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Dylan Lee Howe (born 4 August 1969) is an English drummer, bandleader, session musician and composer. The son of guitarist Steve Howe with whom he has sometimes collaborated, Dylan is also noted for his work with rock band the Blockheads (both before and after the death of singer Ian Dury), in addition to his own work as a jazz bandleader and prolific session work with a variety of musicians. He was also the brother of musician Virgil Howe.
Early life
Howe grew up in Hampstead, London, and is the eldest son of Yes guitarist Steve Howe and his first wife, Patricia Stebbings. His half brother was Virgil Howe.
Named after Dylan Thomas and Bob Dylan, Steve Howe's guitar instrumental "Clap" was written for him.
Howe attended King Alfred School from 1975 to 1986. He began drumming at the age of 10, and although he briefly studied with Bob Armstrong, Bill Bruford, and Jonathan Mover; he is primarily self-taught. During this time, Howe spent a year living with his family in Montreux, Switzerland, for the recording of Yes's Going for the One album. It was during this time he first attended the Montreux Jazz Festival.
When Howe was 13, his parents took him to see Buddy Rich and his big band at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club – he cites this as the moment when he knew that he wanted to become a jazz drummer.
Throughout his teens, Howe played in various groups in North London. His first gigs were at King Alfred School (1981) and University College School (1982). The groups' repertoires mainly consisted of covers of The Clash, David Bowie, Bauhaus and U2 songs, supplemented with original material. Dylan left King Alfred School with three O-level passes in 1986. He worked as a window cleaner and sales assistant in various shops (for Katharine Hamnett and others) until 1988 when he started working as a professional musician.
Howe married music writer Zoë Howe in November 2006.
Career
In 1989, Howe ran nights at (now-defunct) jazz club The Shack on Tisbury Court, Soho and started playing regularly at West End jam session/house band club nights at venues including The Limelight. It was around this time that he joined flautist Philip Bent's group.
Howe was the in-house drummer for weekly club nights in London including 'Songwriters' at The Orange in West Kensington, London, backing many artists including Chaka Khan and Howard Jones. He was also house drummer for Channel Four series "Packing Them In" hosted by Frank Skinner in 1992.
In 1996, Howe joined the house band for the Channel 4 light entertainment series Light Lunch and its subsequent spin-off Late Lunch, presented by comedians Mel and Sue.
Howe joined Yes as drummer, along with Alan White, on their 2017 Yestival tour.
The Blockheads
Howe joined Ian Dury and the Blockheads in 1997 and – following Dury's death in 2000 – continued playing in The Blockheads, appearing on the albums Ten More Turnips from the Tip, Brand New Boots and Panties (2001) and Where's the Party (2004).
Steve Howe
Howe has worked on several projects with his father Steve, drumming on a number of his solo albums:
The Grand Scheme of Things, (1993)
Quantum Guitar, (1998)
Portraits of Bob Dylan, (1999)
Natural Timbre, (2001)
Elements, (2003)
Spectrum, (2005)
Remedy Live DVD, (2005)
The Haunted Melody (The Steve Howe Trio), 2008
Travelling (The Steve Howe Trio), 2010
New Frontier (The Steve Howe Trio), 2019
Love Is, 2020
Homebrew 7, 2021
Steve, Dylan and his late brother Virgil Howe were in Steve Howe's Remedy band in a 2004 European tour. The Steve Howe Trio was formed in 2007 with Steve, Dylan and Ross Stanley on Hammond organ. They toured the UK in May 2007 and June 2008 to promote their debut album The Haunted Melody.
Wilko Johnson
Howe replaced Steve Monti as drummer in the Wilko Johnson Band, with Johnson on guitar and vocals, and Norman Watt-Roy on bass. He features on Johnson's albums The Best of Wilko Johnson Volume 1, The Best of Wilko Johnson Volume 2 and Blow Your Mind, as well as Going Back Home with Roger Daltrey.
As bandleader
Dylan Howe Quintet
Howe formed his jazz quintet in 2003 and has released four solo albums:
The Way I Hear It (2003)
This Is It (2004)
Translation – Recorded Live In Soho – Volume 1 (2006)
Translation – Volume 2 – Standards (2007)
The quintet has had a changing membership, but has primarily consisted of Howe, Quentin Collins (trumpet), Brandon Allen (tenor sax), Ross Stanley (piano) and Chris Hill (double bass). Jazz fusion musician Robert Wyatt has previously provided vocals to live performances. This Is It featured as The Guardians single of the week in November 2004, and The Observer commented on Howe's "needle-sharp" drum fills on the live Translation album.
In November 2007, Howe disbanded the quintet to focus on alternative projects, including Dylan Howe's Unity 4 with Tony Kofi, Mike Outram and Ross Stanley, culminating in a 15 date UK tour in June 2008.
In 2009 Howe and piano player Will Butterworth formed a duo and started work on their arrangements of Igor Stravinsky's Rite of Spring and Firebird Suite. The duo released their first album in 2010; Dylan Howe / Will Butterworth Duo Stravinsky – The Rite Of Spring – Part 1 to good reviews. They are currently working on a followup with a larger lineup.
In February 2010 Howe put together a successful 25 date UK tour with a quartet featuring Brandon Allen, Ross Stanley and Tim Thornton and is currently working on a new studio album featuring his arrangements of David Bowie's music from his album Low to be released in 2013.
The Subterraneans
Howe began Dylan Howe and the Subterraneans in 2007, playing the music of David Bowie's Low and Heroes. Dubbed a "future jazz sextet with strings and electronics", they launched with a live show at London's Cargo for The 2007 London Jazz Festival and a preview release of one piece on Translation – Volume 2. The group featured guest singer Hugh Cornwell, Portishead guitarist Adrian Utley and saxophonist Gilad Atzmon.
An album, Subterranean - New Designs on Bowie's Berlin, was released in 2014 on Motorik Recordings label. Musicians are Mark Hodgson and Nick Pini on double bass, Ross Stanley on piano and synths, Julian Siegel and Brandon Allen on saxophone and Adrian Utley on guitar intro on Warszawa. As for Dylan Howe, he plays drums throughout the album, as well as synths on two pieces, "Neuköln Day" and "Moss Garden". And Dylan's father, Steve Howe plays koto on "Moss Garden".
Session work
Howe has played on over 60 albums, including work with producers Trevor Horn, Nigel Godrich, John Leckie and Guy Chambers.
Howe has contributed to movie soundtracks, including The BAFTA nominated Ian Dury biopic: Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll, Bridget Jones's Diary, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, I Am Sam and Confetti.
Howe's pop and rock session work has included Paul McCartney, Ray Davies, Tom Jones, Gabrielle, Nick Cave, Hugh Cornwell, David Gilmour, Mick Jones, Damon Albarn, Lewis Taylor, Beth Gibbons, Alison Moyet, Sarah Brightman, Beth Rowley, Leon Ware, Sam Moore, Ben E King, Slits guitarist Viv Albertine and Miles Kane among others.
In 2012 Howe toured the US, Canada and Europe with Bristol-based band Get the Blessing, deputising for drummer Clive Deamer.
References
External links
Official website
Myspace
English jazz drummers
British male drummers
1969 births
Living people
The Blockheads members
British male jazz musicians
People from Finchley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan%20Howe |
Dieter Rams (born 20 May 1932) is a German designer who is most closely associated with the consumer products company Braun, the furniture company Vitsœ, and the functionalist school of industrial design. His unobtrusive approach and belief in "less, but better" () design has influenced the practice of design, as well as 20th century aesthetics and culture. He is quoted as stating that "Indifference towards people and the reality in which they live is actually the one and only cardinal sin in design."
Life and career
Dieter Rams began his studies in architecture and interior decoration at Wiesbaden School of Art in 1947, now part of the RheinMain University of Applied Sciences. A year later, in 1948, he took a break from studying to gain practical experience and finish his carpentry apprenticeship. He returned to the Wiesbaden School of Art in 1948 and graduated in architecture with honours in 1953, after which he began working for Frankfurt-based architect . In 1955, he was recruited by Braun as an architect and an interior designer, and eventually became a protégé of and the Ulm School of Design professors Hans Gugelot and Otl Aicher, all of whom worked with Braun in various capacities.
Braun
Rams joined Braun in 1955, and in 1961, became head of design at the company, a position he retained until 1997.
Rams and his staff designed many memorable products for Braun including the famous SK 4 radiogram and the high-quality 'D'-series (D 45, D 46) of 35mm film slide projectors. The SK 4, known as the "Snow White's coffin," is considered revolutionary because it transitioned household appliance design away from looking like traditional furniture. By producing electronic gadgets that were remarkable in their austere aesthetic and user friendliness, Rams made Braun a household name in the 1950s.
In 1968, Rams designed the cylindric T 2 cigarette lighter for Braun. A member of the company's board had asked him for a design; Rams replied, "only if we design our own technology to go inside them." Successive versions of the product went on to use then-current motorcycle-like magnetic ignition, followed by piezoelectric, and finally solar-powered mechanisms.
Vitsœ
In 1959, Rams began a collaboration with Vitsœ, at the time known as Vitsœ-Zapf, which led to the development of the 606 Universal Shelving System, which is still sold today, with only minor changes from the original. He also designed furniture for Vitsœ in the 1960s, including the 620 chair collection. He worked with both Braun and Vitsœ until his retirement in 1997, and continues to work with Vitsœ.
Influence
His approach to design and his aesthetics influenced Apple designer Jonathan Ive and many Apple products pay tribute to Rams's work for Braun, including Apple's iOS 6 calculator, which references the 1977 ET66 calculator, and prior to a redesign, the appearance of the playing screen in Apple's Podcast app mimicked the appearance of the Braun TG 60 reel-to-reel tape recorder. The iOS 7 world clock app closely mirrors Braun's clock and watch design, while the original iPod closely resembles the Braun T3 transistor radio. In Gary Hustwit's 2009 documentary film Objectified, Rams states that Apple is one of the few companies designing products according to his principles.
The designer Jasper Morrison has spoken of his grandfather's Rams designed Braun "Snow White's Coffin" being an "important influence on [his] choice in becoming a designer."
"Good design" principles
Rams introduced the idea of sustainable development, and of obsolescence being a crime in design, in the 1970s. Accordingly, he asked himself the question: "Is my design a good design?" The answer he formed became the basis for his celebrated ten principles. According to him, "good design":
is innovative – The possibilities for progression are not, by any means, exhausted. Technological development is always offering new opportunities for original designs. But imaginative design always develops in tandem with improving technology, and can never be an end in itself.
makes a product useful – A product is bought to be used. It has to satisfy not only functional, but also psychological and aesthetic criteria. Good design emphasizes the usefulness of a product whilst disregarding anything that could detract from it.
is aesthetic – The aesthetic quality of a product is integral to its usefulness because products are used every day and have an effect on people and their well-being. Only well-executed objects can be beautiful.
makes a product understandable – It clarifies the product’s structure. Better still, it can make the product clearly express its function by making use of the user's intuition. At best, it is self-explanatory.
is unobtrusive – Products fulfilling a purpose are like tools. They are neither decorative objects nor works of art. Their design should therefore be both neutral and restrained, to leave room for the user's self-expression.
is honest – It does not make a product appear more innovative, powerful or valuable than it really is. It does not attempt to manipulate the consumer with promises that cannot be kept.
is long-lasting – It avoids being fashionable and therefore never appears antiquated. Unlike fashionable design, it lasts many years – even in today's throwaway society.
is thorough down to the last detail – Nothing must be arbitrary or left to chance. Care and accuracy in the design process show respect towards the consumer.
is environmentally friendly – Design makes an important contribution to the preservation of the environment. It conserves resources and minimizes physical and visual pollution throughout the lifecycle of the product.
is as little design as possible – Less, but better. Simple as possible but not simpler. Good design elevates the essential functions of a product.
Awards and recognition
Rams has been involved in design for seven decades and has received many honorary appellations throughout his career.
Awards and honours
1960: Received Kulturkreis im Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie
1961: TP1 portable record player and radio received Supreme Award at Interplas exhibition, London
1963: F21 received ‘Supreme Award’ at Interplas exhibition, London
1968: Honorary Member, Royal Designers for Industry of the British Royal Society of Arts
1969: 620 chair awarded gold medal at the International Furniture Exhibition in Vienna
1978: Awarded SIAD Medal of the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers, UK
1985: Awarded Académico de Honor Extranjero by the Academia Mexicana de Diseño, Mexico
1989: First recipient of the Industrie Forum Design Hannover, Germany, for special contribution to design
1989: Awarded Doctor honoris causa by Royal College of Art, London, UK
1992: Received Ikea prize and uses prize money for his own Dieter and Ingeborg Rams Foundation for the promotion of design
1996: Received World Design Medal from the Industrial Designers Society of America
2002: Awarded Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ()
2003: Received Design Award ONDI, Havana, Cuba for his special contribution to industrial design and world culture
2007: Awarded Design Prize of the Federal republic of Germany for his life’s work
2007: Received from the Raymond Loewy Foundation
2009: Awarded the great design prize in Australia.
2010: Kölner Klopfer prize awarded by the students of the Cologne International School of Design
2012: Reddot design award and IF product design award, for the BN0106 digital chronograph
2013: Awarded Lifetime Achievement Medal at London Design Festival 2013
Less and More exhibition
Less and More is an exhibition of Rams's landmark designs for Braun and Vitsœ. It first traveled to Japan in 2008 and 2009, appearing at the Suntory Museum in Osaka and the Fuchu Art Museum in Tokyo. Between November 2009 and March 2010 it appeared at the Design Museum in London. It appeared at the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt from July to September 2010. The exhibit then appeared at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art from August 2011 to February 2012.
Rams documentary
On June 22, 2016, filmmaker Gary Hustwit announced his documentary Rams and launched a Kickstarter campaign for the project. The full-length documentary features in-depth conversations with Rams about his design philosophy, the process behind some of his most iconic designs, his inspiration and his regrets. Some of the funds raised in the Kickstarter campaign also helped to preserve Rams's design archive in cooperation with the Dieter and Ingeborg Rams Foundation.
Dieter Rams. A Style Room
In 2022, the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Frankfurt updated and expanded its permanent display titled "Dieter Rams. A Style Room" to mark the designer's 90th birthday. The exhibit also includes photographs by his wife, Ingeborg Rams.
Dieter Rams. Looking back and ahead exhibition
In 2021 an exhibition of approximately 30 works, 100 photographs, and information panels opened at the Museum Angewandte Kunst. The exhibit was subsequently on view at the Goethe Institute in New York in 2022, and the ADI Design Museum in Milan in 2023.
Gallery of works
Notes
Publications
Klemp, Klaus and Ueki-Polet, Keiko (2011). Less and More: The Design Ethos of Dieter Rams. Die Gestalten Verlag.
Lovell, Sophie (2011). As Little Design As Possible: The Work of Dieter Rams. London: Phaidon.
References
External links
London's Design Museum page on Dieter Rams
Museum of Modern Art holdings of Rams's work
Domus Magazine biographical page on Dieter Rams
Designboom page on Dieter Rams
Icon magazine interview with Dieter Rams
A later Icon interview
Dieter Rams at the Design Museum (Dezeen podcast)
Vitsœ on Dieter Rams
Exploring Dieter Rams principle "Good Design is Aesthetic"
Dieter Rams page on web www.braundesign.es, spanish (english version available)
Page about Dieter Rams collaboration with Vitsoe on web www.braundesign.es, Spanish (English version available)
All designs made for Braun by Dieter Rams and his team on web www.braundesign.es, Spanish (English version available)
10 Principles of good design by Dieter Rams on web www.braundesign.es, Spanish (English version available)
Rams film by Gary Hustwit on Vimeo (paid streaming)
1932 births
Living people
People from Wiesbaden
People from Hesse-Nassau
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
Royal Designers for Industry
German industrial designers
Modernist designers
Product designers
Compasso d'Oro Award recipients
Lucky Strike Designer Award recipients
Industrial design | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter%20Rams |
"No Bravery" is a pop rock song written by British singer James Blunt and Sacha Skarbek for Blunt's debut album Back to Bedlam. The song was produced by Tom Rothrock and Jimmy Hogarth and received a positive reception from music critics. The song is written about Kosovo war while Blunt was serving there with NATO peacekeepers. It was released as the fifth single in April 2006, exclusively in France. The track peaked at No. 15 there.
Release
The single was released on one physical format, including the album version of the track backed with an exclusive live version recorded at 93 Feet East in London.
Music video
"No Bravery" featured a music video that was directed by Paul Heyes and was filmed on 11 February 2006 in The Far East. In the video, Blunt is featured walking through a Kosovo war zone, reflecting on his army days and remembering events that made him into the man he is today. The video also shows the death of a British soldier and the heartache of his family.
Track listings
"No Bravery" – 4:02
"No Bravery" (Live) – 3:33
Release history
Chart performance
See also
Incident at Pristina airport
References
2000s ballads
2006 singles
James Blunt songs
Songs written by James Blunt
Pop ballads
Rock ballads
Songs about the military
Songs written by Sacha Skarbek
2004 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Custard Records singles
Song recordings produced by Tom Rothrock
Anti-war songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Bravery |
In geometry, Max Dehn introduced two examples of planes, a semi-Euclidean geometry and a non-Legendrian geometry, that have infinitely many lines parallel to a given one that pass through a given point, but where the sum of the angles of a triangle is at least . A similar phenomenon occurs in hyperbolic geometry, except that the sum of the angles of a triangle is less than . Dehn's examples use a non-Archimedean field, so that the Archimedean axiom is violated. They were introduced by and discussed by .
Dehn's non-archimedean field Ω(t)
To construct his geometries, Dehn used a non-Archimedean ordered Pythagorean field Ω(t), a Pythagorean closure of the field of rational functions R(t), consisting of the smallest field of real-valued functions on the real line containing the real constants, the identity function t (taking any real number to itself) and closed under the operation . The field Ω(t) is ordered by putting x > y if the function x is larger than y for sufficiently large reals. An element x of Ω(t) is called finite if m < x < n for some integers m, n, and is called infinite otherwise.
Dehn's semi-Euclidean geometry
The set of all pairs (x, y), where x and y are any (possibly infinite) elements of the field Ω(t), and with the usual metric
which takes values in Ω(t), gives a model of Euclidean geometry. The parallel postulate is true in this model, but if the deviation from the perpendicular is infinitesimal (meaning smaller than any positive rational number), the intersecting lines intersect at a point that is not in the finite part of the plane. Hence, if the model is restricted to the finite part of the plane (points (x,y) with x and y finite), a geometry is obtained in which the parallel postulate fails but the sum of the angles of a triangle is . This is Dehn's semi-Euclidean geometry. It is discussed in .
Dehn's non-Legendrian geometry
In the same paper, Dehn also constructed an example of a non-Legendrian geometry where there are infinitely many lines through a point not meeting another line, but the sum of the angles in a triangle exceeds . Riemann's elliptic geometry over Ω(t) consists of the projective plane over Ω(t), which can be identified with the affine plane of points (x:y:1) together with the "line at infinity", and has the property that the sum of the angles of any triangle is greater than The non-Legendrian geometry consists of the points (x:y:1) of this affine subspace such that tx and ty are finite (where as above t is the element of Ω(t) represented by the identity function). Legendre's theorem states that the sum of the angles of a triangle is at most , but assumes Archimedes's axiom, and Dehn's example shows that Legendre's theorem need not hold if Archimedes' axiom is dropped.
References
Planes (geometry)
Non-Euclidean geometry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn%20plane |
Lisa M. Boscola (born April 6, 1962) is an American politician from Pennsylvania currently serving as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 18th Senate District which includes portions of Lehigh and Northampton.
Boscola was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to Richard and Anna Stofko. She is a graduate of Bethlehem's Freedom High School and Villanova University, from which she holds both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in political science.
After college, she worked briefly as a court clerk before entering politics. From 1987 to 1993, Boscola was a Northampton County deputy court administrator. She first won a seat in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1994 and served two terms. In 1998, she won a seat in the state senate and was re-elected in 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022.
On June 21, 2023, Boscola along with fellow State Senator Anthony H. Williams announced they were affiliating with Andrew Yang's Forward Party, though they were not dropping their membership of the Democratic Party and the State Senate's Democratic caucus.
Committee assignments
Banking & Insurance Committee
Consumer Protection & Professional Licensure Committee
Minority Chair
Community, Economic & Recreational Development Committee
Environmental Resources and Energy
Urban Affairs and Housing
References
External links
State Senator Lisa M. Boscola official website
Pennsylvania State Senate - Lisa M. Boscola official PA Senate website
Project Vote Smart - Senator Lisa M. Boscola (PA) profile
Follow the Money - Lisa Boscola
2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 campaign contributions
Delta Delta Delta Distinguished Alumnae profile
1962 births
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Freedom High School (Pennsylvania) alumni
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Democratic Party Pennsylvania state senators
Villanova University alumni
Women state legislators in Pennsylvania
Politicians from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Boscola |
Mona Scobie Røkke (3 March 1940 – 13 July 2013) was a Norwegian and politician for the Conservative Party. She was the Minister of Justice from 1981 to 1985.
Early life and career
She was born in Drammen as a daughter of Randal William Scobie (1904–1979) and Aslaug Høyendahl (1908–1997), both office managers. She finished her secondary education in 1958, and graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.jur. degree in 1963. After seven years as a businesswoman in Drammen and Oslo, she was a police superintendent in Drammen from 1971 to 1977. The years 1973 and 1976 were exceptions; she served one year as deputy judge in Kongsberg District Court and one year as a lawyer in Drammen.
Political career
Røkke started her political career in Drammen city council from 1971 to 1979. She chaired Drammen Conservative Women's League from 1974 to 1975, later the county league from 1976 to 1979 and the Conservative Women's League of Norway from 1979 to 1985. From 1976 to 1985 she was also a central board member of the Conservative Party. She ended her partisan tenure as chair of Drammen Conservative Party from 1988 to 1990. She was also deputy chair of the European Movement in Norway from 1986 to 1988.
She was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Buskerud in 1977, and was re-elected in 1981 and 1985. She was a member of the Standing Committee on Justice. From 1981 through 1985 she was a member of Willoch's First Cabinet as Minister of Justice. Her seat in Parliament was in turn filled by Øivin Skappel Fjeldstad, Hallgrim Berg and Odd Kallerud.
She then returned to Parliament for her second real term, serving in the Standing Committee on Defence and Standing Committee on Social Affairs until 1989. From 1987 she was also a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly. In October 1987 she was named as the County Governor of Vestfold, a position she assumed in 1989 after her parliamentary career. She served until her professional retirement in 2010. In March 2010 her successor as County Governor was announced as Erling Lae.
She chaired the corporate council of Telenor (1994–2005), was deputy chair of the Norwegian State Agriculture Bank and Landbrukets utviklingsfond (1994–1999). She also held a wide array of cultural posts, as deputy chair of the Norwegian Cancer Society (1988–1993) and the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History (1989–1997), deputy member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee (1991–1993) and board member of Kommunale kinematografers landsforbund (1976–1979) and Norsk Film (1992–1998).
She led the committee that published the Norwegian Official Report 1991:20 on legal protection of developmentally disabled. She was also a member of the committees that published the Norwegian Official Report 1992:1, 1995:26 and 2004:18.
She was decorated with the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas in 2000 and as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 2005.
Personal life
Mona Røkke was divorced and had two grown-up children and four grandchildren. She was diagnosed with cancer for the first time when she was quite young, and for the second time in 1985, while serving as Minister of Justice. Røkke went on sick leave for about one year before she returned to work as a member of parliament. She told about her experience with cancer and time as minister in the self-biography Ingen tid for tårer ("No Time for Tears") in 1986. She died in July 2013.
References
1940 births
2013 deaths
Politicians from Drammen
University of Oslo alumni
Justice ministers
Norwegian businesspeople
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
County governors of Norway
Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
Norwegian memoirists
Deaths from cancer in Norway
Norwegian women lawyers
Women members of the Storting
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Female justice ministers
Women government ministers of Norway
Women memoirists
Ministers of Justice of Norway
20th-century women lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%20R%C3%B8kke |
In UK politics, the Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs is a position within the opposition's shadow cabinet that deals mainly with issues surrounding the Foreign Office. If elected, the person serving as shadow foreign secretary may be designated to serve as the new Foreign Secretary.
The current shadow secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs is MP David Lammy. The Shadow Secretary (usually with one or more junior shadow ministers) holds the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs and other FCDO ministers to account in Parliament.
Although DFID and the role of International Development Secretary was abolished by the second Johnson government in 2020, the Shadow Secretary of State did not have responsibility for development until Lammy was appointed in November 2021. His predecessor, Lisa Nandy, served alongside the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, Preet Gill. This however is no longer the case after the November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle.
List of shadow foreign secretaries
Notes
References
Official Opposition (United Kingdom) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Foreign%2C%20Commonwealth%20and%20Development%20Affairs |
George Sturt (18 June 1863–4 February 1927), who also wrote under the pseudonym George Bourne, was an English writer on rural crafts and affairs. He was born and grew up in Farnham, Surrey, the son of Ellen née Smith (1829–1890) and Francis Sturt (1822–1884).
He attended Farnham Grammar School and for a short period aged 15 years he was a pupil-teacher there, at one time having the ambition to be a sub-inspector of local schools.<ref>'The Wheelwright's Shop, Contents, ibid</ref> When his father died in 1884 he took over the administration of the family wheelwright business founded in 1706. During this time he also contributed as an assistant to the various craftsmen working in the business.
However, the work became either too onerous or he found his preference would be to spend more time writing so he took on a partner Eventually that partner died and his own ill health became a problem in 1916, so another partner was found who bought him out in 1920.
He wrote numerous books and articles under the name George Bourne, including a novel - his first published book - A Year's Exile (1898), which dealt with country life among the people of Surrey. Many of Sturt's later books, essays, and articles concerned the dealings of country people and their life and often included details of the practices and tools of the wheelwright and farmer. Among such books were The Bettesworth Book (1901), Change in the Village (1912), Lucy Bettesworth (1913), A Farmer's Life, with a Memoir of the Farmer's Sister (1922), and The Wheelwright's Shop (1923), often considered to be his best book. Sturt also wrote a book on aesthetics called The Ascending Effort (1910).
George Sturt is buried in Green Lane Cemetery in Farnham, Surrey.
Writing
It was in 1923 and close to the end of his life that he published his next-to-last book and best-known, The Wheelwright's Shop. The Times Literary Supplement praised the book for its "grace and power," noting that "It paints directly and without effort the temper and acquirements of a race of skilled workmen such as we are not likely to see again." Mortise & Tenon Magazine says the work, "has gained the deserved status of a classic" and describes it as "a timelessly important and enjoyable book." Sturt described it as "an autobiography for the years 1884 to 1891" but its continuing interest to its present and recent readership lies in the 170-plus pages describing the technology of late-Victorian cart woodwork.
It was after he took over his father's eponymous firm that he learned the technical processes and features of the technology making up the bulk of the book.
Bibliography
The Extinction Of The Keens, unpublished novel
A Year's Exile (1898), his only published novel
The Bettesworth Book: Talks with a Surrey Peasant (1901)
Memoirs of a Surrey Labourer: A Record of the Last Years of Frederick Bettesworth (1907)
The Ascending Effort (1910)
Change in the Village (1912)
Lucy Bettesworth (1913)
William Smith, Potter and Farmer: 1790-1858 (1919)
A Farmer's Life, with a Memoir of the Farmer's Sister (1922)
The Wheelwright's Shop (1923)
A Small Boy in the Sixties'' (1927)
References
External links
George Sturt Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
George Sturt Surrey History Centre article
1863 births
1927 deaths
English non-fiction writers
20th-century English novelists
People from Farnham
Schoolteachers from Surrey
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Sturt |
The Reformed Government of the Republic of China (; Japanese: ) was a Chinese puppet state created by Japan that existed from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei. Due to the extensive powers of the Japanese advisors within the government and its own limited powers, the Reformed Government was not much more than an arm of the Japanese military administration.
History
After the retreat of KMT forces from Nanjing in 1938, and from their defeat in the Battle of Nanjing, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters authorized the creation of a collaborationist regime to give the semblance of at least nominal local control over Japanese-occupied central and south China. Northern China was already under a separate administration, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, from December 1937. The Japanese Central China Area Army drafted plans that month to set up its own puppet government in the Lower Yangtze region. Several documents were made that laid out the details of providing it with financial support as well as the economic and political goals for forming the regime. The documents also acknowledged the eventual merger of the Provisional Government with the one in Central China. The task they focused on was recruiting political and military leaders to head the government.
The first candidate to lead the government was Tang Shaoyi, a former Kuomintang leader who was in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. He was willing to do it but the Japanese were not able to grant his demand to unite the Provisional Government under his leadership, and thus they decided to save him for a later date. However, Tang was assassinated not too long after that. They ended up finding and negotiating with Liang Hongzhi, a former Anhui clique politician of the early Republican era who had ties to Japan. He and several other recruited candidates met in Tokyo and it was later decided at a meeting on 19 February 1938 that the regime would use the old flag and anthem of the Chinese Republic (Beiyang Government).
The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was established by Liang Hongzhi and others on 28 March 1938, and was assigned control of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui as well as the two municipalities of Nanjing and Shanghai. The regime's manifesto pointed out the consequences of the Kuomintang government and thanked their Japanese allies for "rescuing" China, claiming that the Reformed Government was the solution. Its activities were carefully prescribed and overseen by “advisors” provided by the Japanese China Expeditionary Army. The failure of the Japanese to give any real authority to the Reformed Government discredited it in the eyes of the local inhabitants, and made its existence of only limited propaganda utility to the Japanese authorities.
The Reformed Government was, along with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940.
Armed forces
The Reformed Government army was led by Pacification Minister (绥靖部部长) Ren Yuandao and initially consisted of about 10,000 men at its creation, and later rose to 30,000 by 1939. The army's troops were considered to be unreliable by the Japanese due to their poor training and lack of equipment. A military academy was set up with an initial class of a few hundred cadets, in order to provide a reliable officer corps that was "untainted" by previous service in the National Revolutionary Army. However, the Reformed Government Army remained largely incompetent and was reported to have fled from the insurgents they encountered. A small navy was also established to patrol the rivers and coastline with some small vessels, led by a defected admiral of the Nationalist navy. In addition, an air force was planned to be established and some training gliders were purchased from Japan, but it was not formed by the time the government was merged.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Books
Further reading
1938 establishments in China
1940 disestablishments in China
Anti-communism in China
Client states of the Empire of Japan
Former countries of the interwar period
Former countries in Chinese history
Provisional governments
Second Sino-Japanese War
States and territories disestablished in 1940
States and territories established in 1938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed%20Government%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20China |
The 40th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film and television for 1982, were given on 29 January 1983.
Winners and nominees
Film
The following films received multiple nominations:
The following films received multiple wins:
Television
The following programs received multiple nominations:
The following programs received multiple wins:
Ceremony
Presenters
Catherine Bach
James Brolin
Joan Collins
Richard Dreyfuss
Robert Goulet
Lisa Hartman
Dustin Hoffman
Shelley Long
Donna Mills
Stefanie Powers
Victoria Principal
Aileen Quinn
Wayne Rogers
Tom Selleck
Jane Seymour
William Shatner
Robert Wagner
Dee Wallace
Cecil B. DeMille Award
Laurence Olivier
See also
55th Academy Awards
3rd Golden Raspberry Awards
34th Primetime Emmy Awards
35th Primetime Emmy Awards
36th British Academy Film Awards
37th Tony Awards
1982 in film
1982 in American television
References
IMdb 1983 Golden Globe Awards
040
1982 film awards
1982 television awards
January 1983 events in the United States
Golden Globe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40th%20Golden%20Globe%20Awards |
Karen Morris-Gowdy (born January 20, 1956 in Cheyenne, Wyoming) is an American actress, best known for her role as Dr. Faith Coleridge Desmond #4 on Ryan's Hope, a role she played from 1978 to 1984 and again in 1989.
Morris-Gowdy was crowned America's Junior Miss in 1974. She served as emcee of the preliminary finals in 1979 and 1992 and served as a judge in 1980 and 1983. She served on the Board of Directors from 1981 until 1990.
Morris-Gowdy appeared in a Ban Roll-On deodorant tv commercial in 1987.
Morris-Gowdy has been married to Curt Gowdy Jr., son of hall of fame sportscaster Curt Gowdy, since 1979. Together they have three children.
External links
American soap opera actresses
Living people
1956 births
Actresses from Wyoming
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Morris-Gowdy |
Sissel Marie Rønbeck (born 24 May 1950 in Hammerfest, Finnmark) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
Biography
She was Minister of Administration and Consumer Affairs 1979–1981, Minister of Environmental Affairs 1986–1989, and Minister of Transport and Communications 1996–1997. Between 1981 and 1993 she was a parliamentary representative for Oslo in the Norwegian legislature, Storting. She is currently deputy director of the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvaren), and a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.
Rønbeck attended Oslo Cathedral School, but did not complete her examen artium.
References
1950 births
Living people
Members of the Storting
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Climate and the Environment of Norway
Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway
People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
People from Hammerfest
Women government ministers of Norway
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
20th-century Norwegian politicians
Women members of the Storting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissel%20R%C3%B8nbeck |
WAPK-CD, virtual channel 36 (UHF digital channel 16), is a low-power, Class A MeTV-affiliated television station licensed to Kingsport, Tennessee, United States, serving the Tri-Cities area of northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia. Owned by the Glenwood Communications Corporation, it is sister to Cozi TV affiliate WKPT-TV (channel 19) and several radio stations. All of the stations share studios on Commerce Street in downtown Kingsport, while WAPK-CD's transmitter is located on Holston High Point at Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest.
Due to its low-power status, the broadcasting radius does not reach all of the Tri-Cities area. Therefore, the station is simulcast in 16:9 widescreen standard definition on WKPT's second digital subchannel in order to reach the entire market. This relay signal can be seen on UHF channel 32.4 (or virtual channel 19.2) from the same Holston High Point at Holston Mountain in the Cherokee National Forest transmitter facility.
History
WAPK began service on April 30, 1989 as W30AP identified on-air as "WAP-TV". Programming was standard independent fare with classic television sitcoms, sports, old movies, and cartoons plus repeats of WKPT's newscasts. On January 16, 1995, WAP became a charter affiliate of UPN. Shortly afterward, W30AP was renamed WAPK-LP in April 1995. In May 2002, the station attained Class A status and changed to the call sign WAPK-CA. In 2003, WAPK moved from UHF channel 30 to channel 36. WAPK became a MyNetworkTV affiliate at the network's inception on September 5, 2006. In recent years, WAPK has been carried on cable in Harlan, Kentucky, which is within the Knoxville media market. The station was issued its license for digital operation on October 10, 2014, at which point it changed its call sign to WAPK-CD.
Following the announcement that WKPT-TV would lose its ABC affiliation to the DT2 subchannel of WJHL-TV, it was announced that much of WAPK's programming, including MyNetworkTV, would move to WKPT-TV, and that WAPK would switch to programming from a digital network, later revealed to be MeTV, WJHL-DT2's former affiliation. The switch over took place on February 1, 2016. The station's fourth channel is expected to carry Heroes & Icons. After WKPT-TV dropped MyNetworkTV in favor of Cozi TV, the Laff affiliation was transferred from WAPK-CD's third subchannel to WKPT's third subchannel (which had previously carried Cozi TV); the move came as a result of Holston Valley Broadcasting opting to refocus WKPT and WAPK entirely around "nostalgia-based programming", stating that MeTV outrates ABC Tri-Cities in most time periods. The CD3 subchannel then subsequently became an affiliate of Bounce TV, a TV network targeting an African-American audiences.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Translators
The station can also be seen on these repeaters. The main signal on channel 16 is the origination for many of the cable companies that carry WAPK. Holston also uses the signal as the source for all of WAPK's channels via a series of ATSC receivers that directly feed the transmitters.
References
External links
APK-CD
MeTV affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Tennessee
Low-power television stations in Virginia
Heroes & Icons affiliates
Low-power television stations in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPK-CD |
Foul may refer to:
In sports
Foul (sports), an unfair or illegal act during a sports competition, including:
Foul (association football), in football (soccer)
Professional foul, in football (soccer) or rugby
Foul (basketball)
Foul ball, in baseball, a batted ball that lands in foul territory
Foul (fanzine), a 1970s British football fanzine
Other uses
Foul (nautical), to entangle or entwine
Lord Foul, the villain of The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant, a fantasy novel series by Stephen R. Donaldson
Ful medames, a fava bean stew
See also
Foul Bay (disambiguation)
Foul Point, Coronation Island, South Orkney Islands
Foul play (disambiguation)
Fouling, in engineering, accumulation of unwanted deposits on solid surfaces
Fowl (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul |
Douglas Donald Everett (August 12, 1927 – March 27, 2018) was a Canadian automobile dealer, lawyer, and retired Senator.
Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, he attended the Royal Canadian Naval College in Royal Roads, British Columbia from 1943 to 1945 and served as a Sub-Lieutenant from 1943 to 1947. After his military service, he received a Bachelor of Laws degree from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1950 and from the University of Manitoba in 1951. He was called to Bar of Ontario in 1950 and the Bar of Manitoba in 1951.
In 1966, he was appointed to the Senate representing the senatorial division of Fort Rouge, Manitoba. In 1969, he promoted a bill addressing the production and conservation of oil and gas in Canada's north.
He sat as a Liberal until 1990 when he resigned from the Liberal Party over his support of the introduction of the GST. He then sat as an Independent Liberal. He resigned from the Senate in 1994. Everett died in March 2018 at the age of 90.
References
External links
1927 births
2018 deaths
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Canadian Anglicans
Lawyers in Manitoba
Lawyers in Ontario
Canadian senators from Manitoba
Independent Canadian senators
Liberal Party of Canada senators
Politicians from Vancouver | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Everett |
Peter Møller Nielsen (born 23 March 1972) is a Danish former professional football player who became a sports journalist after ending his football career in December 2005. In 2018 he became sporting director of Dansk Boldspil Union. He won four Danish Superliga championships for the rival clubs Brøndby IF and F.C. Copenhagen, and became the most scoring Superliga player ever in 2005. He scored five goals in 20 matches for the Denmark national football team, and took part in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Currently he works as a host on DR1 which is the Danish national channel. Møller is mainly used at the sports news.
He is currently working as a youth coach at HIK.
Biography
Born in part of Frederikshavn called Abildgård, Møller played with local team Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB). He got his breakthrough in the top-flight Danish championship, when he was handed his debut by AaB manager Poul Erik Andreasen in 1990. He was called up for the Danish under-21 national team in November 1990, and went on to score 16 goals in 22 games for the under-21 national team, including games at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He made his Danish national team debut in September 1991, under national manager Richard Møller Nielsen, but would spend the following years mainly as a substitute.
He was AaB's leading goal scorer in his four seasons at the club, and was the Superliga top scorer two years in a row in the 1991–92 and 1992–93 seasons. Møller was chased by both Danish top teams F.C. Copenhagen (FCK) and Brøndby IF, and ended up moving to FCK in July 1993. He played a single year at FCK, but struggled to reproduce his goalscoring ability. He was loaned out to Swiss club FC Zürich in August 1994, and when he returned to FCK in June 1995, he looked to leave the club.
He moved to Brøndby IF, where he was Brøndby's league top goalscorer two years in a row, as Brøndby won the 1995–96 Superliga and 1996–97 Superliga championships. After a three-year absence, he was recalled to the Danish national team in August 1996, by new national manager Bo Johansson. He moved abroad in 1997, when he was sold to Dutch club PSV Eindhoven. He did not find success at PSV, but was included in the Danish squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He played two games at the tournament, and scored a goal against Nigeria.
After the World Cup, he moved on to Real Oviedo in Spain. Not a proven goalscorer for Oviedo either, he had short loan spells at English club Fulham, scoring once against Queens Park Rangers, and back home with Brøndby IF. He was once more dropped from the Danish national team. In the summer 2001, he moved back to Denmark to once again play for F.C. Copenhagen. With his previous success for FCK's arch rivals Brøndby IF, he was initially scorned by the FCK fans and only referred to by his shirt number, "number 32". He would convert even his harshest critics over time, as he always fought for the team and scored some important goals. He helped FCK win two Superliga titles, as well as the 2004 Danish Cup trophy. After two years away from the national team, Møller was recalled by national manager Morten Olsen in March 2005. He scored two goals in Denmark's 3–0 win against Kazakhstan in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification.
Møller ended his active playing career in December 2005. He ended his FCK contract six months early, to become a sports journalist at Danmarks Radio. In 2005, he was elected chairman for the Danish football players' association, a position Møller left in favour of Thomas Lindrup, when ending his active career.
Career highlights
Club statistics
Total number of goals for Brøndby IF (1995–1997 and 2000):
- In the Danish league: 45 goals
- In the Danish Cup: 4 goals
- In the Danish League Cup: 2 goals
- In the UEFA Cup/Champions League: 11 goals
- Total score in 101 games: 62 goals
Honours
Danish Superliga:
1996 and 1997, with Brøndby I.F
2003 and 2004, with FC København
Danish Cup: 2004
Royal League: 2005
Football League Championship: 2000–01 with Fulham
References
External links
AaB profile
F.C. Copenhagen statistics
Brøndby IF statistics
Spanish career statistics
1972 births
Living people
People from Frederikshavn
Men's association football forwards
Danish men's footballers
Denmark men's international footballers
Denmark men's under-21 international footballers
Denmark men's youth international footballers
Danish expatriate men's footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Danish expatriate sportspeople in England
Danish Superliga players
AaB Fodbold players
F.C. Copenhagen players
Brøndby IF players
Eredivisie players
PSV Eindhoven players
La Liga players
Real Oviedo players
Olympic footballers for Denmark
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Swiss Super League players
FC Zürich players
Fulham F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Danish television presenters
Footballers from the North Jutland Region
Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20M%C3%B8ller |
HHV Latency Associated Transcript (HHV LAT) is a length of RNA which accumulates in cells hosting long-term, or latent, Human Herpes Virus (HHV) infections. The LAT RNA is produced by genetic transcription from a certain region of the viral DNA. LAT regulates the viral genome and interferes with the normal activities of the infected host cell.
Herpes virus may establish lifelong infection during which a reservoir virus population survives in host nerve cells for long periods of time. Such long-term Herpes infection requires a mode of cellular infection known as latent infection. During the latent infection, the metabolism of the host cell is disrupted. While the infected cell would ordinarily undergo an organized death or be removed by the immune system, the consequences of LAT production interfere with these normal processes.
Latency is distinguished from lytic infection; in lytic infection many Herpes virus particles are produced and then burst or lyse the host cell. Lytic infection is sometimes known as "productive" infection. Latent cells harbor the virus for long time periods, then occasionally convert to productive infection which may lead to a recurrence of symptomatic Herpes symptoms.
During latency, most of the Herpes DNA is inactive, with the exception of LAT, which accumulates within infected cells. The region of HHV DNA which encodes LAT is known as LAT-DNA. After splicing, LAT is a 2.0-kilobase transcript (or intron) produced from the 8.3-kb LAT-DNA. The DNA region containing LAT-DNA is known as the Latency Associated Transcript Region.
The LAT mainly performs two functions: it suppresses apoptosis so that latently infected host cells stay alive for the reservoir, and suppresses the expression of lytic genes during latent infection.
Lytic gene regulation
HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0) gene is expressed very early during lytic infection, and for this reason is called an immediate-early Herpes gene. In 1991, Farrell and colleagues reported that the 2.0-kb LAT intron terminates at the 5′ end with a 750-base antisense RNA complement for the ICP0 gene.
In 2005, Qing-Yin Wang and colleagues from Harvard Medical School concluded, using assays comparing LAT-negative vs. LAT-positive virus strains, that expression of LAT in neurons represses the expression of several lytic gene products, including ICP4 and Thymidine Kinase. LAT expression results in changes to Histones, thus converting portions of viral DNA into a non-productive form known
as heterochromatin.
Simian varicella virus (SVV) is a Varicellovirus (a Genus of Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae) which expresses an HHV LAT homolog known as SVV LAT, and an HHV ICP0 analog known as SVV-ORF61 (Open Reading Frame). SVV LAT is encoded such that it contains an antisense copy of SVV-ORF61 and that expression of SVV LAT during latency downregulates expression of ORF61 and other immediate-early SVV gene products.
Chromatin insulator
LAT DNA contains an activation boundary between activated LAT-DNA and the inactive lytic viral DNA called a chromatin insulator. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a zinc finger protein which occurs naturally in some human cells. CTCF is localized to the nucleus of cells. CTCF has been shown to naturally regulate the expression of human linear dsDNA by binding with target DNA sequences or motifs. CTCF binding to DNA may result in formation of transcription-ready euchromatin through the Histone H3-acetylating activity which results due to CTCF binding. Acetylation of Histone promotes transcription of DNA to RNA, and then to protein products.
A March 2006 University of Florida College of Medicine study showed that expression of the Herpes virus genome may be regulated in part by the binding of CTCF to CTCF-binding motifs. The researchers used sequence analysis and quantitative genomics assays on HHV DNA. In the U. Florida study, the LAT region was found to contain a CTCF-binding region within a 1.5k-bp (base pair) region, and found to contain a "chromatin insulator-like element". A May 2007 study conducted at the Wistar Institute localized the LAT CTCF-binding motif to an 800-bp sequence of the LAT intron, and demonstrated that the region insulated activated LAT chromatin from repressed chromatin that would otherwise produce the lytic protein HHV Infected Cell Polypeptide 0 (ICP0).
Interference of cellular pathways
It was alleged that a portion of HSV-1 LAT consists of an interfering micro RNA (miRNA), termed mir-LAT. This miRNA is shown to downregulate Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and SMAD3. These effects block apoptosis, or normal programmed cell death. However, although HSV does downregulate apotopsis, the particular miRNA has come to been seen as an experimental artifact, and the paper was consequently retracted.
Other research showed that the products from the first 4,658 nucleotides of LAT inhibited caspase-8 and caspase-9 cellular death factors. Further research has shown that HHV-8 LAT produces RNA which interfere not with expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD3, but reducing the expression of Thrombospondin-1 protein (THBS-1). In turn, down-regulation of THBS-1 reduces production of TGF-β1 and SMAD3, suppressing apoptosis.
Protein products
The exon parts of LAT-DNA produce two protein products with repeats that are 17 amino acids long, termed HHV latency-related proteins or LR-ORF1 and LR-ORF2. Little is known about these two proteins ( and in HHV-1; and in BHV-1), although the loss of ORF2 in bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) does appear to interfere with the establishment of latency. ORF2 has been shown to possess DNA-binding properties. It appears responsible for the inhibition of apotopsis.
Footnotes
Herpesviridae
Viral genes
Non-coding RNA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHV%20Latency%20Associated%20Transcript |
This page lists those who have won the senior title at Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann title since its foundation in 1951 by Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann. There were no competitions in 2020 and 2021 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Once you win a senior title, you are automatically placed into the All Ireland competition the following year giving you a chance to defend the title. Whilst the majority do not return, some have defended their title on multiple occasions.
There are competitions for soloists, duos, trios, and various types of ensembles, many of which are divided into separate competitions by age group. A list of the categories is found here.
Fiddle (Fidil)
1951, Pat Kelly, County Tyrone
1952, Bobby Casey, County Clare
1953, Paddy Canny, County Clare
1954, Aggie Whyte, County Galway
1955, Seán Ryan, County Tipperary
1956, Seán Ryan, County Tipperary
1957, Jimmy McHugh, Glasgow, Scotland
1958, Seán McLoughlan, County Antrim
1959, John Gallagher, County Donegal
1960, Cáit Ní Chuis, County Limerick
1961, Séamus Connolly, County Clare
1962, Brendan McGlinchey, County Armagh
1963, Séamus Connolly, County Clare
1964, Gus Tierney, County Clare
1965, Gerry Forde, County Wexford
1966, Kathleen Collins, New York City
1967, Maura Connolly, County Laois
1968, Bobby Casey, County Clare
1969, Joe Ryan, County Clare
1970, Máirtín Byrnes, County Galway
1971, Antóin Mac Gabhann, County Cavan
1972, Antóin Mac Gabhann, County Cavan
1973, Paddy Glackin, County Dublin
1974, Vincent Griffin, County Clare
1975, Liz Carroll, Chicago, USA
1976, Jim McKillop, County Antrim
1977, Maurice Lennon, County Leitrim
1978, Seán Nugent, County Fermanagh
1979, Frank Kelly, County Donegal
1980, Eileen O'Brien, County Tipperary
1981, Martin Hayes, County Clare
1982, Martin Hayes, County Clare
1983, Jimmy McBride, County Donegal
1984, Eileen Ivers, New York City
1985, Cathal Hayden, County Tyrone
1986, Brian Conway, New York City
1987, Brendan Larrissey, County Louth
1988, Bríd Harper, County Donegal
1989, Áine O'Connor, County Limerick
1990, Brian Lavery, County Londonderry
1991, Thomas Morrow, County Leitrim
1992, Mac Dara Ó Raghallaigh, County Meath
1993, Áine McGrath, County Kildare
1994, Andrew Dinan, Manchester, England
1995, Liz Kane, County Galway
1996, Kevin Madden, Manchester, England
1997, Ursula Byrne, County Down
1998, Mark Lavery, County Londonderry
1999, Oisín Mac Diarmada, County Sligo
2000, Ita Cunningham, County Galway
2001, Zoe Conway, County Louth
2002, Fergal Scahill, County Galway
2003, Aisling Ní Choisdealbha, County Tipperary
2004, Michael O Rourke, County Clare
2005, Michael Harrison, County Tipperary
2006, Aidan O’Neill, County Tyrone
2007, Laura Beagon, County Monaghan
2008, Rónán Mac Grianna, County Mayo
2009, Johnny Canning, Glasgow, Scotland
2010, Lisa Ward, County Leitrim
2011, Tara Breen, County Clare
2012, Niall Murphy, County Armagh
2013, Lydia Warnock, County Leitrim
2014, Dylan Foley, New York, USA
2015, Aoife Cunningham, County Cavan
2016, Darragh Curtin, County Kerry
2017, Roisín Anne Hughes, Glasgow, Scotland
2018, Caoimhe Kearins, County Sligo
2019, Dylan Carlos, County Roscommon
2022, Sarah O'Gorman, County Waterford
Button Accordion (Bosca Cheoil)
1951, Joe Boland, County Offaly
1952, Frank Gavigan, County Westmeath
1953, Paddy O'Brien, County Tipperary
1954, Kieran Kelly, County Offaly
1955, Kieran Kelly, County Offaly
1956, George Ross, County Wexford
1957, Michael Mullins, County Offaly
1958, Danny Coughlan, County Offaly
1959, Joe Burke, County Galway
1960, Joe Burke, County Galway
1961, Brendan Mulhair, County Galway
1962, Martin McMahon, County Clare
1963, John Bowe, County Offaly
1964, Tommy McGuire. County Offaly
1965, Paddy Ryan, County Tipperary
1966, Tom Ferris, County Wexford
1967, Ellen Flanagan Comerford, County Offaly
1968, Dick Sherlock, County Sligo
1969, Pat Barton, County Offaly
1970, John Regan, County Sligo
1971, Paddy Gavin, County Dublin
1972, Seán Gavin, County Galway
1973, P. J. Hernon, County Galway
1974, Jackie Daly, County Cork
1975, Paddy O'Brien, County Offaly
1976, Deirdre Collis, County Sligo
1977, Gerry Hanley, County Galway
1978, Martin Connolly, County Clare
1979, John Lucid, County Kerry
1980, Séamus Walshe, County Clare
1981, Tom O'Connell, County Limerick
1982, John Nolan, New York City, USA
1983, John Whelan, Luton, England / New Jersey, USA
1984, John Connolly, County Tipperary
1985, Willie Fogarty, County Tipperary
1986, Billy McComiskey, Brooklyn, New York / Baltimore, Maryland, USA
1987, Michael Sexton, County Clare
1988, Paddy Clancy, County Limerick
1989, John Bass, County Wexford
1990, John Bass, County Wexford
1991, Michael O'Connell, London
1992, Ned Kelly, County Tipperary
1993, Colin Nea, County Westmeath
1994, Colin Nea, County Westmeath
1995, Pádraig Kinsella, County Offaly
1996, Danny O'Mahony, County Kerry
1997, Alan Costello, County Tipperary
1998, Maurice Egan, County Kerry
1999, James Kinsella, County Offaly
2000, Nuala Hehir, County Clare
2001, T. P. McNamara, County Kerry
2002, Fiachna Ó Mongain, County Mayo
2003, Oliver Diviney, County Galway
2004, Marie Walsh, County Galway
2005, Damien Mullane, West London, England
2006, Pádraig Ó Foghlú (Patrick Foley), County Limerick
2007, Damien Mullane, West London, England
2008, Darren Breslin, County Fermanagh/East London, England
2009, Padraig King, County Limerick
2010, Conor Moriarty, County Kerry
2011, Vanessa Millar, County Clare
2012, Martin O'Connell, County Kerry/Laois
2013, Christopher Maguire, County Fermanagh
2014, Michael Curran, County Tyrone
2015, Daithí Gormley, County Sligo
2016, Uinseann Ó Murchú, County Wexford
2017, Colm Slattery, County Tipperary
2018, John McCann, County Fermanagh
2019, Seamus Tiernan, County Mayo
2022, Keelan McGrath, County Tipperary
2023, Aaron Glancy, County Sligo
Flute (Feadóg Mhór)
1951, Paddy Treacy, County Galway
1952, Paddy Treacy, County Galway
1953, Vincent Broderick, County Galway
1954, Ned Coleman, County Galway and Vincent Broderick, County Galway (tie)
1955, Peter Broderick, County Galway
1956, Peadar O'Loughlin, County Clare
1957, Peadar O'Loughlin, County Clare
1958, P. J. Maloney, County Tipperary
1959, Michael Falsey, County Clare
1960, Paddy Carty, County Galway
1961, Paddy Carty, County Galway
1962, Cathal McConnell, County Fermanagh
1963, Paddy Carty, County Galway
1964, Paddy Treacy, County Galway
1965, Séamus Tansey, County Sligo
1966, Matt Molloy, County Roscommon
1967, John Brady, County Offaly
1968, Mícheál Ó Halmhain, County Dublin
1969, Mícheál Ó Halmhain, County Dublin
1970, Billy Clifford, London
1971, P. O. Ceannabhain, County Galway
1972, Patsy Hanly, County Roscommon
1973, Eugene Nolan, County Laois
1974, Josie McDermott, County Sligo
1975, Deirdre Collis, County Sligo
1976, Peig McGrath Needham, County Roscommon
1977, Pat "Patsy" Moloney, County Limerick/Birmingham, England
1978, Tommy Guihan, County Roscommon
1979, Marcus Hernon, County Galway, and Leon Agnew, County Antrim (tie)
1980, Marcus Hernon, County Galway
1981, Michael Harty, County Tipperary
1982, Noel Sweeney, County Longford
1983, Paul Gallagher, Luton/London
1984, Siobhán O'Donnell, London
1985, Claire Burke, County Offaly
1986, Sharon McDermott, County Tyrone
1987, Pat Fitzpatrick, County Wexford
1988, Garry Shannon, County Clare
1989, Attracta Brady, County Offaly
1990, Thomas McElvogue, Leeds
1991, Sharon Burke, London
1992, Martin Glynn, County Clare
1993, Paul McGlinchey, County Tyrone
1994, Paul McGlinchey, County Tyrone
1995, Paul McGlinchey, County Tyrone
1996, Majella Bartley, County Monaghan
1997, Sandra Deegan, County Carlow
1998, June McCormack, County Sligo
1999, Tom O'Connor, County Kerry
2000, Sarah-Jane Woods, County Dublin
2001, Louise Mulcahy, County Limerick
2002, Isaac Alderson, Chicago
2003, Aoife Ní Ghrainbhil, County Kerry
2004, Michael Mac Conraí, County Limerick
2005, Siobhán Hogan, County Clare
2006, James Mahon, County Dublin
2007, Cian Kearins, County Sligo
2008, Stiofan Ó Dochartaigh (Stephen Doherty), County Mayo
2009, Cathy Jones, County Kilkenny
2010, Paraic Stapleton, County Tipperary
2011, Orlaith McAullife, London
2012, Tommy Fitzharris, County Laois
2013, Jillian Ní Mháille (O'Malley), County Mayo
2014, Siobhán Ní Uirc (Joanne Quirke), County Cork
2015, Cein Sweeney, County Cavan
2016, Séamus Tierney, County Cavan
2017, Tiernan Courell, County Sligo
2018, Tom Gavin, County Sligo
2019, Ciarán Mac Gearailt (FitzGerald), County Kildare
2022, Barry Conaty, County Cavan
2023, Shauna Cullen, County Sligo
Tin Whistle (Feadóg Stain)
1951, H. McGee, County Westmeath
1953, E. Maloney, County Galway
1954, T. Sheridan, County Cavan
1955, T. Sheridan, County Cavan
1956, S. O hAodha, County Clare
1957, M. O'Cleirig, County Clare and Matthew Lynch, County Cavan (Joint Result)
1958, M. MacEil, County Roscommon
1959, Martin Talty, County Clare
1960, Michael Falsey, County Clare
1961, Michael Falsey, County Clare
1962, Cathal McConnell, County Fermanagh
1964, Josie McDermott, County Sligo
1965, Michael O'Dwyer, London England / County Cork
1966, Josie McDermott, County Sligo
1967, Anne Sheehy, County Kerry
1968, Michael Graham, County Kildare
1969, Joe McKevitt, County Louth
1970, Mary Bergin, County Dublin
1971, Roy Galvin, County Dublin
1972, Deirdre Collis, County Sligo
1973, Micho Russell, County Clare
1974, Michael Gavin, County Dublin
1975, S. O’Riain, (Seán Ryan) County Tipperary.
1976, Father Charlie Coen, New York City
1977, Diarmuid O’Cionnaith, County Dublin
1978, , County Galway
1979, Peter McAlinden, London, England
1980, Damhnait Nic Suibhne, County Donegal
1981, Liz King - Cassidy, County Wexford
1982, Maire. Ní Mhaonacgh, County Limerick
1983, Sean Smyth, County Mayo
1984, Joanie Madden, New York
1985, Padraig Donlon, County Longford
1986, Sharon McDermott, County Tyrone
1987, Sion Ní hAllmhuráin, County Clare
1988, Attracta Ní Bhradaigh, County Offaly
1989, Mary Jo Campbell, County Kildare
1990, Martina Bree, County Sligo
1991, Eleanor Carmody, County Kerry
1992, Colm O'Donnell, County Sligo
1993, Grace Kelly, Manchester, England
1994, Laurence Nugent, County Fermanagh
1995, Laurence Nugent, County Fermanagh
1996, Tríona Flavin, County Limerick
1997, Sandra Deegan, County Carlow
1998, Róisín Nic Dhonnacha, County Galway
1999, Emma O'Leary, County Kerry
2000, Mikie Smyth, County Dublin
2001, Louise Mulcahy, County Limerick
2002, Isaac Alderson, Chicago
2003, Emer Burke (Eimear De Burca), County Mayo
2004, Aidan O'Neill, County Tyrone
2005, Edward Looney, County Kerry
2006, Aisling McPhillips, County Fermanagh
2007, Cian Kearins, County Sligo
2008, Siobhan Ní Ógain (Siobhan Hogan), County Clare
2009, Yvonne Ward, County Leitrim
2010, Siobhán Ní Uirc (Joanne Quirke) County Cork
2011, Orlaith McAuliffe, London, England
2012, Seán Céitinn, County Cork
2013, Jillian Ní Mháille, County Mayo
2014, Yasmin Lynch, County Donegal
2015, James McCaffrey, County Tyrone
2016, Máire De Barra, County Mayo
2017, Seamus Ó Flatharta, County Galway
2018, Liam Ó Neadán, County Sligo
2019, Ciarán Mac Gearailt (FitzGerald), County Kildare
2022, Máire Ní Bhraonáin, County Offaly
2023, Cathal Ó hEachthairn, County Dublin
Piano Accordion (Cáirdín Piano)
1953, Margaret Kane, County Carlow
1964, Frank Kelly, County Roscommon
1965, Liam Gaul, Wexford
1966, K.Lawrie, Birmingham
1967, Liam Clarke, Dun Dealgon
1968, Mick Foster, Rathconrath
1969 K.Lawrie, Birmingham
1970, Mick Foster, Rathconrath
1971, Pat McCabe, Clones
1972, John Ferguson, Leeds
1973, John Ferguson, Leeds
1974, John Ferguson, Leeds
1975, Ann Morris, Boyle
1976, John Henry, County Londonderry
1977, Jimmy Keane, Chicago, USA
1978, Jimmy Keane, Chicago, USA
1979, John Gibney, Derby
1980, Mary Finn, Sligo
1981, Seamus Meehan, County Dublin
1982, Karen Tweed, Northampton
1983, Liam Roberts, County Dublin
1984, Noreen McQuaid, Monaghan
1985, Elaine McDermott, County Tyrone
1986, Collette O'Leary, Dublin
1987, Gearoid Ó hArgain (Ferard Horgan), County Cork
1988, Michael McDonagh, Luton
1989, Gerry Conlon, Glasgow
1990, Ger Maloney, Limerick
1991, Declan Payne, Sligo
1992, Michael Tennyson, Leeds
1993, Michael Tennyson, Leeds
1994, Michael Tennyson, Leeds
1995, Mirella Murray, Galway
1996, Andreas O Murchu, County Cork
1997, Marie Clarke, County Donegal
1998, Michelle O Leary, Manchester
1999, Michelle O Leary, Manchester
2000, Gearóid Mac Eogáin, County Monaghan
2001, Ann Mc Laughlin, County Donegal
2002, Colin McGill, County Laois
2003, Shane Ó hUaithne, County Galway
2004, David Nealon, County Galway
2005, Dean Warner, Leeds
2006, Amanda Ní Eochaidh, County Wexford
2007, Sinéad Healy, County Mayo
2008, Edel Mc Laughlin, County Donegal
2009, Caitríona Ní Choileáin, County Cork
2010, Seán Gavaghan, Leeds, Britain
2011, Seán Gavaghan, Leeds, Britain
2012, Adam Dyer, County Dublin
2013, Dónal Ó Coileáin, County Cork
2014, Kevin Murphy, Glasgow, Scotland
2015, Kevin Murphy, Glasgow, Scotland
2016, Kevin Murphy, Glasgow, Scotland
2017, Ryan Hackett, County Tyrone
2018, Rhianne Kelly, County Galway
2019, Fergal Bradley, County Donegal
2022, Shauneen Maguire, County Fermanagh
2023, Thomas Palmer, County Cork
Concertina (Consairtín)
1954, Paddy Murphy, County Clare
1955, Paddy Murphy, County Clare
1956, Chris Droney, County Clare
1957, Paddy Murphy, County Clare
1958, Paddy Murphy, County Clare
1959, Chris Droney, County Clare
1960, Chris Droney, County Clare
1961, Chris Droney, County Clare
1962, Chris Droney, County Clare
1963, Chris Droney, County Clare
1964, Chris Droney, County Clare
1965, Chris Droney, County Clare
1966, Chris Droney, County Clare
1967, Chris Droney, County Clare
1968, Theresa White, County Waterford
1969, Tommy McMahon, County Clare
1970, Tommy McMahon, County Clare
1971, Tommy McMahon, County Clare
1975, Gerald Haugh, County Clare
1976, Father Charlie Coen, New York
1977, Father Charlie Coen, New York
1978, Paddy Hayes, London
1979, Mary MacNamara, County Clare
1980, Paddy Hayes, London
1981, D. Buckley, County Cork
1982 Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin, County Clare
1983, Ciaran Burns, County Down
1984, Méabh Ní Lochlainn, Baile Átha Cliath
1985, Francis Droney, County Clare
1987, Paul Quinn, Camlough, Co. Armagh
1988, Elaine O'Sullivan, Coventry
1989, Johnny Williams, Chicago
1990, Micheal O'Raghallaigh, County Meath
199X, Michael Rooney, County Monaghan
199X, Maura Walsh, County Kerry
1994, Grainne Hambly, County Mayo
1996, Antóin O Conaill, County Limerick
1997, Ernestine Ni Ealal, County Mayo
1998, Maedhbh Scahill, County Galway
1999, Séamus Ó Mongáin, County Mayo
2000, Triona Ní Aodha, County Kerry
2001, Triona Ní Aodha, County Kerry
2002, Hugh Healy, County Clare
2003, Holly NicOireachtaigh, County Mayo
2004, Aidan O'Neill, County Tyrone
2005, Alan Egan, County Kerry
2006, Máiréad Ní Uirthuile, County Sligo
2007, Rory McMahon, County Clare
2008, Aoife Ní Uaithne, County Galway
2009, Tomás Fitzharris, County Laois
2010, Breda Shannon, County Roscommon
2011, Aoibheann Murphy, County Cork
2012, Niamh Ní Shúilleabháin, County Dublin
2013, Róisín Ní Bhrudair, County Galway
2014, Ciaran Hanna, County Tyrone
2015, Paul Clesham, County Mayo
2016, Sinéad Mulqueen, County Clare
2017, Ciarán FitzGerald (Ciarán Mac Gearailt), County Kildare
2018, Sarán Mulligan, County Louth
2019, Aileen de Búrca, County Mayo
2022, Aidan Quigney, County Clare
2023, Colm Browne, County Clare
Uilleann Pipes (Píb Uilleann)
1951, Willie Clancy, County Clare
1952, Willie Reynolds, County Westmeath and John McAloon, County Fermanagh (tie)
1953, Willie Clancy, Co. Dublin
1954, Michael Padian, County Monaghan
1955, Dan Cleary, County Offaly
1956, Dan Cleary, County Offaly
1957, Dan Cleary, County Offaly
1958, Pat McNulty, Glasgow, Scotland (formerly of County Donegal)
1959, Thomas Kearney, County Waterford
1965, Michael Falsey, County Clare
1964, Liam O'Flynn Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann Clones
1966, Finbar Furey
196?, Tomás Ó Ceannabháin, County Galway
1973, Tom Walsh, Preston, Lancashire
1974, Gabriel McKeon, County Dublin
1975, Finbar McLaughlin, City of Derry
1976, Trevor Stewart, County Antrim
1977, Joseph McHugh, City of Derry
1979, Brian Stafford, City of Derry
1981, D. Buckley
1980, Mattie Connolly, County Monaghan/New York
1982, Seamus Meehan, Dublin
1983, Michael Cooney, County Tipperary
1984, Fergus Finnegan, County Dublin
1985, Fergus Finnegan, County Dublin
1986, Eamonn Walsh, Ballina, County Mayo
1987, Martin Frain, Sheffield, UK
1990, Brendan Ring, London
1991, Tiarnán Ó Duinchinn, County Monaghan
1992, David Power, County Waterford
1993, Brian Mac Aodha, County Leitrim.
1996, Brian Krause, County Galway
1997, Flaithrí Neff, County Cork
1998, David Kinsella, County Offaly
1999, Audrey Cunningham, County Wicklow
2000, Mikie Smyth, County Dublin
2001, Louise Mulcahy, County Limerick
2002, Isaac Alderson, Chicago
2003, Martin Crossin, County Donegal
2004, Richard Murray, County Galway
2005, James Mahon, County Dublin
2006, Éanna Ó Cróinín, County Meath
2007, Seán McCarthy, County Cork
2008, Fiachra Ó Riagáin, County Galway
2009, Martino Vacca, County Limerick
2010, Richard Neylon, County Galway
2011, Éanna Ó Chróinín, County Meath
2012, Seán Céitinn, County Cork
2013, Conor Mallon, County Armagh
2014, Cathal Ó Crócaigh, County Dublin
2015, Tara Howley, County Clare
2016, Fionn Morrison, County Dublin
2017, Eoin Orr, County Donegal
2018, Timmy Flaherty, CCÉ, Ballylongford / Tarbert, Ciarraí
2019, Ruairí Howell, County Down
2022, Peter McKenna, County Tyrone
2023, Micheál Fitzgibbon, County Limerick
Harp (Cruit)
1959, Philomena O'Keeffe, Co. Cork
1974, Deirdre Danaher, New York City, USA
1975, Maire Ni Chathasaigh, County Cork
1976, Maire Ni Chathasaigh, County Cork
1977, Maire Ni Chathasaigh, County Cork
1979, Patricia Daly, County Armagh
1980, Sylvia Woods, California, USA
1981, Janet Harbison, County Dublin
1982, Mairéad Ní Chathasaigh, County Cork
1983, Celia Joyce, Preston, Lancashire, England
1984, Shawna Culotta, California, USA
1985, Kathleen Guilday, Boston, USA
1986, Martha Clancy, Philadelphia, USA
1987, Eimear Ní Bhroin, County Cork
1989, Tracey Fleming, County Roscommon
1990, Cormac de Barra, County Dublin
1992, Laoise Ní Cheallaigh (Laoise Kelly), County Mayo
1993, Michael Rooney, County Monaghan
1994, Gráinne Hambly, County Mayo
1996, Padraigín Caesar, County Carlow
1997, Áine Heneghan, County Mayo
1998, Barbra Doyle, County Kildare
1999, Freda Nic Ghiolla Chathain, County Westmeath
2000, Eileen Gannon, St. Louis
2001, Holly Nic Oireachtaigh, County Mayo
2002, Nicola Ní Chathail, County Galway
2003, Fionnuala Ní Ruanaidh, County Monaghan
2004, Méabh de Buitléir, County Clare
2005, Seana Ní Dhaithí, County Meath
2006, Lucy Kerr, City of Derry
2007, Aedin Martin, County Dublin
2008, Lisa Ní Cheannaigh (Lisa Canny), County Mayo
2009, Oisín Morrison. County Dublin
2010, AnnaLee Foster, Oregon, USA
2011, Aoife Ní Argáin, County Dublin
2012, Alisha McMahon, County Clare
2013, Áine Ní Shiocháin, County Limerick
2014, Eimear Coughlan, County Clare
2015, Gráinne Nic Ghiobúin, County Limerick
2016, Niamh McGloin, County Sligo
2017, Seamus Ó Flatharta, County Galway
2018, Síofra Hanley, County Sligo
2019, Fionnuala Donlon, County Louth
2022, Emma Benson, County Roscommon
2023, Hamish O'Carroll, County Kerry
Mouth Organ (Orgán Béil)
1959, P. O'Dolphin, Athlone
1966, Thomas McGovern, County Leitrim
1967, Dick O'Neill, County Wexford
1969, Phil Murphy, County Wexford
1970, Phil Murphy, County Wexford
1971, Phil Murphy, County Wexford
1972, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1973, John Murphy, County Wexford
1974, Mary Brogan, County Wexford
1975, Rick Epping, USA
1976, Gerard Danaher, County Sligo
1977, Mary Brogan, County Wexford
1979, Kieran McHugh, County Antrim
198?, Pip Murphy, County Wexford (twice)
1981, P. J. Gannon, St. Louis, USA
1983, Mick Furlong, County Wexford
1984, Nicky Furlong, Wexford
1985, Noel Battle, County Westmeath
1986, Pip Murphy, County Wexford
1987, Don Meade, New York, USA
1993, Brendan Power, New Zealand
1994 Alan O'Dwyer, County Wexford
1995 Alan O'Dwyer, County Wexford
1996, Austin Berry, County Roscommon
1997, Austin Berry, County Roscommon
1998, Austin Berry, County Roscommon
1999, Tomás Ó Tuathail, County Mayo
2000, Paul Moran, County Galway
2001, Noel Battle, County Westmeath
2002, Noel Battle, County Westmeath
2003, Noel Battle, County Westmeath
2004, Noel Battle, County Westmeath
2005, Edward Looney, County Kerry
2006, Pauline Callinan, County Clare
2007, Nollaig Mac Concatha, County Meath
2008, Pat Casey, County Tyrone
2009, Pat Casey, County Tyrone
2010, Pat Casey, County Tyrone
2011, Orla Ward, County Leitrim
2012, Poilín Ní Ghabháin (Pauline Callinan), County Clare
2013, John Horkan, County Mayo
2014, John Horkan, County Mayo
2015, Denis Nolan, County Wexford
2016, John Horkan, County Mayo
2017, Pat Fulton, County Offaly
2018, John Horkan, County Mayo
2019, Arlene O'Sullivan, County Clare
2022, Liam MacThómais, County Tipperary
2023, Michael Kelliher, County Kerry
Banjo (Bainseo)
1971, Mick O'Connor, London
1974, Owen Hackett, County Meath
1975, S. O’Hagen, County Tyrone
1976, Tony "Sully" Sullivan, Manchester
1977, Kieran Hanrahan, County Clare
1978, James (Kevin) Shanahan, London
1979, Willie Kavanagh, County Longford
1981, John Hogan, Arklow County Wicklow, (Gorey CCE)
1982, John Carty, London
1983, Cathal Hayden, County Tyrone
1984, Cathal Hayden, County Tyrone
1985, Noel Birmingham, County Clare
1987, Tomas Ó Maoilean, County Galway
1988, Pat Bass, County Wexford
1990, Lorraine Ely, Luton
1991, Pat Bass, County Wexford
1992, Pat Bass, County Wexford
1993, Joe Molloy, Birmingham
1994, John Morrow, County Leitrim
1995, Theresa O'Grady, Luton
1996, Paul Meehan, County Armagh
1997, Brian Fitzgerald, County Limerick
1998, Colm O hUaithnin, County Tipperary
1999, Brian Kelly, Birmingham
2000, Kerri Ní Oireachtaigh, County Sligo
2001, Alan Byrne, County Dublin
2002, Kieran Fletcher, County Armagh
2003, Clíodhna Ní Choisdealbha, County Tipperary
2004, Aisling Neville, County Kerry
2005, Éamonn Ó Murchú, County Cork
2006, Michael Gaughan, CCÉ, West London
2007, Gearóid Céitinn, County Limerick
2008, Steven Madden, County Clare
2009, Eoin O'Sullivan, County Limerick
2010, Eimear Howley, County Clare
2011, Dermot Mulholland, City of Derry
2012, Con Mahon, County Offaly
2013, Tomas Quinn, County Tyrone
2014, Elaine Reilly, County Longford
2015, George McAdam, County Monaghan
2016, Gearoid Curtin, County Kerry
2017, Brian Scannell, County Limerick
2018, Dean Ó Gríofa, County Kerry
2019, Shane Scanlon, County Cork
2022, Thomas Ahern, County Waterford
2023, Ademar O'Connor, County Offaly
Mandolin (Maindilín)
1979, Séamus Egan, Pennsylvania
1980, Stephen Daly, Dublin
1989, Stephen Daly, Dublin
1990, Terence Matthews, Co. Kerry
1991, Pat Bass, Co. Wexford
1992, Pat Bass, Co. Wexford
1994, John Morrow, County Leitrim
1995, Sean Marshall, County Longford
1996, Brian Carolan, County Meath
1997, Brian Kelly, London
1998, Colm O hUaithnin, County Tipperary
1999, Kate Marquis, County Monaghan
2000, Kate Marquis, County Monaghan
2001, Daithí Ó Cearnaigh, County Kerry
2002, Shane Mulchrone, County Mayo
2003, Piaras MacEochagáin, County Kerry
2004, Alan Tierney, County Galway
2005, Aaron Mc Sorley, County Tyrone
2006, Frances Donahue, County Cork
2007, Michael Gaughan, West London
2008, Eimear Ní hAmhlaigh, County Clare
2009, Ryan McCourt, County Antrim
2010, Gavin Strappe, County Tipperary
2011, Sandra Walsh, County Cork
2012, Séamus Ó Ciarba, County Clare
2013, Danny Collins, County Cork
2014, Elaine Reilly, County Longford
2015, George McAdam, County Monaghan
2016, Richie Delahunty, County Tipperary
2017, Darragh Carey Kennedy, County Tipperary
2018, Oisin Murphy, County Monaghan
2019, Shane Scanlon, County Cork
2022, Tiarnán O'Connell, County Dublin
2023, Graeme Sargent, County Tipperary
Piano
1960, Brendan Gaughran, County Louth
1961, Brendan Gaughran, County Louth
1962, Brendan Gaughran, County Louth
1969, Declan Foley, County Waterford
1972, James McCorry, County Armagh
1974, Liam Reilly, County Louth
1975, K.Taylor, London, Britain
1976, Mary Corcoran, County Dublin
1977, Geraldine Cotter, County Clare
1979, Mary McNamara, County Clare
1980, Seamus O'Sullivan, Glasgow, Scotland
1983, Carol Talty, County Clare
1984, Gerry Conlon, Glasgow
1985, Brendan Moran, Leigh, Greater Manchester, UK
1986, Gerry Conlon, Glasgow, Scotland
1987, Nora Byrne, County Wexford
1989, Gerry Conlon, Glasgow, Scotland
1990, Seamus O'Sullivan, Glasgow, Scotland
1991, Caroline Ní Mhurchú, County Cork
1995, Adrian Scahill, County Galway
1996, Aindreas O Murchú, County Cork
1997, Caitriona Cullivan, County Cavan
1998, Padraig O Reilly, County Clare
1999, Caitriona Cullivan, County Cavan
2000, Ita Cunningham, County Galway
2001, Paul Ryan, County Tipperary
2002, Mary McMahon, County Galway
2003, Adele Farrell, Manchester
2004, David Nealon, County Galway
2005, Caitríona Cullivan, County Cavan
2005, David Nealon, County Galway
2006, Aidan O’Neill, County Tyrone
2007, Amanda Nic Eochaidh, County Wexford
2008, Amanda Nic Eochaidh, County Wexford
2009, Déirdre O Reilly, County Cavan
2010, Gearóid Mac Giollarnáth, County Galway
2011, Adam Dyer, County Dublin
2012, Tadhg Ó Meachair, County Dublin
2013, Edel McLaughlin, County Donegal
2014, Connor Kiernan, County Cavan
2015, Mark Mac Criostail, County Tyrone
2016, David Browne, Glasgow, Scotland
2017, Rebecca McCarthy Kent, County Waterford
2018, James Hogan, County Offaly
2019, Hannah Collins, County Cork
2022, Barry Conaty, County Cavan
2023, Calum McGregor, Glasgow, Scotland
Melodeon (Mileoideon)
1981, Sean Norman, Co Offaly
1982, Johnny Bass, Co. Wexford
1983, Brendan Begley, County Dublin
1984, Johnny Bass, Co. Wexford
1985, Padraig O Coill, County Wexford
1986, Caroline Judge, St. Albans
1987, Diarmuid Ó Cathain, County Kerry
1988, John Bass, Co. Wexford
1989, John Bass, Co. Wexford
1991, Bill O'Toole, Co. Galway
1993, Martin Hickey, County Offaly
1995, Oliver Diviney, County Galway
1996, Oliver Diviney, County Galway
1997, Peadar Mac Eli, County Mayo
1998, Oliver Diviney, County Galway
1999, John Bass, County Wexford
2000, Sharon Carroll, County Offaly
2001, Caitríona O'Brien, County Wicklow
2002, Caitríona O'Brien, County Wicklow
2003, Caitríona O'Brien, County Wicklow
2004, Niamh Brett, County Roscommon
2005, Damien Mullane, West London, England
2006, Daire Mulhern, County Clare
2007, Noel Clancy, County Waterford
2008, Christopher Maguire, County Fermanagh
2009, Connor Moriarty, County Kerry
2010, Damien McGuiness, County Sligo
2011, Seán Ó Maoilmhíchíl, County Limerick
2012, Aonghus Ó Maicín, County Mayo
2013, Dónal Ó Linneacháin, County Cork
2014, Caoimhe Millar, County Clare
2016, Diarmuid O' Meachair, County Cork
2017, Seamus Tiernan, County Mayo
2018, Colm Slattery, County Tipperary
2019, Steven O Leary, County Kerry
2022, Liam Browne, County Clare
2023, Joseph Mannion, County Waterford
Miscellaneous (Rogha Ghleas)
1957, Willie Joe Power, County Wexford
1965, Tim Flood, County Wexford
1971, Mike O'Connor, UK;
1975, S. Epping, County Xxxxx
1976, Joe Noonan, County Limerick
1977, Tomas O’Cinneide, County Tipperary
1979, Seamus Logan, County Antrim
1983, Jim Egan, County Tipperary
1984, David Mc Nevin, Dublin
1985, Colman Nugent, County Waterford
1987, Karen Tweed, London
1989, David James, South Bend, Indiana, USA
1992, Paul McGlinchey, County Tyrone
1993, Brendan Power, New Zealand
1994, John Morrow, County Leitrim
1995, Dawn Doherty, County Mayo
1996, Majella Bartley, County Monaghan
1997, Trudy O Donnell, County Donegal
1998, Caitriona Ni Chlochassaigh, County Limerick
1999, Seán Ó Murchú, County Mayo
2000, Séan Bass, County Wexford
2001, Aishling McPhillips, County Fermanagh
2002, David James, South Bend, Indiana
2003, Pat O’Donnell, County Limerick
2004, Fionnbarra Mac Riabhaigh, County Roscommon
2005, Edward Looney, County Kerry
2006, Pádraig Mac Giolla Phádraig, County Wexford
2007, Billy Dowling, County Offaly
2008, Eimear Ní hAmhlaigh, County Clare
2009, Tara Breen, County Clare
2010, Gavin Strappe, County Tipperary
2011, Arthur O'Connor, County Offaly
2012, Jens Kommnick, Germany
2013, Eimer Arkins, County Clare
2014, Alan Finn, County Cork
2015, Daniel Delaney, County Kilkenny
2016, Richie Delahunty, County Tipperary
2017, Tadhg Mulligan, County Louth
2018, Claire Ann Kearns, County Offaly
2019, Darragh Carey Kennedy, County Tipperary
2022, Sarah O'Gorman, County Waterford
Accompaniment (Tionlacán)
1994, Adrian Scahill, County Galway
1995, Michael Rooney, County Monaghan
1996, Verena Commins, Leeds CCE
1997, Kevin Brehony, County Sligo
1998, Annmarie Acosta, United States
1999, Aisling Ní Choisdealbha, Tipperary
2000, Séan Farrell, County Limerick
2001, Marta Cook, Chicago, USA
2002, Michael O'Rourke, County Clare
2003, Marie Walsh, County Galway
2004, Johnny Berrill, County Galway
2005, Paul McMahon, County Louth
2006, Stiofán Ó Marchaim, County Limerick
2007, Caruilín Ní Shúilleabháin, County Wexford
2008, Cathy Potter, County Antrim
2009, Joshua Dukes, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
2010, Ronan Warnock, County Tyrone
2011, Elvie Miller, County Clare
2012, Jens Kommnick, Germany
2013, Catherine McHugh, County Galway
2014, Marc Mac Criostail, County Tyrone
2015, Paul Clesham, County Mayo
2016, Sinead Mulqueen, County Clare
2017, David Browne, Glasgow, Scotland
2018, Jack Warnock, City of Derry
2019, Eddie Kiely, County Cork
2022, Ryan Ward, New York, USA
2023, Rory McEvoy, County Down
Bodhran (Bodhrán)
1973, John O'Dwyer, Leeds
1975, Johnny McDonagh, County Galway
1976, Tommy Hayes, County Limerick
1977, Gerry Enright, County Limerick
1979, Vincent Short, Lancashire
1981 Michael Lawler, County Wexford
1982, Padhraic Egan, County Dublin
1983, Michael Lawler, County Wexford
1984, Michael Lawler County Wexford
1985, Maurice Griffin, County Tipperary
1986, Fabian Ó Murchu, County Cork
1987, Fabian Ó Murchu, County Cork
1988 Máirtín Mac Aodha, (Glasgow)
1989, Fabian Ó Murphy, County Cork
1990 Martin Meehan (12-15), County Armagh
1992 Máirtín Mac Aodha, (Glasgow)
1994 Martin Saunders, County Carlow
1995, Mark Maguire, Glasgow, Scotland
1996, Junior Davey, County Sligo
1997, Junior Davey, County Sligo
1998, Peter O Brien, London
1999, Aindrias Mac Dáibhí, County Sligo
2000, Séan Ó Dulaing, County Kilkenny
2001, Ciarán Leahy, County Cork
2002, Martin O'Neill, Glasgow
2003, Paul Phillips, County Down
2004, Serena Curley, County Galway
2005, Siobhan O’ Donnell, County Sligo
2006, Séan O’Neill, County Down
2007, Sinead Curley, County Galway
2008, Robbie Walsh, County Dublin
2009, Máirtín Mac Aodha. County Offaly
2010, Niall Preston, County Dublin
2011, Kieran Leonard, County Fermanagh
2012, Paul McClure, County Donegal
2013, Conor Mairtin, County Meath
2014, Dale McKay, County Laois
2015, Danny Collins, County Cork
2016, Sean O' Neill, County Down
2017, James O’Connor, County Limerick
2018, Niamh Fennell, County Waterford
2019, James O'Connor, County Limerick
2022, Daire Smith, County Cavan
2023, Ciaran Maguire, County Monaghan
Céilí Band Drummer (Drumaí Céilí)
1969, Mick Kavanagh, County Wexford
1970, Mick Kavanagh, County Wexford
1973, Billy Dwyer, County Wexford
1974, Gerarde Dawe, County Louth
1975, A. Vaughan, County Clare
1976, Donal O’Connor, County Sligo
1977, Billy Dwyer, County Wexford
1979, Billy Dwyer, County Wexford
1982, Billy Dwyer, County Wexford
1983, Micheal Heir, County Clare
1985, Debbie Conneely, Manchester
1987, Mark Maguire, Glasgow, Scotland
1993, Jimmy Kavanagh, County Wexford
1995, Mark Maguire, Glasgow, Scotland
1996, Brian Walsh, County Monaghan
1997, Brian Walsh, County Monaghan
1998, Darragh Kelly, County Sligo
1999, Aidan Flood, County Longford
2000, Brian Breathnach, County Monaghan
2001, Aidan Flood, County Longford
2002, Kevin O'Neill, Glasgow
2003, Aidan Flood, County Longford
2004, Brian Walsh, County Monaghan
2005, Martin Murphy, County Longford
2006, Darragh Kelly, County Sligo
2007, Seán Ó Broin, County Waterford
2008, Charline Brady, County Fermanagh
2009, Charline Brady, County Fermanagh
2010, Pádraig Ó Maolcathaigh, County Limerick
2011, Kieran Leonard, County Fermanagh
2012, Damien McGuinness, County Sligo
2013, Brian Walsh, County Monaghan
2014, Brian Walsh, County Monaghan
2015, Jason McGuinness, County Sligo
2016, Eoghan Mac Giollachroist, County Longford
2017, Michael Sheridan, County Sligo
2018, Conor Moore, County Wexford
2019, Conor Hartnett, County Tipperary
2022, Mark Vesey, County Laois
2023, Amy Cullen, County Sligo
War Pipes (Piob Mhór)
1953 P. Ó Gregain, County Dublin
1955 Francis Vaughan, County Clare
1973 Denis Nagle, County Kerry
1974, Michael O’Malley, London
1975, Michael O’Malley, London
1976, Michael O’Malley, London
1977, Br. Vincent, County Sligo
1979, James Finnegan, London
1981 Pat Fitzpatrick, County Wexford
1983, Rory Somers, County Mayo
1984, Larry O Dowd, Sligo
1985, Sarah Fitzpatrick, County Wexford
1987, Denis O'Reilly, County Kerry
1993, Shane O'Neill, County Tyrone
1996, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
1997, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
1998, Martin McAndrew, Chicago
1999, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
2000, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
2001, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
2002, Danny Houlihan, County Kerry
2004, Greg Robbin, London
2005, Conal McNamara, County Galway
2006, Rachel Corr, County Tyrone
2007, No Competitors
2008, Lisa Farber, New Jersey, USA
2009, Lisa Farber, New Jersey, USA
2010, David Stone, County Waterford
Fiddle - Slow Airs (Fidil/Veidhlín - Foinn Mhalla)
1971, Tony Lineen, County Wexford
1975, P. Ó Coill, County Xxxxx
1974, Tony Lineen, County Wexford
1976, Ann O'Brien, County Antrim
1977, Nollaig Ní Chathasaigh, County Cork
1979, John O'Sullivan, County Kilkenny
1981. Tommy McGoldrick, County Antrim
1983, Frances Nesbitt, County Tipperary
1984, Frances Nesbitt, County Tipperary
1985, Frances Nesbitt, County Tipperary
1986, Timmy O'Shea, County Kerry
1987, Michael Ó hÉineacháin, County Mayo
1988, Colm Crummey, County Antrim
1992, Brenda McCann, County Fermanagh
1993, Joseph Toolan, County Dublin
1994, Alice Wickham, County Wexford
1995, Maria Gleeson, County Limerick
1996, Kieran Convery, County Antrim
1997, Breda Keville, Leeds, UK
1998, Lisa Ní Choisdealbha, County Tipperary
1999, Emma O' Leary, County Kerry
2000, Tomás Mac Aogáin, County Wexford
2001, Cathal Ó Clochasaigh, County Limerick
2002, Eleanor Keane, Glasgow, Scotland
2003, Kira Jewett, New Jersey, USA
2004, Clár Ní Chuinn, County Tipperary
2005, Marion Collins, County Cork
2006, Pádraig Creedon, County Kerry
2007, Niall McClean, County Down
2008, Áine Sinéad Ní Riain (Anna Jane Ryan), County Limerick
2009, Tara Breen, County Clare
2010, Courtney Cullen, County Wicklow
2011, Lydia Warnock, County Leitrim
2012, Clár Breathnach, County Dublin
2013, Caitríona Ní Luasa, County Cork
2014, Donál Ó Beoláin, County Westmeath
2015, Lucia Mac Partlin, County Tipperary
2016, Éadaoin Ní Mhaicín, County Mayo
2017, Jake James, New York, USA
2018, Jason McGuinness, County Sligo
2019, Sarah O'Gorman, County Waterford
2022, Una McGlinchey, County Tyrone
Uilleann Pipes - Slow Airs (Píb Uilleann - Foinn Mhalla)
1985, Eamonn Walsh, County Mayo
1973, Seamus MacMathuna, County Wexford
1975, Seamus Casey, London
1976, Seamus Casey, London
1977, (only 1 competitor)
1979, Gearóid Ó hAllmhuráin, County Clare
1983, Brian McComb, Blackburn, Lancashire, England
1984, Eamonn Walsh, Dublin
1985, Brian McNamara, County Leitrim
1986, Andrew Murphy, Poulton-le-fylde, Lancashire, England
1987, Mark Donnelly (Deceased), County Armagh
1991, Tommy Martin, County Dublin
1992, Patrick Hutchinson, USA
1993, Brian Mac Aodha, Co. Leitrim.
1995, Padraig Sinnott, County Wexford
1996, Máire de Cogáin, County Cork
1997, Flaithrí Neff, County Cork
1998, Sean Ryan, USA
1999, Audrey Cunningham, County Wicklow
2000, Mikie Smyth, County Dublin
2001, Louise Mulcahy, County Limerick
2002, Isaac Alderson, Chicago
2003, Sinéad O'Shiel Flemming, County Laois
2004, Richard Murray, County Galway
2005, James Mahon, County Dublin
2006, Éanna Ó Cróinín, County Galway
2007, Seán McCarthy, County Cork
2008, Fiachra Ó Riagáin, County Galway
2009, Martino Vacca, County Limerick
2010, Richard Neylon, County Galway
2011, Éanna Ó Cróinín, County Meath
2012, Seán Céitinn, County Cork
2013, Torrin Ryan, Massachusetts, USA
2014, Patrick Hutchinson, Massachusetts, USA
2015, Tara Howley, County Clare
2016, Siobhán Hogan, County Galway
2017, Conall Duffy, County Louth
2018, Conor Murphy, County Dublin
2019, Eoin Orr, County Donegal
2022, Alain Ó Cearúil, County Laois
Flute - Slow Airs (Feadóg Mhór - Foinn Mhalla)
1975, John Lewis, County Galway
1976, Ann O’Brien, County Antrim??
1977, Des Leech, County Dublin
1979, Páraic Ó Lochlainn, County Dublin
1980, Damhnait Nic Suibhne, County Donegal
1981 Neansaí Ní Choisdealbha, County Galway
1983, Meadhbh Ní Lochlainn, County Dublin
1984, Tom Hanafin, County Kerry
1985, Julia Nicholas, St. Helens, Merseyside, UK
1987, Kathleen Ford, County Donegal
1988, Michael Griffin, County Wexford
1991, Paul McGlinchey, County Tyrone
1995, Maureen Shannon, USA
1996, Fiona Butler, County Kilkenny
1997, Catriona Ni Chlochasaigh, County Limerick
1998, Aoife Ni Ghrainbhil, County Kerry
1999, Ciaran McGuinness, County Longford
2000, Attracta Brady, County Offaly
2001, Áine Ní Dhé, County Kerry
2002, Seacailín Ní Ealaithe, County Limerick
2003, Maidhc Ó hÉanaigh, Co. na Gaillimhe
2004, Frances Donahue, County Galway
2005, Richard Neylon, County Galway
2006, Sinéad Fahey, County Waterford
2007, Christina Dolphin, County Dublin
2008, Audrey Ní Murchú, County Westmeath
2009, Matthew Dean, Villa Real, Castellan, Spain
2010, Breda Shannon, County Roscommon
2011, Eibhlís Ní Shúilleabháin, County Cork
2012, Órlaith McAuliffe, London, England
2013, Jillian Ní Mháille, County Mayo
2014, Máiréad Ní Chiaraigh, County Cork
2015, Maura O'Brien, County Tipperary
2016, Cailín O'Shea, County Kerry
2017, Ciarán FitzGerald (Ciarán Mac Gearailt), County Kildare.
2018, Claire Fennell, County Waterford
2019, Conor Maheady, County Mayo
2022, Donnchadh Mac Aodha, County Louth
2023, Karl Doherty, County Donegal
Tin Whistle - Slow Airs (Feadóg Stain - Foinn MhaIla)
1974, Kevin Whitty, County Wexford
1975, Willis Patton, County Antrim
1976, Carmel Gunning, County Sligo
1977, Kevin Whitty, County Wexford
1979, Chalmers Brown, County Down
1983, Mairéad Ní Chathasaigh, County Cork
1984, Tom Hanafin, County Kerry
1985, Michel Sikiotakis, Paris, France
1993, Maggie McCarty, County Limerick
1994, Maggie McCarty, County Limerick
1995, Maggie McCarty, County Limerick
1996, Fiona Butler, County Kilkenny
1997, Majella Bartley, County Monaghan
1998, Róisín Nic Dhonnacha, County Galway
1989, Lorraine Mc Mahon, County Louth
1999, Emma O'Leary, County Kerry
2000, Caitríona Ní Mhaoldomhnaigh, County Limerick
2001, Noreen Ní Mhurchú, County Cork
2002, Sacra Ní Fhuardha, County Galway
2003, Linda Ní Bheirn, County Roscommon
2004, Sinéad Fahy, County Waterford
2005, Julie Ann McCafferty, County Fermanagh
2006, Fiachra Ó Riagáin, County Galway
2007, Pól Ó Rúis, County Roscommon
2008, Edel McLaughlin, County Donegal
2009, Audrey Murphy, County Westmeath
2010, Audrey Murphy, County Westmeath
2011, Siobhan Ni Uirc (Joanne Quirke) County Cork
2012, Audrey Ní Mhurcú, County Westmeath
2013, Yasmin Lynch, County Donegal
2014, Maura Ní Bhriain, County Tipperary
2015, Siobhán Ní Chonchuirr, County Donegal
2016, Ciarán FitzGerald (Ciarán Mac Gearailt), County Kildare
2017, Cárl Ó' Dochartaigh, (Karl Doherty), County Donegal
2018, Brendan Rowan, County Meath
2019, Padraig Enright, County Kerry
2022, Grainne Ní Mhuineog, County Offaly
Harp - Slow Airs (Cruit - Foinn Mhalla)
2011, Déirdre Ní Ghrainbhil, County Kerry
2012, Fiana Ní Chonaill, County Limerick
2013, Emily Gaine, County Sligo
2014, Eimear Coughlan, County Clare
2015, Siobhán Ní Bhuachalla, County Cork
2016, Kerri Ní Mhaoláin, (Kerri Mullan) City of Derry
2017, Seamus O Flatharta, County Galway
2018, Una Ní Fhlannagáin, County Galway
2019, Siofra Thornton, County Tipperary
2022, Éilís Ní Néadáin, County Sligo
2023, Sal Heneghan, County Mayo
Duets (Ceol Beirte)
1952, Michael Brophy and Joseph Ryan, County Dublin
1953, Paddy O'Brien and Bridie Lafferty
1955, James Rooney & Sean McAloon, County Fermanagh
1956, Seán Ryan & P. J. Moloney, County Tipperary
1959, Peter O'Loughlin & Paddy Murphy, County Clare
1962, Joe Burke & Aggie Whyte, County Galway
1963, Charlie Lennon & Sean Murphy , Liverpool
1965, Gerry Forde & Tim Flood, County Wexford
1968, Gerry Forde & Tim Flood, County Wexford
1977, Sean McGlynn & Brendan Mulvihill, Washington D.C.
1975, Jimmy Keane & Liz Carroll, Chicago
1976, John and Eileen Brady, County Offaly
1977, Billy McComiskey & Brendan Mulvihill, New York
1979, Martin Hayes & Mary McNamara, County Clare
1982, Pat Flood & Pat Fitzpatrick, County Wexford
1983, Sean & Breda Smyth, County Mayo
1984, Rose Daly & Sean O Dalaigh Offaly & Dublin
1985, E. Minogue & M. Cooney, County Tipperary
1986, Rose Daly & Sean o Dalaigh Offaly & Dublin
1987, Joanie Madden & Kathy McGinty, New York
1988, Michael & Chris McDonagh, Luton, UK
1989, PJ Hernon & Philip Duffy, County Sligo
1990, Elizabeth Gaughan & Michael Tennyson, Leeds
1991, Micheal & MacDara O'Reily, Meath
1992, Micheal & MacDara O'Reily, Meath
1993, Paul McGlinchey & Barry McLaughlin, Tyrone
1994, Anthony Quigney & Aiden McMahon, Clare
1995, Mirella Murray & Liz Kane, County Galway
1996, Ursula & Clare Byrne, County Down
1997, Aisling & Alan O Choisdeabha, County Tipperary
1998, Antoin O Connaill & Diarmuid O Brien, County Limerick
1999, Cathal & C. Ní Chlochasaigh, County Limerick
2000, Loretto Ní Mhaoldomhnaigh & Thomas Slattery, County Tipperary
2001, Nuala Hehir & Liz Gaughan, County Clare
2002, Sharon Carroll & Attracta Brady, County Offaly
2003, Seana & Lorna Ní Dhaithí, County Meath
2004, Úna Devlin & Paul Quinn, County Armagh
2005, Mairéad McManus & Katie Boyle, Glasgow
2006, Aisling Neville & Alan Egan, County Kerry
2007, Tara Breen & Cathal Mac an Rí, County Clare
2008, Sean & Gearoid Ó Cathain, County Kildare
2009, Daragh & Micheál Ó hÉalaí, County Mayo
2010, Alan Finn & Rory McMahon, County Cork
2011, Lottie & Courtney Cullen, County Wicklow
2012, Seacailín & Eibhlín Ní Éalaithe, County Limerick
2013, Rory Healy & John Bass, County Wicklow
2014, Orlaith McAuliffe & Brogan McAuliffe, London, England
2015, Patricia McArdle & Róisín Anne Hughes, Glasgow, Scotland
2016, Anne Marie Bell & Megan Duffy, County Sligo
2017, Tadhg & Saran Mulligan, County Louth
2018, Áine & Ciarán Mac Gearailt (FitzGerald), County Kildare
2019, Jason & Damien McGuinness, County Sligo
2022, Ellen O'Gorman & Joseph Mannion, County Waterford
2023, Aine Murphy & Ciara Tighe, County Clare
Trios (Ceol Trír)
1952, Paddy Brophy, Mick Brophy and Joe Ryan, County Dublin
1960, Larry Redican, Jack Coen, Paddy O'Brien
1967, Joe Burke, Kathleen Collins & Carl Hession, County Galway
1974, Eugene Nolan, Denis Ryan & Ellen Flanagan, County Kildare
1975, Eugene Nolan, Denis Ryan & Ellen Flanagan, County Kildare
1976, Collis Trio, County Sligo
1977, O’Brien, Fogarty & Harty Trio, County Tipperary
1979, M. Harty, E.O'Brien & W. Fogarty, County Tipperary
1980, S. Rattigan, L. Gaul, D. Robinson, County Wexford
1983, M. Nugent, J Nugent & M. Carroll, County Clare
1985, Cathrine, Anne & Fiona McEnroe, County Cavan
1987, J. Lawlor, J. & E. Kennedy, Luton, UK
1988, Mary O'Connell, Michael & Christopher McDonagh, Luton, UK
1989, Michael Hurley, P. J. Hernon & Philip Duffy, County Sligo,
1991, Thomas, John & Robert Morrow, County Leitrim
1992, Michael, MacDara, & Felim O'Reily, Meath
1994, Michael Tennyson, Liz Gaughan & Maureen Ferguson, Leeds
1995, Claire Griffin, Anthony Quigney & Aiden McMahon, Co. Clare
1996, Seán, Mairín & Caitríona O Clochasaigh, County Limerick
1997, Darragh Pattwell, Alan & Aisling Coisdealbha, County Tipperary
1998, John & Jacinta McEvoy, Patsy Moloney, Birmingham
1999, Tomás Keegan, Pat Bass & John Bass, County Wexford
2000, Cathal, Mairín & Cáit Clohessey, County Limerick
2001, Nuala Hehir, Liz Gaughan & Brendan Quinn, County Clare
2002, Carmel Doohan, Clive Earley, Ciara O'Sullivan, County Clare
2003, Fionnuala Ní Ruanaidh, Thomas Johnson, Laura Ní Bheagain, County Monaghan
2004, John Burke, Carmel Burke & Siobhán Ní Chonaráin, Birmingham
2005, Ciara Ní Chondúin, Aidan Hill & Michael Harrison, County Tipperary
2006, Danielle O’Riordan, John Neville & Katie Lucey, County Kerry
2007, Sean & Gearóid Keane & Cormac Murphy, County Kildare
2008, Alan Egan, Michael Mac Conraoí & Gearóidín Ní Cheallacháin, County Limerick
2009, Cian & Caoimhe Ní Chiaráin and Seán Farrell, County Sligo
2010, Máiréad & Aisling Ní Mhocháin & Seán Céitinn, County Cork
2012, Tanya Murphy, Darina Gleeson and Stephanie Carthy. County Wexford
2013, Alan Finn, Rory Mc Mahon & Eoin O' Sullivan, County Cork
2014, Eimear Coughlan, Francis Cunningham & Marian Curtin, An Tulach/Croisín/Laichtín Naofa
2015, Daithí Gormley, Cian & Caoimhe Kearins, County Sligo
2016, Áine Nic Gearailt (FitzGerald), Ciarán Mac Gearailt (FitzGerald) & Cormac Mac Aodhagán, County Kildare
2017, Tomás Quinn, Michael Kerr, Christopher Maguire, County Tyrone
2018, Aileen De Burca, Deirdre De Barra & Eibhlin De Barra, County Mayo
2019, Jack Boyle, Orlaith McAuliffe & Christopher Maguire, London
2022, Aoibhin Morgan, Lucia Morgan & Oisin Bradley, County Down
Céilí Band (Buíon Cheoil Chéilí)
1951, Athlone 'B' Band, County Westmeath
1952, Williamstown Girls' Ceili Band, County Roscommon
1953, Aughrim Slopes Céilí Band, County Galway
1954, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare, Athlone Céilí Band, County Westmeath, and Mayglass Céilí Band, County Wexford (tie)
1955, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1956, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1957, Tulla Céilí Band, County Clare
1958, Kincora Céilí Band, County Dublin
1959, Leitrim Céilí Band, County Galway
1960, Tulla Céilí Band, County Clare
1961, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1962, Leitrim Céilí Band, County Galway
1963, Liverpool Céilí Band, Liverpool
1964, Liverpool Céilí Band, Liverpool
1965, Castle Céilí Band, County Dublin
1966, Glenside Céilí Band, London
1967, Siamsa Céilí Band, County Louth
1968, Siamsa Céilí Band, County Louth
1969, Siamsa Céilí Band, County Louth
1970, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1971, Green Linnet Céilí Band, County Dublin
1972, Brosna Céilí Band, County Kerry;
1973, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1974, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1975, Pipers Club Céilí Band, County Dublin
1976, Pipers Club Céilí Band, County Dublin
1977, Longridge Céilí Band, County Offaly
1978, Longridge Céilí Band, County Offaly
1979, Ormond Céilí Band, County Tipperary
1980, Ormond Céilí Band, County Tipperary
1981, Ormond Céilí Band, County Tipperary
1982, Longridge Céilí Band, County Offaly
1983, Pride of Erin Céilí Band, County Fermanagh
1984, Ormond Céilí Band, County Tipperary
1985, Pride of Erin Céilí Band, County Fermanagh
1986, The Thatch Céilí Band, London, England
1987, The Thatch Céilí Band, London, England
1988, St. Colmcille's Céilí Band, St. Albans, Hertfordshire, England
1989, Siamsa Céilí Band, County Louth
1990, Siamsa Céilí Band, County Louth
1991, St. Colmcille's Céilí Band, St. Albans
1992, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1993, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1994, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1995, Kilfenora Céilí Band, County Clare
1996, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1997, Bridge Céilí Band, County Laois
1998, Táin Céilí Band, County Louth
1999, Táin Céilí Band, County Louth
2000, Táin Céilí Band, County Louth
2001, Ennis Céilí Band, County Clare
2002, Ennis Céilí Band, County Clare
2003, Ennis Céilí Band, County Clare
2004, Naomh Pádraig Céilí Band, County Meath
2005, Naomh Pádraig Céilí Band, County Meath
2006, Naomh Pádraig Céilí Band, County Meath
2007, Allow Céilí Band, County Cork
2008, Innisfree Céilí Band, County Sligo
2009, Dartry Céilí Band, County Sligo
2010, Teampall An Ghleanntáin Céilí Band, County Limerick
2011, Shannonvale Céilí Band, County Kerry
2012, Awbeg Céilí Band, County Cork
2013, Moylurg Céilí band, County Roscommon
2014, Knockmore Ceili Band, County Fermanagh
2015, Shandrum Céilí Band, County Cork
2016, Shandrum Céilí Band, County Cork
2017, Shandrum Céilí Band, County Cork
2018, Blackwater Céilí Band, County Tyrone
2019, Cnoc na Gaoithe Céilí Band, County Clare
2022, Taobh na Mara Céilí Band, County Waterford
2023, Pipers Cross Céilí Band, Contae Maighe Eo
Instrumental Groups (Grúpaí Ceoil)
1979, Armagh Pipers Club, County Armagh
1980, Ceoltóirí Mágh Ealla, Mallow, Co. Cork
1981, Ceoltóirí Mágh Ealla, Mallow, Co. Cork
1982, Ceoltóirí Mágh Ealla, Mallow, Co. Cork
1983, Ryan Family Group, County Tipperary
1984, Shamrock, Paris, France
1985, St. Alban's Group, Herts., UK
1986, St. James Gate, San Antonio, Texas
1987, Ballishall, County Wicklow
1989, Loughmore Senior Grúpa Ceoil
1990, Corrib Traditional Group, County Galway
1991, Ma Rua/Ceapach Mór, County Limerick
1992, Teampall an Ghleanntáin, County Limerick
1993, Urlan Grúpa Cheoil, County Clare
1994, Cois Locha, Portglenone, County Antrim
1995, Tara, Manchester
1996, St. Michael's, County Limerick
1997, Craobh Naithi CCE, County Dublin
1998, Grupa Cheoil Cholmain Naofa Clar Choinne Mhuiris, County Mayo
1999, Ballydonoghue / Lisselton CCÉ, County Kerry
2000, St. Michael's, County Limerick
2001, CCÉ, Teampall an Ghleanntáin, County Limerick
2002, Éamon Ó Muirí CCÉ, County Monaghan
2003, South Birmingham CCÉ, Birmingham
2004, St. Louis Irish Arts Grúpa Cheoil, St. Louis
2005, Ceoltóirí Craobh na Coradh, County Clare
2006, Ceoltóirí Mhuscraí, County Cork
2007, St. Rochs, Irish Minstrels Branch, Glasgow, Scotland
2008, CCÉ, Teampall an Ghleanntáin, County Limerick
2009, CCÉ, Fred Finn, County Sligo
2010, CCÉ, Teampall An Ghleanntáin, County Limerick
2011, CCÉ, Edenderry, County Offaly
2012, Ceoltóirí Coillte, Illinois, USA
2013, CCÉ, Guaire Baile Ghearóid, County Wexford
2014, Ceoltóirí Cois Féile, County Kerry
2016, Ceoltóirí Knockfennell, CCÉ Caisleán Uí Chonaill/Atháin/Baile Iobaird, County Limerick
2017, St Roch's, Glasgow, Scotland
2018, Tairseach, CCÉ Cill Shléibhe/Tulach Sheasta, County Tipperary
2019, Ceoltóirí Tireragh, County Sligo
2022, Tigh na Coille, County Clare
2023, Lios Árd, Lackagh CCÉ, Co. Galway
Accordion Bands (Buíon Cheoil Cáirdin)
1984, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
1985, St. Patrick's Accordion Band, County Down
1987, St. Patrick's Accordion Band, County Donegal
1988, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Strabane Co, Tyrone
1989, St Marys Accordion Band, Convoy, Co, Donegal
1990, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Strabane Co, Tyrone
1991, St. Patrick's Accordion Band, Drumkein, County Donegal
1992, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Keady Co, Armagh
1993, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Keady Co, Armagh
1994, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Strabane Co, Tyrone
1995, St Oliver Plunkett Accordion Band, Keady Co, Armagh
1996, Fanad Accordion Band, County Donegal
1997, Fanad Accordion Band, County Donegal
1998, St. Miguels Band, Downpatrick, County Down
1999, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
2000, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
2001, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
2002, K & S Accordion Band, County Meath
2003, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
2004, Saint Enda Accordion Band, County Monaghan
2005, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2006, Mayobridge Youth Band, County Down
2007, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2008, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2009, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2010, Holy Cross Accordion Band, Atticall, County Down
2011, Holy Cross Accordion Band, Atticall, County Down
2012, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2013, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2014, Holy Cross Accordion Band Atticall, County Down
2015, St. Brigid's Accordion Band, Jonesboro, County Armagh
2016, Holy Cross Accordion Band Atticall, County Down
2017, Holy Cross Accordion Band Atticall, County Down
2018, Holy Cross Accordion Band Atticall, County Down
2019, No Competitors
2022, No Competitors
2023, Kentstown and Senchelstown Marching Band, County Meath
Flute Bands (Buíon Cheoil Feadóg Mhór)
1984, Harry Hickey Flute band, Atha Cliath
1985, Clooney Flute Band, County Antrim
1986, Clooney Flute Band, County Antrim
1987, Droma Mor Rann na Feirste, County Donegal
1988, Clooney Flute Bcand, County Antrim
1989, Clooney Flute Band, County Antrim
1990, Droma Mor Rann Na Feirste, Co Donegal
1991, Droma Mor Rann Na Feirste, Co Donegal
1992, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1993, Clooney Flute Band, County Antrim
1994, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1995, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1996, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1997, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1998, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
1999, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2000, Droma Mor Rann na Feirste, County Donegal
2001, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2002, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2003, Buion Ceoil Cnoiceach Mór, Burtonport, County Donegal
2004, Buion Ceoil Cnoiceach Mór, Burtonport, County Donegal
2005, Buion Ceoil Cnoiceach Mór, Burtonport, County Donegal
2006, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2007, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2008, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2009, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2010, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2011, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2012, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2013, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2014, Mullaghduff Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2015, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2016, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2017, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2018, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2019, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2022, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
2023, Maghery Fife & Drum Band, County Donegal
Miscellaneous Marching Bands (Buíon Rogha Gléas)
1975, Acres National School Band, Burtonport, County Donegal
1976, Killeshill Youth Band, County Tyrone
1977, Claremorris Marching Band, County Mayo
1983, Convent of Mercy Marching Band, County Mayo
1984, St. Cecilia's Youth Band, Lisnaskea, County Fermanagh (Junior)
1985, St. Crona's Accordion Band, Dungloe, County Donegal
1985, St. Cecilia's Youth Band, Lisnaskea, County Fermanagh (Senior)
1986, Clochaneely Marching Band, County Donegal
1987, St. Macartan's Band, County Fermanagh
1989, Cloughaneely Marching Band, County Donegal
1979, St. Patricks Accordion Band, County Tyrone
1991, St. Crona's Accordion Band, Dungloe, Co. Donegal
1993, St. Cecilia's Band, Aughnamullen, County Monaghan
1994, St. Cecilia's Band, Aughnamullen, County Monaghan
1995, St. Cecilia's Band, Aughnamullen, County Monaghan
1996, St. Columba's Band, County Donegal
1999, St. Mary's Band Broomfield, County Monaghan
2000, St. Mary's Band Broomfield, County Monaghan
2001, St. Mary's Band Broomfield, County Monaghan
2002, Buíon Cheoil Chloich Cheann Fhaola, County Donegal
2003, St. Mary's Band Broomfield, County Monaghan
2004, St. Crona's Band, Dungloe, County Donegal
2005, St. Mary's Band Broomfield, County Monaghan
2006, Donaghmoyne Band, County Monaghan
2007, St. Mary's, Castleblayney Band, County Monaghan
2008, St. Mary's, Castleblayney Band, County Monaghan
2009, Banna Ceoil, Ramelton, County Donegal
2010, Ramelton, Ráth Mealton, County Donegal
2011, Buncrana, County Donegal
2012, Ramelton Town Snr Miscellaneous Band, County Donegal
2013, Ramelton Town Snr Miscellaneous Band, County Donegal
2014, Ramelton Town Snr Miscellaneous Band, County Donegal
2017, Buion Cheoil Sinsear Chloich Cheann Fhaola, County Donegal
2018, Buion Cheoil Sinsear Chloich Cheann Fhaola, County Donegal
2019, Ramelton Town Snr Miscellaneous Band, County Donegal
2022, Mullingar Town Band, County Westmeath
2023, Buion Cheoil Sinsear Chloich Cheann Fhaola, County Donegal
Pipe Bands (Buíon Cheoil Phíob)
Note that the All-Ireland Fleadh Championships are unrelated to the All-Ireland Pipe Band Championships organised jointly by the Irish Pipe Band Association (IPBA) and the Northern Ireland Branch of the Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association (RSPBANI).
1985, O'Neill Pipe Band, County Armagh
1987, O'Neill Pipe Band, County Armagh
1991, Annsborough Pipe Band, County Down
1992, Clonoe Independent Pipe Band, Co Tyrone
1993, Clonoe Independent Pipe Band, Co Tyrone
1994, Clonoe Independent Pipe Band, Co Tyrone
1996, Aghagallon Pipe Band, County Armagh
2001, Buíon Cheoil Phíb Mhór Cloghfin, County Tyrone
2002, Aughnamullen Pipe Band, County Monaghan
2003, Achill Schools, County Mayo
2004, St. Joseph's Pipe Band, County Down
2005, St. Joseph's Pipe Band, County Down
2006, Edendork Pipe Band, County Tyron
2007, Edendork Pipe Band, County Tyrone
2008, Edendork Pipe Band, County Tyrone
2010, Buíon Cheoil Phíb Mhór Cloghfin, County Tyrone
2011, St Josephs Pipe Band, Longstone, County Down
2012, Crimlin Batafada Pipe Band, County Mayo
2013, Corduff Pipe Band, County Monaghan
2014, Corduff Pipe Band, County Monaghan
2016, Achill Pipe Band, County Mayo
2017, Achill Pipe Band, County Mayo
2018, St Josephs Pipe Band, Longstone, County Down
2022, No Competitors
2023, Clonoe Independent Pipe Band, County Tyrone
Irish Singing - Ladies (Amhrán Gaeilge - Mná)
1957, Rós Máire Ní Giollarnath, County Galway
1975, Lena Bn. Uí Shé, County Xxxxx
1976, Nora McDonagh, Chicago
1977, Mary Cooley, Chicago
1979, Eibhlín Briscoe, County Tipperary
1983, Máiréad Ní Oistín, County Dublin
1985, Karen Breathnach, County Kerry
1987, Nóra Ní Dhonnacha, County Galway
1996, Mary Gallagher, County Cork
1998 Mairéad Ní Fhlatharta, County Galway
1999, Caitríona Ní Laoire, County Meath
2000, Karen Ní Thrinsigh, County Kerry
2001, Karen Ní Thrinsigh, County Kerry
2002, Treasa Bn. Uí Chonaill, County Galway
2003, Astrid Ní Mhongáin, County Mayo
2004, Bairbre Uí Theighneáin, Clonaslee, Co. Laois
2005, Máire Ní Choilm, County Donegal
2006, Nollaig Nic Andriú, County Mayo
2007, Rachel Ní Ghairbheith, County Roscommon
2008, Nollaig Ní Laiore, County Meath
2009, Gobnait Ní Chrualaoi, County Cork
2010, Róisín Ní Riain, County Kerry
2011, Gobnait Ní Chrualaoí, County Cork
2012, Muireann Ní Luasa, County Cork
2013, Clár Nic Ruairi, City of Derry
2014, Sailí Ní Dhroighneáin, County Galway
2015, Paula Ní Chualáin, County Galway
2016, Eimear Arkins, Missouri, USA
2017, Gráinne Ní Fhatharta, County Galway
2018, Danielle Ní Chéilleachair, County Cork
2019, Kathryn Ní Mhaolán, City of Derry
2022, Clíona Ní Ghallachóir, County Donegal
Irish Singing - Men (Amhrán Gaeilge - Fir)
1956, Sean Quinn, County Clare
1975, T. O’Duinnon, County Xxxxx
1976, Clement Mac Suibhne, County Donegal
1977, Seosamh Mac Donnacha, County Galway
1979, Maithiún Ó Caoimh, County Tipperary
1982, Martin Joyce, Leeds
1983, Seán Ó Cróinín, County Cork
1984, John Flanagan, County Galway
1985, Martin Joyce, Leeds
1986, Seán Mac Craith, County Waterford
1987, Dara Bán Mac Dhonnacha, County Galway
1988, Risteard Ó hEidhín
1989, Philip Enright, County Limerick
1991, Patrick Connolly
1992, Diarmuid Ó Cathasaigh, County Cork
1993, Patrick Connolly
1994, Padraic McNulty, County Mayo
1995, Naoise Ó Mongáin, County Mayo
1996, Bartlae Breathnach, County Galway
1997, Traolach Ó Conghaile, County Mayo
1998, Traolach Ó Conghaile, County Mayo
1999, Naoise Ó Mongáin, County Mayo
2000, Traolach Ó Conghaile, County Mayo
2001, Ciarán Ó Coincheanainn, County Galway
2002, Eoghan Warner, County Kerry
2003, Naoise Ó Mongáin, County Mayo
2004, Tadhg Ó Meachair, County Tipperary
2005, Coireall Mac Curtain, County Limerick
2006, Colm McDonagh, County Galway
2007, Liam Ó Cróinín, County Cork
2008, Breandán Ó Ceannabháin, County Galway
2009, Breandán Ó Ceannabháin, County Galway
2010, Seosamh Ó Críodáin, County Kerry
2011, Seosamh Ó Críodáin, County Kerry
2012, Seosamh Ó Críodáin, County Kerry
2013, Anraí Ó Domhnaill, County Donegal
2014, Anraí Ó Domhnaill, County Donegal
2015, Conchubhar Ó Luasa, County Cork
2016, Anraí Ó Domhnaill, County Donegal
2017, Ciarán Ó Donnabháin, County Cork
2018, Lughaidh Mac an Iascaire, County Dublin
2019, Proinnsias O Cathasaigh, County Kerry
2022, Piaras Ó Lorcáin, County Armagh
English Singing - Ladies (Amhrán Béarla - Mná)
19??, Rita Gallagher, County Donegal; (three times winner - years unknown)
1969, Nora Butler, County Tipperary
1970, Nora Butler, County Tipperary
1971, Nora Butler, County Tipperary
1972, Anne Brolly, City of Derry
1974, Mary Brogan, County Wexford
1975, M. O’Reilly, County Xxxxx
1976, Pauline Sweeney, County Donegal
1977, Pauline Sweeney, County Donegal
1978, Pauline Sweeney, County Donegal
1979, Rita Gallager, County Donegal
1983, Siobhan O'Donnell, London, England
1985, Rose Daly, County Offaly
1986, Rose Daly, County Offaly
1987, Rose Daly, County Offaly
1991, Karen Walsh, County Kerry
1995, Catherine Mc Laughlin (née Nugent), County Fermanagh
1996, Christina Pierce, County Roscommon
1997, Fionnuala O' Reilly, County Leitrim
1999, Máire Ní Chéilleachair, County Cork
2000, Astrid Ní Mhongáin, County Mayo
2001, Deirdre Scanlon, County Limerick
2002, Sharon Buckley, County Kerry
2003, Ann Marie Kavanagh, County Tipperary
2004, Christina Pierce, County Roscommon
2005, Brigid Delaney, County Kildare
2006, Brigid Delaney, County Kildare
2007, Kate Ford, County Donegal
2008, Amelia Ní Mhurchú, County Monaghan
2009, Shauna McGarrigle, County Offaly
2010, Denise Whelan, County Clare
2011, Eibhlín Máire Ní Dhuibhir, County Limerick
2012, Eibhlín Ní Bhrúdair, County Limerick
2013, Eimear Arkins, County Clare
2014, Cáit Ní Bhrúdair Uí Mhurchú, County Limerick
2015, Kathryn Nea, County Westmeath
2019, Julie-Ann McCaffrey, County Fermanagh
2022, Cáit Ní Bhaoghill, County Monaghan
English Singing - Men (Amhrán Béarla - Fir)
1970, Paddy Berry, County Wexford
1971, Len Graham, County Louth
1972, Oliver Mulligan, County Monaghan
1973, Frank Harte, County Dublin
1975, Peter Nolan, County Offaly
1976, Paddy Berry, County Wexford
1977, Vincent Crowley, Bantry, County Cork
1979, John Cronin, Drinagh, County Cork
1983, Vincent Crowley, Bantry, County Cork
1985, John Furlong, County Wexford
1986, Seán Ó Dálaigh Contae Átha Cliath
1987, Gerard McQuaid, County Monaghan
1989, Phil Berry, County Wexford
1996, John Power, County Waterford
1997, John Power, County Waterford
1998, Maurice Foley, County Cork
1999, John Furlong, County Wexford
2000, Séamus Brogan, St. Albans, England
2001, Jon Jon Williams, County Londonderry
2002, Brian Hart, St. Louis, USA
2003, Cathal Lynch, County Tyrone
2004, Donal Bowe, County Tipperary
2005, Dónal Ó Liatháin, County Limerick
2006, Seán Breen, County Kerry
2007, Niall Wall (Niall de Bhál), County Wexford
2008, Padraic Keena (Padhraic Ó Cionnaith), County Westmeath
2009, Tadhg Maher (Tadhg Ó Meachair), County Tipperary
2010, Cian Ó Ciaráin, County Sligo
2011, Cathal O'Neill, County Tyrone
2012, Peadar Sherry, County Monaghan
2013, Daoirí Farrell, County Dublin
2014, Micheál O'Shea, County Kerry
2019, Kevin Elam, Washington DC, USA
2022, Vincent Crowley, County Cork
Whistling (Feadaíl)
1956, Sean White, County Wexford
1958, Sean White, County Wexford
1959, John Brady, County Offaly
1961, Liam White, County Wexford
1966, Tom McHale, County Roscommon
1967, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1968, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1969, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1970, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1974, Joe Harris, County Kildare
1975, Paddy Berry, County Wexford
1976, Seamus O'Donnell, County Sligo
1977, Paddy Berry, County Wexford
1979, Michael Creavers, County Galway
1980, Liam Gaul, County Wexford
1983, Walter O'Hara, County Wexford
1985, Paddy O'Donnell, County Galway
1986, M.J. O'Reilly, County Wexford
1987, Padraig Ó Raithbheartaigh, County Galway
1988, Paddy Berry, County Wexford
1991, Alan O'Dwyer, County Wexford
1996, Michael Ryan, County Tipperary
1990, John O'Connell, County Antrim
1998, Síle Áine de Barra, County Cork
1999, Sean White, County Wexford
2000, Frances Donahue, County Galway
2001, Séan Seosamh Mac Domhnaill, County Mayo
2002, Séan Seosamh Mac Domhnaill, County Mayo
2003, Ainíde Uí Bhennéis, County Limerick (CCÉ Teampall a' Gleanntain)
2004, Ainíde Uí Bhennéis, County Limerick (CCÉ Teampall a' Gleanntain)
2005, Ainíde Uí Bhennéis, County Limerick (CCÉ Teampall a' Gleanntain)
2006, Ainíde Uí Bhennéis, County Limerick (CCÉ Teampall a' Gleanntain)
2007, Máiréad Ní Chorradáin, County Kerry (CCÉ Teampall a' Gleanntain)
2008, Tony Connolly, County Galway
2009, Claire McNicholl, City of Derry
2010, Ailéin Ó Dubhuir, County Wexford
2011, Ailéin Ó Dubhuir, County Wexford
2012, Ailéin Ó Dubhuir, County Wexford
2013, Ailéin Ó Dubhuir, County Wexford
2014, Séamus Ó hAirtnéide, County Limerick
2018, Ainíde Uí Bhennéis, County Limerick (CCE Teampall a' Ghleanntáin)
2019, Liam Jones, County Clare
2022, Liam Jones, County Clare
2023, Liam Jones, County Clare
Lilting (Portaireacht)
1954, Paddy Tunney, County Fermanagh (inaugural year for lilting)
1955, Paddy Tunney, County Fermanagh
1956, Paddy Tunney, County Fermanagh
1959, Seamus Fay, County Cavan
1960, Seamus Fay, County Cavan
1961, Seamus Fay, County Cavan
1963, Micheal O'Rourke, Co. Leitrim
1964, Micky McCann, Co. Tyrone
1967, Josie McDermott, County Sligo
1968, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1969, Seamus Fay, County Cavan
1972, Leo Carthy, County Wexford
1975, Joseph Harris, County Kildare
1976, Joseph Harris, County Kildare
1977, Vincent Crowley, County Cork
1978, Michael Rafferty, County Galway
1979, M.J. O'Reilly, County Wexford
1980, M.J. O'Reilly, County Wexford
1981, Oliver Kearney, County Kildare
1982, M.J. O'Reilly, County Wexford
1983, Michael Craven, County Galway
1985, M.J. O'Reilly, County Wexford
199x, John Culhane, County Limerick
199x, John Culhane, County Limerick
199x, John Culhane, County Limerick
199x, John Culhane, County Limerick
199x, John Culhane, County Limerick
1987, Padraig Ó Raithbheartaigh, County Galway
1996, Caitrona Cullivan, County Cavan
1999, Bernadette Collins, County Cork
2000, Seán Ó Cathaláin, County Limerick
2001, Seán Ó Cathaláin, County Limerick
2002, Seán Ó Cathaláin, County Limerick
2003, Tadhg Maher, County Tipperary
2004, Tommy Stone, County Offaly
2005, Seán Breen, County Kerry
2006, Séan Ó Cathaláin, County Limerick
2007, Seán Breen, County Kerry
2008, Cian Kearns (Cian Ó Ciaráin), County Sligo
2009, Seán Breen, County Kerry
2010, Paul O'Reilly (Pól Ó Raghallaigh), County Wexford
2011, Caoimhe Ní Chiaráin,(Caoimhe Kearins) County Sligo
2012, Eibhlín Ní Bhrúdair, County Limerick
2013, Aoife Colféir, County Wexford
2014, Donal Tydings, County Kerry
2019, Donagh McElligott, County Kerry
2022, Liam Jones, County Clare
2023, Liam Jones, County Clare
Irish Singing - Newly Composed Songs (Amhrán Nuacheaptha Gaeilge)
1975, M. McGinley, County Donegal
1976, M. McGinley, County Donegal
1977, Máire Ní Bhaoil, County Monaghan
1979, M.J. O' Reilly, County Wexford
1982, M.J. O' Reilly, County Wexford
1983, Seán Ó Cathasaigh, County Cork
1985, Colm Mac Confhaola, County Wexford
1987, Jack McCutcheon, County Wexford
1996, Frances Donahue, County Galway
1999, Ciarán Ó Concheanainn, County Galway
2000, Matthew Gormally, County Galway
2001, Brenda O'Sullivan, County Dublin
2002, Brenda O'Sullivan, County Dublin
2003, Sarah Stone, County Offaly
2004, Dick Beamish, County Cork
2005, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2006, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2007, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2008, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2009, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2010, Eilís Ní Shúilleabháin, County Cork
2011, Seán Ó Múimhneacháin, County Cork
2012, Diarmaid Ó hEachthigheirn, County Cork
2013, Liam Ó Riain, County Waterford
2014, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2016, Nodlaig Ní Bhrollaigh, County Londonderry
2019, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2022, Seán Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
English Singing - Newly Composed Songs (Amhrán Nuacheaptha, Bearla)
1975, John Cronin, Drinagh, County Cork
1976, Barbara Juppe, New York
1977, John Flanagan, County Clare
1979, Joseph Mulhern, City of Derry
1983, Tony Waldron, County Galway
1984, Seán Ó Dálaigh,
1985, Paddy Blake, County Wicklow
1986, Seán Ó Dalaigh,
1987, Pádraig Ó Raithbheartaigh, County Galway
1996, Dan Keane, County Kerry
1996, Dan Keane, County Kerry
1999, Dan Keane, County Kerry
2000, Colm O'Donnell, County Sligo
2001, Dan Keane, County Kerry
2002, Niall Wall, County Wexford
2003, Pete McAleer, Newport, Wales
2004, Bruce Scott, Liverpool
2005, Séan Ó Muimhneacháin, County Cork
2006, Bruce Scott, Liverpool
2007, Mary Ryan, County Kildare
2008, Étaoin Rowe, West London
2009, Terry Cowan, County Down
2010, Muiris Mac Giolla Choda, County Cork
2011, Muiris Mac Giolla Choda, County Cork
2012, Padhraig Ó Tuathail, County Mayo
2013, Shauna McGarrigle, County Offaly
2014, Etaoin Rowe, London, England
2015, Julie-Ann McCaffrey, County Fermanagh
2019, Joe Kelly, County Westmeath
2022, Terry Cowan, County Down
Newly Composed Tunes (Píosaí Ceoil Nuaceaptha)
2011, Marie Walsh, County Galway
2012, Nóirín Ní Shúilleabháin, County Galway
2013, Keelan Mac Craith, County Tipperary
2014, Donagh McElligott, County Kerry
2015, Blaithín Kennedy, County Tipperary
2016, Jody Moran, Victoria, Australia
2017, Jody Moran, Victoria, Australia
2018, Joanne O'Connor, County Limerick
2019, Meibh Ní Dhubhlaioch, County Offaly
2022, Laoise Ní Chinnéide, County Tipperary
8-Hand Céilí Dancing, Ladies (Rince Céilí Ochtair, Mná)
2011, Sliabh Luachra CCÉ, County Kerry
2012, Sliabh Luachra CCÉ, County Kerry
2013, Sliabh Luachra CCÉ, County Kerry
2014, Caisleán Nua, County Tipperary
2022, Fioreann Sarah, County Offaly
8-Hand Céilí Dancing, Mixed (Rince Céilí Ochtair, Measctha)
2011, Foireann Rince Mhuineacháin, Emyvale, County Monaghan
2012, Emyvale CCÉ, County Monaghan
2013, Craobh Bheartla Uí Fhlatharta, CCÉ, County Kildare
2014, Emyvale CCÉ, County Monaghan
2022, CCÉ, Ardacha/Carraigchiarraí, County Limerick
4-Hand Céilí Dancing, Ladies (Rince Céilí Ceathrair, Mná)
2011, Sliabh Luachra CCÉ, County Kerry
2012, Gleann Fleisce CCÉ, County Kerry
2013, Gleann Fleisce A, CCÉ, County Kerry
2014, Gleann Fleisce A, County Kerry
2022, Mullingar CCÉ, County Westmeath
4-Hand Céilí Dancing, Mixed (Rince Céilí Ceathrair, Measctha)
2011, Foireann Rince Mhuineacháin, Emyvale, County Monaghan
2012, CCÉ, Teampall an Ghleanntáin, County Limerick
2013, Naomh Chiaráin, CCÉ, County Kerry
2014, Ballyduff/Ballinvella/Ballysaggart, County Waterford
2022, CCÉ, Ardacha/Carraigchiarraí, County Limerick
Set Dancing - Full Set, Ladies (Rince Seit, Mná)
1987, Gael Colmcille, County Meath
1988, Stoneybatter Set, Dublin
1989, Stoneybatter Set, Dublin
1990, Stoneybatter Set, Dublin
1996, Carrickcruppen Set
1998, Elphin County Roscommon
1999, Kilcummin Set, County Kerry
2000, Galbally/Ballyhogue, County Wexford
2001, Kilcummin, County Kerry
2002, Elphin Set, County Roscommon
2003, Gleneagle, County Kerry
2004, Gleneagle, County Kerry
2005, Glenflesk, County Kerry
2006, Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway
2007, Glenflesk (Gleann Fleisce), County Kerry
2008, Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway
2009, St. Ciara's, County Clare
2010, Cill Áirne, County Kerry
2011, Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway
2012, Caisleán Nua, County Tipperary
2013, Spa - Cill Áirne, County Kerry
2014, Spa - Cill Áirne, County Kerry
2018, Rithim an Chláir, CCÉ, Laichtín Naofa, County Clare
2022, CCÉ, Cill Áirne, County Kerry
Set Dancing - Full Set, Mixed (Rince Seit, Measctha)
1990, The Banner Set, County Clare
1995, Elphin Set, County Roscommon
1996, Elphin set, County Roscommon
1997, Elphin Set, County Roscommon
1998, Tulla Set, County Clare
1999, Elphin Set, County Roscommon
2000, Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway
2001, Gleneagle, County Kerry
2002, Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway
2003, Gleneagle, County Kerry
2004, Gleneagle, County Kerry
2005, Knockcroghery, County Roscommon
2006, Glenflesk (Gleann Fleisce), County Kerry
2007, Glenflesk (Gleann Fleisce), County Kerry
2008, Kincora, County Clare
2009, Diabhlaíocht na hÓige, County Clare
2010, Rhythm of the Banner, County Clare
2011, Drithle an Iarthair, County Clare
2012, Kilcummin, County Kerry - Rehabs
2013, Céimeanna - Cill Áirne, County Kerry
2014, Ceimeanna - Cill Airne, County Kerry
2015, Ceimeanna - Cill Airne, County Kerry
2016, Rithim an Clair, County Clare
2017, Ceimeanna - Cill Airne, County Kerry
2018, Kilcummin, County Kerry
2022, Craobh an Choisdellibhe/Róisín Bn Uí Cheallaigh, County Mayo
Set Dancing - Half Set, Mixed (Rince Leathsheit, Measctha)
2007, Glenflesk (Gleann Fleisce), County Kerry
2008, Cuilmore, County Mayo
2009, CCÉ, Cill Chuimín, County Kerry
2010, Ballyroan, County Laois
2011, Ballyduff/Ballinvella/Ballysaggart, CCÉ, County Waterford
2012, Kilcummin, County Kerry
2013, Ballyroan, County Laois
2014, Átha 'n Caoire, County Cork
2022, CCÉ, Kilcummin, County Kerry
Full Set, Mixed, Over 35 (Rince Seit Measctha, Os cionn 35)
2011, Ruagairí an Chláir, County Clare
2012, Ballyduff/Ballinvella/Ballysaggart, County Waterford
2013, Spa - Cill Áirne, County Kerry
2014, Kilcummin CCÉ, County Kerry
2022, Bunbrosna, County Westmeath
Old Style Dancing (Rince ar an Sean Nós)
2011, Una Ní Fhlatharta, County Kildare
2012, Sharleen McCaffrey, County Westmeath
2013, Siobhán Ní Ghionntaigh, County Mayo
2014, John Joyce, County Galway
2015, John Joyce, County Galway
2016, John Joyce, County Galway
2022, Eoin Killeen, County Clare
See also
Traditional Irish Singers
Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann
Irish Traditional Music
References
Irish music-related lists
All-Ireland Fleadh champions
Irish set dance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20All-Ireland%20Fleadh%20champions |
Heidi Grande Røys (born 6 May 1967) is a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party. She became Minister of Modernisation in 2005, renamed to Minister of Government Administration and Reform since 2006 in the second cabinet Stoltenberg. She was replaced by Rigmor Aasrud in 2009.
References
1967 births
Living people
Government ministers of Norway
Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Women government ministers of Norway
21st-century Norwegian politicians
21st-century Norwegian women politicians
Women members of the Storting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi%20Grande%20R%C3%B8ys |
Facial is a personal care treatment which involves cleaning and moisturizing of the human face.
Facial may also refer to:
Facial (sexual act), a sexual act where an individual ejaculates semen onto another person's face
Facial challenge, in American law, a challenge to a statute on grounds that it is unconstitutional | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Cerulenin is an antifungal antibiotic that inhibits fatty acid and steroid biosynthesis. It was the first natural product antibiotic known to inhibit lipid synthesis. In fatty acid synthesis, it has been reported to bind in equimolar ratio to b-keto-acyl-ACP synthase, one of the seven moieties of fatty acid synthase, blocking the interaction of malonyl-CoA. It also has the related activity of stimulating fatty acid oxidation through the activation of CPT1, another enzyme normally inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Inhibition involves covalent thioacylation that permanently inactivates the enzymes. These two behaviors may increase the availability of energy in the form of ATP, perhaps sensed by AMPK, in the hypothalamus.
In sterol synthesis, cerulenin inhibits HMG-CoA synthetase activity. It was also reported that cerulenin specifically inhibited fatty acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae without having an effect on sterol formation. But in general conclusion, cerulenin has inhibitory effects on sterol synthesis.
Cerulenin causes a dose-dependent decrease in HER2/neu protein levels in breast cancer cells, from 14% at 1.25 to 78% at 10 milligrams per liter, and targeting of fatty acid synthase by related drugs has been suggested as a possible treatment. Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects have been shown in colon cells as well. At an intraperitoneal dose of 30 milligrams per kilogram, it has been shown to inhibit feeding and induce dramatic weight loss in mice by a mechanism similar to, but independent or downstream of, leptin signaling. It is found naturally in the industrial strain Cephalosporium caerulens (Sarocladium oryzae, the sheath rot pathogen of rice).
See also
Satoshi Ōmura
References
External links
Cerulenin from Fermentek
Antifungals
Carboxamides
Ketones
Alkene derivatives
Epoxides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerulenin |
The Hennepin Center for the Arts (HCA) is an art center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It occupies a building on Hennepin Avenue constructed in 1888 as a Masonic Temple. The building was designed by Long and Kees in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style. In 1978, it was purchased and underwent a renovation to become the HCA. Currently it is owned by Artspace Projects, Inc, and is home to more than 17 performing and visual art companies who reside on the building's eight floors. The eighth floor contains the Illusion Theater, which hosts many shows put on by companies in the building.
HCA is now a part of the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts (formerly the Minnesota Shubert Performing Arts and Education Center). The new performing arts center is a three-building complex that includes the renovated Shubert Theatre building (renamed the Goodale Theater) and a new glass-walled atrium connecting the two historic buildings and serving them both as a common lobby. The Cowles Center hosted a three-day Grand Opening Gala September 9–11, 2011.
The building, known as the Masonic Temple was recognized as a historic place and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Its inclusion was based on its local architectural significance. The nomination highlighted the craftsmanship and integrity of the design, which was carried out by a notable local architectural firm. Additionally, the building was noted for being one of the few remaining well-preserved examples of Richardsonian Romanesque business buildings in Minneapolis.
See also
List of former Masonic buildings in the United States
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
References
External links
History of the Hennepin Center for the Arts
Masonic Temple tribute by James Lileks
1977 establishments in Minnesota
Arts centers in Minnesota
Former Masonic buildings in Minnesota
Masonic buildings completed in 1888
National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis
Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin%20Center%20for%20the%20Arts |
Viqueque (, ) is a city in the south-east of East Timor, 183 km from Dili, the national capital. Viqueque is the capital of Viqueque Municipality and Viqueque Administrative Post, and has five sucos under its control. They are: Uatu-Lari, Uatu-Carbau, Viqueque, Lacluta and Ossu. The city has a population of 6,859 (2015), the administrative post has 20,640 (2004), the municipality 65,245 inhabitants (2004).
References
Populated places in East Timor
Viqueque Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viqueque |
Iaora Tahiti is the second studio album by German electronica duo Mouse on Mars. It was released in 1995.
Critical reception
In 2003, Pitchfork placed Iaora Tahiti at number 67 on its list of "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s". Critic Mark Richardson said, "This is sunny electronic music operating in accordance with the pleasure principle."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Mouse on Mars
Jan St. Werner – composition, arrangement, production
Andi Toma – composition, arrangement, production
Additional personnel
Nobuko Sugai – vocals (1)
Wolfgang Flür – drums (1)
Dono Nkishi – drums (1, 4, 6, 7)
Bodo Staiger – pedal steel guitar (10)
Harald Ziegler – lyrics (13), vocals (13)
References
External links
1995 albums
Mouse on Mars albums
Too Pure albums
Rough Trade Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaora%20Tahiti |
Minuit (pronounced min-wee, French for midnight) were an electronic band from New Zealand, formed in Nelson.
The members of Minuit include lead singer, Ruth Carr, with Paul Dodge (also known as Gimme a C!) and Ryan Beehre (also known as Funk'n'SloCuts) playing machines.
Early work
Minuit began as a guitar band with lead vocalist, Ruth Carr, on drums. Ryan Beehre bought a sampler and turned the band electronic, replacing the need for a drummer and putting Ruth out front as vocalist. The band released four self-released EPs, Sonic Experience (1998), Silver (1999), Luck (2000) and Except You (2002).
The 88
In 2003 Minuit signed to Tardus music and released their debut album, The 88. Some of the songs had already been released on their earlier EPs.
The 88 achieved gold certification in New Zealand.
Minuit first came to prominence in 2002 when their first single "Species II" was used in the intro to the New Zealand TV show Queer Nation.
A video of the single "Except You" was made by their flatmate Alyx Duncan who thought it would be fun. The result was an award-winning eerie carnival-themed music video.
In 2004 the band released a limited edition 7 track EP, The Guns EP, featuring the single "I Hate Guns" (which has an animated video mimicking the TV show Are You Being Served?). The CD also included 3 music videos and a video interview from Sticky Pictures' "The Living Room". The Guns EP was only available for a limited run that sold out in the first week. This won the band 'Best Electronic Release' at the bNet music awards 2005, and a nomination for 'Breakthrough Artist' at the Vodafone New Zealand Music Awards.
The Guards Themselves
Released in 2006 was the album The Guards Themselves. With this album the band turned to Alyx Duncan once again to make a video for their single "Fuji." The album also features singles "Suave as Sin" with a video directed by Mike Bridgman (Nektar Films, Wgtn) featuring a 4 year old Kiel Beehre and, "A Room Full of Cute".
In 2007, their music was included in the PS3 Downloadable version of Sidhe Interactive's GripShift. The songs "Fuji", "A Room Full of Cute", and "This Music is Good for the Species" were all a part of the game's final track listing.
The Minuit live show toured NZ and Europe extensively throughout 2006–2008. While doing so they released a series of remix 12"s. "Fuji", "Except You", and "A Room Full of Cute". The most notable being a remix of 'A Room Full of Cute' by Rico Tubbs.
A European compilation of The 88, The Guns EP, and The Guards Themselves called I Went To This Party And There Were 88 Guards With Guns was released in April 2008 to get their northern hemisphere fanbase 'up-to-speed' on their current discography. The release was through London-based label Doll House Records.
Find Me Before I Die A Lonely Death.com
In March 2009, Minuit released "Wayho" (co-produced by Andy Chatterley), the lead single off their album Find Me Before I Die A Lonely Death.com, which was released in New Zealand on 20 July 2009. The album was released worldwide on 30 October 2009. The album's cover art features a world map created by the band themselves out of pieces of confectionery.
On the single's release, Rolling Stone Australia magazine were quoted as saying: "Despite an album title as dark as midnight, Minuit's music is often as joyful as a fat kid with cake".
"25 Bucks", the album's second single, was released with a video by Brendon Davies-Patrick.
In anticipation of the album's third single, "Aotearoa" (the Māori name for New Zealand), fans were encouraged to send in a photo representing who they each were as New Zealanders. In what some tagged "the largest audience participation video in NZ", photos of over a thousand people were edited together alongside New Zealand historical archive footage to form the video. The aim of the music video was to emphasise the lyric: "You and me, we are a New Zealand", to acknowledge people who have shaped the country, and to encourage people now that it is up to them to make it the place they want it to be.
The song was picked up by TVNZ as the backdrop to their 2009 Waitangi Day coverage, and was subsequently featured as the background theme for their Heartland channel. It was then used in the 2011 Bones episode "The Sin in the Sisterhood".
The album track "I'm Still Dancing" was featured in the Grey's Anatomy episode "State of Love and Trust", which aired in the US on 4 February 2010.
Dodge and Beehre worked on a Minuit remix EP called Dance Music Will Tear Us Apart (released 8 November 2010), while Carr worked on her debut book, I Felt Like a Fight, Alright?, featuring "one-liners, poems, lyrics & tales" (released 21 March 2011).
Various remixes from the band's back catalogue were released as a part of a "summer remixes" season, all of which were compiled into a remix album, Dance Music Will Tear Us Apart, Again, which was released on 24 June 2011.
Last Night You Saw This Band
In early 2012, Minuit collaborated with Gamelan Taniwha Jaya, a Balinese Gamelan from the New Zealand School of Music, under direction of notable New Zealand composer, Gareth Farr. Compositions were arranged by Jason Erskine and the ensemble performed at the music festivals WOMAD and Homegrown.
On 15 December 2011, Minuit had released Book of the Dead, the lead single off their album Last Night You Saw This Band. This album was released worldwide on 21 December 2012, the same day as the Mayan "end of the world". The band used crowdfunding site PledgeMe to fund a vinyl pressing of the album. The project hit its target in under 11 hours and a double 12" vinyl package was created.
Minuit performed the title track at the 2013 Homegrown on the Electronic Stage with the Wellington Balkan Brass Explosion, a gypsy brass band playing piano accordion, percussion, trumpets, trombones and a sousaphone.
Various remixes have surfaced of the album tracks, including the "Ghost EP" with mixes by Funk'n'slocuts, Gene K, Unsub and Levi Niha.
Discography
References
External links
Official website
Minuit at Bandcamp
Minuit bio
'Last Night You Saw This Band' PledgeMe Project
New Zealand electronic music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuit%20%28band%29 |
Kızkumu is an area of 600 metre shallow water that divides this bay of Turkey into two and is part of Orhaniye District of the city Muğla in Turkey. According to the legend, a girl who wants to reach her lover fills her skirt with sand and start moving ahead in the sea by filling the sea with her sand. But she was drowned when she ran out of sand. Just at the beginning point of the shallow water area, there is a sculpture of this girl.
External links
Kızkumu Photographs
Photographs of Kızkumu, Turkey guide
Bays of Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1zkumu |
Chelerythrine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid present in the plant Chelidonium majus (greater celandine). It is a potent, selective, and cell-permeable protein kinase C inhibitor in vitro. And an efficacious antagonist of G-protein-coupled CB1 receptors. This molecule also exhibits anticancer qualities and it has served as a base for many potential novel drugs against cancer. Structurally, this molecule has two distinct conformations, one being a positively charged iminium form, and the other being an uncharged form, a pseudo-base.
It is also found in the plants Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and other human pathogens.
Research
Antibacterial agent
Chelerythrine is a potent antibacterial agent that has aided in dealing with the emergence of antibacterial resistant bacteria. This molecule has the ability to disrupt a bacteria's cell wall and cell membrane, as well as preventing bacterial growth, all of which contribute to bacterial death.
Cellular apoptosis
Studies have shown that chelerythrine inhibits SERCA activity, more importantly the concentration needed to inhibit this enzyme is within range to that needed to inhibit protein kinase C. The negative regulation of SERCA activity results in accumulation of calcium ions in the cytoplasm, leading to the forced influx of calcium ions to the mitochondria. High calcium ion concentration in the mitochondria greatly alters its normal activity and leads to apoptosis signaling, and eventually cellular destruction. Other cellular transporters, like the PMCA, have also been shown to be negatively regulated by chelerythrine, preventing PMCA to effectively take out calcium ions from inside the cell. This further contributes to the loss of calcium ion balance within the cell and eventual cell death. In triple-negative breast cancer cells, this molecule is found to induce apoptosis. Nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation is observed, which is indicative of apoptosis.
Other
Previous studies have showcased chelerythrine's ability to inhibit, or delay, cell proliferation, allowing it to be used to combat cancerous cells and promote cellular apoptosis, both in vivo and in vitro. However, further studies of this alkaloid have revealed that it has low selectivity and it can also promote cellular apoptosis of non-cancerous cells, thus displaying cytotoxic behavior. The creation of chelerythrine analogs have helped exploit this molecule's anticancer capabilities, while lessening its cytotoxic effects on non-cancerous cells. These novel analogs have been modified to have increased specificity for cancerous cells, thus decreasing cytotoxic effects and non-cancerous cell apoptosis.
Anti-cancer mechanisms
Depending on the form of cancer, chelerythrine can exhibit different effects on tumor cells, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. These mechanisms include inducing apoptosis, arrest of the cell cycle, promoting autophagy of cancerous cells, and the inhibition of telomerase. It has been found to be a possible anti-cancer agent for liver, gastric, breast, renal, and cervical cancers. Despite these claims, it is important to note that the related compound sanguinarine is associated with severe adverse effects. This is insufficient evidence to endorse the usage of chelerythrine present in botanical products as a cancer treatment.
Role as a protein kinase C inhibitor
Studies show that chelerythrine is a specific and potent protein kinase C inhibitor. Due to its inhibitory effects on protein kinase C, it has been found of use against triple-negative breast cancer. By inhibiting protein kinase C, signaling pathways are disrupted, inducing cell cycle arrest.
References
Alkaloids found in Papaveraceae
Alkaloids found in Rutaceae
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Benzodioxoles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelerythrine |
Sugar Mama was originally produced by the James O. Welch Company in 1965, as a companion candy to the already-produced Sugar Babies and Sugar Daddy.
A Sugar Mama was a chocolate-covered caramel sucker, essentially a Sugar Daddy covered in chocolate. It had a distinctive red and yellow wrapper, the opposite of Sugar Daddy's yellow and red wrapper.
It has not been produced since the 1980s.
Tootsie Roll Industries brands
Products introduced in 1965
Sugar Family candy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Mama%20%28confectionery%29 |
Platinum Technology Inc. was founded by Andrew Filipowski in 1987 to market and support deployment of database management software products and the applications enabled by database management technology and to render related services. Over its 12-year history, it was known for its acquisition of other companies, having bought more than 50 companies between 1994 and 1999 and growing to become the eighth largest global software company with revenue of a billion dollars per year. Acquisitions included Altai, Inc. (1995), AutoSystems Corporation, Brownstone Solutions, ICON Computing, Intervista Software, Software Interfaces, Locus Computing Corporation, LBMS (1998), Logic Works (1998), Protosoft, RELTECH Group, Memco Software, Softool, SQL TOOLS, Inc., Trinzic, Viatech and VREAM (1996). The company was a member of the UML Partners consortium.
Acquisition by Computer Associates
In March 1999, Platinum was itself acquired by Computer Associates (CA) for 3.5 billion U.S. dollars, at that time the largest transaction in the history of the software industry. CA offered $29.25 per share, almost a three-to-one premium over Platinum's stock price of $9.875.
Transition
In 2001, CA was sued by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), alleging that the two companies prematurely reduced competition between each other. The DOJ claimed that this was achieved by agreeing to limit discounts offered to customers before the deal was completed.
Acquisitions
Protosoft
In November 1995, Protosoft was acquired by Platinum Technology for 40 million U.S. dollars. Protosoft was founded by Dr. Anthony Lekkos and Erick Rivas in 1990 to develop and market Paradigm Plus, an object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) modeling product and associated code generation and reverse engineering tools.
Memco Software
In September 1998, Platinum Technology acquired Israeli company Memco Software (Nasdaq: MEMCF). The acquisition was accounted for as a stock-for-stock pooling of interests valued at just more than $400 million. The combined offering of both companies was aimed at providing a complete software security solution for protecting enterprise networks, databases, and systems across multiple platforms.
With this merger; Platinum was hoping to become a major security software provider in areas such as access control, single sign-on, user and database security administration, authentication, intrusion detection, secure communications, and policy audit.
Memco Software was founded in 1990 in Tel Aviv, Israel; in 1996 it had an initial public offering on NASDAQ, raising $50 million. Following the acquisition of Platinum by Computer Associates, Memco Software became the basis for CA’s research and development center in Israel.
References
External links
Press release following acquisition
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in Illinois
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois
Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois
Software companies established in 1987
Software companies disestablished in 1999
Defunct companies based in Illinois
CA Technologies
1999 mergers and acquisitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum%20Technology |
Thuja sutchuenensis, the Sichuan thuja, is a species of Thuja, an evergreen coniferous tree in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It is native to China, where it is an endangered local endemic in Chengkou County (Chongqing Municipality, formerly part of Sichuan province), on the southern slope of the Daba Mountains.
Description
It is a small or medium-sized tree, reaching possibly 20 m tall, though no trees of this size are currently known. The foliage forms in flat sprays with scale-like leaves 1.5–4 mm long, green above, and with narrow white stomatal bands below. The cones are oval, green ripening brown, 5–8 mm long and 3-4.2 mm broad (opening to 7 mm broad), with 8-10 overlapping scales.
Discovery and rediscovery
It was first described in 1899 from specimens collected by the French botanist Paul Guillaume Farges in 1892 and 1900, but was not seen again thereafter, despite many searches, for almost 100 years and was presumed to be extinct due to over-cutting for its valuable scented wood. A small number of specimens were however rediscovered in 1999, growing on very inaccessible steep ridges close to (or at the same site) where Farges had first found it. The area of its occurrence has now been designated a Special Protection Area in order to protect the species.
References
External links
sutchuenensis
Endemic flora of China
Flora of Sichuan
Trees of China
Endangered flora of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja%20sutchuenensis |
Rupali Bank () is a state owned commercial bank in Bangladesh. Its headquarters is in 34 Dilkusha, Dhaka. Kazi Sanaul Haque is the chairman of the bank. Mohammad Jahangir is the managing director of the bank.
History
Rupali Bank Limited was constituted with the merger of 3 erstwhile commercial banks i.e. Muslim Commercial Bank Limited, Australasia Bank Limited and Standard Bank which operated in the then East Pakistan on 26 March 1972, under the Bangladesh Banks (Nationalization) Order 1972.
Rupali Bank worked as a nationalized commercial bank until 13 December 1986. When the Bank went public but the majority of the shares are still retained by the Government. Rupali Bank Limited emerged as the largest Public Limited Banking Company of the country on 14 December 1986.
Rupali Bank automated its foreign exchange services in January 1999.
From 1994 to 2003, Hafiz Ibrahim, member of parliament from Bhola served as the director of Rupali Bank Limited. He was re-elected to board in 2003 despite Bangladesh Bank seeking an explanation why a director had served more than 6 years in a row at the bank against its rules. Rupali Bank was of the opinion as a state owned Bank that rule did not apply to them. Bangladesh Bank removed him in 2005. Syed Muhammad Yunus, a tube well businessman, admitted to the Anti Corruption Commission that he embezzled 240 million taka from the bank with the help of Ibrahim.
Rupali Bank signed an agreement with Arif Habib Securities Limited to explore the option of starting a joint venture in Pakistan in 2004. The bank's branch in Pakistan became a joint venture with Arif Habib Securities Limited in 2005. It received the Bangladesh Best IT Use Award sponsored by Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited and awarded by Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services. Altaf Hossain Choudhury, Minister of Commerce had handed over the award to the bank.
In June 2008, Bangladesh Bank refused to handle the privatization of Rupali Bank due to the large size of the Bank. A Saudi backed group had expressed interest in taking over the bank in 2006. More than 20 companies had expressed interest in buying Rupali Bank including Abu Dhabi United Group, Alliance Bank Malaysia Berhad, AmBank, Habib Bank Limited, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, Melewar Industrial Group Berhad, and United Bank Limited.
The bank established Rupali Investment Limited as a fully owned subsidiary in 2010.
In September 2015, a court in Dhaka ordered the bank to 600 thousand taka to a man runover and killed by a staff bus of the bank in 1996.
In 2016, Rupali Bank's top loan defaulter was AHZ Agro. 10 branches of the bank made a loss in 2016. Rupali Bank had distributed 137.71 billion taka of which 15.49 billion taka was bad loans, defaulted, and 10.19 billion taka in loans were written. It had a capital shortfall of 1.45 billion taka.
In November 2017, Bangladesh Industrial Finance Company could not return 317.3 million taka to Rupali Bank due to fund shortages. it became a shareholder of Padma Bank after the government used Rupali Bank and three other stated owned banks to injects funds into Padma Bank.
The recruitment exam of the three state owned banks, Rupali, Sonali Bank Limited, and Janata Bank Limited were stayed by a High Court bench composed of Justices Moyeenul Islam Chowdhury and Justice J. B. M. Hassan in January 2018.
In January 2019, Justices Md Nazrul Islam Takukder and K. M. Hafizul Alam of the High Court Division summoned S. M. Atiqur Rahman, general manager, Mohammad Ali, deputy general manager, and Md Abdus Samad Sarkar, principal officer of the bank after their names were exempted from a 150 million taka corruption case. The issued the order on an appeal filed by AHM Bahauddin, managing director of Everest Holding and Technologies Limited, who had been sentenced life imprisonment in the embezzlement case. In August, Md Obayed Ullah Al Masud was made managing director of Rupali Bank from Sonali Bank and Rupali Bank managing director Md. Ataur Rahman Prodhan was made managing director of Sonali Bank. The Bank offered to reschedule a 11.68 billion taka loan to Mother Textile, a subsidiary of Euroasia Mattress, which defaulted in 1993. The Daily Star described the offer as "outrageous". Kazi Sanaul Haque was appointed the chairman of the bank.
Rupali Bank gave loans to 11 companies, including Beacon Pharmaceuticals, Bashundhara Paper Mills, Mother Textile, violating rules of the bank.
In 2021, Agrani Bank, Rupali, Sonali Bank Limited, and Janata Bank Limited, all state owned banks, paid the highest bonus to their employees despite poor performance and against the recommendation of Bangladesh Bank. Dhaka Stock Exchange disclosed that Rupali Bank had insufficient capital to manage its risks in 2022. It was part of a syndicated 5.2 billion taka loan organized by Dhaka Bank Limited for Chandpur Power Generations Limited of Doreen Group. On 22 August, Mohammad Jahangir was appointed managing director of the bank. Anti Corruption Commission sued the former managing director of the bank, M Farid Uddin, and nine officials of the bank and HR Spinning Mills Limited for embezzling 1.48 billion taka from the bank. It was made a Critical Information Infrastructure by the government of Bangladesh under the Digital Security Act restricting access to information of the bank. It is one of banks financing the gold refinery venture of Bashundhara Group.
Board of directors
Subsidies
Rupali Bank Securities Limited
Rupali Investment Limited
References
External links
Official website
Banks established in 1972
Banks of Bangladesh
Banks of Bangladesh with Islamic banking services
Organisations based in Motijheel
Government-owned banks of Bangladesh
Bangladeshi companies established in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupali%20Bank%20Limited |
Georgetown Law Weekly is a weekly newspaper published by students at Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., United States.
The Law Weekly has a circulation of 1,500 and is printed each Tuesday of the school year. In total, twenty-two issues are printed over the course of the Fall and Spring semesters. It is composed on Quark XPress 6.1 and is printed by Southern Maryland Publishing. The newspaper accepts letters to the editor via email that do not exceed 700 words. A version of the Law Weekly is available online.
The Law Weekly won the American Bar Association Law Student Division's best newspaper award three years in a row, from 2002 to 2004. The late Reverend Father Robert F. Drinan served as Faculty Adviser.
Notable alumni
Greta Van Susteren (JD 1979), now a television news anchor on Fox News, wrote for the Law Weekly.
Mark Grabowski (JD 2007), now a syndicated columnist and internet law professor at Adelphi University, wrote for the Law Weekly.
History of Georgetown law newspapers
The first newspaper at the Law Center was The Hoya, Law School Edition (1933–36). This was followed by Res Ipsa Loquitur, which started publishing in 1936. Res Ipsa Loquitur served as the student newspaper and alumni magazine until 1994, when it was replaced by the all-alumni publication Georgetown Law.
The Law Weekly began in 1966, and was originally part of the legal writing requirement program. Archives of these publications are available at the Edward Bennett Williams Law Library.
References
Georgetown University publications
Weekly newspapers published in the United States
Georgetown University Law Center | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%20Law%20Weekly |
William James Edwards Lee III (July 23, 1928 – May 24, 2023) was a jazz bassist and composer, known for his collaborations with Bob Dylan and Aretha Franklin, his compositions for jazz percussionist Max Roach, and his session work as a "first-call" musician and band leader to many of the twentieth-century's most significant musical artists, including Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Harry Belafonte, Peter, Paul and Mary, Simon and Garfunkel, Judy Collins, Arlo Guthrie, Billy Strayhorn, Woody Guthrie, and Pete Seeger, among many others.
Lee recorded three critically acclaimed albums at the Black independent label Strata-East Records: The Descendants of Mike and Phoebe: A Spirit Speaks, a collaboration with his two musical sisters; The Brass Company: Colors and the third, a collaboration of seven basses, called The New York Bass Violin Choir, which JazzdaGama described as "a true Holy Grail for all musicians" and Lee considered one of his "narrative folk, jazz operas," with "One Mile East," inspired by memories of the former slave quarters near his childhood home. Stagings at New York City's Central Park, Lincoln Center and Newport Jazz Festival followed.
Trumpeter Theo Croker called Lee, "One of the great American composers of our time. His harmonic beauty was unique and his choice of melody always struck a chord inside of the listener. He was a masterful orchestrator of imagery." In 2008, The New York Times noted that "His music has the complex harmonies of bebop and hard bop, but it also has a sincere, down-home, churchy feel. His passages move to interesting and unexpected places, but they resolve before long in a way that is simple and sincere, earthy and somehow very satisfying."
Featured in more than 250 record albums, and on such songs as "Puff the Magic Dragon" and "Mr. Tambourine Man," Lee also appeared in several movies made by his son, acclaimed film-maker Spike Lee, in addition to creating original soundtracks for She's Gotta Have It (1986), School Daze (1988), Do the Right Thing (1989), and Mo' Better Blues (1990).
Career
Lee's childhood was described by Strata-East co-founder Charles Tolliver as "the personification of the Black musicians' experience after Reconstruction." One of seven musical siblings born in Snow Hill, Alabama, in 1928, Lee was the son of Arnold Wadsworth Lee, a cornet player and band director at Florida A&M University and Alberta Grace (née Edwards), a concert pianist. "My learning in music started with my mother and father," Lee said.
A 1951 graduate of the historically Black Morehouse College in Atlanta, Lee "discovered the bebop recordings of Charlie Parker," which led to him "master[ing] the double bass, the largest and lowest-pitched stringed instrument, and performed with small jazz groups in Atlanta and Chicago before migrating to New York City in 1959".
A sideman for some of the most famous names in music, Lee was also often the only other musician performing, including on the original release of Dylan's 1965 classic "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" and on Gordon Lightfoot's "Oh, Linda" from the prize-winning 1964 eponymous album. Other musical collaborators included:
Chris Anderson
Burt Bacharach
Eric Bibb
The Clancy Brothers
Judy Collins
Stanley Cowell
Carolyn Hester
John Lee Hooker
Clifford Jordan
Cat Stevens
Chad Mitchell Trio
Gordon Lightfoot
Ian & Sylvia
Odetta
Mamas & Papas
Malvina Reynolds
Harold Mabern
Carmen McRae
Tom Rush
Tom Paxton
Charles Tolliver
Harold Vick
Josh White
Olatunji Yearwood
Soundtracks
Music director and performer on the song "Nola", She's Gotta Have It, Island, 1986.
Music conductor of Natural Spiritual Orchestra, School Daze, Columbia, 1988.
Music conductor of Natural Spiritual Orchestra, Do the Right Thing, Universal, 1989.
Music director, Mo' Better Blues, Universal, 1990.
Composer of score for the short film Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads.
Filmography
Sonny Darling, She's Gotta Have It, Island, 1986.
Bassist in the Phyllis Hyman Quartet, School Daze, Columbia, 1988.
Father of the Bride, Mo' Better Blues, Universal, 1990.
Discography
John Handy: No Coast Jazz (Roulette, 1960)
Chris Anderson: My Romance (Vee-Jay, 1960 [1983]), Inverted Image (Jazzland, 1961)
Ray Bryant: Con Alma (Columbia, 1960); Dancing the Big Twist (Columbia, 1961)
Johnny Griffin: Change of Pace (Riverside, 1961)
John Lee Hooker: The Folk Lore of John Lee Hooker (Vee-Jay, 1961)
Aretha Franklin: Aretha: With The Ray Bryant Combo (Columbia, 1961), The Tender, the Moving, the Swinging Aretha Franklin (Columbia, 1962)
Frank Strozier: March of the Siamese Children (Jazzland, 1962)
Ian and Sylvia: Ian & Sylvia (Vanguard, 1962)
Judy Collins: Golden Apples of the Sun (Elektra, 1962), Fifth Album (Elektra, 1965), Whales & Nightingales (Elektra, 1970)
Simon & Garfunkel: Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M. (Columbia, 1964)
José Feliciano: The Voice and Guitar of José Feliciano (Sony, 1965)
Tom Rush: Tom Rush (Elektra, 1965), Take a Little Walk with Me (Elektra, 1966)
Peter, Paul & Mary: The Peter, Paul and Mary Album (Warner Bros., 1966)
Gordon Lightfoot: Lightfoot! (United Artists, 1966)
Clifford Jordan: Glass Bead Games (Strata-East, 1974); The Adventurer (Muse, 1978)
Pat Martino: Starbright (Warner Bros., 1976)
Stanley Cowell: Regeneration (Strata-East, 1976)
Richard Davis: The Philosophy of the Spiritual (Cobblestone, 1971), Fancy Free (Galaxy, 1977) and Harvest (Muse, 1977 [1979])
Chuck Loeb and Andy LaVerne: Magic Fingers (DMP, 1989)
The Descendants of Mike and Phoebe: A Spirit Speaks (Strata-East)
The Brass Company: Colors (Strata East)
The Warm Voice of Billy "C": Where have you been Billy Boy (Strata East)
Harold Mabern: A Few Miles from Memphis (Prestige), Rakin' and Scrapin' (Prestige)
The New York Bass Violin Choir - The New York Bass Violin Choir (Strata-East)
Mike Bloomfield: From His Head to His Heart to His Hands (Sony Legacy, 2014) Bill plays on "I'm a County Boy", "Judge, Judge", and "Hammond's Rag" from a 1964 audition for John Hammond at Columbia Records.
Personal life
In 1954, Lee married Jacqueline ("Jackie") Shelton, an art teacher, the same year she graduated from Atlanta's historically Black Spelman College. Together, they had five children: film director Spike Lee (b. 1957), Christopher (b. 1959, d. 2014), still photographer David Lee (b. 1961), screenwriter and actress Joie Lee (b. 1962), and filmmaker Cinqué Lee (b. 1966). In 1959, the family moved to Fort Greene, Brooklyn.
In 1976, Jackie died of cancer, and Susan Kaplan, whom Lee later married, moved in. They are the parents of alto saxophone player Arnold ("T@NE") Lee (b. 1985). Spike Lee had a negative public reaction to his father's new relationship, and has been quoted as saying, "My mother wasn't even cold in her grave." Hard feelings between the two intensified after Spike Lee released Jungle Fever, a film about the beginning and end of an extramarital interracial relationship, which was interpreted as a judgment on Lee and Kaplan's relationship, given the latter's race.
On October 25, 1991, Lee was arrested for carrying a small bag of heroin during a police drug sweep of a park near his home. Although the case was dismissed, Lee would later say of his arrest, "'I'm glad I was arrested. It woke me up.... Dope was not part of my life until I was 40 years old,' which means he started getting involved with heroin ... around the time his wife was dying of cancer." Soon after, however, Lee and Spike Lee had a falling out. In 1994, the elder Lee said they had not spoken in two years.
On May 24, 2023, Lee died at his home in Fort Greene. He was 94.
References
External links
1928 births
2023 deaths
20th-century African-American musicians
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century double-bassists
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century African-American musicians
21st-century American bass guitarists
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century jazz composers
African-American conductors (music)
African-American guitarists
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
African-American male actors
American jazz bass guitarists
American jazz composers
American jazz double-bassists
American male bass guitarists
American male jazz composers
American male conductors (music)
American session musicians
Jazz musicians from Alabama
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
Lee family (show business)
Male double-bassists
Morehouse College alumni
People from Fort Greene, Brooklyn
People from Wilcox County, Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Lee%20%28musician%29 |
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile. They are used for food (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heating oil), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents.
Etymology
First attested in English 1176, the word oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum, which in turn comes from the Greek (elaion), "olive oil, oil" and that from (elaia), "olive tree", "olive fruit". The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek , e-ra-wo and , e-rai-wo, written in the Linear B syllabic script.
Types
Organic oils
Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes. Lipid is the scientific term for the fatty acids, steroids and similar chemicals often found in the oils produced by living things, while oil refers to an overall mixture of chemicals. Organic oils may also contain chemicals other than lipids, including proteins, waxes (class of compounds with oil-like properties that are solid at common temperatures) and alkaloids.
Lipids can be classified by the way that they are made by an organism, their chemical structure and their limited solubility in water compared to oils. They have a high carbon and hydrogen content and are considerably lacking in oxygen compared to other organic compounds and minerals; they tend to be relatively nonpolar molecules, but may include both polar and nonpolar regions as in the case of phospholipids and steroids.
Mineral oils
Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy. Crude oil originates from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae, which geochemical processes convert into oil. The name "mineral oil" is a misnomer, in that minerals are not the source of the oil—ancient plants and animals are. Mineral oil is organic. However, it is classified as "mineral oil" instead of as "organic oil" because its organic origin is remote (and was unknown at the time of its discovery), and because it is obtained in the vicinity of rocks, underground traps, and sands. Mineral oil also refers to several specific distillates of crude oil.
Applications
Cooking
Several edible vegetable and animal oils, and also fats, are used for various purposes in cooking and food preparation. In particular, many foods are fried in oil much hotter than boiling water. Oils are also used for flavoring and for modifying the texture of foods (e.g. stir fry). Cooking oils are derived either from animal fat, as butter, lard and other types, or plant oils from olive, maize, sunflower and many other species.
Cosmetics
Oils are applied to hair to give it a lustrous look, to prevent tangles and roughness and to stabilize the hair to promote growth. See hair conditioner.
Religion
Oil has been used throughout history as a religious medium. It is often considered a spiritually purifying agent and is used for anointing purposes. As a particular example, holy anointing oil has been an important ritual liquid for Judaism and Christianity.
Health
Oils have been consumed since ancient times. Oils hold lots of fats and medical properties. A good example is olive oil. Olive oil holds a lot of fats within it which is why it was also used in lighting in ancient Greece and Rome. So people would use it to bulk out food so they would have more energy to burn through the day. Olive oil was also used to clean the body in this time as it would trap the moisture in the skin while pulling the grime to the surface. It was used as an ancient form of unsophisticated soap. It was applied on the skin then scrubbed off with a wooden stick pulling off the excess grime and creating a layer where new grime could form but be easily washed off in the water as oil is hydrophobic. Fish oils hold the omega-3 fatty acid. This fatty acid helps with inflammation and reduces fat in the bloodstream.
Painting
Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. The oldest known extant oil paintings date from 650 AD.
Heat transfer
Oils are used as coolants in oil cooling, for instance in electric transformers. Heat transfer oils are used both as coolants (see oil cooling), for heating (e.g. in oil heaters) and in other applications of heat transfer.
Lubrication
Given that they are non-polar, oils do not easily adhere to other substances. This makes them useful as lubricants for various engineering purposes. Mineral oils are more commonly used as machine lubricants than biological oils are. Whale oil is preferred for lubricating clocks, because it does not evaporate, leaving dust, although its use was banned in the US in 1980.
It is a long-running myth that spermaceti from whales has still been used in NASA projects such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Voyager probe because of its extremely low freezing temperature. Spermaceti is not actually an oil, but a mixture mostly of wax esters, and there is no evidence that NASA has used whale oil.
Fuel
Some oils burn in liquid or aerosol form, generating light, and heat which can be used directly or converted into other forms of energy such as electricity or mechanical work. In order to obtain many fuel oils, crude oil is pumped from the ground and is shipped via oil tanker or a pipeline to an oil refinery. There, it is converted from crude oil to diesel fuel (petrodiesel), ethane (and other short-chain alkanes), fuel oils (heaviest of commercial fuels, used in ships/furnaces), gasoline (petrol), jet fuel, kerosene, benzene (historically), and liquefied petroleum gas. A barrel of crude oil produces approximately of diesel, of jet fuel, of gasoline, of other products, split between heavy fuel oil and liquified petroleum gases, and of heating oil. The total production of a barrel of crude into various products results in an increase to .
In the 18th and 19th centuries, whale oil was commonly used for lamps, which was replaced with natural gas and then electricity.
Chemical feedstock
Crude oil can be refined into a wide variety of component hydrocarbons. Petrochemicals are the refined components of crude oil and the chemical products made from them. They are used as detergents, fertilizers, medicines, paints, plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber.
Organic oils are another important chemical feedstock, especially in green chemistry.
See also
Emulsifier, a chemical which allows oil and water to mix
References
External links
Petroleum Online e-Learning resource from IHRDC
Chemical substances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil |
is an American meditation teacher. He leads residential and phone-based meditation retreats for students interested in learning the Vipassana (insight) tradition of Buddhism. Shinzen was originally ordained in Japan as a monk in the Shingon (Japanese Vajrayana) tradition. He has studied and practiced extensively in other traditions, including Zen and Native American traditions.
He frequently uses concepts from mathematics as a metaphor to illustrate the abstract concepts of meditation. As a result, his teachings tend to be popular among academics and professionals. His interest in integrating meditation with scientific paradigms has led to collaborations with neuroscientists at Harvard Medical School, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Yale, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Vermont. He is working on various ways to bring a secular mindfulness practice to a wider audience using revamped terminology and techniques as well as automated expert systems.
Shinzen has adapted the central Buddhist concept of the five skandhas or aggregates into modern language, grouped them into sensory categories with potential neurological correlates, and developed an extensive system of meditation techniques for working with those categories individually and in combinations.
Personal life
Shinzen Young was born as Steve Young in Los Angeles, California. His parents were Jewish. While in middle school, he became fascinated with Asian languages and cultures. After graduating from UCLA as an Asian Language major, he enrolled in the University of Wisconsin's Ph.D. program in Buddhist Studies. In order to gather materials for his doctoral dissertation, he lived for several years at the Shingon monastery at Mount Kōya in Japan. There he was ordained as a monk in 1970 and received the name "Shinzen." During these early years in Japan, and spurred on by the tragic death of an academic mentor, Shinzen's priorities shifted and he decided to leave the academic path in order to fully commit to the practice of meditation.
Books
Break Through Pain: A Step-by-Step Mindfulness Meditation Program for Transforming Chronic and Acute Pain (2006)
The Beginner's Guide to Meditation (2002)
The Science of Enlightenment: How Meditation Works (2016)
Audio publications
The Science of Enlightenment (2005)
Pain Relief (2004)
Beginner's Mind: 3 Classic Meditation Practices Especially for Beginners (1999)
Break Through Difficult Emotions: How to Transform Painful Feelings With Mindfulness Meditation (1997)
Break Through Pain: How to Relieve Pain Using Powerful Meditation Techniques (1997)
Meditation in the Zone: How to Turn Your Workout into a High-Quality Meditation (1996)
Five Classic Meditations: Mantra, Vipassana, Karma Yoga, Loving Kindness, Kabbalah (1990) (2004)
References
External links
Essays outlining his meditation system
What is Mindfulness?
An Introduction to ULTRA: Universal Library for Training Attention
See, Hear, Feel: An introduction
An Outline of Practice
Five Ways to Know Yourself: An Introduction to Basic Mindfulness
Living people
Theravada Buddhist spiritual teachers
American Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism from Judaism
American writers
Buddhist writers
Writers from Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American Buddhists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzen%20Young |
The World Orienteering Championships (or WOC for short) is an annual orienteering event organized by the International Orienteering Federation. The first World Championships was held in Fiskars, Finland in 1966. They were held biennially up to 2003 (with the exception of 1978 and 1979). Since 2003, competitions have been held annually. Participating nations have to be members of the International Orienteering Federation (IOF).
Originally, there were only two competitions: an individual race and a relay. In 1991, a short distance race (roughly 20–25 minutes) was added and a sprint race was added in 2001. The middle distance (roughly 30–35 minutes) replaced the short distance in 2003. In 2014, a sprint relay was added with two men and two women participating and with starting order woman-man-man-woman.
History
The IOF was founded on 21 May 1961 at a Congress held in Copenhagen, Denmark by the orienteering national federations of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Their main goal was to standardize the sport and streamline international competition rules. A group of people work with these tasks, and at the 1963 IOF Congress, the work was approved and a technical committee was created. This led to the first international orienteering competition; the 1962 European Championships in Løten, Norway. The first European Orienteering Championships (EOC) consisted of only one competition; individual. In the following EOC, in Le Brassus, Switzerland, the relay event was added to the competition program. These two EOCs are considered forerunners to the first World Orienteering Championships in 1966.
In 2019, the World Orienteering Championships was split into two events: Sprint WOC (even-numbered years) consisting of sprint events only, and Forest WOC (odd-numbered years) consisting of forest events only.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the first sprint only WOC 2020 was cancelled. Instead Sprint and Sprint Relay was added to the WOC program for 2021 following the old championship program, otherwise there would not have been sprint comptitions in the world championships for four years (2019-2022). In 2022 the first sprint only WOC was organized in Denmark, and the new competition format Knockout Sprint made its debut.
Format
The competition format has changed several times. From the beginning in 1966, the World Championships consisted of only two competitions: an individual race and a relay. In 1991, a short distance race (roughly 20–25 minutes) was added and a sprint race was added in 2001. The middle distance (roughly 30–35 minutes) replaced the short distance in 2003. On IOF's 23rd congress in Lausanne in 2012, it was decided that a sprint relay event would be added in the 2014 World Championships in Italy. The sprint relay is competed in urban areas and consists of four-orienteer mixed-gender teams with starting order woman-man-man-woman.
Current competition format
The current championship events are:
Event timeline
Venues
Multiple winners
Men
Boldface denotes active athletes and highest medal count among all athletes (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Women
Boldface denotes active athletes and highest medal count among all athletes (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Mixed
Sprint Relay
All-time medal table
(Updated after WOC 2022)
See also
List of World Orienteering Championships medalists (men)
List of World Orienteering Championships medalists (women)
List of World Orienteering Championships medalists (mixed events)
References
External links
International Orienteering Federation
World Orienteering Championships, senior statistics 1966–2005
WOC
World Orienteering Championships 1968
World Orienteering Championships 2004
World Orienteering Championships 2005
World Orienteering Championships 2006
World Orienteering Championships 2007
World Orienteering Championships 2008
World Orienteering Championships 2009
World Orienteering Championships 2010
World Orienteering Championships 2011
World Orienteering Championships 2012
World Orienteering Championships 2013
World Orienteering Championships 2014
World Orienteering Championships 2015
World Orienteering Championships 2016
World Orienteering Championships 2017
World Orienteering Championships 2018
World Orienteering Championships 2019
World Orienteering Championships 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Orienteering%20Championships |
Kfar Kama (, , ) is a Circassian town located in the Lower Galilee of Israel's northern district, located along road 767, that leads from Kfar Tavor to the Kinneret. It is one of the only two Circassian towns in Israel, the other being Rehaniya. The residents of the town are descended from the Shapsug tribe exilees from Circassia. In 2008, the town had a population of 2,900.
Name
The town's name has an uncertain origin, and several possible interpretations exist. It could potentially signify a heap of wheat, derive from "qama" meaning grain, or even have roots in Arabic, such as "kama," signifying a hilltop or a hilltop village, or "qama", denoting a fertile pasture for sheep and cattle.
History
Antiquity
The modern village of Kfar Kama is built on an ancient site. Ruins and parts of five limestone columns were found in addition to a circular basalt olive-press and cisterns. In 2020, a team of archaeologists led by Nurit Feig of the Israel Antiquities Authority discovered 6th-century church remains. The excavators also revealed painted floor mosaics showing geometric shapes and blue, black, and red floral patterns. The dimensions of the main part of the church are 12 by 36 metres. Several other rooms were unearthed near the church. According to archeologist Shani Libbi, additional rooms in the area have been revealed by ground penetrating radar.
Archaeologists have proposed that Kfar Kama was the village Helenoupolis that Constantine established in honor of his mother Helen. Excavations carried out in 1961 and 1963 revealed 4th century tombs. Two churches dated to the early 6th century, one dedicated to Saint Thecla, were uncovered, with multicolored mosaics of floral, animal and geometric patterns.
Middle Ages
In the Crusader period it was known as Kapharchemme or Capharkeme.
Ottoman Empire
In 1596, Kfar Kama appeared in Ottoman tax registers as a village in the Nahiya of Tiberias in the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 34 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, summer crops, cotton, and goats or beehives; a total of 5,450 akçe.
A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as El Hadaci. In 1838, it was mentioned as a village in the Tiberias district.
In 1870s, the village was described as having basalt stone houses and a population of 200 Moslems living on a plain of arable soil.
In 1878, a group of 1,150 Circassian immigrants from the Adyghe tribe Shapsugs who were exiled from the Caucasus by the Russians to the Ottoman Empire due to the Russian-Circassian War settled in the village. Initially they made their living by raising animals, but later became farmers. The first school was established about 1880.
A population survey in 1887 found 1,150 inhabitants, all Circassian Muslims.
British Mandate
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine by the British Mandate authorities, Kfar Kama had a population of 670 Muslims and 7 Christians, decreasing slightly in the 1931 census to 644, one Christian and the rest Muslims, in a total of 169 houses.
In 1945 census by the Mandate, the population was 660 people (all Muslims) and the land area was 8,819 dunams. Of this, 8,293 dunams were allocated to cereal farming, while 108 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Israel
Kfar Kama is one of two Circassian villages in Israel. The other one is Rehaniya. The Circassians are Muslims who, unlike the main Israeli Arab Muslim minority, perform military service in the Israeli Defense Forces. The village school teaches in Circassian, Hebrew, Arabic and English.
A Center for Circassian Heritage is situated in the village.
Notable people
Izhak Nash (born 1989), a Circassian Israeli footballer currently playing for Hapoel Ironi Baqa al-Gharbiyye
Bibras Natcho (born 1988), a Circassian Israeli footballer currently playing in Europe and the captain of the Israeli national football team
Nili Natkho (1982–2004), a Circassian Israeli basketball player who played for Maccabi Raanana and Elitzur Ramla
Shapsug families
Abrag ()
Ashmuz/Achmuzh ()
Bghana ()
Bat ()
Blanghaps ()
Batwash ()
Jandar ()
Gorkozh ()
Zazi ()
Kobla ()
Qal ()
Qatizh ()
Lauz ()
Libai/Labai ()
Nago ()
Natkho ()
Nash ()
Napso ()
Thawcho ()
Hazal ()
Hutazh ()
Hadish ()
Hako/Hakho ()
Shamsi ()
Choshha/Shoshha ()
Shogan ()
Shaga ()
Sagas/Shagash ()
Shhalakhwa ().
Other families
Abzah ()
Boshnakh ()
Bazdug/Bzhedug ()
Yadig ()
Hatukai ()
Tsai ()
Shapsugh ().
Zoabi ()
Masharqa ()
See also
Kfar Kama Adyghe dialect
Circassians in Israel
References
Bibliography
External links
Kfar Kama local council
The World Circassian Heritage Center
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Welcome To Kafr Kama
Circassian communities
Circassians in Israel
Populated places established in 1878
Local councils in Northern District (Israel)
1878 establishments in Ottoman Syria
Circassian diaspora
Villages in Israel
Lower Galilee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar%20Kama |
De Tuynhuys () is the office of the president of South Africa, located in Cape Town.
The building
The building has in various guises been associated with the seat of the highest political authority in the land for almost two and a half centuries. The building seemingly had modest beginnings with the earliest known reference to the site being in 1674 when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) first built a "garden house" to store the tools for the company's large garden first established by Jan van Riebeeck in 1652. In about 1682, the toolshed was converted into a guesthouse to entertain foreign visitors of the governor, Simon van der Stel.
The building was renovated and enlarged numerous times until 1751 when it was first recorded that the building was being used as a summer residence by the governor, a custom which the historical record seems to bear out for all the Dutch governors that century. By 1790 the building was known as The Governor's House in the Company's Gardens ('Het Governiurs Huys in de Compagnies Tuyn') and by this time – as reflected in the drawings of Josephus Jones circa 1790 – the gardens side of the building already had its rococo balusters with its stucco drapes and Greco-Roman sculptures.
From a design perspective, the building, incorporating both Louis XVI-style Neo-classicism and Baroque elements, was influenced by 18th century Dutch and Dutch East Indies architecture of the time. Similar façades, windows, doors and fanlights can be seen in colonial buildings built in the same period in places such as Amsterdam and Batavia (modern-day Jakarta).
The plans for the building and the overall design are largely credited to the French architect Louis Michel Thibault (1750–1815) who studied under Louis XVI's architect-in-chief. However, the artistic detail of the outside facades, including the sculptures of the infant Mercury and Poseidon drawn from Greek mythology holding the banner on which the emblem of the VOC was emblazoned, are variously attributed to a sculptor Jacobus Leeuwenberg, a Dutchman and sculptor Anton Anreith (1754–1822), a German, both of whom are known to have worked extensively in the Cape in the last quarter of the 18th century. Yet it is not as well known that much of the infrastructure of the Cape at this time was built by slaves, including the actual construction of buildings.
By the late 18th century, slaves drawn from Madagascar, Angola, India, Java, and Malaysia, among others, outnumbered settlers in the colony. In more recent years, historians have acknowledged the fact that certainly during the period around 1790 skilled slaves were the only artisans in the colony. Their artisan skills were to a great extent relied upon, a fact borne out by the recorded comments of many early travellers to the Cape, one of whom famously wrote that no settler would: "put his hand to any kind of handicraft". Skilled slaves often undertook building and artisanal work for wealthy farmers, businessmen and government. These slaves were so well-established that in the early 19th century visiting British royal commissioners recorded that recently arrived English and Irish settlers were often apprenticed to local slaves from whom they were learning trades.
Saddlery, masonry, cabinet-making, wood-work, carpentry work, and plastering, such as in gables and pediments, have long been skills associated with slave craftsmen – especially those of South East Asian descent – and their descendants in the Cape. The actual manufacture of the Tuynhuys door as well as the construction of the building is shrouded in the mists of time and history. Yet research on slave history in the Cape give insights from which it is possible to make an informed deduction. Historian Robert C.H. Shell has speculated on the provenance of a not dissimilar front door to be found at Genadendal, previously WestBrook, the president's Cape Town residence, on the Groote Schuur Estate. It is documented that the Genadendal door was bought in the early part of the 20th century from the demolished original farmhouse of the Elsenburg farm in Stellenbosch by Cecil John Rhodes for his estate.
According to Shell the original door might very well have been the work of a slave called Rangton van Bali, who was captured on the island of Bali and sold into slavery in Jakarta to Jacob de Jong, a well known Cape slave trader. He was brought to the Cape where he was in turn sold to Samuel Elsevier, the fiscal of Governor Simon van der Stel, to whom Elsevier was related by marriage.
Rangton was a skilled carpenter who eventually bought his own freedom in 1712 and practised as a successful artisan until his death in 1720. Shell speculates that it was Rangton who would have made the original majestic door of the farmhouse at Elsenburg farm which Simon van der Stel had granted Elsevier in Stellenbosch. This was the very door which was bought by Rhodes, a known collector of architectural artefacts, a hundred years later.
From what we now know about the role of skilled slaves in the construction of Cape buildings during the late 18th century, and the historical reconstruction of the life and occupations of slaves such as Rangton, it is reasonable to suggest that the original Tuynhuys building, its doors and windows, may very well have been executed by slaves.
After the second British occupation in 1806, the building, now called Government House, underwent a complete change of character. In accordance with the fashion of architectural simplification which swept the Cape at the time, the decorative façade and other baroque adornments from the Dutch period were plastered over and concealed, to create a Georgian-style building typical of the period. Governor Lord Charles Somerset extended the building on both sides to accommodate a ballroom, a magnificent staircase and fireplaces. It is said that he wanted the building to be suitable for a representative of the monarchy. Indeed, in 1947 the British royal family stayed at Government House on their visit to South Africa.
In 1968, Cape Town architect Gabriel Fagan undertook the complex task of restoring the building to its former 18th-century glory. The 1790 drawing by Josephus Jones and another by the French architect Thibault were used by Fagan to recreate the garden façade of the building. The Jones sketch shows a frieze and balustrade of 24m which was built over at the time of Lord Charles Somerset. After careful excavation, it was discovered that the stucco garlands and other floral decorations and relief work, conforming to the Jones drawings, had remained reasonably intact.
The two Greco-Roman sculptures had however not survived. Fagan commissioned Sydney Hunter to recreate the entire balustrade while the wood carvings were executed by the Greek craftsman, Josef Vazirkianzikis. Fagan was mindful of the incremental additions and changes over the centuries, and these he sought to reflect sensitively in the restoration.
Consequently, De Tuynhuys, as it was named in 1972, was restored as authentically as was possible to its 18th-century state, while incorporating the best features of later additions to the building. The result has been a harmonious synthesis.
History
The last state president of the Republic of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, announced from the building's steps, on 18 March 1992, that South Africa had 'closed the book on apartheid'.
The building was constructed in 1700 by the Dutch East India Company as a residence for important visitors to the Cape, lies between the South African National Parliament buildings and the President's Council in Company's Gardens, Cape Town. It has been used as an official residence by almost all the governors of the Cape – Dutch, Batavian and British – and by state presidents after the country became a Republic in 1961.
Historians have put together a sketch of Tuynhuys's history and, it seems, it began as little more than a tool shed. This was converted into a guesthouse in the year Simon van der Stel became governor in 1679, and by 1710 the guesthouse had already become a double-storey building with a flat roof.
However, there is evidence that Tuynhuys was not always liveable. Lord Charles Somerset, who was responsible for adding a beautiful ballroom and for much of the re-decoration, had to move out of the building in 1824 as it was uninhabitable. Towards the end of the 19th century a debate as to its very existence occurred as authorities considered demolishing it, and a further restoration of the residence took place in 1967.
Tuynhuys was the venue for the opening of the first Cape Parliament by the British governor in 1854.
Today, De Tuynhuys is the office of the president of South Africa.
See also
Government Houses of South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire
List of Castles and Fortifications in South Africa
References
External links
Official residences in South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
South African heritage sites
Presidential offices in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Cape Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuynhuys |
The Sonex guitars were a range of Gibson electric guitars launched in 1980. They were made from a synthetic material called Resonwood, and manufactured with Multi-phonic body construction. There were four models: Deluxe, Standard, Custom and Artist.
They replaced the Marauder and S-1 guitars. Like these two instruments, the Sonex took its styling from the Les Paul guitars that had been popular for the previous decades, but using Resonwood instead of mahogany, bolt-on necks instead of set (glued-in) necks, and far less ornamentation.
Note: "The Sonex Multi-phonic™ body is composed of Resonwood surrounding an inner tone wood core. The tone wood core not only acts as the anchor point for the neck, it also adds acoustic resonance and exceptional body resilience. The Sonex body is so resilient, that its structural properties survived extreme testing in temperatures ranging from −40 °F to 180 °F."
Thus, the Resonwood was a coating used on a solid, usually mahogany body.
At its launch in mid 1980, the Sonex 180 Deluxe cost $299 which was Gibson's cheapest instrument. The Standard was $375, Custom $449.
There were four guitar models to choose from in the Sonex Series, all with the Gibson single cutaway design. The Sonex-180 Deluxe featured a rosewood, dot inlaid fingerboard and adjustable exposed Zebra Dirty Fingers Humbuckers. All came With a three-position pick-up selector switch, Tune-0-Matic Bridge', stop bar tailpiece and volume/tone control speed knobs. The Sonex Deluxe, the lowest price model, used Velvet Brick humbucker pickups, not Dirty Fingers. The Bricks were designed by Bill Lawrence, working for Gibson. They feature a unique steel mounting plate on the back of the pickup that differs from ALL other Gibson pickups, and has 2 height adjustment screws on one side and one on the other side. They are also black and cream coils, although some were made with the neck pickup in a single color.
In 1981, the Standard was dropped, replaced by the Artist series which was priced at $749. By 1982 the Custom had been discontinued. By 1984 only the Deluxe was left priced at $419.
The Standard and Custom models featured the same Dirty Fingers pickups with a coil tap switch. The Custom has a three-piece maple neck and ebony fingerboard. The Custom was available in white finish, as well as ebony.
The most common finishes were (in order): ebony, white, burgundy, silverburst and solid-color silver. Less than 100 (by factory record) solid-color silver units were produced, making it the rarest of the Sonex models.
Notable users of the Sonex included Jimmy Bower, Sludge/Doom metal pioneer and founding member of Crowbar, Eyehategod, Superjoint Ritual and Down. Allan Harper of the Limitations, ca 1987-1990 who played the Sonex through a Gallien Kruger aluminum cone combo to achieve a trademark tone. Lee Ving of Fear played a Gibson Sonex during the band's October 31, 1981 appearance on Saturday Night Live and may have subsequently used it during the sessions for their first album The Record immediately afterward, since those sessions took place in November 1981. Thurston Moore of Sonic Youth used a Sonex strung with four strings and with the frets removed, which he played with drum sticks.
See also
Gibson S-1
Gibson Marauder
Gibson Guitar Corporation product list
References
External links
Sonex at vintageguitarsandbass.com
Sonex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20Sonex |
Learning to Crawl is the third studio album by British-American rock band the Pretenders. It was released on 13 January 1984 by Sire Records after a hiatus during which band members James Honeyman-Scott and Pete Farndon died of drug overdoses. The album's title of "Learning to Crawl" was given in honour of Chrissie Hynde's then-infant daughter, Natalie Rae Hynde. She was learning to crawl at the time that Hynde was trying to determine a title for the album.
Learning to Crawl was a critical and commercial success, reaching number 11 on the UK Albums Chart. In the United States, it peaked at number five on the Billboard 200, making it the band's highest-charting album in the US.
Production
After Farndon's dismissal from the band and Honeyman-Scott's death, Chrissie Hynde and Martin Chambers initially recruited Rockpile's Billy Bremner and Big Country's Tony Butler to fill in a caretaker line-up of the band in 1982. Bremner played guitar and Butler played bass on the band's September 1982 single "Back on the Chain Gang" and its B-side "My City Was Gone", both songs which were later included on Learning to Crawl. As the album sessions got underway, Bremner, Graham Parker's bassist Andrew Bodnar, and Paul Carrack (formerly of Squeeze, Ace and Roxy Music) played guitar, bass and piano respectively for the track "Thin Line Between Love and Hate".
Finally, Robbie McIntosh (guitar) and Malcolm Foster (bass guitar) were recruited to join Hynde and Chambers, and the band was now officially a quartet. It was this line-up that recorded the rest of the tracks featured on Learning to Crawl.
The November 1983 single "2000 Miles" was the newly reconstituted foursome's first release, followed shortly by the full Learning to Crawl studio album in January 1984.
Song origins
Hynde noted in the booklet for the expanded edition of Learning to Crawl that guitarist Robbie McIntosh came up with the opening guitar riff for "2000 Miles". She stated that she probably should have credited McIntosh as co-writer of the song.
"2000 Miles" became a popular Christmas song in the UK. The lyrics are a tale of two lovers apart during Christmastime.
In "I Hurt You", dubbing was used to overlap two lead vocal parts with conflicting melodies and emotional pitches in order to express the narrator's tangled emotions.
"My City Was Gone" is largely an autobiographical song written about the changes that Hynde observed when she went back to her native city of Akron, Ohio. The instrumental introduction of the song would later be adopted as the theme of the EIB Network radio brand, originally Rush Limbaugh and later Clay Travis and Buck Sexton.
"Thumbelina" is a country rock song about a mother and daughter traveling across America, with the last line suggesting that the mother is leaving her husband.
"Watching the Clothes" was an older song written before the band's debut album. Hynde was inspired to write the song after a close friend died.
Track listing
All songs written by Chrissie Hynde, except where noted.
"Middle of the Road" – 4:08
"Back on the Chain Gang" – 3:44
"Time the Avenger" – 4:47
"Watching the Clothes" – 2:46
"Show Me" – 4:00
"Thumbelina" – 3:12
"My City Was Gone" – 5:14
"Thin Line Between Love and Hate" (Richard Poindexter, Robert Poindexter, Jackie Members) – 3:33
"I Hurt You" – 4:27
"2000 Miles" – 3:30
2007 re-release
"Fast or Slow (The Law's the Law)" (Martin Chambers) – 3:15
"Tequila" – 3:35
"I Hurt You" (Denmark Street demo, August 1982) – 4:06
"When I Change My Life" (Denmark Street demo, August 1982) – 4:43
"Ramblin' Rob" (Denmark Street demo, August 1982) (Robbie McIntosh) – 3:32
"My City Was Gone" (Live) – 4:53
"Money (That's What I Want)" (Live at US Festival, May 1983) (Berry Gordy Jr., Janie Bradford) – 4:39
Personnel
The Pretenders
Chrissie Hynde – lead vocals (all but "Fast or Slow" and "Ramblin' Rob"), rhythm guitars, harmonica [uncredited], backing vocals
Robbie McIntosh – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals
Malcolm Foster – bass guitar, backing vocals
Martin Chambers – drums, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Fast or Slow", percussion
Additional personnel
Billy Bremner – lead guitars on "Back on the Chain Gang" and "My City Was Gone", rhythm guitar and backing vocals on "Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
Tony Butler – bass guitar on "Back on the Chain Gang" and "My City Was Gone"
Andrew Bodnar – bass guitar and backing vocals on "Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
Paul Carrack – piano and backing vocals on "Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
Steve Churchyard – engineer
Peter Barrett – art direction
Paul Cox – front cover photography
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
The Pretenders albums
1984 albums
Albums produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
Sire Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning%20to%20Crawl |
The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers is a 2D Flash animated television series created by Dan Chambers, Mark Huckerby, and Nick Ostler. Starting off as online shorts in 2002, it was eventually commissioned as a full series by CITV and Cartoon Network in the UK, S4C in Wales, YTV and VRAK.TV in Canada and is a co-production between UK studio Pesky and Studio B Productions in Vancouver, British Columbia. 26 episodes were produced.
The show aired on YTV in Canada, and Cartoon Network in the United States as part of Sunday Pants. In the United Kingdom, the series aired on CITV and for a short while on Cartoon Network in 2007. Reruns were later shown on Boomerang from 2009 to 2011 and Pop from 2012 to 2015.
The show's directors Claire Underwood and Dan Chambers and producer David Hodgson picked up the British Academy Children's Award for Animation in 2006.
Overview
Three travelling showmen hailing from the mysterious land of Réndøosîa (a fictional Eastern European country that experiences an unusually high rate of natural disasters to the point that its flag is always depicted with a hole in it, as well as being at war with the neighboring nation of Grimzimistan), the three Adrenalini brothers (Xan, Enk and Adi), tour around the world staging ridiculously hazardous stunts, usually succeeding (but more out of luck than skill). In their travels, the Adrenalinis have visited many real countries and places in the world, and even many periods in history (and, in some cases, fiction).
History
The series had its origins as a British student revue act in the 1990s, written and performed by The Pox, aka Dan Chambers, Mark Huckerby and Nick Ostler. With ambitions to turn their live act into animation the trio presented their ideas to Pesky, who had just been approached by the BBC to develop a new Flash animation series for the relaunch of its CBBC website.
The original 10 two-and-a-half-minute 'shorts' were shown online, then on CBBC television in 2002 and the episode "Ocean of Terror" was awarded the Prix des Internautes at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival that summer, and went on in 2003 to win a People's Choice Award at Anima Mundi in Brazil.
By 2004 plans were hatched to create a longer-running television series based on the Adrenalini Brothers. And in 2005 the series of 78 seven-minute episodes went into production as a UK-Canadian co-production, with pre- and post-production by Pesky in their London studio, animation by Studio B in Vancouver, and scripting shared between writers on both sides of the Atlantic. The series first aired as part of Sunday Pants on Cartoon Network in the United States on 2 October 2005, and then it first aired as a full series in March 2006 on CITV in the UK, then YTV on 7 May 2006 (and later also VRAK.TV in Canada) followed by Cartoon Network across Europe and Asia. The series has enjoyed particular success in Australia where it was first aired by ABC Australia on 2 March 2006 in a regular early evening slot until 2010.
In 2006 the series began the year by picking up a Pulcinella Award at the Cartoons On The Bay festival in Italy and ended the year with the episode "Hunchback of Heartbreak" winning a BAFTA for Best Animation Series.
Broadcast
DVD releases
The series first came out in Australia, in two separate volumes.
In the UK, Studiocanal released a 3-disc set on 9 April 2012, containing all 78 episodes from the TV series (1 & 2); in this release, two episodes, "Tails of Longing!" and "Dragon of Antagonism!" were edited to remove scenes considered dangrerous imitable behaviour easily copied by children (specifically, Xan and Adi attempting to use a washing machine as a submersible in the former, and a glasses-less Xan catching a still-live firework before throwing it down in a panic after recognising it in the latter), these scenes are retained on the HuHa YouTube channel. The original online episodes are not included. There are currently no DVDs for Region 1.
YouTube
The original web episodes were uploaded on the official Adrenalini channel on YouTube, while an episode from the TV series would be uploaded on Mondays. From its launch in November 2012, the television series moved to an adult animation YouTube channel called "Huha", with an episode being uploaded every Friday until Huha ceased uploading in early 2014. A French and German version of the channel also includes episodes from the series.
References
External links
Official Amazing Adrenalini Brothers website
The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers on HuHa (via YouTube)
The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers on HuHa (In French)
The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers on HuHa (In German)
2006 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
2006 Canadian television series debuts
2007 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian animated television series
British children's animated comedy television series
British flash animated television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Canadian flash animated television series
BAFTA winners (television series)
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming
Fictional stunt performers
Television series by DHX Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amazing%20Adrenalini%20Brothers |
Robert Allen Katzmann (April 22, 1953 – June 9, 2021) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He served as chief judge from September 1, 2013, to August 31, 2020.
Early life and education
Robert Allen Katzmann was born April 22, 1953, in New York City, New York, the son of Sylvia, a homemaker, and John Katzmann, an engineer. Katzmann received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Columbia University in 1973. He received an Artium Magister from Harvard University in 1976. He received a Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard University in 1978. He received a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1980, where he was an article and book review editor of the Yale Law Journal.
Career
Early work
Katzmann served as a law clerk to Judge Hugh H. Bownes of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit from 1980 to 1981. He was a fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1981 to 1999. He was an adjunct professor at Georgetown University Law Center from 1984 to 1989. He was an adjunct professor with the Georgetown University Public Policy Program from 1987 to 1992. Katzmann was president of the Governance Institute from 1986 to 1999. He was a special assistant to the director of the Federal Judicial Center from 1986 to 1988. He was a visiting professor of the University of California, Los Angeles (Washington, D.C., program), from 1990 to 1992. He was the Wayne Morse Chair in law and politics at the University of Oregon in 1992. He was acting program director at the Brookings Institution in 1998. Katzmann was the Walsh Professor of Government, professor of law and professor of public policy at Georgetown University from 1992 to 1999. His twin brother, Gary Stephen Katzmann, is a judge of the United States Court of International Trade.
Federal judicial service
Katzmann was nominated by President Bill Clinton on March 8, 1999, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Jon O. Newman. He was confirmed by the United States Senate by voice vote on July 14, 1999, and received commission on July 16, 1999. He served as chief judge from September 1, 2013, to August 31, 2020. By appointment of Chief Justice John Roberts, Katzmann has served as chair of the U.S. Judicial Conference Committee on the Judicial Branch, as a member of the U.S. Judicial Conference Executive Committee, and as chair of the Supreme Court Fellows Commission. On January 21, 2021, Katzmann assumed senior status. Katzmann is the first federal judge to hold a doctorate in government.
Notable decisions
In Watson v. United States (2017), Katzmann in dissent decried the government’s wrongful detention of a U.S. citizen for 1,273 days, arguing that Watson should be entitled to sue the government for damages.
In August 2017, Katzmann upheld the insider trading conviction of Mathew Martoma, over the dissent of Judge Pooler, who argued that the majority was improperly overruling circuit precedent. In June 2018, Katzmann issued an amended opinion reaching the same result, again over the dissent of Pooler.
In a landmark Second Circuit ruling, Zarda v Altitude Express (2018)
Judge Katzmann, writing for the full court in a 10–3 decision, held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. That decision was later affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the consolidated case of Bostock v. Clayton County.
In Corren v. Condos (2018), Judge Katzmann upheld Vermont’s public financing campaign laws against First Amendment challenges.
In the Second Circuit's Trump v. Vance (2019) opinion, Judge Katzmann, writing for a unanimous three judge panel, held that the president is not immune from the enforcement of a state grand jury subpoena directing a third party to produce non-privileged material, even when the subject matter under investigation pertains to the President and that a state grand jury may permissibly issue subpoenas in aid of its investigation of potential crimes committed by persons within its jurisdiction, even if that investigation may in some way implicate the President. In June 2020, the Supreme Court affirmed that ruling.
Other activities, writings and awards
Katzmann wrote articles on a variety of subjects, including judicial-congressional relations, statutory interpretation, the administrative process, regulation, court reform, access to justice for immigrants, civic education, disability, and the war powers resolution. He has offered courses on administrative law, statutory interpretation, constitutional law, and the judiciary. He was professor of practice at N.Y.U. School of Law.
Katzmann's work on interbranch relations began at the invitation of the U.S. Judicial Conference Committee on the Judicial Branch, then chaired by Judge Frank M. Coffin. Judge Katzmann also directed a project on the legal profession and public service at The Brookings Institution, which considered the law firm and the public good.
Katzmann was a board director of the American Judicature Society, a public member of the Administrative Conference of the United States, and a vice-chair of the Committee on Government Organization and Separation of Powers of the ABA Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice. He has also been a consultant to the Federal Courts Study Committee. He served as co-chair of the FTC transition team, and as special counsel to Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan on the confirmation of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. He has also been chair of the Section on Legislation of the Association of American Law Schools. Katzmann was a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library, the Board of Visitors of Georgetown University Law Center, the Board of Directors of the Institute of Judicial Administration of NYU, the advisory board of Roosevelt House of Hunter College, and a member of the National Board of Academic Advisors of the Rehnquist Center located in the James E. Rogers College of Law at the University of Arizona.
He was recipient of the American Political Science Association's Charles E. Merriam Award (2001), "given to a person whose published work and career represents a significant contribution to the art of government through the application of social science research." Since 2003, Judge Katzmann has been a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
For his judicial writing, Katzmann was recognized as an "Exemplary Legal Writing 2008" honoree by the Green Bag, a journal dedicated to good legal writing. Judge Katzmann has also been awarded: the Learned Hand Medal for Excellence in Federal Jurisprudence of the Federal Bar Council; the Chesterfield Smith Award of the Pro Bono Institute, presented by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; the Thurgood Marshall Award of the American Bar Association; the Stanley H. Fuld Award of the New York State Bar Association;
the Edward Weinfeld Award of the New York County Lawyers Association, presented by Robert M. Morgenthau; NYU Annual Survey of American Law Dedicatee; Honorary Doctor of Law degrees from New York Law School, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and Pace University; the Michael Maggio Memorial Pro Bono Award of the American Immigration Lawyers Association;
Sanctuary for Families' Abeley Award; Burton Award for Education in Law; Public Service Champion of Legal Outreach and the Public Interest Scholarship Organization Lifetime Achievement Award. His lectures include: the James Madison Lecture of New York University School of Law; the Orison Marden Lecture of the NYC Bar Association; and the Robert L. Levine Distinguished Lecture of Fordham University School of Law.
The New York Times reported on Katzmann's efforts to foster effective legal representation of the immigrant poor with worthy claims. To raise awareness about the crisis of inadequate legal representation of non-citizens and its adverse effect on the administration of justice, he gave in 2007 the Marden Lecture of the New York City Bar Association, "The Legal Profession and the Unmet Needs of the Immigrant Poor." That led to his launching of an interdisciplinary Study Group on Immigrant Representation, from which emanated the New York Immigrant Family Unity Project, the first government funded program of legal counsel for detained noncitizens. He conceived of and sparked the creation of the Immigrant Justice Corps, the country's first fellowship program dedicated to meeting the need for high-quality legal assistance for immigrants, described in a New York Times editorial as "a groundbreaking effort."
Katzmann's tenure as Chief Judge was described as “remarkable” and pioneering. As Chief Judge, he launched a civic education initiative of the federal courts of the Second Circuit, Justice For All: Courts and the Community. The project, with the active participation of judges, court staff, the bar, and educators, encompasses a wide range of activities and seeks to increase public understanding of the role and operations of the federal courts and bring courts closer to the communities they serve. Chief Judge Katzmann convened, along with Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts Director, James C. Duff, the first national conference on civic education and the federal courts, at the Thurgood Marshall U.S. Courthouse in New York City, in October 2019. Conferees included three Supreme Court Justices – Breyer, Sotomayor and Gorsuch – as well as judges and educators from across the country. During his term as Chief Judge, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals engaged in a year-long 125th anniversary retrospective on the history of the court, a collaborative effort of judges, staff, and the bar, resulting in a book of judicial biographies, a volume on the jurisprudence of the Second Circuit, and a variety of public programs.
In his judicial role, Judge Katzmann presided over the largest naturalization ceremony in the history of Ellis Island and the first naturalization ceremony on the rebuilt World Trade Center site.
In September 2014, Oxford University Press published Katzmann's book, Judging Statutes. Praised by Justice John Paul Stevens (retired), "as illuminating and convincing" and "required reading for all lawyers confronting questions of statutory construction," the book has been the subject of several commentaries, and programs. Critiquing textualism, Katzmann argues that when interpreting the laws of Congress, courts should respect the legislative materials Congress thinks are important, so as to better understand legislative meaning and purposes.
In February 2020, the Vilcek Foundation announced Chief Judge Katzmann as the recipient of the 2020 Vilcek Prize for Excellence in the Administration of Justice "in recognition of his exemplary career in public service, as well as his commitment to broadening access to legal representation for immigrants in need."
Death
Katzmann died on June 9, 2021, at a Manhattan hospital from pancreatic cancer, aged 68.
Selected publications
Regulatory Bureaucracy: The Federal Trade Commission and Antitrust Policy (MIT Press 1980; paperback with new afterword, 1981)
Institutional Disability: The Saga of Transportation Policy for the Disabled (Brookings Inst Pr August 1986)
Managing Appeals in Federal Court, co-editor (Federal Judicial Center, 1988) ASIN B000IKDJBE
Daniel Patrick Moynihan: The Intellectual in Public Life, editor and contributing author (Johns Hopkins, 1998)
Judges and Legislators: Toward Institutional Comity, editor and contributing author, (Brookings Inst Pr, 1988)
The Law Firm and the Public Good (Brookings Inst Pr, May 1995)
Courts and Congress (Brookings Inst Pr, May 1997)
The Marden Lecture: The Legal Profession and the Unmet Needs of the Immigrant Poor, 21 Geo. J. of Legal Ethics 3 (2008)
Madison Lecture: Statutes, 87 NYU L. Rev. 637 (2012)
When Legal Representation is Deficient: The Challenge of Immigration Cases for the Courts, 143 Daedalus (summer 2014) 37
Judging Statutes (Oxford University Press, 2014)
Study Group on Immigrant Representation: The First Decade, 87 Fordham L. Rev. 485 (2018)
Thomas E. Fairchild Lecture: Civic Education and the Federal Courts, 2019 University of Wisconsin L. Rev. 397 (2019)
Dedication to Judge Robert A. Katzmann, 75 NYU Annual Survey of American Law 1 (2019)
See also
Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates
List of Jewish American jurists
References
External links
1953 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American judges
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American judges
American legal scholars
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Georgetown University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Immigration lawyers
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Lawyers from New York City
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Bill Clinton
Yale Law School alumni
American twins | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Katzmann |
Cast a Dark Shadow is a 1955 black-and-white British suspense film noir directed by Lewis Gilbert and written by John Cresswell, based on the 1952 play Murder Mistaken by Janet Green. It stars Dirk Bogarde, Margaret Lockwood, Kay Walsh, Kathleen Harrison and Robert Flemyng. The story concerns a husband played by Dirk Bogarde who murders his wife. The film was distributed by Eros Films Ltd. in the United Kingdom and Distributors Corporation of America in the United States.
Cast a Dark Shadow was released to cinemas in the United Kingdom on 20 September, 1955.
Plot
Married for a year, Edward "Teddy" Bare kills his wealthy older wife, Monica, after she asks her lawyer, Phillip Mortimer, to change her will. He stages it to look as if she was accidentally asphyxiated while drunkenly trying to light the gas fire (he having assiduously encouraged her to drink heavily as part of his control over her).
To his chagrin, he discovers that she actually intended to leave him all her money; instead, he only inherits the mansion from a prior will, while her fortune is left in trust to her only relative, her sister Dora. She leaves £200 to the elderly maid, but Edward convinces the maid that this was in lieu of wages, getting her to then work for free. Edward will receive the main inheritance only if Dora dies. An inquest rules it an accident, but Phillip, Monica's lawyer, makes it clear that he suspects Edward. When Edward asks where Dora lives, Phillip tells him she is far away, in Jamaica.
Edward meets Freda, a merry widow, in a seaside hotel and woos her. He invites her to stay at the huge house which he has inherited. She becomes friendly with the maid.
Edward manages to marry lower-class but well-off widow Freda Jeffries, who is closer to Edward's age than Monica, but much less trusting than her predecessor, keeping tight control over her fortune. As the death of a second spouse so soon after the first would be highly suspicious, he is powerless to do anything. The new couple meet Charlotte Young, whose car has broken down. Charlotte is looking for a house to purchase for an equestrian school. As Edward was an estate agent before he married Monica, he shows her several properties, making Freda jealous. He tells Charlotte this.
Edward lures Charlotte to his mansion late one night while Freda and the servant are out. He reveals he knows that Charlotte is actually Dora. Then he brazenly admits killing her sister before trying to make her leave. Suspicious, she remains where she is. However, Freda and Emily return home unexpectedly, as Emily felt unwell, and Freda escorts Charlotte to the door. After Charlotte drives away, Edward tells a horrified Freda that he killed Monica, secure in the knowledge that a wife cannot be compelled to testify against her husband, and that he expects to inherit Charlotte's money shortly, as he has tampered with the brakes on her car. He is shocked when Phillip enters the room, having heard his confession, followed by his intended victim. She had returned to the house after meeting the lawyer at the estate's gate. Edward flees in his car, but the entrance is blocked by Charlotte's and Phillip's automobiles. With Phillip in pursuit, Edward switches to another vehicle, only to realise too late that he has taken Charlotte's. He loses control and drives off a cliff to his death.
Cast
Dirk Bogarde as Edward "Teddy" Bare
Margaret Lockwood as Freda Jeffries
Kay Walsh as Charlotte Young
Kathleen Harrison as Emily (Emmie), the Bares' maid
Robert Flemyng as Phillip Mortimer
Mona Washbourne as Monica (Milly) Bare
Philip Stainton as Charlie Mann, a business associate of Edward's
Walter Hudd as Coroner
Lita Roza as Singer. This is Roza's film debut.
Production
The film was based on the play Murder Mistaken by Janet Green. Green wanted Dirk Bogarde to be in the play but he turned it down and Derek Farr played the role instead. When Lewis Gilbert was making The Sea Shall Not Have Them he saw the play and thought it would make a good film, and he persuaded Bogarde to play the lead.
Bogarde persuaded Margaret Lockwood to co star. "I was dubious about being able to play such a character, though I liked her honesty," said Lockwood.
"I think it was a very interesting plot, very claustrophobic," said Gilbert. "I think it was the best thing Margaret Lockwood did, she was great in the film."
Dirk Bogarde later said "the unwholesomeness of the hero was what was fun about it."
Reception
Box office
According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was a "money maker" at the British box office in 1955. However Dirk Bogarde said "the film was a failure":
<blockquote>It was the first time I had come under another star's name - Margaret Lockwood - and it just died, which was a pity because it was a very good movie and I had persuaded Maggie to do it. I remember being on tour in Cardiff with a play and I saw a poster for Cast a Dark Shadow and it had 'Dirk Bogarde in Cast a Dark Shadow''' and, at the very bottom, 'with Margaret Lockwood'. They altered the billing order because they saw it was dying and that, astoundingly, her name had killed it, though it was probably her best performance ever.</blockquote>
Lewis Gilbert later said "it was reasonably successful but by then Margaret [Lockwood] had been in several really bad films and her name on a picture was rather counter-productive." He said she got "wonderful notices" but it was "too late for her, she'd already lost her audience. The film just scraped home, we just made a profit."
"I'm glad I did it, but am still wondering exactly where it got me," said Lockwood in 1973. After making the movie she did not appear in a feature film for another 21 years.
Critical
Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote that the actors are skilled but "they are not offered many opportunities to make Cast a Dark Shadow mysterious or tense."
In September 1956, Maclean's film reviewer, Clyde Gilmour described the film as "[a] solid little murder thriller from Britain."Halliwell's Film & Video Guide described the film as "[unambitious] but enjoyable melodrama, well acted though with directorial opportunities missed."
Home mediaCast a Dark Shadow was given a DVD commercial release by Simply Media in June 2015 - nearly 60 years after its theatrical release.
References
External links
Cast a Dark Shadow at Britmovie
Cast a Dark Shadow trailer
Cast a Dark Shadow at BFI
Cast a Dark Shadow at Rotten Tomatoes
Review of film at Variety''
1955 films
1955 crime films
1950s crime thriller films
British black-and-white films
British crime thriller films
British films based on plays
Film noir
Films directed by Lewis Gilbert
Films produced by Herbert Mason
Films scored by Antony Hopkins
Films set in Brighton
Films set in country houses
Films shot in East Sussex
Films shot in Hertfordshire
Uxoricide in fiction
1950s English-language films
1950s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast%20a%20Dark%20Shadow |
Fritz Hommel (31 July 1854 – 17 April 1936) was a German Orientalist.
Biography
Hommel was born on 31 July 1854 in Ansbach. He studied in Leipzig and was habilitated in 1877 in Munich, where in 1885, he became an extraordinary professor of Semitic languages. He became a full professor in 1892, and after his retirement in 1925, continued to give lectures at the University of Munich. He was the doctoral supervisor of Muhammad Iqbal, who wrote the thesis The Development of Metaphysics in Persia under his supervision.
He was intrigued by linguistical problems, and also interested in the history of the Middle East and its connection with culture and intellectual life. He excelled in studies of cuneiform literature, ancient Arabic poetry, old Turkic inscriptions and Egyptian pyramid texts.
He died on 17 April 1936 aged 81 in Munich.
Works
Among his better written efforts were a history of Babylonia and Assyria, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1885) and a highly regarded work on the geography and history of the ancient Near East, titled: Grundriss der Geographie und Geschichte des Alten Orients (1904). Other significant writings by Hommel include:
Die äthiopische Übersetzung des Physiologus (1877) – Ethiopian translation of the Physiologus
Die Namen der Säugetiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern (1879).
Zwei Jagdinschriften Asurbanipals (1879).
Die semitischen Völker und Sprachen. Bd. 1 (1883) – Semitic peoples and languages.
Die älteste arabische Baarlam-Version (1887) – The oldest Arabic version of Barlaam.
Abriß der Geschichte des alten Orients (1887) – Outline on the history of the ancient Orient.
Der babylonische Ursprung der ägyptischen Kultur (1892) – The Babylonian origin of Egyptian culture.
Aufsätze und Abhandlungen arabistisch-Semitologischen Inhalts Bd. I-III (1892–1901) – Essays and treatises of Arabic-Semitological content.
Südarabische Chrestomathie (1893) – South Arabian anthology.
Sumerische Lesestücke (1894) – Sumerian readings.
Geschichte des alten Morgenlandes (1904).
Die altisraelische Überlieferung in inschriftlicher Beleuchtung (1896).
Der Gestirndienst der alten Araber und die altisraelische Überlieferung (1900).
Vier neue arabische Landschaftsnamen im Alten Testament (1901) – Four new Arab landscape names in the Old Testament.
Zwei hundert sumero-türkische Wortvergleichungen (1915) – 200 Sumerian-Turkish word comparisons.
References
Citations
Bibliography
.
Further reading
List of published works copied from an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, whose sources are listed as:
Catalog of the German National Library
Estate of Fritz Hommel at the Bavarian State Library
German orientalists
German scholars
People from Ansbach
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Leipzig University alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1854 births
1936 deaths
German male non-fiction writers
Paleolinguists
Linguists of Sumerian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Hommel |
Spymate is a 2006 Canadian adventure comedy film directed by Robert Vince, written by Calvin Hansen, and starring Emma Roberts and Chris Potter. It was released to Canadian theatres on February 24, 2006, and on DVD in North America on April 11, 2006. This was one of the last films featuring Pat Morita, and was released three months after his death.
Plot
Minkey, a super-spy primate, rescues his partner Mike Muggins from Middle Eastern terrorists. Their secretary, Edith, commends them on being the two best spies in the business, but Mike informs her that he is going to retire to be with his wife and daughter. The movie flashes forward 10 years. Mike's wife had died, and his daughter, Amelia, is a child prodigy, having invented a revolutionary oxygen iodide laser drill. Amelia is about to receive the National Scientific Achievement Award from the world's leading scientists, Dr. Robert Farley and Dr. Claudette Amour. Mike tells her how proud he is, and reminds her that Minkey is in town, now the star of a circus show. Mike offers to take Amelia to Minkey's show, but Amelia laughs it off, remembering those "silly stories" he used to tell her about life as a spy.
As Amelia leaves for school, Hugo, a henchman, follows her and takes pictures of her. Amelia receives the National Scientific Achievement Award, although Dr. Amour is unable to be there. As she and Mike leave, Dr. Farley videotapes Mike with a pen-camcorder. The next day, Dr. Farley shows up in a black limousine and kidnaps Amelia, telling her that her father has a surprise for her. He has a manipulated video of Mike confirming this, and Amelia happily goes with Dr. Farley. Dr Farley takes her to Japan, explaining that it is a "top-secret government program." He has built a full-scale model of Amelia's drill, but it is not working properly; Amelia begins working on it. Meanwhile, Hugo delivers a package to Mike—it's a video of Dr. Farley, who promises not to hurt Amelia as long as Mike does not contact the authorities. Mike springs into action, contacting Edith and Minkey, persuading them to come out of retirement to help him save Amelia. Minkey's new friends from the circus are enlisted as spies; while Mike and Minkey fly to Jamaica to find Dr. Amour, Edith brings the performers up to speed on the project.
Apparently, Minkey was genetically enhanced and specially trained as a part of operation SPYMATE, but when the Russians moved in on the project, Mike was ordered to terminate Minkey. After Minkey exhibited formidable martial arts skills against KGB agents, Mike requested him as a partner. Meanwhile, Mike and Minkey find Dr. Amour, who tells them that Dr. Farley plans to use Amelia's drill to cut through the Earth's crust in a Japanese volcano and harness the heat energy of the Earth's core. However, according to Dr. Amour's calculation, the energy will cause a massive earthquake that could wipe Japan off the map. Dr. Amour agrees to take Mike and Minkey to Dr. Farley's drill site. Meanwhile, Amelia is becoming suspicious of Dr. Farley. She tries to escape, but is captured and held prisoner. Meanwhile, Mike, Minkey, and Dr. Amour parachute into the drill site.
Dr. Amour and Mike are captured, but Minkey escapes with the help of a Japanese ninja sensei, who "has been awaiting him." The sensei and his students tell Minkey how to breach Dr. Farley's lab and promise their help. Dr. Farley threatens to kill Mike and Dr. Amour if Amelia does not fix the drill. Amelia reluctantly tells him to put an elastic band around the drill to dampen the sympathetic resonance. Dr. Farley begins drilling into the earth and tells Hugo to kill Mike and Dr. Amour. As Mike and Dr. Amour are escorted out, Minkey ambushes Hugo. Mike fights off the other guards while Dr. Amour and Minkey run to the drill chamber. Dr. Amour distracts Dr. Farley while Mike and Minkey take out the guards in the drill chamber and rescue Amelia. More guards pour in, but Minkey's ninja friends drop out of the ceiling. Dr. Amour and Amelia stop the drill, but this causes it to explode. Mike, Minkey, Dr. Amour, and Amelia barely escape the exploding lab. Outside, Amelia exclaims to Mike that he really is a spy. Minkey receives a call from the president requesting his services in a "delicate matter" and snowboards away to more adventures. Minkey was not seen in any other films besides this, leaving the franchise on a cliffhanger ending.
Cast
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes reported a 17% approval rating with an average score of 3.08/10 based on 17 reviews.
Ron Yamauchi of The Georgia Straight said, "This is a serviceable enough plot... There's just enough gloss and location work to [the film] to make it a reasonable diversion for the wee. Older viewers might feel underwhelmed by the insufficiently violent explosions and vehicle stunts." Maria Llull of Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of two out of five stars, and described the film as, "both predictable and confusing at the same time." She also said, "Kids may like [the film], and though it's no cinematic feat, at least the violence isn't gratuitous."
References
External links
The official Spymate website (No longer active)
2006 films
2000s adventure comedy films
English-language Canadian films
2000s English-language films
Canadian adventure comedy films
2000s fantasy adventure films
Films about apes
Films directed by Robert Vince
Films shot in Vancouver
2006 comedy films
2000s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spymate |
12 and Holding is a 2005 American coming-of-age drama film directed by Michael Cuesta and starring Conor Donovan, Jesse Camacho, Zoe Weizenbaum, and Jeremy Renner. The film is distributed by IFC Films and was released on May 19, 2006 in limited theaters.
Plot
12-year-olds Rudy Carges and his overweight friend Leonard Fisher spend the night inside their treehouse after hearing teenage bullies Jeff and Kenny want to destroy it. Jeff and Kenny arrive and set the treehouse on fire, not knowing Rudy and Leonard were in there until too late. Leonard escapes unharmed but then falls to the ground unconscious, while Rudy is burned to death offscreen. Rudy's twin brother Jacob, a boy with a huge birthmark, decides to seek revenge against the bullies. At the hospital, Leonard finds out he lost his sense of taste and smell. Leonard is then prompted by his gym teacher to go on a diet, which isn't welcomed by his obese family. The boys' female friend Malee tries to befriend an adult named Gus, a grief-stricken patient of her therapist mother Carla. Jacob's family falls apart after the death of his brother, but soon after they adopt a boy named Keith Gardner. Meanwhile, Malee begins to have a crush on Gus and changes the song for her recital to one Gus liked. As time goes by, she sees Gus as her "soul mate". She sneaks into his house one night to find him grieving. Afraid to confront him, Malee steals his gun and leaves. She gives the gun to Jacob the following day.
Jacob's mother gets furious when she finds out Jeff and Kenny are being put in juvenile hall for only one year, while Jacob's father views Rudy's death as an accident. Jacob spends the next few months visiting Jeff and Kenny, and threatens them, until eventually Jeff commits suicide. Jacob sees Kenny grieving, so Jacob forgives and befriends Kenny; soon learning Kenny has an early release and is illegally moving to New Mexico. Meanwhile, Leonard's father decides to take his sisters to Florida instead of Leonard (who would usually go). Leonard decides to force his mother to lose weight by trapping her in the cellar. They both end up in the hospital after a gas leak in their home. Next, Jacob and Kenny agree that Jacob can go with him to New Mexico. Malee visits Gus and removes her clothes in an attempt to seduce him. Instead, Gus calls Malee's mother to come and pick her up. The next day, Gus explains to therapist Carla about the last fire he ever fought (which involved killing an injured little girl, upon the girl's request), claiming that Malee wanted him to take her pain away, as he was aware of her growing crush on him.
Meanwhile, Jacob's mother tells him that Keith Gardner wasn't adopted to replace Rudy, and that she wants Kenny dead, which reminds Jacob of his planned revenge. The night of escape for Jacob finally comes and he meets up with Kenny. Jacob insists on going through a construction site which he says is a secret route. Once there, Jacob points Gus's gun at Kenny, and tells him "you killed him" before shooting him dead. Jacob buries the body and leaves. He returns in the daytime, and sees Gus spreading cement above Kenny's grave, knowing the evidence is gone.
Malee begins visiting her estranged father and Leonard's family finally starts eating healthily. Jacob returns home without telling anyone what he did.
Cast
Connor Donovan as Jacob Carges/Rudy Carges
Jesse Camacho as Leonard Fisher
Zoe Weizenbaum as Malee Chuang
Jeremy Renner as Gus Maitland
Annabella Sciorra as Carla Chuang
Linus Roache as Jim Carges
Adam LeFevre as Gabe Artunion
Jayne Atkinson as Ashley Carges
Marcia DeBonis as Grace Fisher
Tom McGowan as Patrick Fisher
Michael C. Fuchs as Kenny
Martin Campetta as Jeff
Reception
12 and Holding received generally positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% approval rating, based on 78 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's consensus reads, "This shocking pre-teen drama manages, through realistic performances and a sense of empathy, to avoid exploitation and instead deliver something honest and haunting."
Writing for About.com, critic Marcy Dermansky said, "Writers are often encouraged to provide moments of [epiphany] and revelation for their characters; 12 and Holding provides three transformations, and each is not only convincing, but also moving".
In a review for Slant Magazine, Keith Uhlich criticized "Anthony S. Cipriano’s contrivance-heavy screenplay and Michael Cuesta’s Six Feet Under-tutelaged direction", saying the film "comes off as something of a neo-con paranoid fantasy, its wayward trio of suburban youth standing in for the ills of America".
References
External links
2005 films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
2000s English-language films
American coming-of-age drama films
Films shot in New Jersey
Films directed by Michael Cuesta
2005 drama films
Films about puberty
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about bullying
2000s American films
American independent films
2005 independent films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%20and%20Holding |
Nancy Drew is a 2007 American mystery comedy film loosely based on the series of mystery novels about the titular teen detective of the same name by Edward Stratemeyer. It stars Emma Roberts as Nancy Drew, with Josh Flitter and Max Thieriot. Directed by Andrew Fleming, the film follows Nancy Drew (Roberts) as she moves to Los Angeles with her father Carson (Tate Donovan) on an extended business trip and stumbles across evidence of an unsolved mystery involving the death of a murdered movie star, prompting Nancy to solve the cold case. It was released in theaters on June 15, 2007, by Warner Bros. Pictures. Critical reactions were mixed, but the film grossed $30 million worldwide on a $20 million budget.
Plot
Nancy Drew, an amateur sleuth, and her widowed father, Carson Drew, move from their quaint hometown River Heights to California, where Carson has a temporary job. Carson encourages Nancy to focus on living like a normal teenager, instead of getting herself into trouble with crime- and mystery-solving. However, unbeknownst to Carson, Nancy chose their California house because of its famously unsolved mystery of the death of the movie star Dehlia Draycott. Nancy struggles to fit in at her new school, only befriending a younger boy, Corky. She wears 1950s outfits and penny loafers, becoming subject to teasing from Corky's older sister and her best friend. After discovering many clues about the Draycott mystery, she begins secretly sleuthing behind her father's back. Nancy eventually finds Draycott's lost child, Jane Brighton, who turns out to be the sole beneficiary of Draycott's will, which has disappeared. Nancy contacts her father's business associate, Dashiel Biedermeyer, the lawyer for the Draycott estate, to assist her with the case.
Meanwhile, as an early birthday present, Ned Nickerson, Nancy's good friend with implied romantic interest, visits from River Heights. Corky becomes jealous of Nancy and Ned's close relationship and tries his best to get Nancy's attention. Nancy begins experiencing worsening attacks against her as she learns that someone does not want her to solve the case. One afternoon, a tearful Jane arrives on Nancy's doorstep and announces that her daughter has been taken away from her. While watching a Dehlia Draycott film, Nancy realizes that Draycott has hidden her will in a prop from one of her last movies. After retrieving the will, Nancy is kidnapped by the villain's henchmen. Nancy escapes with the will but gets into a car crash. Her father arrives and demands to know what is going on. After explaining her sleuthing, Biedermeyer offers them a ride home so he can finalize the legacy to Jane.
Nancy concludes that Biedermeyer was Dehlia Draycott's supposed love who stands to lose money if the will goes to Jane. However, when he questions Nancy about the will, she manages to jump out of the car. She is caught by Biedermeyer who threatens her; when Nancy asks him why he killed Dehlia, he replies that Dehlia went crazy after she put Jane up for adoption, and wanted to leave to be with her caretaker Leshing. Nancy escapes but is once again cornered. Leshing arrives and knocks the henchmen unconscious as Nancy reveals that she secretly recorded Biedermeyer's confession. While the police arrive to arrest Biedermeyer, Nancy reveals to Leshing that Jane is his daughter. The will is restored to Jane, who is able to get her daughter back and convert the Draycott mansion into a home for single mothers.
Back at River Heights, Nancy visits Ned as he repairs her car and they share a kiss. She receives a long-distance phone call regarding a new mystery in Scotland.
Cast
Several well-known actors make uncredited guest appearances in the film. Bruce Willis appears as himself, shooting a crime film in Los Angeles; Adam Goldberg plays Willis' director Andy; Chris Kattan plays one of the burglars Nancy catches in the opening sequence of the film; Lindsay Sloane plays a saleslady in a clothing boutique; Eddie Jemison appears as an adoption clerk; and Geraint Wyn Davies makes a brief appearance as a drama teacher.
Production
The film was shot in Los Angeles from January 30, 2006, to April 3, 2006. At that time, Emma Roberts did not have her driver's license. Though she was in possession of a permit, by law she was unable to drive the roadster for the car chase scenes all by herself. The movie was filmed in several California cities, including South Pasadena, Los Angeles, Santa Clarita, Long Beach, La Canada Flintridge and Burbank.
Before Roberts was cast, actress Amanda Bynes was considered to portray Nancy, but her schedule prevented her from taking the role. Skye Sweetnam also auditioned for the role.
Nancy's car in the film is a blue Nash Metropolitan convertible.
Home media
Nancy Drew was released on DVD on March 11, 2008.
United States TV rights
U.S. cable networks, such as ABC Family and the Disney Channel, acquired the rights to the 2007 film version of Nancy Drew.
Reception
Box office
Opening at #7 in the U.S. box office, the film grossed $6,832,318 on its opening weekend and has since grossed $25,612,520 in the US and $5,054,410 internationally for a total of $30,666,930 worldwide.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49% from 138 critics, with the site's consensuses reading, "Emma Roberts is bubbly and charming as Nancy Drew, the junior detective. But despite her best efforts, Nancy Drew still lacks excitement, surprise, and compelling secondary characters." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The culture-clash procedural, which brings the small-town teen to big bad Hollywood, feels more perfunctory than inspired."
Lael Loewenstein of Variety magazine, said the film "serves up stale mystery-movie cliches and overcooked red herrings in a thoroughly wooden adaptation" and "the cast is as stiff as the dialogue".
Plugged In said that "the film has all of the oversimplifications of a teen mystery novel with a little—but not enough—humorous self-awareness tossed in to make the story satisfying for adults".
Book adaptations
A novelization of the movie was written by Daniela Burr the year of the film's release and published by Simon Spotlight. Plus, books in the Nancy Drew, Girl Detective and Nancy Drew Clue Crew series both had movie-themed books.
Soundtrack
"Come to California" (Matthew Sweet)
"Perfect Misfit" (Liz Phair)
"Kids in America" (The Donnas)
"Pretty Much Amazing" (Joanna)
"Looking for Clues" (Katie Melua)
"Hey Nancy Drew" (Price)
"Like a Star" (Corinne Bailey Rae)
"Nice Day" (Persephone's Bees)
"Blue Monday" (Flunk)
"We Came to Party" (J-Kwon)
"All I Need" (Cupid)
"Party Tonight" (Bizarre)
"When Did Your Heart Go Missing?" (Rooney)
"DARE" (Gorillaz featuring Shaun Ryder)
Awards
Nominated
Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
2008 – Favorite Movie Star for Emma Roberts
2007 – Favorite Movie
Teen Choice Awards
2007 – Choice Movie Actress: Comedy for Emma Roberts
2007 – Choice Movie: Breakout Female for Emma Roberts
Young Artist Awards
2007 – Best Family Feature Film (Comedy or Drama)
2007 – Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress for Emma Roberts
2007 – Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast for Emma Roberts, Josh Flitter, Amy Bruckner and Kay Panabaker
References
External links
2007 films
2000s adventure comedy films
2000s comedy mystery films
2000s teen comedy films
American adventure comedy films
American detective films
American mystery films
American teen comedy films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Andrew Fleming
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films based on Nancy Drew
Teen adventure films
Teen mystery films
Warner Bros. films
2007 comedy films
American children's comedy films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Drew%20%282007%20film%29 |
Seal Island is a small land mass located off the northern beaches of False Bay, near Cape Town in South Africa. The island is so named because of the great number of Cape fur seals that occupy it. It is in area and home to 64,000 cape fur seals. It is also home to seabirds, and it is likely that non-marine species fly there to breed as well . The island is an outcrop of Cape granite and rises no more than about above the high tide mark. The island is long and narrow – . There is no vegetation, soil of any significance, or beach.
A radar mast was built on the island during World War II by a crew who lived in prefabricated huts for the duration of the construction but this tower gradually succumbed to corrosion and was blown over in a winter storm in 1970. All that remains of it is rusty, twisted metal. The ruins of a few huts and other structures from the sealing and guano-collection era (first half of the 20th century) have remained on the island. Some rock inscriptions made by sealers in the 1930s are still evident.
Fauna
Besides the Cape fur seal, the Brown fur seal, occurs here and the dense population of seals at certain times of the year attracts the seal's main predator, the great white shark. Seal Island and the adjacent waters provide rare opportunities for those who wish to witness attacks by great whites on the Cape fur seal and to observe social interactions amongst creatures of both species. The island has become famous for the size of the sharks, and for their favoured way of catching their prey – a shark launching an attack will come up from underneath and hurl itself out of the water with the seal in its mouth. It has been shown that if the seals enter the "Ring of Death" (where the sharks circle the island) on the surface instead of at the murky bottom, they are more likely to be picked off by the faster and more aggressive great white.
Since 2001, Seal Island, False Bay has been popularized by the Discovery Channel series Air Jaws, which features the breaching behavior of Great Whites near the island. A 2019 sequel, "Air Jaws Strikes Back" names a "second Seal Island", this time located in Mossel Bay on the southeast coast of South Africa.
References
External links
Surface Pursuit of a Cape Fur Seal by a White Shark at Seal Island.
"White Shark Predatory Behavior at Seal Island"
University of Cape Town Avian Demography Unit
Photographing Africa's "Flying Sharks" from National Geographic's website
Uninhabited islands of South Africa
Geography of Cape Town
Atlantic islands of South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal%20Island%2C%20South%20Africa |
Max Hess (March 1, 1878 - January 25, 1975) was a noted German horn player.
Born in Klingenthal, Saxony, Hess studied with Friedrich Gumpert in Germany from 1896-99. He first played the hand horn before switching to the valved horn. From 1899-1905, he played with the Frankfurt Philharmonic, the Gürzenich Orchestra in Cologne (where he played in the premiere performance of Gustav Mahler's Fifth Symphony in 1904), and with the Liszt Society.
In 1905, Hess moved to the United States to play with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, where he remained until 1925. He then joined the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, retiring in 1937. He spent the final years of his life in a nursing home near Boston, Massachusetts.
References
The Horn Society biography
Hornplayer.net item
Mahler-list item
1878 births
1975 deaths
German classical horn players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Hess%20%28musician%29 |
Mark F. Jarman (born in Mount Sterling, Kentucky) is an American poet and critic often identified with the New Narrative branch of the New Formalism; he was co-editor with Robert McDowell of The Reaper throughout the 1980s. Centennial Professor of English, Emeritus, at Vanderbilt University, he is the author of eleven books of poetry, three books of essays, and a book of essays co-authored with Robert McDowell. He co-edited the anthology Rebel Angels: 25 Poets of the New Formalism with David Mason.
Jarman's awards for poetry include a Joseph Henry Jackson Award, three grants from the NEA, and a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. His book The Black Riviera won the 1991 Poets' Prize. Questions for Ecclesiastes was a finalist for the 1997 National Book Critics Circle Award in poetry and won the 1998 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize from the Academy of American Poets and The Nation magazine. Bone Fires: New and Selected Poems won the 2013 Balcones Prize.
Biography
Mark Jarman was born while his father, Donald R. Jarman, was in seminary in Lexington, Kentucky. His parents, both Californians, moved back to California in 1954 and settled in Santa Maria, where his father served First Christian Church. In 1958, responding to a call from his denomination, Mark's father moved his wife Bo Dee, his son, and daughter Katie, to Scotland to serve a small church in Kirkcaldy, Fife, a linoleum factory town on the Firth of Forth across from Edinburgh. The three years he spent there were formative ones for the poet. The family returned to California in 1961, where his father served South Bay Christian Church in Redondo Beach and his sister Luanne was born. In 1970, Jarman entered the University of California at Santa Cruz and earned a B.A. with highest honors in English literature in 1974. There he met his wife, soprano Amy Kane Jarman and his friend and long-time collaborator, Robert McDowell. While at U.C.S.C., he studied with the poet and editor George Hitchcock (poet) and the short story writer and poet Raymond Carver. In 1974, Jarman entered the Iowa Writers' Workshop and earned an M.F.A. in poetry in 1976. At Iowa he studied with Donald Justice, Charles Wright, Stanley Plumly, and Sandra McPherson. His classmates included poets Chase Twichell, Brenda Hillman, James Galvin, and Rita Dove. In 1976, he was hired to teach creative writing at Indiana State University in Evansville. In 1978, a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts allowed him to quit his job and live in Italy where Amy studied singing in Perugia. Returning to California in 1979, he was hired as a visiting writer at the University of California at Irvine. Mark and Amy's oldest daughter was born in Mission Viejo in 1980. That same year, Jarman took a position teaching creative writing at Murray State University in Kentucky. Two years later the couple's second daughter was born in Murray. In 1983, he left Murray State to teach at Vanderbilt University, where he has been since. Amy joined the voice faculty at the Blair School of Music in 1986. Since 2007, Jarman has been Centennial Professor of English at Vanderbilt and was Director of Creative Writing until 2013. In August 2020, he retired from Vanderbilt University and is now Centennial Professor of English Emeritus.
Jarman's early poetry reflects the influence of living by the Pacific and the North Sea at important times in his life, along with growing up in a strongly religious family. As he has matured, his poetry has remained invested in family experience, a sense of place, and the presence of God in everyday life. Though he is associated with the New Formalism, his poetry has always ranged widely in form and style, from narrative to lyric, free to metrical verse, verse to prose poetry.
Honors
Balcones Poetry Prize, 2013
Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize of the Academy of American Poets, 1998
Finalist, National Book Critics Circle Award, 1997, for poetry
National Endowment for the Arts Grant, 1992, for poetry
The Poets' Prize, 1991
Guggenheim Fellow (Poetry), 1991–92
Robert Frost Fellowship in poetry, The Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, 1985
Crazyhorse prize for poetry published in the journal during the past year, 1985
National Endowment for the Arts Grant, 1984, for poetry
Duncan Lawrie Prize, Sotheby's International Poetry Competition, 1982
National Endowment for the Arts Grant, 1977, for poetry
Academy of American Poets Prize, 1975, The University of Iowa
The Joseph Henry Jackson Award, 1974, from the San Francisco Foundation, for a manuscript of poetry
Works
North Sea, Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 1978,
The Rote Walker, Carnegie-Mellon University Press, 1981,
Far and Away, Carnegie-Mellon University Press, 1985,
Iris, Story Line Press, 1992,
Questions for Ecclesiastes, Story Line Press, 1997,
Unholy Sonnets, Story Line Press, 2000,
To the Green Man, Sarabande Books, 2004,
Epistles, Sarabande Books, 2007,
Bone Fires: New and Selected Poems, Sarabande Books, 2011,
The Heronry, Sarabande Books, 2017,
Zeno's Eternity, Paul Dry Books, 2023,
Non-fiction
The Reaper Essays, written with Robert McDowell (Story Line Press, 1996)
Rebel Angels: 25 Poets of the New Formalism, (editor, with David Mason) (Story Line Press 1996)
The Secret of Poetry, Story Line Press, 2001,
Body and Soul: Essays on Poetry, University of Michigan Press, 2002,
Dailiness:Essays on Poetry, Paul Dry Books, 2020,
Notes
References
Flynn, Richard. "Mark Jarman." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 120: American Poets Since World War II, Third Series. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. Gale Research, 1992.
Newberry, Jeff. "Mark Jarman." Facts on File Companion to 20th Century American Poetry. Ed. Burt Kimmelman. Facts on File, 2005.
External links
Poet of the Month (website curated by Mark Jarman, 1997–2007)
Academy of American Poets entry
Author note at Ploughshares
Author note at Poetry Foundation
(website for Mark Jarman)
Living people
1952 births
American male poets
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
People from Mount Sterling, Kentucky
University of California, Irvine faculty
University of Southern Indiana faculty
Murray State University faculty
Vanderbilt University faculty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Jarman |
Gary John Ballman (July 6, 1940 – May 20, 2004) was an American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Ballman starred at Michigan State before playing halfback and wide receiver for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1962 to 1966, making the Pro Bowl the final two seasons. He is among the team’s career leaders in kickoffs (64 returns for 1,711 yards), with the second-best average of 26.7. His 93-yard return against Washington on November 17, 1963, is tied for seventh-longest in team history. He played for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1967 to 1972, then split his final season between the New York Giants and the Minnesota Vikings. Ballman later worked for the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) until 1979 and as a building products salesman in Colorado before retiring in 2003.
External links
Gary Ballman article
1940 births
2004 deaths
American football wide receivers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Minnesota Vikings players
New York Giants players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Michigan State Spartans football players
Players of American football from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Ballman |
Ivan Blatný (; 21 December 1919 in Brno, Czechoslovakia – 5 August 1990 in Colchester, United Kingdom) was a Czech poet and a member of Skupina 42 (Group 42).
Life
Blatný, the son of the writer Lev Blatný, was a member of the Skupina 42 (Group 42 - association of Czech modern artists).
In March 1948, after the communist seizure of power in his native country, Blatný left his country - just one of many figures in Czech Literature who chose to emigrate rather than go underground. However, he found life in exile difficult, as did many other émigré Czech writers such as Ivan Diviš. During his subsequent life in the United Kingdom, he spent time in various mental hospitals, suffering from paranoid fear that StB agents will kidnap him back to Czechoslovakia.
From 1984 until shortly before his death, he lived in a retirement home in Clacton-on-Sea. A plaque commemorating his stay can be seen on the wall of the Edensor Care Home in Orwell Road. His ashes were taken to the Central Cemetery in Brno.
In 2017 a new road on the site of the old St Clements Hospital in Ipswich was named Ivan Blatny Close in memory of the one time resident.
Works
At the beginning of his career, Blatný mostly wrote using conventional rhyming and rhythmic forms such as alexandrine quatrains, most notably in the Brno Elegies (Czech, Melancholické procházky; Prague: Melantrich, 1941). The correct translation of the Czech title is 'Melancholic Walks', but Blatný's original title Brněnské elegie was forbidden by the war-time censor for its suggestion that the poet might have been regretful about the German invasion of Czechoslovakia. The poems themselves make no reference whatsoever to contemporary events, but concentrate on Brno and its hinterland, with a beautiful hypnotic lyricism.
Publications
Melancholické procházky (Prague: Melantrich, 1941)
Tento večer (1945)
Hledání přítomného času (1947)
Stará bydliště (1979)
Pomocná škola Bixley (1979; Praha: KDM 1982)
Ivan Blatný: The Drug of Art. Selected Poems, ed. Veronika Tuckerová (New York: Ugly Duckling Presse, 2007). Translations by Anna Moschovakis, Matthew Sweney, Justin Quinn, Veronika Tuckerová, Alex Zucker.
Criticism
Nenik, Francis, The Marvel of Biographical Bookkeeping. Translated from German by Katy Derbyshire, Readux Books 2013, Sample.
Hejda, Zbyněk, 'Passer-By: The Poetry of Ivan Blatný'. Metre 12 (Autumn 2002): 171-84.
See also, Ivan Blatný: The Drug of Art (2007) for essays by Josef Škvorecký, Veronika Tuckerová and Antonín Petruželka.
Review of The Drug of Art, by Benjamin Paloff, The Nation (December 24, 2007)
Review of The Drug of Art, by David Wheatley, Contemporary Poetry Review'' (October 2008)
See also
List of Czech writers
References
External links
Edensor Care Home and location of plaque
1919 births
1990 deaths
Czech poets
Czech male poets
Group 42
Recipients of Medal of Merit (Czech Republic)
Masaryk University alumni
20th-century Czech poets
20th-century male writers
Writers from Brno
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United Kingdom
Czechoslovak defectors
Czechoslovak exiles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Blatn%C3%BD |
My Best Friend may refer to:
My Best Friend (2001 film), Greek film
My Best Friend (2006 film) (Mon Meilleur Ami), French film
My Best Friend (2018 film) (Mi mejor amigo), Argentine film
"My Best Friend" (Skippy the Bush Kangaroo), episode of Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
"My Best Friend" (song), by Tim McGraw, released in 1999
"My Best Friend" (Jefferson Airplane song), released in 1966
"My Best Friend", song by Annie from Anniemal
"My Best Friend", song by Weezer from Make Believe
"my best friend", a song by Yui Horie
Paragraph about best friends | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Best%20Friend |
A township, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities, boroughs, and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions.
In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities, and tend to be located in suburban, exurban, or rural parts of the commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government.
History
The creation of townships within Pennsylvania dates to the seventeenth century and the colonial period. Much of the province of Pennsylvania was occupied by Native Americans, but the colonial administration in Philadelphia brought new counties and new settlements regularly. The first communities defined by this government tended to be rural, geographically large (nearly county-sized), and sparsely populated townships.
Historically, townships or portions thereof have tended to become boroughs after population growth or an increase in population density and, eventually, might to reincorporate at the level of city. Initially, each municipal organization begins as a second-class township. When a sufficient population density, currently 300 people per square mile, is attained, the township may hold a referendum and, if it passes, become a first-class township. The municipality could proceed to the level of borough or city in a similar fashion. Historically, this progression has often included border adjustments or mergers with other boroughs or townships. Many communities remain townships in spite of growth that brings the characteristics of more-urbanized areas that might be associated with "towns."
Because Pennsylvania's constitution provides for a progression of municipal structures based on population growth, it is not uncommon to have a township and borough of the same or similar name, generally adjacent within the same county. The 'town-like' borough might be partially or wholly surrounded by the remaining township from which it had split off.
The government of Cold Spring Township ceased to function in 1961, when there were no candidates for office.
Function
Pennsylvania townships typically vary in size from . There are two classifications of townships, first class and second class. The commonwealth initially incorporates all townships as second class townships. To become a township of the first class and operate under the powers of the First Class Township Code, a township must have a population density of and voters therein must approve the change of classification in a referendum.
The classes of townships differ primarily in the form of their administration. Townships of the second class are governed by a board of supervisors, elected at large by the electorate of the whole township for overlapping 6 year terms. The number of supervisors can be increased to five by referendum. Townships of the first class, by contrast, have a board of commissioners. Between five and fifteen commissioners sit on this panel; they can be elected either at large or by wards within the township; and they serve for overlapping terms of four years in office. Other elected officials include a tax collector and, in many townships, a panel of three auditors who annually audit all township accounts. The supervisors or commissioners of the township appoint a secretary and a treasurer, and may also appoint a township manager to coordinate township employees and operations.
County governments may provide some or all municipal services to residents of townships, regardless of class and size, including trash collection or sewage processing. Some counties, though, leave individual municipalities to provide their own services; in some instances small groups of boroughs or townships may pool their resources to provide water, police, or other functions. The main areas of local services include police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses and code enforcement. All municipalities in Pennsylvania, however, rely on county and state organized courts for probate, criminal, and civil court services.
Home rule hierarchy
Under the Pennsylvania constitution, each governmental entity has the right to choose its own form of self-government, and a limited ability to delegate powers and oversight to such entities as authorities, commissions and school boards. Any township, regardless of its class, may adopt a home rule charter, at which point it is no longer governed by the Pennsylvania Township Codes. While a home rule charter can incorporate unusual features, standard municipal functions are generally part of the mix regardless of how offices and powers are allocated within the jurisdiction.
See also
List of townships in Pennsylvania
List of cities in Pennsylvania
List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania
List of places in Pennsylvania
Notes
References
Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government, 2018
External links
For a survey article on the powers and organization of Pennsylvania government, see Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government, 2010.
Local government in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township%20%28Pennsylvania%29 |
A Neo-Dutch style mansion was designed in 1935. Completed in 1941, this mansion located on Grant's Hill served as residence for the Governor General of the Union of South Africa from 1942.
In 1972, the building was officially named Oliewenhuis, the name derived from the abundance of wild olive trees growing on the hills nearby. In 1985 the building became an art museum.
See also
Government Houses of South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire
References
Houses completed in 1941
Official residences in South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
Orange Free State
20th-century architecture in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Orange%20Free%20State |
High Spen is an old mining village in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, historically part of County Durham. There is an entrance to Chopwell Wood, whose Christmas Trees sales attract many visitors to the village every year. High Spen has one pub, called The Bute Arms, and one Working Men's Club. There is also a micro pub called Wigs. There is also a primary school, called High Spen Primary School. High Spen also is home to St Patrick's C of E Church.
Transport
High Spen used to have a bus depot (located off Strothers Road) that was home to the Venture Bus Company. Venture used to run services around Derwent Valley, mainly between Shotley Bridge and Newcastle. Venture, and the bus depot at High Spen, eventually passed into the hands of Northern General Transport Company, where it stayed operational until the late 1980s when it was eventually closed down.
Notable people
During the First World War, two soldiers from High Spen were awarded the Victoria Cross: Lance Corporal Frederick William Dobson of the Coldstream Guards, and Private Thomas Young of the Durham Light Infantry. Other members of the village during World War Two were taken as Prisoner of War during the events of Saint-Valery-en-Caux where they were originally used to keep German soldiers back from Dunkirk to evacuate other members of the British forces.
Category D village
High Spen was categorised as a "Category D village" by Durham County Council, one of many scheduled for destruction and demolition following the decline of mining in the west of the county in the 1950s and 1960s.
Later development
The D-village policy was cancelled in 1977, since when the village has gradually grown and developed, serving as a commuter village accessible to the centres of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Durham City.
Education
High Spen used to have a coeducational comprehensive school, Hookergate School, located in the village. The school was closed down in 2011 and pupils from the village moved to neighbouring villages for their secondary education. Most pupils in High Spen attend Thorp Academy in Ryton.
References
External links
HIGH SPEN A HUNDRED YEARS
High Spen Traditional Rapper Sword Dancers
Villages in Tyne and Wear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Spen |
A ewery was the office in a wealthy medieval English household responsible for water and the vessels for drinking or washing of the person. The word derives from "ewer", a type of pitcher. This office was not responsible for laundry, which was handled by the offices of laundry and napery (table linen). The three offices did work closely together, however, and could be concurrent in smaller households.
References
Medieval occupations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewery |
The Neptune Grotto (German: Neptungrotte) close to the Obelisk entrance in Sanssouci Park, Potsdam, was created by Frederick the Great between 1751 and 1757 to beautify the park.
Built following plans by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff it arose as a representation of the revived interest in garden architecture. The grotto ought to have been a component of the numerous fountains of the park, which did not function at that time, owing to a lack of technical knowledge.
The trident wielding god of the sea, Neptune, establishes a relationship to water. The conches on the sides, arranged into the shape of waterfalls and the great shell inside, made from many real shells, are a characteristic theme of Rococo.
References
The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent
Buildings and structures in Potsdam
Grottoes
Rococo architecture in Germany
Tourist attractions in Potsdam
Sanssouci Park
Baroque architecture in Potsdam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune%20Grotto |
Roman Catholic Diocesan Schools in Santa Ana, California are private parochial schools operated by the Roman Catholic diocese in Santa Ana, California.
Listing of schools
K-8 schools
School of Our Lady
2204 W. McFadden Ave.
Santa Ana, CA 92704
http://schoolofourlady.org
Santa Ana Nativity School
601 N. Western Ave.
Santa Ana, 92703-2930
Saint Joseph School
608 Civic Center Drive East
Santa Ana, CA 92701-4199
Saint Barbara School
5306 West McFadden Avenue
Santa Ana, CA 92704-1799
Saint Anne School
1324 South Main Street
Santa Ana, CA 92707-0173
High school
Mater Dei High School
1202 West Edinger Avenue
Santa Ana, CA 92707-2191
School histories
School of Our Lady
School of Our Lady is a Catholic school established in January 2005 under the auspices of the Bishop of Orange, the pastors of Immaculate Heart of Mary, Our Lady of the Pillar parishes, the Office of Faith Formation for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange and the principal of the school. It serves children from the two parishes and surrounding parishes. The school opened in the academic year 2005-06 with a K - 8 educational program.
The school is housed in an existing, renovated 16 classroom facility on the grounds that is the parish of Immaculate Heart of Mary. The grounds of Immaculate Heart of Mary parish are spacious enough to support a large asphalt playground with existing courts for volleyball and basketball etc., a grass field that meets the requirements for flag football, a covered lunch table area, and a safety approved piece of playground equipment that can support the student body.
Immaculate Heart of Mary parish was established in 1960 and Our Lady of the Pillar Parish was established in 1965. Both parishes had functioning schools through the end of the school year 2005. At the request of the Bishop of Orange, a committee was formed to conduct an extensive study of the two schools in 2004. The study was based on diminishing enrollment and extensive financial support given from the parishes to the schools for operating expenses. Upon reviewing all of the data from the committee, a decision was made by the Bishop of Orange and his Executive Committee to merge the two schools. That merger resulted in the formation of School of Our Lady.
School of Our Lady administration and faculty are certified, credentialed teachers in accordance with the standards set by the Institute of Pastoral Ministry for the Diocese of Orange and the California State Department of Education. The teacher/student class ratio at School of Our Lady is set at approximately 30 to 1, except in the primary class rooms where aides are utilized to help implement the academic program under the direction of the classroom teacher. The largest class for the school year 2006-2007 has 25 students. In addition to standard core curriculum subjects, School of Our Lady offers Technology, Music, Art, Dance, PE and Library. A Title 1 tutor is available two days a week for eligible students and a faculty Inclusion Teacher is available to provide one on one tutoring for all School of Our Lady students regardless of income or residence . Extra-curricular activities include team sports (football, basketball, volleyball and softball,) newspaper, altar servers, and choir. Band is offered through the Mater Dei Band program.
Santa Ana
Education in Santa Ana, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocesan%20Schools%20in%20Santa%20Ana%2C%20California |
The Bakharwal dog is a livestock guardian dog found in northern India. It is an ancient working Indian dog breed found in Ladakh and across the Pir Panjal Range of India, where it has been bred for many centuries by the Bakarwal Gujjar nomadic tribe as a livestock guardian dog and settlement protector. While the Bakharwal Dog is mainly found in India, it is found in smaller numbers in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
A recent study says that this breed is on the verge of extinction and Bakerwal community has appealed to include this animal in the endangered species category. Of late, there were many cases when this mountain breed of dog contracted rabies or was shot by separatist militants.
History
The origin of the Bakharwal Dog lies in Ladakh, northern India, and found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. It has been bred by the Gujjar and Bakerwal castes, as well as other local people of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, for the purpose of guarding their flocks of goats, sheep and cattle, along with their houses, from centuries. The Bakharwal Dog may be descended from crossbreeding the Tibetan Mastiff with the Indian pariah dog, though other scholars state that the Bakharwal Dog is the "oldest Indian Dog which since centuries has been surviving with the Gujjar tribe."
The Bakharwal Dog has been targeted by separatist militants in the erstwhile Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, who shot the dogs to prevent them from alerting people of their intrusion. These separatist militants prevented herdsmen from going to higher reaches, which caused many Bakharwal Dogs to catch disease and die.
While the Bakharwal Dog is mainly found in India, it is found in smaller numbers in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
General appearance
Bakarwal is divided into two categories namely general Bakarwal and Ladakhi Bakarwal. Bakarwal is a powerful, heavy bone, medium to large size dog. It is an agile and a sturdy breed, a typical mountain dog with a furry coat and plumy tail that gives it a majestic look. It looks like a medium version of Tibetan Mastiff. It is mostly in black colour with white at toes and chest. The dog has a vegetarian appetite that mainly includes bread made of rice chaff, maize and milk. Common colours are black and tan, red, fawn, pied, sable, white and brindle.
Females of the particular breed give birth to a single litter once a year, with the average size being three to four puppies.
Utilisation
The Bakharwal Dog, along with the Gaddi Kutta, is particularly used for guarding sheep, protecting farms and homes in Himachal Pradesh as well as in Jammu and Kashmir. It is also used by the Indian Police in order to capture militants across the nation.
Bakharwal Dogs, the mountain dogs are an ancient breed of working dogs found in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Scientists believe that these may be amongst the oldest herding dogs having origins in Central Asia. They are bred by nomadic tribes as a livestock guardian dog and settlement protector. Bakharwal Dog puppies between 8 and twelve weeks old need four meals daily. Bakharwal Dog puppies 3 to 6 months old should be fed 3 meals in a 24-hour period. Top-quality dry dog food ensures balanced nutrition to adult bakharwal dogs and may be mixed with water, canned food. Bakharwal Dogs must get some daily exercise to stay fit, recharge their brains, and maintain their health. Daily activity also really helps bakharwal dogs fight boredom, which often has the potential to lead to difficult behaviour.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
List of dog breeds from India
Bakharwal Dog History and Insight
References
Dog breeds originating in India
Livestock guardian dogs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakharwal%20dog |
Electron spectroscopy refers to a group formed by techniques based on the analysis of the energies of emitted electrons such as photoelectrons and Auger electrons. This group includes X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). These analytical techniques are used to identify and determine the elements and their electronic structures from the surface of a test sample. Samples can be solids, gases or liquids.
Chemical information is obtained only from the uppermost atomic layers of the sample (depth 10 nm or less) because the energies of Auger electrons and photoelectrons are quite low, typically 20 - 2000 eV. For this reason, electron spectroscopy techniques are used to analyze surface chemicals.
History
The development of electron spectroscopy can be considered to have begun in 1887 when the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect but was unable to explain it. In 1900, Max Planck (1918 Nobel Prize in Physics) suggested that energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in "packets" of energy. In 1905 Albert Einstein (1921 Nobel Prize of Physics) explained Planck's discovery and the photoelectric effect. He presented the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets (photons), each with energy hν to explain the experimental dobservations. Two years after this publication, in 1907, P. D. Innes recorded the first XPS spectrum.
After numerous developments and the Second World War, Kai Siegbahn (Nobel Prize in 1981) with his research group in Uppsala, Sweden registered in 1954 the first XPS device to produce a high energy-resolution XPS spectrum. In 1967, Siegbahn published a comprehensive study of XPS and its usefulness, which he called electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Concurrently with Siegbahn's work, in 1962, David W. Turner at Imperial College London (and later Oxford University) developed ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) for molecular species using a helium lamp.
Basic theory
In electron spectroscopy, depending on the technique, irradiating the sample with high-energy particles such as X-ray photons, electron beam electrons, or ultraviolet radiation photons, causes Auger electrons and photoelectrons to be emitted. Figure 1 illustrates this on the basis of a single particle in which, for example, the incoming X-ray photon from a particular energy range (E=hν) transfers its energy to an electron in the inner shell of an atom. Photon absorption caused electron emission leaves a hole in the atomic shell (see figure 1 (a)). The hole can be filled in two ways, forming different characteristic rays that are specific to each element. As the electron in the shell of a higher energy level fills the hole, a fluorescent photon is emitted (figure 1 (b)). In the Auger phenomenon, the electron in the shell of the higher energy level fills the hole that causes the adjacent or nearby electron to emit, forming the Auger electron (figure 1 (c)).
As can be seen from discussed above and figure 1, Auger electrons and photoelectrons are different in their physical origin, however, both types of electrons carry similar information about the chemical elements in material surfaces. Each element has its own special Auger electron or photon electron energy from which these can be identified. The binding energy of a photoelectron can be calculated by the formula below.
where Ebinding is the binding energy of the photoelectron, hν is the energy of the incoming radiation particle, Ekinetic is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron measured by the device and is the work function.
The kinetic energy of the Auger electron is approximately equal to the energy difference between the binding energies of the electron shells involved in the Auger process. This can be calculated as follows:
where Ekinetic is the kinetic energy of the Auger electron, hν is the energy of the incoming radiation particle and EB is first outer shell binding energy and EC is second outer shell binding energies.
Types of electron spectroscopy
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Auger electron spectroscopy
Electron energy loss spectroscopy
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
References
Spectroscopy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20spectroscopy |
FreePCB is a printed circuit board design program for Microsoft Windows, written by Allan Wright.
Functionality
The program allows for up to 16 copper layers, both metric and customary units, and export of designs in RS-274X Gerber format. Boards can be partially or fully autorouted with the FreeRouting autorouter by using the FpcROUTE Specctra DSN design file translator.
Other operating systems
FreePCB can run under Linux by using Wine and on Macintosh computers using Parallels Desktop for Mac, Virtual Box, or Wine via MacPorts.
See also
Comparison of EDA software
List of free electronics circuit simulators
References
External links
There is a wonderful development branch of the program on this site
PCB Systems Design Community
fpcconvert - a HPGL and G-code conversion tool for FreePCB
Windows software
Free electronic design automation software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreePCB |
Elisabetta Gnone (born 13 April 1965) is an Italian writer.
Biography
Gnone became a journalist for Topolino Weekly in 1992. This was only the beginning of a career that would take her to Walt Disney Italia, where she collaborated in the series of monthly publications of Bambi, Minnie & Comp. and the Small Series, and created, in 1997, the publication of Winnie the Pooh. As the director responsible for Disney publications, she created a series which would become a worldwide success: W.I.T.C.H. She then published The Secret of the Twins in 2005. The book was developed into a trilogy focused around the magical world Fairy Oak.
In April 2001, she co-created the Italian comic/magazine W.I.T.C.H. with Alessandro Barbucci and Barbara Canepa. The publication was later made into the television series of the same name. Gnone also wrote the children's trilogy Fairy Oak: Il segreto delle gemelle (The Secret of the Twins), L'incanto del buio (The Spell of Darkness), and Il potere della luce (The Power of Light). She expanded the Fairy Oak Universe with four more books, "The four mysteries": "Captain Grisam's love", "Shirley's wizarding days", "Flox smiles in autumn", and "Good-bye Fairy Oak".
References
Italian women writers
W.I.T.C.H.
1965 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabetta%20Gnone |
A traquero is a railroad track worker, or "section hand", especially a Mexican or Mexican American railroad track worker ("gandy dancer" in American English usage). The word derives from "traque", Spanglish for "track".
Background
While the U.S. railroad track force in the Southwest and Midwest had always included some Mexican and Mexican American workers, their numbers were greatly increased following the exclusion of the Chinese and the recruitment and training of Mexican rail workers in Mexico as part of the construction of railroads in Mexico, financed largely by U.S. railroad companies, in particular, the Santa Fe, the Denver & Rio Grande Western and the Southern Pacific. The peak of traquero employment programs took place between 1880 and 1915, right before the Mexican Revolution and federal restrictions placed on Mexican immigration by the 1930s.
The Pacific Electric interurban system in the Los Angeles area was constructed and maintained by a workforce which was largely made up of traqueros.
Many traqueros lived in characteristic shanty towns of old boxcars which could be seen throughout the U.S. Southwest and Midwest, as far north as Chicago. Some of these could still be seen during the middle of the 20th century. Other communities of traqueros were founded as mobile tent camps, subsequently improved by the construction of more permanent dwellings, sometimes with the assistance of the railroad companies, but more often not.
The Watts section of Los Angeles originated as a traquero settlement at the intersection of the two major lines of the Pacific Electric. Another known community sprouted from its traquero origins was Perris, California, about 30 miles south of Riverside, California. The twin cities of Coachella and Indio in Southern California were founded by traqueros in the early 1900s.
Black historian and journalist Thomas Fleming began his career as a bellhop and then spent five years as a cook for the Southern Pacific Railroad. In a weekly series of articles, he wrote of his memories of the Mexican section hands in the 1920s and 1930s. He recalled that the Southern Pacific gave them a place to sleep: old boxcars converted into two-room cabins. The company would take old boxcars, remove the wheels, and lay them alongside the tracks. He remembers that the workers had a lot of children who attended the public schools, but the ones he met during his childhood were "kind of meek, and took a lot of abuse from the other kids". Fleming says that "you found them right outside of all towns in California; that was part of the landscape." He suggests that they may have been the only ones who wanted to do the job because they got the lowest pay of any railroad workers, only about $40 a month.
See also
Chicano
Gandy dancer
Mexican Repatriation
Chinese railroad workers
References
Further reading
Garcilazo, Jeffrey Marcos. Traqueros: Mexican Railroad Workers in the United States, 1870-1930 ( University of North Texas Press, 2016) excerpt
Railway occupations
Rail transportation in Mexico
Rail transportation in California
Mexican people in rail transportation
Perris, California
Indio, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traquero |
Bedřich Bridel, or Fridrich Bridelius (; 1619, Vysoké Mýto – October 15, 1680, Kutná Hora) was a Czech baroque writer, poet, and missionary.
Biography
He studied at the Jesuit gymnasium in Prague. In 1637 he entered the Jesuit order, he was ordained as a priest around 1650. From 1656 to 1660 he led the printing office of the Jesuits in the Prague Clementinum. Following the 1660 he devoted himself exclusively to the missionary and predicatory activities in Bohemia. He died of plague.
Work
Bridel's literary output is varied, he used more forms and genres. The majority of his works are catechetic books. He also translated the German and Latin texts into Czech.
List of selected works
Co Bůh? Člověk? (What God? Man?) – a long meditative poem that is regarded today as one of the most important works of the Bohemian baroque poetry
Život svatého Ivana, 1656 (The life of the saint Ivan)
Stůl Páně (The table of the Lord)
František svatý Xaver (Saint Francis of Xavier)
Sláva Svatoprokopská, 1662 (The glory of the saint Prokop)
Katechismus katolický (Catholic catechism)
See also
List of Czech writers
References
1619 births
1680 deaths
17th-century people from Bohemia
17th-century Bohemian writers
17th-century Bohemian poets
Catholic poets
Czech Catholic poets
Czech-language writers
Czech male poets
People from Vysoké Mýto
People from Kutná Hora
17th-century deaths from plague (disease)
Czech Jesuits
Jesuit missionaries
Czech Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in the Czech Republic
17th-century male writers
Baroque writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich%20Bridel |
The Old Government House in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, was the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, Sir Benjamin Pine, who arrived in Natal in 1851. The building was completed in the late 1860s. The Natal Government later bought it from Pine and established it as the Government House.
According to a 19th-century visitor: "Driving up to Government House one is struck by its very homely English appearance: in its outward form there has been not striving after giving it the resemblance of a palace: it is after a cottage type, and reminds me of many a vicarage at home."
References
See also
Government Houses of South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire
Houses completed in the 19th century
Official residences in South Africa
Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth
19th-century architecture in South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%2C%20Natal |
Odysseus Unbound is a 2005 book by Robert Bittlestone, with appendices by the philologist James Diggle and the geologist John Underhill. The book investigates the location of Homer's Ithaca, arguing that Paliki, a peninsula of Kefalonia, was an island at the time of the Trojan War, and that it was the island referred to as Ithaca in the Odyssey.
The accuracy of Homer's geography has been disputed since antiquity, and Bittlestone's book is one of several published by non-academic authors in the 1990s and 2000s that attempts to identify Homer's Ithaca based on the geographical evidence given in the Odyssey. Bittlestone's argument that Paliki should be identified with Homer's Ithaca has received favourable reviews, with Mary Beard considering that there is "a very fair chance indeed" that he is correct, and Peter Green calling it "almost certainly correct".
However, reviewers criticised the hyperbolic claims made for the book. G. L. Huxley and Christina Haywood both criticised Odysseus Unbound for not taking the argument that Homer's Ithaca was the same island as modern Ithaca seriously enough, and Huxley argues that even if Bittlestone's case that Paliki was once a separate island from Kefalonia is accepted, the book does not prove that it is the location of Homer's Ithaca. Haywood concludes that Bittlestone "was carried too far by his enthusiasm", while Beard, though convinced by the argument that Paliki was an island in the Mycenaean period, concludes that "the end of the book descends into fantasy", and criticises Bittlestone for his excessive concern with speculatively identifying every geographical feature of Ithaca mentioned in the Odyssey with a real location on Paliki.
References
Works cited
External links
Odysseus Unbound website; Odysseus Unbound discussion forum
James Diggle, Emeritus Professor of Greek and Latin, Cambridge University
Professor John Underhill, Chair of Exploration Geoscience and Chief Scientist, Shell Centre for Exploration Geoscience, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh
Odyssey
Ithaca
Cephalonia
Hypotheses
2005 non-fiction books
Ancient Greek geography
Homeric scholarship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus%20Unbound |
Makasae (also known as Makassai, Macassai, Ma'asae, Makasai) is a Papuan language spoken by about 100,000 people in the eastern part of East Timor, in the districts of Baucau and Viqueque, just to the west of Fataluku. It is the most widely spoken Papuan language west of New Guinea.
Phonology
The data in this section are from Huber (2017).
Consonants
Native consonant phonemes are shown in the chart below for the Ossu dialect. Borrowed consonants are enclosed in parentheses.
Vowels
Monophthongs
Makasae has five vowel phonemes.
References
Further reading
Huber, Juliette (2008). First steps towards a grammar of Makasae: a language of East Timor. LINCOM
External links
Makasai at The Language Archive
Oirata–Makasai languages
Languages of East Timor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makasae%20language |
Judd Clifton Holdren (October 16, 1915 – March 11, 1974) was an American film actor best known for his starring roles in the serials Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere (1951), Zombies of the Stratosphere (1952), The Lost Planet (1953), and the semi-serial Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe (1953). He committed suicide in 1974.
Early life
He was born near Villisca, Iowa, the fifth of 10 children in a farming family, and showed early interest in an acting career. He dropped out of high school to travel to Omaha, Nebraska, where he studied at the Omaha Playhouse.
During World War II, he served in the United States Coast Guard on the USS General H. B. Freeman (AP-143), then moved to Hollywood. While in the Coast Guard, he rose to the rank of commander. His first regular employment there was as a male model.
Career
Most of his early film parts were uncredited bits, including All the King's Men (1949) and Francis the Talking Mule (1950). However, he got lead roles in Purple Heart Diary (1951) co-starring Frances Langford, and Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere (1951) the serial version of the adventures of Captain Video, becoming the third actor (after Richard Coogan and Al Hodge) to assume the role of the heroic Captain. Holdren portrayed Aramis in the Three Musketeers adventure film Lady in the Iron Mask (1952) starring Louis Hayward as D'Artagnan and Patricia Medina in the titular role. After The Lost Planet (1953), Holdren tried to maintain a foothold in feature films and TV, but with limited success.
He appeared in a number of ongoing TV series, such as Dragnet and The Lone Ranger, but usually in bit parts, often uncredited. His last significant film appearances were in very minor roles in feature films like Jeanne Eagels (1957), Ice Palace (1960), and The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond (1960). The rapidity of his descent is indicated by the fact that in Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe (1953) he plays the lead role and Richard Crane plays his (semi-comical) sidekick, whereas in the TV series Rocky Jones Space Ranger (1953–54) Richard Crane plays the lead role and Holdren has a walk-on part in two episodes as "Ranger Higgins".
After 1960, Holdren became a full-time insurance salesman. During his Hollywood years, he was seen in public as the escort of many different Hollywood beauties, but he never married.
Death
Holdren committed suicide on March 11, 1974, by a gunshot to the head.
He is buried at Valhalla Memorial Park in North Hollywood.
Filmography
References
External links
Des Moines Register article on Judd Holdren
1915 births
1974 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male film serial actors
People from Montgomery County, Iowa
United States Coast Guard officers
Suicides by firearm in California
United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II
1974 suicides
Military personnel from Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd%20Holdren |
The Parable of the Sower (sometimes called the Parable of the Soils) is a parable of Jesus found in , , and the extra-canonical Gospel of Thomas.
Jesus tells of a farmer who sows seed indiscriminately. Some seed falls on the path (wayside) with no soil, some on rocky ground with little soil, some on soil which contains thorns, and some on good soil. In the first case, the seed is taken away; in the second and third soils, the seed fails to produce a crop; but when it falls on good soil, it grows and yields thirty-, sixty-, or a hundred-fold.
Jesus later explains to his disciples that the seed represents the Gospel, the sower represents anyone who proclaims it, and the various soils represent people's responses to it.
Text
The explanation given by Jesus.
Context
In Mark's Gospel and Matthew's Gospel, this parable, the explanation of the purpose of parables, and the explanation of the parable itself form part of Jesus' third or "Parabolic" discourse, delivered from a boat on the Sea of Galilee. In each narrative, Jesus used the boat as a means of being able to address the huge crowd gathered on the lake shore. Luke's Gospel does not use a boat for the delivery of the sermon, but still has Jesus presenting the parable to a large crowd gathered from 'every city' and follows the parable with a question on the purpose of parables and an explanation of the parable of the sower itself.
While the parable was told to the multitude, the explanations were only given to the disciples.
Interpretations
Jesus says that he teaches in parables because many are opposed to his direct teachings. He quotes Isaiah , who preached to Israel knowing that his message would go unheeded and not understood, with the result that the Israelites' sins would not be forgiven and they would be punished by God for them. This parable seems to be essential for understanding all the rest of Jesus' parables, as it makes clear that what is necessary to understand Jesus is faith in him, and that Jesus will not enlighten those who refuse to believe in him.
The parable recorded in Mark comes just after a description in the previous chapter of a developing hostility toward Jesus and his ministry. The Pharisees accused him of not holding to a strict observance of the Sabbath by performing various healings. Some schools of thought found such actions permissible only if the person treated was in danger of death. Some of the Jerusalem scribes contended that Jesus derived his power from demonic sources.
This is then followed in Mark by the Parable of the Growing Seed and that of Mustard Seed. Together, they indicate that it is not about the individual's response to his message, or even the apparent failure of it to take root, but that "in spite of the opposition of enemies of the Kingdom and in spite of the moral and intellectual failings of the Kingdom’s putative friends, the Kingdom will succeed immensely in the end." Mark uses it to highlight the effect that Christ's previous teachings have had on people, as well as the effect that the Christian message has had on the world over the three decades between Christ's ministry and the writing of the Gospel.
According to , Isaac sowed seed and "reaped a hundredfold; and the Lord blessed him. The man began to prosper, and continued prospering until he became very prosperous". Anglican bishop Charles Ellicott thought that "the hundredfold return was, perhaps, a somewhat uncommon increase, but the narrative of Isaac’s tillage in Genesis 26:12 shows that it was not unheard of, and had probably helped to make it the standard of a more than usually prosperous harvest"; however, Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer argued that "such points of detail ... should not be pressed, serving as they do merely to enliven and fill out the picture".
Roger Baxter, in his Meditations, comments on the type of soil, writing, "although this divine seed be in itself most fruitful, it requires, nevertheless, the concurrence of a good soil to produce a harvest. Hence, if it fall on the highway, it will be immediately trampled down; if among thorns, it will be choked up. Examine, then, whether your soul be a proper soil for this seed; whether it be trampled upon continually by distractions and idle thoughts; and whether it be stony and full of the cares and occupations of this life, and consequently not susceptible of the divine influence of heavenly grace."
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Jerome: "By this sower is typified the Son of God, who sows among the people the word of the Father."
Chrysostom: "Whence then went out He who is every where present, and how went He out? Not in place; but by His incarnation being brought nearer to us by the garb of the flesh. Forasmuch as we because of our sins could not enter in unto Him, He therefore came forth to us."
Rabanus Maurus: "Or, He went forth, when having left Judea, He passed by the Apostles to the Gentiles."
Jerome: "Or, He was within while He was yet in the house, and spake sacraments to His disciples. He went therefore forth from the house, that He might sow seed among the multitudes."
Chrysostom: "When you hear the words, the sower went out to sow, do not suppose that is a tautology. For the sower goes out oftentimes for other ends; as, to break up the ground, to pluck up noxious weeds, to root up thorns, or perform any other species of industry, but this man went forth to sow. What then becomes of that seed? three parts of it perish, and one is preserved; but not all in the same manner, but with a certain difference, as it follows, And as he sowed, some fell by the wayside."
Jerome: "This parable Valentinus lays hold of to establish his heresy, bringing in three different natures; the spiritual, the natural or the animal, and the earthly. But there are here four named, one by the wayside, one stony, one thorny, and a fourth the good ground."
Chrysostom: "Next, how is it according to reason to sow seed among thorns, or on stony ground, or by the wayside? Indeed in the material seed and soil of this world it would not be reasonable; for it is impossible that rock should become soil, or that the way should not be the way, or that thorns should not be thorns. But with minds and doctrines it is otherwise; there it is possible that the rock be made rich soil, that the way should be no more trodden upon, and that the thorns should be extirpated. That the most part of the seed then perished, came not of him that sowed, but of the soil that received it, that is the mind. For He that sowed put no difference between rich and poor, wise or foolish, but spoke to all alike."
Jerome: "Note that this is the first parable that has been given with its interpretation, and we must beware where the Lord expounds His own teachings, that we do not presume to understand any thing either more or less, or any way otherwise than as so expounded by Him."
Rabanus Maurus: "But those things which He silently left to our understanding, should be shortly noticed. The wayside is the mind trodden and hardened by the continual passage of evil thoughts; the rock, the hardness of the self-willed mind; the good soil, the gentleness of the obedient mind, the sun, the heat of a raging persecution. The depth of soil, is the honesty of a mind trained by heavenly discipline. But in thus expounding them we should add, that the same things are not always put in one and the same allegorical signification."
Jerome: "And we are excited to the understanding of His words, by the advice which follows, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear."
Saint Remigius: "These ears to hear, are ears of the mind, to understand namely and do those things which are commanded."
See also
Five Discourses of Matthew
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Notes
References
Kilgallen, John J., A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, Paulist Press, 1989.
Bruce R. McConkie, Doctrinal New Testament Commentary, Vol. I:289
James E. Talmage, Jesus The Christ, pg. 263–266
Martijn Linssen, The Parable of the Sower in Context: against religion
Further reading
External links
Sower, Parable of the
Satan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable%20of%20the%20Sower |
No Doy is the first commercial release by the American jam band moe. through a major label, Sony Music Entertainment. "Spine of a Dog" is a re-recording of a song that originally appeared on the first moe. album, Fatboy (with an a cappella intro) and "St. Augustine" is a re-recording of the song from Headseed (with much more prominent slide guitar). Several of the songs on this album, including "Buster", "Rebubula", "Moth", and "32 Things" have gone on to become cornerstones of the band's live-set rotation.
Track listing
"She Sends Me" (Schnier) – 3:56
"32 Things" (Schnier) – 6:26
"St. Augustine" (Derhak) – 3:44
"Bring You Down" (Schnier) – 3:49
"Rebubula" (Derhak) – 11:27
"Spine of a Dog" (Derhak, Garvey) – 3:48
"Moth" (Schnier) – 5:40
"Buster" (Derhak) – 8:34
"Four" (Garvey) – 10:50
Personnel
moe.
Rob Derhak – electric bass, vocals
Chuck Garvey – guitar, vocals
Chris Mazur – drums, vocals
Al Schnier – guitar, vocals
Production
Nadine Hemy – coordination
Jesse Henderson – assistant engineer
Joe McGrath – engineer, mixing
Vladimir Meller – mastering
Brendan O'Neil – engineer
John Porter – producer, mixing
Jim Porto – photography
John Wells – cover model
Kelly Wholford, Jen Wyler – assistant engineers
Colin Young – illustrations
External links
Official moe. website
1996 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Doy |
Christa Johnson (born April 25, 1958) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1980 and won nine LPGA Tour events, including one major championship, during her career.
Amateur career
Born in Arcata, California, Johnson won the 1975 Northern California Junior Girls Championship and was honored as a member of the Northern California International Junior Cup Team. She attended the University of Arizona in Tucson, where she was an All-American from 1979–80 for the Wildcats.
Professional career
Johnson joined the LPGA Tour in 1980. She won nine tournaments on the LPGA Tour, the first of them in 1984 and the last in 1997. Her one major championship title came at the 1997 McDonald's LPGA Championship. Her best money list finish was fourth, also in 1997. She won four tournaments on the Legends Tour, the official senior tour of the LPGA. She was a member of the USA Team during the 2006 through 2014 Handa Cups (USA winning in all years except 2013), official world team challenge of the senior tour.
Johnson resides in Arizona with husband, Duane A. Bernard, CEO of Phoenix Health Services, and former CEO of Specialty Health and St. Catherine Healthcare, whom she married in March 2007. Johnson also played under the name Chris Johnson from 1980 to 1985.
Professional wins
LPGA Tour wins (9)
LPGA Tour playoff record (1–1)
LPGA of Japan Tour wins (1)
1985 Yamaha Cup Ladies Open
Legends Tour wins (5)
2006 (1) BJ's Charity Championship (with Nancy Scranton)
2007 (1) BJ's Charity Championship (with Nancy Scranton)
2009 (1) Wendy's Charity Challenge
2011 (1) Patty Sheehan & Friends Legends Tour Event
2019 (1) Janesville LPGA Senior Pro-Am
Major championships
Wins (1)
1 Won in a sudden death playoff.
Team appearances
Professional
Solheim Cup (representing the United States): 1998 (winners)
Handa Cup (representing the United States): 2006 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2008 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2010 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2012 (tie, Cup retained), 2013, 2014 (winners), 2015 (winners)
External links
American female golfers
Arizona Wildcats women's golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Winners of LPGA major golf championships
Solheim Cup competitors for the United States
Golfers from California
Golfers from Arizona
Sportspeople from Humboldt County, California
People from Arcata, California
1958 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christa%20Johnson |
The Monkees Greatest Hits is a 1976 greatest hits compilation album of songs by the Monkees released by Arista Records and a reissue of an earlier Bell Records compilation, Re-Focus.
While the Monkees were among the top-selling bands of the mid-1960s, their decline was sharp, and their last new albums and singles sold poorly. Earlier greatest hits collections (the first two from their original label, Colgems Records) had seen only limited release and were hard to find in stores. (The first compilation was also called The Monkees Greatest Hits, but its track listing was very different.) Several of the Monkees' hits had become radio staples, though, and with the sale of their television series into syndication in 1975, they found a new audience on daytime TV. Popular demand from old and new Monkees fans prompted the album's release.
The cover included a photo of the group on the front and a still from the show on the back. The songs were an all-stereo mix of both hit singles and album tracks featured in the series, with the exception of "Listen to the Band" which was not featured in the original series and was first heard (in a different live version) on 1969's post-series Monkees TV special 33 1/3 Revolutions Per Monkee. (The single version of "Listen to the Band" was dubbed into a rerun episode of The Monkees during its time airing on Saturday afternoons.) Of the group's first six A-sides, only "Valleri" does not appear, although that and several successful B-sides would later show up on 1982's More Greatest Hits of the Monkees.
The album became a best-seller and remained available through the 1980s, with cassette and compact disc editions also appearing. Also, in 1981, The Best of the Monkees appeared in the UK; it had the same track lineup as Refocus and this Greatest Hits collection.
When Rhino Records reissued the entire Monkees catalog during 1995, this and all previous Monkees compilations were deleted. In early 2019, however, this album returned to print in vinyl format.
Track listing
"(Theme from) The Monkees" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart)
"Last Train to Clarksville" (Boyce, Hart)
"She" (Boyce, Hart)
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart)
"Listen to the Band" (Michael Nesmith)
"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You" (Neil Diamond)
"I'm a Believer" (Neil Diamond)
"I Wanna Be Free" (Boyce, Hart)
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King)
"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (Boyce, Hart)
"Shades of Gray" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil)
References
The Monkees compilation albums
1976 greatest hits albums
Arista Records compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Monkees%20Greatest%20Hits |
Holbrook Unified School District is a school district based in Holbrook, Arizona, United States. Currently it is one of the highest paying school districts in Navajo County.
Holbrook USD serves the majority of the city of Holbrook and several census-designated places in Navajo County, Arizona: Greasewood, Indian Wells, Sun Valley, Woodruff, and much of Dilkon and Whitecone.
History
In 2013 the district leadership asked voters to approve an "override" of its budget. The measure succeeded, with 419 approving and 371 rejecting, a 53–47% basis.
Schools
Secondary
Holbrook High School (Holbrook) - The new George Gardner Performing Arts Center at Holbrook High School is completed.
Holbrook Junior High School (Holbrook)
Primary
Indian Wells Elementary School (K–6) (Unincorporated Navajo County (Indian Wells) - Indian Wells, which opened in 2002, was built to end long daily school bus trips to the city of Holbrook.
Hulet Elementary School (3–5) (Holbrook)
Park Elementary School (K–2) (Holbrook)
References
External links
Holbrook, Arizona
School districts in Navajo County, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holbrook%20Unified%20School%20District |
Eddie Donovan (June 2, 1922 in Elizabeth, New Jersey – January 20, 2001) was a professional basketball coach and executive.
He coached the New York Knickerbockers from 1961 through 1965, and was the coach on the opposing sideline when Philadelphia Warriors center Wilt Chamberlain had his record-setting 100-point game in Hershey, Pennsylvania on March 2, 1962.
He later became the team's general manager. In that role, he drafted Willis Reed and traded for Dave DeBusschere, two moves leading up to the Knicks winning the NBA title in 1970.
Donovan later became an executive with the Buffalo Braves, where he won the NBA Executive of the Year Award for the 1973–74 season.
Prior to his career with the Knicks, Donovan was the head men's basketball coach at St. Bonaventure University from 1953 through 1961.
Death
Eddie Donovan died on January 20, 2001, when he was 78. The cause for his death was said to be the complications of stroke.
References
External links
BasketballReference.com: Eddie Donovan
1922 births
2001 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Buffalo Braves personnel
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Los Angeles Clippers executives
National Basketball Association general managers
New York Knicks head coaches
Sportspeople from Elizabeth, New Jersey
Basketball players from Union County, New Jersey
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball coaches
St. Bonaventure Bonnies men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Donovan |
406 "City of Saskatoon" Maritime Operational Training Squadron is a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) unit of the Canadian Armed Forces. Based at 12 Wing Shearwater since 1972, it is responsible for crew training on the Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone since summer of 2016. The squadron was formed during World War II as part of RAF Fighter Command.
History
The squadron was formed as No. 406 Squadron RCAF at RAF Acklington on 5 May 1941, as part of No. 12 Group of Fighter Command to operate as night fighters. The squadron was equipped with Blenheim Mk.IF heavy fighters, re-equipping with the improved Beaufighter Mk.IIF the next month. They operated out of several airfields in the United Kingdom, changing to the Beaufighter Mk.VIF in mid-1942, and receiving the Mosquito Mk.XII night-fighter during April 1944. They upgraded to the Mosquito Mk.XXX in July 1944, and operated this aircraft for the remainder of the war. In November 1944 it was renamed No. 406 (Intruder) Squadron to carry out daylight offensive operations over mainland Europe. In June 1945 the squadron was posted to RAF Predannack in Cornwall, where it disbanded in August 1945.
The unit was reformed as a reserve unit, 406 Tactical Bomber Squadron (Auxiliary) on 1 April 1947 at RCAF Station Saskatoon. It flew B-25 Mitchell light bombers, and also Harvard and T-33 Silver Star aircraft for army co-operation duties. It was redesignated 406 (Light Bomber) Squadron on 1 April 1949, and adopted the title City of Saskatoon in September 1952.
In March 1958 under the name 406 Squadron, it was re-equipped with C-45 Expeditor and CSR-123 Otter aircraft, and assigned to a light transport and emergency rescue role. The squadron was disbanded again on 1 April 1964.
The squadron was reformed for a third time at CFB Shearwater on 12 July 1972 as the 406 Maritime Operational Training Squadron, operating the CH-124 Sea King helicopter and the CP-121 Tracker ASW aircraft. In mid-1981, the operational Tracker squadron, 880 Maritime Reconnaissance Squadron, was transferred CFB Summerside, which left 406 Squadron only responsible for Sea King training. It currently provides trained air and ground crews for 423 and 443 Maritime Helicopter squadrons. Around 200 to 300 students graduate from 406 Squadron courses each year.
References
External links
(Official history of RCAF operations, 1944)
(Official history of RCAF operations, 1945)
(Account by a radar technician of life in 406 Sqn, 1941–45.)
Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
RCAF training units
Military units and formations established in 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/406%20Maritime%20Operational%20Training%20Squadron |
USS PCE-830 was a U.S.-built Patrol Craft Escort (PCE) vessel launched on 13 June 1943 by the Pullman-Standard Car Company of Chicago, Illinois. It was transferred to the Royal Navy and given the name HMS Kilchrenan in August 1943. As of 2020 it operates as the cruise ship MS Sunnhordland in Norway.
Service history
World War II, 1943–1946
Kilchrenan spent her war years homeported in Gibraltar performing convoy and patrol duties along the western African coast. Returned to U.S. Navy custody in December 1946, she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1947.
In commercial service, 1947–present
She was purchased by Norwegian Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD) in 1947, rebuilt as a passenger ship and given the name Sunnhordland. She ran for several years in western Norway.
The ship was sold to Finland in 1974 as Kristina Brahe and until 2010 operated as a passenger ship by Kristina Cruises of Kotka, Finland, making short cruises in the Baltic Sea and Lake Saimaa. The Kristina Brahe was sold to Saimaan Matkaverkko Ltd in August 2010. Her name was shortened to simply Brahe. In 2015 she was sold again, and brought back to western Norway where she operates as a cruise ship. Her name was changed back to Sundhordland.
See also
List of cruise ships
List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
References
External links
Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
Ships of Finland
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Royal Navy
1943 ships
World War II naval ships of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Brahe |
Rinat Yisrael (רינת ישראל; "Jubilation of Israel")
is a family of siddurim (prayer books), popular within the Religious Zionist communities in Israel;
and used by some Modern Orthodox in the Diaspora.
They are available in Hebrew only.
The siddur was first published in 1970 by the Moreshet Publishing Company, and edited by Dr. Shlomo Tal;
as of 2016, a new edition of the various siddurim is being released, under the editorship of Rabbi Yoel Katan.
Published in connection with the Israeli Ministry of Education, the siddur aims to allow youngsters and students to become familiar and comfortable with the siddur and prayer service. To further this goal, Rinat Yisrael uses a large typeface, a modern, easy to read font (Frank-Rühl; see example in aside picture), and special symbols to denote which syllable a word is accented on. Additionally, most passages are printed in the same size type, in order not to lend the impression that some prayers are more important than others (see similar re the Birnbaum siddur).
Also included are references to verses quoted from the Tanakh, Modern Hebrew equivalents of biblical language unfamiliar to young speakers, and translation of Aramaic passages.
New prayers recognizing the rebirth of the State of Israel have been added, including a Prayer for the Welfare of the State of Israel, a Prayer for the Soldiers of The IDF, and a service for Israel Independence Day.
Rinat Yisrael has been published in three different versions, or Nuschaot: Ashkenaz (published in both Israel and Diaspora versions), Sefard, and Sephardic / Edot HaMizrach. Rabbi Amram Aburbeh edited the latter. The siddurim are published in various sizes.
Along with the siddur, other publications in the Rinat Yisrael series include machzorim for Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Pesach, and Shavuot; a haggadah; a book of selichot, and a book of kinnot for Tisha B'av. These are all produced in different versions, as the prayer book above.
See also
Koren Siddur
Notes
References
Siddurim of Orthodox Judaism
Religious Zionism
1970 non-fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat%20Yisrael |
Dmitry Sergeyevich Dokhturov () (1756 – November 14(26), 1816, Moscow) was a Russian infantry general and a prominent military leader during the Patriotic War of 1812.
General
During the War of the Third Coalition, he participated in the Battle of Dürenstein; during this battle, in the cross-fire between Pierre Dupont and himself, Johann Heinrich von Schmitt was shot by one of Dokhturov's infantrymen. Dokhturov also commanded the first column in the Battle of Austerlitz, where his force was isolated with its back to a lake. When some of his men tried to escape over the frozen lake, French artillery fire shattered the ice and many Russians perished. In general, however, he managed to extricate his troops from the French envelopment at Pratzen.
During the War of the Fourth Coalition, Dokhturov fought at Eylau and Friedland.
Promoted to General of Infantry in 1810, Dokhturov fought in the Battle of Smolensk. In the Battle of Borodino he commanded in the center of the Russian line and after Pyotr Bagration was mortally wounded, he commanded the left flank. Dokhturov was involved in heavy fighting once again when he led his Sixth Corps in the Battle of Maloyaroslavets. When the Russians discovered that some French troops were near Fominskoe, Field Marshal Kutusov ordered Dokhturov to attack them. But just before Dokhturov attacked, Russian partisans warned him that the French force near Fominskoe was no mere detachment; it was the main French army, commanded by Napoleon himself. Thus was a Russian catastrophe averted. Kutusov then sent Dokhturov to Maloyaroslavets, a town with a population of 1,600 people. Here Dokhturov encountered the corps of Napoleon's stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, which consisted of largely Italian troops. Battle raged all day in the streets of Maloyaroslavets, as 32,000 Russians fought 24,000 Italians. The Italians in particular fought with distinction in this battle. By the end of the day the town had burned to the ground, killing hundreds of wounded Russian and Italian soldiers who in their desperate condition could not drag themselves out of the inferno. The battle was a draw, with perhaps a small advantage for the Italians. There were about 7,000 casualties on each side. Eugene and his Italians occupied Maloyaroslavets, but Dokhturov and his Russians occupied a strong position just south of town blocking the road to Kaluga.
In the War of the Sixth Coalition, he distinguished himself in command of temporarily created corps of Leonty Bennigsen's Army of Poland. During the Battle of Leipzig, his corps took part in the assault on the city. He led the siege and capture of Magdeburg (late October – mid-November 1813) and Hamburg (January – May 1814). After that he went to Bohemia to be treated for his wounds.
In the aftermath of the Hundred Days, during the advance of Field Marshal Tolly's Russian army into France in 1815, Dokhturov commanded the right column.
See also
Dmitry Dokhturov is mentioned in Tolstoy's War and Peace, where he is lauded as a great and effective soldier who is little recognized precisely because he fulfills his role so silently and effectively.
He is an ancestor of E. L. Doctorow.
Notes and references
1756 births
1816 deaths
Dokhturov, Sergey
Generals of the Russian Empire
Generals of the infantry (Russian Empire)
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Dokhturov |
A real-life superhero (RLSH) is a person who dresses up in a superhero costume or mask in order to perform community service such as neighborhood watch, or in some cases vigilantism.
Early examples of this type of behavior are reported from the 1990s. One example is Mexico City's Superbarrio Gómez, who, in 1997, donned red tights and a red and yellow wrestler's mask in order to organize labor rallies, protest, and file petitions to prevent families from being evicted. A "real-life superhero community" in the sense of an online subculture began to develop in the mid-2000s.
Reception
Police response to the actions of real life superheroes is typically negative. An article from The Globe and Mail reports that the police "fear for the safety of these 'superheroes' and argue that sometimes they can get in the way of police work and become a liability". Police have expressed concern that RLSH insert themselves into situations without knowing all the facts and indicate that this is "not a smart thing to do". Police have indicated that super heroes who physically involve themselves in preventing crimes are practicing vigilantism.
Different organizations have used the concept of the real-life superhero for other purposes. In Austria, the artist collective qujOchÖ created Miss Magnetiq as a parody of the real-life superhero phenomenon. Together with her companions Nickel, Cobalt and Mangan, Miss Magnetiq tries to protect the city of Linz from catastrophe but always fails.
Real-life superheroes have also been used for publicity and marketing campaigns. Super Vaclav was a 2011 promotional figure for a Czech webhosting company. Purporting to combat the antisocial behavior of Prague citizens, the company released YouTube videos featuring him pouring buckets of water on individuals smoking near public transport stops and assaulting dog owners with their own animal's excrement left behind in parks. While garnering many views, the campaign did not appear to translate into takeup of the webhost being advertised. Metro Woman was a short-lived publicity stunt in 2005 intended to gather support for the Washington purple line metro project.
Fictional depictions
While superheroes in the strict sense are characters with superhuman powers, superhero fiction depicting vigilantes with no such powers have long been part of the genre, notably with Batman and Iron Man. Such characters are also known as "costumed crime fighters" or "masked vigilantes". With the development of the real-life superhero community, there have also been more realistic depictions of masked vigilantes in fiction performing the actions of real-life superheroes, such as in the comedy films Hero at Large, Super and Blankman, and the comic book Kick-Ass and its film adaptations. The concept has also been depicted in television series, including a story arc in the second season of Hill Street Blues (featuring a delusional man who believes to be a superhero and calls himself "Captain Freedom") and the Hawaii Five-0 episode “Mai Ka Po Mai Ka 'oia'i'o (Truth Comes From The Night)”.
List of real-life superheroes
See also
Local hero (Japan)
Stan Lee's Superhumans
Beyond Geek
References
External links
The Real Life Super Hero Project
Comics fandom
Film and video fandom
Fandom
fr:Super-héros#Imagerie dans la vie réelle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-life%20superhero |
Wolfgang Ambros (born 19 March 1952 in Vienna, Austria) is an Austrian singer-songwriter. He is one of the most important contemporary Austrian musicians and is considered to be one of the founders of Austropop.
Life
1952–1970
Wolfgang Ambros was born in the Semmelweis Women's Clinic in Vienna and spent his early years in Wolfsgraben, Lower Austria. His father was head of the primary school there, his mother worked as a teacher. Later the family moved to Preßbaum. Ambros attended the Bundeskonvikt in Vienna's 2nd district and the Astgasse Grammar School in Vienna's 14th district. He later trained as a screen printer at the Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt (training discontinued). He first worked as a typewriter mechanic, display arranger and as a records salesman in Vienna and for a year in London.
Music
His most famous songs are "Schifoan", "Es lebe der Zentralfriedhof" and "Zwickt's mi". "Schifoan" is effectively an anthem for the Austrian ski tourism and industry. Many Austrian skiers—but also many others—know the lyrics of this song.
Ambros also released 3 cover albums (including songs by Bob Dylan, Tom Waits and Hans Moser. His latest album Steh grod (2006) is very successful.
Cooperations
Since 1978 Ambros has cooperated with the duo Tauchen/Prokopetz, who were very successful with DÖF in the 1980s. Also since 1978 Ambros has sung at live concerts with his band No. 1 vom Wienerwald.
In the 1980s Ambros sang together with André Heller. One of his biggest concerts took place at the Wiener Weststadion. Another one on the Kitzsteinhorn was the highest place a rock concert ever took place.
There were also cooperative efforts with the Viennese blues-musicians Harry Stampfer, Hans Thessink, Günter Dzikowski and DJ Kidpariz.
In 1997 he founded with Rainhard Fendrich and Georg Danzer the public charity "Initiative für Obdachlose" and the project Austria 3. On 10 December 1997 they were playing a unique concert, singing as group their own (solo) songs. The concert was done to collect money for homeless people and their public charity. Because of the success of this concert they continued this project and made many concerts in Austria and Germany and released three live-CDs from 1998 to 2000 (and some greatest hits-CDs).
In 2005 he released the Album Der alte Sünder – Ambros singt Moser, which was a cover album recorded with Christian Kolonovits.
In 2002 he won the AMADEUS Austrian Music Award.
Discography
Albums
1972: Alles andere zählt net mehr
1973: Eigenheiten
1976: Es lebe der Zentralfriedhof
1976: 19 Class A Numbers
1977: Hoffnungslos
1978: Wie im Schlaf (Lieder von Bob Dylan – Gesungen Von W. Ambros)
1979: Nie und nimmer
1980: Weiß wie Schnee
1981: Selbstbewusst
1983: Der letzte Tanz
1984: Der Sinn des Lebens
1985: No. 13
1987: Gewitter
1989: Mann und Frau
1990: Stille Glut
1992: Äquator
1994: Wasserfall
1996: Verwahrlost aber frei
1999: Voom Voom Vanilla Camera
2000: Nach mir die Sintflut – Ambros singt Waits
2003: Namenlos
2005: Der Alte Sünder – Ambros singt Moser (songs by Hans Moser – sung by W. Ambros with the Ambassade Orchester Wien)
2006: Steh Grod
2007: Ambros singt Moser – Die 2te (songs by Hans Moser – sung by W. Ambros with the Ambassade Orchester Wien)
2009: Wolfgang Ambros Ultimativ Symphonisch (sung by W. Ambros with the Ambassade Orchester Wien)
2012: 19 03 52
Live albums
1979: Live ...auf ana langen finstern Strassn (2 LPs)
1983: Ambros + Fendrich Open Air
1986: Selected Live (2 CDs)
1987: Gala Concert
1991: Watzmann Live (2 CDs with 25 Tracks; Re-Release, 2005, 2 CDs with 40 Tracks)
1997: Verwahrlost Aber Live
2002: Hoffnungslos Selbstbewusst
2007: Ambros Pur! (Duo Konzert mit G. Dzikowski – Live aus der Kulisse/Wien (DVD)
Plays
1973: Fäustling
1974: Der Watzmann ruft
1978: Schaffnerlos (Die letzte Fahrt des Schaffners Fritz Knottek)
1981: Augustin (Eine Geschichte aus Wien)
Singles
References
External links
Official website
Austria 3 Official website
Living people
20th-century Austrian male singers
Wienerlied
21st-century Austrian male singers
Bellaphon Records artists
1952 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Ambros |
No. 354 Squadron RAF was a general reconnaissance squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
History
No. 354 squadron was first formed at Drigh Road, Karachi on 10 May 1943 as part of Coastal Command, and was posted to RAF Station Cuttack on 17 August 1943, where it received Liberator Mk.V bombers. Detachments of the squadron were located at Sigiriya and St Thomas Mount. The squadron redeployed to Minneriya in Ceylon on 12 October 1944, with detachments at Kankesanturai and Cuttack, and returned to Cuttack whilst maintaining a detachment at Kankesanterai in January 1945, where they received the Liberator Mk.VI. The squadron was disbanded on 18 May 1945 at RAF Cuttack.
Aircraft operated
Squadron airfields
Commanding officer
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
RAF Commands, No. 354 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history
No. 354 Squadron history
354 Squadron
Aircraft squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Maritime patrol aircraft units and formations
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20354%20Squadron%20RAF |
Cedar Unified School District is a school district based in Navajo County of northeastern Arizona.
The school district serves some unincorporated areas of Navajo County, including:
Hopi Reservation communities of First Mesa, Hotevilla-Bacavi, Kykotsmovi Village, Second Mesa, and Shongopovi.
Navajo Nation community of Jeddito.
Town of Keams Canyon.
A portion of Whitecone
Schools
The lone school currently within the district is the Jeddito School, which serves grades K-8, in Jeddito on the Navajo Nation.
White Cone High School, the first public district high school in Keams Canyon, opened in 2005 but fell victim to financial difficulties within the district and closed in 2012.
See also
Hopi Junior/Senior High School
References
External links
School districts in Navajo County, Arizona
Hopi Reservation
Education on the Navajo Nation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Unified%20School%20District |
Ptech Inc. was a Quincy, Massachusetts-based provider of business process modeling software that was renamed to GoAgile in late 2003 as a consequence to the media frenzy following the consented search on December 5, 2002 by federal authorities under the auspices of Operation Green Quest. The search was related to the relationship of the company to businessman Yasin al-Qadi, a multi-millionaire from Jeddah, trained as an architect in Chicago, Illinois.
Business domain
Describing itself as a "provider of enterprise architecture, business modeling, analysis and integration software solutions," the privately held corporation was founded in 1994, and known for its technology, which was based on a unique implementation of neural net and semantic technologies. Ptech was recognized as one New England Technology's "Fast 50" by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu in 2001.
The CEO of Ptech, Oussama Ziade, appeared on different television shows in the USA and has been featured on the cover of several magazines. The company was once part of UML Partners, the consortium that was convened to develop standards for UML, the Unified Modeling Language.
Federal investigation
Ptech was thrust into the national spotlight following a consented search by U.S. law enforcement officials at Ptech’s headquarters on December 5, 2002, in connection with Operation Green Quest. The consented search was misrepresented by national news media as a raid. This unfavorable national publicity resulted in the eventual closing of the company in late 2003. Former Ptech employees described Ptech as a company which encouraged diversity in the workplace that respected their cultures and traditions; they attributed the media frenzy that engulfed Ptech to the politically-charged atmosphere generated by the 9/11 terrorist attack.
The Ptech investigation followed sanctions placed on Yasin al-Qadi, a former Ptech investor, after he was placed on a list of alleged terrorists. On October 12, 2001, the U.S. Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) ordered the assets of Yasin al-Qadi in the United States to be frozen and Federal law prohibited financial transactions involving his property. The European Union also applied sanctions to Qadi.
Qadi's listing as a terrorist was later overturned by several European courts, and his name was removed from blacklists by Switzerland (2007), the European Union (2008 and 2010), and the United Kingdom (2008 and 2010).
On 13 September 2010, Yasin al-Qadi "succeeded in having dismissed in their entirety the civil claims brought against him in the United States on behalf of the families of the 9/11 victims." On 5 October 2012, the UN Security Council committee monitoring sanctions against al-Qaeda granted Qadi's petition to be removed from its blacklist. On 26 November 2014, the United States Department of the Treasury removed Qadi's name from its Specially Designated Nationals list.
Notable clientele
Ptech's roster of clients included several governmental agencies, including the United States Armed Forces, NATO, Congress, the Department of Energy, the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Federal Aviation Administration, Internal Revenue Service, United States Secret Service, and the White House.
Ptech had a security clearance to work on sensitive military projects dating to 1997.
Notable personnel
Yaqub Mirza, angel investor, board member.
References
External links
Federal Indictment of PTech CEO Oussama Ziade
Defunct software companies of the United States
Enterprise architecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptech |
is a Japanese television drama starring Hiroyuki Sanada and Nanako Matsushima. It aired during the summer of 1997 in Japan and in 2001 on KONG-TV in the United States. The original 12 episodes were split into 14 for the U.S. showing. A Story of Love dealt with social issues including poverty in first world countries and class barriers in Tokyo.
Plot outline
Shuichiro Harashima (Hiroyuki Sanada), an upper-class and work-driven businessman, falls in love with Kaori Fujimura (Nanako Matsushima), a lower-class downtown sweetheart, and fights to save the doomed building in which she lives. Rumored to be cold-hearted and cruel, his love for Kaori and his growing friendship with her brother-in-law, Konosuke Shimodaira (Koji Tamaki), change him into a kind and caring person.
Extended plot
Shuichiro Harashima is a cold-hearted businessman, whose only goal in life is to work hard and make money. After his father died when he was a child, he inherited the Harashima Conglomerate, a large company with new plans to knock down homes in the poorer parts of Tokyo to build new ones for richer people. He is powerful, cruel, merciless, and corrupted in his dealings at work, leaving him extremely lonely in his personal life. His plans for the future are cut short when he discovers he has an advanced case of stomach cancer and will be dead within six months. While at the doctor's office, he meets Konosuke Shimodaira, a local do-gooder whose big heart normally causes more trouble than it helps. When Harashima lends Konosuke 50 yen to pay his doctor's bill, Konosuke insists on paying it back straight away. He takes him to a bar where Harashima meets Konosuke's friends Nakahata, who has a habit of lying and gambling, "Sensei", who is trying to get into law school, and Yosaku, who has very bad manners.
After drinking too much, Konosuke takes Harashima home and puts him up for the night. The next day, after leaving, Harashima realizes he's left the watch his father dropped when he died. But before he can go back and get it, he gets a phone call from the company. Harashima becomes ruthless and hard in dealing with the problem with the rival companies who had blackened his name in the press. He carries on with his daily routine, including visiting the main Harashima store, where his father had started out. He stays after everyone has gone home, thinking about his father and. as he leaves, he is mistaken for a worker at the store by a gardener dropping off a plant for the main display.
By a strange twist of fate, he bumps into Kaori Fujimura, a poor, loving young woman who lives and works in the world ruled by Harashima. She mistakes him for the gardener, despite his smart dress, and presumes he's getting ready for a date. When Kaori notices Harashima's jacket gets dusty, she insists on cleaning it for him. He sits and listens to how she feels about her work and the Harashima store. She explains that though the store is becoming less popular and she dislikes the owner (Harashima), she doesn't want the store to fold. This makes Harashima curious and he is already bewitched by Kaori's beauty and her sunny, optimistic nature. Though he is unaware at first, he realizes on their second meeting that he has fallen head-over-heels in love with her.
With the events that occur, Harashima begins to realize what the values of friendship, loyalty, and love mean—but will he be able to reverse the fate of Kaori and Konosuke's doomed homes before his fate catches up with him?
Cast
Hiroyuki Sanada as Shuichiro Harashima
Koji Tamaki as Konosuke Shimodaira
Nanako Matsushima as Kaori Fujimura
Naho Toda as Mayako Mizukoshi
Saya Takagi as Misao Fujimura
Yoko Saito as Hirano
Yoshimasa Kondo as Norihiko Nakahata
Hozumi Gōda as Dept. Chief Igarashi
Yuuichi Haba as Dept. Chief Domoto
Bsaku Satoh as Sensei
Kenta Satoi as Director Ninagawa
Yosuke Mikami as Shinpei Shimpaira
Main characters
Shuichiro Harashima
He inherited Harashima Enterprises from his father when he was only nine. Harashima is 35 years old. Originally they just had a main store and small chain stores, but Harashima expanded it thought Japan and other parts of Asia. His father died telling him that love was just in the mind, leaving Harashima cruel, cold-hearted and selfish. Though he agreed to marry Mayako, daughter of a powerful politician, he wishes for it to improve his company's standing not for love. Harashima finds out he is going to die in just six months and wishes to finish his work and seal the company safely before his death. However, upon meeting Kaori, he falls in love with her and is unable to stop thinking about her. Though he discourages Konosuke's attempts to become friends with him, he starts to (slowly) begins to care about others and not just his company. He was born on December 4, 1961.
Kaori Fujimura
Kaori is everything the other women in Harashima's life are not. She's modest, selfless and poor, which makes her very attractive to him. Despite her rough start in life, she has come through and tried her best to make something of herself. She finds that she can relate well to Harashima because of how much they have in common, e.g., they are both orphans. When Kaori was quite young, she was in love with a man who she was going to marry, but he has cheated on her leaving her heartbroken. Kaori took a job at the Harashima main store because it brought her so much joy as a child; looking at the beautiful displays made her want to create them when she grew up so she could bring the same amount of joy to other poor children. Her over-protective sister, who always reminds Kaori of her habit of trusting people to easily, scolds Kaori often. Kaori falls deeply in love with Harashima, as he does with her but they find it hard to be accepted by their friends and families as they belong to different classes in society. She's twenty-three-years old and lives with her elder sister, Misao. Although she only live with her sister, Kaori and her sister Misao had a close relationship with Konosuke and his son Shinpei and at somepoint Kaori acted as Shinpei surrogate sister, such as going out together with Shinpei to amusement park, helping Shinpei doing his homework and even sharing each other about their feelings and thought.
Konosuke Shimodaira
Konosuke is the exact opposite of Harashima and yet they share similar histories. His father died with a smile on his face, telling him that he should respect and care for his friends, that love is a wonderful feeling that should be acted on and treated carefully, and that being good to others will always win the day. Most of the time, this theory backfires on him, but then again, so does Harashima's theory. Nonetheless, he argues to Harashima that he has lived a happier life than he has without money and with just his friends and family. Konosuke has feelings for Kaori's sister, but due to his selfless attitude to life he doesn't realise it nor does he realise that Misao feels the same about him.
Mayako Mizukoshi
She is twenty-five-years old, Harashima's fiancée and daughter of a big-time politician. All her life she had dreamt of marrying someone she truly loved and she is upset at the fact Harashima doesn't love her. Troubled by the fact that Harashima seems to have fallen in love with Kaori, she at first attempts to stop him from seeing her. She doesn't hold it against her and is moved by Kaori's generosity and kindness. Despite the fact she loves Harashima, too, she thinks that if she allows Harashima to see Kaori, he'll become tired of her. However, after they promise not see each other again and Mayako finds them together. In the end, her engagement to Harashima is broken off and she goes to Europe to study art, inspired by Kaori.
Misao Fujimura
Misao is thirty years old and takes her responsibility of being Kaori's guardian very seriously despite the fact Kaori has grown up. When their parents died, Misao raised and looked after Kaori with the help of Konosuke and his family. She works at the factory with Konosuke and the others, and tends to call everyone "Idiot" if they do something to displease her. She has feelings for Konosuke but never has a chance to tell him as he is too wrapped up in Harashima and Kaori's affair.
Secondary characters
Hirano
Harashima's outstanding secretary who is the only person who Harashima trusts, even though he doesn't realise it. She is a loyal and devoted servant to Harashima. She has many contacts which in able her to help Harashima with many cases. At one point, she helps Konosuke find Harashima when he disappears.
Dept. Chief Igarashi
Igarashi is another top executive of Harashima Enterprises. Unlike Domoto who is greedy, merciless and thirst of power, Igarashi still have his humanitarian feeling in him and more prefer in emphasizing a Harashima Enterprises project which would give more benefit to the society. This can be seen by Igarashi proposal of the new town project that will be built in an area where Konosuke and Kaori Apartment are located, but will also suited with the existing society who already live in the area and gave more benefit to them, without using any cruel method such as demolizing and ousted the existing society who already live there which Domoto more prefer method. The proposal at first being rejected, but later-on was approved by Harashima who already gained his humanitarian feeling and was accepted. However, when Domoto ousted Harashima, Igarashi proposal was rejected and Igarashi was demouted. However Igarashi later-on work along together with Harashima and Hirano to oust Domoto and unveil his dirty business practice.
Dept. Chief Domoto
Merciless and cruel, Domoto has is eye of reaching the top of Harashima Enterprises. He often attempts to overthrow Harashima but is normally backed into a corner by Harashima's talent at being one step ahead of everyone. Domoto in described by others as a less attractive and less tolerable version of Harashima, who copies everything about Harashima, right down to his walk.
Mizukoshi
Mayako's father and a wealthy politician who cares only for money. He is selfish, bitter toward those who have little money and knows little about love. He uses Mayako as a way to get Harashima's money. He feels that anything can be solved with money. Upon finding that Kaori is Harashima's lover, he sends his secretary to give Kaori a "pay-off" in Harashima's name, without his knowledge. When Kaori sends the money back, the only reason he can imagine why she refused it was because it wasn't enough.
Norihiko Nakahata
Konosuke's friend who has a terrible gambling problem. As his debts rose he was forced the ask illegal dealers for a loan, who later came back to haunt him and blamed Konosuke who had agreed to be the guarantor. He tries to sell Harashima's father's watch to pay the debts, but it turned out be worthless. However, Harashima paid off his debts for him. Nakahata has a sick mother and Konosuke paid the fare for him to go and see her.
"Sensei"
Another one of Konosuke's friends, his real name is Sakai. Hoping to graduate law school and become a lawyer, the others rely on him to give them law advice. He is constantly turning to look in his law book to see if actions people make is legal. He takes over the factory after the president dies and even considers taking Harashima's offer of saving 10 of the workers. However, he decides to go down fighting with the other workers.
Yusaku
He's in his late twenties. He is one of the famous three who hang around with Konosuke, and he has a very bad temper. He's been in love with Kaori ever since high school, but she has never shown interest in him. When he finds out Kaori is Harashima's lover, he becomes terribly rude and says hurtful things to her. This is the only way he can deal with his rejection of her and his jealousy of Harashima.
Shinpei
Konosuke's nine-year-old son who regrets his poor life but loves his father very much. His mother tries to gain complete custody of him but he decides to stay with his father. Shinpei had a very close relation with Kaori and at somepoint Kaori acted as Shinpei's surrogate sister, such as helping Shinpei doing his homework, going together to amusement park and even sharing each other about their feelings and thought.
Zenkichi
Zenkichi owns the restaurant where Konosuke and the others live. He is very kind as he lend his money to his friends and the many causes they make. When Yusaku insults and has hostile feelings toward Kaori over her relationship with Harashima, he throws him out for not knowing how to treat a friend. His nature is similar to Konosuke's.
Episode summaries
There were 12 episodes in the original Japanese airing. They were expanded into 14 episodes for the US release.
Episode 1
Harashima finds out he has an incurable diseases and has little time left. Konosuke and the others face unemployment by the Harashima group. Meanwhile, Kaori meets an unknown stranger while working late at night. Later, Harashima returns to Konosuke in search of his watch only to discover that Nakahata has run away taking all the wages from the factory. Meanwhile, the unknown stranger comes to ask Kaori for a date. Elsewhere, Harashima finds out one of his workers has betrayed the company to one of their rivals.
Episode 2
Nakahata went back to the Zenkichi restaurant where Konosuke and his friends use to hangout and Harashima, while his identity are still unknown to Konosuke and his friends, was at a presence too. However while in there a group of debt collector confronted Nakahata and ask to repay the 2.5 Million Yen he borrowed from them and telling Nakahata the watch, which actually belong to Harashima and was stolen by Nakahata, given to them to repay the debt wasn't even worth the amount of money Nakahata owe to them. However to their dismay, Harashima suddenly came up with a bank cheque book and written them a cheque which amount 2.5 Million Yen or equivalent with the amount Nakahata owe to them. Much to their surprise, Nakahata then apologized and ask for forgiveness to The Stranger for stealing his watch and thanks him for paying off his debt. Harashima then told Nakahata that sometimes if people get blinded by money, they may do things that could gone out of control. Konosuke and his friends then decide to collect some amount of money to repay it back to Harashima as a courtesy for paying off Nakahata debt and ask Kaori to return it to Harashima. Later that night Kaori accompanied Shinpei due to Konosuke who fell ill. Much to their joyness, both Kaori and Shinpei now bound an elder sister and younger brother relationship, thus making Kaori as a surrogate sister figure for Shinpei.
Episode 3
Shinpei goes missing and everyone rushes out of work to find him. The man from Harashima Enterprises is there! Kaori while meeting The Stranger, then notified by Konosuke that Shinpei is missing, but has no idea where Shinpei is where about. However Kaori then realize that while playing together with Shinpei on the previous night, Shinpei then ask Kaori about a ride in amusement park such as screw coaster and carpet ride. Realize that Shinpei might have gone to an amusement park, The stranger and Kaori join in the search and indeed find Shinpai at a park near the amusement park. Shinpei then told Kaori that he was bullied by his classmate because Shinpei never go into amusement park. Saddened by the stories that Shinpei told, Kaori then took Shinpei to the amusement park and promise Shinpei to have a fun and joy in the amusement park. However once they arrived in the amusement park, the park has already closed, but later on to their surprise the amusement park then reopen again and the guard said that Kaori and Shinpei were given special service to the amusement park, along with The stranger. Both Shinpei, Kaori and The stranger spend much of fun and joy in the amusement park. However while everything is going so well in the amusement park, Kaori finds out that the stranger turns out to be Harashima, who actually own the amusement park and the one who order the amusement park to be reopen and given them special service. Learning that the Stranger is Harashima, Kaori runs off with Shinpei in humiliation.
Episode 4
The man from Harashima Enterprises try to use the reason that Konosuke along with other factory worker rushes out of work to find Shinpei as an excuse to fire them all in order to go through the process for closing the factory, however after listening the excuse, instead of agree with the man's idea and suggestion, Harashima gone furious and berated the man for being inhumanity. However much of the factory employees are still refuse with the closing plan of the factory by Harashima group, including The President of the factory which later-on confronted Harashima. The president of the factory dies after meeting the wrath of Harashima. As a result, Konosuke goes to see him and finds out who Harashima really is. Meanwhile, in Harashima's other life, he is overjoyed to see Kaori and even more thrilled that she has forgiven him. Mayako witnesses this and starts to worry that Harashima is having an affair.
Episode 5
Misao catches on to Kaori and Harashima's secret "affair" and confides in Konosuke her concerns. Meanwhile, "Sensei" confides in Harashima that people from Harashima Enterprises had approached him with an offer to save 10 of the workers at the factory. Konosuke realises Harashima's will never change and he tells him he must never go near Kaori again.
Episode 6
Kaori meets Mayako and is surprised when she claims to not mind if Harashima is seeing her. Misao finds out who Harashima and forbids Kaori from seeing him but Kaori runs away. When hearing this, Harashima rushes out into the night to find her — leaving Mayako cold.
Episode 7
News gets out that Kaori spent the night with a wealthy man as Konosuke and Misao try to make sense of Kaori's feelings for Harashima. Mizukoshi finds out about Harashima's affair with Kaori, and Kaori's love is nearly dashed when a man claiming to be Harashima's servant offers her money in return for her silence. Kaori refuse the money and Konosuke who learn about it, later confront Harashima whom he thought to be the one responsible in ordering the servant to offer Kaori the silence money and Konosuke also told Harashima how Kaori are still deep in-love with him. Later-on in the night, Harashima came by to Konosuke's apartment to see Kaori to explain to him what really happened. However Harashima suddenly collapsed and was brought to Hospital by Konosuke, there Konosuke learn that Harashima is terminally ill and only have three months left to live. Saddened by what he heard, Konosuke then embrace Harashima and told him that he was very sorry for being mistaken about him this whole time.
Episode 8
Kaori learn that Harashima visited her apartment and was brought to the hospital due to collapsed, when Kaori got into the hospital, Harashima already left. Later-on the next day, Shinpei asked Kaori to help him with his homework and while helping Shinpei doing his Homework, Kaori asked Shinpei why did Harashima came by to her apartment last night. Shinpei then tell Kaori that Harashima was actually intend to meet Kaori to tell her something while she's not there. Later-on while in the factory, Norihiko admit to Konosuke that his mother is terminally ill and that was the reason he is in a hugh debt. Under the advice of Konosuke, Norihiko then left Tokyo to go back to his hometown in-order to accompany his terminally ill mother. Meanwhile, a fire occurs on the department store and turns-out the fire came from Kaori display. Taking the blame for the fire, Kaori then offer her resignation and accept responsibility for it. However Harashima order for re-investigation of the cause of the fire at the Department Store which turns-out it was not came from Kaori Display. The head of the Department Store then apologized to Kaori and Kaori resume her work. Few days later while working at the Department Store, Mayako came by to see Kaori and the two going for lunch together. There Mayako admit that it was actually her father who send the servant to give Kaori the silence money and not Harashima.
Episode 9
Shinpei asked Konosuke permission to go to the swimming pool. However turns-out Shinpei go visit his mother instead of going to swimming pool. Harashima who took notice of Shinpei going with someone instead of Konosuke then try to find-out what's going on. Shinpei's mother and Konosuke ex-wife convince Shinpei to leave Konosuke and live with her, especially due to Konosuke poor economic condition. Shinpei who's now confuse whether he should stay with his Father or go with his Mother, later-on ask both Kaori and Harashima for advice. Shinpei then decided to live with his mother and Harashima, over the request of Konosuke who can't take seeing Shinpei left him, agree to drive Shinpei to his mother. However at the last minute Shinpei change his mind and decided to stay living with Konosuke. Later at night, Kaori went out together with Shinpei to cheer him up, while the two eat together at a fast-food restaurant, Kaori then asked Shinpei why he suddenly changed his mind and decided to live with Konosuke, instead of with his mother. Shinpei told Kaori that not only he doesn't want to leave his father and his father's friend whom he already consider as his genuine family and much to Kaori's surprise that most of all Shinpei did not want to leave Kaori whom he admit that he already consider her as not only his sister, but also Kaori as his sibling like figure for Shinpei and he's been so thankful for Kaori's gracious to Shinpei this whole time, from Playing together with Shinpei, helping him doing his homework, going to amusement park together, spending time together and most of all accompanied Shinpei this whole time while he's alone. Kaori who was very touched by what Shinpei said, then embraced Shinpei in happiness and Kaori promise to Shinpei that she will not leave him alone and will be there for him every time he feels alone and in need of a company.
Episode 10
Harashima who's know getting along very well with Konosuke, Kaori and their entourage, finally change his mind regarding the development project for the area where the factory and apartment where Konosuke, Kaori and their entourage live located. Harashima then decided to meet with the people around the apartment neighborhood. To their surprise, Konosuke entourage, from Norihiko, Yusaku, Sensei and Zenkichi, shocked to learn that The Stranger who already helped payoff Norihiko debt and done so many good things towards them is actually Harashima. However Harashima told all the people in the neighborhood that he has change his mind regarding the project and will give allowances for those who decided to move from the area and for those who decided to stay in the area will be given special privilege in-order for them to continue to live in the neighborhood. To their surprise Harashima decision shocked not only the people in the neighborhood, but also other Harashima employee including Dept. Chief Domoto who's expecting to take as many profit as he can from the project.
Episode 11
Kaori learns after overhearing Konosuke and Misao conversation that Harashima is terminally ill and only had three months to live. Saddened by what she overheard, Kaori then went to Harashima House and told him that she is indeed love him very much no matter what happened, even if he's only had three months to live. Meanwhile, the board in Harashima Enterprise grew furious over Harashima decision to change the project and decided to take any means necessary to kick Harashima from the chairman position. Meanwhile, Dept. Chief Domoto finds-out about Harashima terminal illness and decide to use it as a reason to kick Harashima from chairman position.
Episode 12
Harashima is kick out of his position as Chairman of Harashima Enterprise by after the board was convince by Dept. Chief Domoto. The event reminds him of what his late father said that "Love" and "Friendship" is just a temporary illusion. However, after being accompanied by Kaori and Konosuke along with Harashima secretary Hirano and his old friend Igarashi, Harashima realize that he is not alone and still have people around him who cares towards him.
Episode 13
Harashima with the help of Hirano and Igarashi engineer a plan to take down Domoto who turns-out working with Mayako's father, Mizukoshi in-order to get rid of Harashima, to bring them down and expose their dirt. Harashima and Kaori also grew their relationship and reconcile. The two then spending their time together and Harashima ask Kaori to stay by his side no matter what happen which Kaori without a doubt agree. However Domoto's who is now in-charge of Harashima Enterprise then rush to demolish the apartment and using thugs to evict the Apartment, including Kaori and Misao room. While protecting Misao from Domoto's thugs, Konosuke accidentally injured one of the thugs and was arrested by police. Konosuke who is now imprison, leaving Shinpei alone but was taking under the care of Kaori and Misao. However Harashima later bail Konosuke out of prison and admit to Konosuke and his entourage that after spending time with Konosuke, Kaori and their entourage, Harashima realize something meaningful in this life and in-return will make an amend, by giving something that will benefit them.
Episode 14
Harashima with the help of Hirano and Igarashi and Mayako finally managed to retrieve the file which contain all the dirt of his company which implicate Domoto and Mayako's father, Mizukoshi, about the corruption practice between people within Harashima Enterprise, which include Harashima himself and Domoto, and Mizukoshi. Harashima, Domoto and Mizukoshi later-on arrested by the authority. However Harashima was released early after agree to cooperate with the authority in-order to expose the corruption scheme. After being release from Prison, Harashima was waited by non other then, Kaori, Konosuke, Misao, Hirano, Igarashi and along with all of Konosuke friend who's now change their perception towards Harashima and apologize for misjudging Harashima. Harashima also learn that he is now not alone and although he only had three months to live, he still had friend who is willing to stay by his side, even when he is in trouble.
Epilogue
Konosuke finally agreed to propose Misao and the two decided to get married. Harashima offer Konosuke to held the wedding at his Villa and ask Konosuke, Kaori, Misao, Shinpei and all of their friends to spend their time together in his Villa in-order to get some more happiness and joyness in-which Konosuke undoubtedly agreed. They all having so much fun and joyness at Konosuke's wedding that was held in Harashima's Villa. There Kaori also admit to Harashima that she never regret no matter what happen for getting to know Harashima and fall-in love with him which Harashima also express the same feeling towards Kaori. In the climax it is revealed that Harashima finally succumb to his illness and a year has passed since Harashima passed away, Kaori, Konosuke, Misao, Shinpei, now also accompany by Mayako and all of Konosuke's friend spending their time again in Harashima Villa which turns out was inherited to Kaori and Konosuke and was use by all of them for once a year gathering in the date where Harashima passed away.
Issues in A Story of Love
Poverty in developed countries
Class barriers in Tokyo
Homelessness
Debts and money problems
Illegal dealings with money
Death/loss
Cancer/premature death
Unemployment
Arranged marriage
Inter-class marriage/romance/affairs
External links
Fan Site (Taiwanese)
Jdorama
English Fan site
Japanese drama television series
1997 Japanese television series debuts
1997 Japanese television series endings
Fuji TV dramas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konna%20Koi%20no%20Hanashi |
KZZO (100.5 MHz "Now 100.5") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Sacramento, California. It broadcasts an Adult Top 40 radio format and is owned by Salt Lake City–based Bonneville International, a profit-making subsidiary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. KZZO's studios and offices are on Commerce Circle in Sacramento near the American River and the North Sacramento Freeway (California State Route 160). KZZO is one of four stations operated by Bonneville in the Sacramento radio market, along with FM stations KNCI and KYMX plus AM station KHTK.
KZZO has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 115,000 watts, grandfathered at an unusually high power. The transmitter is on Alder Creek Parkway in Folsom, near U.S. Route 50. KZZO broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format, with its HD2 digital subchannel carrying an Dance/EDM format. The station carries the Brooke & Jeffrey morning drive time show, syndicated by Premiere Networks from KQMV Seattle.
History
The station signed on the air in October 1958 as KEBR, a Christian radio station owned by Family Radio, an Oakland based organization. After a three decades of broadcasting religious music and bible talks from radio evangelist Harold Camping, Family Radio sold 100.5 to commercial owners in 1988, with Family Radio eventually relocating to KEBR (1210 AM) in Rocklin, (now South Asian station KRPU), and FM 88.1, which now carries the KEBR call letters.
The new owners installed a Smooth Jazz format on April 16, 1988, re-branded it as The Point and changed its call sign to KQPT. Over a seven-year period, The Point went through a couple of ownership changes and format tweaks (mostly towards album rock). Brown Broadcasting changed the branding to "The Zone" in September 1995 and the format to a wide-ranging AAA mix it promoted as "bands you've never heard of." Brown sold KQPT, KXOA (AM) and KXOA-FM to American Radio Systems in 1996. The call letters were switched to KZZO in 1997. There was a three-way battle for rock listeners during this period between KWOD, KRXQ (93 Rock) and "The Zone."
However, after a year as a AAA, KZZO began evolving to Hot Adult Contemporary, later moving to Modern Adult Contemporary (after the shift of KGBY to Hot Adult Contemporary in 2007). KZZO remained in that format until June 22, 2010, when it shifted to a broader Adult Top 40 direction and adopted the "Now" approach. KZZO was the first Adult Top 40 station in the CBS Radio stable to use the slogan, as "Now" is more associated with a Rhythmic pop-leaning Top 40/CHR brand; unlike other "Now" stations, KZZO, due being an Adult Top 40 and having Rhythmic Top 40 KSFM as a sister station (at the time), will not play any hip hop songs, although it does share some artists (i.e. Kesha and Lady Gaga) at both stations. In addition, KZZO has vowed not to play any gold or recurrent songs from the 80s or 90s, a message aimed directly at rival KGBY, whose playlist featured a more conventional hot AC approach. Later that year, the “Now” branding was brought onto WPBZ in West Palm Beach, Florida, a hot AC station owned by CBS Radio (this station would later flip to Sports, as WAXY-FM was sold by CBS and relocated into the Miami market). After Entercom divested KZZO, the slogan dropped the "Without the Rap" tagline.
By December 2011, KZZO became the only hot adult contemporary radio station in Sacramento due to Clear Channel changing KGBY to news-talk as KFBK-FM, simulcasting KFBK. However, the following week, KZZO no gained a competitor in KBZC, which flipped from rhythmic adult contemporary to hot AC; the competition would last until February 2017, when the station (now known as KUDL) flipped to Top 40, leaving KZZO as Sacramento's only hot AC station again.
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom (which locally owned KKDO, KUDL, KSEG, KRXQ, and KIFM; the company formerly owned KDND until it shut the station down and turned in its license to the Federal Communications Commission two days later). On October 10, CBS Radio announced that as part of the process of obtaining regulatory approval of the merger, KZZO would be one of sixteen stations that would be divested by Entercom, along with sister stations KYMX, KNCI, and KHTK (KSFM would be retained by Entercom). Bonneville International began operating KZZO, KYMX, KNCI and KHTK, as well as four other stations in San Francisco, under a local marketing agreement upon the closure of the merger on November 17, 2017, on behalf of the Entercom Divestiture Trust.
On August 3, 2018, Bonneville subsequently announced its intent to acquire all eight stations outright for $141 million. The sale was completed on September 21, 2018.
Since the ownership change, KZZO has shortened its slogan to “Today’s Best Hits” (dropping the phrase “Without The Rap”) and shifted its direction towards a Mainstream Top 40 playlist to counter Entercom-owned KUDL while still maintaining its Adult Top 40 format.
Outlaw scandal
In April 2008, The Zone began a contest in which a listener would be required to correctly identify an individual as "The 100.5 The Zone $25,000 Outlaw" in order to receive a monetary prize of $25,000 cash. This was a variation of the popular radio promotion called "The $10,000 Fugitive" done on numerous stations across the country such as WBLI in Long Island.
The Zone originally posted contest rules which stated that the prize was a share certificate valued at $3,400 from the Sacramento Credit Union, that matured to the total reward value of $25,000 after 10 years. This was only temporary rules set in place while the credit union gathered the funds for the entire $25,000 cash. Only if the "Outlaw" was caught in the first few days would these rules be put into place. By the 2nd week of the promotion, the entire $25,000 cash was value of the prize, and the rules reflected that change.
On April 14, 2008, the morning show of rival radio station KDND began to advertise on their station that they were going to give away the location of the $25,000. KDND, owned by Entercom, not CBS like The Zone, used a full day worth of advertising promoting a contest on another radio station. The following morning, April 15, KDND's morning show spent the entire 7:00am hour reading the then-expired contest rules on the air. The reasons for doing this were not completely clear.
The outlaw was "caught" outside of the Nugget Market in Rocklin, California on April 29, 2008 at noon. The winner was greeted by Zone Staff with the letter from Sacramento Credit Union redeemable for $25,000. The video can be seen on YouTube.
High Power Transmitter
KZZO has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 115,000 watts. It is grandfathered at a much higher power than other FM stations in Sacramento, which are limited these days to 50,000 watts. On the other hand, its height above average terrain (HAAT) is , using a tower not as tall as most Sacramento FM outlets. So its signal covers a larger region of Northern California than the others, but not by a dramatic margin. KZZO's signal can be easily heard as far north as Yuba City, as far south as Lodi and Stockton and as far west as Vacaville. Under tropo conditions, it is occasionally picked up in the San Francisco Bay Area.
References
External links
ZZO
Adult top 40 radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in California
Bonneville International | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZZO |
Baucau (, ) is the second-largest city in East Timor, after Dili, the capital, which lies to its west.
Baucau has about 16,000 inhabitants, and is the capital of Baucau municipality, located in the eastern part of the country. In the times of Portuguese Timor, Baucau was little more than an overgrown village, and for part of those times was called Vila Salazar, after the Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar.
Geography
The administrative post of Baucau is divided into 11 villages (sucos)
Suco Bahú
Suco Bucoli
Suco Buibau
Suco Buruma
Suco Caibada Uaimua
Suco Samalari
Suco Seiçal
Suco Tirilolo
Suco Triloka
Suco Gariuai
Suco Uailili
Infrastructure
Much of the infrastructure of the city and the surrounding area was damaged or destroyed by pro-Indonesian militia during the violence that followed the referendum for independence in 1999. Nevertheless, in the old part of Baucau there survive a few relics from the Portuguese colonial era, such as large colonial houses, churches, and public buildings. One of these is the Pousada de Baucau, a large pink hotel whose restaurant has views of the ocean.
The shops, restaurants, and street market stalls (predominantly fruit and vegetable sellers) conduct business, although unemployment, particularly among the young, is very high. There are a few successful experiments that have converted old war-oriented businesses into light engineering, new businesses such as East Timor Roofing that has generated employment and training opportunities, and a number of small businesses are beginning in the areas of hygiene and health, food production and processing, transport, small retail, and tourism. The convent next to the Pousada de Baucau has a small retail outlet selling locally produced hand crafts.
The Instituto Católico para a Formação de Professores (ICFP) – the Catholic Teachers College – is owned by the diocese and is responsible for training future and untrained teachers for Timor-Leste. With more than 300 graduates teaching throughout the country, and more than 400 teachers with upgraded qualifications, ICFP is dedicated to rebuilding the country through education of future generations.
Baucau also has a hospital, a nursing school and a swimming pool owned by the Pousada de Baucau.
Climate
Religion
Baucau is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baucau, one of the three bishoprics in East Timor. It was founded on 30 November 1996, when the bishopric in Dili split. Its bishop is Basilio do Nascimento.
Transportation
Six kilometers from the city lies the Cakung Airport (code IATA: BCH), a.k.a. LANUD for the local people. It has what is currently the country's longest airport runway, as Dili's Lobato International Airport can only serve small aircraft like the Boeing 737. It served as the country's principal airport before the Indonesian invasion in 1975, when it was taken over by the Indonesian military.
References
Further reading
External links
Populated places in East Timor
Baucau Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baucau |
John Irwin McGiver (November 5, 1913 – September 9, 1975) was an American character actor who made more than a hundred appearances in television and motion pictures over a two-decade span from 1955 to 1975.
The owl-faced, portly character actor with his mid-Atlantic accent and precise diction, was often cast as pompous Englishmen and other stuffy, aristocratic and bureaucratic types. He was known for his performances in such films as Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961); The Manchurian Candidate (1962), Who's Minding the Store? (1963) and Man's Favorite Sport? (1964). He appeared on many television shows and commercials during the 1960s and early 1970s, including the first of a long running popular series of commercials for the American Express charge card ("Do you know me?").
Early life
McGiver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the Jesuit-run Regis High School in Manhattan in 1932.
He earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University in 1938 and master's degrees from Columbia University and Catholic University. He became an English teacher and worked as an actor and director in New York's Irish Repertory Theater. He interrupted those activities and enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and served as an officer in the U.S. Army's 7th Armored Division in Europe during World War II. Returning to civilian life, he continued to teach English and speech at Christopher Columbus High School in the Bronx and worked occasionally in off-Broadway plays until 1955, when he became a full-time actor.
Career
He appeared in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episodes "Six People No Music" and "Fatal Figures", and the Twilight Zone episode "Sounds and Silences". In 1971 he guest-starred in Alias Smith and Jones (season 1, episode 8, 'A Fistful of Diamonds'). In 1964, he appeared in Man's Favorite Sport?. Between 1963 and 1964, McGiver appeared in five episodes of The Patty Duke Show as J.R. Castle, who was Martin Lane's boss at the fictional newspaper The Chronicle.
His most recognized film roles came in 1961-2 when he appeared in The Manchurian Candidate as the principled, incorruptible Senator Jordan, and as a wistful jewelry salesman in Breakfast at Tiffany's. McGiver later played the role of an unhinged religious fanatic, Mr. O'Daniel, in the 1969 film Midnight Cowboy and a small role in Lucille Ball's Mame. He was also in an episode of Gilligan's Island in 1966, "The Man With a Net". He also made one guest appearance on ABC's hit fantasy sitcom Bewitched.
Personal life
McGiver was married to Ruth Schmigelsky from 1947 until his death; they had ten children: Brigit, Maria, Terry, Basil, Clare, Oliver, Ian, Clemens, Boris, and Cornelia. Boris, the ninth child in the McGivers' large family, followed in his father's footsteps, working as a professional actor in films and on television since 1987.
Death
McGiver, at age 61, died of a heart attack on September 9, 1975, at his home in West Fulton, New York. His remains were cremated.
Selected filmography
The Man in the Raincoat (1957) - O'Brien
Love in the Afternoon (1957) (with Gary Cooper, Audrey Hepburn and Maurice Chevalier) - Monsieur X
I Married a Woman (1958) - Girard - Sutton's Lawyer
Once Upon a Horse... (1958) - Mr. Tharp
The Gazebo (1959) (with Glenn Ford and Debbie Reynolds) - Sam Thorpe
Love in a Goldfish Bowl (1961) - Dr. Frawley
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) (with Audrey Hepburn and George Peppard) - Tiffany's Salesman
Bachelor in Paradise (1961) (with Bob Hope) - Austin Palfrey
Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation (1962) (with James Stewart and Maureen O'Hara) - Martin Turner
The Manchurian Candidate (1962) (with Frank Sinatra, Laurence Harvey and Janet Leigh) - Senator Thomas Jordan
Period of Adjustment (1962) (with Jane Fonda and Jim Hutton) - Stewart P. McGill
Who's Got the Action? (1962) (with Dean Martin and Lana Turner) - Judge Fogel
Something's Got to Give (1962) (aborted Marilyn Monroe film) - The Judge
My Six Loves (1963) (with Debbie Reynolds) - Judge Harris
Johnny Cool (1963) (with Henry Silva and Elizabeth Montgomery) - Oscar B. 'Oby' Hinds
Take Her, She's Mine (1963) (with James Stewart and Sandra Dee) - Hector G. Ivor
Who's Minding the Store? (1963) (with Jerry Lewis) - Mr. John P. Tuttle
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964) (with Rock Hudson and Paula Prentiss) - William Cadwalader
A Global Affair (1964) (with Bob Hope) - Mr. Snifter
Marriage on the Rocks (1965) (with Frank Sinatra, Deborah Kerr and Dean Martin) - Shad Nathan
Made in Paris (1966) (Louis Jourdan) - Roger Barclay
The Glass Bottom Boat (1966) (with Doris Day and Rod Taylor) - Ralph Goodwin
The Spirit Is Willing (1967) (with Sid Caesar and Vera Miles) - Uncle George
Fitzwilly (1967) (with Dick Van Dyke) - Albert
Midnight Cowboy (1969) (with Jon Voight and Dustin Hoffman) - Mr. O'Daniel
Lawman (1971) (with Burt Lancaster) - Sabbath Mayor Sam Bolden
Arnold (1973) (with Roddy McDowall) - Governor
Mame (1974) (with Lucille Ball) - Mr. Babcock
The Apple Dumpling Gang (1975) (with Don Knotts and Tim Conway) - Leonard Sharpe
Television
McGiver was a regular performer on:
McKeever & the Colonel, 1962–1963
Many Happy Returns, 1964–1965 (lead role)
Mr. Terrific, 1967
The Jimmy Stewart Show, 1971–1972
McGiver also appeared on:
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1958) (Season 3 Episode 29: "Fatal Figures") as Harold George Goames
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1959) (Season 4 Episode 13: "Six People, No Music") as Arthur Motherwell
The Tab Hunter Show (episode "My Brother, the Hero," 1960)
The Barbara Stanwyck Show ("The Golden Acres", 1961)
Bonanza ("Land Grab", 1961)
The Twilight Zone (two episodes: "The Bard", "Sounds and Silences")
The Lucy Show ("Lucy is Kangaroo for a Day", 1963)
The Patty Duke Show (5 episodes)
The Rogues (1965)
Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (episode "The X Factor")
The Fugitive (episode "The End Game")
The Dick Van Dyke Show (“See Rob Write, Write Rob Write”, 1965)
The Beverly Hillbillies ("Granny Versus the Weather Bureau")
Gidget ("One More for the Road", 1966)
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ("The Birds and the Bees Affair", 1966)
I Dream of Jeannie ("Jeannie Breaks the Bank", 1966)
Gilligan's Island ("Man With a Net", 1966)
Honey West ("Mr Brillig", 1966)
The Wild Wild West ("The Night of the Turncoat," 1967)
The High Chaparral ("Ebenezer," 1968)
Bewitched ("Mother-in-Law of the Year", 1971)
Alias Smith and Jones ("A Fistful of Diamonds", 1971)
Twas the Night Before Christmas (as voice of The Mayor)
Ellery Queen ("The Adventure of Miss Aggie's Farewell Performance", 1975) - (final appearance)
Stage
Broadway theatre roles included:
A Thurber Carnival, 1960
The Front Page, 1969–1970
References
External links
1913 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of Irish descent
Catholic University of America alumni
Columbia University alumni
Fordham University alumni
Male actors from Manhattan
People from Fulton, Schoharie County, New York
Regis High School (New York City) alumni
United States Army officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McGiver |
A point of interest (POI) is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. An example is a point on the Earth representing the location of the Eiffel Tower, or a point on Mars representing the location of its highest mountain, Olympus Mons. Most consumers use the term when referring to hotels, campsites, fuel stations or any other categories used in modern automotive navigation systems.
Users of a mobile device can be provided with geolocation and time aware POI service that recommends geolocations nearby and with a temporal relevance (e.g. POI to special services in a ski resort are available only in winter).
The term is widely used in cartography, especially in electronic variants including GIS, and GPS navigation software. In this context the synonym waypoint is common.
A GPS point of interest specifies, at minimum, the latitude and longitude of the POI, assuming a certain map datum. A name or description for the POI is usually included, and other information such as altitude or a telephone number may also be attached. GPS applications typically use icons to represent different categories of POI on a map graphically.
A region of interest (ROI) and a volume of interest (VOI) are similar in concept, denoting a region or a volume (which may contain various individual POIs).
In medical fields such as histology/pathology/histopathology, points of interest are selected from the general background in a field of view; for example, among hundreds of normal cells, the pathologist may find 3 or 4 neoplastic cells that stand out from the others upon staining.
POI collections
Digital maps for modern GPS devices typically include a basic selection of POI for the map area.
However, websites exist that specialize in the collection, verification, management and distribution of POI which end-users can load onto their devices to replace or supplement the existing POI. While some of these websites are generic, and will collect and categorize POI for any interest, others are more specialized in a particular category (such as speed cameras) or GPS device (e.g. TomTom/Garmin). End-users also have the ability to create their own custom collections.
Commercial POI collections, especially those that ship with digital maps, or that are sold on a subscription basis are usually protected by copyright. However, there are also many websites from which royalty-free POI collections can be obtained, e.g. SPOI - Smart Points of Interest, which is distributed under ODbL license.
Applications
The applications for POI are extensive. As GPS-enabled devices as well as software applications that use digital maps become more available, so too the applications for POI are also expanding. Newer digital cameras for example can automatically tag a photograph using Exif with the GPS location where a picture was taken; these pictures can then be overlaid as POI on a digital map or satellite image such as Google Earth. Geocaching applications are built around POI collections. In vehicle tracking systems, POIs are used to mark destination points and/or offices to that users of GPS tracking software would easily monitor position of vehicles according to POIs.
File formats
Many different file formats, including proprietary formats, are used to store point of interest data, even where the same underlying WGS84 system is used.
Reasons for variations to store the same data include:
A lack of standards in this area (GPX is a notable attempt to address this).
Attempts by some software vendors to protect their data through obfuscation.
Licensing issues that prevent companies from using competitor's file specifications.
Memory saving, for example, by converting floating point latitude and longitude co-ordinates into smaller integer values.
Speed and battery life (operations using integer latitude and longitude values are less CPU-intensive than those that use floating point values).
Requirements to add custom fields to the data.
Use of older reference systems that predate GPS (for example UTM or the British national grid reference system)
Readability/possibility to edit (plain text files are human-readable and may be edited)
The following are some of the file formats used by different vendors and devices to exchange POI (and in some cases, also navigation tracks):
ASCII Text (.asc .txt .csv .plt)
Topografix GPX (.gpx)
Garmin Mapsource (.gdb)
Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (.kml .kmz)
Pocket Street Pushpins (.psp)
Maptech Marks (.msf)
Maptech Waypoint (.mxf)
Microsoft MapPoint Pushpin (.csv)
OziExplorer (.wpt)
TomTom Overlay (.ov2) and TomTom plain text format (.asc)
OpenStreetMap data (.osm)
Third party and vendor-supplied utilities are available to convert point of interest data between different formats to allow them to be exchanged between otherwise incompatible GPS devices or systems. Furthermore, many applications will support the generic ASCII text file format, although this format is more prone to error due to its loose structure as well as the many ways in which GPS co-ordinates can be represented (e.g. decimal vs degree/minute/second). POI format converters are often named after the POI file format they convert and convert to, such as KML2GPX (converts KML to GPX) and KML2OV2 (converts KML to OV2).
See also
Automotive navigation system
Geocoded photograph
Map database management
OpenLR
Tourist attraction
World Geodetic System (Used to represent GPS co-ordinates)
References
Global Positioning System
Geographical technology
Navigation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20of%20interest |
Cole Haan is an American brand of men's and women's footwear and accessories that serves markets worldwide. The company was founded in Chicago, Illinois in 1928. Cole Haan currently has its headquarters in both New York City and Greenland, New Hampshire, United States.
History
The company name comes from founders Trafton Cole and Eddie Haan, and was originally named “Cole, Rood & Haan” when the company was strictly a men's footwear label. Today it offers many products, including men's and women's dress and casual footwear, belts, hosiery, handbags, gloves, scarves, hats, outerwear, and sunglasses.
Cole Haan was sold to a group of partners headed by George Denney in 1975. These executives built upon the foundation established by Cole and Haan over the following decade, transforming the label into one of the leading U.S. footwear brands. They launched a retail division in 1982, which comprised 40 plus stores worldwide and cumulative annual sales of nearly $70 million by 1996.
Nike, Inc. purchased Cole Haan in 1988. Nike announced on May 31, 2012, that it was divesting of Cole Haan and Umbro to focus on the Nike brand and other complementary brands.
Cole Haan was bought by private equity firm Apax Partners Worldwide LLP for $570 million on November 16, 2012. Since then the brand has its headquarters in Greenland, New Hampshire, and its design center in New York City. Jack A. Boys is its current CEO.
The Cole Haan Maine headquarters relocated from Yarmouth to Scarborough in summer 2011. In October 2013 it was announced that the headquarters would relocate to Greenland, New Hampshire.
Retail stores
Cole Haan has over 300 stores with numerous locations in the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East. Cole Haan has one store in South Africa, and other than one location in Istanbul, does not have any other locations in Europe, nor any in Australia and New Zealand. Cole Haan sells its products worldwide through its own website and websites operated by international distribution partners.
Cole Haan products are also sold at retailers such as Nordstrom, Shoe Carnival, Zappos, Macy's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, Hudson's Bay Company and other department stores and independent stores in the United States, as well as through its own outlet stores found in outlet malls throughout the country.
Sustainability
On February 25, 2008, the company announced it would discontinue using real animal fur in its products for business and sustainability reasons.
Marketing
Cole Haan chose Russian tennis star Maria Sharapova to headline its Spring 2009 and Fall 2009 advertising campaigns.
Collaborations
Cole Haan has done collaborations with designers, athletes, and tastemakers including a men's footwear capsule collection with CFDA-nominated menswear designer Todd Snyder and a collection of women's ballet flats designed in partnership with three dancers of New York City Ballet, Sara Mearns, Megan Fairchild, and Gretchen Smith.
References
External links
Shoe companies of the United States
Shoe brands
Eyewear companies of the United States
Eyewear brands of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in New Hampshire
Companies based in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Clothing companies established in 1928
Retail companies established in 1982
1928 establishments in Illinois
1988 mergers and acquisitions
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Greenland, New Hampshire
Apax Partners companies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%20Haan |
Independent Days Festival was an Italian music festival that took place every September in Bologna. In June 2017, the festival was held in Monza.
About
History
Statistics:
20.000 revellers in 1999
40.000 revellers in 2000
40,000 revellers in 2001
The site
The Stages
Arena Parco Nord is the location of the main stage – a grass field with a curved banking giving an amphitheatre shape.
TENDA ESTRAGON is the tent which houses the second stage. The festival takes place as part of Festa de l'Unità – a popular outdoor festival full of restaurants, beer tents, and entertainment. Although the two stages are not connected, you are allowed to move between the two, enabling festival goers to enjoy all the attractions of the Festa de l'Unità. Traditionally the festival has had a punk theme, but in recent years, more mainstream acts have played, such as Franz Ferdinand, Editors, Maxïmo Park, and The Bravery.
The billing
2012
Angels & Airwaves, Social Distortion, All Time Low
2011
Arctic Monkeys, Kasabian, The Wombats, The Offspring, No Use for a Name, Face to Face
2010
The Leeches, All Time Low, Simple Plan, Sum 41, Blink-182
2009
Deep Purple, The Kooks, Kasabian, Twisted Wheel, Expatriate, The Hacienda
2008
It did not take place
2007
Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Maxïmo Park, Hot Hot Heat, ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Billy Talent, Petrol
2006
One year hiatus
2005
Bad Religion, Queens of the Stone Age, The Blood Brothers, The Bravery, Editors, The Futureheads, Maxïmo Park, Meganoidi, Skin, Social Distortion, Forty Winks, Marsh Mallows, The Peawees, Sikitikis
2004
Sonic Youth, Franz Ferdinand, The Libertines, Mark Lanegan, Mondo Generator, Tre Allegri Ragazzi Morti, Colour Of Fire, Blueskins, Julie's Haircut, Raydaytona, The Darkness, Velvet Revolver, MC 5, Lars Frederiksen, Auf Der Maur, The Dirtbombs, New Found Glory, Thee S.T.P., Persiana Jones, Derozer, Radio 4, Everlast, Feist, Madbones, Friday Star, Morticia Lovers, Flogging Molly, Yellowcard, Vanilla Sky, Coheed and Cambria, Young Heart Attack, Ghetto Ways, Forty Winks, The No One, Wet Tones
2003
Rancid, The Cramps, The Mars Volta, Radio Birdman, Nashville Pussy, Lagwagon, A.F.I, Alkaline Trio, The Ataris, Mad Caddies, Fratelli Di Soledad, Thrice, The Hormonauts, Los Fastidios, Immortal Lee County Killers, Bigoz Quartet, All American Rejects, Punx Crew, The Peawees, Forty Winks
Motorama, Thee S.T.P., Kim's Teddy Bears, Moravagine, Le Braghe Corte, Marsh Mallows, Karnea, Coffee Shower
2002
Subsonica, NOFX, The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Modena City Ramblers, Sick of It All, No Use for a Name, Punkreas, Meganoidi, The Music, Something Corporate, Pulley, Bouncing Souls, Ikara Colt, D4
2001
Man or Astro-man?, Mogwai, Eels, Turin Brakes, Ed Harcourt, I Am Kloot, The (International) Noise Conspiracy, Micevice, Boy Hits Cart, Cut, Scarlet, The Valentines, Manu Chao, Muse, Africa Unite, Ska-P, Modena City Ramblers, Rocket From The Crypt, Mad Caddies, Reel Big Fish, Banda Bassotti, Meganoidi, Persiana Jones, Tre Allegri Ragazzi Morti, Backyard Babies
2000
Tenda Festival
Saturday 2 : Mr. Bungle, Boss Hog, Andre Williams, Slim, Titan
Arena Parco Nord
Sunday 3 : Blink 182, Limp Bizkit, Deftones, Millencolin, Verdena, Punkreas, No Use for a Name, Muse
1999
The Offspring, Joe Strummer & The Mescaleros, Silverchair, Sick of It All, Hepcat, Lit, Punkreas, Verdena, Tre Allegri Ragazzi Morti
External links
Official website (archived)
Rock festivals in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20Days%20Festival |
Izak (or Izaak also Izhak, Itzchak, Itzik, see more options below) is a given name which is an alternate spelling for Isaac. Online sites, such as "Think Baby Names" state that:
Izak \i-zak\ as a boy's name is a variant of Isaac (Hebrew), and the meaning of Izak is "laughter". The baby name Izak sounds like Izik, Izaak, Itzak and Isak. Other similar baby names are Izsak, Zak, Izaac, Isac, Isaak, Isa, Iziah, Isam and Izzy. Izak is not a popular first name for men but a somewhat popular surname or last name for both men and women (#83399 out of 88799). (1990 U.S. Census).
Notable persons with the name include:
Izak
Izak Aloni, Israeli chess master
Izak Buys, South Africa cricketer
Izak Davel, South African actor
Izak David du Plessis, South African Afrikaans writer
Izak Moerdijk, Dutch mathematician
Izak Reid, English sportsman
Izak Rober, Turkish sportsman
Izak Šantej, Slovenian motorcyclist
Izak van der Merwe, South African tennis player
Izak Van Heerden, South African rugby coach
Izaak
Izaak Appel, Polish chess master
Izaak Grunbaum, Israeli politician
Izaak Grynfeld, Israeli chess master
Izaak Walton Killam, Canadian financier
Izaak Kolthoff, Dutch chemist
Izaak H. Reijnders, Dutch military commander.
Izaak Towbin, Polish chess master
Izaak Walton, English writer
Izaac
Izaac Johanes Wanggai, Indonesian sportsman
Izaac Wang, American child actor
Izaac Williams, New Zealand sportsman
Isak
Isak Andersson (born 1996), Swedish hurdler
Isak Gustaf Clason, Swedish architect
Isak Dinesen, pen name of Karen Blixen, Danish author
Isak-Beg, ruler near Ottoman Empire
Isak From (born 1967), Swedish politician
Per Isak Juuso, Swedish-Sámi artisan and teacher
Kim Isak, former member of the Isak N Jiyeon Korean singing duo
Isak Musliu, Yugoslavian camp guard
Isak Saba, Norwegian leader
Isak Valtersen, fictional character in the Norwegian TV show Skam
Itzhak
Itzhak Perlman, Israeli-American musician
Itzhak Rabin, Israeli leader
Itzhak Shum, Israeli sportsman
Itzhak Ben-Zvi, Israeli president
Itzhak Katzenelson, Jewish intellectual
Itzhak Shamir, Israeli politician
Itzhak Fintzi, Bulgarian actor
Itzhak Stern, Holocaust survivor
Itzhak Bentov, Czech intellectual
Itzhak Sadeh, Israeli leader
Itzchak
Itzchak Tarkay, Israeli painter
Itzik
Itzik Zohar, Israeli sportsman
Itzik Manger, Yiddish intellectual
Itzik Feffer, Soviet intellectual
Itzik Kol, Israeli TV producer
Itzik Kornfein, Israeli sportsman
Dalia Itzik, Israeli politician
Izhak
Izhak Mamistvalov, Israeli swimmer
Izhak Graziani, Israeli conductor
Izsak
Izsák Lőwy, Hungarian industrialist
Imre Izsák (1929–1965), Hungarian scientist
Carolina Izsak (born 1971), Venezuelan beauty queen
Meir ben Izsak Eisenstadt (1670–1744), Jewish rabbi
Other
Isakas Vistaneckis, Lithuanian chess master
Isaka Cernak, Australian sportsman
See also
Isak (surname)
Isaac (disambiguation)
Isaacs (disambiguation)
Ishak (disambiguation)
Zack (disambiguation)
Izzy (disambiguation)
Izak catsharks
References
Hebrew masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izak |
Fatboy was the first studio album by the jam band Moe. It was first released in 1992 as a cassette of which only 1,000 were released. The band re-released the album in September 1999 on CD.
Recording
The album was recorded in the Spring of 1991 at Happy House Studios, the second floor of an apartment in Buffalo, NY, which was owned/operated by Andrew Buscher. Over ten evenings, the album was recorded and mixed. The band used sixteen track audio for the recording and used overdubs for vocals and solos.
The band's original drummer, Ray Schwartz, left the group between the tracking and mixing in order to attend graduate school in New Paltz, NY. Soon after the album was finished, the band took on Jim Loughlin as their new drummer.
"Yodelittle" was re-recorded for 1994's Headseed while an updated recording of "Spine Of A Dog" was featured on No Doy in 1996. Both songs would go on to become standards of the band's live-set rotation, along with "Y.O.Y".
Track listing
"Y.O.Y." (Garvey) – 5:15
"Havah Nagilah -> Long Island Girls Rule"* (Derhak) – 4:54
"Dr. Graffenburg" (Derhak) – 5:25
"Don't Fuck with Flo" (Derhak) – 4:57
"Yodelittle" (Schnier) – 9:13
"Spine of a Dog" (Derhak, Garvey) – 5:00
"Sensory Deprivation Bank" (Derhak) – 4:51
"The Battle of Benny Hill" (moe.) – 1:52
Havah Nagilah was listed as a separate track on the original release. Subsequent releases now only list "Long Island Girls Rule" as the second track.
Personnel
Moe:
Rob Derhak – bass, vocals
Chuck Garvey – guitar, vocals
Al Schnier – guitar, vocals
Ray Schwartz – drums
Production:
Andrew Buscher – producer, engineer
Coulter Young – artwork
References
External links
moe. merchandise page
Moe (band) albums
1999 albums
1992 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy%20%28album%29 |
Nanguan (; also nanyin, nanyue, xianguan, or nanqu) is a style of Chinese classical music from the southern Chinese province of Fujian. It is also popular in Taiwan, particularly Lukang on west coast, as well as among Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia.
Fujian is a mountainous coastal province of China. Its provincial capital is Fuzhou, while Quanzhou was a major port in the 7th century CE, the period between the Sui and Tang eras. Situated upon an important maritime trade route, it was a conduit for elements of distant cultures. The result was what is now known as nanguan music, which today preserves many archaic features.
It is a genre strongly associated with male-only community amateur musical associations (quguan or "song-clubs"), each formerly generally linked to a particular temple, and is viewed as a polite accomplishment and a worthy social service, distinct from the world of professional entertainers. It is typically slow, gentle, delicate and melodic, heterophonic and employing four basic scales.
Nanguan was inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
Styles and instruments
Nanguan repertory falls into three overlapping styles, called chí, phó· and khiok (zhi, pu and qu in Mandarin), differentiated by the contexts in which they occur, by their function, the value accorded them by musicians and by their formal and timbral natures.
The Chí () is perceived as the most "serious" repertoire: it is a purely instrumental suite normally more than thirty minutes in length, of two to five sections usually, each section being known as a cu or dei ("piece"). Each is associated with a lyric that alludes to a story but, although this may denote origins in song or opera, today chí is an important and respected instrumental repertory. However, the song text significantly eases the memorising of the piece.
Phó· (譜, pu in pinyin) literally means "notation", more formally as qingzou pu ("refined notation"), are typically performed by a 5-instrument ensemble. These are pieces that have no associated texts and are thus written down in gongchepu notation. It is an instrumental style that uses a wider range than chí and that emphasises technical display.
Khiok () is a vocal repertory: two thousand pieces exist in manuscript. It is lighter and less conservative in repertory and performance than chí. Most popular pieces today are in a fast common metre and last around five minutes.
A nanguan ensemble usually consists of five instruments. The pie (拍, muban () or wooden clapper) is usually played by the singer. The other four, known as the téng-sì-kóan or four higher instruments, are the four-stringed lute (gî-pê, or pipa 琵琶in Mandarin), a three-stringed, fretless, snakeskin-headed long-necked lute that is the ancestor of the Japanese shamisen, called the sam-hiân, (sanxian三弦 in Mandarin), the vertical flute, (siau (), also called tōng-siau), and a two-stringed "hard-bowed" instrument called the jī-hiân, slightly differing from the Cantonese erxian二弦. Each of the four differs somewhat from the most usual modern form and so may be called the "nanguan pipa" etc. Each instrument has a fixed role. The gî-pê provides a steady rhythmic skeleton, supported by the sam-hiân. The siau, meanwhile, supplemented by the jī-hiân, puts "meat on the bones" with colourful counterpoints.
These instruments are essential to the genre, while the ē-sì-kóan (下四管) or four lower instruments are not used in every piece. These are percussion instruments, the chime (hiangzua響盞), a combined chime and wood block called the giaolo, a pair of small bells (xiangjin雙音) and a four-bar xylophone, the xidei. The transverse flute called the pin xiao (dizi in Mandarin, 品簫 or 品仔) and the oboe-like aiya (噯仔) or xiao are sometimes added in outdoor or ceremonial performances. When all six combine with the basic four, the whole ensemble is called a cha̍p-im or "ten sounds".
Diaspora
Starting in the 17th century, the Hoklo people who immigrated from Fujian to Taiwan took with them informal folk music as well as more ritualized instrumental and operatic forms taught in amateur clubs, such as beiguan and nanguan. Large Hoklo diaspora can also be found in Malaysia, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Burma, Thailand and Indonesia, where they are usually referred to as Hokkien.
There are two nanguan associations in Singapore and there were formerly several in the Philippines; Tiong-Ho Long-Kun-sia is still active. Gang-a-tsui and Han-Tang Yuefu have popularized the nanguan ensemble abroad. A Quanzhou nanguan music ensemble was founded in the early 1960s, and there is a Fuzhou folk music ensemble, founded in 1990.
References
External links
Nanguan Music
https://web.archive.org/web/20060223141339/http://www.nanyin.cn/ (Chinese)
Video
(video from UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity )
Fujian
Hokkien music
Chinese styles of music
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Taiwanese music
Singaporean music
Philippine music
Malaysian music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanguan%20music |
Boot camps are part of the correctional and penal system of some countries. Modeled after military recruit training camps, these programs are based on shock incarceration grounded on military techniques. The aggressive training used has resulted in deaths in a variety of circumstances. Boot camps are also criticized around the world for their lack of behavioral change and for the way extreme force can traumatize children and teenagers.
Background
The term "boot" originates from US Navy and Marine recruits in the Spanish–American War (1898) who wore leggings called boots. These recruits were trained in "boot" camps.
Military-style training was used in the eighteenth century to rehabilitate civilian prisoners in the United States and for military prisoners during World War 2.
Use around the world
Australia
In Australia the Premier of the state of Queensland Campbell Newman announced that bootcamps for convicted young people will open in Townsville and Rockhampton by September 2013, along with two other camps. These bootcamps closed in 2015.
Canada
In Canada, participation in boot camp programs is voluntary, so as to avoid any challenges under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms under which treatment at boot camps could be seen as an infringement on a youth's right to not be subject to cruel and unusual punishment and to ensure security of person.
The provincial government of Ontario funded a private boot camp project for non-violent juveniles, Project Turnaround, from 1997 to 2004. The camp was a "tougher" alternative to Ontario's other youth detention facilities as part of a tough on crime response to increasing youth incarceration rates by the government of Premier Mike Harris.
Canadian boot camps do not have the time frame of 90 to 180 days and they are restricted to juveniles under 18, and are not yet open to female offenders. The judges do not directly possess the authority to send a youth to a boot camp. They may impose a sentence of secure or open custody. The latter is defined as, "a community residential center, group home, child care institution or forest or wilderness camp..." Once an open custody sentence is granted, a correctional official decides whether a sentence is served in a boot camp program. But the ultimate decision rests with the young person and the decision is made purely on the merits of the program because the time served remains the same.
The Canadian system is too new to show any comparable results but research has been done among US boot camps with different emphases, e.g. more on drug treatment or education than solely on military drill. According to the findings treatment has a slightly positive impact on the reduction of recidivism over strict discipline.
New Zealand
New Zealand set up its first boot camps in 1971 but they were abandoned in 1981 and replaced with correctional training until 2002. The boot camps were regarded as a failure with a 71% rate of re-offending among corrective trainees. Prior to being elected into Government in 2008 the National Party released a policy of using boot camps for those with drug problems. The Fifth National Government introduced military-style activity camps (MACs) run by the New Zealand Defence Force for forty of the most serious recidivist young offenders which involved marching exercises, mentoring, drug and alcohol treatment programs, education, and an assisted move back into the community. The Government also launched a nine-week camp for the most serious, recidivist offenders in Christchurch in 2010 and a court-supervised programme providing up to ten days of adventure camp activities. 35 of the 42 participants in the first boot camp intake reoffended while 15 of the 17 participants in the second intake reoffended. While the-then Deputy Prime Minister Paula Bennett claimed the programmes had succeeded in lowering offending among that group, this was disputed by Prime Minister John Key's chief science adviser Sir Peter Gluckman in a 2011 report. The New Zealand Families Commission concluded that military camps and other measures such as curfews with electronic monitoring could not reduce re-offending on their own and that the most successful rehabilitation programmes involved the offenders' families.
On 13 August 2017, Prime Minister Bill English promised to establish a boot camp known as the "Junior Training Academy" for youth offenders at the Waiouru Military Camp during the 2017 election campaign. English clarified that the camp would be for small group of around 150 young offenders who had committed serious offenses including serious assault, sexual assaults, aggravated robbery and murder. In response, youth Justice advocacy group JustSpeak director Katie Bruce criticized the proposed boot camp policy and argued that it would do little to curb re-offending among young offenders. National's proposed policy was criticized by the radio host Mark Sainsbury, The Opportunities Party leader Gareth Morgan, the New Zealand First leader Winston Peters, and the University of Canterbury psychologist and author Jarrod Gilbert, who contended that the policy was aimed at enticing voters rather than helping youth offenders and that previous boot camp programmes had failed. The boot camp policy was also criticized by both National's support partner, the Māori Party, and the opposition Green Party for doing little to address youth offending within the Māori and the Pasifika communities. David Seymour, the leader of National's support partner the ACT Party, criticized the boot camp policy as a sign of the Government's failure to tackle "broken families" and youth crime.
In mid November 2022, National Party leader Christopher Luxon announced that if elected National would establish boot camps known as Youth Offender Military Academies for juvenile offenders aged between 15 and 17 years. These camps would be run by the Ministry of Justice and New Zealand Defence Force and would provided education, counselling, drug and alcohol treatment, and cultural support to offenders. Luxon's proposal was criticised by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, the NZ Psychological Society, and youth workers Aaron Hendry and Apiphany Forward Taua, who argued that boot camps failed to address the causes of youth crime. In addition, Gluckman criticised boot camps and other "scared straight" programmes for increasing crime. He advocated addressing juvenile delinquency and abuse through early intervention programmes, targeted mental health services, and complimentary services focusing on the Māori and Pasifika communities. By contrast, former Hamilton City councillor Mark Bunting opined that boot camps could help deal with high youth crime rates in the Waikato region and was preferable to sending youth offenders to prison.
United States
The first boot camps appeared in the states of Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983. Boot camps are intended to be less restrictive than prison but harsher than probation.
In most U.S. states participation in boot camp programs is offered to young first-time offenders in place of a prison term or probation; in some states a youth can also be sentenced to participate in such a program. The time served can range from 90 to 180 days, which can make up for prison sentences of up to 10 years.
Federal shock incarceration programs are authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 4046, although the placement requires consent of the prisoner.
In 1995, the U.S. federal government and about two-thirds of the 50 states were operating boot camp programs. Presently, there are no statistics as to how many boot camps there are in the U.S. In 2000, there were 51 boot camps still open. In 2010, 80% of participants were ethnic minorities.
There are many types of boot camps. Some boot camps are more therapeutic.
State run boot camps were banned in Florida on June 1, 2006 through legislation signed by Florida Governor Jeb Bush after 14-year-old Martin Lee Anderson died while in a boot camp. Anderson died as drill instructors beat him and encouraged him to continue physical exercise after he had collapsed. While Anderson was unconscious, guards placed ammonia tablets near his nose in an attempt to revive him, and he suffocated. Anderson attended Bay County Boot Camp in Panama City, Florida. The Victory Forge Military Academy in Florida has come under intense scrutiny of its methods, which border on physical abuse. The camp's defense is that the parents had signed a contract authorizing the use of physical force against their children.
Evaluation
Studies in the United States suggest that boot camps with a strong therapeutic component (such as education, drug treatment and counselling) have a positive effect on participants, while those that have no counselling and consist only of physical activity have a significant negative effect. A key criticism is that the emphasis on authority can only result in frustration, resentment, anger, short temper, a low self-esteem and aggression rather than respect. Some boot camps have been the subject of abuse scandals. According to The New York Times there were 31 known deaths of youths in U.S. boot camps since between 1980 and 2009, a rate of approximately one death each year.
Alternatives
Boot camps claim to remove children "from environments filled with negative influences and triggering events that produce self-defeating, reckless or self-destructive behavior". Other types of programs (see outdoor education, adventure therapy, and wilderness therapy) use this method while avoiding all or some of the controversial methods of boot camps, and they claim lower recidivism.
See also
Behavior modification facility
Fitness boot camp
Juvenile court
Gooning
Rock and a Hard Place, an HBO documentary film about youth boot camps in the U.S.
Brat Camp
Borstal
References
Further reading
Begin, P. Boot Camps: Issues for Consideration. (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, September 1996).
"BHIP: Studies Find Boot Camps Have High Rearrest Rates.", February 18, 1998
Cowles et al. "Boot Camp" Drug Treatment and Aftercare Intervention: An Evaluation Review. (Washington: National Institute of Justice, July 1995).
Jones, P. Young Offenders and the Law. (North York: Captus Press, 1994).
Mackenzie et al. "Boot Camp Prisons and Recidivism in Eight States." Canadian Journal of Criminology (1995), Vol. 3, No. 3: 327-355.
McNaught, A. Boot Camps. (Toronto: Legislative Research Service, December 1995).
External links
Boot camps at Project NoSpank
Child welfare organizations
Punishments
Penology
Penal system in the United States
Penal system in Canada
Youth detention centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot%20camp%20%28correctional%29 |
Dutchtown is an unincorporated community of Ascension Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Dutchtown High School
Unincorporated communities in Ascension Parish, Louisiana
Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchtown%2C%20Louisiana |
Nanyin may refer to:
Empress Yang Zhi, nickname
Nanguan music, a style of traditional Chinese music originally from Fujian
Naamyam, a style of traditional Cantonese music
Nanyin, Hebei, a town in Yuanshi County, Hebei, China
See also
Nanying (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyin |
The British Raj ( ; from Hindi , 'kingdom', 'realm', 'state', or 'empire') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown rule in India,
or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.
As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.
This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: Union of India (later the Republic of India) and Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan). Later, the People's Republic of Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858, Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting union, Burma, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed Myanmar in 1989. The Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden was also at the inception of the British Raj, part of British India. It also became a separate colony known as Aden Colony in 1937.
Geographical extent
The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert. In addition, at various times, it included Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the Straits Settlements (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the other states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as well as presidencies and provinces of British India until 1947 and used the rupee as their unit of currency.
Among other countries in the region, Ceylon, which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time (now Sri Lanka) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India.
History
1858–1868: rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses
Although the Indian Rebellion of 1857 had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857, the British, especially under Lord Dalhousie, had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.
Second, it was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh).
Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on sati by Lord William Bentinck. It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India.
1858–1880: railways, canals, Famine Code
In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the British crown and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the infrastructure development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest railway network in the world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians.
The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets, lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale famines in India. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the Great Famine of 1876–1878, The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the Indian Famine Codes, the earliest famine scales and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by the United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s.
1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress
By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to avail itself of the benefits of that education such as employment in the Indian Civil Service. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted dominion status in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like Monier Monier-Williams and Max Müller, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in the Second Anglo-Afghan War) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the Vernacular Press Act of 1878).
It was, however, Viceroy Lord Ripon's partial reversal of the Ilbert Bill (1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the Bengal Presidency on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class—many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British political philosophers, especially the utilitarians assembled in Bombay. The seventy men founded the Indian National Congress; Womesh Chunder Bonerjee was elected the first president. The membership comprised a westernised elite and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base.
During its first twenty years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward India; however, its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India.
Thomas Baring served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments.
Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example, Pandita Ramabai, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the untouchable community.
By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public Ganapati festivals that he inaugurated in western India.
1905–1911: Partition of Bengal, Swadeshi, violence
The viceroy, Lord Curzon (1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the North-West Frontier Province; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta.
Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the Bengal Province, into the Muslim-majority province of Eastern Bengal and Assam and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha). Curzon's act, the Partition of Bengal, had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly.
Following the Partition of Bengal, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the Bhadralok), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took the form predominantly of the Swadeshi ("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, Surendranath Banerjee, and involved boycott of British goods.
The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan Bande Mataram ("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess Kali. Sri Aurobindo never went beyond the law when he edited the Bande Mataram magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined local political youth clubs emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take the lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The Swadeshi boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The swadeshi cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India.
1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League
The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy, Lord Minto
in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the All-India Muslim League in Dacca. Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the Census of British India in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the 1857 Mutiny and the Second Anglo-Afghan War—about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India, had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The Arya Samaj, for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel Anand Math in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it Dacca Nawab, Khwaja Salimullah, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in Shahbag, was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power.
The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils with the Indian Councils Act of 1892. Municipal Corporations and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members.
The Indian Councils Act 1909, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms (John Morley was the secretary of state for India, and Minto was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the elective principle.
The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King George V came in person and was crowned Emperor of India. He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of revolutionary groups, which included Bengal's Anushilan Samiti and the Punjab's Ghadar Party. However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution.
1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues
The First World War would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some 1.4million Indian and British soldiers of the British Indian Army took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the Middle East. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a founding member of the League of Nations in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among the leaders of the Indian National Congress, the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians.
At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and Mesopotamia, had led the previous viceroy, Lord Harding, to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". Revolutionary violence had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the Defence of India Act 1915, which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had—under the 1910 Press Act—both to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and Annie Besant, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of the reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime.
After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the Indian National Congress, organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when Bal Gangadhar Tilak was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents, Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Pherozeshah Mehta, in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through a more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the Imperial Legislative Council, Madan Mohan Malaviya spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put the clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the administration of their own country."
The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Turkish Sultan, or Khalifah, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the reunification of Bengal in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the Lucknow Pact, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the United Provinces (UP), most prominently, two brothers Mohammad and Shaukat Ali, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority élites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British.
During 1916, two Home Rule Leagues were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and Annie Besant, respectively, to promote Home Rule among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate the superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the Irish home rule movement, over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the southern Bombay presidency, and Besant's in the rest of the country, but especially in the Madras Presidency and in regions like Sind and Gujarat that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirtythousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social groups such as non-Brahmins, traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve the magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces.
1915–1918: return of Gandhi
The year 1915 also saw the return of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor Gopal Krishna Gokhale and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled Satyagraha (or Striving for Truth). For Gandhi, Satyagraha was different from "passive resistance", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; Satyagraha, on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". Ahimsa or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of Satyagraha, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of Satyagraha in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.
Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay, Hind Swaraj, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of Swaraj, or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of untouchability from Indian society; and the exercise of swadeshi—the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian cottage industry. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and Ahimsa, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of swaraj; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society.
Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in Champaran district in Bihar, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting indigo (for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, Rajendra Prasad, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual Satyagraha. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of swaraj. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native Gujarat—one in the rural Kaira district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of Ahmedabad, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement.
1916–1919: Montagu–Chelmsford reforms
In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the Lucknow Pact and the founding of the Home Rule leagues, and the realisation, after the disaster in the Mesopotamian campaign, that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, Edwin Montagu, announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony.
Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian population could vote in future elections, the Government of India Act 1919 (also known as the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and Imperial legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the Viceroy and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new diarchical system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps.
A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the Minto–Morley Reforms, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by Annie Besant as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept".
1917–1919: Rowlatt Act
In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report, a committee chaired by a British judge, Sidney Rowlatt, was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The Rowlatt Committee presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: Bengal, the Bombay presidency, and the Punjab. To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial.
With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.
To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two Rowlatt Bills. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the Indian Penal Code. Even so, when it was passed, the new Rowlatt Act aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.
1919–1939: Jallianwala, non-cooperation, GOI Act 1935
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the Jallianwala Bagh public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of Amritsar. After days of unrest Brigadier-General Reginald E.H. Dyer forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting 379dead, with 1,100wounded. The Indian National Congress estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.
In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of non-cooperation, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent incident at Chauri Chaura, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s.
The visit, in 1928, of the British Simon Commission, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the Bardoli Satyagraha, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics.
At its annual session in Lahore, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, issued a demand for Purna Swaraj (Hindustani language: "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the Congress Working Committee, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the Salt Satyagraha, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the Round Table Conferences.
In local terms, British control rested on the Indian Civil Service (ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and the continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the Quit India movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.
In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future Constitution of independent India was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which was given separate representation in the Provincial Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category.
The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation. These states remained under the full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5million in 1939.
In the 1937 elections Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for the Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms.
1939–1945: World War II
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab.
While the Muslim League had been a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere. Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940 in Lahore, the League passed the "Lahore Resolution", demanding that, "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader Ab'ul Kalam Azad, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as A. K. Fazlul Huq of the leftist Krishak Praja Party in Bengal, Fazl-i-Hussain of the landlord-dominated Punjab Unionist Party, and Abd al-Ghaffar Khan of the pro-Congress Khudai Khidmatgar (popularly, "red shirts") in the North West Frontier Province, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India.
The Congress was secular and strongly opposed to having any religious state. It insisted there was a natural unity to India, and repeatedly blamed the British for "divide and rule" tactics based on prompting Muslims to think of themselves as alien from Hindus. Jinnah rejected the notion of a united India, and emphasised that religious communities were more basic than an artificial nationalism. He proclaimed the Two-Nation Theory, stating at Lahore on 23 March 1940:
While the regular Indian army in 1939 included about 220,000native troops, it expanded tenfold during the war, and small naval and air force units were created. Over twomillion Indians volunteered for military service in the British Army. They played a major role in numerous campaigns, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Casualties were moderate (in terms of the world war), with 24,000killed; 64,000 wounded; 12,000missing (probably dead), and 60,000captured at Singapore in 1942.
London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, which had the effect of erasing India's national debt; it ended the war with a surplus of £1,300million. In addition, heavy British spending on munitions produced in India (such as uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, field artillery, and ammunition) led to a rapid expansion of industrial output, such as textiles (up 16%), steel (up 18%), and chemicals (up 30%). Small warships were built, and an aircraft factory opened in Bangalore. The railway system, with 700,000 employees, was taxed to the limit as demand for transportation soared.
The British government sent the Cripps mission in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for a promise of independence as soon as the war ended. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister Winston Churchill, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down.
Congress launched the Quit India Movement in July 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. On 8 August the Raj arrested all national, provincial and local Congress leaders, holding tens of thousands of them until 1945. The country erupted in violent demonstrations led by students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern United Provinces, Bihar, and western Bengal. The large wartime British Army presence crushed the movement in a little more than six weeks; nonetheless, a portion of the movement formed for a time an underground provisional government on the border with Nepal. In other parts of India, the movement was less spontaneous and the protest less intensive; however, it lasted sporadically into the summer of 1943.
Earlier, Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, had risen to become Congress President from 1938 to 1939. However, he was ousted from the Congress in 1939 following differences with the high command, and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in early 1941. He turned to Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan for help in gaining India's independence by force. With Japanese support, he organised the Indian National Army, composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of Azad Hind, presided by Bose.
Bose's effort, however, was short-lived. In mid-1944 the British Army first halted and then reversed the Japanese U-Go offensive, beginning the successful part of the Burma Campaign. Bose's Indian National Army largely disintegrated during the subsequent fighting in Burma, with its remaining elements surrendering with the recapture of Singapore in September 1945. Bose died in August from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan, which many Indians believe did not happen. Although Bose was unsuccessful, he roused patriotic feelings in India.
1946–1947: Independence, Partition
In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The mutinies came to a head with mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in Calcutta, Madras, and Karachi. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the secretary of state for India, Lord Pethick Lawrence, and including Sir Stafford Cripps, who had visited four years before.
Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the public trial of three senior officers of Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although ambivalent towards the INA, chose to defend the accused officers. The subsequent convictions of the officers, the public outcry against the convictions, and the eventual remission of the sentences, created positive propaganda for the Congress, which only helped in the party's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces. The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946, Direct Action Day, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister.
Later that year, the British Exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and the Labour government conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.
As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. With the partition of India, the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan.
On 15 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the Dominion of India, (later Republic of India) with Jawaharlal Nehru as the prime minister, and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in Karachi on 14 August and New Delhi on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.
The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the newly drawn borders. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence.
Timeline of major events, legislation, and public works
British India and the princely states
India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory: British India and the Native States (or Princely States). In its Interpretation Act 1889, the British Parliament adopted the following definitions in Section 18:
In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under the rule of the British East India Company in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India".
The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term "British Empire") were not used in legislation. The monarch was officially known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's Queen's Speeches and Prorogation Speeches. In addition, an order of knighthood, the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, was set up in 1878.
Suzerainty over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the British Crown) by the central government of British India under the viceroy; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner (as the case might have been). A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the laws passed by the British Parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states.
Major provinces
At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eightprovinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor.
During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
Minor provinces
In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:
Princely states
A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British vassal state in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a subsidiary alliance. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India (i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than . The last vestige of the Mughal Empire in Delhi which was under Company authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the Crown in the aftermath of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 for its support to the rebellion.
The princely states were grouped into agencies and residencies.
Organisation
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (usually called the Indian Mutiny by the British), the Government of India Act 1858 made changes in the governance of India at three levels:
in the imperial government in London,
in the central government in Calcutta, and
in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces).
In London, it provided for a cabinet-level Secretary of State for India and a fifteen-member Council of India, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. Although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to India, he was required in most instances to consult the Council, but especially so in matters relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the secretary of state also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the India Office; these included: Sir Charles Wood (1859–1866), the Marquess of Salisbury (1874–1878; later British prime minister), John Morley (1905–1910; initiator of the Minto–Morley Reforms), E. S. Montagu (1917–1922; an architect of the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms), and Frederick Pethick-Lawrence (1945–1947; head of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India). The size of the Advisory Council was reduced over the next half-century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1907, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. They were K.G. Gupta and Syed Hussain Bilgrami.
In Calcutta, the governor-general remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the secretary of state in London and through him to Parliament. A system of "double government" had already been in place during the Company's rule in India from the time of Pitt's India Act of 1784. The governor-general in the capital, Calcutta, and the governor in a subordinate presidency (Madras or Bombay) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of "Governor-General-in-Council" (i.e. the Governor-General with the advice of the Council). The Company's system of "double government" had its critics, since, from the time of the system's inception, there had been intermittent feuding between the governor-general and his Council; still, the Act of 1858 made no major changes in governance. However, in the years immediately thereafter, which were also the years of post-rebellion reconstruction, Viceroy Lord Canning found the collective decision making of the Council to be too time-consuming for the pressing tasks ahead, so he requested the "portfolio system" of an Executive Council in which the business of each government department (the "portfolio") was assigned to and became the responsibility of a single council member. Routine departmental decisions were made exclusively by the member, but important decisions required the consent of the governor-general and, in the absence of such consent, required discussion by the entire Executive Council. This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the Indian Councils Act 1861.
If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council—an expansion of the Executive Council by up to twelve additional members, each appointed to a two-year term—with half the members consisting of British officials of the government (termed official) and allowed to vote, and the other half, comprising Indians and domiciled Britons in India (termed non-official) and serving only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India, whether by the Imperial Legislative Council in Calcutta or by the provincial ones in Madras and Bombay, required the final assent of the secretary of state in London; this prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second secretary of state, to describe the Government of India as "a despotism controlled from home". Moreover, although the appointment of Indians to the Legislative Council was a response to calls after the 1857 rebellion, most notably by Sayyid Ahmad Khan, for more consultation with Indians, the Indians so appointed were from the landed aristocracy, often chosen for their loyalty, and far from representative. Even so, the "... tiny advances in the practice of representative government were intended to provide safety valves for the expression of public opinion, which had been so badly misjudged before the rebellion". Indian affairs now also came to be more closely examined in the British Parliament and more widely discussed in the British press.
With the promulgation of the Government of India Act 1935, the Council of India was abolished with effect from 1 April 1937 and a modified system of government enacted. The secretary of state for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from 8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the secretary of state.
The viceroy and governor-general of India, a Crown appointee, typically held office for five years though there was no fixed tenure, and received an annual salary of Rs. (£18,810 p.a.). He headed the Viceroy's Executive Council, each member of which had responsibility for a department of the central administration. From 1 April 1937, the position of Governor-General in Council, which the viceroy and governor-general concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of "HM Representative for the Exercise of the Functions of the Crown in its Relations with the Indian States", or the "Crown Representative". The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14members (secretaries), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. 66,000 p.a. (£4,950 p.a.). The portfolios in 1946–1947 were:
External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations
Home and Information and Broadcasting
Food and transportation
Transport and Railways
Labour
Industries and Supplies
Works, Mines and Power
Education
Defence
Finance
Commerce
Communications
Health
Law
Until 1946, the viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown representative. Each department was headed by a secretary excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a secretary.
The viceroy and governor-general was also the head of the bicameral Indian Legislature, consisting of an upper house (the Council of State) and a lower house (the Legislative Assembly). The viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1921, was headed by an elected president (appointed by the Viceroy from 1921 to 1925). The Council of State consisted of 58members (32elected, 26nominated), while the Legislative Assembly comprised 141members (26nominated officials, 13others nominated and 102elected). The Council of State existed in five-year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three-year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King-Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose.
Effective from 1 April 1936, the Government of India Act created the new provinces of Sind (separated from the Bombay Presidency) and Orissa (separated from the Province of Bihar and Orissa). Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1937, thereby ceasing to be part of the Indian Empire. From 1937 onwards, British India was divided into 17 administrations: the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 14 provinces of the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a chief commissioner. The viceroy directly governed the chief commissioner provinces through each respective chief commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. Each Presidency or province headed by a governor had either a provincial bicameral legislature (in the Presidencies, the United Provinces, Bihar and Assam) or a unicameral legislature (in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, NWFP, Orissa and Sind). The governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose.
Each province or presidency comprised a number of divisions, each headed by a commissioner and subdivided into districts, which were the basic administrative units and each headed by a district magistrate, collector or deputy commissioner; in 1947, British India comprised 230 districts.
Legal system
Singha argues that after 1857 the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. New legislation merged the Crown and the old East India Company courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. In the 1860s–1880s the Raj set up compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as adoptions, property deeds, and wills. The goal was to create a stable, usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy. Purdah rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically included those reputed to practice female infanticide, prostitutes, lepers, and eunuchs.
Murshid argues that women were in some ways more restricted by the modernisation of the laws. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of British Victorian attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights.
Economy
Economic trends
All three sectors of the economy—agriculture, manufacturing, and services—accelerated in the postcolonial India. In agriculture a huge increase in production took place in the 1870s. The most important difference between colonial and postcolonial India was the use of land surplus with productivity-led growth by using high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and more intensive application of water. All these three inputs were subsidised by the state. The result was, on average, no long-term change in per capita income levels, though cost of living had grown higher. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for switching to cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea. India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. Historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school (following Nehru) arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.
Mike Davis writes that much of the economic activity in British India was for the benefit of the British economy and was carried out relentlessly through repressive British imperial policies and with negative repercussions for the Indian population. This is reified in India's large exports of wheat to Britain: despite a major famine that claimed between 6 and 10million lives in the late 1870s, these exports remained unchecked. A colonial government committed to laissez-faire economics refused to interfere with these exports or provide any relief.
Industry
With the end of the state-granted monopoly of the East India Trading Company in 1813, the importation into India of British manufactured goods, including finished textiles, increased dramatically, from approximately 1 million yards of cotton cloth in 1814 to 13 million in 1820, 995 million in 1870, to 2050 million by 1890. The British imposed "free trade" on India, while continental Europe and the United States erected stiff tariff barriers ranging from 30% to 70% on the importation of cotton yarn or prohibited it entirely. As a result of the less expensive imports from more industrialized Britain, India's most significant industrial sector, textile production, shrank, such that by 1870–1880 Indian producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's iron industry was even more extensive during this period.
The entrepreneur Jamsetji Tata (1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain.
In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not otherwise sell. The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), now headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), began constructing its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908, using American technology, not British. According to The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, TISCO became the leading iron and steel producer in India, and "a symbol of Indian technical skill, managerial competence, and entrepreneurial flair". The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists but did not trust the Congress because it seemed too aggressively hostile to the Raj, too socialist, and too supportive of trade unions.
Railways
British India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which was the fourth largest in the world. At first the railways were privately owned and operated. They were run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians.
The East India Company (and later the colonial government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a 99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier. Two new railway companies, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) and the East Indian Railway Company (EIR) began to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta in 1853–54. The first passenger railway line in North India, between Allahabad and Kanpur, opened in 1859. Eventually, five British companies came to own all railway business in India, and operated under a profit maximization scheme. Further, there was no government regulation of these companies.
In 1854, Governor-General Lord Dalhousie formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies was established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon several large princely states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. The route mileage of this network increased from between 1860 and 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.
After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and subsequent Crown rule over India, the railways were seen as a strategic defense of the European population, allowing the military to move quickly to subdue native unrest and protect Britons. The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control India as they were "an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative 'tool'" for the Imperial Project.
Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and narrow gauge networks. In 1900, the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain, Mesopotamia, and East Africa. With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult; critical workers entered the army; workshops were converted to making munitions; the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand. By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated for lack of maintenance and were not profitable. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalised.
Headrick shows that until the 1930s, both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The hard physical labor was left to the Indians. The colonial government was chiefly concerned with the welfare of European workers, and any Indian deaths were "either ignored or merely mentioned as a cold statistical figure." The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives.
After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the Indian Railways.
India provides an example of the British Empire pouring its money and expertise into a very well-built system designed for military purposes (after the Rebellion of 1857), in the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and too expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. Christensen (1996), who looked at colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the current needs of the railways or of their passengers.
Irrigation
The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems. The Ganges Canal reached from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of kilometres of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian David Gilmour says:
Policies
In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the British Crown and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown rule of India) had already begun before the Rebellion. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological revolution underway in Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back, just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government railway jobs and pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well. It remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton cloth captured more than half the Indian market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour.
Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of the colonial period. The percentage of national income for the village economy increased from 44% during Mughal times to 54% by the end of colonial period. India's per capita GDP decreased from 1990 Int'l$550 in 1700 to $520 by 1857, although it later increased to $618, by 1947.
Economic impact of the Raj
Historians continue to debate whether the long-term intention of British rule was to accelerate the economic development of India, or to distort and delay it. In 1780, the conservative British politician Edmund Burke raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked the East India Company, claiming that Warren Hastings and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of the Mughal Empire. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible Bengal famine of 1770, which killed a third of the people of Bengal.
P. J. Marshall shows that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. He argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.
The East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators. Instead of the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Marshall presents the interpretation (supported by many scholars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still highly controversial among many historians.
Demography
The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255million according to the first census taken in 1881 of India.
Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of amillion, and the three cities with populations over eightmillion: Delhi, Greater Bombay, and Calcutta.
Mortality rates fell in the 1920–1945 era, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.
Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public health problems, as noted in an official report from 1938:
In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the high values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to back .... Space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil.
Religion
Famines, epidemics, and public health
During the British Raj, India experienced some of the worst famines ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–1878, in which 6.1 million to 10.39 million Indians perished and the Indian famine of 1899–1900, in which 1.25 to 10 million Indians perished. Recent research, including work by Mike Davis and Amartya Sen, argue that famines in India were made more severe by British policies in India.
The first cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. Tenthousand British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic. Estimated deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 exceeded 15 million. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. The Third plague pandemic which started in China in the middle of the 19th century, eventually spread to all inhabited continents and killed 10 million Indians in India alone. Waldemar Haffkine, who mainly worked in India, became the first microbiologist to develop and deploy vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague. In 1925 the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the Haffkine Institute.
Fevers ranked as one of the leading causes of death in India in the 19th century. Britain's Sir Ronald Ross, working in the Presidency General Hospital in Calcutta, finally proved in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit malaria, while on assignment in the Deccan at Secunderabad, where the Centre for Tropical and Communicable Diseases is now named in his honour.
In 1881 there were around 120,000 leprosy patients. The central government passed the Lepers Act of 1898, which provided legal provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of Mountstuart Elphinstone a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination. Mass vaccination in India resulted in a major decline in smallpox mortality by the end of the 19th century. In 1849 nearly 13% of all Calcutta deaths were due to smallpox. Between 1868 and 1907, there were approximately 4.7 million deaths from smallpox.
Sir Robert Grant directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. In 1860, Grant Medical College became one of the four recognised colleges for teaching courses leading to degrees (alongside Elphinstone College, Deccan College and Government Law College, Mumbai).
Education
Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859) presented his Whiggish interpretation of English history as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress. Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to "civilise the natives".
Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of Edward Eyre's brutal repression of the Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica in 1865. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead, they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:
English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of 'ordered liberty', thereby Britain could fulfil its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well under-way. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.
Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an Oxbridge degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.
Missionary work
In 1889, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India".
The growth of the British Indian Army led to the arrival of many Anglican chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's Church Mission Society in 1814, the Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon (CIBC) was erected, with its St. Paul's Cathedral being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen dioceses across the Indian Empire.
Missionaries from other Christian denominations came to British India as well; Lutheran missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages". Methodists began arriving in India in 1783 and established missions with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the London Missionary Society and Baptist Missionary Society, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In Neyoor, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially".
Christ Church College (1866) and St. Stephen's College (1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the Bible, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, zenana missions became a popular method to win converts to Christianity.
Legacy
The old consensus among historians held that British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority was chronically insecure. Indeed, the anxiety of generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile, Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.
Ideological impact
At independence and after the independence of India, the country has maintained such central British institutions as parliamentary government, one-person, one-vote and the rule of law through nonpartisan courts. It retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as the civil services, administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example, Cornwallis recommended turning Bengali Zamindar into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England. Munro proposed to deal directly with the peasants. Sir William Jones and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while Macaulay promoted the English language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin sees this not just in the Congress party but also among Hindu nationalists in the Bharatiya Janata Party, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions.
Cultural impact
The British colonisation of India influenced Indian culture noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan followed by the blend of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the languages of India and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words entering the English language, and also the adoption of Indian cuisine.
British sports (particularly hockey early on, but then largely replaced by cricket in recent decades, with football also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent) were cemented as part of South Asian culture during the British Raj, with the traditional games of India largely having been diminished in the process. During the Raj, soldiers would play British sports as a way of maintaining fitness, since the mortality rate for foreigners in India was high at the time, as well as to maintain a sense of Britishness; in the words of an anonymous writer, playing British sports was a way for soldiers to "defend themselves from the magic of the land". Though the British had generally excluded Indians from their play during the time of Company rule, over time they began to see the inculcation of British sports among the native populace as a way of spreading British values. At the same time, some of the Indian elite began to move towards British sports as a way of adapting to British culture and thus helping themselves to rise up the ranks; later on, more Indians began to play British sports in an effort to beat the British at their own sports, as a way of proving that the Indians were equal to their colonisers.
See also
Colonial India
Direct colonial rule
Glossary of the British Raj (Hindi-Urdu words)
Historiography of the British Empire
Legislatures of British India
List of governors-general of India
Subsidiary alliance, the status of princely states
Notes
References
Bibliography
Surveys
Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. The Cambridge Shorter History of India (1934), 996 pp.
Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003), 405 pp.
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Coupland, Reginald. India: A Re-Statement (Oxford University Press, 1945)
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Gilmour, David. The British in India: A Social History of the Raj(2018); expanded edition of The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) Excerpt and text search
Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. The Oxford Survey of the British Empire (6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India
James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
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Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj
Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (The History and Culture of the Indian People) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia
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Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
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Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology (2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947
Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599–1947
Smith, Vincent A. (1958) The Oxford History of India (3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by Percival Spear
Somervell, D.C. The Reign of King George V, (1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–91, 455–64 online free
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Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 excerpt and text search
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Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars
Specialised topics
Bayly, Christopher Alan. Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780–1830. (Routledge, 2016).
Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (pdf).
Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991), scholarly biography
Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495 pp. full text
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Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947
Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. .
Gilmour, David. Curzon: Imperial Statesman (2006) excerpt and text search
Gopal, Sarvepalli. British Policy in India 1858–1905 (2008)
Gopal, Sarvepalli. Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 (1957)
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Kaminsky, Arnold P. The India Office, 1880–1910 (1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London
Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study
Kumar, Deepak. Science and the Raj: A Study of British India (2006)
Lipsett, Chaldwell. Lord Curzon in India 1898–1903 (1903) excerpt and text search 128pp
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MacMillan, Margaret. Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India (2007)
Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp. 231–42
Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt
Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) Archive.org, borrowable
Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt
Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt
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Wolpert, Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan (2005)
Wolpert, Stanley A. Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) full text online
Economic and social history
Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677pp; thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
Ballhatchet, Kenneth. Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905 (1980).
Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. A New Economic History of Colonial India (2015)
Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.
Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule (1901); The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1906) online
Gupta, Charu, ed. Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism (2012)
Hyam, Ronald. Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (1990).
Lockwood, David. The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century (I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress.
Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). Economics of British India ... Third edition. Enlarged and partly rewritten. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.
Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (1995).
Strobel, Margaret. European Women and the Second British Empire (1991).
Historiography and memory
Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Mantena, Rama Sundari. The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology (2012).
Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English.
Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India". Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 13 (2014). online.
Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria". Perennial Journal of History 2.2 (2021): 114–130. online.
Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India". Journal of Asian and African Studies 56.3 (2021): 511–532. online.
Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.
Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship.
Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian online.
Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire.
Winks, Robin W. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966).
Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg.
Further reading
Judd, Denis. The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 (Oxford University Press, 2005). online
Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 55–79.
Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.
, major primary source
Year books and statistical records
Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 1861 edition
The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
The Indian Year Book: 1914 (1914)
The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 online
1930 edition
1921 edition
1919–1947 editions
British India
Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations
Raj
India and the Commonwealth of Nations
Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations
States and territories disestablished in 1947
States and territories established in 1858
Empires and kingdoms of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Raj |
Curtis Peebles (May 4, 1955 – June 25, 2017) was an American aerospace historian for the Smithsonian Institution, a researcher and historian for the Dryden Flight Research Center, and the author of several books dealing with aviation and aerial phenomena.
A native of San Diego, California, Peebles developed an enthusiastic interest in airplanes, rockets, and America's space program as a teenager. In 1985, he graduated from California State University, Long Beach with a Bachelor of Arts in history.
Peebles was probably best known as a leading skeptic of UFO sightings and incidents, and he was interviewed for several television documentaries dealing with UFOs. He appeared in the A&E Network's 1997 documentary "Where Are All the UFOs?", on the syndicated series UFO Diaries, and on the History Channel documentaries "Unsolved History: Area 51", "Roswell: The Final Declassification", and History's Mysteries. In his 1994 book Watch the Skies!, a skeptical history of the UFO phenomenon, Peebles wrote: "I am a skeptic. I believe flying saucer reports are misinterpretations of conventional objects, phenomena, and experiences. I do not believe the evidence indicates the Earth is under massive surveillance by disk-shaped alien spaceships." However, Peebles added that "these conclusions are those of the author; readers [of this book] are encouraged to make up their own minds." Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries wrote in its review of Watch the Skies! that "this chronicle of the flying saucer myth is well written and provides fair balance to a very controversial topic," while Library Journal wrote that "Peebles has compiled a splendid history of this modern myth...He gives a history of practically every major UFO case since 1947, along with a discussion of the investigation and the probable correct explanation."
In addition to his UFO research, Peebles also wrote a dozen books and over 40 magazine articles dealing with a variety of aerial phenomena and aerospace history. His articles were published in such periodicals as Spaceflight and Space Education Magazine. Among his books were The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites, Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, From Runway to Orbit: Recollections of a NASA Engineer, and a series of oral histories from flight personnel at NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center. His final book, Probing the Sky: Selected NACA Research Airplanes and Their Contributions to Flight, was published in 2014. Starting in 1977, Peebles was a freelance writer for Analytical Systems and Materials, an aeronautical engineering and research firm. He was an aerospace historian for the Smithsonian Institution in the 1990s, and from 2000 to 2013 he was a researcher and aerospace historian for the Dryden Flight Research Center (today the Armstrong Flight Research Center). He was a Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society, and a member of the Flight Test Historical Foundation.
In August 2013, Peebles was diagnosed with progressive, irreversible memory loss. He died on June 25, 2017, at the age of 62.
Books by Peebles
Watch the Skies! A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth, 1994. Smithsonian Institution Press.
Asteroids: a History, 2001, Smithsonian Institution Press, (or 2000, ).
Twilight Warriors: Covert Air Operations Against the USSR, 2005, Naval Institute Press,
The Moby Dick Project: Reconnaissance Balloons over Russia, 1991, Smithsonian Books,
Dark Eagles: A History of Top Secret U.S. Aircraft Programs, 1997.
Shadow Flights
Guardians: Strategic Reconnaissance Satellites
Battle for Space
High Frontier: The U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program, 1997.
The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. .
Flying Without Wings: NASA Lifting Bodies and the Birth of the Space Shuttle (Smithsonian History of Aviation and Spaceflight) (with Milton O. Thompson), 1999
References
External links
Memoirs Of Retired Dryden Chief Scientist Ken Iliff Published
1955 births
2017 deaths
Smithsonian Institution people
American skeptics
UFO skeptics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%20Peebles |
Mustafa Cerić (, born 5 February 1952) is a Bosnian imam who served as the Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1993 to 2012, and is currently president of the World Bosniak Congress. In the 2014 general election, he ran for a seat in the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a Bosniak member, but was not elected.
Cerić ensured that Islam is a strong element of Bosniak nationalism and has argued that Bosnia and Herzegovina should become a Bosniak nation state as Croats and Serbs already have their own nation states, Croatia and Serbia.
Life
Cerić graduated from the Gazi Husrev-beg Madrasa in Sarajevo and received a scholarship to Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. He then returned to Yugoslavia, where he became an Imam. In 1981, he accepted the position of Imam at the Islamic Cultural Center of Greater Chicago (ICC) in Northbrook, Illinois and lived in the United States for several years.
During his time in the United States, he learned English and earned a Ph.D. degree in Islamic Studies at the University of Chicago. After his studies, he left the ICC and returned to Yugoslavia and became an Imam again in a learning center in Zagreb in 1987.
Cerić led the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1993. He officially became the Grand Mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1999. He was replaced as reis-ul-ulema in 2012 by Husein Kavazović. In 2011, Cerić was one of the founders of the Bosniak Academy of Sciences and Arts. In December 2012, he was one of the founders of the World Bosniak Congress, and serves as its president.
Membership
Cerić is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding. Cerić is also a member of the Committee of Conscience fighting against the Holocaust denial.
Awards
Cerić was the co-recipient of the 2003 UNESCO Felix Houphouet-Boigny Peace Prize and recipient of the International Council of Christians and Jews Annual Sternberg Award “for exceptional contribution to interfaith understanding." He also received the 2007 Theodor-Heuss-Stiftung award for his contribution to spreading and strengthening democracy."
In 2007, he was named the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Association of Muslim Social Scientists UK “in recognition of his distinguished contributions to better understanding between Faiths, outstanding scholarship, for promoting a climate of respect and peaceful co-existence, and a wider recognition of the place of faith in Europe and the West.”
He was a 2008 recipient of Eugen Biser Foundation award for his efforts in promoting understanding and peace between Islamic and Christian thought. In 2008, Cerić accepted the invitation of Tony Blair to be on the advisory council of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation.
Publications
"The challenge of a single Muslim authority in Europe" (December 2007), springerlink.com
Roots of Synthetic Theology in Islam
A Choice Between War and Peace
"A Declaration of European Muslims", rferl.org, 16 March 2006.
Personal life
Cerić is fluent in his native Bosnian, English and Arabic, and cites a "passive knowledge" of Turkish, German and French.
References
Other sources
External links
Full biography on the website of Faculty of islamic studies in Sarajevo, utic.net.ba (in Bosnian)
A Conversation with Dr Mustafa Ceric, angelfire.com
Qantara.de: Islam in Europe. “Bosnian Islam” as a Model?, 29 November 2007
Qantara.de: Bosnian Muslims in Germany. Everyday Euro-Islam, 11 May 2007
Qantara.de: A Dialogue of the Cultures Instead of the Clash of Civilisations, 17 March 2006
Qantara.de: Interview with Mustafa Ceric. “The West Does Not Want to Share Its Values”, 6 May 2004
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1952 births
Living people
People from Visoko
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sunni Muslims
Gazi Husrev Bey's Madrasa alumni
Al-Azhar University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Grand Muftis of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hanafis
Maturidis
20th-century imams
21st-century imams
Christian and Islamic interfaith dialogue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Ceri%C4%87 |
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