aberdeen. He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract with Aberdeen in December 2005. On the final day of the 2006–07 season, Severin scored in a victory against rivals Rangers which secured a UEFA Cup place for the following season. In July 2007 he was handed the captaincy of Aberdeen, succeeding Russell Anderson.
In June 2009 the Watford Observer reported he would be moving on a free transfer to Watford. Watford later confirmed that he would sign on 1 July 2009. Severin scored his first goal for Watford in a first round League Cup tie at Underhill Stadium against Barnet on 11 August 2009. On 1 February 2010, he joined Kilmarnock on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season. Severin made his first team debut for Kilmarnock a day later, as an 80th-minute substitute in a 1–0 Scottish Premier League win against Celtic.
Severin transferred to Dundee United on 31 August 2010, and scored his first goal for the club in a 4–2 win over Kilmarnock. He suffered a triple leg break in a SPL match against St Mirren on 6 August 2011. On 17 March 2012, Severin announced his retirement from professional football due to the injury he sustained against St Mirren.
International career
Scotland manager Craig Brown gave Severin his international debut in a 2002 World Cup qualifier against Latvia in 2001. He won 15 caps for Scotland in total, with his only two starts coming in the 2006 Kirin Cup.
Statistics
Club appearances
All statistics correct as of match played 6 August 2011
A. Includes appearances in European competition.
B. For the 2007/08 season, Soccerbase has not recorded Severin's appearance for Aberdeen away to Dnipro in the UEFA Cup, so his European appearances for that season should be 8, not the 7 they have listed. Likewise with his overall total it should be one higher than they have listed.
Discipline
Correct as of 6 August 2011
International appearances
As of 29 October 2009, Severin has played 15 times for the Scotland national football team.
Scotland goals listed first
Honours
Heart of Midlothian
Scottish Youth Cup: 1997–98
Festival Cup: 2003
Scotland
Kirin Cup: 2006
References
External links
Scotland U21 stats at Fitbastats
Scotland B stats at Fitbastats
1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Stirling
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Dundee United F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Musselburgh Athletic F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Severin |
Stephen Taber (March 7, 1821 – April 23, 1886) was a farmer and businessman from New York. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as a U.S. Representative from 1865 to 1869.
Biography
Taber was born in Dover, New York on March 7, 1821, the son of Thomas Taber II and Phebe (Titus) Taber. He was educated in Dover and Poughkeepsie, moved to Queens, New York and engaged in farming and business.
In addition to farming, Taber assisted in organizing the Long Island North Shore Transportation Company in 1861 and served as its president for several years. He was also a director of the Long Island Rail Road. After moving to Roslyn, New York, he became the first president of the Roslyn Savings Bank in 1876. Taber also helped establish a steamboat route between Roslyn and New York City. As a booster of Roslyn's local economy, Taber took steps to make the village a tourist attraction, including constructing an observation tower and picnic area at the top of Harbor Hill, where Clarence Hungerford Mackay later constructed a mansion.
Political career
A Democrat, Taber was a member of the New York State Assembly (Queens Co., 1st D.) in 1860 and 1861.
Congress
In 1864 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He was reelected in 1866, and served in the 39th and 40th Congresses (March 4, 1865 – March 3, 1869).
Death
Taber died in New York City on April 23, 1886. He was buried at Roslyn Cemetery in Roslyn.
Family
In 1845, Taber married Rosetta M. Townsend. They were the parents of five children—Samuel T., William T., Adelaide, Gertrude, and Thomas T.
Taber was the first cousin of George T. Pierce, who served in the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate.
References
External links
1821 births
1886 deaths
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Dover, New York
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Taber |
Mr. Bean: The Animated Series (simply known as Mr. Bean) is a British animated sitcom produced by Tiger Aspect Productions in association with Richard Purdum Productions and Varga Holdings (for the first season). Based on the popular live-action television sitcom of the same title created by Rowan Atkinson and Richard Curtis, the series centres on Mr. Bean, Teddy, Irma Gobb and the Reliant Regal's mysterious driver, Mrs. Wicket, who originated from Mr. Bean's Diary is Bean's landlady with the new addition of her evil cat Scrapper. In February 2001, the series was officially announced.
Debuting on 5 January 2002 and originally ending on 2 June 2004, the first three series featuring 52 episodes in total were broadcast, each consisting of two 11-minute segments. The first two series were originally broadcast on ITV at a prime time Saturday night slot. In May 2004, the series left the Saturday night prime time timeslot on ITV following the broadcast of the first two series, and the third series was instead broadcast daily on CITV due to the show's popularity with younger audiences.
In January 2014, a revival of the series was announced, with Rowan Atkinson returning as the voice of Mr. Bean, along with other cast members reprising their roles. The revival featured two new series and 78 episodes; it premiered on 16 February 2015 and ended on 8 October 2019 on CITV. The revival contained more actual dialogue than in the original series, which mostly featured little sound effects and mumbling.
Cast and characters
Main
Mr. Bean (voiced by Rowan Atkinson) – The series' title character and main protagonist, a childish, self-absorbed and extremely competitive individual living in London who is almost always dressed in his trademark tweed jacket and a thin red tie, and often brings various abnormal schemes and contrivances to everyday tasks like his live-action counterpart. Despite this, he is depicted in the animated series as more competent and less buffoonish than his live-action counterpart as well as that he talks more in complete sentences compared to his live-action counterpart, who rarely spoke a few mumbled words that are all in a comically low-pitched voice (especially in the later series).
Teddy – Mr. Bean's teddy bear and lifelong best friend. Despite being inanimate, Bean pretends that Teddy is alive like in the original live action series.
Mrs. Julia Wicket (voiced by Sally Grace) – Mr. Bean's elderly and grouchy landlady who often despises Bean and his antics, though deep down, she does have a soft spot for him (which becomes more prominent in the later series). As a running gag, she screams out loud during bad situations, which often scares birds outside the flat. As depicted in the episode "Young Bean", the reason why she hates Bean so much is because in the past, a young Bean accidentally ruined her wedding by riding his go-kart down a hill and crashing into her and her groom. In the first season, she often plays an antagonistic role, but acts much nicer beginning in the second season.
Scrapper – Mrs. Wicket's mischievous evil one-eyed pet cat who despises Mr. Bean, much like his owner.
Irma Gobb (voiced by Matilda Ziegler) – Mr. Bean's long-suffering girlfriend who debuted in the original live-action series episode "The Curse of Mr. Bean". Like her original live-action counterpart, Irma is depicted as more intelligent and significantly less buffoonish than Bean, which often results in her having an often-strained relationship with the latter. She is also depicted in the series as a worker at a local library.
Miss Mary Wince – Mrs. Wicket's best friend, who often stops by her flat for tea and watches wrestling with her. She is called Mary in the episode "A Royal Makeover".
Mr. Bean's Mini – Mr. Bean's vehicle, a citron-green Mini with a matte black bonnet. As a running gag, Bean keeps it locked with a bolt-latch and padlock rather than the lock fitted to the car like in the original live action series. Unlike in the live action series where the Mini's registration number is "SLW 287R", the registration number in the animated series is "STE 952R".
Reliant Regal – A light-blue and three-wheeled car which, as another running gag, is always getting turned over or crashed out of its parking space or into anywhere by Mr. Bean in his Mini, who is usually oblivious to the results like in the original live action series. However, in the episode Car Wars, Mr. Bean finds himself in a conflict with the car in which he dedicates the episode to purposefully crashing it. Unlike in the live action series where the Reliant's registration number is "GRA 26K", the registration number in the animated series is "DUW 742".
Supporting
Burglars – A duo of unnamed criminals (one large and the other small) who are masters of disguises and regularly go across London committing various crimes, only to nevertheless suffer defeat at the hands of Mr. Bean (mainly at times when he is their victim or witness), who then has the local police arrest them. The burglars serve as some of the main antagonists of the animated series, appearing in numerous episodes.
Bruiser family – Mr. Bean and Mrs. Wicket's next-door neighbours, a working class overweight family who sometimes act as Bean's adversaries. While appearing as a whole family in the episodes "Neighbourly Bean", "Scaredy Bean", "Home Movie", "Litterbugs", "Super Spy" and "Dig This", the Bruisers appear as father and son in most episodes.
Queen Elizabeth II – The queen regnant of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, of whom Mr. Bean is a fan.
Traffic Warden – An unnamed parking enforcement officer who previously appeared on the original live action series episode "The Trouble with Mr. Bean". As the name of her job implies, she locates and tickets illegally-parked cars across London. As Mr. Bean habitually parks his Mini in the wrong places, she promptly gets in his way which puts him at odds with her. She is very committed at her duty, even to the point of ticketing a police vehicle once.
Librarian – The boss of the library where Irma works, who is seen from Season 2 onwards.
Lottie – Irma Gobb's teddy bear who looks identical to Teddy, except she has eyelashes, a red bow and a skirt. She is portrayed as Teddy's girlfriend, but Mr. Bean disapproves of this relationship (with the exception of the episode "Double Trouble").
Mrs. Wicket's nephew – The unnamed nephew of Mrs. Wicket who debuted in Season 2. He is usually seen playing video games at his aunt's flat.
Declan – A friend of Irma Gobb who debuted in Season 3 as a minor antagonist. He is also a rival of Mr. Bean when it comes to winning her heart.
Episodes
Reception
The show was met with mostly positive reviews from television critics. Common Sense Media, an education and advocacy group that promotes safe technology and media for children, gave the show 3 stars and wrote that the "UK slapstick cartoon [is] geared toward older kids, adults."
Home media
Mr. Bean: The Animated Series has been released on DVD by A&E Home Video in Region 1, and by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment in Regions 2 and 4. In the United States, the first three series of the series were released in its entirety on six volumes, while in the United Kingdom and Australia, the six volumes only contained 47 out of all the 52 episodes, with the remaining episodes instead appearing as extra features on DVDs of the original live action series.
The reason for this was that when the five episodes were classified by the British Board of Film Classification in the United Kingdom, they were each given a PG certificate instead of a U certificate unlike the other episodes. It was then decided that all DVDs of the series should have a U certificate each, resulting in the five PG-rated episodes not being included.
In Region 4, the DVD Mr. Bean: The Animated Series: Season 2, Volume 3 – Racing Adventures was an exclusive product for Big W; nowadays, it is no longer available.
In other media
A third-person platform video game based on the series was released in the late 2000s on multiple platforms. It was first released in PAL regions as Mr. Bean on the PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows. A Wii port of the game, titled Mr. Bean's Wacky World, was also released shortly after those versions in the same regions, with a North American localisation of the port being available in 2011.
Multiple apps based on the series have been released such as Mr. Bean: Around the World, Mr. Bean: Flying Teddy, Mr. Bean: Sandwich Stack, Mr. Bean: Special Delivery and more which are available globally on iOS, Android, and Amazon mobile devices.
References
External links
Mr. Bean
2000s British animated television series
2010s British animated television series
2000s British animated comedy television series
2010s British animated comedy television series
2000s British sitcoms
2010s British sitcoms
2002 British television series debuts
2019 British television series endings
British children's animated comedy television series
British television series revived after cancellation
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
Television series by Endemol
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions
Television series created by Richard Curtis
Television series created by Rowan Atkinson
Television shows adapted into video games
Television shows set in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Bean%3A%20The%20Animated%20Series |
Lucidity may refer to:
Lucidity (album), a 2006 album by Delain
Lucidity (festival), a music festival in Southern California
"Lucidity" (song), a 2010 song by Tame Impala
Lucidity (video game), a 2009 puzzle-platform game
Lucidity (web series), a 2010 web series about lucid dreaming
The Lucidity Institute, a lucid dreaming research institute
See also
Lucid (disambiguation)
Lucid dream | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucidity |
Ludmila Formanová () (born 2 January 1974) is a former Czech middle-distance runner who specialized in the 800 metres. She was born in Čáslav.
In 1999 she broke Maria de Lurdes Mutola's winning streak at the World Indoor Championships, and won in a championship record (CR) of 1:56.90. In August she ran in a personal best time of 1:56.56 (August 11) and won the World Championships (August 24).
She officially finished her active career on 2 May 2007.
International competitions
References
1974 births
Living people
People from Čáslav
Czech female middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for the Czech Republic
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Czech Republic
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships winners
Sportspeople from the Central Bohemian Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludmila%20Formanov%C3%A1 |
Charles-Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles (8 May 1717 – 18 March 1799) is best known as being the husband of Madame de Pompadour or Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, the illustrious mistress of King Louis XV of France.
Life
A scion of a family of officials from Orléans, his father was Hervé-Guillaume Le Normant du Fort, trésorier général des Monnaies. His uncle was the financier Le Normant de Tournehem in 1741, a tax farmer and legal guardian of Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson. By arrangement of his uncle, Le Normant d'Étiolles married Madame de Pompadour in 1741. He also followed his uncle as a financier.
The couple had two children, a boy in 1741, who died the year following his birth, and a daughter, Alexandrine-Jeanne d'Étiolles, nicknamed "Fanfan", born on 10 August 1744. She died in June 1754 at the age of 9 years old from a stomach ailment, possibly peritonitis.
In June 1745, Louis XV, who had taken a particular liking to Madame de Pompadour, (1721 –1764) arranged for her to become his official mistress, a position she came by with the blessing of her husband's father. Louis XV offered Le Normant the position of ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, to remove him from the scene, but he refused. Louis then arranged a legal separation of Madame de Pompadour from her husband. He was devastated and never forgave his wife for her treachery. He consoled himself with affairs with other women in Paris, having several children. After Pompadour's death, he discreetly married Marie-Aimée Maltha, formerly a dancer and the mother of his children, and they lived quietly at the manoir de Baillon, near the Royaumont Abbey.
He and his new wife were detained for over a year in the Reign of Terror. Later released, Charles-Guillaume died peacefully in his home on the rue du Sentier.
References
French untitled nobility
Fermiers généraux
People from Paris
1717 births
1799 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Guillaume%20Le%20Normant%20d%27%C3%89tiolles |
Anangeon (, "necessary"), also known as dicaeologia (, "a plea in defense"), is a specious method of argument, in which the basis lies in inevitability or necessity. For example, "Yes, I missed school today, but I was sick and wouldn't have learned anything anyway," is an argument that ignores the need to go to school, mitigating the controversy of not going. It is used to limit or contradict fault in a matter.
Anangeon can be seen as a part of logos and is a type of non sequitur.
See also
Ethos
Pathos
Rationalization (making excuses)
References
Rhetorical techniques
Arguments
Informal fallacies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anangeon |
The 2005 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge was the third edition of the field hockey championship for women. It was held in Virginia Beach, United States from July 8–16, 2005.
New Zealand participate in 2006 Champions Trophy in Amstelveen, Netherlands after defeated South Africa in the final.
Squads
Head Coach: Danny Kerry
Head Coach: John Sheahan
Head Coach: Pablo Usoz
Head Coach: Ian Rutledge
Head Coach: Jenny King
Head Coach: Lee Bodimeade
Umpires
Results
All times are Eastern Standard Time (UTC−04:00)
Group stage
Fixtures
Classification matches
Fifth and sixth place
Third and fourth place
Final
Awards
The following awards were presented at the conclusion of the tournament:
Statistics
Final standings
Goalscorers
References
External links
Official FIH website
Official website
Official website
2005
2005 in women's field hockey
2005 in American women's sports
2005 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge
2005 in sports in Virginia
Sports in Virginia Beach, Virginia
July 2005 sports events in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Women%27s%20Hockey%20Champions%20Challenge |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.