text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Howlin' Wind is the debut album by English singer-songwriter Graham Parker and his band the Rumour, released in 1976. The Rumour were mainly former pub rock musicians, including guitarist Brinsley Schwarz and keyboardist Bob Andrews of the band Brinsley Schwarz; Parker's recent jobs included working as a petrol pump attendant. The music is a blend of rock and roll, R&B, reggae and folk music, behind Parker's searingly intelligent lyrics and passionate vocals. Critics likened Parker's spirit to British punk rock, then in its early stage, and retrospectively to that of singer-songwriters Elvis Costello and Joe Jackson, who would release their debut records within a few years of Howlin' Wind.
Many of the album's songs became live staples for the group, especially the reggae-tinged "Don't Ask Me Questions", which dismisses a malevolent God. "Back to Schooldays" demonstrates why Parker was categorised as "angry young man" by journalists throughout his career: Parker plans retribution against an education system that promised him that "it was like a film out here" when "it's a real horror show, boys". The title track "Howlin' Wind" bracingly announces Graham Parker's career aim: "I'm gonna howl". "Between You and Me" dates from 1975, when Parker, before meeting the Rumour, recorded demo versions of a few of his songs for Dave Robinson, future founder of Stiff Records. These tracks were shopped to labels and played on radio. The album's liner notes explain that "A subsequent recording of the song did not match the feel of the original ... here it is!"
Howlin' Wind was reissued in the United Kingdom in 2001 on Vertigo/Mercury, with one bonus track.
Critical reception
Reviewing Howlin' Wind for Rolling Stone, critic Teri Moris praised The Rumour's "raw efficiency" and "the directness of the playing and arranging", while concluding that the album primarily succeeds due to Parker's skills as a songwriter and arranger. Howlin' Wind finished fourth in The Village Voices 1976 Pazz & Jop critics' poll of the year's best albums, following Parker's later released Heat Treatment in the second spot.
Track listing
All songs written by Graham Parker
"White Honey" – 3:33
"Nothin's Gonna Pull Us Apart" – 3:21
"Silly Thing" – 2:51
"Gypsy Blood" – 4:37
"Between You and Me" – 2:25
"Back to Schooldays" – 2:54
"Soul Shoes" – 3:13
"Lady Doctor" – 2:50
"You've Got to Be Kidding" – 3:30
"Howlin' Wind" – 3:58
"Not If It Pleases Me" – 3:12
"Don't Ask Me Questions" – 5:38
Bonus Track (2001 Reissue)
"I'm Gonna Use It Now" – 3:11
Personnel
Graham Parker – vocals, acoustic guitar, Fender rhythm guitar
The Rumour
Brinsley Schwarz – guitar, Hammond organ, backing vocals
Bob Andrews – Lowrey organ, Hammond organ, piano, backing vocals
Martin Belmont – guitar, backing vocals
Steve Goulding – drums, backing vocals
Andrew Bodnar – Fender bass
Brass
Stewart Lynas – brass arrangement
Herschel Holder – trumpet
Dave Conners – first tenor saxophone
Brinsley Schwarz – second tenor saxophone
Danny Ellis – trombone
John "Viscount" Earle – baritone saxophone
Additional personnel
Paul Bailey – guitar on 5
Dave Otway – drums on 5
Paul Riley – bass guitar on 5
Noel Brown – slide guitar on 6, dobro on 11
Dave Edmunds – guitar on 6
Ed Deane – slide guitar on 7
Stewart Lynas – alto saxophone on 8
References
Graham Parker albums
1976 debut albums
Albums produced by Nick Lowe
Mercury Records albums
Reggae rock albums
Vertigo Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27%20Wind |
Christopher Holt (born June 5, 1985) is a Canadian-born American former professional hockey goaltender who last played with the Braehead Clan of the Elite Ice Hockey League. He also played for the New York Rangers and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, Dinamo Riga, HC Donbass of the Kontinental Hockey League and Orli Znojmo of the Austrian Hockey League.
Playing career
Holt was drafted 180th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers. Holt was first called up from the Hartford Wolf Pack of the American Hockey League (AHL) in December 2005 as backup to Henrik Lundqvist while starting goalie Kevin Weekes was injured. He played just over 10 minutes in one game, not allowing a goal becoming the first former Billings Bulls player to play in the NHL. He was sent back down to Hartford but was recalled to the Rangers on February 23, 2006.
On October 30, 2008, Holt was signed as a free agent by the St. Louis Blues after playing two games for their affiliate the Peoria Rivermen. On October 31, Holt was called up to the Blues on emergency before returning to Peoria. He was again recalled by the Blues on February 6, 2009. He made his first appearance for the Blues, and only his second appearance in the NHL on February 18, 2009 as a replacement for Chris Mason after Mason started the first two periods against the Columbus Blue Jackets, totaling 19 min., giving up no goals on three shots.
In September 2009, prior to the 2009–10 season, he attended the Ottawa Senators training camp. He was demoted to the Binghamton Senators organization which demoted him to the Elmira Jackals on September 30. He was promoted to Binghamton in March 2010. On March 19, 2010, he became the tenth goaltender in AHL history to score a goal, and the sixth to score it by shooting the puck himself. Holt scored on the Rochester Americans while the Americans goalie was pulled for a sixth attacker. In June 2010, it was announced that Holt has signed a two-year deal with the Kontinental Hockey League club Dinamo Riga.
On June 29, 2012, Holt signed a free agent deal with fellow KHL club, Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg. After appearing in 27 games for only 4 wins with the cellar-dwelling Avtomobilist, Holt was traded to HC Donbass for their playoff push to end the 2012–13 season on January 10, 2013.
International play
Despite his Canadian birth, Holt is an American citizen due to his mother being a native of California. He has represented the USA at the 2003 World Junior Championships on the US Under-18 National Team.
On October 20, 2011, he was selected as one of two goalies on the 21-man roster for the 2011 U.S. Men's Select Team that competed at the Deutschland Cup from in Munich, Germany.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Alaska Aces (ECHL) players
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players
Binghamton Senators players
Braehead Clan players
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Charlotte Checkers (1993–2010) players
Dinamo Riga players
Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
HC Donbass players
New York Rangers draft picks
New York Rangers players
Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey players
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey people from Vancouver
USA Hockey National Team Development Program players
American expatriate ice hockey players in Ukraine
Expatriate ice hockey players in Ukraine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Holt%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
The Secret of Sinharat is a science fantasy novel by American writer Leigh Brackett, set on the planet Mars, whose protagonist is Eric John Stark. The novel is expanded from the novella "Queen of the Martian Catacombs", published in the pulp magazine Planet Stories in the Summer 1949 issue.
Plot summary
For the first seven chapters, Queen of the Martian Catacombs and The Secret of Sinharat are almost word-for-word identical; the differences are inconsequential to the plot. In Chapter 1, a brief paragraph is inserted to situate the reader in the Solar System and to excuse the presence of non-Terran humans on planets like Mars through the concept of a prehistoric "seeding"—not mentioned elsewhere in Brackett's novels. In Chapter 5, an explicit reference to the events of Brackett's story "The Beast-Jewel of Mars" (Planet Stories, Winter 1948) has been cut, perhaps on the assumption that readers of the novel would not know or be interested in the earlier story. The Arabic word "khamsin" is consistently replaced by "storm wind", perhaps on the grounds that readers might not be familiar with the word (or mistake it for a Martian technical term).
Chapter 1: Eric John Stark, fleeing from Venus where he has been running guns to native opponents of a Terro-Venusian mining concern (mining and mineral extraction companies recur as villains in Brackett's stories), has come to Mars to fight as a mercenary in a private war in the Martian Drylands on behalf of Delgaun, lord of the Martian city of Valkis. He is finally pinned down by agents of Earth Police Control. Their leader, Simon Ashton, offers him a deal: lifting of his sentence, if he agrees to act as a spy on Delgaun, whom Ashton claims is plotting a major war together with a barbarian leader called Kynon, of the Dryland tribe of Shun; a war that Ashton says will be disastrous for the drylanders. Stark agrees to go to Valkis as Ashton's agent, and return to report to him in the Martian city of Tarak.
Chapter 2: Stark enters Valkis late at night and sees the drylanders gathering there. He meets Delgaun and several other mercenaries that Delgaun has hired. One of them is Luhar, an old enemy of Stark from Venus. They challenge each other, but Delgaun separates them. At dawn, Kynon of Shun enters Valkis.
Chapter 3: Delgaun, Stark and the mercenaries go to see Kynon. In the public square of Valkis, Kynon demonstrates a technology which he claims to have recovered from the lost secrets of the Ramas, an ancient race of Martians who had acquired a form of immortality. Kynon, using two crystal circlets and a glowing rod, appears to transfer the consciousness of an old Martian man into a young Terran boy. The old man collapses and dies. Kynon returns with Delgaun and the others to the council room in the palace.
Chapter 4: Stark accuses Kynon of an elaborate charade in which the boy was coached in his part and the old man was killed by poison. Kynon admits it, but justifies it as a necessity for uniting the drylanders against the City-States of the Dryland Borders, who are depriving them of water resources. Together with the men of Valkis and the other Low-canal cities, they will conquer the City-States and become fully independent of Terra. Stark goes to his quarters and sleeps through the day. At dusk he goes to the council-room, and finds Delgaun there with Kynon's female companion, Berild. Delgaun asks Stark to bring back one of Kynon's trusted captains, Freka, who is indulging in "a certain vice"; he needs to be back before Kynon sets out at midnight for his desert headquarters. On his way, Stark is stopped by Fianna, Berild's serving girl, who warns him that he is going into a trap set by Delgaun. Stark accepts the warning, but continues anyway.
Chapter 5: Stark comes to Kala's, a broken-down dive in a mostly uninhabited part of Valkis. He finds Freka there, indulging in shanga, a radiation-induced temporary atavistic regression to a bestial state. Stark realizes that an empty room near Freka probably contains the trap set for him. When he is refused entrance to the room, he leaves Kala's and waits outside. He is followed by Luhar, who had been waiting in the empty room for a chance to attack Stark. Stark jumps Luhar; the fighting goes back into Kala's, where the shanga addicts and Kala herself become involved. Stark knocks Freka out, is stabbed by Luhar, knocks Luhar out, and returns with Freka to Delgaun's palace. Delgaun is surprised and angry; Berild is pleased.
Chapter 6: At midnight, Kynon leaves Valkis with the drylanders and mercenaries. Kynon orders Stark and Luhar to remain apart from each other. Delgaun remains behind. Luhar and Freka confer. The caravan proceeds across the desert for three days, and on the fourth day they are hit by a sandstorm.
Chapter 7: Luhar and Freka take advantage of the storm to jump Stark and leave him for dead. He finds himself together with Berild. When the storm blows out, they are lost in the desert. They proceed on foot. After four days, running out of water, they come to a wilderness of rocks.
From chapter 8 on the two versions diverge.
Queen of the Martian Catacombs
Chapter 8: Stark and Berild are dying of thirst. Berild leads Stark three miles out of their way to a ruined monastery. She miraculously discovers a long-buried well. After they have drunk and slept, Stark suggests to Berild that she is actually a surviving immortal Rama, and knew the location of the well from memory. Berild dismisses the accusation. They stay in the ruins two days, and then leave.
Chapter 9: Stark and Berild arrive at Sinharat, the old city of the Ramas, where Kynon has made his headquarters. They find Kynon's army and his mercenaries camped in the desert outside the city. Stark enters Sinharat looking for Luhar, and fatally attacks him when he finds him. Delgaun is also mysteriously there. Kynon arrests Stark and places him in a subterranean cell in Sinharat under Freka's guard. Before Freka can kill Stark, Fianna appears and shoots him. Stark disposes of Freka in a pit in the catacombs. Fianna explains that Delgaun and Berild are both Ramas, and that while Kynon wants empire, Delgaun and Berild want to control Mars—without Kynon—through their mercenary outlander clients.
Chapter 10: Stark and Fianna proceed to a crypt below Sinharat where Berild is waiting. Kynon is there with her, but drugged and under Berild's hypnotic control. Berild offers to become Stark's lover and to make him a Rama, by exchanging his mind with Kynon's, and disposing of Delgaun after the war. Stark agrees, and Berild produces the real crowns of the Ramas, and puts them on Stark's and Kynon's heads.
Chapter 11: Stark awakes to find himself in Kynon's body. His own body is still there, alive but with Kynon's mind still under hypnosis. Berild locks Kynon, in Stark's body, in a small cell. Stark-as-Kynon goes with Berild to address the armies assembled at Sinharat from a high ledge in the city. Delgaun is there. Instead of leading them to war, Stark reveals the charade of the false Rama crowns. Berild stabs Stark in the back. Stark reveals Berild's treachery to Delgaun. Delgaun throws Berild from the ledge and attempts to unseat Stark from his steed and flee. Stark, though wounded, grasps Delgaun and throttles him, while Delgaun stabs him repeatedly. Stark kills Delgaun and loses consciousness. Fianna runs to him.
Chapter 12: Stark awakes and finds himself with Fianna. He is back in the crypt below Sinharat, in his own body. Kynon is next to him, dead. Fianna reveals that she is also a Rama, unknown to Berild and Delgaun. She expresses remorse for her past evil and destroys the rod and crowns of the Ramas. Stark and Fianna leave together and find Sinharat deserted. Fianna decides to stay in Sinharat for a while before she decides what to do. Stark departs for Tarak to meet Simon Ashton.
The Secret of Sinharat
Chapter 8: Stark and Berild are dying of thirst. Berild leads Stark three miles out of their way to an old ruin, where they both collapse. At night, Stark wakes to see Berild tracing her steps to the site of a long-buried well. They uncover it together, drink, and sleep. The next night, Stark suggests to Berild that she must be a witch to have discovered the well. Berild explains that she knew the secret of the well's location from her father, who had crossed the desert in this place years ago. Stark accepts her explanation, but is privately unconvinced. They stay in the ruins two days, and then leave.
Chapter 9: Stark and Berild arrive at Sinharat at dawn and find Kynon's caravan encamped outside. The Dryland armies have not yet arrived, but only Kynon and his mercenaries are in the city itself, which the drylanders regard as taboo. Stark and Berild enter Sinharat looking for Luhar, but Kynon prevents Stark and Luhar from fighting. Berild kills Luhar with a knife. Kynon does not punish Berild, but warns Stark not to fight with Freka, who has gone back to the desert, and condemns the infighting that threatens his plans. Berild lies to Kynon about how she and Stark reached Sinharat, pretending that they had more water than they did. Kynon dismisses Berild and Stark.
Chapter 10: Stark awakes at dusk and finds Fianna there. She warns him that his life is in danger from Delgaun, when he arrives. Stark refuses to flee. Fianna leads Stark to a chamber where Berild is waiting. She warns him against Delgaun, and expresses her resentment at Kynon. Drums beat announcing the late arrival of Delgaun and his allies to Sinharat, and Stark and Berild part. As Stark leaves, he meets Fianna, who hints that Berild may be a Rama.
Chapter 11: Kynon unveils the banner of the Ramas before the massed armies of the Drylands and the Low-canals in front of Sinharat. Stark confronts Delgaun as a fellow-follower of Kynon, and forces Delgaun to accept him as comrade-in-arms. Later, in council, Delgaun backs down before Kynon, and they proceed to plot the conquest of the City-States. Kynon warns his confederates not to reveal that they do not really have the secret of the Ramas. Days pass. Freka returns from Shun with more fighters, but Kynon keeps him and Stark from fighting. Later, Stark goes into Sinharat and finds Berild reading an ancient wall-inscription in an unknown language. Stark follows her as she goes to a high window.
Chapter 12: Stark accuses Berild of being a Rama. Berild dismisses his statement with smooth explanations, but Stark does not accept them. Stark deduces that Delgaun must also be a Rama. Berild leaves suddenly. Stark goes later, and is attacked by Freka who is under the influence of shanga. As they are fighting, Kynon and his fighters discover them. Stark is accused of murdering Freka, and the Shunni demand his blood. Stark is knocked out as he tries to blurt out the truth of Kynon's charade. He awakes in an underground cell, guarded by a Shunni warrior. (This portion of the expansion is a rewrite of the middle of Chapter 9 of Catacombs.)
Chapter 13: Fianna appears, shoots the Shunni, and frees Stark. Fianna reveals that she, Berild, and Delgaun are all surviving Ramas, though she is dependent upon them for the Sending-on of Minds. She leads him into the catacombs, where Stark disposes of the guard's body in a pit and takes his sword. Fianna describes Delgaun and Berild's plans for empire, and explains that they intend to dispose of Kynon by putting Delgaun's mind into Kynon's body. She asks Stark to help her prevent it, and leads him to Berild's chamber. There they find Kynon in bonds, and Berild preparing the real crowns of the Ramas for the Sending-on of Minds.
Chapter 14: Stark enters, attacks Delgaun and kills him with the sword. Berild drops the crowns and draws a knife. Fianna frees Kynon, who throttles Berild as she slashes him. Stark tells the wounded Kynon to stop the march of the Drylanders. He and Fianna help Kynon out to the open stairway that leads up to Sinharat. From there, Kynon addresses the tribes, telling them of Delgaun and Berild's treachery and his own lie about having the secret of the Ramas. Then he collapses and dies. The mercenaries and the armies break up and leave. Stark returns to Sinharat and finds Fianna. She explains that she has hidden the crowns of the Ramas, unable to destroy them. She invites Stark to return to Sinharat late in his life, offering to make him a Rama then. He refuses. Fianna says that she will stay in Sinharat. Stark departs for Tarak to meet Simon Ashton, looking back at Sinharat as he goes.
Characters
Eric John Stark, an outlaw mercenary warrior, born on Mercury, acting as a double agent.
Simon Ashton, an official of Earth Police Control, searching for Stark.
Delgaun of Valkis, lord of the wickedest of the Low-canal cities, hiring mercenaries to serve in a war in the Drylands.
Luhar, cashiered officer of the Venusian Guards, with a deadly grudge against Stark
Kynon of Shun, a Martian dryland barbarian with dreams of uniting the desert tribes and establishing an empire over the City-States of Mars.
Freka, a captain loyal to Kynon, but addicted to the terrible vice of shanga.
Berild, a red-haired Shunni woman, consort of Kynon, but actually using him to further her plans and Delgaun's.
Fianna, Berild's servant girl, possessed of wisdom and cunning far beyond her years.
The Ramas, an ancient and evil Martian nation, who had discovered the secret of immortality - at a terrible price, to be paid by others.
Publication history
This story was first published under the title Queen of the Martian Catacombs in the pulp magazine Planet Stories, Summer 1949.
In 1964, after considerable revision and expansion, it was republished as The Secret of Sinharat as one part of an Ace Double novel; its companion was another expanded Eric John Stark story, People of the Talisman. The expansion has sometimes been attributed to Brackett's husband, Edmond Hamilton. For The Secret of Sinharat, there is little internal evidence to support this suggestion.
In 1982, it appeared, again together with People of the Talisman, under the title Eric John Stark, Outlaw of Mars.
In 2005 the original Planet Stories version was republished in Sea-Kings of Mars and Otherworldly Stories, Volume 46 in the Gollancz Fantasy Masterworks series. It appeared the same year in the collection Stark and the Star Kings (Haffner Press).
In 2008, the entire Eric John Stark saga was republished, in E-Book form, by Baen Publishing, and is available thru Webscriptions.net.
References
Sources
External links
1964 American novels
1964 science fiction novels
1964 fantasy novels
Novels by Leigh Brackett
Novels set on Mars
Works originally published in Planet Stories
Ace Books books
Fiction set on desert planets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20Sinharat |
The World Economy: Historical Statistics is a landmark book by Angus Maddison. Published in 2004 by the OECD Development Centre, it studies the growth of populations and economies across the centuries: not just the world economy as it is now, but how it was in the past.
Among other things, it showed that Europe's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was faster progressing than the leading Asian economies since 1000 AD, reaching again a higher level than elsewhere from the 15th century, while Asian GDP per capita remained static until 1800, when it even began to shrink in absolute terms, as Maddison demonstrated in a subsequent book. At the same time, Maddison showed them recovering lost ground from the 1950s, and documents the much faster rise of Japan and East Asia and the economic shrinkage of Russia in the 1990s. It also shows how colonialism strongly benefited Europe at a tremendous cost to Asia.
The book is a mass of statistical tables, mostly on a decade-by-decade basis, along with notes explaining the methods employed in arriving at particular figures. It is available both as a paperback book and in electronic format. Some tables are available on the official website.
See also
List of regions by past GDP (PPP) per capita
Angus Maddison statistics of the ten largest economies by GDP (PPP)
Maddison Project, a project started in March 2010 to continue Maddison's work after his death
References
External links
Angus Maddison's Homepage at the Groningen Growth and Development Centre
Official website of The World Economy
2004 non-fiction books
Demography
Economic growth
Books about economic history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20Economy%3A%20Historical%20Statistics |
USS Reeves may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
USS Reeves (DE-94), a delivered to the Royal Navy as
, a Buckley-class destroyer escort launched 1943
, a destroyer leader launched 1962
United States Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Reeves |
10,000 Days is the fourth studio album by American rock band Tool. The album was released by Tool Dissectional and Volcano Entertainment on April 28, 2006 in parts of Europe, April 29, 2006 in Australia, May 1, 2006 in the United Kingdom, and on May 2, 2006 in North America. It marked the first time since recording 1993's Undertow that the band had worked at Grandmaster and without producer David Bottrill. 10,000 Days spawned three top ten rock singles: "Vicarious," "The Pot," and "Jambi."
It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, with first week sales of 564,000 copies. The album was awarded a double platinum certification by the RIAA.
10,000 Days was Tool's last release for more than a decade; the band would not release their next studio album, Fear Inoculum, until August 30, 2019.
Background and recording
Tool recorded the album at O'Henry Sound Studios in Burbank, as well as at The Loft and Grandmaster Studios in Hollywood, California. It was mixed at Bay 7 in North Hollywood, CA and mastered at Gateway Mastering Studios in Portland, Maine.
Guitarist Adam Jones employed various recording techniques for the album, including a "pipe bomb mic" (a guitar pickup mounted inside a brass cylinder), and a talk box guitar solo on the song "Jambi." Drummer Danny Carey operated many of the sound effects on the interlude tracks on the album using electronic drums called Mandalas. 10,000 Days has a heavier sound than its predecessor, largely because of the influence of avant-garde metal band Fantômas, who toured with Tool before the writing process.
The title 10,000 Days is thought to refer to the orbital period of the planet Saturn (actual time period is 10,759 days). According to singer Maynard James Keenan, the Saturn return is "the time in your twenty eighth, twenty ninth year when you are presented the opportunity to transform from whatever your hang-ups were before to let the light of knowledge and experience lighten your load, so to speak, and let go of old patterns and embrace a new life." Keenan expected that the songs composed would "chronicle that process, hoping that my gift back would be to share that path and hope that I could help somebody get past that spot."
Packaging and artwork
The compact disc packaging for 10,000 Days consists of a thick cardboard-bound booklet partly covered by a flap holding a pair of stereoscopic eyeglasses, which can be used to view a series of images inside. Viewed with the glasses, the artwork produces an illusion of depth and three-dimensionality. Alex Grey, who created a majority of the album art for Lateralus and its accompanying video "Parabola," reprised his role for 10,000 Days. The CD face itself is decorated with stylized eyes, arranged in a seemingly logarithmic spiral toward the center (adapted from a previous Alex Grey painting, "Collective Vision"). As with Tool's other albums, the lyrics are not printed within the artwork; vocalist Maynard James Keenan has instead released the lyrics online. On May 5, 2006, the band's official webmaster hinted that "the four individual photos [of the band members] can be used as the pieces of a kind of puzzle," but the puzzle and its meaning "will just be another nut to crack."
In an interview, Alex Grey, who worked on the illustrations for the 10,000 Days and Lateralus covers, said that many of his artworks for Tool have been based on and influenced by the visionary journeys of a brew called ayahuasca. He described the 10,000 Days cover as "a blazing vision of an infinite grid of Godheads during an ayahuasca journey", and also talked about the Lateralus cover in a similar fashion. Grey stated in another interview when making the 10,000 Days cover that it depicts visions received during a DMT trip.
Release
On March 27, 2006, Billboard posted an article about 10,000 Days, which mentioned that "Vicarious" would be the album's first single. "Vicarious" was officially released to radio on April 17, and entered both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts both at number 2. A music video for the song was released on DVD on December 18, 2007.
The song has also been featured as a playable track on the video game Guitar Hero World Tour.
The second single from the album was "The Pot", which peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock chart. It was the band's first number 1 single on the Mainstream Rock chart. A video for "The Pot" was scheduled to shoot over the 2006 holiday season. "Jambi" was the third radio single and received airtime on both Modern and Mainstream Rock formats.
Reception
10,000 Days received generally favorable reviews, albeit with less enthusiasm than previous Tool albums. Most critics praised the album as another example of Tool's musicianship. Critics who gave 10,000 Days a relatively low score questioned the merits of its ambient interludes, which Tool have also used on their previous releases. Nevertheless, the album won a 2006 Metal Storm Award for Best Alternative Metal Album. In addition, the song "Vicarious" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance. Rolling Stone magazine named it the 38th Best Album of 2006. The album also received a Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Recording Package. In 2008, 10,000 Days garnered another Grammy nomination when "The Pot" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance.
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 68, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 19 reviews. Rob Theakston of AllMusic wrote: "It's not only a step forward for the band, but a re-embracing of the epic-length rock songs found at the roots of early heavy metal." Nick Cowen of Drowned in Sound praised the album, describing it as "probably the most engagingly brilliant heavy metal album that'll be released on a major label all year." Alternative Press magazine wrote: "As with everything in Tool's oeuvre, 10,000 Days packs enough beauty, heartache and triumph that it will be dissected, studied and envied by younger bands for years to come." Evan Serpick of Rolling Stone stated that on the album, the band "maintains a level of craftsmanship and virtuosity unparalleled in metal."
Nevertheless, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters stated: "Stupendously packaged, the music robustly mixed and often achieving new levels of bleak beauty, 10,000 Days is too strong a work to call a disappointment, but the constant need to fill out a CD to 75-80 minutes is threatening to become the band's undoing." Jess Harvell of Pitchfork Media was critical in his assessment of the album: "Rather than delving further into experimentation or exploring their strengths, Tool have made an...A Perfect Circle record." Ayo Jegede of Stylus Magazine panned the album, criticizing the band in the terms of "being progressive": "I'm not sure, but I think "progressive" is about growth and change. I think it's about not being trapped in your own little universe where everything you say matters."
Commercial performance
10,000 Days entered the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at number 1, selling 564,000 copies in its first week. It was Tool's second album to top the Billboard 200 chart upon release. In the UK, the album debuted at number 4, the highest chart position the group have managed in that country. It was certified Platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA on June 9, 2006.
Track listing
Personnel
Maynard James Keenan – vocals
Adam Jones – guitars, sitar, talkbox on "Jambi"
Justin Chancellor – bass, additional guitars (7)
Danny Carey – drums, percussion, tabla
Guest musicians
Lustmord – weather effects on "10,000 Days (Wings Pt 2)"
Bill McConnell – vocals on "Lipan Conjuring"
Pete Riedling – voice of "Doctor Watson" on "Lost Keys (Blame Hofmann)"
Camella Grace – voice of "Nurse" on "Lost Keys (Blame Hofmann)"
Production
Joe Barresi – engineering and mixing (credited as "Evil Joe Barresi")
Adam Jones – art direction
Alex Grey – illustrations
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Mackie Osborne – design, layout
Travis Shinn – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Singles
References
External links
2006 albums
Tool (band) albums
Volcano Entertainment albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%2C000%20Days%20%28Tool%20album%29 |
Clarence R. Magney (January 11, 1883 – May 13, 1962) was an American attorney, lawyer, and jurist who served as the mayor of Duluth from 1917 to 1920 and associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1943 to 1953.
Early life and education
Born in Trenton, Pierce County, Wisconsin, Magney went to public schools in Bayport, Minnesota. He then graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College in 1903 and Harvard Law School in 1908.
Career
After graduating from law school, Magney worked as an attorney at Jenswold & Jenswold in Duluth. He was elected mayor of Duluth in 1917 and served until 1920. He was later elected to serve as a district court judge. Magney was appointed as an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1943 and served until 1953. He was instrumental in getting a number of state parks and scenic waysides established along the North Shore of Lake Superior. Judge C. R. Magney State Park is named for him. After retiring as a justice, he continued to work as commissioner of the Minnesota Supreme Court until his death in 1962.
Personal life
His father, Jonas Magney (surname originally Magnuson), immigrated to the United States from Sweden in 1858. He was the first student at Gustavus and upon graduation became ordained as a Lutheran pastor.
See also
List of mayors of Duluth, Minnesota
References
External links
The Papers of the Magney Family are available for research use at the Gustavus Adolphus College and Lutheran Church Archives.
1883 births
1962 deaths
People from Pierce County, Wisconsin
Mayors of Duluth, Minnesota
Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Gustavus Adolphus College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
20th-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20R.%20Magney |
Bath is a former village on the Saint John River in Carleton County, New Brunswick, Canada. It held village status prior to 2023 and is now part of the town of Carleton North.
Bath is famous for the annual "Bath Fall Fair" which took place every Labour Day with a parade and fair and to end the night fireworks.
History
Soldiers from the War of 1812 first settled in the area. Historically, Bath has been largely dependent on the St. John River as means of communication with other areas in the province, hydropower and transportation. Transportation in Bath changed drastically by the addition of railway in the 1870s, residents of the village were now able to travel via rail instead of the river. The railway brought growth to Bath with the new retail stores, axe factory, four hotels and blacksmith shop opening as a result of the railway. The post office dates from 1875.
On 1 January 2023, Bath became part of the new town of Carleton North. The community's name remains in official use.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bath had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. Revised census figures based on the 2023 local governance reforms have not been released.
Economy
The economy in Bath has taken a downturn in recent years. Small businesses are scattered around the village and are the backbone of Bath.
There is only one restaurant in Bath: Diner Down Under. The eatery offers a family dining experience. The other restaurant, "The Monquarter" is now permanently closed since early 2018.
Two hairdresser options for the residents of Bath including Shape and Shear and Frank's Barber Shop.
Religion
Bath is within the region of New Brunswick referred to as the "Bible Belt," and it has a high number of churches in relation to the small population of the area. There are three churches with the town limits:
Church of St. Joseph is the Roman Catholic Church belonging to the Diocese of St. John
United Pentecostal Church of Bath
United Baptist Parsonage
Education
The Bath Community School currently enrolls 188 students from Kindergarten to grade 8. The school is in the Anglophone West School District. The Bath Elementary School was recently closed and students moved to the Bath Middle School directly beside. This "new" school was named Bath Community School and the current principal is Mitchell Hemphill. The Bath Community School is receiving $250,000 investment from the provincial government to aid in planning of upcoming renovations. The funds will be directed to the 2017-2018 capital budget.
Politics
The Member of Parliament for the Tobique-Mactuquac riding in the House of Commons of Canada is TJ Harvey. As a Canadian Liberal TJ became federal representation for residents of Bath, New Brunswick in the 2015 elections.
Member of Legislative Assembly for the Carleton-Victoria riding is Andrew Harvey. Elected in 2014, Andrew Harvey serves the residents of Bath on a provincial level. Andrew Harvey is the New Brunswick Minister of Agriculture, Mines and Rural Affairs.
Charitable organizations
Bath is fortunate enough to have active charitable organizations in the village that work hard towards the betterment of the community.
The Knights of Columbus is an international group of Catholic men taking charitable action. Charity is their main focus and the organization works hard to improve quality of life in Bath and surrounding areas. The Grand Knight of the Bath branch is Hermel Langlais.
The Lions Club is the largest service club organization. The club has multiple projects in the village all directed towards charitable actions. The President of the Bath Lions Club is Gerald Sullivan.
The River View Manor is a non-profit and registered charitable organization located in Bath, New Brunswick. The River View Manor opened in 1981 and is a beneficial contributor to the village of Bath economy. There are 39 residents in the manor and over 50 employees.
Events
River Run is a recently established tradition for the Village of Bath. Kayaks and canoes paddle down the St. John River each year on New Brunswick day from Bath to the next town, Florenceville-Bristol.
Bath Fall Fair has been a tradition in the Village of Bath since Labor Day in 1944. The fair takes place each year at the Bath Fair Grounds during Labour Day weekend. It begins with a parade throughout the town and continues with other events including:
Western New Brunswick International Balloon Festival begins in Bath on the Thursday before Labor Day and ends on the Monday. The festival occurs on the Bath Fair Grounds and is a family friendly event that gives locals an opportunity to experience hot air balloon rides and the beauty of witnessing a balloon festival.
Trevor-Goodine Professional Lumberjack Competition is held on Labour Day at the Bath Fair Grounds. It is a Maritime Lumberjack Association sanctioned event.
Notable people
Buzz Hargrove, former president of the Canadian Auto Workers
Rev. Brent Hawkes
Charlotte MacLeod, mystery fiction writer
Kate Ryan, famous in the Yukon Gold Rush.
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Village of Bath
Communities in Carleton County, New Brunswick
Former villages in New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
The New England Scholastic Press Association (NESPA) is an association based in Boston University's College of Communication. Its goal is to promote all forms of student journalism, such as student newspapers, broadcast programs, yearbooks, and magazines. NESPA holds an annual conference, at which many awards are given out to student productions and faculty advisers throughout New England.
NESPA is an associate member of the New England Press Association. The current executive director of the program is Helen Smith. The association publishes three newsletters each year.
External links
New England Scholastic Press Association Web Site
References
Boston University
American journalism organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20England%20Scholastic%20Press%20Association |
Executive Order No. 464 (popularly known as E.O. 464) is a controversial executive order issued in the Philippines on September 26, 2005, by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo that prevents cabinet members, police and military generals, senior national security officials, and "such other officers as may be determined by the President" to attend congressional hearings unless the President gives permission to those who will attend the said proceedings.
The order was created as two officers from the military appeared during the hearings of the Senate Committee on National Defense on the Hello Garci scandal. It also comes a week after National Security Adviser Norberto Gonzales appeared in a Senate hearing regarding the contract of the government with the Washington-based law firm Venable LLP.
Arroyo revoked the order on March 5, 2008.
Justification by the Executive Branch
To justify the constitutionality of the decree, President Arroyo invoked "the constitutional guarantees of the separation of powers of the Executive Branch, Legislative and Judicial branches of government" and cited Article VI Section 22 of the Philippine Constitution, which permits department heads, cabinet members and other officials under the Executive Branch to appear at congressional hearings with the consent of the President.
Petition
The Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP), Bayan Muna, Courage, Counsels for the Defense of Liberties, former Solicitor General Frank Chavez, Alternative Law Groups Inc., 17 senators, and PDP Laban petition before the Philippine Supreme Court to scrap the Executive Order.
In the 26-page petition of the IBP lawyers, Executive Order 464 is a "derogation of the legislative power to investigate." Furthermore, they said that the non-appearance of executive officials during congressional hearings by invoking Executive Order 464 hampered Congress investigation in aid of legislation, "thus petitioners' right to be informed of matters of public interest has been denied."
Supreme Court decision
On April 20, 2006, in a 52-page en banc decision at a session in Baguio, the Supreme Court of the Philippines nullified two sections of the executive order namely Sections 2(B) and 3. These sections prohibit officials under the Executive Department from appearing on hearings of Congress without the consent of the President. However, the Supreme Court declared that Sections 1 and 2 are valid. This validity asserts the right of the President to forbid executive officials from attending at the hour of question of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the right to request for a closed-door session if the "security of the state or the public interest so requires."
Revocation
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) had asked the President to allow her subordinates to reveal any corrupt acts without being obstructed in their testimony no matter who is involved. Arroyo acceded to the request and revoked the order, announcing the revocation at a press conference at the Discovery Suites, Pasig. Present for the announcement were Arroyo, some members of her cabinet and several religious leaders (notably CBCP members).
See also
Executive privilege
Philippine Proclamation 1017
References
External links
Executive Order No. 464 – Official Gazette
Legal history of the Philippines
Political history of the Philippines
Executive Order 464
Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
464-s2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Executive%20Order%20464 |
Hollywood Town Hall is the third studio album by American rock band The Jayhawks. It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and number 192 on the Billboard 200. The cover art for the album was shot in Hollywood Township, Carver County, Minnesota by British photographer Andrew Catlin.
Reception
David Browne of Entertainment Weekly wrote that despite noticeable musical influences from The Everly Brothers, The Rolling Stones, and Neil Young on the album, "there's nothing nostalgic about the passion and desperation in every syllable of singer-songwriter Mark Olson's voice — or in the band's effortless mix of sawdust harmonies and craggy electric guitars." Steve Hochman of the Los Angeles Times stated that Olson and Gary Louris "achieve a yearning ache that would have done top Burrito Gram Parsons proud". Rolling Stones Chris Mundy hailed Hollywood Town Hall as the band's "definitive statement" and praised Olson and Louris' vocal harmonies. Music critic Robert Christgau was less positive and gave the album a "neither" rating, indicating an album that "may impress once or twice with consistent craft or an arresting track or two. Then it won't."
In a retrospective review for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett called Hollywood Town Hall "one of the more unlikely major label releases of 1992" and described the album as "accessible enough for should-have-been success but bowing to no trends", concluding that it "sounds more like something made for the group's own satisfaction that connects beyond it as well." Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork cited the album as "the Jayhawks' greatest statement."
Track listing
All songs written by Mark Olson and Gary Louris except "Wichita" by Olson, Louris and Marc Perlman.
"Waiting for the Sun" – 4:19
"Crowded in the Wings" – 4:55
"Clouds" – 4:51
"Two Angels" – 4:04
"Take Me with You (When You Go)" – 4:50
"Sister Cry" – 4:08
"Settled Down Like Rain" – 3:00
"Wichita" – 5:26
"Nevada, California" – 4:05
"Martin's Song" – 2:58
European CD bonus track
"Leave No Gold" – 5:46
2011 expanded reissue track listing
"Leave No Gold" – 5:48 (previously commercially unavailable in the U.S.)
"Keith and Quentin" – 2:37 (previously commercially unavailable in the U.S.)
"Up Above My Head" – 2:36 (previously commercially unavailable in the U.S.)
"Warm River" – 3:23 (previously unreleased)
"Mother Trust You to Walk to the Store" – 3:53 (previously unreleased)
Personnel
The Jayhawks
Mark Olson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, harmonica, vocals
Marc Perlman – bass
Ken Callahan – drums
Gary Louris – electric guitar, fuzz guitar, guitar, vocals
Additional musicians
Charley Drayton – drums
Nicky Hopkins – piano on "Two Angels" and "Martin's Song"
Benmont Tench – piano, organ
Production
George Drakoulias – producer
Howie Weinberg – mastering
Tom Herbers – engineer
Brian Jenkins – engineer
Brendan O'Brien – engineer
Jim Rondinelli – engineer
Dale Lavi – photographer
Joe Henry – liner notes
Martyn Atkins – art direction
References
External links
Jayhawks fan site discography.
1992 albums
The Jayhawks albums
Albums produced by George Drakoulias
American Recordings (record label) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood%20Town%20Hall |
C
Cairo Land (Cairo, Egypt)
Calaway Park (Calgary, Alberta, Canada)
California's Great America (Santa Clara, California, United States)
Camden Park (Huntington, West Virginia, United States)
Camelot Park (Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia)
Camelot Theme Park (Chorley, Lancashire, England)
Canada's Wonderland (Vaughan, Ontario, Canada)
Canadian National Exhibition (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
Canobie Lake Park (Salem, New Hampshire, United States)
Carolina Adventure World (Winnsboro, South Carolina, United States)
Carosello (Sottomarina di Chioggia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy)
Carousel Park Adventure Island (Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England)
Carowinds (Fort Mill, South Carolina, United States)
Carolina Harbor (Charlotte, North Carolina, United States)
Cascade Park (New Castle, Pennsylvania, United States)
Casino Pier (Seaside Heights, New Jersey, United States)
Castle Park (Riverside, California, United States)
Castle Park (Dhahran, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia)
Castles N' Coasters (Phoenix, Arizona, United States)
CarthageLand (Yasmine, Hammamet, Tunisia)
Cavallino Matto (Livorno, Tuscany, Italy)
Cedar Point (Sandusky, Ohio, United States)
Cedar Point Shores (Sandusky, Ohio, United States)
Celebration City (Branson, Missouri, United States)
Celebration Station (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States)
Celebration Station (Clearwater, Florida, United States)
Celebration Station (Greensboro, North Carolina, United States)
Celebration Station (Mesquite, Texas, United States)
Celebration Station (Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States)
Centreville Amusement Park (Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
CentrO.Park (Oberhausen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany)
Chakazoolu Indoor Theme Park (Sanabis, Bahrain)
Chariots Entertainment World (Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa)
Charleston's Wonder World (Charleston, South Carolina, United States)
Chengdu Amusement Park (Chengdu, Sichuan, China)
Cherokee Fun Park (Cherokee, North Carolina, United States)
Cherry Valley Golf & Games (Rockford, Illinois, United States)
Chessington World of Adventures (Chessington, London, England)
Chiaksan Dreamland (Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea)
Chiba Zoo Dream World (Chiba, Chiba, Japan)
Chicolandia (Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela)
Children's Grand Park, Seoul (Songdong-Gu, Seoul, South Korea)
Chime Long Paradise (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Chippewa Park (Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada)
Chongqing Amusement Park (Chongqing, China)
Churpfalzpark (Loifling, Bavaria, Germany)
Cidade da Criança (São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo state, Brazil)
Cigoland (Kintzheim, Alsace, France)
Cirque du Soleil Theme Park Resort, (Nuevo Vallarta, Mexico)
City of Miami PBA (Miami, Florida, United States)
City Park Carousel Gardens (New Orleans, Louisiana, United States)
Clacton Pier (Clacton-on-sea, Essex, England)
Clarence Pier (Portsmouth, Hampshire, England)
Clementon Amusement Park (Clementon, New Jersey, United States)
Cliff's Amusement Park (Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States)
Cobra Adventure Park (Panama City Beach, Florida, United States)
Codonas Amusement Park (Aberdeen, Grampian, Scotland)
Colombian National Coffee Park (Montenegro, Quindío, Colombia)
Como Town (St. Paul, Minnesota, United States)
Coney Beach Pleasure Park (Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan, Wales)
Coney Island (Cincinnati, Ohio, United States)
Coney Island - Independent Vendor 1 (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Coney Island - Independent Vendor 2 (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Coney Island - Kaufman - East (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Coney Island - Kaufman - West (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Coney Park (Lima, Peru)
Conneaut Lake Park (Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania, United States)
Cosmo Land (Yokohama, Japan)
Cosmo's World (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)
Country Fair Entertainment Park (Medford, New York, United States)
Crab Island (Beijing, China)
Craig Tara Holiday Park (Ayr, Strathclyde, Scotland)
Crown Cave (Guilin, Guangxi, China)
Cultus Lake Adventure Park (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)
Cypress Gardens (Winter Haven, Florida, United States)
D
Daminghu (Jinan, Shandong, China)
Dazzeland (Adelaide, South Australia, Australia)
DelGrosso's Amusement Park (Tipton, Pennsylvania, United States)
Della Adventure Park (Kunegaon, Lonavala, India)
Dennlys Parc (Dennebrœucq, Nord-Pas de Calais, France)
Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park (Brooklyn, New York, United States)
Devon Cliffs (Exmouth, Devon, England)
Didiland (Morsbronn-les-Bains, Alsace, France)
Dinorex (Arlington Heights, Illinois, United States)
Dinorex (Crystal Lake, Illinois, United States)
Dinotropolis (Caracas, Distrito Federal, Venezuela)
DippieDoe Familiepark (Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands)
Discovery World (Houli Hsiang, Taichung, Taiwan)
Discovery Cove (Orlando, Florida, United States)
Disney's Blizzard Beach (Orlando, Florida, United States)
Disney's Typhoon Lagoon (Orlando, Florida, United States)
Disneyland Resort (Anaheim, California, United States)
Disneyland
Disney California Adventure
Disneyland Paris (Marne-la-Vallée, Île-de-France, France)
Disneyland Park
Walt Disney Studios Park
Diverland (Pampatar, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela)
Divertido (Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico)
Divertilandia (Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela)
Divo Ostrov, St Petersberg
Dixie Landin' and Blue Bayou (Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States)
Djurs Sommerland (Nimtofte, Jylland, Denmark)
Dollywood (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States)
Dollywood's Splash Country (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States)
Don Quijote (Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan)
Dongfang Amusement Park (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)
Donghu Park (Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)
Doocoland (Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea)
Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom (Allentown, Pennsylvania, United States)
Dover Lake Waterpark (Sagamore Hills, Ohio, United States)
Dowdy's (Nags Head, North Carolina, United States)
Downunderland (Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia)
Dracula's Cabaret Restaurant (Broadbeach Waters, Queensland, Australia)
Dragon Centre (Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)
Dragon World (Kathmandu, Nepal)
Drayton Manor Theme Park (Drayton Bassett, Staffordshire, England)
Dream Park (Cairo, Egypt)
Dream World, Bangkok, Thailand)
Dreamland (Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan)
Dreamland (Margate, Kent, England)
Dreamland (Seoul, South Korea)
Dreamworld (Coomera, Queensland, Australia)
DreamWorks Water Park (East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States)
Drievliet Family Park (Rijswijk, South Holland, Netherlands)
Drouwenerzand Attractiepark (Drouwen, Drenthe, Netherlands)
Duinrell (Wassenaar, South Holland, Netherlands)
Dunes Leisure (Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire, England)
Dunia Fantasi (Jakarta, Indonesia)
Dutch Wonderland (Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States)
C
nl:Lijst van attractieparken (C-D) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amusement%20parks%20%28C%E2%80%93D%29 |
Dmitriyev or Dmitriev () is a common Russian surname that is derived from the male given name Dmitry and literally means Dmitry's. It may refer to:
Aleksandr Dmitriyev (conductor) (born 1935), Russian conductor
Alexey Dmitriev (b. 1985), Russian ice hockey player
Andrei Dmitriev (b. 1979), Russian political dissident, publicist.
Andrei Dmitriev (b. 1956), Russian writer
Artur Dmitriev (b. 1968), Russian Olympic champion in figure skating
Dmitri Dmitrijev (b. 1982), Estonian politician
Dmitriy Dmitriyev (b. 1983), Russian professional football player
Georgy Dmitriyev (1942–2016), a Russian composer
Igor Dmitriev (1927–2008), Russian actor
Ivan Dmitriev (1760–1837), Russian poet
Matvey Dmitriev-Mamonov (1790–1863), Russian poet, public and military figure
Maxim Dmitriyev (1913–1990), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
Mikhail Gennadiyevich Dmitriyev (b. 1947), Soviet and Russian mathematician
Nikolai Dmitriev (1898–1954), Soviet linguist
V. Dmitriev, soloist with the Alexandrov Ensemble
Vladimir Dmitriyev (1900–1948), Soviet theater designer and painter
Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev (1868–1913), Russian economist, mathematician and statistician
Yury Dmitriyev (1911–2006), Soviet theater and art critic
Yury Dmitriyev (b. 1946), Soviet cyclist
Yury A. Dmitriev (b. 1956), rights activist and Gulag historian
Russian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitriyev |
Mar Sargis Yousip, is the Assyrian Church of the East's Bishop of Baghdad, Iraq. Born in 1950 in Baghdad, he was consecrated a bishop at the age of 17 by Mar Yosip Khnanisho on 2 March 1967 at the Mar Zaia Cathedral in Baghdad. In 2002 the bishop left for the United States and has since been unable to return to his diocese. He currently resides in exile at Modesto, California.
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod
References
Sargis Yousip
Iraqi Assyrian people
Iraqi bishops
Religious leaders from Baghdad
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
1950 births
Living people
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargis%20Yosip |
Mar Iskhaq Yosip is the Assyrian Church Bishop of Northern Iraq and Russia.
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod
References
Iskhaq Yousip
Iraqi Assyrian people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%20Iskhaq%20Yosip |
How I Quit Smoking is the second studio album by the American rock band Lambchop, released on January 30, 1996, by Merge Records.
The song "The Man Who Loved Beer" is an adaptation of the poem "The Man Who Was Tired of Life" from the ancient Egyptian text Dispute between a man and his Ba (c. 2000–1700 BC). The song was in turn later covered by David Byrne.
Track listing
Personnel
Sourced from AllMusic.
Lambchop
Kurt Wagner - vocals, guitar, classical guitar, electric guitar
Paul Niehaus - double neck guitar
John Delworth - Farfisa and Hammond organs
Jonathan Marx - clarinet, cornet, alto sax, vocals
Deanna Varagona - alto and baritone saxophones, vocals
Allen Lowrey - drums
References
1996 albums
Lambchop (band) albums
Merge Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20I%20Quit%20Smoking |
JDV may refer to:
Jason de Vos, a Canadian soccer player
Jeffrey de Visscher, a Dutch footballer
Jose de Venecia, Jr., a Filipino politician
Jean de Villiers, a South African rugby player
Jnana Deepa, Institute of Philosophy and Theology, Pune, India (Pontifical Athenaeum)
Joe Devance, a Filipino basketball player
DjVu, document file format | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDV |
Image-based lighting (IBL) is a 3D rendering technique which involves capturing an omnidirectional representation of real-world light information as an image, typically using a 360° camera. This image is then projected onto a dome or sphere analogously to environment mapping, and this is used to simulate the lighting for the objects in the scene. This allows highly detailed real-world lighting to be used to light a scene, instead of trying to accurately model illumination using an existing rendering technique.
Image-based lighting often uses high-dynamic-range imaging for greater realism, though this is not universal.
According to Fxguide, "Almost all modern rendering software offers some type of image-based lighting, though the exact terminology used in the system may vary."
Motion picture production makes use of image-based lighting, and it can be seen in movies like
Monsters University, The Great Gatsby, and Iron Man 2.
One reference capture technique, sometimes referred to as "wickmania" by camera technicians and VFX supervisors, involves shooting footage of two small spheres (one matte, one of a light-reflective material) on a physical set. This is used when the IBL will be later applied to an animated object or character that interacts with live objects or characters under the same lighting conditions.
Image-based lighting is also used in some video games as video game consoles and personal computers start to have the computational resources to render scenes in real time using this technique. This technique is used in:
Forza Motorsport 4
Rise of the Tomb Raider
Into the Stars
SuperTuxKart
Image-based lighting is also a built-in feature of the Crytek CryEngine video game engine.
See also
Ambient occlusion
Relighting
References
External links
Real-Time HDR Image-Based Lighting Demo
Lighting models: Image-based lighting
Global illumination algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image-based%20lighting |
She's a Rebel is the debut studio album by Australian recording artist Debbie Byrne. The album was released in November 1974 and peaked at number 63 on the Kent Music Report.
Track listing
LP/Cassette
Charts
References
Debra Byrne albums
1974 debut albums
Festival Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s%20a%20Rebel |
Axis of Advance was a Canadian death metal band from Edmonton, active from 1998 to 2008. Their music was described as "freaked-out, hyper and evil metal...not for the weak and not really for most rational human beings, but it will sound great to those looking for a slice of evil black metal the way it should be done."
History
The band began as Sacramentary Abolishment, which was formed in 1993 by guitarist/vocalist Wör (Jason McLeod), bassist/vocalist Vermina, aka Verminaard (Chris Ross) and drummer Paulus Kressman, who came up with the name. In 1997, Kressman left the band to start the solo project Rites of Thy Degringolade. Wör and Vermin recruited drummer James Read and re-named the band Axis of Advance.
On Halloween 1997, Sacramentary Abolishment launched their album The Distracting Stone at Area 51 in Edmonton. Vermin brought a pig’s head onto the stage, ripped into it with a battleaxe, then pitched it into the crowd.
In a 1998 interview with Russian Metal, Vermin revealed that the name Sacramentary Abolishment stood for the abolishment of all religious sacrament, and that he believed that "Black metal is strictly a white man’s realm." In 1999, the trio was banned from performing at a planned show in Edmonton for alleged Nazi leanings and symbolism. In 2002, prior to the released of the band's album The List, they issued a press release denying affiliation with the white supremacist movement.
The band toured Europe in 2004, then traveled to Malmö Sweden, where they recorded their album Obey at Berno Studio.
Axis of Advance dissolved in 2008.
Verminaard plays session guitars in Read's main band Revenge and was involved in Weapon for a short period of time. Vermin and J. Read both play in Blood Revolt along with Primordial's A.A. Nemtheanga.
Discography
Albums
As Sacramentary Abolishment:
Misanthropy (Cassette Demo), Independent 1994
Nebulous (Cassette Demo), Independent 1995
River of Corticone (CD), Catharsis Records 1996 (re-released by Fifth Division, 2006)
The Distracting Stone (CD), Catharsis Records 1997
As Axis of Advance:
Strike (CD/LP), Death to Mankind 2001
The List (CD/LP), Osmose Productions 2002
Obey (CD/LP), Osmose Productions
Singles and EPs
Landline, Catharsis Records 1999
Purify (mCD/mLP), Osmose Productions 2006
Compilation inclusions
Awaiting The Glorious Damnation Of Mankind (vinyl 7-inch EP), Demonion Productions 2001
The World Domination IV: The 10 Years of Osmose Productions (CD), Osmose Productions 2002
Apokalyptik Warfare Vol. 1 (CD), Osmose Productions 2003
Rising of Yog-Sothoth: Tribute to Thergothon (CD), Solitude Records 2009
Sonic Cathedrals Vol. XXXVIII, 2012
Death Hammer Vol. 1 digital release 2013
Cvlt Nation 7th Anniversary Mixtape digital release 2018
References
External links
Axis of Advance
Osmose Productions
Red Stream
Invictus Productions
1998 establishments in Alberta
2008 disestablishments in Alberta
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Musical groups from Edmonton
Canadian black metal musical groups
Blackened death metal musical groups
Canadian musical trios | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis%20of%20Advance |
Boombamela () is a formerly New Age-oriented and more recently mainstream festival held annually on Chol HaMoed Pesach (Intermediate Days of Passover) in Israel since 1999. The inspiration for the festival is the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela. Its organizers have described it as "a place for meeting, experiencing, crossing borders and transcending social limitations through music, creation, and connection with nature." The festival is located on the remote sandy Nitzanim beach, between Ashdod and Ashkelon.
The festival has risen in popularity and prominence over the years and is now perhaps the most famous of Israel's festivals (challenged only by Tel Aviv's summer Love Parade). The seventh Boombamela, in 2005, attracted 36,000 visitors - the third highest, after 2004's 41,000 and 2003's 37,500. More and more foreigners have taken note of the festival, and a visitor will often hear various other tongues being spoken beside Hebrew.
Transportation
There are organized bus services from all over Israel to Tel Aviv specially, and from there, organized bus rides to Nitzanim Beach.
Activities
Boombamela features many performing bands on several sound stages, during the day as well the night, and dance clubs which operate around the clock. A great variety of music genres can be heard at the festival, including reggae, trance, hip-hop, Indian Ragas, and rock.
The festival grounds, sprawling over hundreds of dunam, are divided into villages (such as the spiritual village, where people may rest in a tent and listen to the teachings of Indian Gurus) and areas (for example, the performance area or the camping area), and there are also restaurants, shops and bathroom and shower facilities. Apart from the publicly stretch of seashore, there is a sequestered nudist beach and a family beach, which are not adjacent. There is, for the purpose of socializing or "suture" many chai shops, with pillows provided.
For those wishing to observe Passover or Shabbat during the event, kosher food is available. Prayer services are held at Ohel Ahava V'Teffila (Tent of Love and Prayer) located in the Neo-Hippy Chassidic Religious Camp and outside of the main ground at the Chabad Tent, respectively.
External links
www.tsalam.com Photo galleries
Music festivals in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boombamela |
Mar Odisho Oraham, born 1961, is the Assyrian Church of the East Bishop of Scandinavia and Germany with residence in Sweden.
References
Odisho Oraham
1961 births
Living people
Swedish bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisho%20Oraham |
Øystein Olsen Ravner (1893–1975) was a Norwegian appointed councilor of state in the NS government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941, and minister 1941–1942.
1893 births
1975 deaths
Government ministers of Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ystein%20Olsen%20Ravner |
The 19th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Strasbourg, France, in 1978 from October 23 to October 29.
This was the first world championships to make use of video replays. A video control system was installed near each apparatus to help judges in disputable situations. The system had first been used at the 1977 European Championships.
For the first time eight gymnasts were allowed to qualify to each of the apparatus finals, rather than six. This became the standard going forward.
Results
NB: Team rosters are incomplete.
Kurt Thomas and Marica Frederick's gold medals were the first at world championship level for the American men and women.
Men
Team final
All-around
Floor exercise
Pommel horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel bars
Horizontal bar
Women
Team final
All-around
Vault
Uneven bars
Balance beam
Floor exercise
Medals
References
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1978 in gymnastics
1978 in French sport
International gymnastics competitions hosted by France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%20World%20Artistic%20Gymnastics%20Championships |
Herman Johan Foss Reimers (15 September 1843 – 7 February 1928) was Norwegian judge and politician for the Conservative Party.
Background
Reimers was born at Bergen in Hordaland, Norway. He was cand. jur. in 1867.
Career
He served in the Ministry of Finance during 1878. From April to June 1884 he was Councillor of State and Chief of the Norwegian Minister of Finance as a part of the short-lived Schweigaard's Ministerium in the cabinet of Prime Minister Christian Homann Schweigaard. . From 1884 he was a Supreme Court Assessor.
He was a member of Kristiania (now Oslo) city council from 1887 to 1892, and he served the term 1889–1891 as a member of the Parliament of Norway, representing the constituency of Østerrisør.
Personal life
His granddaughter Mimi Reimers married Olaf D. Thommessen.
References
1843 births
1928 deaths
Norwegian judges
Members of the Storting
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Politicians from Oslo
Aust-Agder politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
19th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman%20Johan%20Foss%20Reimers |
The Uninvited is a band originally from Los Angeles in the United States. The band was named, formed and founded in 1988 when brothers John and Steve Taylor teamed up with longtime friend Bill Cory on bass and James "Trainwreck" Robinson on drums. The band then went on to play Hollywood's legendary local concert venues as they developed their signature sound and style. For the next three years, the band built a strong local following and major music industry buzz as well as critical acclaim in the Los Angeles music press.
However, The Uninvited did not really take off until 1991, when Robinson departed and drummer Bruce Logan was added to the lineup. The band went on to record and release three CDs on their independent Roarshack Records label, and subsequently won MTV's Beach House Band contest. Armed with their independent CD Artificial Hip and a brand new Ford Econoline van, the foursome set out to tour and never come back. The Uninvited left their hometown of Los Angeles and eventually settled in San Francisco. In the next two years, they played almost 500 shows.
All this activity caught the attention of Atlantic Records, which released the band's self-titled major label debut in 1998. The album yielded two alternative radio hits, "What God Said" and "Too High For The Supermarket," while other songs became featured on TV shows like Party of Five, Beverly Hills 90210, and MTV's Road Rules and The Real World. The Uninvited kept up the touring pace, opening for acts like Fuel, Candlebox, Third Eye Blind, and Blues Traveler.
In 1999, The Uninvited parted ways with Atlantic and sought greater opportunities on the internet. In October of that year, the band released It’s All Good on their own label, Half-Baked Records. Shortly afterward, original bassist Bill Cory was replaced by Frederick "Ladd" Story, formerly of Los Angeles prog-rock kings Urban Circus. Still booked by Monterey Peninsula Artists, the band kept up its relentless touring schedule, averaging 50,000 miles a year on the road. Sales of The Uninvited's indie albums shot up past 40,000 copies, with 13 Ways to Feel the Love spending nine weeks on top of the Mp3.com Sales Chart.
In December 2001, the band completed its sixth full-length album, Malltopia, which was produced, engineered and mixed by the Taylor Brothers in their new studio. A bit of a departure for the band, Malltopia is a concept album of sorts with a storyline that centers on suburban kids at the mall. In 2002, the band released their Teenage Dance Party album on Roarshack Records, a collection of rarities that sold well despite the fact that CDs were becoming less popular than downloadable files. In late 2002 the band went on an extended hiatus, returning two years later under a new name, Fish Ranch Road.
In 2019 the Taylor brothers reformed the group with drummer John Messier, and continue to tour and record. Guitarist Steven Taylor wrote a memoir of the band's experiences titled The Uninvited – On the Road with the Greatest Rock Band You Never Heard, which was picked up by Hurn Publications for release in late 2021.
Albums
Other releases
External links
Official Band Website
The Uninvited on Apple Music
The Uninvied on Spotify
References
The Uninvited's official web site
LA Weekly on Scott Morrow
Rock music groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Uninvited%20%28band%29 |
Sharon Salzberg (born August 5, 1952) is an author and teacher of Buddhist meditation practices in the West. In 1974, she co-founded the Insight Meditation Society at Barre, Massachusetts, with Jack Kornfield and Joseph Goldstein. Her emphasis is on vipassanā (insight) and mettā (loving-kindness) methods, and has been leading meditation retreats around the world for over three decades. All of these methods have their origins in the Theravada Buddhist tradition. Her books include Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness (1995), A Heart as Wide as the World (1999), Real Happiness - The Power of Meditation: A 28-Day Program (2010), which was on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2011, and the follow-up Real Happiness at Work (2013). She runs a Metta Hour podcast, and contributes monthly to a column On Being.
Early life
Born in New York City to a Jewish family, Salzberg had a troubled early life after her parents divorced when she was four and her father abandoned the family. At nine, her mother died and she went to live with her father's parents. Though her father returned when she was eleven, he soon overdosed and was subsequently hospitalized. He was placed in the mental health system, where he remained until his death. By 16, Salzberg had lived with five different families.
In her sophomore year at the State University of New York, Buffalo in 1969, Salzberg encountered Buddhism during a course in Asian philosophy. The following year, she took an independent study trip to India, and in January 1971 attended her first intensive meditation course at Bodh Gaya. In the next several years, she engaged in intensive study with various Buddhist teachers including S.N. Goenka. After returning to US in 1974, she began teaching vipassana (insight) meditation.
Career
Salzberg is a student of Dipa Ma, Anagarika Munindra, Sayadaw U Pandita and other Asian masters. She, Jack Kornfield and Joseph Goldstein founded the Insight Meditation Society at Barre, Massachusetts, in 1974. She and Goldstein co-founded the Barre Center for Buddhist Studies in 1989 and The Forest Refuge, a long-term meditation retreat center 9 years later. Today, she is a notable teacher of the Vipassana movement.
An in-depth interview with Salzberg appears in the book Meetings with Remarkable Women: Buddhist Teachers in America, by Lenore Friedman. (Boston:Shambhala, Revised and Updated edition, 2000. )
Honors
Salzberg was honored by the New York Open Center in 1999 for her "Outstanding Contribution to the Mindfulness of the West".
Appointments
Mind and Life Institute 2005 Investigating the Mind Conference, Panelist.
Oprah Winfrey’s O Magazine, Contributing Editor.
On Being with Krista Tippett, Weekly Columnist.
Books
Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness (1995)
Heart as Wide as the World (1999)
Voices of Insight (2001)
Faith: Trusting Your Own Deepest Experience (2003)
The Force of Kindness: Change Your Life with Love and Compassion (2006)
The Kindness Handbook: A Practical Campanion (2008)
Real Happiness - The Power of Meditation: A 28-Day Program (2010)
Real Happiness at Work: Meditations for Accomplishment, Achievement, and Peace (2013)
Love Your Enemies: How to Break the Anger Habit & Be a Whole Lot Happier, with Robert Thurman (2014)
Real Love: The Art of Mindful Connection (2017) ISBN 978-1250076502
Real Life: The Journey from Isolation to Openness and Freedom (2023) ISBN 978-1250835734
Audio publications
Insight Meditation: A Step-By-Step Course on How to Meditate (2002), with Joseph Goldstein .
Lovingkindness Meditation (2005)
Guided Meditations For Love & Wisdom: 14 Essential Practices (2009)
Unplug: An Interactive Kit for Giving Yourself a Break (2009)
Articles
A Teaching in Shambhala Sun Magazine
Life of One Piece, PBS The Buddha
How Silence Can Help Us Unplug, HuffingtonPost.com
How Doing Nothing Can Help You Truly Live, HuffingtonPost.com
Meditation Practice: A Paradigm Shift, HuffingtonPost.com
12 Tips on Exploring Spirituality, Blogher.com
The Benefits of Meditation, AARP.org
Opening the Heart with Lovingkindness, HuffingtonPost.com
Buddha Nature, RebelBuddha.com
What's Better for Creativity: Depression or Happiness? HuffingtonPost.com
Interviews
Under the Skin with Russell Brand: Will Spirituality Solve Our Global Problems?
Interview with Sharon Salzberg on CBS Religion & Culture.
Audio Interview Series on Buddhist Geeks
Salzberg interview with Dan Harris for ABC News
Huffington Post Interview with Elisha Goldstein, Ph.D.
Yoga and Buddhism's adaptation in the West: An interview with Ascent magazine.
Salzberg discusses meditation, happiness & social media with Danny Fisher for Shambhala Sun
PBS Religion & Ethics Newsweekly Interview, 2/18/2011
LA Times Interview 2/19/2011
Healthy Radio Interview 2/23/2011
References
External links
Sharon Salzberg audio from the DIY Dharma site
American Theravada Buddhists
1952 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
Writers from New York City
University at Buffalo alumni
American Buddhists
Theravada Buddhism writers
Female Buddhist spiritual teachers
Theravada Buddhist spiritual teachers
Converts to Buddhism
American spoken word artists
Students of S. N. Goenka
Students of Dipa Ma
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American women educators
20th-century American educators
21st-century American women educators
21st-century American educators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Salzberg |
Lutheran Hour Ministries (LHM) is a Christian outreach ministry affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, Lutheran Church - Canada and Lutheran Women in Mission (LWML). Its mission is "Bringing Christ to the Nations—and the Nations to the Church". LHM's flagship radio program, The Lutheran Hour, is one of the longest-running Christian radio broadcasts, was at one time the most-syndicated, and the speakers have been some of the most-heard preachers of the 20th century. The supporters of The Lutheran Hour helped its founding organization, the Lutheran Laymen's League, become a multimillion-dollar Christian missionary foundation.
Today, Lutheran Hour Ministries produces Christian radio and TV programming for broadcast, as well as Internet and print communications, dramas, music, and outreach materials. It has ministry centers in dozens of countries around the world.
History
The Lutheran Laymen's League (LLL) began in 1917 when 12 church members organized to pay off debts of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS). It also created a pension fund for church workers.
During the spring of 1917, pastor E. H. Eggers of Immanuel Lutheran Church in Seymour, Indiana, urged Albert Andrew Henry (A.H.) Ahlbrand, a prominent member of the congregation, that Ahlbrand write an outline of a business corporation for the Synod. Ahlbrand suggested that the Synod have one man for a sales manager, with a salesman in every large district or group of smaller districts. These men were to be selected based on their qualifications for this work. They were to contact congregations in their respective territories and report their results each week to the sales manager. They were to encourage the congregations to increase their contributions for the work of the Synod. They were also to contact the Synodical officials in the districts for their assistance in the effort. If these salesmen were not getting the results desired, the sales manager would have the right to ask them to resign and put another man in his place. Eggers suggested that Ahlbrand submit the plan to the Synod.
Since there was a $100,000 debt hanging over the Synod, a petition was presented by one of the Districts at the 1917 Convention that the Convention should not make any new appropriations until the present indebtedness was removed. With this thought in mind, a number of men, including Ahlbrand, met at the home of Fred Fritzlaff to discuss how to get rid of this debt. A. G. Brauer mentioned that he had endeavored to get 100 people to contribute $1,000 each so as to cover this, had not been successful. After some discussion it was proposed that the members state what they would contribute to pay off the debt. In taking a round table pledge, $26,000 was pledged. Discussed ensued on how to get others to contribute, so that the entire $100,000 could be paid. As a result, the LLL was organized. During these meetings, a Circuit Organizations of Laymen was proposed. The entire matter was suggested to Synod and both projects were accepted by a unanimous vote.
Theo. Lamprecht was elected as president and A. G. Brauer as secretary of the LLL. The money was soon raised, and an additional amount of several thousand dollars remained in the treasury of the LLL.
At the Detroit Convention held in 1920, Ahlbrand submitted a detailed plan: At the Circuit Meetings, known as Layman's Conferences, every congregation was to report the money they had contributed to the Synod together with a report showing what they contributed for their local congregation and other purposes. These reports were then discussed with a view of encouraging every congregation to do its full part towards contributing to the Lord's Kingdom both at home and abroad. A budget was to be submitted by each congregation based on the communicant membership of such congregation. This plan later became known as the "Ahlbrand Plan".
Dr. Walter A. Maier, the initial speaker of The Lutheran Hour, and the inspiration behind the radio program, was able to secure funding from the LLL in 1930 for new radio program titled The Lutheran Hour. The Lutheran Hour saw some rocky times during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but persevered to grow listenership and financial support throughout the 20th century. By the end of the 1940s, the income of the LLL had grown to one-and-a-quarter million dollars, and The Lutheran Hour was being broadcast on more than 1,000 radio stations worldwide.
The LLL expanded its programs beyond just The Lutheran Hour over the next several decades, and in 1992 the organization's name was changed to Lutheran Hour Ministries due to the popularity of its flagship radio program.
Today Lutheran Hour Ministries remains a multi-faceted ministry. In addition to The Lutheran Hour, Lutheran Hour Ministries airs the Woman to Woman radio program, has ministry centers in more than 30 nations, offers witnessing training workshops, and has an interactive web site for children called JCPlayZone. In 2008, LHM started a Spanish-language version of The Lutheran Hour called Para el Camino. In 2009, LHM launched its new online men's ministry product, Men's NetWork. In 2010, LHM added more than 350 new stations to its broadcast network through a partnership with Christian Satellite Network. The Lutheran Hour now airs on more than 1,350 stations across North America.
Footnotes
External links
Lutheran Hour Ministries
Lutheran Laymen's League of Canada
Victory Through Christ: Radio Messages Broadcast In The Tenth Lutheran Hour (1943) by Walter A. Maier
Lutheran organizations
Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran%20Hour%20Ministries |
The Proto-Ionians are the hypothetical earliest speakers of the Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, chiefly in the works of Jean Faucounau. The relation of Ionic to the other Greek dialects has been subject to some debate. It is mostly grouped with Arcadocypriot as opposed to Doric, reflecting two waves of migration into Greece following the Proto-Greek period, but sometimes also as separate from Arcadocypriot on equal footing with Doric, suggesting three distinct waves of migration.
Position of Ionic Greek
Mainstream Greek linguistics separates the Greek dialects into two large genetic groups, one including Doric Greek and the other including both Arcadocypriot and Ionic Greek. But alternative approaches proposing three groups are not uncommon; Thumb and Kieckers (1932) propose three groups, classifying Ionic as genetically just as separate from Arcadocypriot as from Doric. Like a few other linguists (Vladimir Georgiev, C. Rhuijgh, P. Léveque, etc.), the bipartite classification is known as the "Risch–Chadwick theory", named after its two famous proponents, Ernst Risch and John Chadwick.
The "Proto-Ionians" first appear in the work of Ernst Curtius (1887), who believed that the Attic-Ionic dialect group was due to an "Ionicization" of Attica by immigration from Ionia in historical times. Curtius hypothesized that there had been a "Proto-Ionian" migration from the Balkans to western Anatolia in the same period that brought the Arcadic dialect (the successor of the Mycenean Greek stage yet undiscovered in the time of Curtius) to mainland Greece. Curtius' hypothesis was endorsed by George Hempl in 1920. Hempl preferred to call these hypothetical, early Anatolian Greeks "Javonians". Hempl attempted to defend a reading of Hittite cuneiform as Greek, in spite of the establishment of the Hittite language as a separate branch of Indo-European by Hrozný in 1917.
Faucounau
The tripartite theory was revived by amateur linguist Jean Faucounau. In his view, the first Greek settlers in their historical territory were the (Pelasgic) "proto-Ionians", who were separated around 3000 BC from both the proto-Dorians and the proto-Mycenaeans. Faucounau traces this three-wave model to similar views put forward by Paul Kretschmer in the 1890s and the 1900s (i.e., before the decipherment of Linear B), with a modification: the (proto-Ionic) First wave came by sea, the "Proto-Ionians" settling first in the Cycladic Islands, then in Euboea and Attica. The last two waves are the generally accepted arrival of the Mycenaean Greeks (the linguistic predecessors of the Arcadocypriot speakers) in around 1700 BC and the Dorian invasion around 1100 BC.
Following Georgiev, Faucounau makes three arguments for the proto-Ionic language. The first is the explanation of certain Mycenaean forms as loan-words from the proto-Ionians already present in Greece: he asserts that digamma is unexpectedly absent from some Mycenaean words, the occasional resolution of Indo-European vocalic r to -or/ro- instead of -ar/ra-; to-pe-za for τράπεζα, and the explanation of Mycenaean pa-da-yeu as Greek παδάω/πηδάω, "spring leap, bound", which he interprets as both cognate with, and having the same meaning as, English paddle.
The second argument is a refinement of a long-established argument in archaeoastronomy, developed most recently by Michael Ovenden, which considers the motion of the North Pole with respect to the fixed stars, because of the precession of the equinoxes. Ovenden concluded, from the slant of the constellations in the present sky and the hypothesis that Aratus and Hipparchus (insofar as his work survives) correctly and completely represent immemorial tradition, that the constellations we now use had been devised when the Pole was in Draco, about 2800 BC. He also concluded that the inventors probably lived between 34°30' and 37°30' N., north of most ancient civilizations, and so were likely to be the Minoans.
Dr. Crommelin, FRAS, has disputed this latitude, arguing that the constellation makers could only see to 54° S, but that this was compatible with latitudes as low as the 31°N of Alexandria; stars which only skirt the southern horizon by a few degrees are not effectively visible. Assuming a Greek latitude would render Canopus and Fomalhaut invisible. Crommelin estimates the constellators at 2460 BC; R. A. Proctor has estimated 2170 BC. E. W. Maunder 2700 BC.
Faucounau's addition to this is the argument that Crete is also too far south, that the names of the constellations are (Ionic) Greek, not Minoan, and therefore that the constellation makers must be the proto-Ionians in the Cyclades. The south coast of Crete follows 35°N latitude; Syros, which he identifies as a center of proto-Ionian civilization, is at 37°20'. On this basis, he identifies the proto-Ionians with the archaeological Early Cycladic II culture: after all, they made round "frying pans," and one of them with an incised spiral, and the Phaistos Disc is round with an incised spiral.
His third argument depends on Herodotus's somewhat obscure use of the word Pelasgian for various peoples, Greek-speaking and otherwise, around the Aegean basin. Faucounau claims that the word, which he derives idiosyncratically from πελαγος, "sea", means the descendants of the proto-Ionians. Some of them lost their language because they settled among foreigners; others, such as the Athenians, preserved their language - Attic, apparently, arises from a mixture of proto-Ionian and other dialects. He does not explain why Homer speaks of Dodona, inland in north-western Greece, as Pelasgian (Il, 16,233); nor why no place in historic Ionia is called Pelasgian.
He adds to the above arguments with archaeological facts. For example, the Treaty of Alaksandu between Wilusa and the Hittite empire bore a Greek name at a time when there was no Mycenaean pottery at Troy. Faucounau considers that all these arguments are an indirect confirmation of his own decipherment claim of the Phaistos Disk as proto-Ionic.
Faucounau's "Proto-Ionic Disk Language" has most of the properties of Homeric Greek, including loss of labiovelars and even of digamma (both are preserved intact in the Mycenaean of the 14th century BC). Digamma, in Faucounau's reading of the Phaistos Disk, has in some instances passed to y, a sound shift not known from any other Greek dialect, but suspected in Ionic (e.g. Ion. païs v/etym. paus). For Faucounau, the Pelasgians, the Trojans, the Carians and the Philistines are all descended from the Proto-Ionians.
Faucounau's work on this subject has received two scholarly notices. Paul Faure, as below, writes warmly of many parts of the Proto-Ionian theory. He declines to address the decipherment, and omits the Celts; he also dates the Middle Cycladic culture only from 2700 BC, not 2900. Yves Duhoux expresses his disbelief in the decipherment, but does not mention the wider theory, except to deny that the Disc came from Syros. Faucounau's paper on the statistical problem of how many glyphs are likely to be omitted from a short text has never been cited. Most of it addresses the long-solved case in which the glyphs are equally likely.
See also
Pelasgians
Greek dialects
Dorian invasion
References
Jean Faucounau, Le déchiffrement du Disque de Phaistos, Paris 1999.
Jean Faucounau, Les Proto-Ioniens : histoire d'un peuple oublié, Paris 2001. Esp. pp. 33ff, 35ff, 37f, p. 57, p. 61, p. 63 124.
Review: Paul Faure, Revue des études grecques Vol. 15 (2002), p. 424f.
Jean Faucounau, Les Peuples de la Mer et leur Histoire, Paris 2003.
Jean Faucounau, Les Origines Grecques à l'Age de Bronze, Paris 2005.
Vladimir Georgiev, "Mycénien et homérique: Le problème du digamma" in Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, Cambridge 1966, p. 104-124.
Vladimir Georgiev, "Le traitement des sonantes voyelles indo-européennes et le problème du caractère de la langue mycénienne" in Acta Mycenaea, Salamanca 1972, p. 361-379.
Jonathan M. Hallm, Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture. University of Chicago Press, 2002, , p. 39.
George Hempl, Prehistoric Wanderings of the Hittite Greeks, in Mediterranean Studies, Vol III. Stanford University Press (1931),
Paul Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache (1896).
Pierre Lévêque, L'aventure grecque, p. 16-29.
Michael W. Ovenden, The Origin of the Constellations in The Philosophical Journal 3 (1966), p. 1-18.
A. C. D. Crommelin "The ancient Constellation Figures" in Hutchinson's Splendour of the Heavens London, 1923 Vol . II pp. 640–669.
Cornelis J. Ruijgh, in Les Civilisations égéennes, René Treuil et al. edit, (Paris 1989), p. 401-423.
Cornelis J. Ruijgh, Sur la position dialectale du Mycénien in Atti e Memorie del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Micenologia (Roma 1996) p. 115-124.
A. Thumb, E. Kieckers, Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte (1932).
Liddell, Scott, Jones, A Greek–English Lexicon, s.v. πηδάω.
National Geographic Atlas of the World (1992 ed.) p. 66.
External links
Discussion by Faucounau of the "Risch-Chadwick Theory"
Archaeoastronomy
Hypotheses
Aegean languages in the Bronze Age
Ionians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Ionians |
Community School () was a boarding school in Tehran, Iran, originally intended for the children of Presbyterian missionaries from the United States who were stationed in Iran since the 1830s. However, it soon served expatriates of all stripes raising children while in Iran. In the late 1940s, the school moved from its original location at Saint Peter Church at Qavām os-Saltaneh Street, to a new location at Kucheh Marizkhaneh (Hospital Drive) near Jaleh Street. In the summer of 1979, it was permanently shut down by the new government of the Islamic Republic after the fall of the Shah. After the revolution, the school was renamed Modarres Shahed school which is now reserved for the children of the war veterans.
The new campus had been an old Presbyterian missionary hospital during World War II where the last Queen of Iran, Farah Pahlavi Diba, was born. After the war, it was returned to the missionaries to be used as the school campus and J. Richard Irvine was hired as its headmaster in 1951. The large, tree-filled shady compound had several buildings, a small church, and walking paths.
History
The Presbyterian missionary school established itself in the early 1900s in Hamadan, Western Persia (as it was known by the West then), growing from a "home school" into a formal school. In the 1930s the school moved to Tehran due to logistical considerations, located on Qavām os-Saltaneh Street and had slightly more than 200 students. By the 1950s only a few of the students were children of missionaries as the number of Iranians and foreign students increased. It was commonly called the "American School" because students were taught primarily in English, with French and Persian as secondary languages. Classes met Monday through Thursday and on Saturdays, eventually switching to a permanent Saturday through Wednesday schedule (with Friday as the common holy day). With the exception of some of the Americans, most of the students spoke two or more languages.
The expatriate population of Persia in the early 1900s, in the reign of Ahmad Shah Qajar, was very small and consisted mainly of British people; Persia was in both the British and Russian Empire's sphere of influence during the era (the Great Game). Some of the expatriate population included Swedish officers of the early Persian Gendarmerie, and Russian officers of Cossack brigades which largely made up the Iranian military. It was from such a Cossack brigade that Reza Shah came to prominence. The American presence in Persia was small at that time and consisted largely of missionaries. The Presbyterian missionaries had a delicate relationship with the Persian government, which found it easier to appease irritation in the Islamic establishment by restricting Christian religious activities at the school.
New campus: Khiaban-e Jaleh 1935-1979
After the accession to power of Reza Shah, the influence and presence of Britain and Russia increased in Iran despite the pro-axis leanings of the Shah who refused the Allies' use of the trans-Iranian railroad. He was deposed and exiled to South Africa in favor of his son in 1941, three months after the launch of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. The American Army's Persian Gulf Command used Iran as a conduit for materiel to the Soviet Union, other routes being far more hazardous. By 1945, 150,000 assembled trucks, jeeps, aircraft, and even fire engines were transhipped from Khorramshar through Qazvin by truck and Tehran by train and then north to the Soviet Union1. In 1943, the Allies met for the Tehran Conference as a measure of its importance to the Allied war effort. During the war, the Presbyterian missionary hospital, later to become the Community School campus, was taken over for use as a military hospital. After the war, increasing United States involvement with Iran meant more Americans in Iran, and the Community School was the only school in town for their children's education.
In 1953 Headmaster Richard Irvine stated that he was going to limit the number of Americans at Community School. The school did this to preserve a balance in the cultures among the student body. A separate American School of Tehran was established shortly afterward.
President Truman's Point-Four program put a heavy strain on Community School because it brought many more American students. It also brought Iran closer to the US politically, and marked the beginning of a period of economic growth; many Iranians were stimulated to seek a western education for their children.
Growing pains
In 1967 there was some tension in the school; the school population was about half Iranian and mostly non-Christian. Although the school atmosphere was open and tolerant, the Presbyterian missionary board thought the school was straying from its charter. By this time Mr. Irvine and board member, Dr. Khodadad Farmanfarmaian had come to the view that the Community should be developed into an International school, and should take on the role of secular college preparatory school. They formed a committee to explore the possibility. The missionary board thought Mr. Irvine and Dr. Farmanfarmaian were leading the school away from its missionary charter, and emotions flared up.
The need for international schools in Iran was certainly strong and was a natural source of conflict and turmoil for the board. At that time, chapel was voluntary, but bible class was required. The missionaries were unhappy: The school had largely become a school for upper-class Iranian children. The missionary board reacted negatively to the committee promoting an International school. Over the summer of 1967, Community School headmaster Richard Irvine and Dr. Farman-Farmanian left to found the Iranzamin School, with Irvine its new headmaster. This parting of ways caused many hurt feelings, and many of the people involved bore strong grudges lasting years. Ms. Sahakian, a school icon, went to Iranzamin School; Ms. Amin, another school icon, stayed at Community School.
After the departure of Mr. Irvine, the missionary board hired Douglas Hill as the next headmaster. Given the problems of running a religious school in Iran, including government objections and interference, Mr. Hill also moved the school in the direction of a secular international school.
School spirit
Someone once called the Community School "a laboratory of democracy at work." Besides the Americans, there were students from prominent Iranian families and children from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, whose families were living temporarily in Tehran. Their parents were diplomats, exiles, military, professionals, oil industry personnel, etc. CHS represented 28 nationalities and eight religions. Christians, Jews, Moslems, and Zoroastrians blended without a problem. Above the school entrance, in Persian calligraphy, were the words from the Book of John, 8:32, "You shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free." Some students learned the United Nations pledge of allegiance to the individual countries and flags and sang the United Nations hymn, the "Song of Peace," set to music by the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius.
The school facilities on the new campus were a big improvement, but there was a downside. It was located at the end of a dead-end street in a dangerous part of the city where unrest and riots were particularly common during the late 1970s. The class of 1979 was the last and final class to hold a graduation ceremony on the main campus in June of that year, after which its doors were closed forever.
Notable alumni
Asif Ahmad CMG - British High Commissioner to Jamaica and the Bahamas, formerly as British Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines.
Bob Barr (Class of 1966) - Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia from 1995-2003
Ari Ben-Menashe - Diplomat for the United Kingdom
Peter G. Levine - Medical researcher on strokes.
Valentine Moghadam - Professor of Sociology and International Affairs, Northeastern University.
Yasmine Pahlavi - Wife of Prince Reza Pahlavi
Scott E. Parazynski - NASA astronaut
Darius Rejali - Chair of Political Science Department at Reed College
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. (1950–51) - U.S. retired General; was Allied Commander during the 1990-1991 Gulf War. Schwarzkopf's father was brought in during the early years of the Truman Point-Four program to organize the Iranian Gendarmerie (police).
References
External links
Google Maps - satellite view of school location in Tehran
csreunion.com
Yearbook 1975
Yearbook 1976
American international schools in Iran
International schools in Tehran
Presbyterian schools in Asia
Defunct schools in Iran
Presbyterianism in Iran
High schools in Iran
1979 disestablishments in Iran
Educational institutions established in the 1830s
Educational institutions disestablished in 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20School%2C%20Tehran |
Disney's Sing Me a Story with Belle is an American live-action/animated television series created by Patrick Davidson and Melissa Gould. The series features Belle from Disney's 1991 animated feature film Beauty and the Beast, who now owns and manages the bookshop in the village. She is usually greeted by children who would like to hear a story. Belle interacts with the children and narrates vintage Disney animated shorts while doing activities around the bookstore. The series premiered on September 8, 1995, on Disney Channel.
Development
According to Ken Weiner, vice president at Buena Vista Television, using vintage Disney animated shorts allows the show to present a higher quality of animation than would normally be feasible in an educational show that would meet the Federal Communications Commission's E/I standards.
By early 1995, it was said that the show would present two short films per episode (with updated music and voices), which Belle and the children would sometimes interrupt for discussion purposes or to "test cognitive abilities".
Plot
Belle (Lynsey McLeod) lives in France and owns her own book and music shop after marrying her Prince. Helping her at the bookstore are Lewis and Carroll, two magical bookworms, Harmony the Cat and Big Book, a large talking book on a book stand. The bookstore is visited by local children to whom Belle will sing songs and tell stories, usually with a moral relating to something that's happened that day. The show's format bears resemblance to Adventures in Wonderland in nature with some valuable lessons borrowed from Sesame Street like never giving up and working together.
Clips from vintage Disney cartoons would often be used to illustrate the stories, including:
Mickey's Rival
The Cookie Carnival
Goliath II
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
Music Land
Cast
Lynsey McLeod - Belle from Beauty and the Beast
Tim Goodwin - Brioche
Jacob Chase - Jacob
Kirsten Storms - Kirsten
Shawn Pyfrom - Shawn
Hampton Dixon - 'Little' Hampton
Jennifer Jesse - Jennifer
Natalie Trott - Natalie
Julie Vanlue - Julie
Kerry Anne Bradford - Kerry Anne
Chris Robles - Chris
J. J. Ward - J. J.
Lindsay Louie - Lindsay
Trevor Mann - Trevor
Holly Arnstein - Holly
Victoria Gregson - Victoria
Justin Chapman - Justin
Crysta Macalush - Crysta
Faryn Einhorn - Faryn
Corey Hayes - Corey
Thea Cabreros - Thea
Kristian Truelsen - Uncle Zack
Wolf Bauer - Gaston (1 episode, "What's Inside Counts")
Cyndi Vicino - Inez
Mary Pat Gleason - Madame Soufflé
Lindsey Alley - Miss Woohoo
Voices
Mary Kay Bergman - Fifi, Hansel & Gretel, Elf, Witch
Christine Cavanaugh - Carroll the Book Worm
Jeff Conover - Harmony the Cat
Jim Cummings - Big Book, Lewis the Book Worm
Wayne Allwine - Mickey Mouse
Tony Anselmo - Donald Duck
Bill Farmer - Goofy, Pluto, Practical Pig
Russi Taylor - Minnie Mouse
Maurice LaMarche - Mortimer Mouse, Joe Giraffe
Tress MacNeille - Lambs, Tillie Tiger
Corey Burton - Ghosts
Will Ryan - Willie the Giant
Episodes (including featured animated subjects)
Syndication
This series premiered in First-run syndication in select markets as a sneak preview on September 8, 1995. In 1996, two videos featuring two episodes each were released as part of the Disney Princess Collection: Chapters of Enchantment and Beauty and the World of Music. In 1999, two episodes from the first season were released with an episode of an abandoned Beauty and the Beast cartoon series featured in the 1998 video Belle's Magical World, and were released direct-to-video as Belle's Tales of Friendship.
Two episodes were also featured separately as an extra in both the 2011 re-release of Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, and Belle's Magical World.
References
External links
Sing Me A Story With Belle official webpage via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
Sing Me A Story With Belle clips via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine
Retrojunk section on Sing Me A Story With Belle, includes video of the opening sequence
Beauty and the Beast (franchise)
Disney Channel original programming
1990s American animated television series
1990s American children's television series
1990s American music television series
1995 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
American animated television spin-offs
American children's animated education television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American children's animated musical television series
American television series with live action and animation
American television shows featuring puppetry
English-language television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Reading and literacy television series
Television series about teenagers
Television series based on Disney films
Television series by Disney
Television shows based on fairy tales
Television shows set in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20Me%20a%20Story%20with%20Belle |
Caligata Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of Clearwater. The lake occupies a cirque below the north face of Raft Mountain. The park has no visitor facilities or services.
Access is by Spahats Creek Road off the Clearwater Valley Road (also called Wells Gray Park Road), then there is a short hike to the lake.
Cross-country hiking routes lead from Caligata Lake to the nearby Cirque of Tarns and Spahats Hill. A more rigorous hike ascends to the east ridge of Raft Mountain from where a skyline walk can go in either direction to Raft's multiple summits.
The name comes from the Latin for the hoary marmot, marmota caligata.
References
BC Parks webpage
See also
Wells Gray Provincial Park
Trophy Mountain
Spahats Falls
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Wells Gray-Clearwater
Thompson Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligata%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
The Qingtian dialect () is a dialect of the Chinese language. It is spoken in Qingtian county of Lishui prefecture in Zhejiang, China. The Qingtian dialect is one of the Chuqu dialects of Wu Chinese spoken in Quzhou and Lishui prefectures of Zhejiang.
References
External links
A Study on the Phonetics of the Qingtian Dialect
Wu Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingtian%20dialect |
TSSA may refer to:
Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
Technical Standards and Safety Authority | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSA |
Call Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, southeast of Smithers, British Columbia, in the Bulkley Valley region. The park was established in 1999, comprising approximately 60 hectares.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako
Bulkley Valley
1999 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Kåre Mikkelsen Jonsborg (11 January 1912 – 10 July 1977) was a Norwegian painter and textile artist.
Background
Kåre Jonsborg was born at Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the son of John Andreas Mikkelsen (1873-1944) and Anne Elise Ebbell (1884-1950). At five years of age, his family moved to Solør, where his father worked as an artsmith. He studied under Axel Revold, Jean Heiberg and Georg Jacobsen at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Oslo from 1933-38. From 1965 until his death in 1977, he was employed by the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts.
Career
Jonsborg debuted at the Autumn Exhibition (Høstutstillingen) in Oslo during 1935. Three years later he won the 3rd prize in the competition for decoration in Oslo City Hall.
His works span from oil, tempera, woodcutting and through to stone mosaics. He created a number of altar pieces among others in Svalbard Church and Tonsen Church in Oslo. He also created a vast production of figurative paintings and tapestry designs including at Steinkjer Church. For many years he had a fruitful partnership with textile artist Else Halling (1899-1987), aiming to find a useful range of plant dyes for dying wool from spelsau. The cooperation resulted in significant achievements including designs for monumental tapestries in Oslo City Hall (woven by Else Halling).
In his art he was dedicated to geometrical theories of how to build and compose pictures, of the art and colour theories of Piero della Francesca, Paul Cézanne, Pablo Picasso og Eugène Delacroix. All his life he studied the old masters and travelled in Europe and collected a vast documentation of the masters' composition techniques.
He was an invited participant at the international biennale, "Biennale internationale de tapisserie" in the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts in Lausanne and is discussed in the work of Pierre Verlet-Michel Florisone and Adolf Hoffmeister-Francois Tabard: Le grand livre de la tapisserie (Paris: Bibliothèque des arts, 1965).
He was awarded a number of distinctions including Schlytters og Mohrs legat (1939), Statens reisestipend (1952) and Thomas Fearnleys Minnestipend (1955). He is represented in the National Gallery in Oslo and was awarded the King's Medal of Merit
(Kongens fortjenstmedalje).
References
Other Sources
Waadeland, Ruth (2008) Kunstneren Kåre Mikkelsen Jonsborg: jakobineren fra de store skoger (Trondheim : Tapir akademisk forl)
1912 births
1977 deaths
People from Grue, Norway
20th-century Norwegian painters
Norwegian tapestry artists
Norwegian woodcarvers
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Academic staff of the Oslo National Academy of the Arts
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A5re%20Jonsborg |
E-ACT Royton and Crompton Academy is a coeducational, secondary academy school for 11- to 16-year-olds in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester, England.
History
The school was formerly called Royton and Crompton School. In this incarnation it was judged Inadequate by Ofsted in 2017. The school became an academy as part of E-ACT in 2018. As of 2019, the headteacher is Andrea Atkinson. The previous headteacher before Andrea Atkinson was Neil Hutchinson who was the head teacher from September 2016 to December 2018
References
External links
School website
Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
Educational institutions established in 1968
Academies in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ACT%20Royton%20and%20Crompton%20Academy |
Professor Dr. Ernst Décsey (13 April 1870 – 12 March 1941), was an Austrian author and music critic.
Biography
Décsey was born in Hamburg and studied law at the Vienna University. At the same time he completed professional training at the Vienna music school (Konservatorium) in piano, harmony and composition.
From 1899 on Ernst Décsey worked as music critic at the Grazer Tagespost (Graz's daily newspaper) and subsequently became its chief editor. In 1920, he was offered the position of permanent music adviser at the Neues Wiener Tagblatt (a daily newspaper) in Vienna, where he became the leading music critic of his time.
In addition to his journalistic work, Ernst Décsey also taught music history and esthetics at the Vienna music school and published a number of novels, short stories, plays, libretti and biographies. He co-authored (with Gustav Holm) a play Sissys Brautfahrt ("Sissy's bridal journey") which was later used for the libretto of the well-known operetta by Ernst and Hubert Marischka; and wrote the libretto for Erich Wolfgang Korngold's opera Die Kathrin.
His biographies of great musicians in particular earned him wide reputation throughout the music world, far beyond Austria's borders. They included Hugo Wolf – Das Leben und das Lied (Hugo Wolf – life and lied); Bruckner – Versuch eines Lebens (Bruckner – a tentative outline of his life); Claude Debussy; Debussys Werke (Debussy's works – published after his death ); Johann Strauß; Franz Lehár; and Maria Jeritza.
Décsey died 12 March 1941 in Vienna.
Works
Novels and Erzählungen
Du liebes Wien, Roman, 1911;
Zigarettenrauch, Erzählungen, 1911;
Die Insel der sieben Träume, Ein Reisebuch, 1912;
Der kleine Herzog Cupidon, Roman, 1913;
Die Theaterfritzl, Roman, 1915;
Krieg im Stein, Erzählungen, 1915;
Im Feuerkreis des Karsts, Erzählungen, 1916;
Memoiren eines Pechvogels, Erzählungen, 1917;
Die Stadt am Strom, Roman, 1918?;
Das Theater unserer lieben Frau, Roman, 1927;
Die Spieldose, Musikeranekdoten, 1928;
Biographies
Hugo Wolf - Das Leben und das Lied, 1906;
Peter Rosegger, 1913?;
Bruckner - Versuch eines Lebens, 1920;
Johann Strauß, 1922;
Franz Lehár, 1924;
Maria Jeritza, 1931;
Claude Debussy, 1936;
Debussys Werke (Nachlass), 1948;
Plays and Librettos
Der Musikant Gottes (Co-Author: Victor Léon), Theaterstück, 1924;
Sissys Brautfahrt (Co-Author: Gustav Holm), Lustspiel, 1931 (1932 adapted into Fritz Kreisler's operetta , 1936 film The King Steps Out by Josef von Sternberg);
Die Kathrin, Libretto zur gleichnamigen Oper von Erich Wolfgang Korngold, 1937;
Die Dame im Traum, (Co-Author: Gustav Holm), Libretto zur gleichnamigen Oper von Franz Salmhofer, 1935.
External links
1870 births
1941 deaths
Austrian music critics
Austrian male writers
Writers from Vienna
Writers from Austria-Hungary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20D%C3%A9csey |
Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area, usually known as Cathedral Provincial Park and also as Cathedral Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located east of E.C. Manning Provincial Park, south of BC Highway 3, and southeast of the town of Princeton, and southwest of Keremeos. Its southern boundary is the border with the United States. Much of the park is the basin of the Ashnola River. Cathedral Park is home to teal sub-alpine lakes, vast ridges and jarred peaks, old-growth forests, and rock formations of siltstone, granodiorite, and basalt. Hikers can scramble along various peaks such as the 8000-foot Grimface Mountain and Lakeview Mountain. Tourists flock to Smokey the Bear and Stone City because of their unique formations with incredible views formed by millennia of erosion, volcanic and tectonic activity, and glacial recession.
The park has a mixed history of use from Indigenous Peoples and a variety of endemic species, as well as resource extraction, including forestry and recreational use such as hiking, camping, and fishing. Today the park primarily serves the purpose of facilitating recreation as a "Class A" provincial park. Climate change poses a threat to the park due to recent wildfires. The future of the park depends on the management of these issues and more.
History
The park gets its name from Cathedral Mountain, near the international border. The peak was named in 1901 by Carl and George Smith on a United States Geological Survey expedition, who are believed to be the first to have ascended the summit. The original area of Cathedral Provincial Park was established on May 2, 1968, with an area of 7,372 hectares (18,216 acres). This park ran in a narrow north–south corridor along Lakeview Creek from the Ashnola River in the North to the international boundary. The park included the Cathedral Lakes area. After a lengthy consultation process with local interest groups, industry, and researchers, the park was expanded to have boundaries that roughly matched natural boundaries. This expanded the park to an area of roughly 33,000 hectares (82,000 acres), with the Ashnola River forming the Western and Northern boundaries of the park and Ewart Creek forming the Eastern boundary, with certain exceptions for existing mineral claims. On April 18, 2001, the contiguous conservation area protected was expanded with the establishment of the 25,889 hectares (63,970 acres) Snowy Protected Area.
Cultural history
Cathedral Provincial Park is rich with culture and heritage from both European and Indigenous peoples. The park lies on the traditional homeland of the Nlaka'pamux and Syilx, now colonially known as the Okanagan. Prior to settlement, the Syilx peoples moved nomadically, following the natural migrations and different land uses of the earth throughout seasons. This brought Indigenous peoples through the lands of Cathedral Park for the rich hunting and foraging of the area, a transient lifestyle shared by all First Nations in the area. The park was established by Europeans in the late 1960s, but evidence from the Ministry of Forests reveals horseback trails dating back to the 1930s. The Ministry of Forests also discusses early settlement and tourism, and the development of cabins and 4x4 roads throughout the park. These were followed by the first lodge in 1970.
Resource extractions
Before its designation as a protected area, Cathedral Provincial Park and its surroundings were exposed to resource extraction activities. As in many other regions, timber harvesting, in particular, played a significant role in the local economy. Several logging companies operated within the area, impacting the forest ecosystems. This caused habitat disruption, fragmentation, soil erosion, and changes in hydrology. The historic resource extraction and its ecological consequences presumably influenced the decision to protect Cathedral Provincial Park, aiming to preserve its natural beauty from further degradation.
Since the park's establishment in 1968, recreation use and development have evolved in line with the original intent to maintain the Park’s natural qualities for public enjoyment and recreation. In 1975, an Interim Policy Statement was prepared to provide guidelines for the development and management of the Park. Several management concerns or issues were identified in this Policy Statement, remaining and revolving around fundamental problems of balancing park development and use while maintaining the Parks resource values and wilderness atmosphere and minimizing friction between potentially conflicting recreation interests.
Recreation
The park is home to front-country vehicle-accessible camping as well as back-country camping. There are multiple day-use areas in the park. Accommodation is provided within the park at the Cathedral Lakes Lodge. There are no public roads within the park itself. The park is connected to E. C. Manning Provincial Park by the Centennial Trail from Osoyoos to Simon Fraser University. Though it has not been maintained recently and no longer appears on maps of Manning Park.
Endemic species
Sonora skipper
The Sonora skipper is a butterfly with a tiny wingspan of 25–30 mm. It is light brown in color and has spots on its tail. The Sonora Skipper typically resides in moist, mesic grassy meadows as its preferred habitat. However, the area in which they live can also include, forest openings, clear-cuts and logged areas, and roadside areas These habitats are located in a small section of the Okanogan area in British Columbia, which is only about 2092 km², but still includes Cathedral Lakes Provincial Park. The population that was recorded in this area was tiny. In the Ashnola River area which includes Cathedral Lakes Provincial Park only 51 individuals were observed during the time of 1906 to 2012. There were just 2 Sonora Skippers counted in the entire 2012 year in the Ashnola River area. The Sonora Skipper has many threats in the wild. The threats can be natural such as fire and flooding and unnatural causes such as destruction of habitat or invasive species introduction. All of these things contribute to the low population in the Cathedral Provincial Park area. Sonora skippers are not classified as endangered or threatened globally. Sonora skippers don't have any major human threats, just removal from habitat caused by logging.
Mountain goats
Mountain goats are a species that like to live in high alpine areas, capable of climbing vertical rocks. Which is ideal because Cathedral Park is very mountainous. Mountain Goats can be found all across the world in strong, healthy populations, however, they have a strong chance of expiration in British Columbia. In Southern British Columbia near where Cathedral Provincial Park is located, the population is the most at risk because, they have a tiny population size. In 2006 a study was done where Mountain Goat populations were estimated at, 200 - 300 individuals in the whole Okanagan area. Not just in Cathedral Provincial Park. Mountain goats have numerous threats which include, historical over harvest, climate change causing reduced habitat, and negative impacts from recreation. In Cathedral Provincial Park they are of special concern because of the large amounts of people in the area, leading to human-goat conflict. The population around the Cathedral Provincial Park area is not well understood because, for a couple of decades, data collection has not happened. However, the population is estimated to be around, 24 - 28 goats. There are a few reasons for the low populations however, human interactions and helicopters are a couple of the main ones. The reason for all the human and goat interactions is that goats can become aggressive and charge people at the park over salt resources. Salt is vital to, goat ecology, and goats will usually ingest sodium from mineral lick sites. In Cathedral Provincial Park, goats have been spotted looking for salt near the campgrounds, which is often where humans are present. In the Park, goats force visitors to move around them by standing their ground. The conflicts that come with these interactions have caused, death or injury to humans and or wildlife. Helicopters also bring many issues to the goat population. Helicopters regularly fly over Cathedral Provincial Park mainly in the months for helicopter training which is the spring and winter time. Whenever helicopters fly over the park goats do not behave well to the flying which causes a loud disturbance. The behavior that occurs when a helicopter is nearby may include, increased movements or a shift from the habitat in which they prefer to live in. In other words with the consistent flying of helicopters above the park, many mountain goats may have been displaced from their habitat which is why the population is so low in the area. Mountain Goats are also not classified as endangered or threatened globally. Mountain goats have a small effect on the mountainous landscape where they live. Mountain goats can destroy small plants such as flowers and shrubs as they walk and when they eat. Mountain goats eat mountain mahogany, shrubs, conifers, sedges, rushes, mosses, lichens, and grasses.
Fauna
Other animals that can be found in the park that are not at risk include California Bighorn sheep, mule deer, porcupines, and Columbia ground squirrels. California Bighorn sheep have a compact body that is muscular, with brown fur with white on the muzzle and belly. The average weight of these animals is about 160 to 250 pounds. In order to stay alive from predators, bighorn sheep have abilities to climb the vertical rocks akin to mountain goats. Bighorn sheep live in the western mountainous regions of North America. However, bighorn sheep no longer live in many areas of the Okanagan because their habitat has been lost over time.
Flora
Some plants that are commonly found in Cathedral Provincial Park include Douglas firs and Black Cottonwood trees. Douglas firs are evergreen trees. There are two varieties of this species, coast Douglas fir and Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, which are differentiated by their habitats and physical characteristics. Rocky Mountain Douglas firs are the inland trees that live in Cathedral Provincial Park. They are much more tolerant of cold than the coastal Douglas fir, which is suited to moist, mild climates on the west coast. The population of these trees is in good numbers.
Black cottonwood is a medium- to large-sized broad-leaved tree. Many kinds of wildlife use the foliage, twigs, and buds for food. The wood is light and soft and it can be used for lumber and pulp. Cottonwoods live in cool and wet climates such as Cathedral Provincial Park.
Climate change and ecological impacts
Cathedral Park is a unique environment in British Columbia as it is a part of the Okanagan Range, in a distinct section of the Cascade Mountains. The Okanagan Range consists of a uniquely dry climate and a particular geological makeup. The park contains four bio-geoclimatic zones: interior mountain-heather alpine, Engelmann, Interior Douglas-fir, and Spruce-Subalpine Fir.
Cathedral Provincial Park, like many natural areas worldwide, faces the challenges of climate change. While specific predictions for this park may vary, some general trends associated with climate change include temperature increase, altered precipitation patterns, heightened wildfire risks, changes in snowpack and glacier melt, and shifts in the timing of biological events for plants and wildfire. Park management authorities and conservation organizations are likely actively monitoring and responding to these changes to ensure the long-term health of the park's ecosystem. Forest fires have played a key role in creating a diverse mosaic of vegetation over the park's landscape. In contrast, forest health issues have also affected ecosystem dynamics with significant tree die-offs in specific proportions of the park.
Park goals
The primary goal driving the creation of Cathedral Provincial Park was that of the preservation of the natural environment for the public’s use for recreation of the Cathedral Lakes and the Ashnola River drainage. The original park boundaries were focused on the lakes and nearby mountain peaks. Maintaining the park’s focus on being a pristine, natural, and accessible recreational area has been the driving force in managing the park’s uses since its inception. The three aspects of the park that managers sought to enhance were the natural environment, like maintaining access to the whole public rather than just outdoor specialists; intensive use, including making it accessible to activities like fishing and camping; and wilderness for more involved outdoor activities like backpacking that are completely isolated.
Today Cathedral Provincial Park exists as a "Class A" provincial park that garners the highest protection available to a provincial park under Bill 174, the same as when it was officially declared a provincial park in 1968. These protections include only allowing new resource extraction in the park without approval by the Minister of Environment and Climate Change that would ultimately leave the recreational use of the park unchanged.
Future
Cathedral Provincial Park has not had a new master plan since 1989, although a new master plan is being worked on that aims to be completed and approved by the end of 2023. Issues that are present include, modifying recreational facilities to have less of an impact on the surrounding environment, increasing capacity, reduction in wildfire risk, First Nations collaboration, and human impact on the local wildlife. While resource development has been allowed in the past and the use of the area has an impact on the local ecology, the natural beauty of the overall park persists.
References
External links
BC Parks Web page
A day hike along the ridge over Glacier Lake
BCGNIS listing "Cathedral Park"
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Similkameen Country
Canadian Cascades
2001 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area |
Catala Island Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canaded on the west coast of Vancouver Island at the mouth of Esperanza Inlet, between Kyuquot Sound (N) and Nootka Sound (S). The park is 955 ha. in size and was established in July 1995.
Name origin
Catala Island, which is one of the islands comprising the park, was originally named Isla de Catala on a chart made in 1792 by Spanish explorer Dionisio Galiano. Galiano named it for Magin Catalá, a Franciscan who was serving as chaplain at the Spanish garrison at Nootka Sound at the time. Catala, who returned to California in 1794, was born in 1761 in Catalonia (Spain), and had arrived in Mexico in 1786. Serving 44 years as a missionary on the Spanish-American coast, he died in Santa Clara, California in 1830.
References
External links
BC Parks webpage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Nootka Sound region
Islands of British Columbia
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catala%20Island%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Castle Rock Hoodoos Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Located on the Deadman Plateau northwest of Kamloops, the park was originally named Deadman Hoodoos Provincial Park and was created on July 23, 1997 and was 34 hectares in size. The park was reduced in size to 16 hectares on April 11, 2001, and renamed at the same time.
References
BCGNIS entry
BC Parks website entry
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1997 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Rock%20Hoodoos%20Provincial%20Park |
Carp Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 2 hours northwest of Prince George between the Muskeg and McLeod Rivers, to the southwest of the community of McLeod Lake, which is 32 km from the park's campground.
External links
BC Parks webpage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Interior of British Columbia
Lakes of British Columbia
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Cariboo Land District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
The Naples Metro () is a rapid transit system serving the city of Naples, Campania, Italy and some parts of the adjacent comuni of its metropolitan area through Line 11. The system comprises four underground rapid transit lines (Line 1, Line 2, Line 6, Line 11, with Line 10 being under construction).
It is the third largest underground network in Italy, preceded by that of Milan and that of Rome.
It is the oldest subway in Italy since Line 2, the first line built, was opened to the public in 1925.
History
In 1911, construction on the urban section of the Rome–Formia–Naples railway, the Villa Literno–Napoli Gianturco railway was commenced, and although it was suspended for the duration of World War I, the line was eventually opened on 28 September 1925 as an urban railway service line, the first in Italy. This service is now known as Line 2.
After World War II, the existing Circumvesuviana railway was upgraded to a modern commuter rail, and also the Cumana railway became relevant for the commuter transport. In 1962, the Circumflegrea railway was opened.
Construction of the first underground metro railway (Line 1) began in 1976, and the first part opened on 28 March 1993. Initially called the Metropolitana Collinare ("Hills metro") it ran for between Colli Aminei and Vanvitelli. Two years later, in 1995, the line was extended to reach Piscinola giving an overall track length of .
Although progress had been made from the early setbacks and problems, it was still apparent by 1997 that the network suffered badly from the lack of network integration and poor connections, as well as the fact that large areas of Naples were not close to stations. In 1997, the city government drew up a new Piano Comunale dei Trasporti di Napoli (City Transport Plan) which called for a review of the network, improved controls over maintenance expenditure and general finances, a new tariff control system and better management of the urban rail network of Naples.
The transport plan called for a three phase major redevelopment. Phase 1 would involve an expansion to a total of five lines, including major redevelopment of Line 1, and take the network up to of track ( of existing lines), with 68 stations (23 newly built), and 12 interchange nodes, to be completed by 2001. Phase 2 was designed to increase the network to 7 lines, with 84 stations, and 16 interchange nodes, plus 10 bus interchanges, to be completed by 2007. Phase 3 would see the network expanded to 10 rail lines with of track, and a further of new light rail (tram lines) linking 114 stations, with 21 interchanges, and 24 bus interchanges to be completed by 2011. The plan called for 70% of Neapolitans to be living within 500 metres of a transport access point by 2011.
In conjunction with the regional government of Campania, the comune government of Naples incorporated a new fully state-controlled joint-stock corporation called Metronapoli, which was 99% controlled by the comune and 1% controlled by ANM (Azienda Napoletana Mobilità), with a mission statement of: "providing an efficient public rail transport service of quality to the city".
In 2000, a new line, Line 9, was proposed. Intended to connect the National Archaeological Museum via the Museo di Capodimonte, providing an alternative route to part of Line 1, the project was abandoned.
Metronapoli took over responsibility for running the urban rail transport network of Naples as part of a planned massive re-invigoration of public transport in the Campania region, on 1 February 2001. The regional government announced a rivoluzione del ferro (rail revolution) which involved a planned expansion of the region's network at a cost of €3.8 billion, and would see the construction of of new tracks and 80 new stations for a total of 423 stations on the network within Campania.
On 14 April 2001, service on Line 1 was extended from Vanvitelli to Museum (Museo) station.
In 2005, The Naples-Aversa Metro line opened between Piscinola and Mugnano.
On 3 December 2005, the CIPE (Interdepartmental Committee for Economic Planning) announced over €600 million worth of funding to be spent the Metropolitana di Napoli network. €323 million was allocated for Montesanto station (Cumana and Circumflegrea), €61.1 million for Quattro Giornate station (Line 1 and Circumflegrea), with both projects to be completed by 2010, as well as €119.7 million to be spent to improve the section of Line 1 between Capodichino and Centro Direzionale and €100 million for the San Pasquale–Municipio section.
From 23 December 2006 to 20 February 2007, a special exhibition of models and multimedia presentations was held at Castel dell'Ovo to showcase all of the planned improvements to the Metropolitana di Napoli network, and was extremely well received by Neapolitans.
Line 6, which is categorized as a "light metro" line, opened in February 2007, running on of route and serving 4 stations.
In 2009, the Naples-Aversa Metro extended to Aversa Centro.
On 28 March 2011, Line 1 was extended from Museo station to Università.
On 17 September 2012, the Toledo station between Dante and Università opened on Line 1.
On 31 December 2013, Line 1 was extended to Garibaldi right next to the central train station.
On 2 June 2015, the station Municipio (Town Hall) was opened between Università and Toledo on Line 1.
In August 2021, Duomo Station began operating, its steel and glass dome delayed by subterranean archeological discoveries and related funding and construction pressures.
Operator
Azienda Napoletana Mobilità is currently responsible for the transport services and maintenance of Line 1, Line 6, pedestrian subways, and the funicular railways (Chiaia, Mergellina and Montesanto).
Trenitalia is currently responsible for the transport services and maintenance of Line 2 and pedestrian subways.
Ente Autonomo Volturno is currently responsible for the transport services and maintenance of Line 11 and pedestrian subways.
Network
The Naples Metro currently operates on four lines.
Future expansion
Extension work is underway on Line 1 between Garibaldi and Capodichino (Naples International Airport). By 2024, Line 1 will become a circular line of .
On Line 2, the Galileo Ferraris Station is under construction and should open in 2024.
On Line 11, extension work is underway after Aversa Centro station.
Line 6 has been closed since 2013 in order for the extension work to take place. The current plan is to open the 4-station extension in June 2024.
In July 2020, a new , 13 station metro line was announced; Line 10, linking Naples city centre to the Napoli Afragola railway station (which opened in 2017) via the adjacent city of Afragola. Construction on this line could begin as soon as 2021, and is expected to generate 150,000 daily passengers, or 43 million annually.
Rolling stock
Line 1: CAF Inneo, AnsaldoBreda Metronapoli M1 (in dismissal)
Line 2: ETR 425 "Jazz", ETR 104 "Pop".
Line 6: T67
Line 11: ACOTRAL MA 100, CAF Inneo (, not yet in operation).
Travelling
Fares
Unico Campania is the integrated fare that allows to travel on all means of transport of Consortium companies in Naples. There are different kinds of tickets and passes:single run, hourly, daily or weekend daily ticket, monthly or annual pass. The hourly ticket is Valid for 90 minutes from the first validation, while the daily ticket is valid from 00.00 to midnight of the day of validation. The owner must fill in the appropriate blanks with their name and date of birth, and must show an ID when requested.
Operations
Trains operate from 6:00 to 23:00 every day of the year. Headways on Line 1 are generally between 10–14 minutes, but reach a maximum of 8 minutes during weekday peak hours. Commercial speeds on Line 1 are .
, line 6 is closed to the public.
Artwork
Line 1 has been renamed "Metrò dell'Arte" (The Art Metro) reflecting the fact that eight stations have been upgraded to exhibit works of art. These include both permanent exhibits and the provision for temporary displays. It is intended that this theme will continue as more of the planned stations on Line 1 are opened.
Museo station (Stazione Museo) also displays archaeological remains and exhibits that were unearthed during the construction of the station, while others have been transferred to the Naples National Archaeological Museum above the station, from which it is named.
Another initiative recently started on the Metropolitana di Napoli was to provide free books for riders on the network.
See also
List of Naples Metro stations
Circumvesuviana
Circumflegrea railway
Cumana railway
Naples–Aversa railway
Trams in Naples
List of metro systems
Lists of rapid transit systems
Notes
References
External links
Metropolitana di Napoli – Official Website
1925 establishments in Italy
Railway lines opened in 1925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples%20Metro |
Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park, originally Carmanah Pacific Provincial Park, is a remote wilderness park located inside traditional Ditidaht First Nation (also spelled diiɁdiitidq) ancestral territory. The park covers a land area of immediately adjacent to Pacific Rim National Park Reserve's West Coast Trail on the south-western, coastal terrain of Vancouver Island. The provincial park comprises the entire drainage of Carmanah Creek (northwest of the mouth of the creek hosted the kwaabaaduw7aa7tx village, a "local group" whose alliance makes up one branch of the Ditidaht Nation), and a good portion of the lower Walbran River drainage, both of which independently empty into the Pacific Ocean. The park is named after the Anglicized diitiid?aatx word kwaabaaduw7aa7tx, or Carmanah, meaning "thus far upstream" and John Thomas Walbran, a colonial explorer and ship's captain. Access to the park is by gravel logging road from Port Alberni, Lake Cowichan, or Port Renfrew.
The Carmanah Walbran protects extensive tracts of luxuriant Pacific temperate rainforest, and is famous for its ancient old growth, which includes giant western redcedar, coast Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and towering groves of Sitka spruce that grow along the productive riverside flats. Some of the western redcedar in the area are well over 1,000 years old, and Canada's tallest tree, a Sitka spruce named the Carmanah Giant, measured at , estimated to be around 400 years old, lives along the lower reaches of Carmanah Creek. However, trails to the Carmanah Giant and many other portions of the park are currently inaccessible due to the neglect and disrepair of the park's boardwalk trail system—trail access via the boardwalk is essential in preserving the area's delicate ecosystem. Although BC Parks received a funding increase in 2012 for the first time in over ten years, BC's provincial government has repeatedly cut funding to the BC Parks' budget, the result of which is BC Parks' inability to staff a sufficient number of Park Rangers to maintain the network of trails and keep the park safe from cedar poachers and illegal logging.
Hiking trails were initially developed in the area by Randy Stoltmann and members of the Western Canada Wilderness Committee (what the Wilderness Committee was referred to at the time) in the late 1980s. The trails were built before the Carmanah Valley was protected in an effort to draw attention to the spectacular old-growth forest and the precariousness of its existence in the face of Vancouver-based logging company, MacMillan Bloedel (now subsumed by Washington-based logging company Weyerhauser).
Current
As of 2014, the extensive trail network woven throughout both the Carmanah and Walbran portions of the park has fallen into disrepair, which makes hiking through neglected areas dangerous for visitors and for the delicate natural balance of the park's ecological systems. The wooden boardwalks have completely collapsed in some segments of the trail and are succumbing to rot in others. Whole portions of the trails are inaccessible due to the ecosystem's dwindling ecological integrity; both the protected reserve and non-protected adjacent areas are affected by industrial resource extraction projects such as clearcutting. When ecological integrity is compromised, symptomatic indicators of ecological instability, such as soil erosion, tree blow-downs and flash floods, occur. While the provincial park website warns of the lack of trail maintenance, and states that trail maintenance is "ongoing", there is no indication of trail improvement.
The rugged road into the main entrance of the remote park is currently being boxed in due to the rapid growth of alder trees that effectively narrow the single dirt lane from either side. The roads into the park are active dirt and gravel logging roads. The constant traffic of fast-moving, heavy machinery disrupts the uneven road-bed, which then becomes laden with sharp rocks, potholes and washboard ripples; spare tires are a must when travelling to the park. Access to the Upper Walbran is perhaps even more dangerous due to active logging in the unprotected portions of the Walbran, near places like the Walbran's Castle Grove, however, the park may still be reached on back roads from Port Alberni, Lake Cowichan, or Port Renfrew.
History
According to Western Canada Wilderness Committee records, the spectacular old growth Sitka grove was spotted by Randy Stoltmann and a friend in the early 1980s. In 1985, Stoltmann wrote an article titled "Canadian Landmarks: Protection for our largest, tallest and oldest trees", that coincided with the centennial celebration of the establishment of Banff National Park, the first Canadian national park, located in Banff, Alberta. The Western Canada Wilderness Committee Educational Report is the first public record of a call to protect the old growth forests within the Carmanah Valley from encroaching logging companies, such as the aforementioned Macmillan Bloedel. Protests and civil disobedience led by First Nations kwaabaaduw7aa7tx hereditary chief, Peter Knighton, and conservationists like Randy Stoltmann and members of the WCWC began in 1988 in response to, among many things, logging company fellers working "accidentally" inside the riparian zone in order to illegally harvest the valuable giants: the civil disobedience extended well into the early 1990s. The protests worked to garner public support and fought to gain provincial funding that would enable the area to become a park and thus be protected against the long lasting and detrimental effects of deforestation. Protesters chained themselves to some of the great Sitka spruce while camped out in portaledges at heights of over 50 metres. In response to the success of the land defender's and activist's civil disobedience and the public support of the ongoing protests of the early 1990s, the province conceded, bought the tree farm licences off of MacMillan Bloedel (note: the provincial government paid MacMillan Bloedel $83.75 million for their lost tree farm licences in the Carmanah Walbran, including the interest "that has accumulated since the parks were created in 1991 and 1995. That amount was fixed as of January 1, 1999 and interest will accumulate on the principal until such time as it is paid in full.") and created Carmanah Pacific Provincial Park in 1990. The remainder of the Carmanah Valley and the lower part of the area drained by Walbran River were added in 1995 to form the current park.
Ecology
This area lies within the coastal western hemlock (CWH) biogeoclimatic zone. Biogeoclimatic zones can be further divided into subzones, of which this park contains three. Immediately adjacent to the ocean lies the CWH Southern Very Wet Hypermaritime subzone, which is intimately shaped by the forces of the sea. This subzone is often referred to as the "spruce fringe forest" and is characterized by the dominance of sitka spruce, which is specially adapted to withstand the magnesium salts of sea spray. Other characteristic species include leatherleaf polypody fern and evergreen huckleberry.
Just inland is the CWH Submontane Very Wet Maritime subzone, which comprises the majority of the area of Carmanah Walbran park. The dominant coniferous trees here are western hemlock, coast Douglas-fir, western redcedar, and Sitka spruce. The year-round mild and humid climate produces ideal conditions for the development of extensive epiphyte communities in the forest canopy.
The forest contains twice the biomass of tropical rainforests. Marbled murrelet nests have been found in the area.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of protected areas of British Columbia
References
External links
Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park (Official BC Ministry of Environment page)
How Carmanah Valley was protected (Western Canada Wilderness Committee Historic Campaign)
Economic Benefits of British Columbia's Provincial Parks
Conservation of Ecological Integrity in B.C. Parks and Protected Areas
Provincial parks of British Columbia
West Coast of Vancouver Island
1990 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmanah%20Walbran%20Provincial%20Park |
Cariboo River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located between Barkerville and Likely in the upper Cariboo River basin.
Located between Kimball Lake and Cariboo Lake, the park was established in 1995, comprising 3212 hectares. Its boundaries were revised in 2010, the total area now being 3211 hectares.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Cariboo Mountains
Geography of the Cariboo
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of Likely. Comprising 113,469 ha., the park is located in the Cariboo Mountains between Bowron Lakes Provincial Park (NW) and Wells Gray Provincial Park (SE).
The park was established as Mitchell Lake/Niagara Park in 1995. Its name as changed to Cariboo Mountains Park in 2000.
References
BC Parks webpage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Cariboo Mountains
Geography of the Cariboo
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariboo%20Mountains%20Provincial%20Park |
Cape Scott Provincial Park extends from Shushartie in the east, then westward around Cape Scott and south to San Josef Bay. This coastline comprises the northern tip of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The provincial park is about northwest of Victoria.
First Nations & explorers
In 1786, the cape was named in honour of David Scott, a merchant of Mumbai (Bombay), who had backed James Strange's maritime fur trade voyage to the Pacific Northwest Coast.
The Yutlinuk occupied the Scott Islands until the early 1800s. Remnants mixed with the Nakomgilisala, who traditionally inhabited the Cape Scott area with the Tlatlasikwala. Through amalgamations and relocations, they are known collectively as the Kwakwaka'wakw. Three First Nations reserves are adjacent to the park, including the former village of Nahwitti.
Southeast of the cape is the sand neck between Experiment Bight and Guise Bay. Interpretive signs provide First Nations names and their significance. The bight name meant "whale between on beach," and the neck was "against each other." The terms for the cape were "trail on the surface," "foam place, "sea monster," and "swell on beach." To avoid the turbulent cape waters, the Kwakwaka'wakw would manually haul their canoes across the sandy neck.
Lighthouse & radar installation
Former communities
Promoted to be an idyllic settlement, a Danish-Canadian community was established about east of the cape at the head of Hansen Lagoon in 1897. Supplies were landed about farther east at Fisherman's Bay/Cove, Nissen Bight. The trail linking the lagoon and the bay was upgraded to a wagon road. At the bay, Nels C. Nelson ran the co-op general store, and was the inaugural postmaster 1899–1909. A community hall and newspaper also served the population of about 90. The tidal flats at the lagoon were reclaimed with dykes. Smashed by storms on completion, the dykes were rebuilt.
Unsuitable boats limited worthwhile fishing. Excessive trapping, and cougars moving into the area, eliminated the plentiful game. The big cats also attacked domestic cattle. The community sloop Floyberg, which carried marketable produce to Shushartie and returned with supplies, was shipwrecked in 1899. From 1895, Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service (CP) (formerly Canadian Navigation) ran a monthly service to Cape Scott, which by 1898, included a Quatsino port of call. Based on typical sea conditions, freight and passengers probably disembarked onto rowboats at the final destination, located somewhere near the cape. This arrangement likely precluded the loading of significant freight for the return journey. In 1909, the cape leg of this service ceased.
The government reneged on its promise to build a road from Quatsino Sound. That decision shattered the opportunity to ship out farming produce, eliminating the ongoing viability of the settlement. By 1909, the harsh environment had dwindled the population, leaving only two residents. New waves of Danish immigrants mainly settled about south along the San Josef Valley, at San Josef Bay or at Sea Otter Cove, immediately north. This valley is largely outside today's park. From 1910, the nearest significant transportation link was the CP ferry service to Holberg, a destination for cattle drives. During the following decade, a private launch made a weekly Shushartie–Fisherman's Bay freight run, but capacity was limited.
A number of new arrivals settled at the original location, but from 1914, World War I enlistments decimated all communities. The installation of government telephone lines along the trails connecting Holberg to Cape Scott, San Josef Bay, Sea Otter Cove and Shushartie, was completed in 1915.
Within and adjacent to the park boundaries are privately owned lots. This includes the river mouth property at the former settlement of Strandby about northeast of the cape. About farther northeast is a First Nations reserve at the former village of Nahwitti, on Cape Sutil. During the early 1900s, the small launch making the Shushartie–Fisherman's Bay mail run included stops at Nahwitti and Strandby. By 1921, only one elderly bachelor remained at the former, and a married couple at the latter.
At Fisherman's Bay, Theodore Frederiksen was one of the first settlers, and one of the last to leave, when the government acquired his property for the radar station in 1942. His wife had died young, and his two sons had drowned at sea. At the head of the lagoon, Alfred Spencer was the final resident. During the trolling season, he supplied fishermen from a general store within his cabin. Flowers, vegetables, fruit trees, and meadows surrounded the keen gardener's residence. He was the final postmaster 1923–1942, leaving in the mid-1950s. By the 1960s, San Josef Bay was equally abandoned.
Collapsed buildings, rusty farming implements, neglected wells, random fenceposts, and some gravesite monuments, are all that remain of those earlier attempts to settle this unforgiving environment.
Shipwrecks
1860: Brig Consort was wrecked at San Josef Bay.
1892: Schooner Maggie Mac broke up and traces were found in a small cove south of Cape Scott.
1896: Sealing schooner Wanderer broke up on rocks near San Josef Bay.
1908: Auxiliary schooner Clara C engine explosion led to wreck off Cape Scott.
1910: Freighter St. Denis, which broke up at sea with the loss of 22 lives, produced debris that washed ashore at Cape Scott.
1942: The tow barge "Fibreboard" was wrecked 15 N.M. off Cape Scott.
1943: Freighter Northholm sank in a gale approximately one-mile northwest off Cape Scott.
1946: Freighter Pelican I was sunk as a breakwater at Fisherman's Bay. Three months later, wind and waves drove it ashore, where it disintegrated over the years.
Park profile
The park was established in 1973 with about , and later expanded to approximately .
However, the purchase of private land began earlier. In 1969, a controversial deal was the acquisition of
, assessed at $300,000, in exchange for $10 million worth of logging rights elsewhere. Most of the park is in the Nahwitti Lowland, which is a subunit of the Hecate Depression, and a part of the Coastal Trough.
The park is known for its old growth forest and sandy beaches. The terrain is rugged, and the area experiences heavy rain and violent storms. The park's highest point is Mt. St. Patrick, above sea level. The park's largest lake is Eric Lake, at .
In 2010, 14 separate private pieces of land, which encompassed about , existed within the park. In 2020, the government acquired for the park.
Access to the eastern boundary is by boat or floatplane. During the summertime, a water taxi service operates from Port Hardy. Access to the western end is via the Port Hardy–Holberg–San Josef Bay forest service roads.
Park facilities
The 11 Cape Scott core area trails measure each way and are rated as easy/moderate in difficulty. The North Coast Trail, an extension of the Cape Scott Trail and a portion of the Vancouver Island Trail, comprises very difficult sections in the east. Water sources are far apart in places. Campsites have pit toilets and often metal food caches and tent platforms. The increasing popularity of the park has generated littering concerns.
A boat launch exists at San Josef Bay.
Climate
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
Ronning Gardens
Cape Scott (Antarctica)
Footnotes
References
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Northern Vancouver Island
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Danish Canadian settlements
Ghost towns in British Columbia
Headlands of British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Scott%20Provincial%20Park |
Many of the Vietnamese people in Hong Kong immigrated as a result of the Vietnam War and persecution since the mid-1970s.
Backed by a humanitarian policy of the Hong Kong Government, and under the auspices of the United Nations, some Vietnamese were permitted to settle in Hong Kong.
The illegal entry of Vietnamese refugees was a problem which the Government of Hong Kong faced for 25 years. The problem was only resolved in 2000. Between 1975 and 1999, 143,700 Vietnamese refugees were resettled in other countries and more than 67,000 Vietnamese migrants were repatriated.
The Vietnamese community in Hong Kong today falls into two major categories: those who came as refugees and ended up staying and integrating into the local community, and those who have arrived in Hong Kong via a third country due to either their work or personal circumstances. This second group, although small, is a growing community. Many of the Vietnamese living in Hong Kong have Chinese ancestry, making integration easier.
Vietnam War and refugee migration
1970s – from a trickle to a flood
After the Vietnam War ended in April 1975 with the Fall of Saigon, North Vietnam reunited the northern and southern halves of the country, many people began to flee out of fear of the new Communist Government. Many refugees headed by boat to nearby countries, initially Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong.
Hong Kong received its first wave of Vietnamese refugees on 4 May 1975. A 3,743-strong refugee group was found arriving on board the Danish freighter Clara Mærsk and were accepted as refugees. Although the Hong Kong Government declared them "illegal immigrants", this arrival marked the start of a wave of refugee migrations to Hong Kong. Initially, Western governments shirked responsibility for resettling any refugees. In 1976, the Hong Kong Government applied to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) for material aid and faster processing of resettlement requests. One year later, this first group of refugees, who had been under the responsibility of the Civil Aid Service, were entirely resettled in the United States, France, Germany, Australia, and Hong Kong.
In 1979, in response to China's attempted invasion of Vietnam, the Vietnamese Government began repressing ethnic Chinese in Vietnam causing many to seek refugee status in Hong Kong. Hong Kong declared itself the "port of first asylum". Soon, the Thai government stopped accepting refugees. Singapore and Malaysia did not allow the refugees to land, effectively turning the refugees away. Hong Kong, with the status of "safe haven", soon became the leading destination. The BBC World Service spurred the choice by making known Hong Kong's 3-month grace period in which to make resettlement applications to a third country. Hong Kong was also known for its liberal policy of allowing landed refugees the right to work. It was the peak year of arrivals, when more than 68,700 people arrived in Hong Kong.
1980s – stemming the tide
The tide of refugees continued to flow, and in 1980, more than 100,000 Vietnamese sought refugee rights in Hong Kong. At this time, these migrants usually succeeded in gaining refugee status, and were eventually accepted by Western countries.
To deter the influx of refugees, new arrivals from Vietnam were interned in "closed camps" from July 1982 as possibilities for resettlement to third countries dwindled. These camps were criticised for keeping freedom-seeking people "behind barbed wire".
The United States started imposing stricter entry requirements on refugees in 1982 in a bid to slow the numbers accepted. The refugees were predominantly economic from the mid-1980s and onwards. Most refugees from Vietnam from about 1984 were part of the "orderly departure scheme" sanctioned by the Vietnamese government.
By 1987, many other Western countries had lowered their quotas for Vietnamese refugees whilst the influx into Hong Kong continued to increase, peaking at some 300 a day in 1989, fed by rumours that Vietnamese migrants could gain amnesty simply by landing on Hong Kong soil. The government adopted a Comprehensive Plan of Action on 16 June 1988, separating political refugees (classified as refugees) from economic refugees (classified as "boat people"). Economic refugees were considered illegal immigrants; they were denied the right to be transferred to a third country and were all sent back to Vietnam.
1990s – orderly repatriations
There were 54,341 Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong at the end of June 1990. About 20% of them were classified as refugees, 20% as not refugees, and 60% were waiting to be screened. The first forced repatriation took place on 12 December 1989, and involved 52 Vietnamese boat people. The poor public relation handling of the action led to an international outcry. The number of Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong peaked at 64,300 in October 1991. In the early 1990s, the Hong Kong government began an orderly repatriation programme. It began as a voluntary programme, but it was poorly received by the Vietnamese migrants, despite an agreement with the Vietnamese government that barred retributions against the migrants upon their return. Eventually, the Hong Kong government decided to forcibly repatriate the Vietnamese boat people.
The Comprehensive Plan of Action was carried out by 1994. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the Hong Kong government began to broadcast a Vietnamese radio announcement in an attempt to deter Vietnamese migrants from making way to Hong Kong. This came to be known as the Bắt đầu từ nay broadcast.
As the economic and political situation in Vietnam improved, and the flow of boat people was stemmed, Hong Kong's status as a first port of asylum was revoked on 9 January 1998. By mid-1998, there were 2,160 Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong. However, until 2000, Hong Kong still issued identity cards to the boat people in Hong Kong in an effort to allow them to assimilate into the society.
2000s – integration
In February 2000, the Hong Kong government announced that it would widen the Local Resettlement Scheme for Vietnamese refugees and migrants, allowing 1,400 refugees and migrants to settle in Hong Kong. The plan applied to 973 refugees that have been stranded in Hong Kong, and 327 migrants whom the Vietnamese government refused to accept. It did not apply to Vietnamese illegal immigrants. While stating that Hong Kong would continue to enforce the policy of repatriating illegal immigrants from Vietnam, then-Secretary for Security Regina Ip also commented that "the only effective and durable solution" for the refugees and migrants was "complete integration", and that "Integration is a humanitarian solution, especially for the children of the [refugees] and [migrants] who were born in Hong Kong."
Facilities
Timeline
The first batch of 3,743 refugees in 1975 had been settled in a civilian refugee camp in Chatham Road pending their resettlement. This camp was to be demolished in 1977.
Some 2,600 refugees aboard the vessel Skyluck which arrived on 7 February 1979 were refused landing due to a shortage of facilities, and were kept on board the vessel for over 4 months. The conditions were regarded as being superior to some terrestrial "transit camps". On 29 June 1979, some refugees cut the anchor chain, causing the 3,500-ton ship to drift into rocks near Lamma Island, and sink.
In June 1979, a camp was set up on a site adjacent to the Police station at Sham Shui Po (closed March 1981), another was opened at Jubilee (closed November 1980); the Government opened the former army camp Argyle Street Camp to accommodate an estimated 20,000 refugees; the Kai Tak East Camp was set up to house an estimated 10,000; a 23-storey factory building in Tuen Mun to house an additional 16,000 was set up, temporary facilities were established at the Government Dockyard and Western Quarantine Anchorage.
The Chi Ma Wan Detention Centre would become the first closed camp after the Government passed the Immigration (Amendment) Bill 1982, set up on 2 July. Plans for a second camp, at Hei Ling Chau, were initiated at the end of July, shortly after the arrival of 1,523 refugees in the month. Another closed camp was set up in Cape Collinson.
The Whitehead camp was set up in Wu Kai Sha, Sha Tin District, to accommodate 28,000. Later, from June 1989, the runway of the former military airfield at Shek Kong was turned into a holding facility to house an estimated 7,000 refugees, amidst protests from local residents. Prior to the 1997 handover, the facility reverted to an airfield and is now used by the Chinese PLA Air Force.
List of facilities
Facilities included:
Argyle Street Camp. The camp started accommodating Vietnamese refugees in June 1979, with a planned capacity of 20,000. Managed by the Civil Aid Service.
Cape Collinson. Managed by the Correctional Services Department (CSD).
Chi Ma Wan. Managed by the CSD.
Green Island. Reception centre for new arrivals. Managed by the CSD.
Hei Ling Chau. Managed by the CSD.
High Island Detention Centre (). Initially managed by Hong Kong Police, and then by the CSD from 1991. The construction of the Centre was delayed by two months after concerned Sai Kung residents staged a sit-in at the site. It opened in 1989 and closed in May 1998. During that period, more than 20,000 boat people passed through its doors.
Kai Tak. The former Headquarters Building of the former RAF Kai Tak station housed the Kai Tak Vietnamese Refugee Camp () between 1979 and 1981. The facility continued to be used for detaining Vietnamese refugees under different names until 1997.
Lo Wu. Managed by Hong Kong Police.
Nei Kwu (), Hei Ling Chau. Managed by the CSD.
Pillar Point, Tuen Mun. The Pillar Point Vietnamese Refugees Centre (PPVRC) was the last Vietnamese refugee camp in activity. It closed on 31 May 2000.
Sham Shui Po Barracks
Shek Kong. Managed by Hong Kong Police. Opened in June 1989. 4,400 were accommodated there in tents in 1990.
Tai A Chau Detention Centre. The Centre operated from the late 1980s to 1996. Initially set in rudimentary facilities, it was temporarily vacated after a cholera outbreak in September 1989. Purpose-built facilities were then erected and the Centre reopened in late 1990, managed by the Hong Kong Housing Services For Refugees, a company initially set up by UNHCR to run the Pillar Point Refugee Centre. The 5,500 detainees of the Centre were relocated to the Whitehead camp at the end of 1996. All the building structures were subsequently demolished.
Tuen Mun. On 4 June 1979, the first 500 refugees moved into a 23-storey factory building rented by the Government in Hing Wong Street, with a planned capacity of 16,000.
Whitehead Detention Centre (), in Wu Kai Sha, Sha Tin District. Managed by the CSD. The largest centre by far, with 25,000 in 1990.
Financial cost
The Security Branch revealed that, as at January 1983, the total cash outlay due to feeding and accommodating refugees had amounted to HKD 270 million, of which HKD 110 million was borne by Hong Kong, HKD120 million by the UNHCR, and the remainder by international agencies.
The United Nations owed Hong Kong HKD 1.61 billion for its handling of Vietnamese boat people. The loan is still outstanding.
Residents from Vietnam / Hong Kong Hoa
Immigrants prior to 1970s were mainly Hoa leaving Vietnam due to anti-Chinese sentiment. A handful of notable Hong Kong residents came during this period, including:
Ray Lui, Hong Kong actor left Vietnam in 1967
Tsui Hark, Hong Kong director, screenwriter left Vietnam in 1963
Wan Kwong, Hong Kong Cantonese opera singer left Vietnam in the 1960s
Mary Jean Reimer, Hong Kong actress moved to Hong Kong in 1965
Wong Kwok-hing, Hong Kong union leader and member of the Legco
Actor brothers François Wong and Stefan Wong were born in Hong Kong, of Hoa origin.
See also
Indochina refugee crisis following the Fall of Saigon
Overseas Vietnamese
References
External links
Facts and Statistics: Vietnamese Refugees
RTHK Documentary on Vietnamese in Hong Kong
Aerial Photo of Tai A Chau in 1989, showing the Detention Centre
Pictures of High Island Detention Centre:
Society of Hong Kong
Vietnamese diaspora by country
Vietnamese diaspora in Asia
Asian diaspora in Hong Kong
Vietnamese migration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese%20people%20in%20Hong%20Kong |
Canim Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the southwest end of Canim Lake in the Interlakes District of the South Cariboo region, adjacent to the Secwepemc Indian reserve community of Canim Lake, British Columbia just northeast of 100 Mile House. The park was established by Order-in-Council in 1956 and expanded by later legislation in 2000 and 2004 to total a current approximate of , of upland and of foreshore.
"Canim" means a type of large canoe in the Chinook Jargon.
See also
Canim Falls
Canim Lake Band
Canim River
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
Landforms of the Cariboo
Beaches of British Columbia
Chinook Jargon place names
Protected areas established in 1956
1956 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canim%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park |
Canal Flats Provincial Park was a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at Canal Flats at the divide between Columbia Lake and the Kootenay River in the province's East Kootenay region. The park had been established in 1981 at approximately 6 hectares in size. In 2004, the park was converted from Order In Council to Statute Designation, and the Provincial park status was cancelled by the Protected Areas of British Columbia Amendment Act, 2009. The land of the Park was provided to the Village of Canal Flats as a Crown Grant, and is now Tilley Memorial Village Park.
References
Former Provincial Parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Columbia Valley
1981 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%20Flats%20Provincial%20Park |
Callaghan Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the upper Callaghan Valley to the west of the resort town of Whistler. The dormant volcano Mount Callaghan overlooks the lake on its north side, while just to the south of the park is the sliding events facility for the 2010 Olympics.
Callaghan Lake was to be the site of the base village for a proposed ski resort, Powder Mountain Resort, but the project never went through due to alleged interference by William Vander Zalm and others in the then-Social Credit government.
The park was established in 1997 and expanded in 2000, currently totalling approximately 2,691 hectares.
References
External links
Callaghan Lake Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
Pacific Ranges
Protected areas established in 1997
1997 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callaghan%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Didier Squiban (born 23 September 1959 in Ploudalmézeau (Finistère)) is a French pianist and composer.
His musical work is a combination of traditional Breton music, jazz improvisation and classical romanticism and has added the piano to the repertoire of modern Breton music.
He has been influenced by Duke Ellington, Keith Jarrett, Charlie Parker and Bill Evans as well as Debussy, Stravinsky, Erik Satie, Darius Milhaud, Schönberg and Glenn Gould. In 1993, he worked as the accompanying pianist for the Breton singer Yann-Fañch Kemener in the acclaimed live show Héritage des Celtes (The Heritage of the Celts) and thereby got closer in touch with the music of his home region Brittany. In 1997, on the island of his ancestors, Molène, he recorded his first Breton solo piano album: "Molène".
Discography
Solo piano
Molène Saison II (2013)
Tournée des chapelles 2004 (2005)
Ballades (2003)
Trilogie pour piano (2001)
Rozbras (2001)
Porz Gwenn (1999)
Molène (1997)
Concert Lorient (recorded at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient) (2000)
With band
Bangor - Formation Sirius (L'orchestre de Jazz de Bretagne) (1995)
Jazz à Vauban (1994)
Tendances (1990)
La Plage (2006)
With orchestra
Symphonie Iroise (2004)
Symphonie Bretagne (2000)
Cooperations
Manu Lann Huel chante Léo Ferré - Lann Huel/Squiban/Trévarin (2003)
Kimiad - Kemener/Squiban (2000)
Île-Exil - Kemener/Squiban (1996)
Penn-Ar-Bed/Brest 96 - Didier Squiban & An Tour Tan (1996)
Karnag "Pierre Lumière"(1996)
Enez Eusa - Kemener/Squiban (1995)
Héritage des Celtes en concert - Dan Ar Braz (1995)
Live - Didier Squiban & An Tour Tan (1997)
References
External links
website about Didier Squiban (French)
L'OZ record label
Breton musicians
21st-century French male pianists
20th-century French male pianists
French male composers
Living people
1959 births
People from Finistère
Rennes 2 University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier%20Squiban |
Eivind Kristofer Reiten (born 2 April 1953) is a Norwegian economist, corporate officer and politician for the Centre Party. He served as Minister of Fisheries from 1985-1986 and Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1989-1990, before entering a career in business. Reiten served as the Director General (CEO) of Norsk Hydro between 2001 and 2009, after which he took up the chairmanship of Norske Skog. Eivind Reiten was also Chairman of StatoilHydro for four days until he resigned from his position after Norsk Hydro had been accused of corruption.
Political career
Reiten was born in Midsund as the son of Kristofer Reiten, a farmer and fisher, and housewife Kjellaug Opstad. He enrolled as a student in 1972, and graduated from the University of Oslo in 1978 with a degree in economics. He worked as a civil servant from 1979 to 1982, and as a secretary for the Centre Party from 1982 to 1983. He was then brought into the government as state secretary to the Minister of Finance from 1983 to 1985. He then became Minister of Fisheries from 1985 to 1986 as part of the Second cabinet Willoch, and Minister of Petroleum and Energy from 1989 to 1990 as part of Cabinet Syse. In his last political position, he was responsible for the deregulation of the electricity market in Norway. Having chaired the Centre Youth, the youth wing of the Centre Party, from 1979 to 1981, he served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from 1985 to 1989.
Business career
Reiten started working for Norsk Hydro in 1988, heading the energy division from that year, and becoming senior vice president of special projects in 1991. From 1992 he led the refining and marketing division, and from 1998 the aluminum division. He was appointed executive vice president for light metals in 1999. He succeeded Egil Myklebust as chief executive officer in 2001. He was a member of the board of the Bank of Norway from 1991 to 1994 and Norske Skogindustrier from 1997 to 2000, and has chaired the board of Norway Post (1996–1999) and Telenor (2000–2001). He has attended the Bilderberg meetings. He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Libya corruption case
As part of the merger between Statoil and the oil and gas division of Norsk Hydro, Reiten was appointed chair of the merged StatoilHydro that merged on 1 October 2007. Four days later Reiten withdrew from the seat. The reason was that it was uncertain whether or not he knew about a corruption case Hydro had been accused of, where a Libyan consulting company and the consultant Abdurrazag Gammudi had been paid , used to make bribes, after the Hydro take-over of Saga Petroleum in 1999. Stated Reiten, it was in no-one's interest that he retain a conflict of interest by retaining the seat of chair in the company that would investigate himself. The case had arisen on 26 September, after a Hydro employee had leaked information about the matter; it had not been identified as part of the due diligence performed by Statoil prior to the merger. He was replaced by his deputy, Marit Arnstad, who is also a former Minister of Petroleum and Energy from the Centre Party. The investigation from StatoilHydro concluded that Reiten was informed about this during 2000 and 2001, while the investigation in Norsk Hydro concluded that Reiten did not know about the corruption. Since the Norsk Hydro investigation—that included checking 1.5 million documents—could not show that Reiten knew about the corruption, Hydro Chairman Terje Vareberg confirmed that Reiten would not be removed from his position. However, two executives of StatoilHydro were required to leave immediately.
Leaving Norsk Hydro
In January 2009 Reiten announced that he was stepping down as Chief Executive of Norsk Hydro from 30 March 2009, with executive vice president Svein Richard Brandtzæg taking over. Reiten has since been nominated to replace Kim Wahl as Chairman of Norske Skog at the company's annual general meeting in April 2009.
Personal life
Reiten is married and has two children. He resides in Oslo.
References
1953 births
Living people
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian businesspeople
Norsk Hydro people
People in the petroleum industry
Norske Skog people
Norwegian state secretaries
Government ministers of Norway
Petroleum and energy ministers of Norway
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
Deputy members of the Storting
Møre og Romsdal politicians
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eivind%20Reiten |
The Mid-Atlantic Prep League, also known as the MAPL, is a sports league with participating institutions from prep schools in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in the United States. MAPL schools are allowed to have a limited number of post-graduates (student-athletes who have already graduated from high school and are taking an intermediate step between high school and college) on their rosters.
Schools competing in the league include:
The MAPL Headmasters' Cup
In 2007, the athletic directors of the Mid-Atlantic Prep League created the Headmasters' Cup to recognize outstanding sportsmanship. The cup is awarded annually to the school that best exemplifies the qualities of good sportsmanship year-round from their student-athletes, coaches, staff and fans. Voting is conducted by each coach after each season and tabulated in the spring to determine the winner of the Headmasters' Cup.
In the four years it has been awarded, the Headmasters' Cup has been won three times by Peddie School.
MAPL Headmasters' Cup Recipients
2007-08 Peddie
2008-09 Lawrenceville
2009-10 Peddie
2010-11 Peddie
Boys' Squash
The Lawrenceville School Boys' Varsity Squash Team has been the winner of the MAPL Squash Championships since 2002.
Mercersburg's Ahmed Abdel Latif was undefeated (not losing one game) in 2010-2011.
Boys' basketball
Since its inception in 1999, the MAPL has been an extremely competitive league and arguably the best combination of academics and basketball in the United States. While producing NBA players Luol Deng, Charlie Villanueva and Royal Ivey (all from Blair), as well as Joakim Noah (Lawrenceville), the MAPL has also become a pipeline for Ivy League basketball programs. From 2004-2008 no league in the country produced more Ivy League players than the MAPL and no single school in the country produced as many players as The Hun School.
Blair Academy has been the dominant basketball program in recent years, compiling a 63-12 record since the league's inception in 1999 and winning 7 of the last 10 league championships.
The Hill School won the 2007-2008 MAPL Basketball league regular season championship and year-end tournament championship for the first time in school history. After winning the MAPL, Hill lost in overtime to ANC (at one point raked number #1 among prep schools) in the Pennsylvania Independent League Tournament. Hill also won the MAPL Basketball league in 2013-2014. Losing only once in the league to Hun.
The Hun School of Princeton has been one of the dominant programs in the MAPL league for years, at one point winning 4 straight championships and a state championship while placing 19 players on Division 1 rosters.
Lawrenceville has made its share of contributions to MAPL basketball excellence over the years. Notable accomplishments include the 2003-04 Lawrenceville team that went 23-4 and beat national powerhouse Saint Benedict's Preparatory School of Newark, New Jersey. All five of Lawrenceville's starters on that team went on to play Division I basketball: David Whitehurst (Penn), Joakim Noah (leading scorer for Florida), Craig Moore (Northwestern), Andrew Morrison (Bucknell) and Kashif Sweet (Columbia). In 2005-2006 Noah went on to lead Florida to a 73-57 win over UCLA for the school's first NCAA basketball title, and was named the Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four.
Mercersburg's recent basketball alumni include Ugonna Onyekwe (Penn), Stéphane Pelle (Colorado), Adam Chubb (Penn), Wes Miller (North Carolina, now head coach at UNC Greensboro), Alex Tyler (Cornell), Donya Jackson (Navy), Chall Montgomery (Navy), Dre Wills (Vermont), and Phillip McGloin (Vanderbilt).
Former Peddie star Ibrahim Jaaber was a two-time Ivy League Player of the Year at the University of Pennsylvania and now plays professionally for Italian club Pallacanestro Virtus Roma. Jaaber, a naturalized Bulgarian citizen, is also a member of the Bulgaria national basketball team. Other Peddie alums that have played collegiately include Darren Smith (Penn), Colin Aldridge (Brown), Noruwa Agho (Columbia), Steve Frankoski (Columbia), and Wesley Dickinson (Dartmouth).
Baseball
Mercersburg has dominated MAPL baseball since joining the league in 2000-2001. The Storm has won nine league championships in the 14 years since. Mercersburg played in the tournament championship game eight out of 11 times. The MAPL discontinued its league tournament in 2012 and has since crowned its league champion on the basis of the regular season record. Mercersburg has won or shared the MAPL crown every year since 2011; three of those four titles were won outright, while Mercersburg and Peddie shared the 2012 conference championship.
In recent years, MAPL baseball has seen a rise in competitiveness, with several former players now playing in college and professionally. Mercersburg's Josh Edgin is a pitcher for the New York Mets. Former Peddie standout Fernando Perez played two seasons for the Tampa Bay Rays and has also spent time with minor-league affiliates of the Chicago Cubs and New York Mets. Perez was drafted in the 7th round of the 2004 amateur draft after playing for Columbia. Joseph Florio (Blair), Nick Francona (Lawrenceville), Steve Garrison (Hun), Christian Binford (Mercersburg), and James Stokes (Hill) are minor league players for the Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Kansas City Royals, and Cleveland Indians respectively. Hun School graduate Mike Ford went on to play for Princeton University from 2011-2013. He is the only player in Ivy history who earned player, pitcher, and rookie of the year.
Boys' and Girls' Tennis
For the second year in a row, the Blair boys team won the MAPL championship by a wide margin. They finished the past two seasons with an undefeated record.
The Blair girls team finished the 2010 season undefeated (16-0) claiming the MAPL title and New Jersey State championship.
Boys' Soccer
The Hill School won the MAPL Boys' Varsity Soccer for three consecutive years since 2010. In 2013 fall boys' varsity soccer, Lawrenceville got the second place.
Boys' Crew
Notable boy's crew alumni from the MAPL
Jason Read (Hun) - Gold Medalist for USA in Athens 2004.
Paul Teti (Hun) - Rowed in the Men's Lightweight Coxless Four in Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004 Olympic Games, as well as in the Men's Coxlees Four at the 2008 Beijing Games.
Football
Notable football alumni from the MAPL:
Luqman Abdallah (Hun) - University of Miami
Michael Atunrase (Lawrenceville) - University of Delaware
Heath Benedict (Peddie) - Tennessee/Newberry
Derek Benson (Hun) - Purdue/Hofstra
Shane Black (Mercersburg) - Lafayette
David Caldwell (Lawrenceville) - William & Mary, Indianapolis Colts
Jahan Dotson (Peddie) - Penn State, Washington Commanders
David Dudeck (Hun) - Boston College, Seattle Seahawks
Ben Eaton (Mercersburg) - Lafayette/Towson
Malcolm Evans (Peddie) - La Salle
AJ Firestone (Mercersburg) - Penn State/Wagner
Curtis Feigt (Mercersburg) - West Virginia
Gerverus Flagg (Mercersburg) - Georgetown
Darius Glover (Mercersburg) - Lafayette
Keith Hill (Lawrenceville) - William & Mary
Jarvis Hodge (Mercersburg) - Boise State
Junior Cabbie (Hun) - Notre Dame
John Kane (Blair) - North Carolina State
Eric King (Hill) - Wake Forest, 5 NFL teams
AJ Kizekai (Blair) - Bucknell
Dion Lewis (Blair) - University of Pittsburgh, New England Patriots
Travis Mack (Hill) - Georgetown
Craig McGovern (Hun) - Michigan State/Rutgers
Shea McKeen (Hun) - South Carolina
John Metchie III (Peddie) - Alabama, Houston Texans
Bryan Morgan (Mercersburg) - Duke
Tati Morris (Peddie) - Boston College
Dom Natale (Hun) - Michigan State/Rutgers
Grant Newsome (Lawrenceville) - Michigan
Ted Plenkett (Peddie) - Rowan
Ben Pooler (Lawrenceville) - Maryland
Devon Ramsey (Lawrenceville) - UNC
Vincent Rey (Mercersburg) - Duke, Cincinnati Bengals
Samuel Richmond (Blair) - Colorado
Todd Rinaldo (Hun) - Bucknell
Sam Rodgers (Mercersburg) - Syracuse
Myron Rolle (Hun) - Florida State, Tennessee Titans
Charles Thompson (Mercersburg) - Bucknell
Wellington Talkpa (Hun) - Maine
Edwin Wagner (Peddie) - Michigan State/Delaware
Basketball
Notable Alumni from the MAPL
Luol Deng (Blair, Duke, Chicago Bulls)
Royal Ivey (Blair, Texas, five NBA teams including Oklahoma City Thunder)
Joakim Noah (Lawrenceville, Florida, Chicago Bulls)
Charlie Villanueva (Blair, UConn, Milwaukee Bucks)
Adam Chubb (Mercersburg, Penn)
Julius Coles (Blair, Canisius)
Doug Davis (Hun, Princeton)
Taylor Dunn (Mercersburg, Winthrop/La Salle)
Eghesosa Edywomni (Rice)
Nick Gore (Hill, VMI)
Lance Goulbourne (Hun, Vanderbilt)
RJ Griffin (Hun, Dartmouth)
Pat Hazel (Blair, Marquette)
Idris Hilliard (Hun, St. Joseph's)
Donya Jackson (Mercersburg, Navy)
Nick Jackson (Mercersburg, Dartmouth)
Jonathan Lee (Hun, Northeastern)
Mike Lepore (Lawrenceville, Wake Forest)
Matt McKillop (Hun, Davidson)
Wes Miller (Mercersburg, James Madison/North Carolina, now head coach at UNC Greensboro)
Chall Montgomery (Mercersburg, Navy)
Craig Moore (Lawrenceville, Northwestern)
Ugonna Onyekwe (Mercersburg, Penn)
Justin Robinson (Blair, Rider)
Noah Savage (Hun, Princeton)
David Singleton (Hill, High Point/Marquette/Albright)
Wellington Smith (Blair, West Virginia)
Shamari Spears (Blair, Boston College/Charlotte)
Alexis Wangmene (Blair, Texas)
References
High school sports conferences and leagues in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic%20Prep%20League |
Yard Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park located 15 kilometres east of Sicamous along the Trans-Canada Highway in British Columbia, Canada.
It also serves as a campground with 64 forested sites. Yard Creek campground was historically used as an internment camp for the Shuswap people.
Conservation
The landscape surrounding Yard Creek Park is part of the Interior wetbelt characterized by cedar and hemlock forest and lush undergrowth. The park contains a variety of bird species including American dippers. These little birds dive into the icy waters of the creek and "fly" along under the water in search of water insects. They can be seen on the rocks along the creek.
Recreation
The park contains 65 quiet shaded tent and RV camping sites, hiking trails, and a popular day-use area with a log picnic shelter.
External links
Yard Creek Provincial Park
Parks in the Shuswap Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park |
Yahk Provincial Park is a provincial park located just south of Yahk, British Columbia, 70 kilometres south of Cranbrook, and 14.5 kilometres north of the Canada–United States border at Kingsgate in British Columbia, Canada.
History
The park was established 1956. The area was once a major supplier of railroad ties for the Canadian Pacific Railway.
The park serves as both an introduction to British Columbia for tourists entering from
the United States and a scenic day use area and camping location for travelers
following the southern trans-provincial highway.
Conservation
The park aims to protect a short scenic section of the Moyie River, though the primary purpose for the park is to provide camping and picnicking opportunities for the travelling public.
Recreation
The park provides vehicle accessible camping, picnicking, and fishing opportunities for the travelling public. There is also the opportunity of hiking an abandoned railway grade which borders the park.
References
External links
Yahk Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
East Kootenay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahk%20Provincial%20Park |
Victor Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located southwest of Revelstoke to the north of Three Valley Lake (just west of the summit of Eagle Pass).
References
Columbia Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Monashee Mountains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Vaseux Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park located along the northeastern shore of Vaseux Lake in the Okanagan region of British Columbia, Canada. The park is situated south of Okanagan Falls on Highway 97 in the south Okanagan. The park plays a key role in educating and providing access to important conservation values and has a responsibility to maintain these activities.
See also
Vaseux Protected Area
Vaseux-Bighorn National Wildlife Area
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Provincial parks in the Okanagan
Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaseux%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
I Often Dream of Trains is the third album by Robyn Hitchcock, released in 1984. It is Hitchcock's first acoustic-based album.
After the break-up of The Soft Boys, Hitchcock recorded two solo albums — 1981's Black Snake Diamond Role and 1982's poorly received Groovy Decay — before hitting an artistic slump mitigated only by some collaborations with Captain Sensible. Hitchcock worked odd jobs, including a stint as a gardener and a journalist. Hitchcock felt compelled to return to music after listening to Wading Through a Ventilator, a 1984 EP that compiles The Soft Boys' early singles. He wanted to make a fully solo album that, he would later comment, "only I could be blamed for".
The album was recorded in the space of a few days under the working title Crystal Branches (taken from a line in the song "Winter Love", not originally included in the track listing). Hitchcock contributes vocals, acoustic and electric guitar and piano.
The vinyl album was fourteen tracks, bookended by the piano-based instrumental "Nocturne". In 1986, the album was reissued on CD with tracks taken from Hitchcock's recent B-sides. A later CD edition saw yet more extras thrown in, all of which were demos of tracks originally included, bringing the listing to a total of twenty-four tracks. A third CD edition dropped the previous demo bonus tracks, along with "Mellow Together", but added more unreleased songs.
In 2009 a live recording titled I Often Dream of Trains in New York was released by Yep Roc, recorded at a 2008 concert at which Hitchcock performed almost every song from I Often Dream of Trains, as well as other songs from the era and one contemporary song.
Reception
Profiling the album in 2007 for The A.V. Club'''s "Permanent Records" feature, "an ongoing closer look at the records that matter most", Christopher Bahn wrote:
The spare, quiet, even solemn quality of Trains, which sounds like it was recorded in a church graveyard at midnight in November, proved to be the perfect framework for Hitchcock's crystalline songs. His offbeat lyrical sensibility was in particularly fine form here, laced with Freudian symbolism as well as melancholy–but sardonically funny–psychedelia.
American music critic Jim DeRogatis called the album "the best of [Hitchcock's] solo albums", while the All Music Guide to Rock said it is "one of Hitchcock's most introspective and charming records" and a "kaleidoscopic journey through a colorfully twisted world". Canadian music magazine Exclaim!'' called it "arguably Robyn Hitchcock's finest album".
Track listing
All songs written by Robyn Hitchcock.
Bonus tracks
Personnel
Robyn Hitchcock - vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, piano
with:
James Fletcher - saxophone on "Flavour of Night"
Chris Cox - bass on "Ye Sleeping Knights of Jesus"
Technical
Iain O'Higgins, Pascal Gabriel, Pat Collier - engineer
References
Robyn Hitchcock albums
1984 albums
Albums produced by Robyn Hitchcock
Albums about trains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Often%20Dream%20of%20Trains |
Vargas Island Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, comprising the west side of the island of the same name, which is located west of Meares Island and northwest of the resort community of Tofino in the Clayoquot Sound region of the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The park was created as part of the Clayoquot Land-Use Decision on July 13, 1995 and contains , of it being upland and being foreshore. Also located on Vargas Island, on its north side, is Epper Passage Provincial Park.
This island is home to the mammalian species of black bear, cougar, and wolf. There is some concern about wolves in the parks becoming habituated, after two wolves had to be killed because of their attack on a male sleeping camper on July 2, 2000. For both human safety and the future of the wolf population in Clayoquot Sound, food must be stored out of reach of wildlife and animals must not be approached or fed by visitors.
The island is apparently named for Diego de Vargas, who regained New Mexico for Spain in 1693–94.
See also
Flores Island Marine Provincial Park
Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park
References
Clayoquot Sound region
Provincial parks of British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas%20Island%20Provincial%20Park |
Valhalla Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on March 3, 1983, in the mountains above the Western shores of Slocan Lake, in the west Kootenays. The park consists of most of the Valhalla Ranges of the Selkirk Mountains.
Geography
It is 49,893 hectares in size with of shoreline along Slocan Lake. The park has limited methods of access, and is popular with climbers. Colleen McCrory's Valhalla Society advocated for the creation of the park.
See also
Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park
References
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Regional District of Central Kootenay
Slocan Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla%20Provincial%20Park |
Tsʼilʔos Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Tsʼilʔos ( ; roughly in Chilcotin) is the official BC Parks designation for this provincial park, though sometimes it is written as "Tsʼil-os", "Tsʼyl-os", or "Tsylos". The "ʔ" in the name represents a glottal stop.
History
The park was established January 1994 after a five-year planning process was implemented to address long-standing conflicts between preservationist, resource extraction and First Nations interests. After decades of controversy, a consensus was reached among various conservation, logging, mining, tourism and public participants. Chief Roger William of the Xeni Gwet’in (Nemiah Indian Band) was very involved in the planning process and negotiations with the provincial government. The park is part of the traditional territory of the Xeni Gwet’in. Tsʼilʔos, also known as Mount Tatlow, dominates the park and gives it its name, and is spiritually significant to the Xeni Gwet’in. According to tradition, Tsʼilʔos keeps watch over the people of the Xeni and their territory. Pointing at or climbing Tsʼilʔos are considered disrespectful, and the Xeni Gwet’in believe that doing so will offend Tsʼilʔos, resulting in severe weather changes.
Conservation
The park aims to protect black bear, mule deer, moose, mountain goat, cougar, and beaver. Ecologically sensitive animal populations found in the area include California bighorn sheep, grizzly bear, fisher, wolverine, bald eagle, and amphibian species. Sockeye salmon spawn along the shores of Chilko Lake the centerpiece of the park. The adjacent lands are also important habitat for Vaux's swift, Peregrine falcon, and Townsend's big-eared bat.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are encouraged: camping, picnicking, hiking, mountaineering, swimming, kayaking, horseback riding expeditions, hunting trips and flyfishing.
Location
Located 160 kilometres southwest of Williams Lake, or 250 km north of Vancouver, British Columbia.
Size
233,240 hectares in size.
References
External links
Tsʼilʔos Provincial Park
BC Geographical Names "Tsʼilʔos Park"
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Chilcotin
Chilcotin Ranges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%CA%BCil%CA%94os%20Provincial%20Park |
Quatsino Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on Quatsino Sound on northern Vancouver Island.
History
The park was established July 12, 1995.
Conservation
This undeveloped park protects some of the largest old-growth trees, some small lakes, Koprino Harbour, which is a sheltered inlet, and the Koprino River estuary, which is noted for its critical fish-rearing and waterfowl habitat. The park also protects nesting and feeding habitat that is used by a high concentration of bald eagles. Black bears are very common in Quatsino Provincial Park, as are coastal black-tailed deer and cougars.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping and hiking, kayaking and canoeing, fishing and hunting. Quatsino Provincial Park is primarily a marine-access recreational park.
Location
The park is west of Port Hardy, British Columbia. It is accessible by rough logging roads or by kayaks. Quatsino is on a popular kayaking route.
Size
This park is in size.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
References
External links
Quatsino Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Quatsino Sound region
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatsino%20Provincial%20Park |
América Móvil is a Mexican telecommunications corporation headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico. It is the 7th largest mobile network operator in the world in terms of equity subscribers, as well as one of the largest corporations in the world. América Móvil is a Forbes Global 2000 company. As of Q1, 2019, América Móvil had 277.4 million wireless subscribers, and 84.3 million fixed revenue generating units ("RGUs", consisting of fixed voice, fixed data and Pay TV units).
History
América Móvil was created in 2001 when Telmex spun off its wireless mobile activities from its landline and internet activities.
On November 15, 2005, the company signed an international pact with Ooredoo to jointly deliver various international services. In 2006, América Móvil made a bid to acquire Verizon's Latin American and Caribbean operations and unified its brands (Comcel Colombia, Porta in Ecuador, Telcel in México, Tracfone in the US and CTI Movil in Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina) under Claro unbrella. América Móvil acquired 100% of Jamaican mobile operator Oceanic Digital, under the brand name MiPhone in August 2007. By 2007, América Móvil's valuation was over $100 billion. In the US, its prepaid mobile subsidiary Tracfone had 8.6 million customers. 2007 was also the year América Movil's owner Carlos Slim became the richest person on the planet. In 2008, América Móvil launched the iPhone in Latin America. In 2009, América Móvil partnered with Nokia to use Nokia maps as its location-based service in Latin America. The group also launched the first Android phone in Latin America.
In January 2010, it made an offer to buy Carso Telecom and Telmex International ($21 billion for Telmex) in order to better compete against Spain's Telefonica and Malaysia's Telekom Malaysia. The acquisition was approved by the CFC (Comisión Federal de Competencia) Antitrust Office in Mexico on February 11, 2010. América Móvil had once been Telmex' mobile division, but had grown far larger than its former parent since its spinoff in 2001.
In early August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company KPN for 7.2 billion Euros ($9.49 billion). América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch government has warned against this acquisition quoting it as a threat to national security. The Dutch government's intervention comes after the council representing employees of KPN urged authorities to halt América Móvil's planned bid.
In 2018, the company's chief executive Daniel Hajj announced that América Móvil is seeking a TV license in Mexico.
In January 2019, America Movil announces the acquisition of Telefonica's operations in Guatemala and El Salvador for $333 million and $315 million respectively. However, the agreement for Telefonica Moviles and Telefonica Multiservicios in El Salvador, under the Movistar brand, was cancelled by mutual agreement with Telefonica in 2020 due to the conditions imposed by the monitoring of competition in El Salvador.
Monopoly issues
In 2012, the OECD estimated that lack of competition in telecommunications had cost the economy of Mexico $25 billion per year. The company was accused of charging especially high interconnectivity fees to thwart the competition. During the years before 2010, due to stricter regulations throughout Latin American countries, América Móvil's market shares shrunk and Telefónica gained grounds there. In 2013, América Móvil held 75% of the Mexican telecommunications market, which led the government to lead major antitrust reforms.
Description
The company's world headquarters are located in Mexico City, Mexico. Its Mexican subsidiary Telcel is the largest mobile operator in that country, commanding a market share in excess of 70%. The company operates under its Claro subsidiaries in many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, these include the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Colombia and Ecuador. In Brazil it also operates Claro and other subsidiary Embratel. It owns 14,86% of KPN in the Netherlands and has done a bid on 100% of the shares. The group has also fully consolidated the Telekom Austria Group into its financial reporting, owning 51.0% of its shares and using the Austrian operator to expand América Móvil's European network.
, the company was one of the top four telecommunications companies in the world and boasted 290,000 kilometres of Fiber-optic cable, making it the largest in infrastructure.
, América Móvil registered an annual profit of $5 billion. With assets of over $67 billion (), the company is currently the largest company in Mexico by assets with Banorte very closely behind them with assets of over $59 billion () It is highly likely that the company will buy a group of companies with at least $29 billion in assets in 2013 in the pension, insurance, payroll, currency exchange and mutual funds industries to secure their position as the most asset rich company in Mexico. And with a market value of over $93 billion (), the company is currently the most valuable in Mexico, more than the next three most valuable companies combined.
América Móvil global wireless customers
As of Q1 2019:
North America
Mexico - Telcel 75.611 million
Central America and the Caribbean
Costa Rica Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico - Claro 21.741 million
South America
Colombia - Claro 29.887 million
Peru - Claro 11.818 million
Brazil - Claro 56.383 million
Argentina Paraguay Uruguay - Claro 24.370 million
Ecuador - Claro 8.308 million
Chile - Claro 6.720 million
Austria and CEE 20.908 million
Austria - A1
Bulgaria - A1 Bulgaria
Belarus - A1
Croatia - A1 Hrvatska
Slovenia - A1 Slovenija
Serbia - A1 Srbija
North Macedonia - A1 Macedonia
Liechtenstein - Telecom Liechtenstein (sold in 2020)
Global wireless customers 277.425 million
Former assets
United States - TracFone Wireless (TracFone, NET10 Wireless, Straight Talk, SafeLink Wireless, SIMPLE Mobile, Total Wireless and Telcel América) 21.599 million; acquired by Verizon Communications
América Móvil wireless technology by country
South America
CDMA (800/1900MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850/1900MHZ) first UMTS live by América Móvil LTE
TDMA (800MHZ, discontinued in 2009), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850/2100MHZ), LTE (700MHZ/1800MHZ/2600MHZ)
TDMA (800MHZ, discontinued in 2009), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ, 1900MHZ), LTE (2600MHZ, 700MHZ)
TDMA (800MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850MHZ soon 1900), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ soon 1900) LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ soon 1900) LTE
CDMA (1900MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ soon LTE
Caribbean
CDMA (800/1900MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ soon 1900) LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ soon 1900) LTE
CDMA (800MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ) LTE
Central America
CDMA (1900MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSPA (1900MHZ) first HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) live by América Móvil LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (1900MHZ) LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (1900MHZ) LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (1900MHZ) LTE
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850MHZ) LTE
North America
TDMA (800MHZ), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/1900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (850/1900MHZ), LTE (1700MHZ)
Europe
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (900/2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800/2600MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (900/2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800/2600MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (2100MHZ), LTE (1800MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (900/2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800/2600MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (900/2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (2100MHZ), LTE (800/1800/2600MHZ)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE (900/1800MHZ), UMTS/HSDPA (2100MHZ), LTE (800MHZ) (sold in 2020)
See also
List of mobile network operators of the Americas
References
External links
Mobile phone companies of Mexico
Telecommunications companies of Mexico
Companies based in Mexico City
Conglomerate companies of Mexico
Conglomerate companies established in 2000
Telecommunications companies established in 2000
Multinational companies headquartered in Mexico
Companies listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Mexican brands
Mexican companies established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica%20M%C3%B3vil |
Grand River Collegiate Institute is a public secondary school in Kitchener, Ontario. The school is located at 175 Indian Road. It is part of the Waterloo Region District School Board. As of November 2017, there are approximately 1250 full-time students and 130 staff.
History
As the fifth collegiate in Kitchener-Waterloo, Grand River Collegiate (GRCI) was built on Indian Road near the Grand River in Kitchener's eastern area. "Grand River" was chosen in favour of other names like 'Parkwood' or 'Sand Hills', as the name for the new school. GRCI officially opened on September 6, 1966, with about 850 students and 55 teachers.
Grand River Collegiate Institute has had seven principals:
Ross L. Shaver (1966 to 1984)
Gary A. Boug (1984 to 1995)
Ray Teed (1996 to Jan 2008)
Agnes Dufournaud (Feb 2008 to Aug 2009)
Scott Lomax (Aug 2009 to Jan 2011)
Deborah Tyrrell (Feb 2011 to June 2017)
Jim Woolley (July 2017 to Oct. 2018)
Josh Windsor (Oct. 2018 - Present)
Athletics
Grand River has athletic groups which include: alpine skiing, archery, badminton, basketball, cross-country, curling, dance, field hockey, football, ice hockey, Nordic skiing, power lifting, rugby, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field and volleyball. Grand River's sports teams are known as the Renegades (commonly shortened to the "Rens").
Notable alumni
Chelsea Aubry, Olympic Basketball player
Riley Damiani NHL hockey player, Dallas Stars
Dana Ellis, Olympic Pole Vaulter
Jill Hennessy, actress
Mike Hoffman, NHL Hockey player, Ottawa Senators
Jamal Murray, Basketball player, Kentucky Wildcats, Denver Nuggets
Mark Scheifele, NHL Hockey player, Winnipeg Jets
Kelly VanderBeek, Olympic Alpine Skier
Jenny Heijun Wills, author
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
References
Waterloo Region District School Board
High schools in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Educational institutions established in 1966
Schools in Kitchener, Ontario
Modernist architecture in Canada
1966 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20River%20Collegiate%20Institute |
Live Evolution 8701 is a video album by Usher. It was released on November 12, 2002, by LaFace Records and includes all of Usher's top hits up to that time in his career.
Track listing
Bonus features
Rehearsal Song-U Don't Have To Call
Usher's Bio Video
Biography & Discography
Photo Gallery
Personnel
Credits for Live Evolution 8701 adapted from Allmusic.
Brian Casey - Composer
Jermaine Dupri - Composer
C.D. Hawkins - Composer
Usher Raymond - Composer
Manuel Seal, Jr. - Composer
J. Karen Thomas - Composer
Certifications
References
Usher (musician) video albums
2002 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher%20Live%20Evolution%208701 |
Disney Princess, also called the Princess Line, is a media franchise and toy line owned by the Walt Disney Company. Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney, the franchise features a lineup of female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises.
The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney-owned media, but rather refers to select specific characters from the company's animated films, including only protagonists of animated films from Walt Disney Pictures, with twelve characters from the Walt Disney Animation Studios films and one character from a Pixar film. The thirteen characters in the franchise consist of Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, Mulan, Tiana, Rapunzel, Merida, Moana, and Raya.
The franchise has released dolls, sing-along videos, apparel, beauty products, home decor, toys, and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses. Licensees for the franchise include Glidden (wall paint), Stride Rite (sparkly shoes), Fisher-Price (plastic figurines), Lego (Lego sets), Hasbro and Mattel (games and dolls).
History
Conception
Former Nike, Inc. executive Andy Mooney was appointed president of The Walt Disney Company's Disney Consumer Products division in December 1999. While attending his first Disney on Ice show, Mooney noticed that several young girls attending the show were dressed in princess attire—though not authentic Disney merchandise. "They were generic princess products they'd appended to a Halloween costume," Mooney told The New York Times. Concerned by this, Mooney addressed the company the following morning and encouraged them to commence work on a legitimate Disney Princess franchise in January 2000. Walt's nephew, Roy E. Disney, objected to the creation of the line, as the company has long "avoided mingling characters from its classic fairy tales in other narratives, worrying that it would weaken the individual mythologies."
The original line-up consisted of princesses Snow White, Cinderella, Tinker Bell, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, Esmeralda, and Mulan. Tinker Bell was removed soon after; she would go on to headline the sister franchise Disney Fairies. Esmeralda was also removed. This was the first time the characters would be marketed in a separate franchise to their original films. Mooney decided that, when featured on marketing advertisements such as posters, the princesses should never make eye contact with each other in an attempt to keep their individual "mythologies" intact. "[Each] stares off in a slightly different direction as if unaware of the others' presence."
In an unconventional manner, Mooney and his team launched the Disney Princess line without utilizing any focus groups and with minimal marketing. By 2001, Disney Consumer Products (DCP) had generated about $300 million, but by 2012, the division had increased revenue to $3 billion, making it the top seller of consumer entertainment products globally. DCP issued princess product licenses to Hasbro for games, Mattel for dolls, and Fisher-Price for plastic figurines in 2000, allowing the franchise to meet the $1 billion mark in revenue in three years.
Expansions
Inductions and coronations
Tiana became the first additional character to the Disney Princess franchise officially on March 14, 2010, taking Tinker Bell's short-lived place as the ninth member. Her "coronation" took place at the Lotte New York Palace Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. Tinker Bell was already heading up another franchise, Disney Fairies, starting in 2005.
Rapunzel was crowned and inducted into the franchise as the tenth member on October 2, 2011, during "Rapunzel's Royal Celebration", a special event in London. Also attended by the other Princesses plus the Fairy Godmother and Flynn Rider, it included a procession through Hyde Park concluding with a ceremony at Kensington Palace in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, a residence used by the Royal Family since the 17th century and whose residents included Diana, Princess of Wales. Disney hosted the event in cooperation with Historic Royal Palaces, a British nonprofit organization that maintains the State Rooms.
On May 11, 2013, Merida became the first Pixar character as well as the eleventh member to the franchise in a coronation ceremony in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World.
In March 2019, Moana was added to the line-up as the twelfth member in the franchise without having a coronation ceremony, but rather being included in future merchandise.
In August 2022, it was announced that Raya from Raya and the Last Dragon would be inducted as the thirteenth member in the franchise during World Princess Week at Disneyland Paris. In January 2023, she was included in some Disney Princess products and has been later added in August that year among the other princesses on their official website.
Redesigns, merchandise and other events
A line of Disney Fairy Tale Wedding gowns were designed by Kirstie Kelly, based on the Princesses, and were available in January 2008.
In 2012, the princesses were given modern redesigns. While some like Tiana and Rapunzel just had added glitter on their outfits, others like Belle, Ariel, and Jasmine received new hairstyles or modified outfits. The most drastic of these was Cinderella, who was given side-swept bangs and an outfit with sheer sleeves.
With Target Corporation as its marketing partner, Disney held the first National Princess Week the week of April 23, 2012. During the week, there was the release of The Princess Diaries on Blu-ray and The Very Fairy Princess book. Harrods, already having a Disney Store within, followed with their Christmas theme being Disney Princess by having Oscar de la Renta designed dress for the Princess on display. In August, the dress were on display at D23 Expo before being auctioned on November 13 to benefit Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity.
Mattel added a Barbie princess-themed line in late 2010 and the fairy tale based Ever After High in 2013. With these competing lines and an expiration of the brand license at the end of 2015, Disney offered Hasbro a chance to gain the license given their work on Star Wars, which led to a Descendants license. DCP was also attempting to evolve the brand by marketing them less as damsels and more as heroines. In September 2014, Disney announced that Hasbro would be the licensed doll maker for the Disney Princess line starting on January 1, 2016.
The June 2013 release of the Disney Princess Palace Pets app from Disney Publishing, led DCP to turn Palace Pets into a Disney Princess franchise extension, with the release of the Palace Pets toy-line in August from licensee Blip Toys. The line was also selected by TimetoPlayMag.com for its Most Wanted List Holiday 2013. In 2015, Disney Publishing released animated shorts series Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets. The shorts journey to a magical world of Whisker Haven, a secret realm deep in a fairy tale land between the Disney Princess kingdoms.
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media launched the Princess Comics line, which was started with Princess Comics graphic novels by Joe Book, in August 2018 at Target with Hasbro figures and Hybrid Promotions apparel. This expansion featured Belle, Jasmine, Ariel, Rapunzel, and Pocahontas.
On April 27, 2021, Disney launched the Ultimate Princess Celebration. This year-long event brought back the princesses' classic designs and included many special events, products, and performances. Despite not being official, Anna and Elsa from the Frozen franchise were included in parts of the celebration; they were removed from their temporary inclusion in the collection at the end of August 2022. When the celebration launched in South Africa on April 29, 2021, Sofia from Sofia the First and Elena from Elena of Avalor were also included for its territory, though in a lesser capacity than the other princesses.
In January 2022, Mattel regained the license to produce lines of toys and dolls for the brand.
Official canon of Disney Princesses
The official canon of Disney Princesses consists of the female protagonists, most of whom have royal ties within their fictional universes, from thirteen selected Disney films. They were given an official number in the franchise line-up based on the chronological order in which their films were released, starting with Snow White as the first and original Disney Princess, with Cinderella being the second, followed by Aurora and so on.
Snow White – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Cinderella – Cinderella (1950)
Aurora – Sleeping Beauty (1959)
Ariel – The Little Mermaid (1989)
Belle – Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Jasmine – Aladdin (1992)
Pocahontas – Pocahontas (1995)
Mulan – Mulan (1998)
Tiana – The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Rapunzel – Tangled (2010)
Merida – Brave (2012)
Moana – Moana (2016)
Raya – Raya and the Last Dragon (2021)
Former Princesses
Tinker Bell – Peter Pan (1953)
Esmeralda – The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Disney Parks & Resorts live experiences
1 Current as of August 4th, 2023.
2 Denotes an experience yet to resume following the COVID-19 pandemic.
Does not include shows or parades featuring characters across the Disney franchises/IPs.
Disneyland
Currently, all the princesses are available for meet-and-greets at Disneyland Resort in California. Additionally, in 2006, as part of the "Year of Million Dreams" celebration, the Fantasyland Theater began hosting the Disneyland Princess Fantasy Faire, a show featuring Lords and Ladies that taught young boys and girls the proper etiquette to be a Prince or Princess and featured appearances from the Disney Princesses. In 2010, Rapunzel was given a Tangled meet-and-greet location. The Carnation Plaza Gardens bandstand, adjacent to Sleeping Beauty Castle, was closed to be replaced by a new Fantasy Faire area in the Spring of 2013.
Fantasy Faire
The Fantasy Faire area at Disneyland officially opened on March 12, 2013, as the permanent home for the Disney Princesses; consisting of a Royal Hall, a Royal Theatre, Maurice's Treats food cart, and a Fairytale Treasures gift shop. The theater features two small shows based on Beauty and the Beast and Tangled. The hall is used for meet and greets with the princesses, which have a rotation schedule with three princesses scheduled to appear at a time.
Character Dining
The current Princess character dining offering at Disneyland is the "Disney Princess Breakfast Adventure" at Napa Rose at Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa.
Walt Disney World
At Walt Disney World, the Princesses are available for meet-and-greets in more specific locations. Character dining for multiple Princesses is located at Cinderella's Royal Table at Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom and at Akershus Royal Banquet Hall, which is named after Akershus Fortress in Oslo and is set inside a partial recreation of the fortress/castle at the Norway Pavilion at Epcot. Snow White and her friends can also be met at "Story Book Dining at Artist Point with Snow White" at Artist Point at Disney's Wilderness Lodge. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Ariel and Rapunzel along with Prince Eric and Flynn Rider could also be met at the "Bon Voyage Adventure Breakfast" at Trattoria al Forno at Disney's BoardWalk Resort, but it is yet to resume. Similarly, the Perfectly Princess Tea party at the Garden View Tea Room at Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa featuring Aurora is also yet to resume following the pandemic., as is "Cinderella's Happily Ever After Dinner" (formerly known as the "Cinderella's Gala Feast Dinner") at 1900 Park Fare at the same result featuring Cinderella and her friends.
Several Princesses are also found in their respective pavilions around the Epcot World Showcase, such as Snow White in Germany, Mulan in China, and Belle and Aurora in France. On September 18, 2013, a new meet-and-greet attraction called Princess Fairytale Hall opened in Fantasyland at the Magic Kingdom behind Cinderella Castle.
Disneyland Paris
A meet-and-greet location for a single Disney Princess is located at the Princess Pavilion near It's a Small World. In addition, Paris' Disneyland Park also hosts a Disney Princess character restaurant, L'Auberge de Cendrillon (Cinderella's Inn), beside Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant (Sleeping Beauty's Castle) in a building similar to a classic French inn and resembling Cinderella's Castle from the film.
Shanghai Disneyland
A Disney Princess meet-and-greet location called Storybook Court is operational and is located at Enchanted Storybook Castle.
Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland's Castle of Magical Dreams has a meet-and-greet location being The Royal Reception Hall for the Disney Princesses.
Aulani
The Aulani Disney Vacation Club resort at the Ko Olina Resort in Hawaii also hosts Kakamoro Chaos with Moana at Aunty's Beach House, its kids club. The experience includes traditional Hawaiian children's games as well as the Kakamoro Relay from her homeland of Motonui.
Media
Films and television
Princess Party Palace (formerly known as The Princess Power Hour) was a programming block on Toon Disney from 2000 until 2007, where it used to air episodes of The Little Mermaid and Aladdin.
The Disney Princesses' television appearances were compiled into the Disney Princess Collection, a series of compilation VHS cassettes containing episodes from Aladdin and The Little Mermaid as well as two Beauty and the Beast specials. A later DVD series was released, entitled Disney Princess Stories, featuring content similar to the previous release.
Belle had her own live-action television series titled Sing Me a Story with Belle. The first eight Disney Princesses also made appearances on the animated TV series House of Mouse. Cinderella, Belle, and Snow White also made cameo appearances in the TV animated series Mickey Mouse. The television special The Little Mermaid Live! starred Auliʻi Cravalho as Ariel. The 2022 TV special Beauty and the Beast: A 30th Celebration starred H.E.R. as Belle.
In early 2007, Disney announced Disney Princess Enchanted Tales, a new series of direct-to-video features that feature new stories for the Disney Princesses. The first film in the series entitled Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams, was released on September 4, 2007. It is a musical film featuring a new tale about Princess Jasmine and the first new tale about Princess Aurora since the original Sleeping Beauty. Originally, Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: A Kingdom of Kindness was announced as the first film in the series, which contained a different Princess Aurora story, and had a Belle story rather than a Princess Jasmine story. Disney made this change without any sort of notice. The series was cancelled and only Follow Your Dreams exists.
The TV series Once Upon a Time, which aired on the Disney-owned ABC, featured live-action versions of Snow White, Cinderella, Belle, Aurora, Mulan, Ariel, Rapunzel, Merida, Jasmine, and Tiana. Snow White and Belle are main characters, while the rest made recurring and/or guest appearances. Beginning in season 7, Cinderella, Tiana, and Rapunzel are main characters. Many of these characters are patterned after the Disney versions, but a few draw inspiration from older stories.
The TV series Sofia the First premiered on January 11, 2013, on Disney Junior. Cinderella appeared in the first film, Once Upon A Princess. Jasmine, Belle, Aurora, Snow White, Mulan, Tiana, and Merida have appeared on the show, and Ariel and Rapunzel appeared in the TV specials The Floating Palace and The Curse of Princess Ivy, respectively. However, Sofia is a minor princess and not in the royal court. She is voiced by Modern Family star Ariel Winter. In 2017, the TV series Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure debuted with the television film Tangled: Before Ever After serving as the pilot. In December 2020, it was announced that Tiana and Moana would have spin-off TV shows debuting on Disney+ in 2024.
In the films Maleficent (2014) and Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (2019), Elle Fanning plays Aurora. Lily James portrays Cinderella in the eponymous 2015 film. Emma Watson is seen as Belle in the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast. Naomi Scott stars as Jasmine in the 2019 film Aladdin. Liu Yifei appears as Mulan in the eponymous 2020 film. Halle Bailey plays Ariel in the 2023 film The Little Mermaid. Rachel Zegler has been cast to portray the title character in the upcoming 2025 film Snow White.
The Princesses, along with Anna and Elsa (and Moana, who was not included in the franchise until the following year), make guest appearances in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet. This film marks the first direct interaction between the characters in an animated Disney feature. Rich Moore and Phil Johnston, the directors of Ralph Breaks the Internet, said that a film focusing on the Disney Princesses could be made depending on the audience's response and "if there's a good story to be told."
In 2021, Disney Channel began to air shorts in the Chibi Tiny Tales series, a loose follow up to Big Chibi 6 The Shorts, based on the Disney Princess franchise. The first episode, "Moana As Told By Chibi", was released on August 27, 2021.
An animated Lego special, Lego Disney Princess: The Castle Quest, was released on Disney+ on August 18, 2023. The special stars Snow White, Ariel, Tiana, Rapunzel, and Moana, in an adventure to stop the evil plans of Gaston (main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast).
The Princesses, excluding Merida, appeared in the short film Once Upon a Studio (2023) in celebration of Disney 100 anniversary.
Literature
Disney Princess Chapter Books
Ariel: The Birthday Surprise
Belle: The Mysterious Message
Cinderella: The Great Mouse Mistake
Tiana: The Grand Opening
Jasmine: The Missing Coin
Aurora: The Perfect Party
Rapunzel: A Day to Remember
A Jewel Story
Ariel: The Shimmering Star Necklace
Cinderella: The Lost Tiara
Belle: The Charming Gift
Jasmine: The Jewel Orchard
Tiana: The Stolen Jewel
Merida: Legend of the Emeralds
Comic adaptation
In Kilala Princess, a Japanese fantasy/romance manga produced by Kodansha that debuted on Nakayoshi in April 2005, a girl named Kilala and her adventures to find her kidnapped friend with the help of the first six Disney Princesses (Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine). However, Kilala herself is not considered part of the franchise.
On February 24, 2016, a Disney Princesses anthology ongoing comic book's first issue hit the stands. The series is published by Joe Books. Joe Books expanded Disney Princess to a graphic novel line as an exclusive for Target along with a Hasbro figure line and a Hybrid Promotions apparel line.
Video games
Disney Princesses have appeared in various other media, such as video games, including Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey, Disney Princess: Magical Jewels, and Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure.
Rapunzel can be found as a character in the 2013 game Disney Infinity. Disney Infinity 2.0 has the addition of Merida and Jasmine. However, Merida is also included with Stitch in the Toy Box Starter Pack. Disney Infinity 3.0 has the addition of Mulan.
All Disney Princesses are also playable characters in the mobile game Disney Magic Kingdoms, with Cinderella, Aurora, Pocahontas, and Rapunzel being part of the main storyline, while the rest are limited time characters.
Kingdom Hearts
In the Kingdom Hearts game series, the seven "Princesses of Heart", are young ladies with entirely pure hearts who would open the way to Kingdom Hearts if gathered together. Five of these maidens include the Disney Princesses being Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Belle, and Jasmine. The remaining Princesses of Heart are Alice from Alice in Wonderland and game series' heroine, Kairi. While both Ariel and Mulan are not Princesses of Heart, they are instead party members of their respective worlds. The Disney Princesses make various appearances throughout the series:
While Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Alice, and Kairi all appear in the first game, only Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine reappeared in Kingdom Hearts II with Kairi, though the others are mentioned. Mulan, however, makes her first appearance as the player visits her world. She serves as a tradeable character in the party similarly to how Ariel was in the first Kingdom Hearts.
Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Alice, and Kairi appear in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as figments of Sora or Riku's memory, but their roles as Princesses of Heart are not brought up.
Belle and Jasmine reappear in Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days when they each meet Roxas. Wonderland reappears as well, but without Alice.
Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, and a young Kairi appear in the prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, as the game's playable characters Terra, Aqua, and Ventus assume prominent positions in the princesses' original stories.
Digital versions of Alice and Jasmine appear in Kingdom Hearts Coded.
Kingdom Hearts III introduces the "New Seven Hearts", which is a new set of princesses inheriting the roles from the previous princesses, with Kairi being the only princess from the original seven retaining her role. Rapunzel is the only Disney Princess currently known to be among the New Seven Hearts, while non-members Anna and Elsa from Frozen are also known to be members. Ariel also appears in a minor role, as one of the characters that can be summoned by Sora in battle.
As of present, Pocahontas, Tiana, Merida, Moana and Raya all have yet to appear in the series.
Awards and recognition
As of , five Disney Princess films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant":
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937; added in 1989)
Beauty and the Beast (1991; added in 2002)
Cinderella (1950; added in 2018)
Sleeping Beauty (1959; added in 2019)
The Little Mermaid (1989; added in 2022)
References
External links
Disney Princess
Mass media franchises introduced in 2000
Doll brands
Disneyland
Magic Kingdom
Shanghai Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland
Disney Consumer Products franchises | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%20Princess |
Songs from the Mirror is the third solo album by Scottish singer-songwriter Fish, released in 1993 as his final album for Polydor. It does not contain any original material; instead it is a cover album featuring Fish's versions of songs by artists who inspired him before his career started. It reached 46 on the UK Albums Chart.
Background
The album was influenced by David Bowie's 1973 covers project, Pin Ups. Fish included a version of his favourite Bowie song, "Five Years". He also recorded versions of songs by The Moody Blues, Alex Harvey, Pink Floyd, The Kinks, Argent, Sandy Denny, Genesis and T Rex. The songs all date from a period between 1970 and 1976 and reflect Fish's taste in music when he was 12 to 18 years old. The title is a reference to the time when he would impersonate his teenage idols in front of a mirror.
Polydor initially rejected the idea of a cover album, but eventually accepted it as the second album Fish was obliged to deliver under their contract. As of April 2016, Songs from the Mirror is Fish's last ever output on a major record company; however, he did record for Roadrunner Records in the late 90s, an indie label with major distribution later sold to a conglomerate.
Musicians
The core line-up on this album is the same as on the 1992 tour. Since the recording of Internal Exile, keyboardist Mickey Simmonds had been replaced with Foster Paterson, while drummer Kevin Wilkinson had taken over from session player Ethan Johns. The spots for guitars (Robin Boult, Frank Usher) and bass (David Paton) had remained unchanged.
Other than that and backing vocals, only two tracks ("Solo" and "Jeepster") feature an additional guest musician, Ben Molleson on violin and tin whistle. Fish tried to get David Bowie to play the saxophone solo on "Five Years", but he didn't manage to get hold of Bowie, and the saxophone solo was skipped.
The album was mixed and produced by James Cassidy, who Fish had met while recording guest vocals for Jeff Wayne's musical Spartacus. Cassidy would also produce and co-write Fish's next album Suits (1994).
Single release
Only a lead single was released from this album, with Argent's 1972 hit "Hold Your Head Up" as the A-Side. This was actually marketed as an EP entitled Never Mind The Bullocks (featuring Hold Your Head Up) even though the 7" and CD single only contained two and three songs respectively. Also, these songs were to be found on the album, providing little incentive for fans to purchase the single. A second single with David Bowie's "Five Years" as the A-Side was in the pipeline, but never officially released; only a radio promo exists.
Cover art
Songs from the Mirror is the only regular Fish album not to be designed by Mark Wilkinson. Fish had deliberately decided to not use Wilkinson, as he didn't want to give the impression it was an album with original material. Instead, he chose "The Guddler" by Scottish painter Keith McIntyre as the cover. "The Guddler" had also been the working title of the project.
Tour
The album was followed by a tour, which was significantly longer than the previous tour promoting Internal Exile. After the 1992 "Toile Tour" in club-sized venues, this tour saw Fish return to large-capacity halls. However, this was also the last time he regularly played such venues.
The stage design initially featured 'nets' which separated the band from Fish. Some found this somewhat egotistical while others saw that it allowed Fish to interact with the audience and heighten the sense of atmosphere. However, after morale began to fall in the band, Fish finally decided to get rid of the nets and resumed with his normal stage setup.
The double live album Sushi (1994) was recorded during this tour and features five Songs from the Mirror.
Re-releases
After Fish signed with Roadrunner Records in 1998, Songs from the Mirror was re-released on this label along with the other studio albums from his back catalogue. The re-issue featured a changed track-list: "Jeepster" was removed, two other cover versions were added, "The Seeker" by The Who and "Time and a Word" by Yes, which had previously been released on the compilation Outpatients '93. "Time and A Word" was also part of the compilation Yin (1995).
Charts
Track listing
"Question" (Justin Hayward) (The Moody Blues, from A Question of Balance, 1970) – 6:41
"Boston Tea Party" (Alex Harvey, Hugh McKenna, Zal Cleminson) (Sensational Alex Harvey Band, from SAHB Stories, 1976) – 4:22
"Fearless" (David Gilmour, Roger Waters) (Pink Floyd, from Meddle, 1971) – 6:15
"Apeman" (Ray Davies) (The Kinks, from Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One, 1970) – 5:57
"Hold Your Head Up" (Rod Argent, Chris White) (Argent, from All Together Now, 1972) – 3:47
"Solo" (Denny) (Sandy Denny, from Like an Old Fashioned Waltz, 1974) – 4:46
"I Know What I Like" (Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, Mike Rutherford) (Genesis, from Selling England by the Pound, 1973) – 4:17
"Jeepster" (Marc Bolan) (T. Rex, from Electric Warrior, 1971) not included on 1998 remastered edition – 4:10
"Five Years" (David Bowie) (David Bowie, from The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, 1972) – 5:19
Total time 44:53
1998 Remastered edition
"Question" (Justin Hayward) (The Moody Blues, from A Question of Balance, 1970) – 6:41
"Boston Tea Party" (Alex Harvey, Hugh McKenna, Zal Cleminson) (Sensational Alex Harvey Band, from SAHB Stories, 1976) – 4:22
"Fearless" (David Gilmour, Roger Waters) (Pink Floyd, from Meddle, 1971) – 6:15
"Apeman" (Ray Davies) (The Kinks, from Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One, 1970) – 5:57
"Hold Your Head Up" (Rod Argent, Chris White) (Argent, from All Together Now, 1972) – 3:47
"I Know What I Like" (Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, Mike Rutherford) (Genesis, from Selling England by the Pound, 1973) – 4:17
"Solo" (Sandy Denny) (Sandy Denny, from Like an Old Fashioned Waltz, 1974) – 4:46
"Time and a Word" (Jon Anderson, David Foster) (Yes, from Time and a Word, 1970) bonus track – 4.24
"The Seeker" (Townshend) (The Who, from Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy, 1971) bonus track – 3:16
"Five Years" (David Bowie) (David Bowie, from The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, 1972) – 5:19
Total time 48:16
2017 The Remasters edition
Disc One
"Question" (Justin Hayward) (The Moody Blues, from A Question of Balance, 1970) – 6:41
"Boston Tea Party" (Alex Harvey, Hugh McKenna, Zal Cleminson) (Sensational Alex Harvey Band, from SAHB Stories, 1976) – 4:22
"Fearless" (David Gilmour, Roger Waters) (Pink Floyd, from Meddle, 1971) – 6:16
"Apeman" (Ray Davies) (The Kinks, from Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One, 1970) – 5:56
"Hold Your Head Up" (Rod Argent, Chris White) (Argent, from All Together Now, 1972) – 3:46
"I Know What I Like" (Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, Mike Rutherford) (Genesis, from Selling England by the Pound, 1973) – 4:17
"Solo" (Sandy Denny) (Sandy Denny, from Like an Old Fashioned Waltz, 1974) – 4:06
"Jeepster" (Marc Bolan) (T. Rex, from Electric Warrior, 1971) – 4:04
"Time and a Word" (Jon Anderson, David Foster) (Yes, from Time and a Word, 1970) – 4:21
"The Seeker" (Pete Townshend) (The Who, from Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy, 1971) – 3:15
"Five Years" (David Bowie) (David Bowie, from The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, 1972) – 5:22
"Caledonia" (Dougie MacLean) (Alan Roberts and Dougie MacLean, from Caledonia, 1978) bonus track – 4:20
Total time 56:39
Disc Two
"Something in the Air (Live Hamburg 1992)" (Speedy Keen) – 5:59
"I Know What I Like ('93 Demos)" – 3:16
"The Seeker ('93 Demos)" – 3:17
"Fearless (Live Utrecht 1993)" – 6:49
"Boston Tea Party (Live Utrecht 1993)" – 4:13
"Jeepster (Live Utrecht 1993)" – 3:54
"Hold Your Head Up (Live Utrecht 1993)" – 3:08
"Five Years (Live Utrecht 1993)" – 7:58
"Roadhouse Blues (Live Acoustic Duisberg 1994)" (Jim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore) (The Doors, from Morrison Hotel, 1970) – 7:30
"Jeepster (Live Acoustic Duisberg 1994)" – 5:35
"Solo (Live Acoustic Krakow 1995)" – 5:19
"Boston Tea Party (with SAHB 1995)" – 4:57
"Faith Healer (Live NEARFest USA 2008)" (Alex Harvey, Hugh McKenna) (Sensational Alex Harvey Band, from Next, 1973) – 6:24
Total time 67:47
Disc Three: DVD
"Reflections - A look back at ‘Songs from the Mirror’. A film by David Barras and Scott MacKay" – 1:29:08
"Fearless" – 7:10
"Boston Tea Party" – 4:12
"Jeepster / Hold Your Head Up" – 4:04
"Five Years" – 7:48
"Hold Your Head Up" (video) – 3:31
"Solo (Cropredy Festival, 2005)" – 6:38
Personnel
From original release liner notes:
Derek W. Dick (Fish) – vocals
Robin Boult – guitar, background vocals
Frank Usher – guitar
Foster Paterson – keyboards, background vocals
David Paton – bass guitar, background vocals
Kevin Wilkinson – drums, percussion
Danny Campbell – backing vocals ("Boston Tea Party", "Fearless", "Apeman", "Hold Your Head Up", "Solo", "I Know What I Like", "Five Years")
Lorna Bannon – backing vocals ("Fearless", "Hold Your Head Up", "Solo", "I Know What I Like", "Five Years")
Jackie Bird – backing vocals ("Fearless", "Solo", "Five Years")
The "Harmony" Choir – additional backing vocals ("Five Years")
Ben Molleson – fiddle, whistle ("Solo", "Jeepster")
Gaëtan Shurrer – additional programming ("Question", "Boston Tea Party", "Apeman", "I Know What I Like", "Jeepster")
Steve Howe – guitar ("Time and a Word")
Zal Cleminson – guitar ("Caledonia")
Brian Robertson – guitar ("Caledonia")
Hugh McKenna – keyboards ("Caledonia")
Ted McKenna – drums ("Caledonia")
Mary Kiani – backing vocals ("Caledonia")
David Bogie – lawnmower
Caroline Boult – party invitation
Mick Wall – answering machine
Haddington Bear – Zippo
Mr Samples – Native Americans
Glasgow Barrowland Company Ensemble – "Geezabun" Choir
References
External links
1993 albums
Fish (singer) albums
Covers albums
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20from%20the%20Mirror |
Golden Ears Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is named after the prominent twin peaks, which are commonly referred to as Golden Ears (Mount Blanshard) (elevation: ). The park was originally part of Garibaldi Provincial Park (established 1927) but was split off as a separate park in 1967. The area was logged extensively in the 1920s by the Lougheed and Abernathy Logging Company. Many recreational attractions are found within the park. Golden Ears Provincial Park is a protected area that contains many endangered species of flora and fauna.
First Nations territory
The area encompassed by Golden Ears Provincial Park sits within the traditional territory of the Coast Salish people. The following is a list of First Nations whose traditional territories include all or part of Golden Ears Provincial Park.
Katzie First Nation
Kwantlen First Nation
Matsqui First Nation
Sts'Ailes people
Tsawwassen First Nation
Stó꞉lō Nation
In-SHUCK-ch Nation
St’at’imc/Lillooet Tribal Council
Traditional use
Historically, the area enclosed by the boundaries of Golden Ears Provincial Park provided an important source of sustenance and resources for the local First Nations. The Katzie First Nation traditionally used the areas in what are now the southern and western sections of the park for hunting and fishing. Several sites of cultural importance to the Katzie First Nation are also enclosed within the boundaries of the park. The St’at’imc/Lillooet people traditionally used the northern area of what is now Golden Ears Park as a trade corridor. The Kwantlen First Nation traditionally used what is now the southeastern portion of the park for hunting and trapping.
Some examples of animals that were traditionally hunted by the local First Nations include mule deer, Roosevelt elk, mountain goat, black bear, North American beaver, and American marten. Archeological studies of the area indicate that fishing around Alouette Lake has been taking place for several thousand years. Fish that were historically harvested in Alouette Lake and Alouette River include five different species of Pacific salmon, steelhead, sturgeon, and trout. Many species of plants were historically gathered in the area, including but not limited to cedar bark, Wapato (Sagittaria latifolia), cranberries, and other types of berries.
Current use
The local First Nations whose territory is included within the park have retained their rights to gather resources within the park boundaries. Hunting and trapping are only permitted for individuals who belong to one of the local Nations. The Katzie Cultural Education Society provides some educational programs at the Outdoor Learning Centre in the park.
First Nations involvement in management decisions
The Order in Council that created Golden Ears Provincial Park as a separate entity from Garibaldi Park makes no mention of First Nations involvement in this decision. BC Parks has made a commitment to include First Nations voices in the decision-making processes for management of Golden Ears Provincial Park. One core ideal outlined in the Golden Ears Park Management Plan is that the park must allow for the local First Nations to continue their traditional practices, such as hunting and gathering. Opportunities for park visitors to learn about First Nations culture relevant to the park area are also part of the core ideals of the Golden Ears Park Management Plan.
The Katzie First Nation has done significant work to ensure that their traditional territories are being managed according to their principles. The Katzie First Nation has been involved in efforts to bring spawning salmon to Alouette Lake, which was blocked by the creation of a dam on Alouette River in 1928; these efforts have been made in partnership with BC Hydro and the Alouette River Management Society. The Katzie First Nation has also been involved in a study of plant diversity and abundance in the Alouette Lake riparian zone.
Industrial history
In 1897 a copper mine was developed along the east side Pitt Lake in Golden Ears Park. The mine title changed hands many times prior to closure during the Great Depression. Pitt Lake's lost gold mine is a legend of an Indigenous man named Slumach who was aware of a large gold deposit in the park. The History Channel produced a show, Deadman's Curse, which aired in July 2022 documenting the search for the gold and research into Slumach.
Timber harvest in the 1920s by the Lougheed and Abernathy Logging Company was extensive and at one point the largest in North America. In 1929, a large forest fire consumed 60,000 hectares of forest and halted logging in the area. Most of the old growth cedar and hemlock was either logged or lost in the wildfire.
In 1926, BC Hydro constructed the Alouette Dam on Allouette Lake for power generation. The Alouette reservoir is connected to Stave Lake via a diversion tunnel.
History and creation of Golden Ears Provincial Park
The Golden Ears Provincial Park was named after the twin peaks of Mount Blanshard. In 1933, the area that is now Golden Ears Park was incorporated into Garibaldi Provincial Park because of the scenic and recreational value of the area. Golden Ears Provincial Park is 62,539 hectares of protected area designated as separate from Garibaldi Provincial Park in 1967 primarily for the appreciation of the barrier between Golden Ears and Garibaldi areas. The creation of Golden Ears Provincial Park allowed more focus to be placed on the recreational elements available in the region surrounding Alouette Lake. The park is often used for hiking, horseback riding, and boating. The expansion of highways increased the accessibility of Golden Ears Provincial Park, which led to the rise in popularity of camping in the area.
Golden Ears Park management plan
Purpose and objectives
Golden Ears Park is one of the largest and most popular parks in British Columbia, attracting an average of 610,000 visitors every year. Following the park's heightened popularity and continued increase in foot traffic, the province of British Columbia enacted the official Golden Ears Park Management Plan in November of 2013, to preserve the natural beauty and ecological components of the park. The plan highlights the park's unique features and significant amenities, including its cultural, natural, and recreational values.
Protecting and maintaining wildlife populations
Ecological conservation initiatives have been put in place to preserve the park’s natural ecosystem and protect the wildlife that inhabit Golden Ears from the impacts of repeated recreational activity. Erosion is a common issue that the management plan addresses: erosion from hiking trails due to heavy foot traffic, and shoreline erosion caused by water sports and recreational boating. The province plans to collaborate with regulatory agencies to mitigate erosion concerns. There are also research plans in place to develop a deeper understanding of the park's wildlife populations, and supporting recovery initiatives for endangered species.
Species at risk
Over 85 BC Red listed species have been documented in Golden Ears Park. Some Red listed species that may be found in Golden Ears Park are Actaea elata, spotted owl, monarch butterfly, and the sage thrasher. The aforementioned species are registered as endangered in Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Many other BC Red listed species can also be found in the park. The Government of British Columbia has documented 1824 Blue listed species in Golden Ears Park, such as grizzly bears. Western population grizzly bears are registered as a species of special concern in Schedule 1 of SARA.
Vegetation in the park
Golden Ears Park is home to three eco-sections within its borders, Eastern Pacific Ranges, Southern Pacific Ranges, and the Fraser Lowlands. Within the three eco-sections lies a large diversity of plants, including ferns, trees, and wildflowers. Ferns often observed include the Western sword fern, leathery grape fern, American parsley fern, and the common bracken. Douglas fir are present in the higher elevations of Golden Ears Park. Other plant species that are often observed include the Himalayan blackberry, salmonberry, snow bramble, skunk cabbage, and knotweed.
Invasive species
The Himalayan blackberry and the knotweed family are both non-native species to British Columbia. Himalayan blackberry are known to grow over top of low-growing plants, and become very dense to the point of limiting the movement of other animals in the area. The Golden Ears Management Plan was to outline a vision for the future use(s) of the park, and explains in detail goals that BC Parks has for managing of the spread and preventing the introductions of invasive species in the 56,000-hectare park.
Endemic species
With the multitude of ecology management plans currently underway and efforts being made by many sectors of the public, native species of plants found in British Columbia are able to live, grow and regain previously strained population numbers within the protected areas of BC Parks such as Golden Ears. Golden Ears Provincial Park lends itself to being a protected area for many endemic species of trees in Canada. Sitka spruce, western white pine, Douglas fir, and mountain hemlock trees are all considered to be endemic to the Pacific Northwest, and are protected within the park boundary in order to preserve the habitat that these red and blue listed species live in.
Aside from the tree populations found within the park, there are many endangered plant species that are native to British Columbia that can be found thriving in Golden Ears Provincial Park, species such as coastal wood ferns, Menzies' Burnet, and snow bramble.
Camping
There are three main campgrounds at Golden Ears Park, with a total capacity of 409 vehicle accessible campsites. There are also backcountry campsites available at the park, also known as "Walk-In/Wilderness Camping". These Campsites are available at Alder Flats on the West Canyon Trail and Panorama Ridge on the Golden Ears Trail, but no facilities are provided. Finally, there are three group campgrounds available for reservation, by any group booking a minimum of 15 adults, with a maximum total of 50 persons.
Alouette Campground
The Alouette campground is the largest of the three main campgrounds in the park, with 206 campsites on it. During the summer season, park operators host security patrols. Only during the summer months the park provides drinking water that is regularly monitored, water is not available during the winter or fall season. The summer season is considered to be between June 19 - September 7, and reservations can be made between June 19 - September 6. There are 83 reserveable campsites in Alouette. In the campground, there are amenities such as:
Visitor parking (1)
Pit toilets (7)
Flush toilets (4)
Self guided trails (1)
Playgrounds (1)
Shower buildings (2)
Drinking water taps (23)
Gold Creek Campground
Gold Creek campground is the second largest of the three main campgrounds in the park, with 148 campsites on it. During the summer season, park operators host security patrols. Only during the summer months the park provides drinking water that is regularly monitored, water is not available during the winter or fall season. Gold Creek is the only campground of the three that is open year-round, however like the other campgrounds, amenities are restricted during the winter months. The summer season is considered to be between April 1 - October 12, and reservations can be made between May 8 - September 6. There are 74 reserveable campsites in Gold Creek. The winter months are considered to be between October 12 - March 31. In the campground, there are amenities such as:
Visitor parking (1)
Pit toilets (8)
Self guided trails (1)
Shower buildings (2)
Drinking water taps (15)
North Beach Campground
North Beach campground is the smallest of the three main campgrounds in the park, with 55 campsites on it. During the summer season, park operators host security patrols.The summer season is considered to be between June 19 - September 7, and reservations can be made between June 19 - September 6. There are 53 reserveable campsites in North Beach. In the campground, there are amenities such as:
Visitor parking (1)
Pit toilets (8)
Walk-in/wilderness camping
Wilderness/walk-in camping is permitted at Alder Flats on the West Canyon Trail and Panorama Ridge on the Golden Ears Trail, with pit toilets at both sites. The distance from parking to the walk-in sites at Alder Flats is approximately five kilometres; and to Panorama Ridge is approximately nine kilometres. Camping is on individual gravel pads in wooded area at Alder Flats and in an undeveloped wooded area on Panorama Ridge. There are no campfires are allowed in Wilderness/walk-in camping, only portable camp stoves are permitted. In addition, you must pack out what you pack in, as there are no garbage removal services. Because of the very remote location of these campsites, park operators are not able to provide current information on the sites.
Rustic Marine Campsites
Rustic marine campsites are located on Alouette Lake at Moyer Creek, The Narrows and Alouette River (north end of the lake). There are no campfires are allowed in Wilderness/walk-in camping, only portable camp stoves are permitted. In addition, you must pack out what you pack in, as there are no garbage removal services. Because of the very remote location of these campsites, park operators are not able to provide current information on the sites.
Hiking
There is an extensive network of hiking trails in the park ranging from short walks to strenuous backcountry trips.
Golden Ears Trail
This trail takes you to the Northern summit of the Golden Ears massif. The trail is approximately 12 km one-way from the west canyon parking lot with an elevation gain of 1,500 metres. This is mostly a wilderness trail after the Alder Flats campsite, which is located a few kilometres from the parking lot. There are plenty of great camping spots along the ridge, however there is no permanent source of water. In 2017 Parks BC build six tent platforms near the summit of Golden Ears. Depending on the season, water can be melted from the snow fields that remain in the northern shadow of the peak and there is often freshwater flowing from a creek near the top. Views from the top are panoramic, overlooking the Fraser Valley to the south and surrounding peaks.
Canoeing
Canoeing is very popular on Alouette Lake. Canoe/kayak/pedal boat rentals are available for rent in the Alouette (South Beach) day-use area on weekends only from May long weekend to late June and daily from late June to Labour Day (weather permitting).
Climbing
There are no recommended technical climbing opportunities in Golden Ears Park. There are two mountains accessible by official trails that require intermediate skills to reach the peaks. Both are long strenuous hikes requiring proper equipment and experience.
Horseback riding
There is an extensive network of over of gravel/dirt horse trails in the park. Check the park map for horse specific trails. Horses are not permitted on trails other than those designated on the park map. A permit is only required for commercial use of the horse trails.
No camping with horses is allowed in park front-country (parking lots, day-use areas, or any area less than from a park road), or in the vehicle accessible campgrounds. Day-use stopover is permitted at the South Beach corral area, but horses must remain within the corral or on a designated horse trail.
Camping with horses is permitted in the designated camping area on the East Canyon Trail, approximately north of Gold Creek parking lot.
This park provides trails only; horseback riding lesson/rentals, stables etc. are not available within the park.
Incidents
Some incidents have resulted in the injury to or death of park patrons.
For example, in July 2018, police received a call from BC Ambulance that a 21 year old man had been swept away by the current from Gold Creek in Golden Ears Provincial Park. A second man tried to help, and both were carried over the falls. The second man was found downstream with non-life-threatening injuries and was transported to hospital. Ridge Meadows Search and Rescue (RMSAR) was deployed, and though an initial search did not find the first man, when the search continued the following morning, a body was found and recovered.
The previous year, in April 2017, emergency services were called to Golden Ears Provincial Park after receiving a report of a man being swept away by swift water in Gold Creek.
In September 2015, Ridge Meadows RCMP were called to Alouette Lake in Golden Ears Provincial Park after a boat capsized on the lake. Four friends had experienced engine troubles with their 15-foot craft, and after pulling in to North Beach to check it out, were later swamped by a large wave. The boat took on water and sunk. Two of the boaters made it to shore and found campers at Gold Creek, while a third made it to shore and headed into the Alouette campground. The three survivors were treated for hypothermia, and released from a hospital a day later. Members of the Maple Ridge Fire Department, Ridge Meadows RCMP, British Columbia Ambulance Service, Ridge Meadows SAR, RCMP Air 1, British Columbia Ambulance Service's Air Ambulance searched for the fourth missing boater. The woman was never found and presumed deceased.
In July 2013, a 21-year-old man drowned in what appeared to have been a swimming accident in the park.
Filming location
The 2022 series Deadman's Curse
The 2022 movie The Adam Project
The 2014 movie Dawn of the Planet of the Apes credits being shot in Golden Ears Provincial Park.
The 2014 movie Godzilla shot a scene on North Beach in the park.
The 2010 movie The Lightning Thief shot scenes in the park.
The 2008 movie Twilight (starring Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart) shot some of its outdoor forest scenes in the park.
The 1982 movie First Blood (starring Sylvester Stallone as Rambo) was shot in Golden Ears Provincial Park.
Annanna & Kristina's Grocery Bag, a documentary shot a scene in the park.
See also
Golden Ears Bridge, a 6 laned bridge across the Fraser River, completed and open to traffic in June 2009.
References
External links
short film clip of Alouette Lake in 1959
Gold Creek Falls hiking information.
Lower Mainland
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1967 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Ears%20Provincial%20Park |
Sasquatch Provincial Park is a provincial park in Kent, British Columbia, Canada.
History
The park was established 1968, in its present condition. It actually began in 1959 as a 20 hectare inland fjord called Green Point Park, which was expanded into a picnicking area in 1960. Eight years later the park was expanded greatly and renamed. It was named after Sasquatch (a Halkomelem Salish word), the cryptid said to be endemic to the area.
Geography
The park is 1217 hectares in size. It is characterized by a series of pocket lakes, a unique second-growth and birch forest, and scenic mountain ridges.
The park is located in the District of Kent, 6 kilometres north of Harrison Hot Springs, British Columbia.
Conservation
Wildlife: tailed frogs, beavers, mountain goats, bears, deer, elk, northern rubber boa, and northern alligator lizard.
Fish: sturgeon, smelt, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, brook char, salmon, catfish, and stickleback
Birds: bald eagles, woodpeckers, warblers, Ruffed Grouse, barred owl, and vireos
Insect: black petaltail dragonfly
Recreation
The following recreational activities are available: vehicle accessible camping, picnicking, hiking, interpretive walks, swimming, canoeing, kayaking, motorised boating, fishing, windsurfing, and waterskiing.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
References
External links
Lower Mainland
Lillooet Ranges
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1968
1968 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch%20Provincial%20Park |
The 1964 Rochester race riot was a riot that occurred in 1964 in Rochester, New York, United States. The riot occurred in the context of a rapidly-growing African American population in Rochester which had experienced discrimination in employment, housing, and policing in the preceding years. Violence began when the Rochester Police Department attempted to make an arrest at a block party on July 24, 1964. The riot lasted until July 26 and resulted in five deaths, four of which occurred in a helicopter crash in the city, as well as over 300 injuries and 900 arrests. In the aftermath of the riot, downtown Rochester received the attention of several new urban renewal and public housing projects, and local activists organized campaigns to change hiring practices in the city.
Background
The African American population of Rochester grew during the 1950s and 1960s, increasing from 7,845 in 1950 to more than 32,000 in 1964, at the time of the riot. Much of that population growth came from the South, travelling north in hopes of better socioeconomic conditions. Black migrants were instead met with segregated schools, dilapidated housing, and an unemployment rate that was more than six times higher than the unemployment rate for whites. Black residents suffered from constant public harassment and humiliation, often being referred to as "bean pickers" in a reference to black migrant workers in the area, as well as being denied housing throughout the city, with African Americans being funneled into the run-down Upper Falls neighborhood. The Rochester race riot came at a time of heightened racial tensions and violence in the United States, occurring only a week after a major race riot in Harlem.
Riot
At 10:00 p.m. on July 24, 1964, the Rochester Police Department (RPD) attempted to arrest an intoxicated man at a street block party and dance on Joseph Avenue, in the Upper Falls neighborhood of Rochester. Police found 20-year-old Randy Manigault unruly and disorderly. They determined he was intoxicated and attempted to arrest him. Manigualt became combative and resisted arrest.
Bystanders felt police were too forceful and started throwing bottles and bricks at police. Police then called for backup from the RPD, with a K-9 unit responding due to a shortage of other officers. Despite being against RPD practice to use police dogs on crowds, two police dogs were used to control the crowd. This use of police dogs seems to have played a part in starting the riot, with the presence of K-9 units evoking memories of violent police dogs being used against peaceful civil rights protesters in Birmingham, Alabama.
By 11:30 p.m. all available officers had been deployed and were engaged with around 400 rioters. At 2:00 a.m., Rochester police chief William Lombard ordered officers to use riot weapons on the crowd. The riot had swelled to 2,000 people by 3:30 a.m. and looting had begun on Clinton Avenue, the main thoroughfare in Upper Falls. Governor Rockefeller declared a state of emergency by 9:00 a.m., with the event being officially dubbed a "riot" at that time. The chaos calmed during the day on July 25, 1964, before rioting resumed in force that night.
On July 25 six black organizers, including three clergy members, brought Mayor Lamb a list of demands which, if met, would bring an end to the violence. These included a mayoral committee consisting of members of the black community to oversee the police department, the deputization of "responsible area residents" and more resources allocated to black-owned businesses and workers. Mayor Lamb would not agree to deputize citizens. Meanwhile, violence had spread to other areas of the city by that evening, including Rochester's 3rd and 19th Wards. One man was killed when he arrived on scene wearing a helmet, stood in the street and was subsequently hit and dragged 100 feet by a passing car.
The last day of the ordeal was July 26, when a helicopter used to survey the violence flew too close to a house on Clarissa Street, clipping the roof. The crash resulted in the immediate death of the helicopter pilot and two residents of the house. Col. Robert Abbott, the civil defense director for Monroe County, died from his wounds weeks later as a fourth victim. Later that same day, violence erupted in Rochester's Upper Falls neighborhood when demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails at police, who responded with gunfire.
Aftermath
Peace was restored after three days, after Governor Nelson Rockefeller mobilized the New York National Guard. Between 800 and 1,000 national guardsmen were sent to the city. By the time the disturbance was over, five were dead (four from the helicopter crash) and 350 injured. 976 people were arrested and 204 stores were either looted or damaged.
A police officer, Dominick D'Angelo, suffered a cut under his eye, but was able to remain on duty, and ABC News reporter Dick Baumbach was shot in the face, but it only grazed his facial structure.
Although the riot was initially blamed on "outside agitators," almost all the rioters arrested were from the local area, with only 14 people arrested who resided outside Monroe County. Third Ward Supervisor Constance Mitchell stated, "I know the kids here. I know the hard ones and the good kids. And it was the good kids in my ward who first threw the bricks through the windows. Then the adults stepped in. This community just went insane." This led to a reappraisal of policies and practices which had not changed in face of a growing black population in the previous 10 years.
At that time, most black Rochesterians held low-pay and low-skill jobs and lived in substandard housing. Rochester's public housing authority had only been established in 1955 and its only projects, Hanover Houses and Chatham Gardens, were overflowing with tenants by 1964. In the decade following the riot, the City of Rochester acquired the land blighted by the riot, leveled remaining buildings, and removed or re-positioned many of the streets. Several public housing projects were planned and built during the 1960s and 1970s.
Social service agencies, including Action for a Better Community and the Urban League of Rochester, were established as a result of the riot. In 1965, local activists organized the organization FIGHT (Freedom, Integration, God, Honor, Today) to combat discriminatory hiring practices with the assistance of Saul Alinsky. The organization was led by Franklin Florence and reached an agreement with Eastman Kodak to hire more African American employees in 1967.
See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of ethnic riots
References
External links
Photographs and timeline of riot at July'64 website
Rochester's Democrat and Chronicle series about the riot
Photographs of riot from New York Heritage website
July'64 Recent PBS (Public Broadcasting Station) documentary about the 1964 Rochester riot
22 Schools reading scores and the areas demographics
Rochester Wiki Page
Dr. Cooper Papers-Box 4: Black Muslims, Malcolm X, Police Brutality, Baden Street Settlement, and the Riots; 1960-1965
1964 crimes in the United States
1964 in New York (state)
1964 riots
1960s crimes in New York (state)
1964 race riot
African-American riots in the United States
Civil rights movement
July 1964 events in the United States
Riots and civil disorder in New York (state)
Ghetto riots (1964–1969) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20Rochester%20race%20riot |
Essynth is a mathematical model for interactive sound synthesis based on the evolutionary computation which uses genetic operators and fitness functions to create sound. In Essynth, digitally sampled sounds (waveforms) are represented as individuals within a population set that describes an evolutionary path over time in generation steps. Here the evolution is given by the population's adaptation to another set of individuals, called here as the Target Set, which conveys all psychoacoustic features that steers the population evolution. This process is somehow similar to the “evolution pressure” that dictates the adaptation of populations in biological systems. The “best individual” within the population is the one most similar to the Target set. Unlike others deterministic sound synthesis methods such as the linear methods (i.e. additive synthesis), the non-linear (i.e. frequency modulation synthesis) and the sample-based methods (i.e. sample-based synthesis) Essynth is a non-deterministic method of sound synthesis once that its resulting sound is not fixed for the same parametric values but continuously evolves over time.
In Essynth, the group of individual's psychoacoustic features is called genotype. There are three basic models to represent the genotype in Essynth. They are: 1) digitally sampled sound segments (waveforms), 2) psychoacoustic curves of loudness, pitch and spectrum, and 3) 3D spectrogram.
The synthesized sound produced by this method is given by two processes, here called as: Reproduction and Selection. Reproduction uses the genetic operators: crossover and mutation to create new individuals by transforming its predecessor's genotype and Selection uses Hausdorff distance as the fitness evaluation methodology to select the best individuals, as well as eliminating the ones too distant from the Target set.
Since Essynth is a non-deterministic method, in addition to the convergence to the Target set, Essynth also produces a rich sound environment resulting from its dynamical behavior in time. As in nature, the evolutionary steps never repeat itself, although it may present some strong resemblance or similarity among individuals within the population.
References
J. Fornari, J. Manzolli, A. Maia Jr., (2001). "The Evolutionary Sound Synthesis Method". Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia.
External links
ACM Multimedia
Manzolli's papers
NICS
Sound synthesis types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essynth |
Coquihalla River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located north of the town of Hope on BC Highway 5 adjacent to the Coquihalla River.
The park was established as the Coquihalla River Recreation Area in 1986, comprising
approximately . It was upgraded in full provincial park status in 1999 but not fully upgraded by statute until 2000. Its area is now approximately .
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Lower Mainland
Canadian Cascades
1986 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquihalla%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Cormorant Channel Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Pearse Islands, a small archipelago to the east of Cormorant Island and the Village of Alert Bay at the western end of Johnstone Strait.
See also
List of British Columbia provincial parks
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
1992 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1992
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cormorant%20Channel%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
The Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) is an American non-profit corporation that administers three federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) – the Systems and Analyses Center (SAC), the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI), and the Center for Communications and Computing (C&C) – to assist the United States government in addressing national security issues, particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise. It is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia.
History
Two ideas critical to the birth of the Institute for Defense Analyses, also known as IDA, emerged from World War II. The first was the necessity for unifying the several services into a single, coordinated department. The second was the realization of the strength of the relationship between science—and scientists—and national security.
The first reached fruition when President Harry Truman signed the National Security Acts of 1947 and 1949, creating the Department of Defense. (In 1947 the Department of War and the Department of the Navy had been combined to create the National Military Establishment. From it the present Defense Department was created in 1949.)
To give the nascent Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) the technical expertise and analytic resources to hold its own and to help make unification a reality, James Forrestal, the department's first secretary, established the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) in 1948 to assist OSD and the Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by:
Bringing scientific and technical as well as operational military expertise to bear in evaluating weapons systems;
Employing advanced techniques of scientific analysis and operations research in the process; and
Approaching its tasks from an impartial, supra-Service perspective.
The demands on WSEG were more than its small staff of military and civilian analysts could satisfy, and by the early years of the Dwight Eisenhower administration, there were calls for change. The several options gradually coalesced into one and, in 1955, the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff asked James R. Killian, Jr., then president of MIT, to help form a civilian, nonprofit research institute. The Institute would operate under the auspices of a university consortium to attract highly qualified scientists to assist WSEG in addressing the nation's most challenging security problems. And so, in April 1956, IDA was incorporated as a non-profit organization. In 1958, at the request of the Secretary of Defense, IDA established a division to support the newly created Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Shortly after its creation, the mandate of this division was broadened to include scientific and technical studies for all offices of the Director of Defense, Research and Engineering (DDR&E).
Universities overseeing IDA expanded from the five initial members in 1956 — Caltech, Case Western Reserve, MIT, Stanford and Tulane — to twelve by 1964 with the addition of California, Chicago, Columbia, Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Princeton. University oversight of IDA ended in 1968 in the aftermath of Vietnam War-related demonstrations at Princeton, Columbia, and other member universities.
Subsequent divisions were established under what became IDA's largest research center, the Studies and Analyses Center (now the Systems and Analyses Center), to provide cost analyses, computer software and engineering, strategy and force assessments, and operational test and evaluation. IDA created the Simulation Center in the early 1990s to focus on advanced distributed simulation, and most recently, established the Joint Advanced Warfighting Program to develop new operational concepts.
IDA's support of the National Security Agency began at its request in 1959, when it established the Center for Communications Research in Princeton, New Jersey. Additional requests from NSA in 1984 and 1989 led respectively to what is now called the Center for Computing Sciences in Bowie, Maryland and to a second Center for Communications Research in La Jolla, California. These groups, which conduct research in cryptology and information operations, make up IDA's Communications and Computing FFRDC.
In 2003, IDA assumed responsibility for the Science and Technology Policy Institute, a separate FFRDC providing technical and analytic support to the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other executive branch organizations.
Throughout its history, IDA also has assisted other federal agencies. Recent work includes research performed in support of the Department of Homeland Security, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Director of National Intelligence, and others.
Leadership
The following have served as president of IDA:
James McCormack, 1956–1959
Garrison Norton, 1959–1962
Richard M. Bissell Jr., 1962–1964
Jack Ruina, 1964–1966
Maxwell D. Taylor, 1966–1969
Alexander H. Flax, 1969–1983
Andrew Goodpaster, 1983–1985
William Y. Smith, 1985–1990
Larry D. Welch, 1990–2003
Dennis C. Blair, 2003–2006
Larry D. Welch, 2006–2009
David S. C. Chu, 2009–2020
Norton A. Schwartz, 2020–present
Sponsors
IDA's Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs), work with governmental sponsors and do not work for commercial enterprises or for-profit organizations.
The Systems and Analyses Center's primary sponsor is the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. SAC assists the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, and U.S. Department of Defense agencies in addressing national security issues, particularly those requiring scientific and technical expertise. With concurrence from the USD(AT&L), SAC also supports other sponsors – including the Veterans Administration Veteran's Administration; the Intelligence Community; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Department of Commerce, and U.S. Department of Energy.
The Science and Technology Policy Institute provides analyses for the National Science Foundation as STPI's primary sponsor and the Office of Science and Technology Policy as its primary customer. STPI also provides analysis for the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency, and other science-performing Federal agencies.
The Center for Communications and Computing supports the National Security Agency.
IDA's FFRDCs
Systems and Analyses Center
The Systems and Analyses Center (SAC) is the largest of IDA's three FFRDCs and is co-located with the IDA headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. SAC assists the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, and Defense Agencies in addressing important national security issues, focusing particularly on those requiring scientific and technical expertise. It includes the following divisions:
Cost Analysis and Research Division (CARD) helps guide the Department of Defense and other federal agencies in the decisions, policies, and processes of resource – both people and money – allocation. Specifically, CARD analysts engage in:
Evaluating costs for pending government acquisition or retention
Examining resource allocation policies to guide sponsors’ decision
Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our sponsors’ resource allocation processes
CARD also supports the Department of Homeland Security efforts to assess and validate new anti-terrorism systems as mandated by the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act. Similar to the support to DoD, analysts provide the technical evaluation ensuring that proposed technologies are safe and effective.
Information Technology and Systems Division (ITSD) focuses on cybersecurity and other cyberspace challenges of national and global importance. ITSD researchers address all aspects of cyber from the perspectives of cyberspace operations, technology, and policy/law, and where these perspectives intersect. In particular, ITSD concentrates on these areas:
Providing expertise on critical cyber technology procurements via in-depth knowledge of the technology and modern methods for timely acquisition of technology that matters.
Assessing advanced concepts in rapidly changing cyber technologies while identifying and analyzing cyber risks.
Analyzing the workforce to determine if they are ready for cyber challenges and developing training and education programs to ensure we are ready for future cyber challenges.
Applying world-class talent in content understanding by analyzing Big Data to bring clarity to a world drowning in data
ITSD researchers have performed assessments of existing DoD cyberspace organizational constructs, developed alternative technology strategies, and advised leaders on the most effective options to enhance cyberspace operations. Analysts also assist DoD and other governmental agencies in addressing problems related to real-world operations.
Intelligence Analyses Division (IAD) provides the United States Department of Defense, the Intelligence Community, and other cabinet departments research and analyses across a wide array of intelligence issues and disciplines. Specific examples of support to our national security include research in the following vital areas:
Countering terrorism, including how terrorist organizations are financed; examining issues unique to Asian counterterrorism; and following developments in improvised explosive devices worldwide
New technology, such as the use of tagging, tracking, and locating (TTL) systems, including the ability to defeat such systems, and measurement and signals intelligence (MASINT) applications, which deal with metric, angle, spatial, wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic data
Surprise technology – unanticipated technologies that might be employed against the U.S. by adversaries as the result of either scientific breakthroughs or novel applications of existing technologies.
Cyberspace operations – tracking, analyzing, and countering digital security threats and identifying and tracking those developing, selling, and using cyber weapons on a global basis.
Joint Advanced Warfighting Division (JAWD) focuses on the needs of the joint force commander and, in particular, the future joint force commander. Provides analytic support to post-war programmatic decisions. As DoD reviews capabilities, JAWD provides an independent analytic review of the capabilities built during the war and which ones to maintain to support the joint concept. Specifically, the division is engaged in the following:
Linking new concepts and new technologies to a military context
Moving from concept to reality in the military environment
Exploring military options through structured analysis.
Operational Evaluation Division (OED) provides technical analytical support to the DoD’s Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) and its mission to conduct independent assessments of the military services’ test and evaluation of new weapons systems. OED’s analytical support functions focus on:
Conducting good tests of military systems in a realistic operational environment
Evaluating those systems from an objective, disinterested, factually based perspective in terms of effectiveness and suitability
OED also supports the Department of Homeland Security efforts to assess and validate new anti-terrorism systems as mandated by the Support Anti-Terrorism by Fostering Effective Technologies Act. Similar to the support to DoD, analysts provide the technical evaluation that proposed technologies are safe and effective.
Science and Technology Division (STD) provides analyses of science and technology issues related to national security. STD’s core strengths, which include:
Electromagnetics
Energy analysis
Chemical, nuclear, biological detection
Advanced optics
Countering IEDs and mines
Vehicle blast enhancements
Materials and armor
Training and human factors
Robotic systems
STD also manages DoD’s Defense Science Studies Group to strengthen connections between the federal government and relevant science and technology communities in academia. The DSSG introduces leading, recently tenured faculty to security challenges and related technology problems.
Strategy, Forces and Resources Division (SFRD) conducts comprehensive integrated, interdisciplinary studies of broad defense policy and long-range planning related to national strategy, organization, and management process issues. SFRD researchers and analysts conduct studies in several key areas:
Analyzing Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) defenses
Conducting organizational effectiveness and human capital management studies
Improving defense resource management
Investigating international arms markets
Researching international collaboration scenarios
Evaluating force structure and capabilities as well as strategy and risk.
System Evaluation Division (SED) provides independent system evaluations, analyses of alternatives, assessments of technology integration, and special system studies for DoD, typically assisting our sponsors in the following tasks:
Formulating and investigating new operational concepts and system architectures
Examining force- and mission-level effectiveness
Assessing the risks, costs, and benefits of new technology insertion
Improving the developmental test and evaluation of major military systems
Science and Technology Policy Institute
The Science and Technology Policy Institute (STPI), is located in Washington, D.C. It provides objective analysis of science and technology (S&T) policy issues for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and other offices and councils within the executive branch of the U.S. government and federal agencies. Since IDA began operating it in 2003, STPI has provided support to OSTP on topics spanning the spectrum from the ethical, legal, and societal implications of nanotechnology research to aeronautics research and development; and from understanding the effects of U.S. visa policies to efforts that facilitate international research collaboration. In carrying out its work, STPI researchers consult widely with representatives from private industry, academia, and nonprofit organizations. STPI's key functions are to:
Analyze the effect of current and proposed S&T policies on the long-term vitality of the United States
Provide timely and authoritative information regarding significant S&T developments and trends in the United States and abroad, with particular attention to the federal S&T portfolio
Advise OSTP and federal agencies on the implementation and evaluation of research and development programs
Provide technical support and analysis to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and to committees and panels of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), under the direction of OSTP
Center for Communications and Computing
In 1959, IDA's Center for Communications and Computing was formed (as the Communications Research Division) as a private think tank dedicated to helping the National Security Agency solve advanced cryptology problems. It was headed by Cornell professor of mathematics J. Barkley Rosser (1958–61); University of Chicago mathematics chairman Abraham Adrian Albert (1961–1962); Yale University professor of mathematics Gustav A. Hedlund (1962-1963); University of Illinois/Sandia Corporation mathematician Richard A. Leibler (1963–1977); and Princeton mathematician Lee Paul Neuwirth (1977-unknown).
More recently, the Centers, which now consist of a Center for Computing Sciences in Bowie, Maryland, and two Centers for Communications Research with offices in Princeton, New Jersey, and La Jolla, California, have also worked on network security issues.
Within those broad areas, the research portfolio particularly focuses on the creation and analysis of sophisticated encryption methods, high-speed computing technologies, the development of advanced algorithms and their applications, algorithmic and mathematical foundations of cryptology, computer network technologies supporting communications security, information processing technologies supporting cyber security, and analytical applications for large data sets.
Although the Centers in Princeton and La Jolla were founded to focus on the mathematics of cryptology, and the center in Bowie was founded to focus on computational science, all three have developed distinctive areas of expertise. Nonetheless, they work closely with each other and share many overlapping research teams.
Center for Communications Research, Princeton and Center for Communications Research, La Jolla. One Center was founded in 1959 in Princeton, New Jersey (originally called the Communications Research Division). In 1989, a second Center was opened in La Jolla, California. The two Centers employ more than 70 Ph.D. mathematicians and computer scientists, working on problems in cryptography, cryptanalysis, algorithms, high-performance computing, information processing, signal processing, and network security, as well as related areas of pure and applied mathematics. A surprisingly broad array of branches of the mathematical sciences have proved to be useful in this work, and this is reflected in the variety of backgrounds of the researchers at these Centers. The day-to-day work is aimed at providing practical solutions to important real-world problems faced by NSA, and this can range from deep mathematical investigations to writing advanced computer programs to sophisticated statistical analyses of data. The research environment is distinctive in encouraging close collaboration, multidisciplinary teams, tight coupling between theory and practice, and strong connections with the other Centers.
Center for Computing Sciences (CCS) was founded in 1985 in Bowie, Maryland. CCS focuses the skills of some of the country’s best computer scientists, engineers, and mathematicians on solving intelligence-related problems of importance to national security, and also on tackling problem sets of interest to the entire computational science world. CCS's original mission, the development and use of high-end computing, has expanded over the years to reflect global political and technological changes. In addition to high-performance computing for cryptography, it now includes cryptography itself, extensive projects in network security and related cyber issues, signal processing, and emerging algorithmic and mathematical techniques for analyzing extremely complex data sets. CCS works closely with National Security Agency and with US industry on the development of high-performance computing platforms – an effort that senior technology policymakers believe will require government research and development support. These platforms, aimed at meeting the specialized requirements of the most demanding national-security-related computations, will have to far exceed the capabilities of even the most sophisticated computers today. The Center is uniquely qualified to provide significant insight into this challenge, given its depth of experience in NSA’s most advanced computing problems; history of sustained and vigorous dialog with many of the nation's leading high-end computer makers; and active collaborations with the united States Department of Energy’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Notable people associated with the Center for Communications and Computing
Abraham Adrian Albert, CRD director (1961–1962)
Leonard E. Baum
Joe P. Buhler, CCR La Jolla director
Don Coppersmith
Alfred W. Hales, CCR La Jolla director
Gustav A. Hedlund, CRD director
Donald Knuth, 1968-1969
Richard Leibler, CRD director
Jill P. Mesirov
Victor S. Miller, co-inventor of Elliptic Curve Cryptography
Nick Patterson
Eric M. Rains
Coke Reed, CCR Princeton and CCS staff member
Mary Lynn Reed
David P. Robbins, CCR Princeton staff member (1980-2003)
J. Barkley Rosser, CRD director (1958–1961)
Jim Simons, CRD staff member (1964-1968)
Lloyd R. Welch
Malcolm J. Williamson, inventor of Diffie-Hellman key exchange
Staff
IDA employs approximately 1,500 research, professional, adjunct, and support staff. Many have attended the nation's military service academies or served in the military. Approximately 56% hold doctoral degrees; 36% hold master's degrees; and 8% hold bachelor's degrees. The staff specializes in the following research disciplines:
References
External links
Science and Technology Policy Institute
Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.
Non-profit organizations based in Alexandria, Virginia
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
Research institutes established in 1956
1956 establishments in Virginia
Research institutes in Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Defense%20Analyses |
Cornwall Hills Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, immediately west of Cache Creek, protecting part of the Cornwall Hills including their highest summit which features an old fire lookout.
See also
Blue Earth Lake Provincial Park
Oregon Jack Provincial Park
Hat Creek Ranch
Marble Canyon Provincial Park
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park
Ashcroft Manor Ranch
References
BC Parks infopage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall%20Hills%20Provincial%20Park |
Coste Rocks Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 23 km south of Kitimat on the south end of Coste Island. The park, which is water access only, was established in 2004; comprising approximately 29 hectares (1 hectares of it upland and 28 hectares of it foreshore).
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia
2004 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coste%20Rocks%20Provincial%20Park |
Cottonwood River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of the confluence of the Fraser and Cottonwood Rivers in that province's North Cariboo region.
There are no active recreational facilities, no maintenance, and camping is prohibited at this park.
See also
Cottonwood Canyon
Cottonwood, British Columbia
Cottonwood House Historic Park
List of British Columbia provincial parks
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
1966 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonwood%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Cowichan River Provincial Park is a provincial park on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It includes the Cowichan River in a 750-hectare area stretching almost 20 kilometres, from the village of Lake Cowichan to Glenora, just south of Duncan. Its paths are part of the Trans Canada Trail
References
External links
Official site - BC Parks
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Cowichan Valley
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowichan%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Giuseppe Sacconi (Montalto delle Marche, 5 July 1854 - 23 September 1905) was an Italian architect. He is best known as the designer of the monument of Vittorio Emanuele II, in the centre of Rome. Following the prestigious commission, he became one of the protagonists of the artistic culture of post-unification Italy, which was then engaged in heated debates aimed at creating a "national style". He was also a restorer of some famous monuments.
Life and works
In 1884, he won the competition to design the Victor Emanuel II Monument in Rome, and began building in the following year, though it was not finished until several years after his death. The monument celebrates the Risorgimento and the battles for national unity, has neoclassical and eclectic style, with many works of art that are affected by the art nouveau; it is today seen by the most up-to-date art critics as an important step in the search for a national style, which was to characterize the Kingdom of Italy recently established. Although the monument to Vittorio Emanuele was generally immediately appreciated for its artistic value, some art scholars expressed criticisms of the monument style.
During the fascist-era the monument would become the main scene of Mussolini's regime. In the seventies of the 20th century, this greatly contributed to the general downgrading of the monument. Starting from the 2000s, the Vittoriano has been rediscovered in its artistic, historical and symbolic values. It is one of national symbols of Italy.
Giuseppe Sacconi worked on the restoration of the Basilica di Loreto, a work in which he aimed to remove all baroque and other changes and additions, and restore the original form to the entire building. He also made the design for the Expiatory Chapel of Monza and restored the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi and the Ancona Cathedral. He died in Collegigliato, Pistoia.
Sources
The American monthly review of reviews, Volume 33, (1906) edited by Albert Shaw, Page 101.
References
19th-century Italian architects
1854 births
1905 deaths
Burials at Campo Verano | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Sacconi |
Crooked River Provincial Park is a 970-hectare provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park, named after the Crooked River, was established in 1965. It is located approximately 70 km north of Prince George, along Highway 97, and close to the town of Bear Lake.
References
External links
Official site
Crooked River Provincial Park at BritishColumbia.com
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1965
1965 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Crowsnest Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located within the District Municipality of Sparwood, east of Fernie on BC Highway 3, just inside the BC side of the Crowsnest Pass.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Elk Valley (British Columbia)
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowsnest%20Provincial%20Park |
Cummins Lakes Provincial Park and Protected Area is a provincial park and protected area located in the eastern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It was established on August 4, 2000 to protect mountainous wilderness along the Cummins River.
Geography
The Cummins River is a tributary of the Columbia River that forms from the glacial meltwater of the Clemenceau Icefields. As the river flows down the western slope of the Continental Ranges, it forms a trio of spectacular waterfalls that cascade into and out of a pair of alpine lakes from which the park derives its name. The river then continues down the valley before joining the southeastern arm of Kinbasket Reservoir.
Ecology
Cummins Lakes Park protects a representative portion of the Central Park Ranges ecosection and Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir forest.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Canadian Rockies
Columbia Country
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park%20and%20Protected%20Area |
Copeland Islands Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in Desolation Sound to the northwest of Lund on the northern Sunshine Coast off the west coast of the Malaspina Peninsula.
The park was established in 1971, comprising approximately 423 hectares, 153 of which is upload, 278 hectares of foreshore.
References
Provincial Parks of the Gulf Islands
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
1971 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1971
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland%20Islands%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Volunteer Defence Corps may refer to:
Volunteer Defence Corps in Australia
Volunteer Defense Corps in Thailand
Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, last named the Royal Hong Kong Regiment
Shanghai Volunteer Corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer%20Defence%20Corps |
Animals of Conkle Lake Provincial Park
Bird species that live in the area are the common loon, merganser, ruffed grouse, pileated woodpecker, black-capped chickadee, and ruby-crowned kinglet.
Mammals that live in the area are bears, squirrels, raccoons, rodents, beavers, deer, rabbits, foxes, and moose.
Conkle Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of the confluence of the Kettle and West Kettle Rivers. The park size is 587 hectares.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
1973 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conkle%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Mohammed Abu Talb ( (alt. transliteration: Muhammad Abu Talib), born 27 June 1954) is an Egyptian-born militant who was convicted on 21 December 1989 of a series of bombings in Copenhagen and Amsterdam in 1985, and was sentenced to life imprisonment in Sweden. He has also been investigated in connection with the 21 December 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 (the Lockerbie disaster).
In October 2009, Abu Talb was reported to have been released from jail in Södertälje, Sweden, several weeks after Abdelbaset al-Megrahi (the man convicted of the Lockerbie bombing) was granted compassionate release from jail in Scotland to return to Libya.
Background
Abu Talb was born in Port Said in Egypt. He was a soldier in the Egyptian Army and also received training in the Soviet Union. He joined the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1970. He has asserted that he deserted from the Egyptian Army in the mid-1970s and thereafter fled to Lebanon via Jordan with a false passport. He joined the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF) in 1974 and participated on its side during the early stages of the Lebanese Civil War. There, he rose to the rank of lieutenant, commanding a 100-member security detail. He also went to Beirut, where he was wounded in fighting in 1976 and spent the next two years studying politics and economics at the University of Beirut.
In 1986, Abu Talb arrived in Sweden from Syria with his wife and child on a false Moroccan passport, under the name of Belaid Massoud Ben Hadi, and was granted political asylum there. He settled in Uppsala and ran a store specializing in Arab foods and videotapes.
1985 bombings
On 21 December 1989, Abu Talb and three other men were convicted by a court in Uppsala for a series of bombings in Copenhagen and Amsterdam in 1985. In the 22 July 1985 Copenhagen bombings by Hezbollah, a bomb exploded outside the offices of Northwest Airlines in Copenhagen, killing an Algerian citizen and injuring over twenty people. A second bomb exploded at the Great Synagogue in Copenhagen, injuring seven people.
In addition to these bombs, the men were convicted for bombings of the Israeli airline El Al offices in Copenhagen and Amsterdam, which left no injuries. Abu Talb and Marten Imandi (a Syrian-born Palestinian man who had been granted Swedish citizenship) were sentenced by the court to life in prison (which in Sweden generally means 20 years at most) while the other two men – the brothers Mahmoud and Moustafa al-Mougrabi (who are Abu Talb's brothers-in-law), were sentenced to six years and one year in prison respectively for their involvement in the attacks.
Abu Talb maintained his innocence and said he had ended all terrorist activities in relation to Palestine at the end of 1982.
Lockerbie bombing
In May 1989, Abu Talb was arrested in connection with the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988, where 270 people were killed. He came under suspicion after Swedish investigators established that he had travelled to Malta in October 1988, two months before the bombing. British investigators earlier found that the bomb was hidden in a radio-cassette recorder, which was placed in a suitcase and wrapped in clothing bought in Malta. In Abu Talb's apartment in Uppsala, the police also found a 1988 calendar with the date "21 December" circled. In addition, Abu Talb's wife was recorded in a wiretapped telephone call warning another unidentified Palestinian to "get rid of the clothes immediately." Abu Talb's involvement in the bombing was also alleged in a 2002 report commissioned by lawyers for Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the man convicted of the bombing. Abu Talb denied he was involved in the bombing and said his trip to Malta was for "business".
In a special defence at the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, defence counsel alleged that the Syrian-backed Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) and the lesser known PPSF were responsible for blowing up Pan Am Flight 103. They called Abu Talb to give evidence at the trial since they alleged he was linked to both terrorist groups. Instead, Abu Talb appeared as a prosecution witness, and in his testimony in November 2000, he told the court that he was not involved in the December 1988 Lockerbie bombing. He said he had been at home babysitting in Sweden at the time of the bombing.
In June 2007, the Crown Office denied that Abu Talb had immunity and declared that he could still face prosecution for the Lockerbie bombing.
References
1954 births
Living people
People from Port Said
Egyptian soldiers
Palestine Liberation Organization members
People of the Lebanese Civil War
Refugees in Sweden
People convicted on terrorism charges
Egyptian people imprisoned abroad
Egyptian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Sweden
Palestinian militants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Talb |
Dunk, also previously known as Starkicker and blue.bottle.fly., was a Canadian power pop band from St. Catharines, Ontario, who were active from the mid 1990s to early 2000s.
History
The band formed in the 1990s, consisting of vocalist and guitarist Ben Dunk, bassist Nick Dunk and drummer Doug Boudreau. The original name of the band was blue.bottle.fly. The band sold 1,500 copies of their independent album in the St. Catharines area, after which they were signed by Sony. In 1996, the band changed their name to Starkicker due to another band on the Sony label having a similar name, Bluebottle Kiss. The band released the album Beach Music through Sony in 1996. The first single from the album, "Get Up", peaked at No. 10 the week of August 26, 1996 on the RPM Alternative chart. By September 1996, the album had sold about 10,000 units. The second single from the album, "Neil Armstrong", enjoyed even greater success, peaking at No. 26 on the RPM Top 100 singles chart.
Beach Music was a top-30 Canadian campus radio chart hit in the late summer and fall of 1996.
The band garnered a nomination for Best New Group at the 1997 Juno Awards.
Deciding that the name Starkicker didn't fit, in 1999 the band changed their name to Dunk, added guitarist Tawgs Salter to the lineup, and released their follow-up album Time to Fly under their new name on September 7, 1999. The album's first single, "Crowdsurfing", peaked on the RPM Rock chart at No. 18.
On July 1, 2000, the band performed at Edgefest.
References
Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian power pop groups
Musical groups from St. Catharines
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
1995 establishments in Ontario
2006 disestablishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunk%20%28band%29 |
Clayoquot Arm Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
See also
Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park
Clayoquot Sound
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Clayoquot Sound region
1995 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayoquot%20Arm%20Provincial%20Park |
Clayoquot Plateau Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located on the west side of the Kennedy River, to the northeast of the town of Tofino.
The park was established in 1995, comprising . Its boundaries were revised in 2004, and the resulting area is approximately , of which is upland and is foreshore.
See also
Clayoquot Arm Provincial Park
Clayoquot Sound
References
External links
BC Parks page "Clayoquot Plateau Park"
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Clayoquot Sound region
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayoquot%20Plateau%20Provincial%20Park |
Gudmund Olav Restad (19 December 1937 – 18 September 2021) was a politician for the Norwegian Centre Party. He was Minister of Finance from 1997 to 2000. Prior to that, he served as Mayor of Smøla from 1980 to 1985 when he was elected to Parliament.
References
1937 births
2021 deaths
People from Skaun
Ministers of Finance of Norway
Members of the Storting
Centre Party (Norway) politicians
21st-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudmund%20Restad |
Clendinning Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It surrounds the drainage of Clendinning Creek, which is a tributary of the Elaho River. Its name is shared by the Clendinning Range, of which Mount Clendinning is the highest summit (there is also a Clendinning Lake in the same basin).
Established as a Canadian Protected Area on October 28, 1996, and made a provincial park by order-in-council on December 9, 1998, it occupies an area of 30,330 hectares.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Pacific Ranges
Sea-to-Sky Corridor
1998 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clendinning%20Provincial%20Park |
Codville Lagoon Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southwest end of King Island. The park was created in 1965 because it is a significant site to the Heiltsuk People. This park, which is approximately 755 ha. in area, has an unmaintained trail to Sagar Lake which has a red sand beach. Created in 1992, it was expanded in 1995 by the incorporation of the former Sugar Lake Provincial Park.
References
External links
BC Parks page for Codville Lagoon
A Kayaking trip visits Codville Lagoon
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
Heiltsuk
1965 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1965
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codville%20Lagoon%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Cody Caves Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It was formed in July 1966 to protect the Cody Caves and was the first subterranean park in British Columbia. The park is 13 km by road, northwest from the hot springs community of Ainsworth Hot Springs on Kootenay Lake.
Notes
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Caves of British Columbia
West Kootenay
1966 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody%20Caves%20Provincial%20Park |
Coldwater River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the confluence of the Coldwater River with Cullet Creek, 50 km south of Merritt on BC Highway 5.
References
BC Parks webpage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Canadian Cascades
Nicola Country
1986 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldwater%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Columbia Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the northeast shore of Columbia Lake south of the town of Invermere. The park was established in 1988, comprising approximately . Its boundary was expanded in 2004, the total now comprising approximately , of which is upland, of which is foreshore.
References
External links
BC Parks page "Columbia Lake"
See also
Columbia Lake Ecological Reserve
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Columbia Valley
1988 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Collinson Point Provincial Park is a provincial park on Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. It is located between Mount Galiano and the western approaches to Active Pass. The area is 24 hectares, with c. 500 metres of waterfront.
Description
The park shares a long common border with Mount Galiano Community Park, of which it is a de facto extension. Most of the remaining boundary is constituted by the shoreline.
History
The park was established in 2004, by acquisition from a private owner. Prior to 1988, the property had belonged to the forest company MacMillan Bloedel as part of its Galiano holdings, which itself had previously belonged to the Vancouver Coal Mining and Land Company (which acquired them by colonial grant). MacMillan Bloedel built the Phillimore Point Trail which passes through the Park.
Geology
The main feature is soft sandstone of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, frequently exposed, otherwise with a thin overburden of podzolic soil. The sandstone is distinguished by its flowing, rounded forms; these appear to be volcanic bubbles but are actually the result of erosion by weathering. There are also areas of shale. The topography is steep, with occasional small plateaux; the park is basically the sheer southern slope of Mount Galiano.
Ecology
Flora
The vegetation is typical of south-facing slopes in the Coastal Douglas Fir zone, intergrading with Garry Oak-Arbutus. Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) is abundant in the areas shaded by cliffs, and grassland is present in coastal areas. The grasslands and open woodlands have an abundance of wildflowers typical of this zone, notably Calypso bulbosa and Collinsia parviflora.
Fauna
The turbulent waters of Active Pass are a major source of food for marine life, thus seals can be found here, as well as bald eagles and cormorants. Because the park is part of an integral forest area, upland wildlife is also abundant, notably black-tailed deer and sooty grouse.
Tourism
The easiest public access is by a trail that starts at the Mt. Galiano parking lot near the end of Active Pass Drive. The Galiano Trails Society has an agreement with the private property owner the trail crosses to allow public access to the park. The trail is signposted. There are no campsites or other facilities. Another approach is by kayak, and this is quite popular.
References
BC Parks: Collinson Point Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Galiano Island
2004 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinson%20Point%20Provincial%20Park |
Champion Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada, located northeast of the city of Trail in the province's West Kootenay region.
The park was established by Order-in-Council in 1955. Its boundaries were adjusted in 2000 to approximately 1,245 hectares and again in 2004 to approximately 1,452 hectares.
Location
It is located east of Fruitvale via Highway 3B, then north on a paved side road.
Facilities
Camping, swimming and hiking trails are available in summer. In winter, there is an extensive network of Nordic ski trails, groomed and tracked by volunteers from the Beaver Valley Cross-Country Ski Club.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
West Kootenay
1955 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1955
Lakes of British Columbia
Kootenay Land District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park |
Cedar Point Provincial Park is a Class C provincial park located on the western end of Quesnel Lake in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia, Canada. As a Class "C" park, it is managed locally by a park board based in the nearby town of Likely. The park was established in 1962 and is approximately 8 hectares in area.
The park features the lake itself and an outdoor museum detailing the history of mining in the area.
External links
BC Parks Website
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
1962 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Point%20Provincial%20Park |
Black Caesar (stylized as Black Cæsar and released theatrically in the UK as Godfather of Harlem) is a 1973 American blaxploitation crime drama film written and directed by Larry Cohen and starring Fred Williamson, Gloria Hendry and Julius Harris. It features a musical score (Black Caesar) by James Brown (with heavy input from his bandleader Fred Wesley), his first experience with writing music for film. A sequel titled Hell Up in Harlem was released in late 1973.
Plot
Tommy Gibbs (Fred Williamson) is an African-American who grew up in Harlem, New York City. As a kid, he was brutally assaulted by a cop named McKinney. The incident led him to a life of crime. As an adult, he joins the New York mafia and becomes the head of a black crime syndicate in Harlem. He wages a gang war with the Italian mobsters of New York City and begins to establish a criminal empire, keeping a ledger book of all his dealings as leverage over his business associates, including McKinney.
He meets and falls in love with a singer named Helen (Gloria Hendry) and marries her. She is unhappy as he is violent and rapes her. Eventually his enemies conspire with her, leading to an attempt on his life that leaves him shot and wounded. Killing his would-be assassins, he returns to his office to retrieve the ledger book. McKinney meets him there and attempts to humiliate him before killing him. Tommy overpowers McKinney and beats him to death. Retrieving the ledger, a badly wounded Tommy returns to the house where he grew up, but a street gang attacks, robs and, presumably, kills him.
Cast
Fred Williamson as Tommy Gibbs
Omer Jeffery as Young Tommy Gibbs
Gloria Hendry as Helen Bradley
Art Lund as Captain Jack McKinney
D'Urville Martin as Reverend Rufus
Julius Harris as Mr. Gibbs
Minnie Gentry as Mama Gibbs
Philip Roye as Joe "The Brain" Washington
Michael Jeffery as Young Joe Washington
William Wellman Jr. as Alfred Coleman
James Dixon as "Irish" Bryant
Val Avery as Cardoza
Patrick McAllister as Grossfield
Don Pedro Colley as "Crawdaddy"
Myrna Hansen as Virginia Coleman
Production
The film script was originally commissioned by Sammy Davis Jr. According to Larry Cohen, Davis "wanted to do a picture in which he was the star, instead of being a flunky to Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. So I suggested that they do a gangster movie like Little Caesar, since he was a little guy, and so was Jimmy Cagney, and so was Edward G. Robinson. And I thought he could play a little hoodlum working his way up in the Harlem underworld."
Cohen wrote a treatment for $10,000 but when he finished Davis could not pay due to some trouble with the Internal Revenue Service. Then Cohen was approached by Samuel Z. Arkoff of American International Pictures, who were interested in doing an action film that could star a black actor. Cohen produced the treatment he had written for Davis and AIP agreed to finance.
Most of the film was shot in New York although some interiors were filmed in Los Angeles.
Fred Williamson was cast in the lead. Cohen says, "Fred was totally different than what Sammy would have played, because Fred was a handsome leading man. He looked great in the clothes, and he looked great in that hat that I put on him. And he could strut through Harlem, and he looked like the Godfather of Harlem."
Myrna Hansen, who was crowned Miss U.S.A of 1953, was cast by Cohen. They had been neighbors for years when he offered her the role of Virginia Coleman. She would later say that being in that film qualified her for a significant pension increase by the Screen Actors Guild.
Cohen says when he filmed in Harlem the local gangsters threatened to disrupt the shoot unless they were paid off. He offered them small roles in the film instead. "These guys were great," he said. "Anything we wanted, anything we needed to get, they got for me. We kind of owned Harlem after that. And then when the picture finally opened, I put them in the poster too, so that the advertisements in the paper had these guys in it. And opening day at the Cinerama Theater on Broadway, these gangsters were down there in front of the theater signing autographs."
The Harlem film sequence was directed by James Signorelli, later to go on to producing films on Saturday Night Live.
Release and reception
The original cut of the film ended with Tommy Gibbs being beaten, robbed and killed by a black street gang, but this scene was removed from general release, appearing only in European releases of the film, until it was restored for home video release, and is now generally accepted as the official ending of the film.
Cohen says "The picture did so well that they called me immediately and said, “You’d better get a sequel going before these actors decide they want an enormous amount of money to reappear.” So I said, “You know I don’t have a script, but I can start shooting something, and make it up as I go along.” That’s more or less what we did." The result was Hell Up in Harlem. The sequel contradicts the film's original ending, and so the two films appear to lack continuity when viewed back-to-back on home video, as Gibbs is still alive in Hell Up in Harlem, despite dying in Black Caesar.
In 2001, it was released on DVD, featuring an audio commentary by director Larry Cohen. In 2010 it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD. In 2015, Olive Films released the film on Blu-ray.
Critical reception
In 2009 Empire named it 18th in a poll of the "20 Greatest Gangster Movies You've Never Seen* (*Probably)".
Legacy
Prominent rappers have sampled James Brown's score. "The Boss", which is the background music for a scene in which Tommy Gibbs is shot while crossing a street corner, was sampled for Ice-T's "You Played Yourself", Trick Daddy's "Take It To Da House"), Prodigy's album Return of the Mac and Nas' "Get Down" on the album God's Son.
The film is name-checked in Public Enemy's song "Burn Hollywood Burn"; when the cinema announces the movie to be Driving Miss Daisy, guest rapper Big Daddy Kane suggests leaving, saying "I got Black Caesar back at the crib." Kane makes another reference to the movie in his song "How U Get A Record Deal". Kool Keith references the main character in the song "Keith Turbo" from Black Elvis/Lost in Space: "Take off your shirt; I can see your ribs; Fakin' like Tommy Gibbs."
See also
List of American films of 1973
List of blaxploitation films
References
External links
Black Caesar at Blaxploitation.com
1973 films
American International Pictures films
Blaxploitation films
1973 crime drama films
Remakes of American films
Films set in Harlem
Films set in New York City
American independent films
Films about African-American organized crime
Films about the American Mafia
Films directed by Larry Cohen
American crime drama films
Films with screenplays by Larry Cohen
1970s English-language films
1973 independent films
1970s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Caesar%20%28film%29 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.