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French Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. French Beach Provincial Park is located on Vancouver Island, between Sooke and Jordan River, British Columbia. The area has a day use parking lot and B.C. provincial campground. It was created in 1980 as the first family-oriented park on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Situated on the scenic Strait of Juan de Fuca on the west coast of southern Vancouver Island, French Beach Provincial Park offers beautiful views of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Olympic Mountains. The Beach spreads on 1,600-meters and is an ideal location for whale watching as well as spotting Bald eagles, Ospreys and a variety of seabirds. External links BC Parks: French Beach Provincial Park BC Geographical Names: French Beach Park References Greater Victoria Provincial parks of British Columbia Year of establishment missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park
The Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge is located on the Illinois River in Mason County northeast of Havana, Illinois. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as one of the four Illinois River National Wildlife and Fish Refuges. The refuge consists of 4,388 acres (17.8 km2) of Illinois River bottomland, nearly all of it wetland. The parcel is the former Chautauqua Drainage and Levee District, a failed riverine polder. In the 1920s, workers with steam shovels surrounded the levee district with a large dike in an attempt to create a large new parcel of agricultural farmland. The levee district proved to be financially unable to maintain the dike, however, and the Illinois River reclaimed the polder. The complex alluvial topography that had existed before this intervention was replaced by the broad shallow pool of Chautauqua Lake. In 1936, the federal government acquired the Chautauqua Drainage and Levee District parcel, including the dikes that enclosed the pool, and began to manage it for wildlife-refuge and flood control purposes. The flood-control aspects of this management have grown more challenging in the years since, as continued agricultural runoff and siltation of the Illinois River has made much of Chautauqua Lake shallower. On some shoreline strips of the lake, the silt has built up to the level of the lake surface, and an alluvial topography of sloughs and floodplain woodlands may be slowly re-establishing itself. However, many of the plant and animal species inhabiting the current Chautauqua Lake and Wildlife Refuge and adjacent Illinois River are nonnative and invasive species such as the Asian carp. As of 2005, of the 4,388 acres (17.8 km2) of the Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge, 3,200 acres (12.9 km2) were classified as an open pool, 800 acres (3.2 km2) were classified as "water and timbered bottomland", and the remaining 388 acres (1.6 km2) were classified as upland forest. The closest numbered highway is U.S. Highway 136 in Mason County. A nesting pair of bald eagles was observed in the Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge in the winter of 2005–06. The Cameron/Billsbach Unit is a detached section of the refuge located further north, in Marshall County, near Henry, Illinois. It covers an additional 1,079 acres (4.37 km2). References External links Official site The Nature Conservancy's Emiquon Project - The Emiquon Project, a wetland restoration project, is located across the Illinois River from Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge Protected areas of Mason County, Illinois National Wildlife Refuges in Illinois Illinois River Protected areas established in 1936 Protected areas of Marshall County, Illinois Landforms of Mason County, Illinois Landforms of Marshall County, Illinois Wetlands of Illinois 1936 establishments in Illinois	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chautauqua%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
Chico the Rainmaker is a British film serial made by Eyeline Films and the Children's Film Foundation. It was shown in 1974 on PBS in the USA, and shown in British cinemas in the 1970s and 1980s as part of their "Saturday Matinees". The series featured a talking shrunken head. It was also shown on television in the Maritimes as a 7-part serial in the mid-1970s on Saturday afternoons. It was also known as The Boy with Two Heads. Plot synopsis A boy named Chris Page finds a decorated box at a local antiques shop that contains an eerie shrunken head. He and his sister Jill, inadvertently play a special series of notes on a flute and call the head magically to life. It reveals itself to be Chicopacobacowana, a 2000 yr-old tribal witch doctor from the jungles of the Amazon. He is vital to the tribe both as protector and because he is their rainmaker. He has been making the rains for 2000 years however for the past three years, his people have been suffering from a drought. 'Chico' had been taken from the jungle by explorers three years previously, and had been awaiting an opportunity to return to his tribe ever since. The shrunken head along with some other artifacts had been inadvertently sold as part of a lot to a local antiques shop owner who just wanted to buy an old lawnmower. The shrunken head is being sought by an art dealer (Stanley Thornton) who knows it to be priceless. Two thieves (Doug and Des) who had earlier attempted to burgle the antique shop, learn of a cash reward that Thornton is offering for Chico, and they attempt to capture him. The series centres on the children's adventures as they try to help Chico get home to South America while evading Thornton and the thieves. Episodes It was "A Serial in Seven Episodes" with each episode approximately 15 minutes in length. 1. The Mysterious Box 2. Chico makes magic 3. Chase for Chico 4. The Magic Football 5. The Secret Cave 6. Chico makes the Rain 7. Farewell to Chico Cast & Characters Main characters: Spencer Plumridge as Chris Page Leslie Ash as Jill Page Hilda Fenemore as Hilda Page Peter Halliday as Mr. Page Stanley Meadows as Douglas Lance Percival as Stanley Thornton Louis Mansi as Desmond Clive Revill as Chico (voice) Alex Mackenzie as the All-Father (hair) Director: Jonathan Ingrams Theme song At the end of each episode, the words to the them song would be shown so you could sing along.Chico Chico the rainmaker, Chico Chico the rainmaker, Chico Chico the rainmaker, Chico Paco Baca Wana make the rain! Chico I'm such a little fella, When I'm around you better get your umbrella, As I start to sway and my eyes go flash, The heavens open wide with a mighty crash! External links DevilDead.com French entry Video Clip of the Opening Credits and theme music on YouTube Listing at the Children's Film and Television Foundation British children's films 1970s children's films 1970s British films 1970s British children's television series	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico%20the%20Rainmaker
Monson Lake State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, originally established as a memorial to 13 Swedish American pioneers who were killed there in the Dakota War of 1862. A district of 1930s New Deal structures is on the National Register of Historic Places. Despite being nearly doubled in size in 2009, the state park remains one of Minnesota's smallest. It is located off Minnesota State Highway 9 just west of Sunburg and northwest of Willmar. This seasonally-staffed park is managed from nearby Sibley State Park. Geography Much of Monson Lake State Park's acreage is water, with land mostly comprising isthmuses between, and islands in, the three adjacent lakes of Monson, West Sunburg, and East Sunburg. Monson Lake, whose shore forms the western boundary of the park, is and up to deep. West Sunburg Lake is about . Monson Lake has three inlets, and one outlet to West Sunburg. The lakes are part of the watershed of the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Minnesota River. Natural history Geology Monson Lake State Park lies on a band of lakes and rolling hills called the Alexandria Moraine. This moraine was formed by rocks and sediments dropped by the Wadena Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet 30,000 years ago during the last glacial period. The whole region is thickly blanketed with till thick. Blocks of ice that broke off from the glacier melted in place, forming the park's trio of kettle lakes. Flora Prior to European settlement the area would have borne tallgrass prairie, with groves of trees growing where the lakes blocked some of the advancing wildfires. Today the park is primarily forested with basswood, bur oak, and green ash with a few stands of northern red oak. Ironwood is abundant in the shrub layer and the understory is characterized by Virginia waterleaf. Other wildflowers include nodding trillium, large-flowered bellwort, Dutchman's breeches, bloodroot, jack-in-the-pulpit, and starry false Solomon seal. There are of this habitat type, all of it secondary forest. The lakeshores and other marshes are characterized by emergent plants like prairie bulrush, bur-reed, arrowhead, and spikerush. Two widespread invasive species are established in the park, common buckthorn and reed canary grass. Fauna Mammals most commonly found in the park are white-tailed deer, groundhogs, minks, foxes, squirrels, and eastern chipmunks. Monson Lake State Park is located on a major corridor of the Mississippi Flyway and attracts a variety of birds. Regionally threatened or uncommon species include Henslow's sparrows, American white pelicans, Forster's terns, Franklin's gulls, horned grebes, and trumpeter swans. Water quality At the time of the most recent survey in 2005, Monson Lake was found to have good water clarity and low to moderate nutrient pollution. What pollution there was came largely from agricultural runoff. Aquatic and emergent plants exhibited good density and biodiversity. Monson Lake does experience cyanobacteria blooms in summer, but is free of Eurasian water milfoil and other invasive aquatic plants. The water quality in West Sunburg Lake is considered very high. Climate The park experiences a humid continental climate of significant temperature variation between summer and winter. The mean temperature in July is and in January . Average annual precipitation has been . Average snowfall per year is and the growing season usually runs 156 days. Cultural history Three archaeological sites demonstrate that the future park was occupied by Native Americans at least as long ago as the Woodland period (1000 BCE – 1000 CE). Excavation revealed stone tools including obsidian from the Great Plains, flint from the Knife River in North Dakota, and quartzite from near Hixton, Wisconsin, suggesting a wide trade network. Euro-American settlement When Anders and Daniel Broberg, immigrant brothers from Sweden, purchased on July 15, 1861, it was at the very edge of the frontier. Anders and his wife Christiana had four children: Anna Stina, Johannes, Andreas, and Christiana. Daniel and his wife Anna Stina had two sons—Peter and Alfred—and a third, John, would be born that fall. Together with the neighboring families of Swen Oman and Johannes Lundborg they formed what was called the West Lake Settlement. However the growing Euro-American population was making it increasingly difficult for the native Dakota people to pursue their traditional lifestyle. Resettlement on reservations, treaty violations by the United States, and late or unfair annuity payments by Indian agents caused increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. The attack at the Broberg cabin On the morning of Wednesday, August 20, 1862, most residents in the West Lake Settlement were unaware that violence had broken out between Dakota and white settlers three days earlier. A pastor who circulated among the scattered pioneers was holding a church service at the Lundborg cabin. The Brobergs and the Omans attended, leaving many of the younger children at home. Those at the Broberg cabin were visited by about 30 Dakotas, dressed in war regalia and not as friendly as usual. The frightened settlers sent seven-year-old Peter Broberg to fetch the adults. Anders Broberg and the four sons of Andreas Lundborg hurried the to the scene. At first the Dakota seemed friendly, but the situation abruptly soured. It is not known whether any of the five white men were armed. Anders and the Lundborg boys were shot, though Samuel Lundborg would survive his wounds. Andreas Lundborg arrived just as his sons were being attacked. Armed but obviously outnumbered, he ran and several Dakota gave chase. At that point, however, the wagon appeared in which Daniel Broberg was driving the women and children home, and the attackers focused on them instead. Daniel was shot and 7-year-old Christiana was clubbed down with a rifle. 16-year-old Anna Stina managed to flee into a cornfield, where she caught up with Andreas Lundborg. Her cousin Peter ran almost to the Oman cabin, which was in sight. A Dakota tore Peter's baby brother from their mother's hands and threw him to the ground. The warriors tried to take the two Mrs. Brobergs prisoner, but they resisted and were shot. The Dakota killed the three children and an adult left in the Broberg cabin, and went on to loot the Lundborg cabin. The elder Lundborg had evacuated his remaining family and hidden with Anna Stina Broberg in a slough. They were shot at but no one was hit. Surrounded by open ground, Peter Broberg and the Oman family were trapped in their cabin. Late that afternoon three Dakota approached the Oman home. The six settlers inside managed to duck into the cellar through a trapdoor, and listened as the place was shot up and looted. Finally the Dakota departed, though the Omans hid in the cellar until after sunset. They emerged and spent the night in the woods, encountering the superficially wounded Samuel Lundborg at dawn. The various survivors gathered on an island in a nearby lake. Two days after the attack, several settlers went to gather and bury the dead. The 13 killed—Anders (age 43), Christiana (36), Johannes (13), Andreas (10), and Christiana Broberg (7); Daniel (38), Anna Stina (30), Alfred (4), and John Broberg (10 months); Andreas (25), Gustaf (23), and Lars Lundborg (22), and Johannes Broberg (age and relation uncertain)—were all buried in a nearby field. Peter and the younger Anna Stina were the only members of their respective families to survive. As the war broadened, many settlers fled the region. Anna Stina and Peter returned to the area 3 years later, though settlement didn't fully rebound until the 1890s. The Monson Lake Memorial Association The notion of preserving the Broberg cabin site as a park came to a local resident named Ole Ellingboe on August 20, 1926, the 64th anniversary of the attack. The idea occurred to him while walking past the site on his way to church, where it was received favorably by the rest of the congregation. The next year the Monson Lake Memorial Association formed and raised $225 to buy from owner Albert Monson. The dedication of the private memorial park on August 21, 1927, drew 10,000 attendees. The Monson Lake Memorial Association continued to hold wildly popular annual events through the Great Depression, marked by speeches, plays, music, and refreshments. State and national politicians and other dignitaries attended. Following a hiatus during World War II, observances were sporadic but elaborate. The largest-ever attendance was 15,000 in 1958, Minnesota's centennial year. The 1962 event included a two-hour, four-act play. From the beginning the observations presented only a European American perspective, treating the 13 white victims as veritable martyrs. It wasn't until 1987 that the injustices suffered by the Dakota were included in the programming. That event only drew a few hundred. The 1990 observation featured readings by poet and essayist Bill Holm. New Deal development Originally the park was privately owned by the Monson Lake Memorial Association. During the Great Depression, the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration funded public works projects to ease unemployment, and park development was a significant focus. To this end, in 1935 the Association convinced the Minnesota Emergency Relief Agency to purchase and expand the park. The Veterans Conservation Corps—a branch of the Civilian Conservation Corps for unemployed World War I veterans—had a major camp at nearby Sibley State Park, so a side camp was established at Monson Lake in 1936. The VCC men constructed a Sanitation Building and a Combination Building (a picnic shelter with a public cooking area and space for a concession service). These were built in the National Park Service rustic style with local granite and white oak. Crews from the Works Progress Administration created the gravel entrance road and parking lot. Monson Lake Memorial State Park, as it was originally named, was dedicated in 1938. Since it was designated a memorial state park, only limited recreational facilities were built. In 1989 encompassing these structures were added to the National Register of Historic Places. Since low visitation has never spurred significant alterations, it is the only Minnesota state park that remains nearly unchanged from its original development. Later history In 1956 the original name Monson Lake Memorial State Park was shortened by officially dropping the word 'memorial.' Additional developments over the years included staff facilities, showers in the Sanitation Building, a boat ramp, and interpretive signage. During the 1962 centennial of the conflict, the Swift County Historical Society donated a memorial plaque. Aside from the irregular annual observances, usage of the state park remained limited. Legislation was even passed in 1965 to hand off the property as a local park, though this was never implemented. Monson Lake State Park remained for decades, with its eastern border including only a sliver of West Sunberg Lake. In the mid-2000s decade, the owners of an undeveloped hunting retreat to the east approached the park about selling to the state rather than a real estate developer. Their included most of the rest of West Sunburg Lake and some of East Sunburg Lake. This is unusual because lakes in Minnesota remain public property, but in the 1930s the Sunburg Lakes had been dry and the ownership rights were bought and sold. Approvals and fund appropriation took the state three years, and the $395,000 purchase was finalized in June 2009. The new parcel comprises of land and of water, with of shoreline. The new parcel will be managed as a refuge for waterfowl. Recreation Activities at Monson Lake State Park include birdwatching, camping, canoeing, fishing, hiking, and picnicking. The campground has just 20 sites and is only open in summer. There is a boat ramp on Monson Lake. Game fish in Monson Lake are walleye, northern pike, largemouth bass, black crappie, yellow perch, and bluegill. The walleye are stocked biennially. of trail currently trace through the park. A canoe route starts at the boat ramp, leads across Monson Lake, and traverses a portage into West Sunburg Lake. In winter snowshoeing is allowed anywhere in the park. References External links Monson Lake State Park 1937 establishments in Minnesota Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota Dakota War of 1862 Massacres by Native Americans Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1937 Protected areas of Swift County, Minnesota Rustic architecture in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Works Progress Administration in Minnesota Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Swift County, Minnesota	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monson%20Lake%20State%20Park
North Road was a football and cricket ground in Newton Heath, Manchester, England. It was the first home of Manchester United Football Club – then known as Newton Heath Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Football Club – from its foundation in 1878 until 1893, when the club moved to a new ground at Bank Street, Clayton. Initially the ground consisted only of the pitch, around which an estimated 12,000 spectators could congregate. The addition of stands in 1891 increased the capacity to about 15,000. The football club signed its first professional players in 1886 and began to break from its sponsoring railway company, but without the company's financial support it was unable to afford the rent on the ground and was evicted. History Early years Following the foundation of Newton Heath LYR F.C., at the request of the employees of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) company's Carriage and Wagon Works, the club needed a pitch to play on. The chosen site was owned by the Manchester Cathedral authorities, but although conveniently sited next to the wagon works it was a "bumpy, stony patch in summer, [and] a muddy, heavy swamp in the rainy months". The railway company agreed to pay a nominal rent to the authorities and to lease the ground to the football club. As it was next to the railway line operated by the LYR, the ground was often clouded in a thick mist of steam from passing trains. Players had to get changed in The Three Crowns public house, a few hundred yards away on Oldham Road, as there were no facilities nearby. There may have been some kind of refreshment offered to supporters at the eastern end of the site. The first recorded matches at the ground took place in 1880, two years after the club's formation, most of them friendlies. The first competitive match held at North Road was a Lancashire Cup first round match against Blackburn Olympic's reserve team, played on 27 October 1883, which Newton Heath lost 7–2. Details of the attendance have been lost, but it is assumed that the ground must have been enclosed by then, as an entry fee of 3d (about £ as of ) was charged for the match. Football became a professional sport in England in 1885, and Newton Heath signed their first professional players in the summer of 1886. The club's income was insufficient to cover its wage bill, and so the 3d admission charge was extended to all matches played at North Road, later rising to 6d. Expansion and eviction The ground originally had a capacity of about 12,000, but club officials decided that was not enough to give them any hope of joining the Football League. Some expansion took place in 1887, but in 1891 Newton Heath used what little financial reserves they had to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators. However, this transaction put the club at odds with the railway company, who refused to contribute any finance to the deal. The two organisations began to drift apart from then onwards, and in 1892 the club attempted to raise £2,000 in share capital to pay off the debts incurred by the expansion of the ground. The split also led the railway company to stop paying the rent due on the ground to the cathedral, who at about the same time decided to increase the rent. Under increasing financial pressure, especially as the cathedral authorities felt it inappropriate for the club to charge admission to the ground, an eviction notice was served on the club in June 1893. The club's management had been searching for a new stadium since the first eviction attempt in May the previous year, and they were able to move to a new ground on Bank Street, three miles away in Clayton. It proved impossible though to take the two grandstands to the new ground, and they were sold for £100. Present The stadium no longer exists, and North Road has been renamed Northampton Road. After a spell serving as playing fields for locals, Moston Brook High School was opened on the site. A red plaque was attached to one of the school's walls, marking the location of the old stadium, but it was stolen and not replaced. Following the school's closure in August 2000, the site was chosen by the Northwest Regional Development Agency (NWDA) as the location of the North Manchester Business Park in 2002. Other uses Newton Heath LYR Football Club was also founded as a cricket club, and the North Road ground was used by both branches of the club. However, the cricket and football seasons often overlapped, causing conflicts between the two sports. The ground was barely adequate for football, despite the best efforts of groundsmen Charlie and Ned Massey, but its use in the winter made it even less suitable for cricket in the summer. Records Although attendance figures were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest recorded attendance at the ground was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893. A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889. A record-low league attendance of approximately 1,000 was recorded for Football Alliance matches against Walsall Town Swifts and Birmingham City on 21 April 1890 and 13 December 1890 respectively. However, an attendance of 400 was recorded for a Manchester Cup match against Eccles on 31 January 1885. The earliest recorded four-figure attendance at the ground was 3,000 for a friendly with West Gorton (St. Mark's) on 12 November 1881. This was the first recorded meeting of the two rivals that eventually became Manchester United and Manchester City. References Notes Bibliography Defunct football venues in England Defunct football venues in Manchester Manchester United F.C. Sports venues completed in 1878 Demolished buildings and structures in Manchester Buildings and structures demolished in 1893 Football Alliance venues	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Road%2C%20Manchester
Bank Street, also known as Bank Lane, was a multi-purpose stadium in Clayton, Manchester, England. It was mostly used for football matches and was the second home ground of Manchester United Football Club (then known as Newton Heath Football Club), after North Road, which they left in 1893. The stadium had a capacity of around 50,000, but the club moved to Old Trafford in 1910 because club owner John Henry Davies believed he could not sufficiently expand the ground. The stadium was in poor repair towards the end of its life and, shortly after the club moved out to Old Trafford, the main stand at Bank Street blew down in a storm. The site is now occupied by the BMX indoor arena of the National Cycling Centre, with a plaque on a house wall on Bank Street indicating the presence of the former ground. The site is close to the City of Manchester Stadium, the home of Manchester City Football Club. History Early years Also known as Bank Lane, the ground was located on Bank Street in the Manchester suburb of Clayton, opposite the junction with Ravensbury Street and between the railway line and the Albion Chemical works. Known locally as the Bradford and Clayton athletic ground, it was owned by the Bradford and Clayton Athletic Company. After Newton Heath F.C. (who became Manchester United in 1902) were evicted from their old ground at North Road by the Manchester Deans and Canons, who believed it to be inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in June 1893. The site was let to the club for eight months of the year, with pre-season training permitted on occasional nights in the summer. The ground was without stands, but, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two stands had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for". Newton Heath's first Football League match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later. However, Newton Heath did not fare well in their first season at the new ground and were unable to retain their First Division status at the end of the season, finishing bottom of the 16-team division. At the time, the condition of the Bank Street pitch was well documented. On one occasion during the 1894–95 season, Walsall Town Swifts turned up at the ground and were greeted by what they regarded as a "toxic waste dump". After lodging an official complaint about the pitch to the referee, they were finally persuaded to take to the field, only to be beaten 14–0 (unofficially, the biggest win in the history of Manchester United). However, the Football League ruled in favour of Walsall and the match was ordered to be replayed, though the result was not much better for the visitors the second time round, this time losing 9–0. Expansion In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City to Bank Street, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from Broughton Rangers Rugby League Club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000. Improvements to the ground were restricted by the running track that encompassed the pitch, which, by the request of the Bradford and Clayton Athletic Company, could not be removed. However, the ground came into the possession of the club's former president, Mr W. Crompton, in 1898, allowing them to make whatever improvements to it they desired. One report in the Manchester Courier predicted the addition of a tall stand on the side adjacent to Bank Street itself, with a refreshment stand underneath, while the opposite stand would be moved back and raised up on brickwork by around , with the space underneath to be used as changing rooms for the players and referee and various rooms for the club committee. These improvements would cost a lot of money, however, and this, in combination with the players' ever-increasing wages, sent the club into a period of financial turmoil. The club was presented with a winding up order in January 1902, and Bank Street was on the brink of being repossessed until they were saved at the eleventh hour by a wealthy local brewer, John Henry Davies. He and four other men, among them club captain Harry Stafford, invested a total of £2,000 in the club, now renamed Manchester United F.C., and Davies himself paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street. Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand. The stadium was even deemed worthy enough to host a match between Football League and Scottish Football League representative sides in April 1904, hosting 25,000 spectators as the Football League side won 2–1. Around the turn of the 20th century, Newton Heath pulled off a significant coup by persuading the Manchester Evening News to set up an office at Bank Street. In response to Manchester City's relationship with the Manchester Evening Chronicle, the Heathens' believed that their partnership with the Evening News would cultivate interest in the club, while the newspaper would benefit from increased coverage of football. Departure and destruction Following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition and the club would have to move to a new stadium five miles away in Old Trafford. Bank Street was sold to the Manchester Corporation for £5,500 and leased back to the club on a monthly basis until the new stadium was complete. Bank Street played host to just 5,000 spectators for its final game on 22 January 1910; a 5–0 home win over Tottenham Hotspur. Manchester United's move away from Bank Street seemed to have come at the perfect time, as, only a few days after the Tottenham match, one of the stands was blown down in a storm. The roof of the grandstand was blown across the road, landing on the houses opposite, and the stand was left in tatters. The Tottenham match was meant to have been played at Old Trafford, but building problems at the new ground had caused the fixture to revert to Bank Street. Despite the destruction of the Bank Street End stand, the club's reserve team continued to use the ground for matches until the expiry of the lease on 1 January 1912. The remaining timber at the site was then sold to Keyley Bros. for £275. The site had various industrial uses for the next 80 years, until it was cleared in the early 1990s for inclusion in the new Manchester Velodrome (now the National Cycling Centre). It is occupied by a BMX indoor arena, opened in 2011, having previously served as a car park for the velodrome. A red plaque attached to a house opposite on Bank Street marks the site as part of United's history. References Notes Bibliography Defunct football venues in England Defunct football venues in Manchester Manchester United F.C. Defunct sports venues in Manchester Multi-purpose stadiums in the United Kingdom Demolished buildings and structures in Manchester Buildings and structures demolished in 1912 English Football League venues	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20Street%20%28football%20ground%29
Lindy Davies (29 August 1946) is an Australian actress, director, actor trainer and performance consultant. She played Ruth Ballinger in the Australian soap opera Prisoner in 1985, and won the AFI (AACTA) Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1986 film Malcolm. She went on to be the head of drama at the Victorian College of the Arts for over 11 years until 2007, and worked as a performance consultant on films including Afterglow (1997) and Away From Her (2006) with Julie Christie. Career Born in Melbourne, Victoria, Davies has been an influence on many actors, including Cate Blanchett, Harriet Walter, and Julie Christie. She directed Blanchett in Electra at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1992, and worked with Christie as a consultant on the Dennis Potter TV series Karaoke (1996) and the films Hamlet (1996), Afterglow (1997), Away From Her (2006) and Glorious 39 (2009). Davies, who has said that "Intuition" is the defining principle of her process. has also conducted master classes for actors, writers and directors at the Canadian Film Centre from 2010 - 2016. As director National Theatre of Slovenia: Scenes From an Execution National Theatre of Slovenia: The Changeling Moscow Maly Theatre, Old Times. Wyndham's Theatre West End, Old Times (with Julie Christie, Leigh Lawson and Harriet Walter). Theatr Clwyd, Old Times (with Julie Christie and Leigh Lawson) Chichester Festival Theatre, Hedda Gabler (with Harriet Walter Nicholas Le Prevost and Phyllida Law) Chichester Festival Theatre, Suzannah Andler (with Julie Christie) Sydney Theatre Company, Three Days of Rain, A Month in the Country (Opera House), Old Times Bell Shakespeare Company:, As You Like It (Opera House); Belvoir St Company B, Scenes from an Execution (nominated for a Sydney Theatre Award for Best Director) State Theatre Company of South Australia, Room to Move Playbox, Fool for Love Victorian College of the Arts, The Rover, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Women Beware Women (Middleton/Barker), The Cherry Orchard, Three Sisters, Lysistrata. National Institute of Dramatic Art, A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Electra; Miss Sarah Sampson. Pram Factory: Calling For Help La Mama: Calling For Help Open Stage: Marat Sade; Ride Across Lake Constance; The Birthday Party Performance Consultant Lindy Davies has developed an approach to performance: a process; which is an intuitive imaginative connection to language, space and transformation. She has worked as a Performance Advisor/Consultant on many films including: Sarah Polley’s Away from Her with Julie Christie. Lindy also worked with Julie Christie on Neverland and Troy. Alan Rudolph's Afterglow with Julie Christie. Sally Potter's The Tango Lesson. Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet with Julie Christie. Dennis Potter's Karaoke with Julie Christie. Michael Whyte's The Railway Stationman with Julie Christie. Pat O’Connor's Fools of Fortune with Julie Christie. Australia: includes Looking For Alibrandi, Radiance, The Leaving of Liverpool, Talk, MDA. Indivision Lab 2009 AFC Consultant alongside Christine Vachon, Susanne Bier and Claudia Karvan. Screen Australia 2011 Flash Black Performance Workshop for Indigenous Directors. Actor Training From November 1995 to January 2007, Lindy Davies was the Head of the School of Drama at the former Victorian College of Arts in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Lindy Davies created an integrated curriculum for the training of Actors, Directors, Writers, Theatre-Makers, Designers and Technical Practitioners at the School of Drama of the former Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne. From 1979 to 1982 she held the position of Head of Acting at the Victorian College of Arts. From 1970 to 1978 she was a lecturer in drama at Melbourne State College. Actress Malcolm, (AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actress) Belvoir St Company B, Scenes from an Execution (Galactea), (nominated for a Critic’s Circle Award for Best Actress) N.I.D.A. Company, Vassa, (Vassa) (nominated for a Critic’s Circle Award for Best Actress) State Theatre Company of South Australia, The Seagull (Arkadina) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (Martha), Wild Honey (Anna Petrovna). Hunter Valley Theatre Company, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (Martha), Condor Award for Best Actress. New Work: Lyndal Jones: Prediction Piece; Nan Hassall: Biennale Piece; Jenny Kemp: The White Hotel. Playbox, Upside Down at the Bottom of the World, (Frida), World is Made of Glass (Magda), Buried Child (Haley). Rex Cramphorn's Actor's Development Stream, Antony and Cleopatra,(Cleopatra) Britannicus (Agrippina), Hamlet (Gertrude) Not Suitable for Adults (Kate). La Mama, Mishka and Nomagava.(Mishka); Thoughts on Meeting A Friend; Halewyn; Tombstone. The Pram Factory, Marvellous Melbourne; Marvellous Melbourne II; Chicago Chicago; Don's Party. La Mama Experimental Theatre Company: Calm Down Mother; Comings and Goings; Birth of Space; I Don’t Know Who to Feel Sorry For; Dimboola, Halewyn. Awards Malcolm, (AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actress) Sidney Myer Performing Arts Award - A special citation for her contribution to performing arts in Australia. Recipient of the Monash University Distinguished Alumni Award for inspirational leadership and significant contribution to the theory and practice of drama. References External links Lindy Davies' website The Old Times (1995) Wyndham"s Theatre, London Photo Gallery Staff profile at Victorian College of Arts 1946 births Living people Australian film actresses Australian television actresses Australian stage actresses Drama teachers Australian theatre directors Australian women theatre directors Actresses from Melbourne Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy%20Davies
Doaktown is a Canadian village in Northumberland County, New Brunswick. The village has a prosperous lumber industry including the Russell and Swim sawmill, now owned by J.D. Irving Limited. Atlantic Salmon fishing is a very popular sport in the area, attracting people from all over the world to fish the legendary Miramichi River. The village has two museums: the Doak Historic Site and the Atlantic Salmon Museum. Other nearby attractions include the Priceville Footbridge, the longest suspension footbridge in New Brunswick, and Nelson Hollow Bridge, the oldest covered bridge in the province. History Situated on the Southwest Miramichi River and first settled in 1807 as a base for the growing lumber industry in central New Brunswick, United Empire Loyalists, led by Ephraim Betts and the big-town bogey boys, came to the area after the American Revolutionary War and pooled their money for a land grant, which was ultimately declined. Following this, Betts and the BBB claimed the land for their own anyway, and nobody did anything. Later, when the Doak family moved to the area from Ayrshire, Scotland, Ephraim was experiencing financial difficulty. Robert Doak was able to purchase a large amount of the original land grant and build a farm and grist mill on the property. Robert Doak became a prominent citizen as the population grew. He served with the government in several capacities, including magistrate and justice of the peace. The community was named Doakton in his honour when the first post office opened, but was later changed to its present name, Doaktown. On 1 January 2023, Doaktown annexed part of the neighbouring local service districts of the parish of Blissfield; the names of annexed communitiess remain in official use. Revised census figures have not been released. Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Doaktown had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. Administration The municipal council is composed of a mayor and four councillors. The mandate of the elected officials lasts four years. The current council was formed after the election in 2018. Current municipal council Historical municipal councils List of successive mayors of Doaktown Notable people See also List of communities in New Brunswick References External links Village of Doaktown Communities in Northumberland County, New Brunswick Villages in New Brunswick	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doaktown
Dragobraća (Cyrillic: Драгобраћа ) is a settlement located in the Stanovo municipality, in the Šumadija District of Serbia. The population of the village is 845 (2002 census), most of whom are Roma nationality Kragujevac neighborhoods Šumadija Populated places in Šumadija District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragobra%C4%87a
Ruth Nye MBE (born 1932) is an Australian pianist and teacher, based in the United Kingdom. Ruth Nye, born Ruth Farren-Price, sister of fellow pianist Ronald Farren-Price, grew up in Australia where she attended Methodist Ladies' College in Melbourne. Career Nye studied with Claudio Arrau in New York, and had a career as a concert pianist, initially known by her maiden name Ruth Farren-Price, before turning her attention to teaching. She married fellow Australian Ross Nye in 1956. Ruth Nye is currently on the faculty of the Yehudi Menuhin School in Surrey, UK and the Royal College of Music in London, UK. She holds master classes and lectures throughout the world. Honours Ruth Nye was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours list. In 2008 a Fellowship of the Royal College of Music was conferred on her by the Prince of Wales. She lives near London. A biography of Ruth Nye, titled A Life in Music: Ruth Nye and the Arrau Heritage, has been written by Roma Randles. References Living people 1932 births Date of birth missing (living people) Academics of the Royal College of Music Australian classical pianists Australian women pianists Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire Logie Award winners Piano pedagogues 21st-century classical pianists Australian music educators Australian women music educators 21st-century women pianists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Nye
Garry Paul Nelson (born 16 January 1961) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker or left winger in the Football League for Southend United, Swindon Town, Plymouth Argyle, Brighton & Hove Albion, Charlton Athletic and Torquay United (as player/assistant manager) between 1979 and 1997. He was voted into Plymouth Argyle's Team of the Century. Background and Writing Nelson passed eight 'O' Levels and 3 'A' Levels (French, Geography and Geology) and had the chance to attend Loughborough University but accepted the offer of a professional contract at Southend instead. Nelson also wrote two memoirs about his professional career, Left Foot Forward and Left Foot in the Grave. The books are written in diary form, chronicling a season with Charlton (1994–95) and Torquay (1996–97) respectively. The books have been generally well received, and noted as showing the real life of "ordinary" professional footballers, became best-sellers, and each was shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award. Career after retirement After retiring from the game in 1997, Nelson became commercial executive of the Professional Footballers' Association. In 2018, he was still playing football, regularly turning out for Chapel United in the Southend Borough Combination Veterans League and Charlton Athletic veterans. Honours Individual PFA Team of the Year: 1987–88 Third Division References External links Interview with Garry Nelson at The Ball is Round 1961 births Living people People from Braintree, Essex English men's footballers Men's association football forwards Southend United F.C. players Swindon Town F.C. players Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Notts County F.C. players Charlton Athletic F.C. players Torquay United F.C. players English Football League players English non-fiction writers English male non-fiction writers Footballers from Essex	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Nelson
A sweet onion is a variety of onion that is not pungent. Their mildness is attributable to their low sulfur content and high water content when compared to other onion varieties. Origins in the United States United States sweet onions originated in several places during the early twentieth century. Vidalia onions were first grown near Vidalia, Georgia, in the early 1930s. Today, the name refers to onions grown in a 20-county production region in the state of Georgia as defined by both Georgia state statute and by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. South Texas also acquired what is known as the 1015 onion in the early 1980s by Dr. Leonard M. Pike, a horticulture professor at Texas A&M University, Texas. 1015 Onions are named for their optimum planting date, October 15. Grown only in the Rio Grande Valley of South Texas, this large, prized onion was developed after ten years of extensive research and testing and a million dollars in cost. As a result, Texas achieved a mild, very sweet onion with the nickname – the "Million Dollar Baby". Onions are Texas' leading vegetable crop. The state produces mostly sweet yellow varieties. The sweet onion was adopted as Texas' official state onion in 1997. The Walla Walla sweet onion is named for Walla Walla County, Washington, where it is grown. Its development began around 1900 when Peter Pieri, a French soldier who settled in the area, brought a sweet onion seed from the island of Corsica with him to the Walla Walla Valley. This sweet onion was developed by selecting and reseeding onions from each year's crop that possessed sweetness, jumbo size, and round shape. It is the designated vegetable of Washington State. Gov. Christine Gregoire signed the "onion bill" in 2007 to make it the state's official vegetable. Other U.S. varieties Imperial Valley Sweets come from the Imperial Valley in far southern California. This is one of the leading growing areas for sweet onions, although they are available only from late April through June. The Carzalia Sweet onion is a variety of sweet onion grown by Carzalia Valley Produce in Columbus, New Mexico. The Sunbrero (Texas) Sweet Onion is grown in Texas and distributed by Sweet Onion Trading Company, Melbourne, Florida. The Sweetie Sweet is a variety of sweet onion grown in the Mason Valley in Yerington, Nevada. The Sweetie Sweet onion can be found in marketplaces September through the end of January. The Glennville sweet onion is grown in Tattnall County, in Glennville, Georgia. Mattamuskeet Sweets are a type of sweet onion grown in Eastern North Carolina, especially in eastern Beaufort and Hyde Counties. This particular variety is a popular choice for cooking and consumption amongst residents of coastal Carolina, and is named for Lake Mattamuskeet in central Hyde County. Maui onions are one of the smaller varieties of onions grown on the Hawaiian island of Maui. They are trademarked "Kula-grown" onions. Pecos onions are sweet onions grown in the Pecos Valley in the state of Texas. Bermuda onions The Bermuda onion is a variety of sweet onion grown on the island of Bermuda. The seeds were originally imported from the Canary Islands before 1888. Onion export to the United States became such a prominent feature of Bermudian life, the Bermudians started calling themselves onions. Sweet onions from Texas largely displaced the Bermuda variety. European onions In Europe, Oignon doux des Cévennes, Cipolla Rossa di Tropea Calabria and Cebolla Dulce de Fuentes are well known and tasty sweet onions. The Oignon doux des Cévennes from Cévennes, South East France and the Cipolla Rossa di Tropea Calabria from Tropea, Calabria, Southern Italy, have PDO status. The Cebolla Dulce de Fuentes is an open variety original from Zaragoza province, Northeast Spain, and traditionally grown by producers there. References Onion cultivars Symbols of Texas Cuisine of the Southwestern United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet%20onion
Francis Jammes (; 2 December 1868, in Tournay, Hautes-Pyrénées – 1 November 1938, in Hasparren, Pyrénées-Atlantiques) was a French and European poet. He spent most of his life in his native region of Béarn and the Basque Country and his poems are known for their lyricism and for singing the pleasures of a humble country life (donkeys, maidens). His later poetry remained lyrical, but also included a strong religious element brought on by his (re)conversion to Catholicism in 1905. Biography Jammes was a mediocre student and failed his baccalauréat with a zero for French. His first poems began to be read in Parisian literary circles around 1895, and were appreciated for a fresh tone breaking away from symbolism. In 1896 Jammes travelled to Algeria with André Gide. He fraternised with other writers, including Stéphane Mallarmé and Henri de Régnier. His most famous collection of poems — De l'angélus de l'aube à l'angélus du soir ("From morning Angelus to evening Angelus") — appeared in 1897 in the Mercure de France; Le Deuil des Primevères ("The Mourning of Primulas") (1901) was also well received. Working up to that point as a notary's clerk, Jammes was then able to make a living from his writing. In 1905, influenced by the poet Paul Claudel to whom he became close, he converted to a practicing Catholicism. His poetry became more austere and sometimes dogmatic. In the eyes of Parisian literary circles, Francis Jammes was generally considered a solitary provincial who chose to live a life of retreat in his mountainous Pyrenees, and his poems never became entirely fashionable. The author sought nomination to the Académie française several times, but was never elected. Jammes was the original author of Georges Brassens's song La Prière ("The Prayer"). The lyrics were taken from the poem Les Mystères douloureux ("The Agonies of Christ") published in the collection L'Église habillée de feuilles ("The Church Clothed in Leaves") (1906); Brassens changed some of the words to make the text more rhythmic. Jammes was known to have an ardent passion for field sports, especially game hunting. He was known to have also been a believer in the conservation of endangered species. Thirteen poems from his cycle Tristesses ("Sorrows"), were set to music by composer Lili Boulanger in 1914 under the title Clairières dans le ciel ("Clearings in the Sky") a title Jammes had given to an assorted collection of poetry of which Tristesses was a part. The whole cycle was composed for soprano, flute and piano by Michel Bosc. Works Poetry Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article: 1891: Six Sonnets 1892: Vers, also 1893 and 1894 1895: Un jour 1897: La Naissance du poète ("The Birth of the Poet") 1898: Quatorze prières 1898: ("From the Morning Prayer to the Evening Prayer") 1899: Le Poète et l'oiseau ("The Poet and the Bird") 1899: La Jeune Fille nue 1900–1901: Le Triomphe de la vie 1901: Le Deuil des primevères 1902–1906: Clairières dans le ciel 1905: Tristesses 1906: Clairières dans le Ciel 1906: L'Eglise habillée de feuilles 1906: Le Triomphe de la vie 1908: Poèmes mesurés 1908: Rayons de miel, Paris: Bibliothèque de l'Occident 1911–1912: Les Géorgiques chrétiennes ("Christian Georgics"), three volumes 1913: Feuilles dans le vent 1916: Cinq prières pour le temps de la guerre, Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholique 1919: La Vierge et les sonnets, Paris: Mercure de France 1921: Épitaphes, Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholic 1921: Le Tombeau de Jean de la Fontaine, Paris: Mercure de France 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, Livres des quatrains 1923: La Brebis égarée 1923–1925 Les Quatrains, in four volumes 1925: Brindilles pour rallumer la foi, Paris: Éditions Spes 1926: Ma France poétique, Paris: Mercure de France 1928: Diane 1931: L'Arc-en-ciel des amours, Paris: Bloud et Gay 1935: Alouette 1935: De tout temps à jamais, Paris: Gallimard 1936: Sources, Paris: Le Divan 1943: Elégies et poésies diverses 1946: La GrâceProse Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article: 1899: Clara d'Ellébeuse; ou, L'Histoire d'une ancienne jeune fille 1901: Almaïde d'Etremont; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille passionée 1903: Le Roman du lièvre 1904: Pomme d'Anis; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille infirme 1906: Pensée des jardins 1910: Ma fille Bernadette 1916: Le Rosaire au soleil, Paris: Mercure de France 1918: Monsieur le Curé d'Ozeron 1919: Une vierge, Paris: Édouard-Joseph 1919: Le Noël de mes enfants, Paris: Édouard-Joseph 1919: La Rose à Marie, Paris: Édouard-Joseph 1920: Le Poète rustique, Paris: Mercure de France 1921: Le Bon Dieu chez les enfants 1921: De l'âge divin à l'âge ingrat, the first of three volumes of his memoirs, followed by L'Amour, les muses et la chasse, 1922; Les Caprices du poète, 1923 1921: Le Livre de saint Joseph, Paris: Plon-Nourrit 1922: Le Poète et l'inspiration, Nîmes, France: Gomès 1923: Cloches pour deux mariages, Paris: Mercure de France 1925: Les Robinsons basques 1926: Trente-six femmes, Paris: Mercure de France 1926: Basses-Pyrénées, Paris: Émile-Paul 1927: Lavigerie 1928: Janot-poète 1928: Les Nuits qui me chantent 1928: La Divine Douleur 1930: Champétreries et méditations 1930: Leçons poétiques, Paris: Mercure de France 1932: L'Antigyde; ou, Elie de Nacre 1934: Le Crucifix du poète, Paris: M. deHartoy 1936: Le Pèlerin de Lourdes, Paris: Gallimard 1938: La Légende de l'aile; ou, Marie-Elisabeth 1941: Saint Louis; ou, L'Esprit de la Croisade'', Paris: F. Sorlot Notes References Further reading External links Poems by Francis Jammes Official site (in French) Francis Jammes au Club des Poètes (in French) Selection of poems (in French) Francis Jammes Index des titres ou incipits 1868 births 1938 deaths People from Hautes-Pyrénées French poets French Roman Catholics French male poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Jammes
Robert Whitaker is an American journalist and author, writing primarily about medicine, science, and history. He is the author of five books, three of which cover the history or practice of modern psychiatry. He has won numerous awards for science writing, and in 1998 he was part of a team writing for the Boston Globe that was shortlisted for the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for a series of articles questioning the ethics of psychiatric research in which unsuspecting patients were given drugs expected to heighten their psychosis. He is the founder and publisher of Mad in America, a webzine critical of the modern psychiatric establishment. Career Whitaker was a medical writer at the Albany Times Union newspaper in Albany, New York from 1989 to 1994. In 1992, he was a Knight Science Journalism fellow at MIT. Following that, he became director of publications at Harvard Medical School. In 1994, he co-founded a publishing company, CenterWatch, that covered the pharmaceutical clinical trials industry. CenterWatch was acquired by Medical Economics, a division of The Thomson Corporation, in 1998. In 2002, USA Today published Whitaker's article "Mind drugs may hinder recovery" in its editorial/opinion section. In 2004, Whitaker published a paper in the non-peer-reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses, titled "The case against antipsychotic drugs: a 50-year record of doing more harm than good". In 2005, he published his paper Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America in the peer-reviewed journal Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. In his book Anatomy of an Epidemic, published in 2010, Whitaker continued his work. Mad in America He has written on and off for the Boston Globe and in 2001, he wrote his first book Mad in America about psychiatric research and medications, the domains of some of his earlier journalism. He appeared in the film Take These Broken Wings: Recovery from Schizophrenia Without Medication released in 2008, a film detailing the pitfalls of administering medication for the illness. Anatomy of an Epidemic An IRE 2010 book award winner for best investigative journalism, this book investigates why the number of mentally ill patients in America receiving SSI or SSDI disability checks keeps rising, despite the so-called "psychopharmacological revolution." Whitaker's main thesis is that psychopharmacological drugs work well to curb acute symptoms. However, patients receiving prolonged treatment courses often end up more disabled than they started. Despite these results from several landmark studies in the 1970s, in the 1980s pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lily together with the American Psychiatric Association began more aggressively pushing second generation anti-depressants and anti-psychotics on psychiatric patients. Many prominent academic psychiatrists worked as key opinion leaders for the pharmaceutical companies, and were compensated millions of dollars. Awards and honors Articles that Whitaker co-wrote won the 1998 George Polk Award for Medical Writing and the 1998 National Association of Science Writers’ Science in Society Journalism Award for best magazine article. A 1998 Boston Globe article series he co-wrote on psychiatric research was a finalist for the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. In April 2011, IRE announced that Anatomy of an Epidemic had won its award as the best investigative journalism book of 2010 stating, "this book provides an in-depth exploration of medical studies and science and intersperses compelling anecdotal examples. In the end, Whitaker punches holes in the conventional wisdom of treatment of mental illness with drugs." Books Mad In America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and The Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, Perseus Publishing, December 24, 2001, The Mapmaker's Wife: A True Tale of Love, Murder, and Survival in the Amazon, Basic Books, April 13, 2004, On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation, Crown, June 10, 2008, Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America, Crown, April 13, 2010, Psychiatry Under The Influence: Institutional Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform, with Lisa Cosgrove, Palgrave Macmillan, April 23, 2015, References Further reading Whitaker, Robert (2021). Do antipsychotics reduce the risk of relapse? In: Peter Lehmann & Craig Newnes (Eds.), Withdrawal from Prescribed Psychotropic Drugs. Berlin/Lancaster: Peter Lehmann Publishing. , , . {{citation \|date=June 19, 2002 \|author=Daniel J. Luchins \|title=Mental Illness \|series=Review of Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill \|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association \|volume=287 \|issue=23 \|pages=3149–3150 \|doi=10.1001/jama.287.23.3149}} ""Anatomy of an Epidemic": The hidden damage of psychiatric drugs", Salon, Jed Lipinski, April 27, 2010 "Are Prozac and Other Psychiatric Drugs Causing the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America?", AlterNet, Bruce E. Levine, April 28, 2010 Whitaker, Robert (2007). Preface to: Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds.), Alternatives Beyond Psychiatry (pp. 9–10). Berlin/Eugene/Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Publishing. (UK), (USA). E-Book in 2018. Whitaker, Robert (2007). Vorwort zu: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), Statt Psychiatrie 2 (S. 9-10). Berlin/Eugene/Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. . E-Book in 2018. Whitaker, Robert (2012). Πρόλογος, στο: Πέτερ Λέμαν, Πέτερ Στάστνι & Άννα Εμμανουηλίδου (επιμ.), Αντί της ψυχιατρικής. Η φροντίδα του ψυχικού πόνου έξω από την ψυχιατρική'' (σ. 9–11). Θεσσαλονίκη: εκδ. Νησίδες 2012. . External links Mad in America Robert Whitaker's blog for the magazine Psychology Today. Take These Broken Wings Daniel Mackler - Full movie. American male journalists American science writers Harvard Medical School people Year of birth missing (living people) Living people George Polk Award recipients Anti-psychiatry	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Whitaker%20%28author%29
Loris Hoskins Baker (November 12, 1930 – June 5, 2007), was an American football player in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins, Cleveland Browns, Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles. While he played several positions, he was best known for being a punter and kicker. He played college football at Oregon State University. Early years Baker attended Stadium High School, before transferring after his junior year to Corvallis High School where he graduated in 1949. He was an all-around standout in track, but at the time there wasn't a state decathlon championship, so he only participated in individual events. He helped his team win the 1948 state championship in basketball and also lettered in baseball. He has the distinction of receiving All-State honors in both Washington and Oregon. College career Baker accepted a football scholarship from Oregon State University. He spent the 1949 season on the rookie team. He lettered for the varsity team from 1950 to 1952 as a running back/kicker/safety. As a sophomore, he rushed for 668 yards (fourth in the conference). As a junior, he rushed for 830 yards (second in the conference). In his career at Oregon State University, Baker gained 2,043 yards on 487 carries and was the school record-holder in both categories when he left. He was voted most valuable player by teammates for three straight years. He currently ranks eighth in career yards, and sixth in career carries. He had five 100-yard games, with a best of 159 on 30 carries in the 1951 Civil War game at Hayward Field. He scored the final touchdown at old Bell Field in the final 1952 home game In 1980, he was inducted into the State of Oregon Sports Hall of Fame. In 1991, he was inducted into the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame. Professional career Los Angeles Rams Baker was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the eleventh round (133rd overall) of the 1952 NFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over. On July 6, 1953, his draft rights were sold to the Washington Redskins. Washington Redskins In 1953, he played sparingly in his first season with the Washington Redskins, before spending two years out of football, while serving his military service at Fort Ord. In 1956, although he was initially being considered for the right halfback position, he was asked to become the team's kicker after Vic Janowicz suffered a serious brain injury in an automobile accident that ended his athletic career. That same year he also became the punter after Eddie LeBaron was sidelined with an injury. He was given the nickname "Sugarfoot", after leading the NFL in field goals (17), starting an 11-year streak of averaging at least 40 yards per punt attempt and being named to the Pro Bowl. In 1957, he tied with Lou Groza with a league-high 77 points (including 6 scored on a fake punt he ran in for a touchdown). In 1958, his 45.4-yard punting average was the best in the league, while he still managed to convert 25 extra points in 25 attempts. On April 25, 1960, he was traded to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for Fran O'Brien and Robert Khayat. Cleveland Browns In 1960, he relinquished his fullback duties with the Cleveland Browns and would replace the retired Groza. He led the NFL in extra points made (44) and extra points attempted (46). He posted a 42-yard punting average. In 1961, Groza returned to the team after his back felt better and Baker focused only on punting. He was the league's eighth ranked punter with an average of 43.3-yards per punt. On December 30, he was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for cornerback Tom Franckhauser. Dallas Cowboys In 1962, he set the team record of 45.4 yards-per-punt that was not broken until 2006 by Mat McBriar with a 48.2-yard average. He also set club records for most points scored in a season (92), longest field goal (53 yards) and longest punt (72 yards). He was the NFL leader in extra points made (50), extra points attempted (51), ranked third in punting average and sixth in scoring. In 1963, he became the first Cowboys punter to make the Pro Bowl, after registering a 45.4-yard average. His 40.6-yard net average per punt still ranks third in team history. Baker played two seasons as a punter and kicker for the Dallas Cowboys, until his disregard for the team rules and discipline wore thin with head coach Tom Landry. In both years he led the league in net punting average. He also became the first player in club history to have 2 seasons with a 44-yard or better gross punting average. On March, 20, 1964, he was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles along with John Meyers and Lynn Hoyem, in exchange for wide receiver Tommy McDonald. Philadelphia Eagles Baker remained with the Philadelphia Eagles for the last six seasons of his career. He played in the 1964 and 1968 Pro Bowls. He was waived on September 2, 1970. Upon retiring he was the second scorer (977 points) in NFL history and held the record of scoring in 110 straight games. He played for 15 seasons, making more than 700 punts and 179 field goals. Personal life Baker died due to complications from diabetes on June 5, 2007. References External links From Head to Toe, Baker Stood Apart From Crowd Oregon Sports Hall of Fame bio 1930 births 2007 deaths Players of American football from Tacoma, Washington American football punters American football placekickers Oregon State Beavers football players Washington Redskins players Cleveland Browns players Dallas Cowboys players Philadelphia Eagles players Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players Corvallis High School (Oregon) alumni Stadium High School alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Baker%20%28halfback%29
The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture is a 1992 book edited by the anthropologists Jerome H. Barkow and John Tooby and the psychologist Leda Cosmides. First published by Oxford University Press, it is widely considered the foundational text of evolutionary psychology (EP), and outlines Cosmides and Tooby's integration of concepts from evolutionary biology and cognitive psychology, as well as many other concepts that would become important in adaptationist research. Summary The theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology are discussed in the introduction, by Cosmides, Tooby and Barkow, in an essay by Tooby and Cosmides on "The Psychological Foundations of Culture", and an essay by anthropologist Donald Symons "On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior". The book also includes empirical research papers meant to introduce topics of interest in evolutionary psychology, such as mating, social and developmental psychology, and perceptual adaptations. It includes contributions from evolutionary psychologists such as Steven Pinker, David Buss, Martin Daly, and Margo Wilson. In "The Psychological Foundations of Culture", Tooby and Cosmides critique what they call the 'SSSM', short for 'Standard Social Science Model'. The term refers to a metatheory that the authors claim has dominated the behavioral and social sciences throughout the twentieth century, blending radical environmentalism with blind empiricism. The SSSM has retained and reified the nature/nurture dichotomy, and its practitioners have meticulously amassed evidence over the years which 'proves' that the overwhelming majority of psychological phenomena fall in the 'nurture' category. Only some instinctive and primitive biological drives like hunger and thirst have been retained in the 'nature' category. Most commonly, they continue, evidence for such a preponderance of nurture over nature is drawn from the ethnographic record. A phenomenon (e.g. marriage, religion, reciprocity etc.) is taken to be of purely environmental or cultural origin if it can be shown to manifest in different forms in different cultures or locales. However, this reflects an assumption that biological phenomena are instinctive and inflexible - incapable of taking on different forms. In the section entitled 'Selection regulates how environments shape organisms' (pp. 82–87), Tooby and Cosmides argue that this view of nature/nurture is deeply flawed. They begin with the statement that natural selection is necessarily responsible for complex biological adaptations, including that extremely complex class of biological phenomena that are human psychological mechanisms. 'The assumption that only the genes are evolved reflects a widespread misconception about the way natural selection acts. Genes are the so-called units of selection, which are inherited, selected, or eliminated, and so they are indeed something that evolves. But every time one gene is selected over another, one design for a developmental program is selected over another as well; by virtue of its structure, this developmental program interacts with some aspects of the environment rather than others, rendering certain environmental features causally relevant to development. So, step by step, as natural selection constructs the species' gene set (chosen from the available mutations), it constructs in tandem the species' developmentally relevant environment (selected from the set of all properties of the world). Thus, both the genes and the developmentally relevant environment are the product of evolution''' (p. 84). With both our genes and our environment "biological" in nature, the nature/nurture dichotomy lacks any meaning. In its place Tooby and Cosmides propose a distinction between "open" and "closed" developmental programs, which refers to the extent to which our various psychological mechanisms can vary in their manifest form depending on the input they receive during development. Some psychological mechanisms (e.g. our visual faculties) will normally assume the same manifest form regardless of the environments they encounter during development (closed developmental programs), while others (e.g. our language faculties) will vary in their manifest form in accordance to the environmental input they receive during development (open developmental mechanisms). However, they argue, whether a mechanism is closed or open, as well as the range of forms it can assume if it is open, is something that is encoded in genetic instructions that have been fine-tuned through millions of years of evolution. Tooby and Cosmides also critique 'domain-general psychological mechanisms': the psychological faculties which according to the SSSM comprise the human mind. These are general-purpose mechanisms, devoid of situational content, and function equally well regardless of behavioral domain. For example the so-called 'problem-solving methods' with which cognitive psychologists have traditionally busied themselves are abstract rational strategies (e.g. break the problem into smaller parts or start working backwards from the desired end to the present state) that supposedly work the same regardless of if one wants to play a game of chess, order a pizza or find a sexual partner. This academic preoccupation with domain-general mechanisms, they suggest, stems directly from the folk notion of man as a rational being that has largely lost or suppressed its animalesque instincts and now operates primarily according to reason. Tooby and Cosmides devote the larger part of their essay to establishing that the human mind cannot consist exclusively or even primarily, of domain-general mechanisms. The argument may be summarised as follows: since domain-general mechanisms come without innate content, they must work out the solution to each problem from scratch through costly and potentially lethal trial-and-error. Domain-specific mechanisms, on the other hand, come with content that is specialized for their domain (e.g. mating, foraging, theory of mind etc.) and can therefore immediately dismiss a staggering number of plausible courses of action (which by definition a domain-general mechanism would have to examine one by one) for one or a few favoured alternatives. For this reason domain-specific mechanisms are faster and more effective than their domain-general counterparts and we should expect natural selection to have favoured them. The authors conclude that the flexible and highly intelligent appearance of human behaviour is not the result of domain-general mechanisms having taken over from older domain-specific mechanisms (or 'instincts'), but the exact opposite; human domain-specific mechanisms have proliferated to the point where man has become competent in an unprecedented number of domains, and can therefore usually employ some motley assortment of these specialized mechanisms for his own novel needs (e.g. he has combined lingual, visual and motor skills to invent the written word, for which no specialized psychological mechanism exists). Reception See also Psychological adaptation The Evolution of Human Sexuality'' Evolutionary psychiatry References External links Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer, by Leda Cosmides & John Tooby The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Barkow, Jerome H., Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby (eds), New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992 1992 non-fiction books Books about evolutionary psychology English-language books Oxford University Press books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adapted%20Mind
Sainte-Catherine (French) or Sint-Katelijne (Dutch) is a Brussels Metro station. It is located at the /, between the / and the /, in the municipality of the City of Brussels, Belgium. It is also situated near Saint Catherine's Church, which gives the station its name. The station was inaugurated on 13 April 1977, when Brussels' first metro line (line 1) was converted from premetro (underground tram) to heavy metro. Following the reorganisation of the Brussels Metro on 4 April 2009, it is served by lines 1 and 5, which use the same tracks at this point. History The station was opened on 13 April 1977, a short extension of line 1 from the neighbouring De Brouckère station. Until 8 May 1981 (with the opening of the extension to Beekkant), the station was the western terminus of the metro. The station is unique in Brussels for being located in the reclaimed and covered space of an old harbor dock, part of the original the Port of Brussels. Because of this, the metro tunnel runs very shallowly at this point, making the station one of the few in Brussels that lack an underground mezzanine. Entrances and exits from the station lead up into the middle of the Place Sainte-Catherine. In late 2006 and in 2007, the station underwent a thorough renovation, giving it a more modern look both under and above ground. References External links Railway stations in Belgium opened in the 1970s Railway stations opened in 1977 1977 establishments in Belgium Brussels metro stations City of Brussels	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Catherine%20metro%20station
The Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting is an elite chess tournament held every summer in Dortmund, Germany. Dortmund is an invite-only event, with the exception that one slot at Dortmund is awarded to the winner of the annual Aeroflot Open in Moscow. The tournament is usually played in a round-robin or double round-robin format. However, it took the form of a series of heads-up matches in 2002 and 2004. The 2002 Dortmund event was also notable in that it served as the Candidates Tournament for the Classical World Chess Championship 2004. Péter Lékó won, defeating Veselin Topalov in the finals. The title sponsor is Sparkasse Dortmund. List of winners {\| class="sortable wikitable" ! # !! Year !! Winner \|- \| (1) \|\|1928\|\| \|- \| (2) \|\|1951\|\| \|- \| (3) \|\|1961\|\| \|- \| \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1 \|\|1973\|\| \|- \| 2 \|\|1974\|\| \|- \| 3 \|\|1975\|\| \|- \| 4 \|\|1976\|\| \|- \| 5 \|\|1977\|\| \|- \| 6 \|\|1978\|\| \|- \| 7 \|\|1979\|\| \|- \| 8 \|\|1980\|\| \|- \| 9 \|\|1981\|\| \|- \| 10 \|\|1982\|\| \|- \| 11 \|\|1983\|\| \|- \| 12 \|\|1984\|\| \|- \| 13 \|\|1985\|\| \|- \| 14 \|\|1986\|\| \|- \| 15 \|\|1987\|\| \|- \| 16 \|\|1988\|\| \|- \| 17 \|\|1989\|\| \|- \| 18 \|\|1990\|\| \|- \| 19 \|\|1991\|\| \|- \| 20 \|\|1992\|\| \|- \| 21 \|\|1993\|\| \|- \| 22 \|\|1994\|\| \|- \| 23 \|\|1995\|\| \|- \| 24 \|\|1996\|\| (with the same score as ; won on tiebreak because of higher Sonneborn–Berger score) \|- \| 25 \|\|1997\|\| \|- \| 26 \|\|1998\|\| (with the same score as and ; won on tiebreak because of higher Sonneborn–Berger score) \|- \| 27 \|\|1999\|\| \|- \| 28 \|\|2000\|\| and (with the same score as ; won on tiebreak because of higher Sonneborn–Berger score) \|- \| 29 \|\|2001\|\| (with the same score as ; won on tiebreak) \|- \| 30 \|\|2002\|\| \|- \| 31 \|\|2003\|\| \|- \| 32 \|\|2004\|\| \|- \| 33 \|\|2005\|\| \|- \| 34 \|\|2006\|\| (with the same score as ; won on tiebreak because of higher Sonneborn–Berger score) \|- \| 35 \|\|2007\|\| \|- \| 36 \|\|2008\|\| \|- \| 37 \|\|2009\|\| \|- \| 38 \|\|2010\|\| \|- \| 39 \|\|2011\|\| \|- \| 40 \|\|2012\|\| (with the same score as ; won on tiebreak because of more wins) \|- \| 41 \|\|2013\|\| \|- \| 42 \|\|2014\|\| \|- \| 43 \|\|2015\|\| \|- \| 44 \|\|2016\|\| \|- \| 45 \|\|2017\|\| \|- \| 46 \|\|2018\|\| \|- \| 47 \|\|2019\|\| \|- \| 48 \|\|2021\|\| \|- \| 49 \|\|2022\|\| \|- \| 50 \|\|2023\|\| \|} Events by year 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 21st Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 10–17 April 1993, Dortmund, Cat. XVI (2637) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2725 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| \|\| 2854 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2685 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 13.25 \|\| 2680 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2550 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 11.50 \|\| 2699 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2655 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 11.50 \|\| 2634 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2615 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 10.25 \|\| 2640 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2645 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3\|\| \|\| 2586 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2600 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| \|\| 2540 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2620 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 2481 \|} 1994 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 22nd Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 15–24 July 1994, Dortmund, Cat. XVI (2640) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2640 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 6½ \|\| \|\| 2806 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2640 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| \|\| 2720 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 5 \|\| \|\| 2682 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2655 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4½ \|\| 20.00 \|\| 2638 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 19.75 \|\| 2639 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2615 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 18.50 \|\| 2643 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2780 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 18.25 \|\| 2624 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2635 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| \|\| 2598 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2580 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 13.50 \|\| 2522 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2555 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 3 \|\| 13.00 \|\| 2524 \|} 1995 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 23rd Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 14–23 July 1995, Dortmund, Cat. XVII (2666) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2730 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 7 \|\| \|\| 2877 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2775 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6½ \|\| \|\| 2818 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2605 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 21.00 \|\| 2714 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2740 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 5 \|\| 20.00 \|\| 2699 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2645 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 4½ \|\| \|\| 2668 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2645 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 17.00 \|\| 2624 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2625 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 15.75 \|\| 2626 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 13.75 \|\| 2586 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 12.50 \|\| 2586 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2595 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 2452 \|} 1996 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 24th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 5–14 July 1996, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2676) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2765 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 7 \|\| 28.50 \|\| 2886 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2735 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 7 \|\| 27.25 \|\| 2889 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2665 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| \|\| 2802 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2685 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 17.50 \|\| 2675 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2665 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4½ \|\| 17.00 \|\| 2677 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2685 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 15.50 \|\| 2632 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2750 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 14.75 \|\| 2624 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2595 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| \|\| 2605 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2585 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| \|\| 2520 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2630 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 2461 \|} 1997 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 25th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 4–13 July 1997, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2700) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! TPR !! Place \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 6½ \|\| 2857 \|\| 1 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2765 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| 2772 \|\| 2 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2745 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2737 \|\| 3–4 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2725 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 5 \|\| 2739 \|\| 3–4 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2670 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 4½ \|\| 2702 \|\| 5 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2695 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2657 \|\| 6–8 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2745 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2651 \|\| 6–8 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2660 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2660 \|\| 6–8 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2580 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 2632 \|\| 9 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2640 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 3 \|\| 2581 \|\| 10 \|} GM Romuald Mainka won Open A tournament with the result 7½ out of 9. 1998 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 26th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 26 June – 5 July 1998, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2699) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2790 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 25.75 \|\| 2813 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2670 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 6 \|\| 25.00 \|\| 2827 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2690 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 24.50 \|\| 2825 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2670 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| \|\| 2745 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2740 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| \|\| 2694 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 17.50 \|\| 2648 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2630 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 16.50 \|\| 2663 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2630 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 16.00 \|\| 2663 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2690 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| \|\| 2575 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2710 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2½ \|\| \|\| 2531 \|} 1999 {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 27th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 10–17 July 1999, Dortmund, Cat. XIX (2705) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2701 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2863 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2760 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 2798 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2700 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2755 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2771 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2745 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2708 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2754 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2656 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| 2609 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2690 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 2548 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| 2554 \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 27th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, Masters Event, 9–17 July 1999, Dortmund, Germany, Category X (2482) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| {{flagathlete\|GM Eckhard Schmittdiel\|Germany}} \|\| 2505 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 2604 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2541 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 2600 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2500 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2523 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2514 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2521 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2509 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 4½ \|\| 2479 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2552 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|\| 2431 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2489 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2438 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2417 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2446 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2453 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2442 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2340 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 2½ \|\| 2331 \|} 17-year-old Olaf Wegener won Open A Swiss-system tournament with the score 8/10. 2000s 2000 28th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 7 – 16, 2000) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 28th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, SuperGM group, 7–16 July 2000, Dortmund, Category XIX (2702) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \| \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 25.75 \|\| 2789 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2762 \| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 23.75 \|\| 2836 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2755 \| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 5 \|\| 21.75 \|\| 2739 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2743 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 20.75 \|\| 2792 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2660 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 5 \|\| 20.75 \|\| 2750 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| \|\| 2702 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2667 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 17.50 \|\| 2664 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2702 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 16.50 \|\| 2659 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2649 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| \|\| 2568 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2615 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 2520 \|- \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 28th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, GM group, 7–16 July 2000, Dortmund, Category IX (2456) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2490 \| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 2577 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2442 \| 1 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 5½ \|\| 2538 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2530 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 5½ \|\| 2528 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2476 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| 2534 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2552 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2488 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2477 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 2497 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2437 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2415 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2444 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 2377 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2359 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 2½ \|\| 2301 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2357 \| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 2½ \|\| 2301 \|- \|} 2001 29th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 12 – 22, 2001) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 29th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 12–22 July 2001, Dortmund, Germany, Category XXI (2755) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2802 \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\|6½ \|\| 2855 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2711 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\|6½ \|\| 2873 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2730 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5½ \|\| 2796 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2749 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 1 1 \|\| ½ 1 \|\|5 \|\| 2756 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2744 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 0 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\|3½ \|\| 2647 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2794 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\|3 \|\| 2598 \|} IM Arkadij Naiditsch (2524) defeated IM Almira Skripchenko-Lautier (2494) in Dortmund Sparkassen Match with the score 7:3. The Dortmund Sparkassen Man-Machine Match between GM Robert Hübner (2612) and Deep Fritz ended in a draw with the score 3:3 (all the games were drawn). 2002 30th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 6 – 21, 2002) Candidates Tournament The main event was a Candidates Tournament to determine a challenger for Vladimir Kramnik's Einstein Group World Chess title. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 30th Sparkassen Chess, Group 1, 6–11 July 2002, Dortmund, Cat. XIX (2701) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! Points !! TB !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2697 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 1½ \|\| 2826 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2745 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 4 \|\| ½ \|\| 2810 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2710 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| \|\| 2640 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2650 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| 1½ \|\| \|\| 2524 \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Group 1 first place playoff, 12 July 2002, Dortmund, Germany ! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! Points !! Place !! TPR \|- \| align=left\| \|\| 2697 \| style="background: black; color: white" \| ½ \| style="background: white; color: black" \| 1 \|\| 1½ \|\| 1 \|\| 2938 \|- \| align=left\| \|\| 2745 \| style="background: white; color: black" \| ½ \| style="background: black; color: white" \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 2 \|\| 2504 \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 30th Sparkassen Chess, Group 2, 6–11 July 2002, Dortmund, Cat. XX (2728) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! Points !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2726 \|\| \|\| 1 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2853 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2717 \|\| 0 1 \|\| \|\| ½ 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 2788 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2752 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| 2662 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2716 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| 2606 \|} Side events IM Tigran Nalbandian (2458) won Dortmund Open Swiss-system tournament with the score 9/11. The match between GM Arkadij Naiditsch (2581) and GM Jan Timman (2623) ended in a draw with the score 4:4. David Baramidze (2351) defeated IM Alisa Marić (2470) in Dortmund Sparkassen Match with the score 4½:3½. 2003 31st Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 31 – August 10, 2003) GM Victor Bologan qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2003. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 31st Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 31 July – 10 August 2003, Dortmund, Category XVIII (2695) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2650 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\|6½ \|\| 2814 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2785 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5½ \|\| 2713 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2774 \|\| 0 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 1 ½ \|\|5½ \|\| 2715 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2648 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 1 \|\|5 \|\| 2704 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2739 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\|4 \|\| 2614 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2574 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 1 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\|3½ \|\| 2609 \|} IM Yuri Boidman (2407) won Dortmund Open A Swiss-system tournament with the score 8/9 and performance rating 2616. GM Vladimir Belikov (2499) defeated IM David Baramidze (2470) in Dortmund Match with the score 6:4. 2004 32nd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 22 – August 1, 2004) GM Sergei Rublevsky qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2004. Preliminaries {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 32nd Sparkassen Chess, Group A, 22–27 July 2004, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2692) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! Points !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2782 \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2787 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2727 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| 1 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 2737 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2574 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 0 \|\| \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 2½ \|\| 2674 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2686 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| 2569 \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 32nd Sparkassen Chess, Group B, 22–27 July 2004, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2691) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! Points !! TB !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 2665 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2741 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 3½ \|\| 2674 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2663 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 2½ \|\| 2700 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2591 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 2724 \|} {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Group B Rapid playoff, 27 July 2004, Dortmund, Cat. XVIII (2691) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! Points !! TPR \|- \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\| 1 0 \|\| 4 \|\| 2790 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2741 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 2731 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2663 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| 2643 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2591 \|\| 0 1 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| 2599 \|} Knockout {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ Final standings ! Place !! Player !! Rating \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2782 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2770 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2727 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2741 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2574 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2686 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2663 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2591 \|} 2005 33rd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 8 – 17, 2005) GM Emil Sutovsky qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2005. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 33rd Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 8–17 July 2005, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2709) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2612 \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\|5½\|\| 2800 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2788 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|5\|\| 2743 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2729 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\|5\|\| 2750 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2738 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|5\|\| 2749 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2655 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\|5\|\| 2758 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2744 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\|4½\|\| 2705 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2719 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4½\|\| 2708 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2763 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 2660 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2674 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\|3½\|\| 2633 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2668 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\|3\|\| 2589 \|} 2006 34th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 29 – August 6, 2006) GM Baadur Jobava qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2006. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 34th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 29 July – 6 August 2006, Dortmund, Category XIX (2720) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2743 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4½\|\| 14.50 \|\| 2819 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2742 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\|4½\|\| 13.50 \|\| 2819 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2732 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|4\|\| 14.00 \|\| 2768 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2738 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\|4\|\| 12.50 \|\| 2768 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2729 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 11.75 \|\| 2769 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2665 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|3½\|\| 11.00 \|\| 2728 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2761 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\|2½\|\| 6.75 \|\| 2612 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2651 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\|2\|\| 5.00 \|\|2572 \|} 2007 35th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (June 23 – July 1, 2007) GM Evgeny Alekseev qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2007. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 35th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 23 June – 1 July 2007, Dortmund, Category XX (2727) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2772 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\|5\|\| 2878 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2679 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|4\|\| 2783 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2738 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\|4\|\| 2775 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2786 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 2768 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2757 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|3½\|\| 2722 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2693 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|3\|\| 2681 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2733 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\|2½\|\| 2624 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2654 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\|2\|\| 2579 \|} 2008 36th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (June 28 – July 6, 2008) GM Ian Nepomniachtchi qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2008. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 36th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 28 June – 6 July 2008, Dortmund, Category XVIII (2694) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2741 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\|4½\|\| 2790 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2740 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\|4\|\| 2738 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2752 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 2736 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2634 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 2753 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2603 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\|4\|\| 2758 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2624 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\|3½\|\| 2705 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2788 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\|3\|\| 2631 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2677 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\|1\|\| 2388 \|} 2009 37th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 2 – 12, 2009) GM Étienne Bacrot qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2009. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 37th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 2–12 July 2009, Dortmund, Germany, Category XX (2744) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2759 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 1 \|\|6½\|\| 2851 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2756 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5½\|\| 2778 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2772 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\|5½\|\| 2775 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2760 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 1 ½ \|\|5½\|\| 2777 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2721 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\|4\|\| 2677 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2697 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\|3\|\| 2605 \|} 2010s 2010 38th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 15–25, 2010) GM Lê Quang Liêm qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2010. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 38th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 15–25 July 2010, Dortmund, Germany, Category XX (2731) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2734 \|\| \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 1 ½ \|\|6½\|\| \|\| 2840 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2681 \|\| 1 ½ \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\|5½\|\| \|\| 2777 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2790 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ 1 \|\| 1 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5\|\| 24.25 \|\| 2719 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2761 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| \|\| 1 0 \|\| ½ 1 \|\|5\|\| 24.00 \|\| 2725 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2684 \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 1 \|\| 0 1 \|\| \|\| ½ 0 \|\|4\|\| 20.75 \|\| 2668 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2734 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| ½ 1 \|\| \|\|4\|\| 19.50 \|\| 2658 \|} 2011 39th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 21 – 31, 2011) GM Lê Quang Liêm qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2011. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" \|+ 39th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 21–31 July 2011, Dortmund, Germany, Category XX (2731) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! Points !! SB !! Wins !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2781 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\| 1 0 \|\| 1 1 \|\|7\|\| 31.00 \|\| 5 \|\| 2870 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2715 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| 1 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5½\|\| 27.00 \|\| 1 \|\| 2770 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2764 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| \|\| 1 0 \|\| 1 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\|5\|\| 23.25 \|\| 3 \|\| 2761 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2701 \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 1 \|\| \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 1 ½ \|\|5\|\| 23.00 \|\| 2 \|\| 2737 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2770 \|\| 0 1 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| \|\| ½ 1 \|\|4½\|\| 22.00 \|\| 2 \|\| 2687 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left\| \|\| 2656 \|\| 0 0 \|\| ½ ½ \|\| ½ ½ \|\| 0 ½ \|\| ½ 0 \|\| \|\|3\|\| 15.25 \|\| 0 \|\| 2597 \|} 2012 40th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 13 – 22, 2012) GM Mateusz Bartel qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2012. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 40th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 13–22 July 2012, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2711) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! !! Wins !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2775 \| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 23.00 \|\| 2829 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2779 \| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 6 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 23.00 \|\| 2829 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2726 \| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 24.50 \|\| 2789 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2799 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 20.50 \|\| 2744 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2700 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 21.50 \|\| 2755 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2730 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 21.50 \|\| 2752 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2644 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 16.00 \|\| 2676 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2655 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 14.75 \|\| 2637 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2674 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 2 \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| 8.00 \|\| 2495 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2629 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1½ \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 4.75 \|\| 2447 \|- \|} 2013 41st Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 26 – August 4, 2013) {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 41st Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 26 July – 4 August 2013, Dortmund, Category XIX (2709) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! Points !! Wins !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2740 \| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 7 \|\| 5 \|\| 2925 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2784 \| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 6½ \|\| 5 \|\| 2866 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2737 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4½ \|\| 1 \|\| 2705 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2710 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4½ \|\| 3 \|\| 2708 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2727 \| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 2664 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2610 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 2677 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2796 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 2656 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2752 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2661 \|- \| 9 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2605 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 1 \|\| 2640 \|- \| 10 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2629 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 2592 \|- \|} 2014 42nd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 12 – 20, 2014) The 42nd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting took place between July 12 and July 20, 2014, in the "Orchesterzentrum NRW" in Dortmund, Germany. The eight-player round-robin tournament consisted of 7 games of Classical Chess. The field was led by Vladimir Kramnik, Fabiano Caruana, and Michael Adams. Players received 100 minutes for 40 moves, then an additional 50 minutes for 20 additional moves, and finally 15 minutes for the rest of the game plus 30 seconds per move starting from move one. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 42nd Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 12–20 July 2014, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2715) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! Wins !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2789 \| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| 5 \|\| 2934 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2737 \| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2762 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2632 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 2777 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2705 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 3 \|\| 2716 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2743 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 1 \|\| 2711 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2723 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 2664 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2777 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| 0 \|\| 2604 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2616 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 2571 \|- \|} 2015 43rd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (June 27 – July 5, 2015) The 43rd Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting took place between June 27 to July 5 in the "Orchesterzentrum NRW" in Dortmund, Germany. The eight-player round-robin tournament consisted of 7 games of Classical Chess. The field was led by Vladimir Kramnik, Fabiano Caruana, and Wesley So. Players received 100 minutes for 40 moves, then an additional 50 minutes for 20 additional moves, and finally 15 minutes for the rest of the game plus 30 seconds per move starting from move one. The tournament was also the final Dortmund appearance for Arkadij Naiditsch before his transfer to the Azerbaijan Chess Federation. GM Ian Nepomniachtchi qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2015. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 43rd Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 27 June – 5 July 2015, Dortmund, Category XIX (2724) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2805 \| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| \|\| 2942 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2778 \| 1 \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 2766 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2654 \| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2784 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2783 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| \|\| 2715 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2722 \| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 2674 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2720 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 2674 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2676 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 2½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2628 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2654 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 2½ \|\| 3 \|\| 2632 \|- \|} 2016 44th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 9 – 17, 2016) The 44th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting took place between July 9th to 17th in the "Orchesterzentrum NRW" in Dortmund, Germany. The eight-player round-robin tournament consisted of 7 games of Classical Chess. The field was led by Vladimir Kramnik, Fabiano Caruana, and Maxime Vachier-Lagrave. Players received 100 minutes for 40 moves, then 50 minutes for 20 additional moves, then 15 minutes for the rest of the game plus 30 seconds per move starting from move one. GM Evgeniy Najer qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2016. Maxime Vachier-Lagrave won the tournament on July 16 with 1 game to spare. This was his first Dortmund tournament victory. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 44th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 9–17 July 2016, Dortmund, Germany, Category XX (2732) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! !! Wins !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2798 \| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 5½ \|\| \|\| \|\| 2954 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2812 \| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| \|\| 2771 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2810 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 2771 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2713 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 2786 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2706 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 4 \|\| \|\| 2735 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2674 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 3 \|\| \|\| 2740 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2687 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| \|\| 2574 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2653 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 1½ \|\| \|\| \|\| 2512 \|- \|} 2017 45th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 15 – 23, 2017) GM Vladimir Fedoseev qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2017. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 45th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 15–23 July 2017, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2725) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! !! Wins !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2736 \| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4½ \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 14.75 \|\| 2826 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2726 \| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 13.75 \|\| 2775 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2791 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 13.50 \|\| 2766 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2812 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3½ \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 11.75 \|\| 2713 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2642 \| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 11.25 \|\| 2687 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2712 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.50 \|\| 2677 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2699 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 9.75 \|\| 2679 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2683 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.25 \|\| 2681 \|- \|} 2018 46th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 14 – 22, 2018) GM Vladislav Kovalev qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2018. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 46th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 14–22 July 2018, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2720) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! !! Wins !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2757 \| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 15.50 \|\| 2873 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2782 \| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 12.25 \|\| 2761 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2655 \| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 14.00 \|\| 2778 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2737 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 2 \|\| 12.75 \|\| 2776 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2638 \| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 3½ \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 10.50 \|\| 2732 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2792 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 10.00 \|\| 2668 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2733 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 10.50 \|\| 2660 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2672 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1½ \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 5.00 \|\| 2501 \|- \|} 2019 47th Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (July 13 – 21, 2019) GM Kaido Külaots qualified as the winner of Aeroflot Open 2019. {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ 47th Sparkassen Chess-Meeting, 13–21 July 2019, Dortmund, Germany, Category XIX (2705) ! !! Player !! Rating !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! Points !! !! Wins !! SB !! TPR \|- \|-style="background:#ccffcc;" \| 1 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2760 \| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4½ \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| 2798 \|- \| 2 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2775 \| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| \|\| 2744 \|- \| 3 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2737 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 2749 \|- \| 4 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2735 \| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 14.00 \|\| 2750 \|- \| 5 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2759 \| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 1 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 13.25 \|\| 2746 \|- \| 6 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2667 \| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\| 1 \|\| 2½ \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 2607 \|- \| 7 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2574 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| \|\| 0 \|\| 2½ \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| \|\| 2623 \|- \| 8 \|\| align=left \| \|\| 2644 \| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| ½ \|\| ½ \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| \|\| 2½ \|\| 3 \|\| \|\| \|\| 2612 \|- \|} FM Thomas Michalczak (2239) won Sparkassen Chess Meeting Open A swiss-system tournament with the score 7½/9 and performance rating 2533. References Winners list and Reports since 1973 by Gerhard Hund (German) External links DORTMUND SPARKASSEN CHESS MEETING 2005 The Games of Dortmund Sparkassen 2005 2008 edition from TWIC Chess competitions Chess in Germany 1973 in chess Recurring sporting events established in 1973 International sports competitions hosted by Germany Sport in Dortmund	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund%20Sparkassen%20Chess%20Meeting
The Johns River (also called "John's River"), in northern New Hampshire, arises at Cherry Pond in Jefferson and runs approximately , generally northwest, to the Connecticut River. It passes through Hazens Pond, near the Mount Washington Regional Airport, traverses the town of Whitefield, where it is crossed by U.S. Route 3, and then crosses the town of Dalton before joining the Connecticut. It is named for an early hunter and trapper of the area, John Glines, who established a fishing and hunting camp in the area in the 18th century. Another nearby river, the Israel River, is named for John's brother Israel. The river basin drains numerous small ponds, including Martin Meadow Pond, Weeks Pond, Weed Pond, Clark Pond, Burns Pond (formerly Long Pond), Richardson Pond/Marsh, Hazens Pond, Cherry and Little Cherry Pond, Forest Lake and Mirror Lake (formerly Blake Pond). Tributaries include Chase Brook, Carroll Stream, Bear Brook, Leonard Brook, Cherry Mountain Brook, Carter Brook and Bog Brook. The watershed area is bounded by the eastern slope of the Dalton Mountain Range, the southern slope of Prospect Mountain and the western slope of Cherry Mountain (also called Mount Martha). See also List of rivers of New Hampshire References Rivers of New Hampshire Tributaries of the Connecticut River Rivers of Coös County, New Hampshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns%20River%20%28New%20Hampshire%29
Elsdon Storey is an Australian neurologist, former Rhodes Scholar & Professor of Neurology at Monash University. His clinical and research interests are in neurogenetics (especially the hereditary ataxias) and behavioural neurology (especially the dementias). After clinical neurology training in Oxford and Melbourne, and research training at Oxford, Massachusetts General Hospital and with Colin Masters at Melbourne University, Storey was appointed as the first Van Cleef Roet Professor of Neuroscience at Monash in 1996. He is also Head of the Alfred Neurology Unit. He is on the Council of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Neurologists as Neurology Co-Editor of their official Journal (the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience), and the Boards of the Brain Foundation, Neurosciences Victoria, and the Bethlehem-Griffiths Foundation. In the 2022 Australia Day Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for "significant service to medicine in the field of neurology, and to professional associations". References Australian Rhodes Scholars Members of the Order of Australia Academic staff of Monash University Massachusetts General Hospital fellows Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Living people Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsdon%20Storey
Iliac can refer to one of the following: Iliac artery Ilium (bone) Iliac vein Iliac fossa Iliac fascia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac
Bryan Marshall (19 May 1938 – 25 June 2019) was a British actor, with a number of major credits in film and television to his name, in both his native country and Australia. Early life Marshall was born in Battersea, south London. He was educated at the Salesian College, Battersea, and trained as an actor at RADA, before appearing at the Bristol Old Vic and in repertory theatre and in the 1986 first national tour of The Sound of Music as Captain von Trapp. Film Marshall's best-remembered film role is that of Councillor Harris in The Long Good Friday (1980). His other film credits include Rasputin the Mad Monk (1966), Alfie (1966), The Witches (1966), The Viking Queen (1967), Quatermass and the Pit (1967), Mosquito Squadron (1969), I Start Counting (1970), Man in the Wilderness (1971), Because of the Cats (1973), The Tamarind Seed (1974) and The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). His later film career included roles in Australian productions such as BMX Bandits (1983), Bliss (1985), The Man from Snowy River II (1988), The Punisher (1989) with Dolph Lundgren, Country Life (1994) and Selkie (2000). Television Marshall had several leading roles on television, notably Dobbin in the 1967 production of Vanity Fair, Gilbert Markham in the 1968 serial of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall and Wentworth in the 1971 adaptation of Persuasion. Other television credits include: Spindoe, Warship, United!, The Forsyte Saga, Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, The Saint, The Avengers, Rooms (1975), The Onedin Line, Out, The Professionals, Return of the Saint, Buccaneer, The Chinese Detective, Robin of Sherwood, Heartbeat, The Bill and Dalziel and Pascoe. He also worked extensively in Australia, with credits including Prisoner, Special Squad, Golden Pennies, Neighbours, Embassy, Home and Away, Stingers, Water Rats and All Saints. In 1989, Marshall was the original host of Australia's Most Wanted, an Australian version of the show America's Most Wanted which was focused on helping the police with unsolved crimes. Marshall died at the age of 81 on 25 June 2019; no cause was given. Filmography Film Television Notes References External links 1938 births 2019 deaths Alumni of RADA Actors from Clapham English male film actors English male television actors Australian male television actors Male actors from London English people of Irish descent	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Marshall
Edward K. Archer (born May 16, 1972), known professionally as Special Ed, is an American rapper and producer. Ed is perhaps best known for the songs "I Got It Made", "Think About It" and "I'm the Magnificent" from his debut album Youngest in Charge, released in 1989 when he was 17 years old. Biography Born in Brooklyn, New York City to an Afro-Jamaican father and Indo-Jamaican mother, Ed was raised in Flatbush before moving to Canarsie, and is identified with East Coast hip-hop. Ed attended Erasmus Hall High School and Samuel J. Tilden High School. At the age of fifteen, he established a rapport with his neighbor Howie Tee, who worked with him on his demo. Ed's debut album Youngest in Charge was released in 1989 and included the songs "I Got It Made", "Think About It" and "I'm The Magnificent", which were produced by "Hitman" Howie Tee. In an interview with Billboard (magazine) writer James Richliano, Special Ed, who co-wrote his songs, said that he, "used to like writing poetry and creative writing in school," and that he, "wrote a lot of lyrics that amused my teachers. Even when I was younger, I could kick a beat with my hands and rhyme at the same time." Youngest in Charge sold more than half a million copies. In 1990, Ed released his album Legal, the title a reference to his turning eighteen, with the singles "Come On Let's Move It" and "The Mission". Ed was later a member of Crooklyn Dodgers, a supergroup put together in order to perform songs for the Spike Lee films Clockers and Crooklyn, and he performed "Crooklyn" with Shillz on the 2003 compilation album MuskaBeatz. Ed released a third solo album, Revelations, with the single "Neva Go Back" in 1995, with the track "Freaky Flow" receiving a remix by DJ Premier. In 2004, Ed released the album Still Got It Made on his own label "Semi." Ed appeared in the film Ganked, alongside Kel Mitchell of Kenan and Kel, and had an uncredited cameo in Juice. He also made an appearance on The Cosby Show as fictional rapper JT Freeze and in a Rick Ross music video entitled "Magnificent". He also appeared in the 1992 movie Fly By Night. Discography Studio albums Compilation albums As lead artist References Notes Citations External links Special Ed Myspace 1972 births African-American male rappers American male rappers American rappers of Jamaican descent Living people Profile Records artists Rappers from Brooklyn Erasmus Hall High School alumni Musicians from Flatbush, Brooklyn 21st-century American rappers 21st-century American male musicians People from Canarsie, Brooklyn 21st-century African-American musicians 20th-century African-American people Crooklyn Dodgers members	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Ed%20%28rapper%29
Viktor Petrovich Astafyev also spelled Astafiev or Astaf'ev (; 1 May 1924 – 29 November 2001), was a Soviet and Russian writer, playwright and screenwriter. He was recognized with the title Hero of Socialist Labour in 1989. Biography Viktor Astafyev was born in the village of Ovsyanka (then Krasnoyarsk Uyezd, Yeniseysk Governorate, Russian SFSR) on the bank of the Yenisey river. His father, Pyotr Pavlovich Astafyev, was a son of a relatively rich mill-owner (a part-time hunter who most of his time though spent at home), mother Lydia Ilyinichna Astafyeva (née Potylitsyna) came from a peasant family. In his 2000 autobiography Viktor Astafyev remembered his father's household as a place where men, led by grandfather Pavel Yakovlevich, were on continuous binge, while all the work was being organized and done by two women, Lydia and her mother-in-law, Maria Osipova, Pavel Yakovlevich's young second wife. In 1931 two tragedies struck. First Pyotr, Pavel and the latter's father (Astafyev grand-grandfather) Yakov Maximovich were arrested as part of the Dekulakization campaign and sent to a Siberian labour camp. In July 1931 Lydia Ilyinichna, Viktor's mother drowned in the Yenisey as the boat which she was rowing, carrying food to the Krasnoyarsk prison where her arrested husband was kept, got upturned. That year Pyotr Astafyev received 5 years of prison as an "Enemy of the people" and was sent to the infamous Belomorkanal building-site. Seven-year-old Viktor found himself in the house of Yekaterina Petrovna and Ilya Yevgrafovich Potylitsyns, his mother’s parents who gave the boy all their love and care. In 1932 he joined a local primary school. His life in the early 1930s Astafyev later described in his book of short stories The Last Respect (Posledny Poklon, 1968). In 1934 Pyotr Astafyev returned from labour camp and married again. He took Viktor to his new place, a small forest village Sosnovka, then in 1935 moved the family to Igarka where they settled as spetspereselentsy. Ignored by both his stepmother Taisiya Tcherkasova (who had now given birth to her own son, Nikolai) and father, the boy rebelled and soon found himself homeless and on the streets. In 1937 he was taken to an orphanage and joined the 5th form of its special school which years later he remembered with great affection. Two of the teachers, Rozhdestvensky and Sokolov, noticed his artistic and literary abilities since the boy had started to write poetry, and did a lot to encourage him. Years later he remembered: Critics for some reason tend to feel sorry for me and for the difficult childhood that I had. This vexes me a lot. More than that... Given such a chance, I’d have chosen the very same life, full of things, happiness, victories and defeats. The latter only help to see the world better, to feel kindness deeper. There would have been just one thing I'd have changed – asked fate to keep mother with me. [Long pause] Orphanage, wandering, the boarding school – all this I had to live through in Igarka. But there were other things – books and songs, skiing trips, childhood happiness, first tears of epiphany... It was there that for the first time I've heard the radio, the gramophone, the brass orchestra... And it was in Igarka that I wrote my first ever short story which my teacher Rozhdestvensky published in our school's self-edited journal. And the newspaper Bolshevik Zapolyarya published my 4-line verse. On 1 May 1941, Astafyev graduated from the school and joined a brickyard as a transport worker. As the Great Patriotic War broke out, he was working in the Kureika station, a manual worker at local village Soviet. In August he left Igarka and joined the newly formed Railway school in Krasnoyarsk which he left in June 1942. The War years In October 1942 Astafyev volunteered for the Soviet Army and, after six months spent in reserve units (first in Berdsk, then in Novosibirsk) in April 1943 was moved to the Kaluga region as a soldier of the 92nd Howitzer brigade of the Kiev-Zhitomir division. In May Astafyev went into action, taking part in fierce fighting conducted by the Bryansk, Voronezh and Steppe Fronts. In October he was injured while force-crossing the river Dnieper (that was where and when he lost his right eye) and on 25 November received his first award, the For Courage medal. In January 1944 he returned to action and took part in the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, then (in March and April) in the Kamenets-Podolsky assault and on 25 April was awarded the Order of the Red Star. On 17 September 1944, Astafyev was badly injured near the Polish town of Dukla and spent the next 8 months in hospitals. "Since then I was unfit for an active service and was drifting from one reserve unit to another until I settled at the postal point of the 1st Ukrainian Front nearby Zhmerinka station. Here I met a fellow soldier, Maria Semyonovna Koryakina, married her after demobilization and went with her to her place in the town of Chusovoy of the Perm (then Molotov) oblast," he wrote in autobiography. The horrible experience of war remained with Astafyev, becoming the major incentive to become a writer. "About the War... what do I know? Everything and nothing. I was a common soldier and we had our own, soldiers' truth. One rather glib author called it derogatively 'the truth from the trenches' and our 'point of view' – a 'hillock view'… But I felt as if I had to tell about the everyday side of the war, of how the trenches smelt, of the way people there lived... The first killed, one of us. The first one you've killed. I had to write of all the monstrous things I've seen," he said years later in an interview. Literary career After his discharge in 1945 Astafyev settled for a while in his wife's parents' house in Chusovoy, then went to Krasnoyarsk, doing various jobs such as locksmith and smelter. In 1950 he started contributing to the Tchusovsky Rabochy (The Tchusovoy Worker) newspaper which in February 1951 published his debut short story "A Civil Man" (Grazhdansky tchelovek), which two years later was reprinted by the Perm-based Zvesda newspaper. In 1954 Astafyev was for the first time published by a Moscow magazine (short story "Splinter", in Smena). In 1955 he left the newspaper and started working upon his first novel Snows are Melting (Tayut Snega) which was published in 1958, as was his first book of short stories Warm Rain (Tyoply Dozhd), dedicated mostly to the experience of Russian soldiers and civilians during recent war. Also in the late 1950s Astafyev joined the regional Perm radio. Working there provided relatively good wages but involved too much blatant propaganda. "I decided to quit after one and a half years, feeling that otherwise I'd just stop respecting myself altogether," he remembered. On 1 October 1958 Astafyev became the member of the RSFSR Union of Writers. In 1959, Astafyev enrolled in the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow; he became friends with Sergey Vikulov, Yevgeny Nosov and a group of Vologda authors. One of several short novels of this period, The Old Oak ("Starodub", 1960), became Astafyev's first European publication: translated into Czech, in 1963 it was published in Prague. After 1962 Astafyev became a professional writer. Maria Koryakina initially helped as his typist but also wrote for publication. In 1969 Astafyev and his family moved to the city of Vologda where most of his literary friends lived. Several major books – Notches (Zatesi), Mountain Pass, The Last Respect (book 1), Shepherd and His Wife followed in the early 1970s and won Astafyev (now the Order of the Red Banner of Labour two-times chevalier) the RSFSR State Maxim Gorky Prize in December 1975. A year later Nash Sovremennik published "The Tsar Fish", one of his most famous short stories (which gave the title to the compilation). His first play The Bird-Cherry Tree was premiered at the Moscow Yermolova theatre, also in 1976. On 19 October 1978, for the Tsar-Fish book Astafyev received the USSR State Prize. In 1981 the first edition of The Complete Astafyev in 4 volumes came out. By this time he had bought a house in his native Ovsyanka and moved with his family to Krasnoyarsk. The first TV documentary (by director M. Litvyakov) "Viktor Astafyev" was shown in 1983. By 1984 four films based on his work had been produced, including Falling Stars by Igor Talankin and Arkady Sirenko's Born Twice, the latter featuring Astafyev as a scriptwriter. Great resonance had his novel Sad Detective (1986), as well as a set of 1987 short stories, including the controversial "The Catching of Cudgeons in Georgia". In 1988–1989 Astafyev visited France (where his Sad Detective was published), Bulgaria (to oversee his 1966 short novel The Theft being screened) and Greece and took part in the 1989 Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. The epic novel The Cursed and the Slain (Proklyaty i Ubity, books 1 and 2, 1992–1993) brought Astafyev The State Prize of the Russian Federation in May 1996. The same month the Russian President Boris Yeltsin visited Ovsyanka to meet Astafyev. In 1998 the 15-volumes Krasnoyarsk edition of The Complete Astafyev was published. Astafyev's last years were not happy ones. In 2000 he suffered a stroke. Not long before his death Astafyev wrote his last words: "I entered a world that was kind and open and I loved it wholeheartedly. I leave a world that is alien, evil and vile and I have nothing to say to all of you by way of farewells." Viktor Astafyev died on 29 November 2001, in Krasnoyarsk. He was buried in his native Ovsyanka. Controversy In the mid-1980s, he became embroiled in significant controversy over his writings followed by accusations of chauvinism and xenophobia when the public learned, through samizdat, about the correspondence between the literary historian Natan Eidelman and Astafyev that had been provoked by alleged racist overtones in Astafyev's work Sad Detective and his The Catching of Gudgeons in Georgia (both 1986), the latter deemed offensive by the Georgian readership. At the 8th USSR Writers Union Congress in the summer of 1986, Georgian delegates urged the author to apologize publicly for his insult to the Georgian nation; when he refused, they walked out in protest. In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two. In 1999, his novel Jolly Soldier, which portrayed the horrors of the Soviet Army was met with extremely adverse reaction, which may have brought about a heart failure. Legacy In the years when many Soviet war literature authors (like Fyodor Parfyonov or Ivan Stadnyuk) were singing paeans to an idealized, invincible Soviet war hero, crushing the enemy under the Communist Party leadership, Viktor Astafyev became one of the first to rebel against the officially-approved convention and reveal the darker, unglamorous side of what was happening in 1941–1945. He is credited with being one of the major proponents (alongside Viktor Nekrasov, Vasil Bykaŭ, Vladimir Bogomolov, Konstantin Vorobyov) of the so-called The Truth from the Trenches (okopnaya pravda) movement (the term was used originally in a derogatory sense by detractors who argued that former soldiers could not be trusted to write about the Great war objectively, being ignorant of its greater 'truths') which brought authenticity and harsh realism to the Soviet war literature. David Gillespie summed up his career as follows:Astafyev has always been a highly individual writer who conforms to no movements or stereotypes.... He has always remained true to himself, and has retained a certain hard-edged integrity. His novel Prokliaty i ubity [The Damned and the Dead] is a gritty, typically uncompromising picture of war, with many naturalistic descriptions in a style the author has developed since the cathartic Pechal'nyi detektiv. Astafyev remains very much a writer who refuses to be easily categorized: he is neither a Village Prose Writer, nor a writer of "war prose", nor a writer who explores the mistakes of the recent Soviet past. At the same time, he is all of these. Capable of surprising and even shocking his reader, Astafyev maintains a deep lyrical sense that has produced what Eidel'man called "the best descriptions of nature for decades". More than any other writer living in Russia today (with the possible exception of Solzhenitsyn), he is a writer who examines man as subjected to and moulded by the total Soviet experience. Honours and awards Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University is named in his honour. USSR State Prize (1978 – for the story "King Fish" (1976) and 1991 – for his novel "Sighted Staff" (1988)) Maxim Gorky RSFSR State Prize (1975) – for the story "The Pass" (1959), "Theft" (1966), "Last Bow" (1968), "Shepherd and Shepherdess" (1971) State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995 – for his novel "The Cursed and the Slain", 2003 – posthumously) Pushkin Prize (Germany, 1997) Award "Triumph" Hero of Socialist Labour (1989) Order of Lenin (1989) Order of the Red Banner of Labour, three times (1971, 1974, 1984) Order of Friendship of Peoples (1981) – the anniversary of the Union of Soviet Writers Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1985) Order of Friendship – 70th anniversary of his birth Order of the Red Star Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class Medal "For Courage" (1943) Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" English translations The Horse with the Pink Mane, and Other Siberian Stories, Progress Publishers, 1970. Queen Fish: A Story in Two Parts and Twelve Episodes, Progress Publishers, 1982. To Live Your Life and Other Stories, Raduga Publishers, 1989. Bibliography The Snow is Melting ("Тают снега" – Tayut snega, 1958) Theft ("Кража" – Krazha, 1966) The Last Tribute ("Последний поклон" – Posledniy poklon, 1968) Sheppard and His Wife ("Пастух и пастушка" – Pastukh i pastushka, 1971) Czar Fish ("Царь-рыба" – Czar ryba, 1975) Sad Detective ("Печальный детектив" – Pechalny detektiv, 1986) The Catching of Gudgeons in Georgia ("Ловля пескарей в Грузии" – Lovlya peskarei v Gruzii, 1986) The Cursed and Killed ("Прокляты и убиты" – Proklyaty i ubity, 1995) The Will to be Alive ("Так хочется жить" – Tak khochetsya zhit''', 1995) The Jolly Soldier ("Веселый солдат" – Veselyi soldat'', 1999) Notes References External links Marking the 75th anniversary of Viktor Astafiev and Victory Day by Lyubov Kuznetsova. excerpt, from The Cursed and the Slain New Russian Writing 1924 births 2001 deaths 20th-century Russian male writers 20th-century Russian short story writers People from Krasnoyarsk Krai Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni Heroes of Socialist Labour Pushkin Prize winners Recipients of the Medal "For Courage" (Russia) Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Order of the Red Star Recipients of the USSR State Prize Solzhenitsyn Prize winners State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates Russian male novelists Russian male short story writers Russian male writers Russian-language writers Socialist realism writers Soviet male writers Soviet military personnel of World War II Soviet novelists Soviet short story writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Astafyev
Conan Christopher O'Brien (born April 18, 1963) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is best known for having hosted late-night talk shows for almost 28 years, beginning with Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1993–2009) and The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009–2010) on the NBC television network, and Conan (2010–2021) on the cable channel TBS. Before his hosting career, O'Brien was a writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1988 to 1991, and the Fox animated sitcom The Simpsons from 1991 to 1993. He has also been host of the podcast series Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend since 2018 and is set to launch a travel show, Conan O'Brien Must Go, on Max. Born in Brookline, Massachusetts, O'Brien was raised in an Irish Catholic family. He served as president of The Harvard Lampoon while attending Harvard University, and was a writer for the sketch comedy series Not Necessarily the News. After writing for several comedy shows in Los Angeles, he joined the writing staff of Saturday Night Live. O'Brien was a writer and producer for The Simpsons for two seasons until he was selected by Lorne Michaels and NBC to take over David Letterman's position as host of Late Night in 1993. Despite unfavorable reviews and threats of cancellation in the show's first years, O'Brien and the show developed and became highly regarded, earning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series. He hosted Late Night for 16 years, and as of 2023 is the longest-serving host of the franchise. In 2009, O'Brien moved from New York to Los Angeles to host his own incarnation of The Tonight Show for seven months until highly publicized network politics prompted a host change in 2010. After this departure, O'Brien hosted a 32-city live comedy tour titled The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, which was the subject of the documentary Conan O'Brien Can't Stop (2011). He then hosted Conan from 2010 to 2021. Throughout his career, he has also hosted a number of awards shows and television specials, including the Emmy Awards in 2002 and 2006 and the White House Correspondents' dinner in 1995 and 2013. Conan was named one of Times 100 Most Influential People in 2010. Known for his spontaneous hosting style, which has been characterized by The New York Times as "awkward, self-deprecating humor", O'Brien's late-night programs combine the "lewd and wacky with more elegant, narrative-driven short films". His segments outside the studio, dubbed "remotes", have also become some of his best-received work, including the international travel series Conan Without Borders. With the retirement of David Letterman on May 20, 2015, O'Brien became the longest-working late-night talk show host active in the United States. This active streak ended with O'Brien's retirement from late-night television in June 2021, with his entire run as a late-night host lasting almost 28 years. Early life O'Brien was born on April 18, 1963, in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Thomas Francis O'Brien (b. 1929), is a physician and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School where he specializes in epidemiology. His mother, Ruth O'Brien (née Reardon; b. 1931), is a retired attorney and former partner at the Boston firm Ropes & Gray. O'Brien has three brothers and two sisters. O'Brien attended Brookline High School, where he served as the managing editor of the school newspaper, then called The Sagamore. He was a congressional intern for Congressmen Robert Drinan and Barney Frank, and in his senior year won the National Council of Teachers of English writing contest with his short story "To Bury the Living". After graduating as valedictorian in 1981, O'Brien entered Harvard University. He lived in Holworthy Hall during his first year with future businessman Luis Ubiñas and two other roommates, and in Mather House during his three upper-class years. He majored in History & Literature, and graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1985. O'Brien's senior thesis, entitled Literary Progeria in the Works of William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor, concerned the use of children as symbols in the works of William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor. During college, O'Brien briefly played drums in a band called the Bad Clams and was a writer for the Harvard Lampoon humor magazine. During his sophomore and junior years, he served as the Lampoons president. At this time, O'Brien's future boss at NBC, Jeff Zucker, was serving as president of the school newspaper The Harvard Crimson. Career Saturday Night Live (1988–1991) After graduating from Harvard, O'Brien moved to Los Angeles to join the writing staff of HBO's sketch comedy series Not Necessarily the News. He was also a writer on the short-lived The Wilton North Report. He spent two years with that show and performed regularly with improvisational groups, including The Groundlings. In January 1988, Saturday Night Live (SNL) executive producer Lorne Michaels hired O'Brien as a writer. During his three years on SNL, he wrote such recurring sketches as "Mr. Short-Term memory" and "The Girl Watchers"; the latter was first performed by Tom Hanks and Jon Lovitz. While on a writers' strike from Saturday Night Live following the 1987–88 season, O'Brien put on an improvisational comedy revue in Chicago with fellow SNL writers Bob Odenkirk and Robert Smigel called Happy Happy Good Show. While living in Chicago, O'Brien briefly shared an apartment with Jeff Garlin near Wrigley Field. In 1989, O'Brien and his fellow SNL writers received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series. O'Brien, like many SNL writers, occasionally appeared as an extra in sketches; his most notable appearance was as a doorman in a sketch in which Tom Hanks was inducted into the SNL "Five-Timers Club" for hosting his fifth episode in 1990. O'Brien and Robert Smigel wrote the television pilot for Lookwell starring Adam West, which aired on NBC in 1991. Despite the support from NBC president Brandon Tartikoff, the pilot never went to series. Despite the negative reviews, it became a cult hit. It was later screened at The Other Network, a festival of unaired TV pilots produced by Un-Cabaret; it featured an extended interview with O'Brien and was rerun in 2002 on the Trio network. In 1991, O'Brien quit Saturday Night Live, citing burnout and his recent engagement to be married. "I told Lorne Michaels I couldn't come back to work and I just needed to do something else," O'Brien recalled. "I had no plan whatsoever. I was literally in this big transition phase in my life where I decided, I'll just walk around New York City, and an idea will come to me." After leaving the show, O'Brien returned to host the show in 2001 during its 26th season. He returned to Saturday Night Live on the February 26, 2022 episode as a guest during a Five-Timers Club skit. The Simpsons (1991–1993) Mike Reiss and Al Jean, then showrunners of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, called O'Brien and offered him a job. The series was prestigious in the writing community at the time; O'Brien recalls "everyone wanted to be on that show, but they never hired." O'Brien was one of the first hires after the show's original crew. With the help of an old Groundlings friend, actor Lisa Kudrow, O'Brien purchased an apartment in Beverly Hills. He and Kudrow became involved as well, and Kudrow believed he should begin performing rather than writing. O'Brien disagreed, feeling that Kudrow was flattering him, and asserting he was happy as a writer. In his speech given at Class Day at Harvard in 2000, O'Brien credited The Simpsons with saving him, a reference to the career slump he was experiencing before being hired for the show. From 1991 to 1993, O'Brien was a writer and producer for The Simpsons. When O'Brien first arrived at the Fox lot, they temporarily gave him writer Jeff Martin's office. O'Brien was nervous and self-conscious, feeling that he would embarrass himself in front of what he regarded as an intimidating collection of writers. O'Brien would pitch characters in their voices, as he thought that was the norm, until Reiss informed him that no one did this. He fit in quickly, commanding control of the room frequently; writer Josh Weinstein called it a "ten-hour Conan show, nonstop". According to John Ortved, one of his fellow writers said that Conan had been a shoo-in to take over as showrunner. O'Brien wrote some of the series' most acclaimed episodes: "Marge vs. the Monorail" and "Homer Goes to College". The show was initially a highly realistic family sitcom; after O'Brien's debut, the show took a rapid shift in the direction of the surreal. O'Brien also has sole writing credits on "New Kid on the Block" and "Treehouse of Horror IV", on which he wrote the episode wraparounds. Wallace Wolodarsky described a "room character" Conan put on for the writers: "Conan used to do this thing called the Nervous Writer that involved him opening a can of Diet Coke and then nervously pitching a joke. He would spray Diet Coke all over himself, and that was always a source of endless amusement among us." During his time at The Simpsons, O'Brien also had a side project working with Smigel on the script for a musical film based on the "Hans and Franz" sketch from Saturday Night Live, but the film was never produced.Interview with Kevin Nealon. Conan. December 2, 2010. Meanwhile, David Letterman was preparing to leave the talk show Late Night, prompting executive producer Lorne Michaels to search for a new host. Michaels approached O'Brien to produce; then-agent Gavin Polone stressed that O'Brien wanted to perform, rather than produce. He arranged with Michaels that O'Brien would do a test audition on the stage of The Tonight Show. Jason Alexander and Mimi Rogers were the guests, and the audience was composed of Simpsons writers. Wolodarksky recalled the experience: "Seeing this friend of yours, this guy that you worked with, walk out from behind that curtain and deliver a monologue was like something you could only dream up that you couldn't ever imagine actually happening." The performance was beamed by satellite to New York, where Lorne Michaels and NBC executives watched. The audition was not well received by media commentators, citing his "awkward" humor. O'Brien was picked as the new host of Late Night on April 26, 1993. During pre-production, writer Robert Smigel suggested fellow writer Andy Richter to sit beside O'Brien and act as a sidekick. As the writers headed to the voice record for "Homer Goes to College", O'Brien received a phone call from Polone informing him of the decision. "He was passed out facedown into this horrible shag carpet. He was just quiet and comatose down there on that carpet," recalled postproduction supervisor Michael Mendel. "I remember looking at him and saying, 'Wow. Your life is about to change, in a really dramatic way.'" Fox, however, would not let O'Brien out of his contract. Eventually, NBC and O'Brien split the cost to get him out of the contract.Jean, Al. (2004). Commentary for "Cape Feare", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox. After O'Brien's departure, the writers at The Simpsons would watch videotaped episodes of Late Night at lunch the day following their midnight broadcast and analyze them. Late Night (1993–2009) Late Night with Conan O'Brien, originating from Studio 6A at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, premiered on September 13, 1993, to unfavorable reviews from contemporary critics. This reception was not completely unsurprising: there was significant public apprehension due to O'Brien being virtually unknown to the public, and O'Brien himself wrote a self-deprecating The New York Times piece titled "O'Brien Flops!" on the day of the show's premiere. Critics attacked O'Brien: Tom Shales of The Washington Post suggested that "the host resume his previous identity, Conan O'Blivion." Generally, critics viewed O'Brien as nervous and fidgety on-camera, and that he was "too smart, too East Coast, too sophisticated, too young and even too tall to be successful." The show was constantly at risk for cancellation; at one low point in 1994, NBC threatened to put him on a week-to-week contract. Executives were anxious to replace him with Greg Kinnear, who followed O'Brien with Later at 1:30 am. Interns filled empty seats in the audience while affiliates began to inquire about replacement hosts. In one installment after a short stretch of reruns, sidekick Andy Richter described his vacation activities as follows: "I sat back and reminded myself what it's like to be unemployed." The in-joke alluded to the rumors floating in the trades that NBC was near canceling the program. Late Night under O'Brien slowly but steadily acquired commercial and critical success. Banter between O'Brien and Richter improved, and sketches grew in popularity ("If They Mated", "Desk Drive", "In the Year 2000"). A reliable staple involved a TV screen, lowered behind O'Brien's desk and displaying a still photo of a news figure. The lips and voice of these characters – frequently a party-crazed hillbilly interpretation of Bill Clinton – were supplied by writing partner Robert Smigel. A turning point was David Letterman's February 1994 appearance. "It was a morale boost," said O'Brien. "I'm thinking, If the guy who created the 12:30 thing comes on and says we're smart and funny, let's go." The show went through a wobble in January 1995 when Robert Smigel, feeling burned out, quit as head writer. The show's quality improved slowly over time, and most credit O'Brien's growing comedic performance. Within a year, a comedic formula began to arise: the show would combine the lewd and wacky with a more elegant, narrative-driven remotes. Aside from the studio sketches, the show featured segments that occurred in the field, called remotes. One famous remote was when Conan visited a historic, Civil War-era baseball league. That piece was one of O'Brien's personal favorites, later remarking, "When I leave this earth, at the funeral, just show this, because this pretty much says who I'm all about." O'Brien's audience, largely young and male (a coveted demographic), grew steadily and the show began to best competitors in the ratings, and continued to do so for 15 seasons. In the early days of the Internet, fans launched unofficial websites, compiling precise summaries of each episode. Even Tom Shales was a convert: he called the show "one of the most amazing transformations in television history." Beginning in 1996, O'Brien and the Late Night writing team were nominated annually for the Emmy Award for Best Writing in a Comedy or Variety Series, winning the award for the first and only time in 2007. In 1997, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004, he and the Late Night writing staff won the Writers Guild Award for Best Writing in a Comedy/Variety Series. In 2001, he formed his own television production company, Conaco, which subsequently shared in the production credits for Late Night. , Late Night with Conan O'Brien had for eleven years consistently attracted an audience averaging about 2.5 million viewers. The apotheosis of the Late Night remotes centered on the realization, in 2006, that O'Brien bore a striking resemblance to Tarja Halonen, entering her second term as president of Finland. Capitalizing on the resemblance and on the 2006 Finnish presidential election, O'Brien and Late Night aired mock political ads both in support of Halonen and against her main opponent Sauli Niinistö, which influenced popular perception of the race, which Halonen eventually won. O'Brien traveled to Finland shortly after the election. "We took the show to Helsinki for five days," O'Brien recalled, "where we were embraced like a national treasure." As part of the five-day trip, which was released as a one-hour special episode of Late Night, O'Brien met with Halonen at the Finnish Presidential Palace. During the writers' strike in 2008, O'Brien staged a mock feud with Comedy Central's Jon Stewart (of The Daily Show) and Stephen Colbert (of The Colbert Report) over a dispute about which of the three were responsible for giving a "bump" to Mike Huckabee's campaign to become the Republican presidential nominee. This feud crossed over all three shows during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. On February 20, 2009, NBC aired the last episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien. The show consisted of a compilation of previous Late Night clips and included a surprise appearance by former sidekick Andy Richter. Will Ferrell, John Mayer, and the White Stripes also appeared. O'Brien ended the episode by destroying the set with an axe, handing out the pieces of the set to the audience, and thanking a list of people who helped him. Among those thanked were Lorne Michaels, David Letterman, Jay Leno, and O'Brien's wife and children. In 2019, clips from O'Brien's time on Late Night began to be posted on his TBS website and on the Team Coco YouTube channel. The Tonight Show (2009–2010) As part of a new contract negotiated with NBC in 2004, the network decided that O'Brien would take over The Tonight Show from Jay Leno in 2009. Leno then moved to a prime time slot, named The Jay Leno Show. Hosting The Tonight Show was a lifelong dream of O'Brien's, and the promise of succeeding Leno kept him in NBC's employ despite the fact that he likely could have secured a more lucrative deal at another network. O'Brien was a guest on Jay Leno's final episode of The Tonight Show. On June 1, 2009, Will Ferrell became Conan's first Tonight Show guest on the couch and Pearl Jam appeared as his first musical guest. Conan acquired the nickname "Coco'''" after its use in the first "Twitter Tracker" sketch during the second episode of his Tonight Show run. Guest Tom Hanks used the nickname during his subsequent interview, even getting the audience to chant it. In reaction to the moniker, Conan remarked to Hanks in jest, "If that catches on, I'll sue you." During the taping of the Friday, September 25, 2009, episode of The Tonight Show, O'Brien suffered a mild concussion after he slipped and hit his head while running a race as part of a comedy sketch with guest Teri Hatcher. He was examined at a hospital and released the same day. A rerun was aired that night, but O'Brien returned to work the following Monday and poked fun at the incident. By November 2009, ratings for O'Brien's The Tonight Show declined by around 2 million viewers since the previous year when Leno was host. On January 7, 2010, NBC executive Jeff Zucker met with Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien to discuss how to move Leno out of prime time, where his ratings were lackluster, and back into late night. It was proposed that O'Brien would remain as host of The Tonight Show, which would run at 12:05 am with Leno hosting a 30-minute show at 11:35 pm. Three days later, NBC Universal Television Entertainment chairman Jeff Gaspin confirmed that The Jay Leno Show would be moved to 11:35 pm following NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics. Sources familiar with the situation stated that O'Brien was unhappy and disappointed with NBC's plan. On January 12, O'Brien released this statement: "I sincerely believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn't The Tonight Show." On January 21, 2010, it was announced that Conan had reached a deal with NBC that would see him exit The Tonight Show the next day. The deal also granted him $45 million, of which $12 million was designated for distribution to his staff, who had moved with Conan to Los Angeles from New York when he left Late Night. The final Tonight Show with Conan aired January 22, 2010, and featured guests Tom Hanks, Steve Carell (who did an exit interview and shredded Conan's ID badge), Neil Young (singing "Long May You Run"), and Will Ferrell. For Ferrell's appearance, Conan played guitar with the band and Ferrell sang "Free Bird" while reprising his SNL cowbell. Ferrell's wife, Viveca Paulin, together with Ben Harper, Beck, and ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons, also joined the band for this final performance.Conan O'Brien Thanks Fans in "Tonight" Farewell, The New York Times, January 23, 2010 Jay Leno returned to The Tonight Show following NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Under the $45 million deal with NBC, Conan was allowed to start working for another network as soon as September 2010. Conan's rumored next networks ranged from Fox to Comedy Central. Other networks reportedly interested in O'Brien included TNT, HBO, FX, Showtime, Revision3, and even the NBC Universal–owned USA Network. Television hiatus and comedy tour (2010) On February 8, 2010, it was reported that O'Brien was attempting to sell his Central Park West penthouse in New York with an asking price of $35 million. He had purchased the apartment in 2007 for $10 million. Two years earlier, O'Brien had purchased a home in the Brentwood section of Los Angeles for over $10.5 million. Some industry insiders have speculated that O'Brien had chosen to stay on the west coast in order to facilitate a return to late night television and because he did not want to put his children through another move. O'Brien was included in the 2010 Time 100, a list compiled by Time of the 100 most influential people in the world as voted on by readers. After being prohibited from making television appearances of any kind until May, O'Brien spoke about the Tonight Show conflict on the CBS newsmagazine 60 Minutes on May 2, 2010. During the interview with Steve Kroft, O'Brien said the situation felt "like a marriage breaking up suddenly, violently, quickly. And I was just trying to figure out what happened." He also said he "absolutely" expected NBC to give him more of a chance and that, if in Jay Leno's position, he would not have come back to The Tonight Show. However, Conan said he did not feel unfortunate. "It's crucial to me that anyone seeing this, if they take anything away from this, it's I'm fine. I'm doing great," said O'Brien. "I hope people still find me comedically absurd and ridiculous. And I don't regret anything." On March 11, 2010, O'Brien announced via his Twitter account that he would embark on a 30-city live tour beginning April 12, 2010, entitled, "The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour". Co-host Andy Richter, along with members of the former Tonight Show Band, joined O'Brien on the tour. Max Weinberg, however, was not able to join, except for a guest appearance at one of Conan's New York City shows. On April 12, 2010, O'Brien opened his two-month comedy tour in Eugene, Oregon, with a crowd of 2,500 and no TV cameras. The tour traveled through America's Northwest and Canada before moving on to larger cities, including Los Angeles and New York City, where he performed at Radio City Music Hall, next to his former Late Night studios. The tour ended in Atlanta on June 14. In 2011, the documentary film titled Conan O'Brien Can't Stop was released which followed O'Brien throughout his comedy tour. The film premiered March 2011 at the South by Southwest media festival to positive reviews. It was directed by Rodman Flender who is O'Brien's personal friend and classmate at Harvard University. Conan (2010–2021) The day his live tour began, O'Brien announced that he would host a new show on cable station TBS. The show, Conan, debuted on November 8, 2010, and aired Monday through Thursday at 11:00 pm ET/10:00 pm CT. O'Brien's addition moved Lopez Tonight with George Lopez back one hour. Refusing at first to do to Lopez what had happened to him at NBC, O'Brien agreed to join the network after Lopez called to persuade him to come to TBS. In February 2015, following the onset of the Cuban thaw, O'Brien became the first American television personality to film in Cuba for more than half a century. O'Brien then visited Armenia for his next show abroad, during which he featured his assistant Sona Movsesian, who is Armenian American. While visiting, Conan guest-starred as a gangster on an Armenian soap opera. In April 2016, O'Brien visited South Korea in response to a fan letter urging him to visit, as well as a growing fan base online. His visit included a trip to the Korean Demilitarized Zone, which resulted in O'Brien and Steven Yeun also visiting North Korea on a technicality by stepping across the border line at the DMZ. Conan commented on the significance during the sketch, claiming, "The idea that you and I could be in North Korea, talking and communicating freely, seems like kind of a cool message." These remotes were later branded Conan Without Borders and became part of their own series, with O'Brien eventually traveling to thirteen countries in total. The series became some of his most popular work, winning an Emmy in 2018. The international shows became available on Netflix before moving to HBO Max. TBS extended the show through 2018 in 2014 and through 2022 in 2017. In late 2018, Conan took a three-month hiatus while O'Brien launched another national comedy tour. The show returned January 22, 2019, in a new half-hour format without the live band. In response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the program switched to a remotely-produced format from O'Brien's home beginning March 30, 2020. In July 2020, it was announced that Conan would continue with this format, but would be filmed with limited on-site staff from the Largo at the Coronet in Los Angeles and no studio audience — making it the first American late-night talk show to return to filming outside of the host's residence (albeit still not from its main studio). In November 2020, TBS announced that Conan would end in June 2021. The final show aired on June 24, 2021, featuring a live audience and marking the end of O'Brien's twenty-eight year run as a late-night host. It was announced that O'Brien will move to a weekly untitled variety show on fellow WarnerMedia property HBO Max, where he is expected to focus more on his podcast and travel shows with a relaxed production schedule. On his final show, O'Brien featured fictional character Homer Simpson, marking also the three episodes that O'Brien wrote for the series. Comedians Will Ferrell and Jack Black also paid their farewell to the show in the series finale. Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend (2018–present) In 2018, O'Brien's production company, Team Coco, partnered with Earwolf to launch his own weekly podcast, Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend. The podcast debuted November 18, 2018, with Will Ferrell as the first guest. O'Brien stated the title is tongue-in-cheek, saying he would like to see if celebrity guests would actually be his friends. In each episode, Conan is joined by his guest, as well as his assistant Sona Movsesian and the show's producer Matt Gourley. Guests on the podcast have included Barack and Michelle Obama, Stephen Colbert, and Bob Newhart among others. The podcast has received strong reviews and became the top podcast on iTunes. The podcast has also won numerous awards throughout its run. Deadline Hollywood reported that, as of August 2021, the podcast had been downloaded over 250 million times and was averaging more than 9 million downloads per month. In May 2022, the podcast, as well as the entire Team Coco digital media business, was sold to SiriusXM for $150 million. This sale included all other Team Coco podcasts including Inside Conan and Parks and Recollection, as well as the development of a comedy channel for SiriusXM radio service. On May 17, 2023, it was announced that a four-episode international travel series titled Conan O'Brien Must Go was in production, to be released on Max. The series will feature O'Brien meeting various fans in person whom he had previously featured via video calls in his podcast series Conan O'Brien Needs a Fan. Other work Television producer O'Brien was executive producer and co-wrote the pilot of the 2007 NBC adventure/comedy series Andy Barker, P.I., starring O'Brien's sidekick Andy Richter. After six episodes and low ratings, the show was canceled despite being named one of the Top Ten Shows of 2007 by Entertainment Weekly. Later, USA Network ordered a pilot episode of the medical-themed Operating Instructions, which was produced by O'Brien's production company Conaco. In January 2010 NBC ordered two pilots from Conaco, the one-hour courtroom drama Outlaw and a half-hour comedy. Outlaw was produced in eight episodes and premiered on September 15, 2010. Voice work O'Brien's first guest appearance after beginning his late-night career was playing himself in the season five Simpsons episode "Bart Gets Famous", interviewing Bart Simpson during his rise to fame as a catchphrase comedian. In 1999, O'Brien made an appearance on Futurama in the second-season episode "Xmas Story". O'Brien played himself as a head in a jar and still alive in the year 3000. O'Brien has made multiple voice appearances on the Adult Swim series Robot Chicken, including the specials Robot Chicken: Star Wars and Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II. Other voice work performed by O'Brien includes the voice of Robert Todd Lincoln in the audiobook version of Assassination Vacation by Sarah Vowell, the voice of talk show host Dave Endochrine in the 2013 DC Universe Animated Original Movie Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (Part 2), the voice of the character Kuchikukan in the "Operation: Lunacorn Apocalypse" episode of Nickelodeon's The Penguins of Madagascar, and the voice of Santa Claus in The Backyardigans episode "The Action Elves Save Christmas Eve". Guest appearances On the TV show 30 Rock, O'Brien is depicted as an ex-boyfriend of lead character Liz Lemon, who works in the same building. In the episode "Tracy Does Conan", Conan appears as himself, awkwardly reunited with Lemon and coerced by network executive Jack Donaghy into having the character Tracy Jordan on Late Night, despite having been assaulted in Jordan's previous appearance. O'Brien also made a cameo appearance on the U.S. version of The Office. In the episode "Valentine's Day", Michael believes that he spots former SNL cast member, Tina Fey, but has actually mistaken another woman for her. In the meantime, Conan has a quick walk-on, and the camera crew informs Michael when he returns from talking to the Tina Fey lookalike. In 2011, he starred as himself in the web series Web Therapy (opposite Lisa Kudrow) for three episodes. O'Brien also made a guest appearance as the "Wandering MC" in the 2019 video game Death Stranding, where he communicates with the player using voice lines and facial expressions recorded during his visit to Kojima Productions' headquarters. Hosting duties O'Brien has hosted several awards shows and television specials. He hosted the 54th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2002 and the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006, to critical acclaim. He also hosted the 2014 MTV Movie Awards. In 2011 and 2012, O'Brien hosted the Christmas in Washington special for TBS' sister network, TNT, featuring celebrity performances and a special appearance by the Obama family both years. Conan has served as the master of ceremonies for the White House Correspondents' Association dinner in Washington, D.C. twice, in 1995 and 2013. In 2016, O'Brien hosted the 5th Annual NFL Honors in San Francisco, California. He also hosted a reunion special in Northern Ireland for Game of Thrones in 2018 for the final season of the series. The special was released on HBO Max in 2021. Influences and style O'Brien lists among his comedic influences David Letterman, Peter Sellers, Sid Caesar, Warner Bros. Cartoons, Johnny Carson, Ernie Kovacs, Bob Hope, and Woody Allen. In turn, actors and comedians who claim O'Brien as an influence include Mindy Kaling, Pete Holmes, Seth Meyers, Nikki Glaser, John Krasinski, Moses Storm, Sam Richardson, Colin Jost, Kumail Nanjiani, Ron Funches, John Mulaney, Eric André, and Taylor Tomlinson. The military working dog Conan is reportedly named after O'Brien according to Newsweek. On Late Night, O'Brien became known for his active and spontaneous hosting style, which has been characterized as "self-deprecating" by both media outlets and O'Brien himself. This spontaneity is also apparent in remotes in which he is put in novel and open-ended environments. Some of these, such as a "Civil War-era baseball" remote during Late Night and his international Conan Without Borders shows, are among his best-received work. Personal life O'Brien is the distant cousin of Bill O'Brien on their fathers' side. O'Brien met Elizabeth Ann "Liza" Powel in 2000, when she appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in an advertising skit involving Hilton Furniture and Foote, Cone & Belding, where she worked as senior copywriter. The couple dated for nearly 18 months before their 2002 marriage in Powel's hometown of Seattle. O'Brien and Powel have a daughter, Neve (born 2003) and a son, Beckett (born 2005). O'Brien often affirms his Irish Catholic heritage. On a 2009 episode of Inside the Actors Studio, he stated that ancestors from both sides of his family moved to America from Ireland starting in the 1850s, subsequently marrying only other Irish Catholics, and that his lineage is thus 100% Irish Catholic. His entirely homogenous ancestry was confirmed via DNA test a decade later, which he shared on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. O’Brien noted that being entirely descended from just one ethnic group is extremely rare, and that he being so “shocked” his doctor. He has been a registered Democrat since casting his first vote for president in 1984 for Walter Mondale. He considers himself a moderate on the political spectrum. O'Brien founded the anti-hunger organization Labels Are For Jars with his friend and former Harvard dormmate Father Paul B. O'Brien. He also helped open the Cor Unum meal center in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 2006. Starting in September 2006, O'Brien was stalked by Father David Ajemian of the Archdiocese of Boston, who, despite multiple warnings to stop, sent O'Brien letters signed as "your priest stalker". Ajemian later sent O'Brien death threats and tried to forcefully enter a taping of Late Night before being arrested. On April 8, 2008, Ajemian pleaded guilty to stalking, and was later laicized. In January 2008, after his show was put on hold for two months owing to the strike by the Writers Guild of America, he reemerged on late-night TV sporting a beard, which guest Tom Brokaw described as making him look like "a draft dodger from the Civil War." After leaving The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in 2010, O'Brien again grew a beard, which he kept until May 2011, when it was partially shaved on the set of Conan by Will Ferrell (and completely shaved off-screen by a professional barber). O'Brien purchased a $10.5-million mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, to prepare for his move there in 2009 from New York City to host The Tonight Show at Universal Studios Hollywood. As part of a long-running gag, he brought his 1992 Ford Taurus SHO with him to California, showcasing it on both the inaugural episodes of The Tonight Show and Conan. O'Brien purchased an ocean-front house in Carpinteria, California in 2016. He listed the house for sale for $16.5 million in July 2022. On June 12, 2011, O'Brien was awarded an honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College. In addition to the honorary degree, he delivered the commencement speech. On October 21, 2011, O'Brien was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church Monastery, allowing him to perform a same-sex marriage while back in New York, then one of the few states in the US where gay marriage was legal, to tape a week's worth of shows. The wedding, between a member of O'Brien's staff and his partner, was held on the stage of the Beacon Theatre on November 3, 2011, and broadcast on Conan''. The same-sex marriage ceremony was the first to be broadcast on American late night television. Filmography Television Film Video games Music videos Awards and nominations Sources Notes References Further reading External links 1963 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters 20th-century Roman Catholics 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American screenwriters 21st-century Roman Catholics American comedy writers American male comedians American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American male television writers American male voice actors American people of Irish descent American podcasters American Roman Catholics American television producers American television talk show hosts American television writers Brookline High School alumni California Democrats Catholics from California Catholics from Massachusetts Comedians from California Comedians from Massachusetts Harvard University alumni Irish-American culture in Massachusetts Late night television talk show hosts Male actors from Massachusetts Massachusetts Democrats People from Brentwood, Los Angeles Entertainers from Brookline, Massachusetts Primetime Emmy Award winners Screenwriters from California Screenwriters from Massachusetts Shorty Award winners Television producers from California Television producers from Massachusetts The Harvard Lampoon alumni Third Man Records artists Writers from Massachusetts Writers Guild of America Award winners	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan%20O%27Brien
MySQL Manager is an application that is included in the Mac OS X Server that starts and stops the MySQL Database service that is within the server. The application is located in . Unlike other server tools, this tool is only installed on the server itself. External links https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/ MacOS Server	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL%20Manager
Pierre-Luc Gagnon, commonly known by his initials, PLG (born May 2, 1980 in Boucherville, Quebec), is a Canadian professional skateboarder. Gagnon began skating in 1988, and entered his first competition in 1992. A frequent participant in the X-Games, he has won nineteen medals (nine gold) in the Vert, Vert Double, Big Air and Vert Best Trick categories. He has also been victorious on the Dew Tour and in the Gravity Games, and was the winner of the vert division of the Maloof Money Cup with a wide array of technical flip tricks and spins including a nollie heelflip indy 540. Gagnon won the Skateboard Vert at the AST China Invitational in Beijing in 2008. He won his third successive X-Games gold medal and fifth overall, in 2010. Shortly after, he won his second Maloof Money Cup skateboard vert competition. Gagnon is tall and weighs . His sponsors include Darkstar skateboards, RDS clothing, Osiris Footwear, Electric visual, Monster energy drink, BOOM Headphones, Capix helmets and Harley-Davidson Motor Company. Gagnon was a part of the cast in a VH1 reality series titled The X-Life. Competition wins 2002 X Games 2002 Gravity Games 2005 X Games 2008 AST Chinese Invitational 2008 X Games 2008 Maloof Money Cup 2009 X Games 2010 X Games 2010 Maloof Money Cup 2011 Dew Cup 2012 X Games 2015 X Games References 12 https://web.archive.org/web/20150608015146/http://www.rds.ca/sports-extr%C3%AAmes/jeux-extr%C3%AAmes-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-le-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-pierre-luc-gagnon-remporte-l-%C3%A9preuve-de-rouli-roulant-sur-rampe-1.2410513 External links Gagnon's official website. Gagnon's bio on ESPN. 1980 births Living people Canadian skateboarders Sportspeople from Quebec X Games athletes People from Boucherville Sportspeople from Montérégie French Quebecers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Luc%20Gagnon
Joachim Albrecht Leo Eggeling (30 November 1884 – 15 April 1945) was the German Nazi Gauleiter of Halle-Merseburg and the Oberpräsident (High President) of the Province of Halle-Merseburg. He was also an SS-Obergruppenführer. Early years Eggeling was born in Blankenburg am Harz in the Duchy of Brunswick. A farmer's son, Eggeling went to the Bürgerschule (a type of vocational school once found in some parts of Germany) and the Gymnasium in Blankenburg. Between 1898 and 1904 he completed officer training at the cadet schools at Oranienstein and Groß-Lichterfelde. He completed the cadet school and was commissioned Leutnant (Second lieutenant) in March 1904. Eggeling was subsequently assigned to the 10th Hanoverian Jäger Battalion in Goslar, Lower Saxony. He served with that unit until early 1913, when he was promoted to Oberleutnant (First lieutenant) and transferred to the 7th Machine Gun Detachment (Maschinengewehr Abteilung Nr. 7) assigned to the 1st Battalion of 158th Lorraine Infantry Regiment. Following the outbreak of World War I, Eggeling was promoted to Hauptmann (Captain) in January 1915 and assumed command of the 5th Machine Gun Detachment (Maschinengewehr Abteilung Nr. 5) assigned to East Prussian 45th Infantry Regiment. He participated in the combats on the Eastern Front until the end of September 1916, when his Detachment was transferred to the Western Front. While there, Eggeling participated in the combats in Belgium and France and was wounded three times. For his service during the War, he was awarded the Iron Cross, first and second class, both classes of Oldenburg Friedrich-August-Kreuz, and also received Austrian Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration. After November 1918, he fought as a member of the Goslar riflemen against the left-wing Marxist Spartacus League in Hanover. In October 1919 Eggeling retired from the army and attended the Agricultural College at Halle until 1922. He completed his studies at the age of 35 and began work as an agriculturist. In November 1922 he was administering the state agricultural farm at Frose in Anhalt. Nazi Party career Eggeling first joined the Nazi Party in September 1923 shortly before it was banned in the wake of the Beer Hall Putsch. He rejoined on 28 July 1925 (member number: 11,579) after the ban on the Party was lifted. He founded several ortsgruppen (local groups) in Anhalt in 1926, and from 1926 to 1930 was the agricultural policy advisor to the Gauleiter of Anhalt-Sachsen-Nord. In 1930, Eggeling organized the agrarian policy apparatus in Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt. In 1933 he was named Deputy Gauleiter for Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt. In May 1933, he became a member of the Anhalt State Council (Staatsrat). In June 1933 he was appointed provincial agricultural leader (Landesbauernführer) of both Anhalt and the Prussian Province of Saxony. Eggeling's skills so impressed his superiors that he was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 10 (Magdeburg) in November, 1933. In 1934 he was appointed to the Prussian Provincial Council for the Province of Saxony. After Gauleiter Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper's death on 23 October 1935, Eggeling, as Deputy Gauleiter, was charged with the leadership of the Gau's business, and was formally named Acting Gauleiter on 10 February 1936. Owing to this, he was granted leave from his job as a provincial agricultural leader at that time. In June of the same year, Eggeling joined the SS (membership number: 186,515). He was given the honorary rank of SS-Brigadeführer and attached to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS. On 20 April 1937 Eggeling was appointed Gauleiter of Gau Halle-Merseburg, succeeding Rudolf Jordan. At the same time, he was elected to the Prussian State Council and promoted to SS-Gruppenführer. On 10 April 1938, he was elected to the Reichstag for constituency 11 (Merseburg). In April 1941, he became a member of the Reich Advisory Council for Food and Agriculture. On 16 November 1942, he was named Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau. On 21 June 1943, Eggeling was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer. On 18 August 1944 he was appointed Oberpräsident of the newly created Province of Halle-Merseburg. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in the province. In September 1944, he assumed command of the recently established Volkssturm units in his Gau. On 13 April, 1945, convinced of the futility of defending the town of Halle, overcrowded with thousands of refugees, from the advancing American troops, Eggeling traveled to the Führerbunker to try and get Adolf Hitler to rescind his unconditional order to defend to the death. He first raised the issue of a peaceful handover of the city with Martin Bormann, Personal Secretary to the Führer, who warned Eggeling that this would result in his execution and the extermination of his family. At their meeting, Hitler ordered Eggeling to continue to defend the city to the last man. Having failed in his mission, Eggeling returned to Halle and committed suicide by gunshot at Moritzburg Castle on 15 April. Awards and decorations 1914 Iron Cross, second and first class 1914 Wound Badge in black Friedrich-August-Kreuz, second and first class Austrian Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 Golden Party Badge War Merit Cross Second Class and First Class without swords SS Honour Ring Sword of honour of the Reichsführer-SS See also Glossary of Nazi Germany List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Notes References External links 1884 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides Gauleiters Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany) Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany Nazis who committed suicide in Nazi Germany Suicides by firearm in Germany People from Blankenburg (Harz) People from the Duchy of Brunswick Prussian Army personnel Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Reichswehr personnel SS-Obergruppenführer Volkssturm personnel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20Albrecht%20Eggeling
Trinity Christian High School is a private Christian high school run by Trinity Church of Lubbock, Texas. The school was founded in 1977 and graduated its first senior class in 1991. The school is accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI) and is approved by the State of Texas. As of the 2019–20 school year, the school had an enrollment of 589 students (plus 35 students in PreK) and 83.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 7.1:1. The school's student body was 87.9% (518) White, 5.9% (35) Hispanic, 2.0% (12) Asian, 2.0% (12) two or more races, 1.0% (6) Black and 1.0% (6) American Indian / Alaska Native. Awards and recognition Trinity Christian School was selected by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal as its Readers Choice Best of Lubbock Awards 2006 winner as Best Private School, based on ballots submitted by 2,500 of the paper's readers. Athletics Trinity Christian defeated Fort Worth Christian by a final score of 55-51, to win the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS) 4A state championship game played on March 1, 2003, at Texas Southern University in Houston. They also won the 1999 4A championship. The Trinity Christian girls basketball team won the 2005 Class 4A championship over Carrollton Christian by a score of 56-44. The team also won the 2004 4A championship. Trinity Christian has won three girls volleyball TAPPS state championships, including back-to-back titles in 2004 and 2005 (with a 3-0 over Garland Christian), when the team had records of 40-4 and 41-7 respectively. The team won their first state title in 1999, with a 31-1 season record. The third-ranked Trinity Christian girls basketball team made it to the TAPPS 5A state championship, falling to the 2nd-ranked Liberty Christian by a final score of 62-51, in a game played on March 4, 2007, at the University of Texas at Tyler. Notable alumni Bobby Livingston (born 1982), baseball player, Sugar Land Skeeters. References External links Official site TCHS Alumni Association Trinity Church 1977 establishments in Texas Christian schools in Texas Educational institutions established in 1977 High schools in Lubbock, Texas Nondenominational Christian schools in the United States Private high schools in Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity%20Christian%20High%20School%20%28Lubbock%2C%20Texas%29
The 1997 NBA All-Star Game was the 47th edition of the All-Star Game and commemorated the 50th anniversary of NBA. The game was played on February 9, 1997, at Gund Arena (now known as Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse) in Cleveland. The winner of the MVP award was Glen Rice of the Charlotte Hornets who played 25 minutes and scored 26 points while breaking two records in the process, 20 points in the third quarter and 24 points in the second half. Rice's 20 points in the period broke Hal Greer's record (19), set in 1968. Rice's 24 points in a half surpassed the previous mark of 23, owned by Wilt Chamberlain and Tom Chambers. Michael Jordan's 14 points, 11 rebounds, and 11 assists were the first and until the 2011 NBA All-Star Game the only triple-double in NBA All-Star Game history; LeBron James (2011), Dwyane Wade (2012), and Kevin Durant (2017) have also achieved this. Five players (Charles Barkley, Alonzo Mourning, Patrick Ewing, Clyde Drexler, Shaquille O'Neal) who were voted or selected for the team opted out due to injury, opening the doors for the annually neglected and the new stars—Joe Dumars, Detlef Schrempf, Chris Webber, Chris Gatling and 20-year-old second-year man Kevin Garnett took their spots. Baden won mvp with 55 points For this NBA All-Star Game and the next four games that were played (1998, 2000–02), no special uniforms were issued, and the players simply wore the uniforms from their respective teams, a similar approach that used to be used by Major League Baseball for its All-Star Game. The halftime show featured a ceremony honoring the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. Of the 50 players named, three were not present: Pete Maravich, who died in 1988, Shaquille O'Neal, who was recovering from a knee injury, and Jerry West, who was having surgery for an ear infection. Roster Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Patrick Ewing, Alonzo Mourning, and Shaquille O'Neal were unable to participate due to injury. Dikembe Mutombo replaced Ewing in the East starting lineup, and Karl Malone replaced Barkley in the West starting lineup. Barkley, Drexler, and Ewing were present, however, for the halftime ceremony. Detlef Schrempf, Chris Gatling, Chris Webber, Joe Dumars, and Kevin Garnett were chosen to replace Charles Barkley, Clyde Drexler, Patrick Ewing, Alonzo Mourning, and Shaquille O'Neal, respectively. Score by quarters Halftime— West, 60–57 Third Quarter— East, 97–87 Technical Fouls— none Officials— Hugh Evans, Bill Oakes, Ron Garretson Attendance— 20,562 Time – 2:26 Rating— 11.2/19 share (NBC). Three-point shootout Slam Dunk Competition Rookie Challenge 4th NBA Rookie Challenge Game. Date: February 8, 1997, at Gund Arena in Cleveland; Coaches: Eastern Conference: Red Auerbach; Western Conference: Red Holzman; MVP: Allen Iverson, Philadelphia (26 minutes, 19 points). Team replacements: EAST— None ; WEST— ?? for Minnesota guard Stephon Marbury, ?? for Dallas forward Samaki Walker. Western Conference Eastern Conference Score by periods Officials: Nolan Fine, Bill Spooner, Michael Smith. References External links 1997 NBA All-Star Game Box Score 1997 NBA Rookie Challenge Game Box Score 1997 NBA All-Star Game Article National Basketball Association All-Star Game All-Star 1997 in sports in Ohio Basketball competitions in Cleveland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20NBA%20All-Star%20Game
Andrew Norton (born 7 July 1965) is an Australian author and researcher. He was a Research Fellow at the Centre for Independent Studies, and Policy and Government Relations Adviser at the University of Melbourne. He is former director of the CIS's Liberalising Learning research programme and editor of its journal Policy. Norton was the Program Director of Higher Education at the Grattan Institute from 2011 to 2019. Biography From November 1997 to December 1999, Norton was the Higher Education Adviser to Dr David Kemp, Federal Minister for Education, Training and Youth Affairs. He was a fortnightly columnist for The Courier-Mail (1996–97) and a monthly columnist for The Education Age (2003). From 2003 to 2006 he blogged regularly at Catallaxyfiles. Norton holds a Bachelor of Arts (First Class Honours) and Bachelor of Laws from Monash University. During the 2001 election, Andrew Norton was interviewed on SBS Worldview, ABC Life Matters, and The 7:30 Report concerning his opinions on ALP's higher education funding plans. Various newspapers and magazines have published articles by Norton about his market-based approach to higher education. He joined the Grattan Institute in 2011. In 2013 he was appointed by then Minister for Education Christopher Pyne to review the previous government's decision to remove controls on the number of government-supported bachelor's degree students in Australian public universities, known as demand driven funding. His co-reviewer was David Kemp. The review of the demand driven system was released in April 2014. The main recommendations to keep and extend the system were accepted by the government. However the government's legislation, which also included deregulation undergraduate fees, was twice defeated in the Australian Senate. Norton is also known for proposing reforms to the Australian student loan scheme. His suggestion to recover student debt from deceased estates was ruled out by then Prime Minister Tony Abbott in May 2014. However, in October 2015 the new Minister for Education, Simon Birmingham, again raised the possibility of changing loan repayment rules. Norton left the Grattan Institute in July 2019. He subsequently became Professor in the Practice of Higher Education Policy at the Australian National University. Books References Grattan Institute, higher education page The Trouble with Radicals, critical review by Tom Clark, Australian University Review (AUR) 46(1):40–41, Aug 2003, accessed 30 March 2006 (PDF) Norton's website and blog External links Interview with Andrew Norton 1965 births Australian male bloggers Australian columnists Australian journalists Living people Australian libertarians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Norton
An autopista is a controlled-access highway in various Spanish-speaking countries List of highways in Argentina includes autopistas of Argentina List of autopistas and autovías in Spain List of Mexican autopistas Autopistas of Puerto Rico List of Chilean freeways Autopistas of Cuba Types of roads	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopista
The Gibson ES-330 is a thinline hollow-body electric guitar model produced by the Gibson Guitar Corporation. It was first introduced in 1959 and the guitar had the same dimensions as the ES-335. History Sales of Gibson’s Electric Spanish (ES) series guitars (ES-100 through ES-350) in the 1930s and 40s encouraged the company to continue to produce more electric guitars. In 1955 Gibson released the ES-225T and the Gibson ES-350T thinline models. In 1958 Gibson released a new model, the ES-335, featuring a double-cutaway body. The ES-330 was released in 1959. In 1959 when the 330 was released the retail price was $275. The 330s came in two different designs, a one P-90 guitar pickup model called the ES-330T and a two pickup model called the ES-330TD. Specifications The ES-335 was released in 1958 and it had the same dimensions as the ES-330. The 330s had a maple top, back and sides with two F Holes in the top. The body was long, wide and deep. Initially the neck met the body of the 330 at the 16th fret, but the ES-335 neck met the body at the 19th-fret. In 1968 Gibson changed the design to have the 330 neck meet the body at the 19th fret. The 330 also differed from the 335 because it was hollow, while the 335s had a center block to prevent feedback. 330's also had P-90 pickups while the 335s had humbuckers. The 330 had a mahogany neck with dot inlays and a 22-fret Brazilian Rosewood fretboard. The guitars also had a nickel-plated trapeze-style tailpiece. The guitar was released in three different finishes: cherry, sunburst and natural. In 1970 it was later released in a walnut finish. Reception The guitar was prone to feedback because of its hollow design. By the time the guitar was released in 1959 the trend in music was for loud music. The 330 was not favored because of the trend toward loud guitar driven music. The ES-330 was discontinued in 1972. References ES-330 Semi-acoustic guitars 1959 in music Discontinued products	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20ES-330
Buccaneer is a television series, made by the BBC from 1979 to 1980. Created by experienced television writer N. J. (Norman) Crisp, it was broadcast over 13 weeks from April to July 1980. Buccaneer, dealing with a developing air freight business, starred Bryan Marshall, Mark Jones, Pamela Salem and Clifford Rose, and was produced by Gerard Glaister. John Brason, who had previously worked with Glaister on Secret Army, served as script editor. The aircraft that 'starred' in the series was a Bristol Britannia of Redcoat Air Cargo, registration G-BRAC, which wore the markings of 'Redair', the name of the fictional airline in the series. The first episode of Buccaneer concerned getting out of the fictional country of Ximbali; this just presaged real-life events when people fled from the former Rhodesia which had been renamed to the similar-sounding Zimbabwe. Amusingly, in view of later political developments, the lead character in Buccaneer, played by Bryan Marshall was named 'Tony Blair'. Buccaneer was also the first BBC drama series to be broadcast with Ceefax subtitles for the hearing impaired. One reason for there being only one series (13 episodes) of Buccaneer was the fact that the Bristol Britannia G-BRAC was destroyed in a crash near Boston, Massachusetts, on 16 February 1980, shortly after the completion of filming, but just before transmission of the series. Of the eight people on board, seven were killed, and only one survived, albeit seriously injured. With the 'starring aircraft' destroyed in a crash, plans for a second series were abandoned. Buccaneer has not been released on video or DVD. It became overshadowed by ITV's better-remembered post-Second World War drama Airline, starring Roy Marsden, which was first broadcast in 1982. Regular cast Bryan Marshall - Tony Blair Clifford Rose - Charles Burton Pamela Salem - Monica Burton Mark Jones - Ray Mason Carolyn Courage - Kim Hayward Shirley Anne Field - Janet Blair Episodes Notes External links BBC television dramas 1980 British television series debuts 1980 British television series endings 1980s British drama television series Aviation television series English-language television shows	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccaneer%20%28TV%20series%29
Sir Ernest Clark, (13 April 1864 – 26 August 1951) was a British civil servant who served as Governor of Tasmania from 1933 to 1945. Early life and education Ernest Clark was born on 13 April 1864 in Plumstead, Kent to teacher Samuel Henry Clark, and his wife Ann Leaver. He was educated at King's College London, and entered the civil service in 1881, working for HM Treasury. Civil service Clark was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1894, and joined the Treasury's legal staff. In 1904, he had his first experience managing colonial finances when he was seconded to the Cape Colony in Africa to establish the colony's taxation procedures, subsequently serving the government of the Union of South Africa. When the First World War broke out, Clark worked as a Treasury liaison officer with the War Office and the Ministry of Munitions. After the war, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 Birthday Honours, and joined the Board of Inland Revenue as assistant secretary and deputy inspector of taxes. He was knighted in the 1920 Birthday Honours. Creation of Northern Ireland Civil Service From 1920, Clark was appointed to Northern Ireland as assistant under-secretary – the equal in the six counties to Sir John Anderson, the head of the Dublin Castle administration – and was instrumental in resolving amicable relations between Northern Ireland and the newly formed Irish Free State. He was described by Sir Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough as 'the midwife' of Northern Ireland. His friendship with James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, the Governor of Northern Ireland, also eased relations between the new Irish government and Downing Street. Clark was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1924. Governor of Tasmania Clark visited Australia in 1928, as a member of a British government economic delegation tasked with examining the state of the Australian economy. His report on Australian economics greatly impressed the Premier of Tasmania, Joseph Lyons, and it was believed that Lyons (by then prime minister) may have suggested Clark for the post of Governor of Tasmania in 1933. The post had been vacant since 1930 due to lack of funds, and Clark's appointment, with his background in finance and contacts in London business may aid both Tasmania and Australia. Clark's term as governor was extended three times due to the Second World War. He was popular in Tasmania, especially because of his visits to all parts of the state, encouraging morale during the war. He was given the rare honour of a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George at the end of hostilities. Clark was a freemason. During his term as governor, he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania. Clark returned to England in 1945, where he married his second wife Harriet McLennan in 1947. He died on 26 August 1951 at his home in Seaton, Devon, and his remains were shipped to Tasmania for interment at Cornelian Bay Cemetery. References External links Private papers at the Morris Miller Library A brief bio at the National Archives of Australia Role in establishing the Government of Northern Ireland described here: BBC website page on Sir Ernest Clark in Northern Ireland 1864 births 1951 deaths Governors of Tasmania Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Alumni of King's College London Civil servants in HM Treasury Members of the Middle Temple People from Plumstead People from Seaton, Devon Australian Freemasons Heads of the Northern Ireland Civil Service Burials in Tasmania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Clark%20%28governor%29
Stole may refer to: Clothing Stole (shawl), a type of shawl, particularly one made of fur Stole (vestment), a Christian liturgical garment Academic stole, a garment worn at formal academic events such as graduation People Stojan Stole Aranđelović (1930–1993), Serbian film actor Stole Dimitrievski (born 1993), Macedonian footballer Stole Janković (1925–1987), Serbian film director and screenwriter Stole Popov (born 1950), Macedonian film director Ole Bjørn Støle (1950–2010), Norwegian Supreme Court justice and lawyer Svein Støle (born 1963), Norwegian businessperson and former journalist Other uses "Stole" (song), a 2002 song by American singer Kelly Rowland See also Stol (disambiguation) Stola (disambiguation) Stolen (disambiguation) Stoll (disambiguation) Stolle, a surname Masculine given names	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stole
Margot Knight is an Australian actress of television and stage, voice artist and a screenwriter. She had numerous guest roles in TV series and telemovies, but is best known for her stints playing two roles in the highly popular cult series Prisoner (known internationally as Prisoner: Cell Block H); she played inmate Sharon Gilmour in 1980 and junior prison officer Terri Malone in 1985. TV roles: Neighbours and Prisoner Knight appeared in Neighbours, playing two different roles Jean Richards in 1986 and Tracey Cox in 1997. Her Prisoner appearances are notable because in addition to being one of the few cast members to play both a prisoner and a prison warder in the series, both of her roles were as the lesbian love interest to the show's main lesbian character at the time. Sharon Gilmour was the scheming drug pushing girlfriend of long-term inmate Judy Bryant (Betty Bobbitt) (Judy's long stay in prison actually began because she deliberately had herself imprisoned to be with Sharon), and Terri Malone was a young prison officer who moved in with warder Joan Ferguson (Maggie Kirkpatrick). Screenwriting Knight is also a writer, and between 1990 and 1993, wrote several episodes of Neighbours, including episode 1721 which saw the death of the popular character Todd Landers played by Kristian Schmid. This episode is included on the DVD, Neighbours: Defining Moments. Stage roles Knight has also worked on stage plays since 1976. Her live work includes “Underground”, “The World Without Birds”, “Controlled Crying”, and “Richard II”. In November 2011, Knight reunited with other Prisoner cast members for a fundraiser for Audacious Dreaming, to support HIV awareness. Filmography Screenwriter References External links Australian film actresses Australian soap opera actresses Australian stage actresses Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century Australian actresses 21st-century Australian actresses	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot%20Knight
Jack Hirschman (December 13, 1933 – August 22, 2021) was an American poet and social activist who wrote more than 100 volumes of poetry and essays. Biography Hirschman was born in New York City to a Russian Jewish family. He received a B.A. from the City College of New York in 1955 and an M.A. (1957) and Ph.D. (1961) from Indiana University. While attending City College, he worked as a copy boy for the Associated Press. When he was 19, he sent a story to Ernest Hemingway, who responded: "I can't help you, kid. You write better than I did when I was 19. But the hell of it is, you write like me. That is no sin. But you won't get anywhere with it." Hirschman left a copy of the letter with the Associated Press, and when Hemingway killed himself in 1961, the "Letter to a Young Writer" was distributed by the wire service and published all over the world. In 1954, Hirschman married Ruth Epstein, whom he'd met and dated when they were students at CCNY. Following graduation, Ruth became a program director for KPFK and eventually general manager of Santa Monica public radio station KCRW. The couple had two children, David and Celia. In the 1950s and 60s, Hirschman taught at Dartmouth College and the University of California, Los Angeles. During his tenure at UCLA, one of the students enrolled in his class was Jim Morrison, later to be a cofounder and lead vocalist of the American band The Doors. The Vietnam War, however, put an end to Hirschman's academic career; he was fired from UCLA after encouraging his students to resist the draft. His marriage disintegrated, and he moved to San Francisco in 1973. For a quarter century, Hirschman roamed San Francisco streets, cafes (including Caffe Trieste, where he has been a regular patron), and readings, becoming an active street poet and a peripatetic activist. Hirschman was also a painter and collagist. In June 1999, Hirschman married the Swedish poet, writer and artist Agneta Falk. Hirschman died at his home in San Francisco, on August 22, 2021, at the age of 87. He had tested positive for COVID-19. Poetry His first volume of poetry, A Correspondence of Americans, published in 1960 by Indiana University Press, included an introduction by Karl Shapiro: "What a relief to find a poet who is not afraid of the vulgar or the sentimental, who can burst out laughing or cry his head off in poetry – who can make love to language, or kick it in the pants." Among his many volumes of poetry are A Correspondence of Americans (Indiana U. Press, 1960), Black Alephs (Trigram Press, 1969), Lyripol (City Lights, 1976), The Bottom Line (Curbstone, 1988), and Endless Threshold (Curbstone, 1992). He also translated over two dozen books into English from languages including Hebrew, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Persian, Russian, Albanian, and Greek. In 2006, Hirschman released his most extensive collection of poems yet, The Arcanes. Published in Salerno, Italy by Multimedia Edizioni, The Arcanes comprises 126 long poems spanning 34 years. Additionally, in 2006, Hirschman was appointed Poet Laureate of San Francisco by Mayor Gavin Newsom. In his Poet Laureate inaugural address, Hirschman envisioned creating an International Poetry Festival in San Francisco, reprising a great tradition from the City's literary past. In July 2007, Friends of the San Francisco Public Library, Mayor Gavin Newsom, Hirschman, and the San Francisco Public Library presented their first San Francisco International Poetry Festival. Hirschman was named Poet-in-Residence with Friends of the San Francisco Public Library in 2009. Hirschman continued his work supporting the literary community and was the key organizer for the now biennial San Francisco International Poetry Festival. From 2007 Festival on, Hirschman, in partnership with Friends of the San Francisco Public Library and the San Francisco Public Library, have presented smaller poetry festivals in a variety of languages, including the Latino Poetry Festival, the Vietnamese Poetry Festival, and the Iranian Arts Poetry Festival. Hirschman curated the Poets 11 Anthology, which collected poetry from each of the City's 11 districts. Hirschman was a long time mentor to author and actress Amber Tamblyn. Political views Hirschman supported the anti-war movement, the Black Panther Party, and advocated for the rights of the unhoused. According to a 2006 book review, Hirschman was a Stalinist. Hirschman translated the youthful poems of Joseph Stalin into English (Joey: The Poems of Joseph Stalin; Deliriodendron Press, 2001). He was an assistant editor at the left-wing literary journal Left Curve and was a correspondent for The People's Tribune. He was active with the Revolutionary Poets Brigade. Hirschman is profiled in the 2009 documentary Red Poet in which he identifies as a Marxist-Leninist. He stated in an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, “The most important thing as a poet is that I worked for the Communist movement for 45 years, and the new class of impoverished and homeless people.” Selected works Collections A Correspondence of Americans Indiana University Press, 1960. (With Franz Kline) Kline Sky, The Zora Gallery, 1965. Yod, Trigram Press, 1966. Black Alephs: Poems, 1960-1968, Phoenix Bookshop, 1969. HNYC, R. Tamblyn Skyline Press, 1971. The Burning of Los Angeles, J'Ose Press, 1971. Endless Threshold, Curbstone Press, 1992. Front Lines, City Lights Publishers, 2002. Only Dreaming Sky, Manic D Press, 2007. All That's Left, City Lights Publishers, 2008. The Ulitsea Arcane, Nicola Viviani Edizioni, 2012. Talking Leaves, Sore Dove Press, 2013. Passion, Provocation and Prophecy, Swimming with Elephants Publications, 2015. The Arcanes : 2006-2016 Multimedia Edizioni, 2016. Editor Revolutionary Poets Brigade (Volume 1) Caza de Poesía, 2010. Poets 11 Anthology 2012 Friends of the San Francisco Public Library, 2016. (with Falk, Agneta) Heartfire: 2nd Revolutionary Poets Brigade anthology Kallatumba Press, 2013. (with Curl, John) Overthrowing capitalism : a symposium of poets Kallatumba Press, 2014. (with Curl, John) Overthrowing capitalism. Volume two, Beyond endless war, racist police, sexist elites Kallatumba Press, 2015. (with Curl, John) Overthrowing capitalism. Volume three, Reclaiming community Kallatumba Press, 2016. Poets 11 Anthology 2016 Friends of the San Francisco Public Library, 2016. (with Curl, John and Falk, Agneta) Overthrowing capitalism. Volume four Kallatumba Press, 2017. (with Curl, John) Building Socialism: World Multilingual Poetry from the Revolutionary Poets Brigade Homeward Press, 2020. (with Curl, John) Building Socialism, Volume 2 - Fighting Fascism Homeward Press, 2021. Translator Artaud, Antonin Antonin Artaud anthology City Lights Publishers, 1965. Dalton, Roque, Poemas Clandestinos Clandestine Poems Solidarity Publications, 1984. (with Mark Eisner, John Felstiner, Forrest Gander, Robert Hass, Stephen Kessler, Stephen Mitchell, and Alastair Reid) Neruda, Pablo, The Essential Neruda City Lights Publishers, 2004. Pasolini, Pier Pablo, In Danger : a Pasolini anthology City Lights Publishers, 2010. Sénac, Jean, Citizens of Beauty : Poems of Jean Sénac Michigan State University Press, 2016. References External links Jack Hirschman: A bibliography, by Hirschman and Matt Gonzalez, in the May 24, 2002 San Francisco Call. Defiant, A Proclamation by Jack Hirschman, and four of Hirschman's poems presented by The InstaPLANET Cultural Universe. San Francisco International Poetry Festival, by Nirmala Nataraj, July 23, 2009 San Francisco Chronicle 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American poets Activists from the San Francisco Bay Area American Book Award winners American communists American male poets American people of Russian-Jewish descent American social activists City College of New York alumni Communist poets Dartmouth College faculty Indiana University alumni Jewish American poets Neo-Stalinists Outlaw poets Poets Laureate of San Francisco University of California, Los Angeles faculty Poets from New York City Writers from San Francisco Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in California	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Hirschman
This is a list of notable Old Wellingtonians, being former pupils of Wellington College in Berkshire, England. Politics Hammad Azhar (1982-), Member of National Assembly of Pakistan, Federal Minister. David Blomfield MBE (1934–2016), leader of the Liberal Party group on Richmond upon Thames Council, writer, book editor and local historian Michael Blundell (1907–1993), politician and government minister in Kenya Crispin Blunt (1960–), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Reigate since 1997, and chair of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee. Julian Brazier, TD (1953–), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Canterbury from 1987 to 2017 and former government minister Lord Campbell of Croy (1921–2005), British Cabinet Minister who served as Secretary of State for Scotland during the whole of Edward Heath's government Lord Colnbrook (1922–1996), British Cabinet Minister John Dugdale (1905–1963), journalist, Labour Member of Parliament for the English constituency of West Bromwich between 1941 and 1962, and former government minister James Malcolm Monteith Erskine (1863–1944), Anti-Waste League, Independent Conservative, and Conservative Member of Parliament for Westminster St George's, 1921–1929 Christopher Ewart-Biggs (1921–1976), British Ambassador who was assassinated by the IRA The Viscount Falkland (1935–), Politician and former member of the House of Lords George Ferguson (1947–), the first elected Mayor of Bristol (2012–16) Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde (1960–), Former leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords Sir Edward Garnier KC (1952–), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Harborough since 1992, and former Solicitor General for England and Wales Lord Gordon-Walker (1907–1980), British Cabinet Minister who served as Foreign Secretary under Harold Wilson The Lord Faulks KC (1950–), Conservative Member in the House of Lords Sir Alexander Grantham, (1899–1978) British colonial administrator who governed Hong Kong Lord Luce (1936–) Governor of Gibraltar and Lord Chamberlain to HM The Queen Antony Rivers Marlow (1940–), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Northampton North between 1979 and 1997 Sir Harold Nicolson (1886–1968), British diplomat, author and politician Sir Michael Spicer (1943–2019), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituencies of West Worcestershire and South Worcestershire between 1974 and 2010 and former chairman of the 1922 committee Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (1865–1948), British Secretary of State for War (two separate times) and founder of the Lord Derby Cup Sir Edmund Stockdale (1903–1989), Lord Mayor of London Lord Stodart of Leaston (1916–2003), Scottish Tory politician who served under Sir Alec Douglas-Home and Edward Heath Robin Tilbrook (1958–), leader and founder of the English Democrats Religion The Lord Harries of Pentregarth (1936–) retired Church of England bishop, the 41st Bishop of Oxford from 1987 to 2006 David Watson (1933–1984) evangelical Church of England clergyman, evangelist and author Sport Henry Beaumont (1881–1964), cricketer Lionel Booth (1850–1912), cricketer Frederick Browning (1870–1929) cricketer and rackets amateur champion Simon Clarke (1938–2017) England rugby player and first-class cricketer Ben Curran (1996-) Northamptonshire Cricketer, brother of Tom and Sam Sam Curran (1998–) England and Surrey Cricketer, brother of Tom Curran Thomas Curran (1995–) England and Surrey Cricketer, brother of Sam Curran Ernest Denny (1872–1949), cricketer Paul Doran-Jones (1985–) England International Rugby player Sean Edwards (1986–2013) British racing driver Max Evans (1983–) Scotland International Rugby player Thom Evans (1985–) Scotland International Rugby player David Fasken (1932–2006), First-class cricketer James Haskell (1985–) England International Rugby player Sir Patrick Head (1946–) co-founder of the Williams Formula One team Percy Heath (1877–1917), cricketer Madison Hughes (1992–) USA International Rugby player James Hunt (1947–1993) 1976 F1 World Champion Norman Grace (1894–1975), cricketer Peter Gracey (1921–2006), cricketer Max Lahiff (1989–) Rugby union player (Bath Rugby & London Irish) Morgan Lake (1997–) Olympic athlete and twice World Junior Athletics Champion Henry Lawrence (1848–1902) England international rugby player and captain Rear-Admiral Spencer Login, C.V.O., Royal Navy (1851-1909), rugby union international who represented England in 1875 Tim Mayer (1966–) US motorsports organizer and official. Richard Raphael (1872–1910), cricketer Donald Ray (1903–1944), cricketer Jamie Salmon (1959–) dual rugby international (New Zealand All Blacks and England) James Scott Douglas (1930–1969) Scottish racing driver (and Baronet Douglas) Ernest Tomkins (1869–1927), cricketer Tom Townsend (1971–) Britain and England international bridge player and writer Chris Wakefield (1991–), cricketer Geoffrey Warren (1908–1941), cricketer Louis Weigall (1873-1957), cricketer Maximillian Wood (1873–1915), cricketer Richard Worsley (1879–1917), cricketer Murray Wyatt Marshall (1873–1978), England International Rugby player and captain Ed Young (1989–), cricketer Peter Young (1986–), cricketer Art and entertainment Charles Robert Ashbee (1863–1942) one of the prime movers of the English Arts and Crafts movement Ellie Bamber (1997–) actress Sir Hugh Beaver (1890–1967) founder of the Guinness Book of Records James Bernard (1925–2001) British Film composer and Academy Award winner Trevor Blakemore (1879–1953), poet Josh Bowman (1988–) Star of ABC drama Revenge Rory Bremner (1961–) British impressionist and comedian, noted for his political satire Heather Cameron-Hayes, Semi-Finalist of BBC1's The Voice 2016 Bob Carlos Clarke (1950–2006) Photographer Richard Curle (1883–1968), author, critic and journalist Henry Danton (1919–2022) ballet dancer Henry Danton Caggie Dunlop, Star of E4 reality series Made in Chelsea Elize du Toit (1980–) actress and model best known for the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks Gavin Ewart (1916–1995) British poet Jim Field Smith (1979–) British film director, writer and comedian Sebastian Faulks (1953–) novelist whose works include Birdsong and Charlotte Gray Nicola Formby (1965– ), journalist John Gardner (1917–2011) British composer John Keane (1954–) painter and official artist, Gulf War Sir Christopher Lee (1922–2015) film actor John Masters (1914–1983) British Army Officer and novelist Robert Morley (1908–1992) film actor John Nash (1893–1977) 20th-century painter and war artist Frederick Noad (1929–2001) guitarist, lutenist, author, and teacher Gregory Norminton (1976–) novelist George Orwell (1903–1950) author of Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four (Easter Term 1917 only, in May 1917 he became a King's Scholar at Eton) Nerina Pallot (1974–) singer, songwriter, producer Harry Ricketts (1950–) writer and biographer Guy Siner (1947–) actor Count Nikolai Tolstoy (1935–) Russo-British historian and author Martin Windrow (1944–) British historian Will Young (1979–) British singer and actor Broadcasting Daniel Farson (1927–1997) broadcaster and writer Gerald Hine-Haycock (1951–) journalist, Correspondent for ITN and BBC News; Presenter for HTV West and BBC West Robin Oakley (1941–) journalist, Political Editor of CNN International, formerly Political Editor of the BBC Peter Snow CBE (1938–) British television and radio presenter Military Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, British Army commander during World War II Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall, Chief of the General Staff Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Salmond, Chief of the Air Staff Field Marshal Sir Geoffrey Baker, Chief of the General Staff 1968 to 1971 Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, Chief of the Imperial General Staff General Sir Harry Tuzo, General Officer Commanding, Northern Ireland and other senior British Army commands General Sir Charles Huxtable, Commander-in-Chief UK Land Forces 1988 to 1990 General Sir Richard O'Connor, British Army general during World War II General Sir Peter Hunt, Chief of the General Staff 1973 General Sir James Glover, Commander-in-Chief UK Land Forces 1985 to 1987 General Sir Roland Guy, Adjutant General to the British Army 1984 to 1986 General Sir Chris Deverell, Commander of the UK's Joint Forces Command and member of the UK Chiefs of Staff Committee April 2016 to May 2019. Lieutenant General Sir Noel Beresford-Peirse, General Officer Commanding, XIII Corps and later General Officer Commander-in-Chief, Southern Army, India during the Second World War Lieutenant General Sir Alistair Irwin, Adjutant General to the British Army 2003 to 2005 Lieutenant General Sir Montagu Stopford, Commander of British forces during the Battle of Kohima Lieutenant General Sir Maurice Johnston, Assistant Chief of the General Staff, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff and Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire Lieutenant General Sir Kenneth Loch, Director of Anti-Aircraft and Coastal Defence (1939–1941), Master-General of Ordnance, India (1944–1947), and head of the board of governors at Wellington Major-General George Erroll Prior-Palmer, General Officer Commanding, 6th Armoured Division Major-General Douglas Wimberley, British Divisional Commander in World War II Roger Bushell, Mastermind of the Great Escape Lieutenant Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig (1865–1938) Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Rennie, former Director of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Victoria Cross and George Cross holders Fifteen Old Wellingtonians have won the Victoria Cross; one Old Wellingtonian has won the George Cross. They are as follows: Victoria Cross Zulu War Lieutenant Henry Lysons, VC (He later achieved the rank of colonel and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)) (1858–1907) South African War (Boer War) Captain Charles FitzClarence, VC (He later achieved the rank of brigadier general. He was killed in action, Polygon Wood, Zonnebeke, Belgium, on 12 November 1914) (1865–1914) Captain Ernest Beachcroft Beckwith Towse, VC (He later became a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO), and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire CBE) (1864–1948) Third Ashanti Expedition Captain Charles John Melliss, VC (later to become Major General Sir Charles John Melliss VC, KCB, KCMG) (1862–1936) Second Somaliland Expedition Captain Alexander Stanhope Cobbe VC, (He later achieved the rank of general) (1870–1931) First World War Captain John Franks Vallentin, VC (1882–1914) Lieutenant James Anson Otho Brooke VC (1884–1914) Captain John Fitzhardinge Paul Butler VC (1888–1916) Second Lieutenant Alexander Buller Turner, VC (1893–1915) Lieutenant Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson, VC (1894–1916) Second World War Flight Lieutenant Roderick Alastair Brook Learoyd, VC (1913–1996) Commander Anthony Cecil Capel Miers, VC (Later to become Rear Admiral Sir Anthony Cecil Capel Miers VC, KBE, CB, DSO & Bar) (1906–1985) Captain Patrick Porteous, VC (1918–2000) (he later achieved the rank of colonel) Lieutenant-Colonel Victor Buller Turner, VC (brother of Alexander Buller Turner, VC)(1900–1972) Lieutenant Claud Raymond, VC (1923–1945) George Cross 1935 Quetta earthquake Lieutenant John Cowley GC (Originally awarded the Albert Medal which was converted to the George Cross. He was later to become Lieutenant General Sir John Cowley GC KBE CB) Other Joseph Arthur Arkwright FRS Bacteriologist John Arnold David Boyle, British intelligence officer Ranald Boyle, British diplomat C.R. Boxer, historian Matthew Restall, historian W S Bristowe, arachnologist Michael Brock CBE, British historian Patrick de Maré, psychiatrist Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne, British peer and soldier The Marquess of Cambridge, brother of Queen Mary Anthony Fletcher, English historian Nicholas Grimshaw, English architect who is behind the Eden Project Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein The 9th Duke of Portland Prince Francis of Teck John F. C. Turner, architect and theorist Peter Llewellyn Gwynn-Jones, Garter Principal King of Arms, 1995–2010 Professor Klaus Dodds, Notable Academic and Professor of Geopolitics. Royal Holloway, University of London John Haycraft, founder of International House World Organisation Sir Rudolph Peters FRS, biochemist Princess Maria Olympia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece and granddaughter of King Constantine II See also :Category:People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire References Lists of people by English school affiliation Berkshire-related lists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Old%20Wellingtonians
Keith Alexander Sims (born June 17, 1967) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive line for 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1990 to 2000. He played college football for the Iowa State University Cyclones and selected by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 1990 NFL Draft. Sims and Richmond Webb were leaders on a dominant Miami offensive line in the mid-1990s. Sims was elected to the Pro Bowl three times, in 1993, 1994 and 1995. He also played for the Washington Redskins. The jersey number he wore was 69. High school career Sims played high school football in Warren, New Jersey at Watchung Hills Regional High School. College career After high school, continued to play college football at Iowa State University. He graduated from ISU in 1990 and was elected into the Iowa State Hall of Fame in 2006. Coaching career On April 23, 2022, Sims was hired by the Seckinger Jaguars Personal life He is currently married to Tia, with whom he has three children, Keith Jr, Jayson, and Justin. He also has two children from a previous marriage, to Cam named Cairo and Storm. He does sideline reporting for the Miami Dolphins Radio Network with play-by-play man Jimmy Cefalo and color commentators Joe Rose and Jason Taylor. References 1967 births Living people Miami Dolphins players Washington Redskins players American Conference Pro Bowl players Iowa State Cyclones football players Players of American football from Baltimore Miami Dolphins announcers National Football League announcers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Sims
Renato Micallef (born 19 November 1951) is a Maltese pop singer. His full name is Nazzareno Alessandro Micallef Garrett. Renato has been active in the Maltese music scene since the age of 12. Renato has toured North America, Australia and the United Kingdom where his website claims he won an award for Singer Of The Year in 1980. In 1975, he represented Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest, finishing in 12th place with Singing This Song. In 1990, he represented Malta again in the Cavan International Song Festival, with the song Our Little World of Yesterday, which won first prize. He has also hosted his own Television and Radio including the popular Separju on Super One Radio and also toured with one of his favourite singers, Shirley Bassey. His record releases include Ave Maria and Lovin' You. Renato is also a very popular local entertainer and performs regularly in leading venues. References External links Eurovision 1975 website, http://www.eurovision-contest.com/1975/Malta/ Performance of 'Singing This Song', http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3117796263490940038 Gensna: A nation's music, http://www.timesofmalta.com/life/view/20090321/features/gensna-a-nations-music 1951 births Living people Maltese pop singers 20th-century Maltese male singers 20th-century Maltese singers Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Malta Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato%20Micallef
Peter John Adams (18 May 1938 – 13 December 1999) (Note: Adams is not to be confused with the American actor of the same name born as James Harvey Adams II (1917-1987)) was a New Zealand-born Australian actor, best remembered for his performances on Australian television in soap operas and serials, Born in Taumarunui, King Country, North Island, New Zealand, Adams later emigrated to Australia. He was married to actress Kirsty Child. Career Adams appeared in the Australian soap opera Number 96 as Andy Marshall in 1974-75 and had a five-week stint in medical soap opera The Young Doctors as comedian, Clarrie Baker in 1977. Adams' defining role came in 1977 when he was cast as a leading character, Detective Jeff Johnson, in the police procedural series Cop Shop. His character "JJ" became a hit with audiences, winning Adams several Logies. In 1980 he won Best Lead Actor in a Series and in 1981, the Silver Logie for Most Popular Actor. He left that series for a role in musical theatre, but later returned, staying until the series was cancelled in December 1983. He subsequently appeared in Prisoner as the tough Acting Governor Bob Moran, for three months in 1986. In 1994 he appeared in the television movie Halifax f.p. – The Feeding with Rebecca Gibney. While predominantly known for his television roles, Adams also worked in theatre. In 1985 he toured Victoria appearing in Warwick Moss' two-man play Down An Alley Filled With Cats. Adams directed the 1995 Geelong Lyric Theatre Society production of Les Misérables. In 1987 he appeared in the Darwin Theatre Company production of Trumpets and Raspberries. Death Adams died from cancer, aged 61, on 13 December 1999. Partial filmography Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) (Season 1 Episode 6: "Salvage") – Tim Grady Number 96 (1974–75) – Andy Marshall The Young Doctors (1977) – Clarrie Baker Cop Shop (1977–83) – Detective Jeff 'J.J.' Johnson Bellamy (1981) Prisoner (1986) – Acting Governor Bob Moran Halifax f.p. – The Feeding (1994) References External links 1938 births 1999 deaths 20th-century Australian male actors Australian male film actors Australian male soap opera actors Australian male stage actors Deaths from cancer in Victoria (state) Logie Award winners 20th-century New Zealand male actors New Zealand emigrants to Australia New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male soap opera actors New Zealand male stage actors New Zealand male television actors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Adams%20%28actor%29
Susan Peters (born September 27, 1956) is a former news anchor. She worked for KAKE, the ABC affiliate in Wichita, Kansas from 1995 to 2016. She has won regional Emmy awards for her reporting in both California and Kansas. After graduating from Western Illinois University with a B.A. in Communications, she started as a reporter at WRAU-TV in Peoria, Illinois in 1978. She became an anchor and reporter at KWCH-DT in 1983. In 1991, she moved to KFMB-TV in San Diego. She returned to Wichita in 1995 to work at KAKE until May 25, 2016. Peters returned to the air in late 2017, co-hosting Hatteberg's People on KPTS with former KAKE co-anchor Larry Hatteberg. In January 2007, this Wikipedia article on Peters was featured on the national public radio program Weekend America. The discussion revolved around whether the article on Wikipedia should be deleted based upon Wikipedia's notability guidelines. The result of the AfD in question was "keep", and Weekend America announced it as such. An MSNBC.com investigation into partisan journalists/newspersons who donate to political parties and causes, Peters was found to have donated to a liberal organization with ties to the Democratic party. References External links Biography from KAKE-TV Living people American television journalists American women television journalists Kansas television personalities People from Peoria, Illinois Television anchors from San Diego Western Illinois University alumni 1956 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Peters%20%28TV%20anchor%29
In medicine, a crossover study or crossover trial is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments, which are discussed in this article. Crossover designs are common for experiments in many scientific disciplines, for example psychology, pharmaceutical science, and medicine. Randomized, controlled crossover experiments are especially important in health care. In a randomized clinical trial, the subjects are randomly assigned to different arms of the study which receive different treatments. When the trial has a repeated measures design, the same measures are collected multiple times for each subject. A crossover trial has a repeated measures design in which each patient is assigned to a sequence of two or more treatments, of which one may be a standard treatment or a placebo. Nearly all crossover are designed to have "balance", whereby all subjects receive the same number of treatments and participate for the same number of periods. In most crossover trials each subject receives all treatments, in a random order. Statisticians suggest that designs should have four periods, which is more efficient than the two-period design, even if the study must be truncated to three periods. However, the two-period design is often taught in non-statistical textbooks, partly because of its simplicity. Analysis The data is analyzed using the statistical method that was specified in the clinical trial protocol, which must have been approved by the appropriate institutional review boards and regulatory agencies before the trial can begin. Most clinical trials are analyzed using repeated-measurements ANOVA (analysis of variance) or mixed models that include random effects. In most longitudinal studies of human subjects, patients may withdraw from the trial or become "lost to follow-up". There are statistical methods for dealing with such missing-data and "censoring" problems. An important method analyzes the data according to the principle of the intention to treat. Advantages A crossover study has two advantages over both a parallel study and a non-crossover longitudinal study. First, the influence of confounding covariates is reduced because each crossover patient serves as their own control. In a randomized non-crossover study it is often the case that different treatment-groups are found to be unbalanced on some covariates. In a controlled, randomized crossover designs, such imbalances are implausible (unless covariates were to change systematically during the study). Second, optimal crossover designs are statistically efficient, and so require fewer subjects than do non-crossover designs (even other repeated measures designs). Optimal crossover designs are discussed in the graduate textbook by Jones and Kenward and in the review article by Stufken. Crossover designs are discussed along with more general repeated-measurements designs in the graduate textbook by Vonesh and Chinchilli. Limitations and disadvantages These studies are often done to improve the symptoms of patients with chronic conditions. For curative treatments or rapidly changing conditions, cross-over trials may be infeasible or unethical. Crossover studies often have two problems: First is the issue of "order" effects, because it is possible that the order in which treatments are administered may affect the outcome. An example might be a drug with many adverse effects given first, making patients taking a second, less harmful medicine, more sensitive to any adverse effect. Second is the issue of "carry-over" between treatments, which confounds the estimates of the treatment effects. In practice, "carry-over" effects can be avoided with a sufficiently long "wash-out" period between treatments. However, planning for sufficiently long wash-out periods requires expert knowledge of the dynamics of the treatment, which is often unknown. See also Design of experiments Glossary of experimental design Randomized controlled trial Survival analysis N of 1 trial Single-subject design Notes References M. Bose and A. Dey (2009). Optimal Crossover Designs. World Scientific. D. E. Johnson (2010). Crossover experiments. WIREs Comp Stat, 2: 620-625. K.-J. Lui, (2016). Crossover Designs: Testing, Estimation, and Sample Size. Wiley. Najafi Mehdi, (2004). Statistical Questions in Evidence Based Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. D. Raghavarao and L. Padgett (2014). Repeated Measurements and Cross-Over Designs. Wiley. D. A. Ratkowsky, M. A. Evans, and J. R. Alldredge (1992). Cross-Over Experiments: Design, Analysis, and Application. Marcel Dekker. Senn, S. (2002). Cross-Over Trials in Clinical Research, Second edition. Wiley. Clinical research Clinical trials Design of experiments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover%20study
Robert Lee Scott (April 19, 1928 – July 26, 2018) was an American scholar influential in the study of rhetorical theory, criticism of public address, debate, and communication research and practice. He was professor emeritus in the Communication Studies Department at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of five books, numerous articles in speech, communications, philosophy, and rhetoric journals, and contributed many book chapters. His article "On Viewing Rhetoric As Epistemic", is considered one of the most important academic articles written in rhetorical studies in the past century. Personal life Scott was born in Fairbury, Nebraska. He was the youngest of four children born to Walter and Anna Scott. His father was an educator, superintendent of schools and founder of Fairbury Community College, now Southeast Community College. He married Betty Rose Foust on September 13, 1947. They had three children, Mark Allen, Janet Lee, and Paul Matthew. Scott served in the United States Marine Corps from June 1945 to August 1946. He received an Honorable discharge. Education Scott graduated from Fairbury High School and earned his undergraduate degree at Colorado State College of Education now University of Northern Colorado where he majored in English. He earned his master's degree (1951) in speech at the University of Nebraska and Ph.D. (1955) in speech at the University of Illinois. Scott was the debate coach at the University of Houston, 1953–1957, and University of Minnesota, 1957–1964. Academic administration Scott was an assistant professor at the University of Houston from 1953 until 1957, when he took an assistant professor position at the University of Minnesota in speech communication, where he taught until 1998. During his time in the department he was department chair from 1971 to 1989, director of graduate study 1961–1971 and 1990–1996. He also served as department chair for Spanish and Portuguese 1992-1994, and director, School of Journalism and Mass Communication 1995-1997. Scott also served on numerous all-university, College of Liberal Arts and graduate school committees. Professional memberships National Communication Association International Communication Association International Society for the History of Rhetoric Rhetoric Society of America Central States Communication Association Western Communication Association American Association of University Professors Kenneth Burke Society Editorial work Quarterly Journal of Speech, editor, 1972–74; editorial board, 1969–71, 1986–89 Philosophy and Rhetoric, editorial board, 1974–97. Pre-Text: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Rhetoric, editorial board, 1981–89. Central States Speech Journal, editorial board, 1967–69. Argumentation and Advocacy, editorial board, 1989–92. Research Scott published highly influential work on rhetorical theory and criticism. His most famous article, “On Viewing Rhetoric As Epistemic,” became one of the most important academic articles written in rhetorical studies in the past century. Drawing inspiration from the ancient Sophists and Stephen Toulmin, and others, Scott argued that the traditional understanding of rhetoric as an art merely for making the Truth effective was inadequate. If we acknowledge that truth is probable and contingent, then it follows that rhetoric is a central art for finding our way. Scott argued that we should “consider truth not as something fixed and final but as something to be created moment by moment” in the circumstances in which we find ourselves and with which we must cope. Humans may plot our course by fixed stars but we do not possess those stars; we proceed, more or less effectively, on our course. Furthermore, humanity has learned that the stars are fixed only in a relative sense. In human affairs, then, “rhetoric is a way of knowing; it is epistemic.” In 1978, Michael Leff noted that “rhetoric is epistemic” marked the dominant trend in contemporary rhetorical theorizing. Recognition James A. Winans Awards for Outstanding Scholarship in Rhetoric and Public Address, Speech Communication Association national convention, 1970. Distinguished Teaching from the Alumni Association of the College of Liberal Arts and the University College of the University of Minnesota, 1981. Charles H. Woolbert Award for Research of Exceptional Originality and Influence from the Speech Communication Association, national convention, 1981. (The first Woolbert Award made.) Recognized by the Speech Association of Minnesota for Outstanding Contributions to Minnesota Education, Speech Communication and Theater Arts, 1984. Douglas Ehninger Distinguished Rhetorical Scholar Award from the Speech Communication Association, national convention, 1989. One of ten persons recognized by the Speech Communication Association in 1992 as charter members of "Distinguished Scholars" for "a distinguished career in the study of communication." The Wallace Bacon award for a Career of Outstanding Teaching, 2005, National Communication Association. Distinguished Scholar Award, National Communication Association Books With Otis M. Walter, Thinking and Speaking, A Guide to Intelligent Oral Communication (New York: Macmillan, lst edn., 1962; 5th edn., 1985). Editor, The Speaker's Reader: Concepts in Speech-Communication (Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman, 1969). With Wayne Brockriede, The Rhetoric of Black Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1969). With Wayne Brockriede, Moments in the Rhetoric of the Cold War (New York: Random House, 1970). With Bernard L. Brock edited, Methods of Rhetorical Criticism First Edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972. Second Edition, Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1980). Periodicals and book chapters "A Philosophy of Discussion: 1954." Southern Speech Journal, 19 (March 1954), 241–9. "On the Meaning of the Term 'Prima-Facie' in Argumentation. Central States Speech Journal, 12 (Autumn 1960), 33-7. With Donald K. Smith. "Motivation Theory in Teaching Persuasion." Quarterly Journal of Speech, 47 (Dec. 1961), 378–83. "The Problem of the Prima-Facie Case." Speaker and Gavel, 1 (March 1964), 81–4. "Some Implications of Existentialism for Rhetoric." Central States Speech Journal, 15 (Nov. 1964), 267–78. "On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic." Central States Speech Journal, 18 (Feb. 1967), 9–17. "A Fresh Attitude toward Rationalism." Speech Teacher, 17 (Mar. 1968), 134–39. "A Rhetoric of Facts: Arthur Larson's Stance as a Persuader." Speech Monographs, 35 (June 1968), 109–21. With Wayne Brockriede. "Stokely Carmichael: Two Speeches on Black Power." Central States Speech Journal, 19 (Spring 1968), 3–13. "Justifying Violence--The Rhetoric of Militant Black Power." Central States Speech Journal, 19 (Summer 1968), 96–104. With Donald K. Smith. "The Rhetoric of Confrontation." Quarterly Journal of Speech, 55 (Feb. 1969), 1–8. "Rhetoric that Postures: An Intrinsic Reading of Richard Nixon's Inaugural Address." Western Speech, 34 (Winter 1970), 21–34. "James Baldwin's Another Country: Some Roots of Black Power." Journal of Black Studies, 1 (Sept. 1970), 21–34. "Rhetoric and Silence." Western Speech, 36 (Summer 1972), 146–5. "On Not Defining 'Rhetoric'." Philosophy and Rhetoric, 6 (Spring 1973), 81–96. "The Conservative Voice in Radical Rhetoric: A Common Response to Division." Speech Monographs, 40 (June 1973), 123–35. "A Synoptic View of Systems of Western Rhetoric." Quarterly Journal of Speech, 61 (Dec. 1975), 239–47. "Dialogue and Rhetoric." In Rhetoric and Communication, ed. Jane Blankenship and Herman Stelzner. Univ. of Illinois Press, 1976, pp. 99–109. "Rhetoric as Epistemic: Ten Years Later." Central States Speech Journal, 27 (Dec. 1976), 258–66. "Diego Rivera at Rockefeller Center: Fresco Painting and Rhetoric." Western Speech Communication Journal. 41 (Spring 1977), 70–82. "Communication as an Intentional, Social System." Human Communication Research, 3 (Spring 1977), 258–68. "Evidence in Communication Research: We Are Such Stuff." Western Speech Communication Journal, 42 (Winter 1978), 29–36. "Response to Higgins." In Perspectives on Literacy: Proceedings of the 1977 Conference. Ed. Richard Beach and P. D. Pearson. Univ. of Minnesota College of Education, 1978, pp. 153–9. "Maintaining a Human Scale in Communication." The Speech Association of Minnesota Journal, 5 (Spring 1978), 10–19. (Speech delivered at the St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, as a part of the dedication of a new Speech/Theatre Building.) "Personal and Institutional Problems Encountered in Being Interdisciplinary," in Interdisciplinarity and Higher Education, ed. Joseph J. Kockelmans, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979, pp. 306–327. "Intentionality in the Process of Rhetoric." Rhetoric in Transition, ed. Eugene E. White. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980, pp. 39–60. "You Cannot Not Debate: The Debate over the 1980 Presidential Debates." Speaker and Gavel. 18 (Winter 1981), 28–33. "The Tacit Dimension and Rhetoric: What It Means to Persuade and to Be Persuaded." Pre/Text, An Inter-Disciplinary Journal of Rhetoric. 2 (1981), 115–26. "Can a New Rhetoric Be Epistemic?" in The Jensen Lectures: Contemporary Communication Studies, ed. John I Sisco. Tampa, Florida: Dept. of Communication, Univ. of South Florida, 1983, pp. 1–22. "Reading the History of Rhetoric." The Pennsylvania Speech Communication Annual, 39 (1983), 33–38. "Narrative Theory and Communication Research." Quarterly Journal of Speech. 70, no. 1 (May 1983), 197–204. With James F. Klumpp. "A Dear Searcher into Comparison: The Rhetoric of Ellen Goodman." Quarterly Journal of Speech. 70 (Feb. 1984), 69–79. "Focusing Rhetorical Criticism." Communication Education. 33 (April 1984), 89–96. "Chaim Perelman: Persona and Accommodation in the New Rhetoric." Pre/Text, An Interdisciplinary Journal of Rhetoric. 5 (Summer 1984), 89–96. "Argument as a Critical Act: Re-Forming Understanding." Argumentation. 1 (1987), 57–71. "Non-Discipline as a Remedy for Rhetoric?" Rhetoric Review. 6 (Spring 1988), 233–37. "Against Rhetorical Theory: Tripping to Serendip." in Texts in Context: Critical Dialogues in American Political Rhetoric. Ed. Michael C. Leff and Fred J. Kauffeld, Davis, California: Hermagoras Press, 1989, 1-10. "Rhetoric and Spirituality: Three Issues." Communication Studies. 40, no. 3 (1989), 172-66. "Eisenhower's Farewell: The Epistemic Function of Rhetoric." in Perspectives on Argumentation. Ed. Robert Trapp and Janice Schuetz. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1990, pp. 151-161. "Cold War Rhetoric: Conceptually and Critically." in Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. Ed. Martin J. Medhurst and Robert L. Ivie. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990, pp. 1-18. "Epistemic Rhetoric and Criticism: Where Barry Brummett Goes Wrong." Quarterly Journal of Speech. 76, no. 3 (August 1990), 300–303. "The Necessary Pluralism of any Future History of Rhetoric." PRE/TEXT. 12, nos. 3-4 (Fall/Winter 1991), 195–211. "Can 'Controversy' Be Analyzed to Yield Useful Insights for Argument?" in Argument in Controversy. Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Argumentation. Ed. Donn W. Parson. Annandale, VA: SCA, 1991, pp. 20–23. "Rhetoric is Epistemic: What Difference Does that Make?" in Defining the New Rhetorics. Ed. Theresa Enos and Stuart C. Brown. Newbury Park, NJ: Sage, 1993, pp. 120–36. "Dialectical Tensions of Speaking and Silence." Quarterly Journal of Speech. 79, no. 1 (Feb. 1993), 1–18. "Responses to the Gettysburg Address: Franklin D. Roosevelt." Iowa Journal of Communication. 25, no. 3 (1993), 115–18. "Argument Is, Therefore Arguers Are." In Argument and the Postmodern Challenge. Ed. Raymie E. McKerrow. Annandale, VA: SCA, 1993, 91–96. “Dialectical Tensions of Speaking and Silence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech. 79, no. 1 (Febr. 1993), 1–18. “Eisenhower’s Farewell Address” A Response to Medhurst.” Quarterly Journal of Speech. 81, 4 (1995), 496-501. “Epistemic Rhetoric” in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Theresa Enos. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 232–34. With Robert Brookey. “Audiences Argue.” Proceedings of the Ninth SCA/AFA Conference on Argumentation. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association, 1996, pp. 16–20. “From Bacon to Bacon: Man in a Blue Box, An Aesthetic Turn in Rhetoric.” In Hollihan, Thomas A., ed. Argumentation at Century’s End. (Annandale, VA: NCA, 2000) pp. 278–85. “Between Silence and Certainty: A Codicil to ‘Dialectical Tensions of Speaking and Silence.” Quarterly Journal of Speech, 86.1 (Feb. 2000), 108–110. Footnotes 1928 births 2018 deaths People from Fairbury, Nebraska University of Northern Colorado alumni University of Nebraska alumni University of Illinois alumni University of Houston faculty University of Minnesota faculty Writers from Nebraska	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20Scott
Robert Whitaker (13 November 1939 – 20 September 2011) was a British photographer, best known internationally for his many photographs of The Beatles, taken between 1964 and 1966, with his best known work, the "Butcher Cover", which featured on the band's 1966's US-only album Yesterday and Today. He also worked with the rock group Cream, photos from which were used in the Martin Sharp-designed collage on the cover of their 1967 LP Disraeli Gears. Biography Early life and career Robert Whitaker, born in Britain in 1939, described himself as "one part Aussie lad" since his father and his grandfather were both Australian. According to Whitaker, his grandfather built the Princes Bridge in Melbourne. Although he has worked mostly in Britain, Australia and Australian connections featured significantly in his life and career. Whitaker began work in London as a photographer in the late 1950s but he moved to Melbourne in 1961, where he began studying at the University of Melbourne and became part of the small but flourishing Melbourne arts scene. According to art historian David Mellor, it was his three years in Australia that transformed Whitaker's work as a photographer. A major influence was undoubtedly his friendship with two of the leading figures of the Melbourne art world, Georges Mora and Mirka Mora, and through them he came into contact with numerous major figures in Australian art and letters including John Reed and Sunday Reed, Ian Sime, Charles and Barbara Blackman, Barrett Reid, Laurence Hope, Arthur Boyd, Sidney Nolan and Joy Hester, as well as his own peer group including Martin Sharp, Richard Neville, Barry Humphries and Germaine Greer. He photographed many of these people including Georges and Mirka Mora and their three sons, Philippe Mora (who became a noted filmmaker), future gallery owner William Mora and Tiriel Mora, later a successful Australian actor who featured in the satirical TV series Frontline and the acclaimed comedy film The Castle. Meeting The Beatles Whitaker was running a freelance penthouse photo studio in Flinders Street, Melbourne when he had his fateful meeting with The Beatles and their manager Brian Epstein, during their 1964 Australian tour. His meeting came about more or less by accident, when he was asked to accompany a journalist friend to an interview with Brian Epstein for an article for Melbourne community newspaper The Jewish News. Whitaker's first published photograph featuring the group depicted Paul McCartney and George Harrison each holding up boomerangs presented to them by their Australian fans. Robert Whitaker: "I photographed Epstein, saw he was a bit of a peacock and a cavalier, and put peacock feathers around his head in photographic relief. He was knocked out when he saw the picture. After that, he saw an exhibition of collages I had at the Museum of Modern Art and immediately offered me the position of staff photographer at NEMS, photographing all his artists. I initially turned it down, but after seeing The Beatles perform at Festival Hall I was overwhelmed by all the screaming fans and I decided to accept the offer to return to England ". Whitaker accepted the job three months later, but before he left he spent one final Sunday at the Aspendale beach house of his friends Georges and Mirka Mora, taking a set of historic pictures which were exhibited for the first time in the Monash Gallery of Art's 2003 exhibition of his work. In one photograph, "Aspendale Beach", the Mora family - Georges, Mirka and their sons Philippe, William and Tiriel - are pictured in slouched, single file on the beach with Martin Sharp and architect Peter Burns. In another photograph, "Goodbye Bob", the same group of people sit holding a sign which reads: "GOD bless thee and keep thee … ASPENDALE 1964". On his arrival in England in August 1964, Whitaker set to work photographing the members of the NEMS stable including Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas, Gerry & The Pacemakers (including cover shots for the How Do You Like It and Ferry Across The Mersey LPs) and Cilla Black (including cover shots for the Cilla and Cilla Sings A Rainbow LPs). He also did several photographs of the hugely successful Australian folk-pop group The Seekers, including the cover shots for Seekers Seen In Green (1967); his Seekers photos were also later used for the CDs Live At The Talk Of The Town and The Seekers Complete boxed set and a more recent photo of Judith Durham was used on the cover of her 2001 solo CD Hang On to Your Dream. But it was with The Beatles and especially John Lennon, with whom he became close friends, that Whitaker created his most famous and enduring work. On of his first assignments was photographing The Beatles during their triumphant second American tour, including the historic Shea Stadium concert in New York. He spent the next two years travelling with the Beatles and shooting them at work, at rest and at play—on their tours, at home, in the recording studio, during private moments, and in formal photo sessions. Among his best-known images of The Beatles are the album cover photos featured on their 1966 LP Revolver and the compilation album A Collection of Beatles Oldies. With almost unlimited access to the most famous and popular band in the world, Whitaker quickly became a key figure of the London underground scene, capturing "the creativity and excess of London in the sixties". He has been quoted as saying: "There were about 100 people who ran the Sixties" and he was fortunate enough to meet, work with and/or photograph them virtually all of them. As the group's 'court photographer' Whitaker was able to photograph the Fab Four in many moods and situations. He accompanied The Beatles on their 1966 tour of Japan. In Tokyo the tour promoter gave him a Nikon 21mm wide-angle lens with which he took numerous shots of The Beatles relaxing in their hotel room at the Tokyo Hilton. These include several photographs of the four at work on a collaborative painting "Images of A Woman", the only such artwork they ever undertook, and a colour photo of the group inspecting antiques, which was used on the back cover of the compilation album A Collection of Beatles Oldies. But without doubt his most celebrated work is the 1966 photo which was appropriated for The Beatles’ (in)famous Yesterday & Today album cover in the USA. "The Butcher Sleeve" On 25 March 1966 The Beatles went to Whitaker's Chelsea studio for a session intended to take photos for the cover of (and/or to promote) their forthcoming single, "Rain/Paperback Writer". Band and photographer were all determined to create something more than the run-of-the-mill publicity shots. Among the resulting images was that which has since become known as the "Butcher" photo, depicting The Beatles wearing white coats and draped with dismembered doll parts, artificial eyes, slabs of meat and false teeth. This now-legendary image, one of the most famous images of the group, was originally conceived as one of a triptych of photographs, and intended as a surreal, satirical pop-art observation on The Beatles’ fame. Whitaker's inspirations for the images included the work of German surrealist Hans Bellmer, notably his 1937 book Die Puppe (La Poupée). Bellmer's images of puppets were first published in the French Surrealist journal Minotaure in 1934. Whitaker has also cited Meret Oppenheim as another important influence, notably her most famous creation "Lunch In Fur" (1936), a disturbing creation in which she covered a cup, saucer and spoon entirely in fur. Whitaker: "It's an apparent switch-around of how you think. Can you imagine actually drinking out of a fur tea cup? I did a photograph of the Beatles covered in raw meat, dolls and false teeth. Putting meat, dolls and false teeth with The Beatles is essentially part of the same thing, the breakdown of what is regarded as normal. The actual conception for what I still call "Somnambulant Adventure" was Moses coming down from Mt. Sinai with the Ten Commandments. He comes across people worshipping a golden calf. All over the world I'd watched people worshipping like idols, like gods, four Beatles. To me they were just stock standard normal people. But this emotion that fans poured on them made me wonder where Christianity was heading". It has been claimed that The Beatles intended the Butcher Sleeve to be a protest at the way their music was being "butchered" by their American label, Capitol Records. In a Nov. 15 1991 interview with Goldmine magazine, Whitaker discussed the Butcher Sleeve at length, and unequivocally put the "protest" claims to rest: Goldmine: "How did that photo, featuring the Beatles among slabs of meat and decapitated dolls, come about? Was it your idea or the Beatles?" Whitaker: It was mine. Absolutely. It was part of three pictures that should have gone into an icon. And it was a rough. If you could imagine, the background of that picture should have been all gold. Around the heads would have gone silver halos, jewelled. Then there are two other pictures that are in the book (The Unseen Beatles), but not in colour. Goldmine: How did you prepare for the shoot? Whitaker: It was hard work. I had to go to the local butcher and get pork. I had to go to a doll factory and find the dolls. I had to go to an eye factory and find the eyes. False teeth. There's a lot in that photograph. I think John's almost-last written words were about that particular cover; that was pointed out to me by Martin Harrison, who wrote the text to my book. I didn't even know that, but I'm learning a lot. Goldmine: Why meat and dolls? There's been a lot of conjecture over the years about what that photo meant. The most popular theory is that it was a protest by the Beatles against Capitol Records for supposedly "butchering" their records in the States. Whitaker: Rubbish, absolute nonsense. If the trilogy or triptych of the three photographs had ever come together, it would have made sense. There is another set of photos in the book which is the Beatles with a girl with her back toward you, hanging on to sausages. Those sausages were meant to be an umbilical cord. Does this start to open a few chapters? Goldmine: Were you aware when you shot it that Capitol Records was going to use it as a record cover? Whitaker: No. Goldmine: Were you upset when they did and then when they pulled it and replaced it with another photo? Whitaker: Well, I shot that photo too, of them sitting on a trunk, the one that they pasted over it. I fairly remember being bewildered by the whole thing. I had no reason to be bewildered by it, purely and simply, because it could certainly be construed as a fairly shocking collection of bits and pieces to stick on a group of people and represent that [the "butchering" of the Beatles' records] in this country [the U.S.]. Interviewed at the time (1966) in the British music magazine Disc and Music Echo, Whitaker said: "I wanted to do a real experiment - people will jump to wrong conclusions about it being sick, but the whole thing is based on simplicity -- linking four very real people with something real. I got George to knock some nails into John’s head, and took some sausages along to get some other pictures, dressed them up in white smocks as butchers, and this is the result -- the use of the camera as a means of creating situations." Whitaker was later quoted as saying that the basic motivation for making "A Somnambulant Adventure" came from the fact that he and The Beatles were "really fed up at taking what one had hoped would be designer-friendly publicity pictures"; in the interview conducted just before his death in 1980, John Lennon confirmed this. "It was inspired by our boredom and resentment at having to do another photo session and another Beatles thing. We were sick to death of it. Bob was into Dalí and making surreal pictures." Whitaker intended the triptych to be his "personal comment on the mass adulation of the group and the illusory nature of stardom … I had toured quite a lot of the world with them by then, and I was continually amused by the public adulation of four people". The images in the triptych were conceived as the foundation of a much more elaborate work. He had planned to retouch the photos to give them the appearance of religious icons. The background was to be painted gold like a Russian icon and to have the Fab Four's heads surrounded by jewelled halos, with the photos bordered in rainbow colours. This decoration, contrasted with the bizarre situations of the photos themselves, was evidently intended to create a surreal juxtaposition between the band's image and celebrity, and the underlying fact that they were just as real and human as everyone else. Whitaker: "John played with all sorts of bits and pieces before we actually did the picture. I did a few outtake pictures which were of them actually playing with a box full of dolls which they pulled out and stuck all over themselves. There was an enormous amount of laughter. There was even George Harrison banging nails into John's head with a hammer. The actual conception of what is termed the ‘Butcher's Sleeve’ is a reasonably diverse piece of thinking ..." "...the [Butcher] cover was an unfinished concept. It was just one of a series of photographs that would have made up a gate-fold cover. Behind the head of each Beatle would have been a golden halo and in the halo would have been placed a semi-precious stone. Then the background would have contained more gold, so it was rather like a Russian icon. It was just after John Lennon had said that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus Christ. In a material world that was an extremely true statement." The three main images taken at the March 25 session were intended to be the basis for the three panels of the triptych. The first photo shows The Beatles facing a woman with her back to the camera, her hands raised as if in surprise (or worship) while The Beatles hold a string of sausages. This was meant to represent the 'birth' of the Beatles, with the sausages serving as an umbilical cord. Whitaker explained: "My own thought was how the hell do you show that they've been born out of a woman the same as anybody else? An umbilical cord was one way of doing it." The centre panel of the triptych is the image nowadays referred to as the "butcher" photo. It shows The Beatles dressed in butchers’ coats, draped with slabs of red meat, false teeth, glass eyes and dismembered doll parts. This picture was actually titled "A Somnambulant Adventure" and Bob's intention was to add other elements to it which would create a jarring juxtaposition between idolisation of The Beatles’ as gods of the pop world and their flesh and blood reality as ordinary human beings, but he was never able to realise this. The photograph that would have been used for the right-hand panel of the triptych is one of George Harrison standing behind a seated John Lennon, hammer in hand, apparently driving nails into John's head. Whitaker explained that this picture was intended to demonstrate that the Beatles were not an illusion, not something to be worshipped, but people as real and substantial as "a piece of wood". A fourth picture taken at the same session, but apparently not planned as part of the triptych, is also included in Whitaker's book The Unseen Beatles. It shows John framing Ringo's head with a cardboard box, on one of the flaps of which is written "2,000,000". "I wanted to illustrate that, in a way, there was nothing more amazing about Ringo than anyone else on this earth. In this life he was just one of two million members of the human race. The idolization of fans reminded me of the story of the worship of the golden calf." Like the famous 1963 photo of Christine Keeler taken by his contemporary Lewis Morley, Whitaker's "Butcher" photo soon passed out of his control and took on a life of its own. The Beatles themselves seem to have been behind the use of the photo in British trade advertisements and then on the cover of the Capitol album Yesterday and Today. The prime mover seems to have been Paul McCartney. In his book Shout, Beatles biographer Philip Norman claims that Brian Epstein had "misgivings" about the picture and felt it would disrupt the band's meticulously managed image, which had taken a hammering in the wake of the "bigger than Jesus" controversy. But according to Norman, the band overruled him. Interestingly, the "Butcher" photo made three appearances in print in the UK before it was released in the USA on the cover of Yesterday And Today. It was first published on page 2 of New Musical Express on 3 June 1966 in an EMI advertisement promoting the forthcoming "Rain/Paperback Writer" single, and the same ad was published in Disc and Music Echo the next day, June 4. Both these versions were in monochrome. Its third appearance (and its first in colour) was on the front page of Disc and Music Echo on 11 June 1966 under the headline, "BEATLES: WHAT A CARVE-UP!" It can also reportedly be glimpsed in photos taken during the making of the Rain and Paperback Writer promotional film-clips, shot on 19 May, in which Paul McCartney can be seen inspecting transparencies from the 25 March photo session. None of these appearances seem to have caused any appreciable adverse reaction in the UK, even though they were published only days before Capitol's promotional release of the "Butcher Sleeve" version of Yesterday and Today. At this time, up to and including Revolver, all The Beatles' American LPs (released by Capitol Records) differed markedly from the original UK releases from EMI. The Capitol LPs were collections of material culled from the Beatles' previously-released British albums and singles, selected and packaged by Capitol especially for the American market. Yesterday And Today included songs from the earlier Help! and Rubber Soul LPs plus, unusually, four songs from Revolver, which would not be released in Britain for another three weeks. It was Capitol's habit of cherry-picking album tracks and singles to compiled their own albums that was the origin of the claims about the Butcher Sleeve being some kind of protest against the American label. Capitol printed the cover in early June, using the "Butcher" photo, and the release was scheduled for 15 June 1966. Estimates vary considerably as to how many copies of the album were printed and/or distributed. Whitaker puts the number at 250,000 but other sources range from as high as 750,000 to 400,000 to as low as 60,000. According to another estimate, about 25,000 copies were sold prior to the recall. Mojo magazine reported that 60,000 copies were distributed to radio, media and Capitol branch offices, who showed it to retailers. Whitaker: "Having finished that particular picture, it was snatched away from me and sent off to America. It was reproduced as a record cover without ever having the artwork completed by me. The cover layout was somebody else's conception. It was a good idea to ban it at the time, because it made no sense at all. It was just this rather horrific image of four Beatles, whom everybody loved, covered in raw meat, the arms, legs and torsos of dolls, and false teeth. But they are only objects placed on the Beatles, rather like making a movie. I mean what you want to read into it is entirely up to you. I was trying to show that the Beatles were flesh and blood." It has been suggested that Lennon was the main impetus behind the photo being used, but according to Alan Livingstone, Capitol's former president, (quoted in Mojo magazine in 2002), the decision to use the photo used on Yesterday And Today was taken largely at the insistence of Paul McCartney: Alan Livingstone: "The reaction came back that the dealers refused to handle them. I called London and we went back and forth. My contact was mainly with Paul McCartney. He was adamant and felt very strongly that we should go forward. He said ‘It’s our comment on the war’. I don’t know why it was a comment on the war or if it would be interpreted that way." Capitol were understandably nervous about adverse publicity, and could ill-afford another Beatles-related controversy. The label was still reeling from the fallout from John Lennon's notorious "bigger than Jesus" quip in March 1966, which had sparked a wave of protests and record burnings in conservative areas of the United States. The company reacted swiftly, issuing letters of apology, and on Tuesday 14 June, Capitol PR manager Ron Tepper issued an official letter of recall in which he quoted a statement from Capitol's president, Alan W. Livingston: "The original cover, created in England, was intended as a ‘pop art' satire. However a sampling of public opinion in the United States indicates that the cover design is subject to misinterpretation. For this reason, and to avoid any possible controversy or undeserved harm to the Beatles' image or reputation, Capitol has chosen to withdraw the LP and substitute a more generally acceptable design." The "Butcher sleeve" LPs were withdrawn and returned, and a new cover was hastily prepared at a reported cost of $250,000. The offending Butcher photo was replaced by an unremarkable Whitaker shot of the Beatles gathered around a large steamer trunk, taken in Brian Epstein's office. It was rushed to America, where Capitol staff spent the following weekend taking the discs from the returned "butcher" sleeves and putting them in the new sleeve. Several thousand copies of the original cover were destroyed and replaced by the ‘cabin trunk’ sleeve, but Capitol eventually decided that it would be more economical to simply paste the new cover photo over the old one. After the album was released, news of the ‘paste-over’ operation leaked out, and Beatle fans across America began steaming the cabin trunk photos off of their copies of Yesterday and Today in the hope of finding the "butcher" cover underneath. The Butcher cover is still one of the most valuable and sought-after pieces of Beatle memorabilia. George Harrison himself called it "the definitive Beatles collectible" and Bob Whitaker relates the story of a woman who came up to him with an unpeeled ‘paste-over’ cover in the US, had him autograph it, and promptly sold it for US$40,000. The scarcest copies of Yesterday and Today are the so-called "first state" versions, those still in their original shrink-wrapping, and the rarest and most valuable of these are the ‘first-state’ stereo pressings. Prior to 1987, there were only two sealed stereo copies and about six mono copies known to exist. Then, on Thanksgiving weekend 1987 at the Los Angeles Beatlefest convention, Peter Livingston, the son of former Capitol Records President Alan Livingston, walked into the Beatlefest dealer room at the show carrying a box of original first-state Butcher cover albums. Nearly every copy was sealed and in mint condition. It transpired that after the recall in 1966, Peter's father had taken home a full box of the albums (five stereo and about twenty mono copies) from the inventory that would otherwise have had the new cover pasted over it. Stored in a cupboard under perfect conditions in the Livingston home, the albums lay untouched for twenty-one years. A canny collector instantly negotiated a purchase for one of the two stereo copies for US$2500 and a crowd quickly grew as word spread. The asking price for the mono copies was US$1000 and within a matter of minutes, the ten mono and two stereo copies were sold. Some of these copies were resold during the show for even higher sums; just one week later the prices had climbed to US$2000 for mono copies and US$10,000 for the stereo. Over the next few months, under pressure from collectors, Peter Livingston slowly sold the remaining mono copies, by which time the price has risen to US$3000. Since then the price of mono copies has risen to over $5000. In the early 1990s the best of the four of the four sealed stereo Livingston copies sold to a US collector for $20,000 cash, a world-record price. In 1994 this was sold to a California collector for US$25,000. Disraeli Gears By 1967 The Beatles had withdrawn from touring and during the first half of 1967 they were ensconced in Abbey Rd working on their magnum opus, Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club. With the demands of touring now removed, Whitaker's association with The Beatles and NEMS came to an end. By this time he was living and working in a residential studio space which he called Joubert Studios, located in the well-known building called The Pheasantry in King's Rd, Chelsea. This venerable artists’ colony was also home to some old friends from Australia—Martin Sharp and Philippe Mora and Germaine Greer. Martin Sharp: "Bob setting to work with The Beatles was a real breakthrough. When Richard Neville and I left for England, Bob was on the top on my list of people to contact." Whitaker's next major project, and one of his most famous collaborations, was created with Sharp—the classic psychedelic album cover for the landmark 1967 LP Disraeli Gears by British supergroup Cream. Whitaker: "Cream were going to do a tour of the north of England and Scotland. I just jumped in a car. Various things presented themselves to us on our journey around Scotland, none of which I could have recreated in a studio. I was very lucky that Martin had discovered day-glo paint. I had all the pictures, which I knew were for some form of publicity. I made a whole series of colour prints and Martin just started cutting them up - much to my annoyance, because they weren't cheap to do. He then laid them out on a 12-inch square as a piece of finished artwork and then painted all over it." Whitaker's friendship with Martin Sharp and Greer also led to him becoming closely involved with Oz magazine in 1967-68 and he contributed to many of the early editions of the famous underground magazine, including a famous collage depicting a woman seated on a flying toilet symbolically defecating on the British Houses of Parliament. Later career Over the next few years Whitaker gradually moved away from the pop scene and back to the art world where he had begun his photographic career. One of his most famous subjects from this period was a longtime hero, the doyen of surrealism, Salvador Dalí, whom he photographed several times between 1967 and 1972. He first met Dalí at his Spanish mansion and told him that he wanted to use his camera "to get inside his head". Whitaker: "I said: 'I'll photograph inside every hole I can find'. I started by photographing his ears, then inside his mouth and up his nose." The photos he took include three extreme close-ups of Dalí, plus one of Whitaker's wife Susie basking topless under the Spanish sun alongside the artist. The extreme close-ups were the first steps towards a photographic style that he finally developed fully in the 1990s, a concept he now calls the "Whitograph", shooting extreme close-ups with all 36 exposures of a roll of film to create a single portrait. In 1969 he photographed Mick Jagger (who nicknamed him "Super Click") during the production of the Nicholas Roeg film Performance and he accompanied Jagger to Australia to photograph him on location during the filming of Ned Kelly. These were published in book form in 1970 under the title Mick Jagger Is Ned Kelly. Whitaker also worked as a photojournalist, covering major world events for Time and Life magazines, including the Florence floods, the war in Cambodia and Vietnam and the bloody war of independence in Bangladesh. One of the most famous photographs from this period, the eerily beautiful "Bangladesh (1971)" depicts two dead soldiers near the Indian border, lying in golden sunlight, as if asleep. In the early Seventies, Whitaker effectively retired from photography and for almost twenty years he farmed his property in Sussex. In 1991 he gathered some of his previously unpublished photographs of The Beatles for his successful book The Unseen Beatles (although many more unseen negatives apparently exist). The book was very successful and was followed by a touring exhibition of his photographs from the 1960s, "Underground London", which included photographs of the individual Beatles as well as many previously unseen shots from the "Butcher Sleeve" session. The exhibition visited The National Gallery of Victoria in 1998, before heading to America for a two-year tour. For many years, Robert Whitaker fought an ongoing battle with Apple Corps over the rights to the "Butcher Sleeve" photo. Apple Corps told him they do not want the image reproduced as a book cover, postcard, poster, "virtually in no form whatsoever", a move which so angered Whitaker that he considered making an enormous print of the "Butcher Sleeve" for his "Underground London" exhibition and putting it behind closed doors so that people would have to file in one at a time. Apple Corps has its own photo library which manages the use of copyright Beatle material around the world. When asked for his opinion on the situation, the late Derek Taylor, Apple Corps' long-serving press manager, was quoted as saying that "the person who might know who has the actual copyright to the ‘Butcher's Sleeve’ picture is not yet born." Taylor felt that, because Whitaker was employed by Epstein and NEMS at the time he took the picture, this gave Apple the legal copyright, although he recognised that it was Whitaker "who took the picture, who thought of the idea, and that would give him a proprietary moral right." Taylor added that although he has never personally enjoyed the picture "it has its place in history as part of their story. As a piece of Beatles' art it has its place on the wall." Taylor also claimed that "George still doesn't like it", (mainly, it seems, because Harrison subsequently became a vegetarian). But Taylor reportedly believed that the banning of the cover was a mistake and found its replacement less innocuous than it seems. "I mean, which is worse, Beatles with meat all over them, or four Beatles in a trunk in a hotel room. If you really think about it what would they be doing in a trunk "? Whitaker: "I made that dumb-ass photo of the Beatles with the trunk in Brian Epstein’s office when we were all in Argyll Street, next door to the London Palladium. Derek is right. It was far more stupid than anything else I could think of. The trunk was to hand in the office, so I thought that by putting the light meter in the picture it might convey an idea of the speed of light running so fast that it shot straight back up your arse. It was just to see what could become a record cover. " In the mid-1990s Apple Managing Director Neil Aspinall began negotiations with Whitaker for the use of 300 of his images of the Beatles in the television documentary and book, The Beatles Anthology, but it proved to be a short-lived rapprochement: Whitaker: "On one day Neil Aspinall is offering me £80,000 for the use of my pictures in his Anthology of the Beatles, chatting about their past around the table of an English pub. The next day Aspinall phones to say that he thinks I should give the Anthology all the pictures for nothing, having spent six months deciding which images should be reprinted, retouched and repaired. We, the Beatles, own Whitaker's life. Needless to say, they got nothing." In 1997 Melbourne's Gallery 101 mounted a world-premiere exhibition of Whitaker's photographs of Mick Jagger, taken during the production of the film Ned Kelly. In February–March 2002 his photos of George Harrison featured as part of a photographic tribute to George staged at the Govinda Galleries in Washington. In November 2002 he returned to Australia to open a 40th anniversary retrospective of his work entitled Yesterday & and Today: The Photography of Robert Whitaker 1962-2002 at the Monash Gallery of Art in Melbourne, which ran from 30 November 2002 to 26 January 2003. It included many previously unseen images from Whitaker’s early days in Australia, through his European work with The Beatles, Cream, The Seekers, Bob Hughes, Man Ray, Salvador Dalí and Peggy Guggenheim, to his more recent work with Australian artists such as Stelarc, Bruce Armstrong, and Howard Arkley. In the early 2000s Robert Whitaker worked on compiling a digital archive of his work, and his photographs of The Seekers were chosen for a special commemorative Australia Post stamp issue to celebrate the group’s 40th anniversary. Death Whitaker died on 20 September 2011 following a long illness, aged 71. He left a widow and three children. References External links IQ Art "Shooting Stars" Heinrich, Karen, The Age'', 28 November 2002 Magidson Fine Art, Aspen "Who Butchered The Beatles?"Mikkelson, David P. "Yesterday & Today: The Photography of Robert Whitaker 1962–2002"Monash Gallery of Art "Cream: Disraeli Gears"Pattingale, Graeme Disraeli Gears Photo SessionsPattingale, Graeme "Review: Robert Whitaker at The National Gallery Victoria."Taylor, Roger "Hans Bellmer in The Art Institute of Chicago: The Wandering Libido and the Hysterical Body"Taylor, Sue "Everything You Always Wanted To Know About … The Beatles Butcher Cover"York, Robert 1939 births 2011 deaths Photographers from Hertfordshire People from Harpenden People from Haywards Heath Album-cover and concert-poster artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Whitaker%20%28photographer%29
BeebEm is a BBC Micro emulator, first developed by David Gilbert in 1994 and since improved by a number of people, most notably Mike Wyatt who currently maintains the emulator and its website. Although BeebEm's first incarnations were for UNIX-based systems, the version for Windows (98 or later) is now the most popular. BeebEm is also available for Mac OS X, Agenda VR3 and Pocket PC. BeebEm is copyrighted freeware, and its source code is distributed with the emulator under the GPL licence. As of version 4.13 (January 2011), BeebEm for Windows emulates the following hardware: BBC Micro Models B, B+ and Master 128 Integra B expansion board Cassette, DFS and ADFS filing systems Econet networking 65C02 and Z80 second processors AMX Mouse The TMS5220 Speech Generator emulator was removed from version 4.1 onwards due to licensing issues. BeebEm can read images from files representing tape (in UEF format), DFS or ADFS discs, ROM cartridges and SCSI or SASI hard disks. It is capable of running the vast majority of BBC Micro software, including classics such as Elite, Exile and Firetrack. Jon Welch, who maintains the Mac port of BeebEm, has shown a preview of BeebEm (the Windows version) emulating the Master 512 computer, including the GEM windowing system. External links BeebEm website BeebEm for UNIX website BeebEm for Mac website Master 512 preview GP2X Version References GP2X emulation software MacOS emulation software	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeebEm
The Subaru EJ engine is a series of four-stroke automotive engines manufactured by Subaru. They were introduced in 1989, intended to succeed the previous Subaru EA engine. The EJ series was the mainstay of Subaru's engine line, with all engines of this series being 16-valve horizontal flat-fours, with configurations available for single, or double-overhead camshaft arrangements (SOHC or DOHC). Naturally aspirated and turbocharged versions are available, ranging from . These engines are commonly used in light aircraft, kit cars and engine swaps into air-cooled Volkswagens, and are also popular as a swap into copy wasserboxer engined Volkswagen T3/Vanagon. Primary engineering on the EJ series was done by Masayuki Kodama, Takemasa Yamada and Shuji Sawafuji of Fuji Heavy Industries, Subaru's parent company. EJ15 (1.5L Boxer NA) Usage: Impreza GC1 series (JDM) - Replaced by Subaru EL engine in 2006 GD, GG, GE & GH series (JDM) Impreza. Impreza 93-06 (Latin America) Specifications Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 9.4:1 - 10.0 Valvetrain: SOHC, 16 valves Fuel Delivery multi point fuel injection EJ151 Horsepower: at 6000 rpm Torque: at 3600 rpm EJ152 Horsepower: at 5600 rpm Torque: at 4000 rpm EJ153 Horsepower: at 5200 rpm Torque: at 3600 rpm EJ154 Horsepower: at 5200 rpm Torque: at 4000 rpm EJ16 (1.6L Boxer NA) Usage: Impreza 93-94 (JDM only) GC4 series Impreza 93-06 (Europe & Middle East) Impreza 93-97 (Australia) Impreza 93-06 (Latin America) Specifications Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 9.4:1 - 10.0:1 Valvetrain: SOHC Belt drive Fuel Delivery mpfi (carburetor in some locations) EJ16 Horsepower: at 6000 rpm Torque: at 4500 rpm EJ18 (1.8L Boxer NA) Usage: Impreza 93-99 GC6 series Legacy (except USA) 90-96 BC2, BC3, BD2, BD3, BG3 series Isuzu Aska (1990–1993) Specifications Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 9.5:1 - 9.7:1 Valvetrain: SOHC Fuel Delivery Carburetor + Distributor (mainly for Latin American and Asian markets) and single point fuel injection EJ181 Horsepower: at 6000 rpm Torque: at 3200 rpm EJ182 Horsepower: at 6000 rpm Torque: at 4500 rpm EJ183 Horsepower: at 5600 rpm Torque: at 3600 rpm EJ20 (2.0L Boxer Turbo/NA) Bore: Stroke: At the 46th Tokyo Motor Show in October 2019, Subaru announced it would conclude production of the EJ20 by the end of March 2020. At that time, the EJ20 was only being sold in the Japanese domestic market for the WRX STI, and a special "WRX STI EJ20 Final Edition" with a balanced version of the engine was sold to commemorate the end of EJ20 production. Naturally aspirated EJ20E SOHC naturally aspirated Legacy JDM 1989-1994 BC - BF series 1993-1999 BD - BG series( ECU code EURO, D3 ; Asia 4H) 1998-2004 BE - BH series( ECU code EURO, D3 ; Asia 4H) 2003-2009 BL - BP series Europe 1991-1999 BC, BD, BF series Impreza JDM 1993-1999 GC - GF series 2008-current GH - GE series Europe 1994-1999 GC, GF series Isuzu Aska (1990–1993) 1990-1993 EJ201 SOHC naturally aspirated Bore: Stroke: 2L installed in GC8 RX models only. MAP sensor Forester (Europe) SG Series (pre-facelift) 2002-2005 EJ20D DOHC naturally aspirated Legacy JDM 1989-1999 BC - BF and BD - BG series EJ202 SOHC naturally aspirated Forester JDM SF series, 138 PS (1997 - 2002) Forester JDM SG series, 137 PS (2004, perhaps 2003–2005), e.g. EJ202DXSAE x20 EJ203 SOHC naturally aspirated Forester JDM SG series, 140 PS (2003 - 2008) Legacy JDM 2.0i BP/BL series, 140 PS (2003 - 2009) EJ204 DOHC naturally aspirated AVCS Legacy B4 TSR JDM BE - BH series 1999-2001 Legacy JDM BL - BP series 2003-2009 Legacy (Europe) BL - BP series 2003-2007 Impreza JDM GC - GF series 1993-1999 Impreza GE - GH series 2007-2011 Forester (Europe) SG Series 2005-2007 Forester JDM SH Series 2008-2011 Exiga JDM YA Series 2008 - 2012 Legacy European and S. African Markets BM BR Series 2009-2014 EJ20C runs on compressed natural gas All engines listed below were installed with a turbocharger and an intercooler: EJ20T Is not actually a valid code from Subaru, but is mostly used by enthusiasts and mechanics to describe the entire line of turbocharged engines that have been available over time. The practice began with the designation of the USA-spec turbo, commonly referred to as the EJ22T, and the habit of referring to any turbocharged engine as a "T" began. When referring to the EJ20T, one is speaking of one of the following: EJ20G EJ20G engines fall into 3 categories: 1. Rocker-style HLA EJ20G usage Legacy RS 89-93 Legacy RS-RA 89-93 Legacy GT 89-93 Power output ranges from @ 6000 rpm and for the GT to @ 6400 rpm and for the RS versions. Engines can be identified by coil on plug, and with 2 M6 bolts per coil and valve covers with 4CAM 16VALVE and horizontal lines above and below the plug holes. All these engines have the air-to-water intercooler setup (chargecooler) and close deck blocks equipped with piston oil squirters. 2. Bucket-style HLA EJ20G usage Impreza WRX 92~96. Impreza WRX Wagon 92~96 Impreza WRX Wagon AT 96~98 Subaru Impreza WRX RA 93~96 EUDM Subaru Impreza Turbo 94~96 This updated type of EJ20G was used in all WRX models since early 1992, cylinder head is equipped with hydraulic lifters compared to the rocker arms used in the previous EJ20G. Pistons in this type of EJ20G are all cast aluminum. Closed-deck engine block equipped with piston oil squirters was used until mid 1994. Followed by Open-deck block equipped with piston oil squirters was used very short period of time, Followed by Open-deck block from 1995 until mid 1996 when the first EJ20K WRX engines came out. The open deck block on all EJ20G could be identified by a smoother surface, and a tab on the right surface of the block halves. The EJ20G continued to be used in the WRX Wagon with an Automatic Transmission from 1996 till 1998 when it was replaced by the EJ205. Closed deck: EJ20GDW1HD 1992-05-01 to 1993-08-31 WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW1HE 1992-05-01 to 1993-08-31 WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW1HJ 1992-05-01 to 1993-08-31 WRXRA.EJ20G EJ20GDW1HR 1992-05-01 to 1993-08-31 WRXRA.EJ20G EJ20GDW2HD 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 S.WRX.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDW2HE 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 S.WRX.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDW2HJ 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 WRXRA.EJ20G EJ20GDW2HR 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 WRXRA.EJ20G EJ20GDW4HJ 1993-06-01 to 1995-08-31 WRXRA.EJ20G EJ20GDW5HJ 1995-09-01 to 1996-08-31 WRXRA.EJ20G (STI VERSION) Open deck: EJ20GDX1ND 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 AT.EJ20G EJ20GDX1NE 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 AT.EJ20G EJ20GDW1ND 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 W.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDW1NE 1993-05-01 to 1994-09-30 W.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDW4HD 1994-06-01 to 1995-08-31 S.WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW4HE 1994-06-01 to 1995-08-31 S.WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW4ND 1994-06-01 to 1995-08-31 W.WRX.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDW4NE 1994-06-01 to 1995-08-31 W.WRX.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDX4NE 1994-06-01 to 1995-08-31 WRX.AT.EJ20G EJ20GDW5HE 1995-09-01 to 1996-08-31 S.WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW5NE 1995-09-01 to 1996-08-31 W.WRX.MT.EJ20G EJ20GDX5NE 1995-09-01 to 1996-08-31 AT.EJ20G EJ20GDX5HD 1995-09-01 to 1996-08-31 S.WRX.EJ20G EJ20GDW5PE 1995-10-01 to 1996-08-31 W.WRX.MT.EJ20G (STI VERSION) EJ20GDW5PE 1995-10-01 to 1996-08-31 WRXSTI.EJ20G EJ20GDW5PJ 1995-10-01 to 1996-08-31 WRXRASTI.EJ20G 3. Shim-under-bucket style EJ20G usage All EJ20G equipped Impreza WRX STI RA.(WRX RA needs confirming) Power output ranges from at 6000 rpm for the WRX Wagons to at 6500 rpm for the WRX STI Version II. Engines can be identified by coil on plug with 1 M8 bolt per coil and valve covers with 4CAM 16VALVE and horizontal lines above the plug holes. Generally these engines all have the slanted intercooler. Engines from the STI RAs received the upgraded Shim-Under-bucket style lifters unlike the normal HLA buckets the WRX & the WRX STI had. These engines also feature STI factory 8.5:1 forged pistons, lighter valves, the intake valves are marked INKO and the exhaust valves are marked EXKO. The standard HLA valves are I252 and E283 respectively. All WRX Wagon engines and automatic sedan engines came with a TD04 with 90 deg elbow, all manual WRX sedans including STI versions had a TD05 with 90 deg elbow. EJ20J SOHC naturally aspirated JDM Forester SF5 S/20 135 ps (1997-1998) EJ20K EJ20K engines fall into 2 categories: 1. Shim-over-bucket style EJ20K usage JDM WRX 96~97 Impreza WRX wagon MT 97~98 Impreza WRX type RA or R MT 97~98 2. Shim-under-bucket style EJ20K usage Impreza WRX STI MT 97~98 Impreza WRX STI wagon MT 97~98 Impreza WRX STI type RA or R MT 97~98 Power output is @ 6800 RPM for the Japanese versions and 300 PS for the v3 STI with VF23 turbo. These engines can be identified by smooth valve covers, plug leads and a wasted spark coil in the middle of the intake manifold. In addition, the inlet manifold may be bare aluminum for all WRX models and red for all STI models. The engine utilizes an IHI ball-bearing turbo unit. VF22 on the WRX, either a VF23 or VF24 on the STI. These engines have die-cast pistons for all WRX models, STI and STI typeRA/STI type R models shares exactly the same factory forged pistons. EJ205 This engine series is used for WRX models in the world market outside Japan as of 1999. The Japanese WRX models use the EJ207 from 1999~2001, except the 5-door wagon which also uses the EJ205. After 2001, all WRXs used the EJ205, until 2006 when the USDM WRX model changed engines to the EJ255. The EJ205 has an 8:1-9:1 compression ratio. To identify an EJ205: Coil on plug, except in JDM SF5 forester. idle air integrated into throttle body inlet under manifold open deck block Usage: Impreza WRX 99~01 (JDM Wagon Body only) 01~06 (all JDM) 02~05 (USDM) 05 SAAB 9-2X AERO 99~06 (all other markets) Forester Cross Sports, S/tb, STI Late 99-01 (9:1 Compression ratio) 2003, at 5500 rpm NOTE: The Australian Spec MY00 EJ205 does not have coil on plug but can be identified from the VIN of the vehicle (if known) where the tenth digit will be Y (for year 2000) and the sixth digit will be 8 (for the 2000yr/EJ205) EJ207 It started its life for the 9/98-8/99 GC8 in Japan, UK, Australia. The EJ207 has an 8.0:1 compression ratio. To identify a 9/98-9/2000 EJ207 (v5/v6 WRX STI GC8/GF8) wasted spark coil pack off center of manifold idle air integrated into throttle body inlet under manifold red or bare aluminum intake manifold Open deck block (2001+ are all Semi-closed) higher rev limit than ej205 Version 7 has AVCS V7 are single scroll, AVCS, throttle by cable, top-feed injectors, engines. The TGV are deleted from the factory. The factory deletion is incomplete, even on the Spec C and even on the Type RA. The exhaust is compatible all the way to the downpipe to the USDM WRX/Sti. Oxygen sensor is same as USDM EJ205. The oil pan is like the USDM WRX 2.0 The Turbo is the VF30. The ECU has the same number and shape harness plugs as the USDM WRX 2.0. No immobilizer. The engine speed is limited from the factory at 8000 rpm V8, 9 are twinscroll, AVCS, throttle by cable, topfeed injectors, engines. There are no TGV's, the intake manifold is one piece. The spark plugs are specified one step colder, compared with other Sti. The exhaust is completely different/incompatible with the USDM WRX/Sti, all the way from the header to the downpipe. It can be replaced by a USDM exhaust, the USDM does bolt up to the block. The oil pan is like the USDM Sti. The turbo is a VF37. The ECU has the same number and shape harness plugs as the USDM WRX 2.0 There is no immobilizer for V8 and for some V9. Although to some V10. Even more from imported models. There were no transponder chip's inside the transmitter housing case. The V9 known so far to not have immobilizer have been early V9 Spec C (revision E engines). The engine speed is limited from the factory at 8000 rpm When compared with the USDM A/C compressor, the JDM Sti is of a different part number and smaller in size. It is possible that the losses while using it are smaller. Many have an additional intake air temperature sensor by the throttle body. Its function has been discussed but not completely clarified. The power steering pump is different. The JDM cars included some Spec C with 13:1 steering rack. The pump remained the same, so it is designed to handle a fast rack. The com protocol is not canbus for any of these. Some of the Sti engines don't come with provision for cruise control. It is next to impossible to tell which had it. The ROM settings are quite different from a V7. The turbo inlet has one less connection in it and most likely is of a larger diameter than the USDM, from the factory. The front Oxygen sensor has been relocated after the turbo, in the downpipe. Different part number 22641AA042. Usage: Impreza WRX STi 1998~present (JDM, specifically homologation models for World Rally Championship) EJ20X/EJ20Y Based on the same engine platform; the X designation indicates an automatic package, and the Y designation indicates a manual package. The EJ20X engine was introduced in the 2003 Legacy GT, mated to a five-speed automatic transmission, and the EJ20Y engine was introduced in the 2004 Legacy GT, with a five-speed manual transmission. The EJ20X and EJ20Y are open deck engines whereby the cylinder walls were supported at the three and nine o’clock positions. It came with an aluminium alloy block with bores – with cast iron cylinder liners – and a stroke for a capacity of per cylinder, with thicker cylinder walls than EJ25. The crankcase for the EJ20X and EJ20Y engines had five main bearings and the flywheel housing was cast with the crankcase for increased rigidity. The EJ20X engine is understood to have a forged crankshaft and connecting rods, but cast aluminium pistons with forged crowns. The EJ20X and EJ20Y engines had an aluminium alloy cylinder head with cross-flow cooling, double overhead camshafts (DOHC) per cylinder bank and four valves per cylinder that were actuated by roller rocker arms. The EJ20X and EJ20Y engines were equipped with Subaru's ‘Dual Active Valve Control System’ (‘Dual AVCS’) which provided variable intake and exhaust valve timing. The Legacy GT, the EJ20X engine was fitted with a twin-scroll IHI VF38 turbocharger; the EJ20Y engine, however, had a larger twin-scroll Mitsubishi TD04 HLA 19T turbocharger. For the revised BL.II Legacy GT, both the EJ20X and EJ20Y had an IHI VF44 turbocharger for the initial 2006 model year, replaced the following year with the IHI VF45. Both came with a 9.5:1 compression and a fast spooling turbo yields a torque filled performance. Turbos: IHI VF38 (automatic, 03–06) Mitsubishi TD04 HLA 19T (manual, 03–06) IHI VF44 (manual and automatic, 06MY only) IHI VF45 (manual and automatic, 06-09MY) Usage: EJ20X/EJ20Y 03~09 BL and BP Legacy GT 07-11 Subaru impreza gt Engine Swapping Applications: When swapping over the EJ20X/Y Powertrain over to these models, you have the option to use the twin-scroll turbocharger and JDM headers, up-pipe but you'll need to source/alternate a twin-scroll downpipe to fit along your current exhaust set-up or swap over the USDM Intake Manifold along with the USDM headers, up-pipe, turbocharger and use your existing exhaust set-up. The EJ20X does not come with timing guides when installing on a manual USDM swap while the EJ20Y does. Compatible Swap Options for USDM (But Only Have Intake AVCS Working) 32 Bit ECU W/ Intake AVCS Only: 08-14 WRX Models 04-07 STi Models 04+ Legacy GT Models 04+ Forester XT Models Compatible Swap Options for USDM (With Dual AVCS Working) 32 Bit ECU W/ Intake & Exhaust: 08-21 STi Models EJ20TT This may refer to a DOHC Sequential Twin Turbo and intercooled engine (EJ20H/EJ20R/EJ206/EJ208). However, similar to the EJ20T, the term was never used by Subaru. Used from 1994 to 2005 in various iterations listed below. Due to the tight confines of the engine bay, the twin turbo engine was installed in Japanese-spec Legacies and Australian market Liberty B4 models, which were right-hand drive. The Pistons were lighter with a shorter skirt than the WRX EJ20T to allow for higher engine speed. Specifications Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression ratio: 8.5:1 - 9.0:1 Valvetrain: DOHC Fuel delivery multi-point sequential fuel injection EJ20H Usage: 1993-1996 pre-facelift Legacy chassis code BD5/BG5 (Revision A) JDM RS, GT, and GT/B-spec manual and automatic. 8.5:1 compression ratio. 1996-1998 facelift Legacy chassis code BD5/BG5 (Revision B & C) JDM RS, GT, GT-B automatic and GT manual. 9.0:1 compression ratio. EJ20R Usage: 1996-1997 facelift Legacy chassis code BD5/BG5 (Revision B) JDM RS and GT-B manual only. 8.0:1 compression ratio. 1997-1998 facelift Legacy chassis code BD5/BG5 (Revision C) JDM RS and GT-B manual only. 8.5:1 compression ratio. EJ206 Usage: 1998-2003 Legacy chassis code BE5/BH5 JDM GT's, GT-B's and B4's () Transmission: Auto/5 Speed Manual BH5A - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5B - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5C - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5D - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-III", or V7 generation. EJ208 Usage: 1998-2003 Legacy chassis code BE5/BH5 JDM GT's, GT-B's and B4's () Transmission: Manual BH5A - 8.5:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5B - 8.5:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5C - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-II", or V5/6 generation. BH5D - 9.0:1 Compression - "Phase-III", or V7 generation. Rev D EJ208's can be considered a totally different motor to the A/B/C's, they run totally different cams, cam pulleys with different timing marks, different crank sprocket with different timing marks, pink injectors instead of yellow 440's, different intake manifold design. etc. A/B have primary VF25 for automatic transmission or VF26 for manual and secondary VF27 turbo's. C have primary VF31 and secondary VF32 turbo's. D have primary VF33 (46.5 / 9-blade turbine wheel and a / 6 + 6 blade compressor) and secondary VF32 (exhaust side it uses a 46.5 / 9-blade turbine wheel, teamed with a 52.5 / 10-blade compressor wheel). All secondary turbos are ball bearing and primary turbos are journal bearing. EJ22 (2.2L Boxer Turbo/NA) Usage: Impreza 95-01 Legacy 90–99, Outback 95-96 Naturally Aspirated Specifications Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 9.5:1 - 9.7:1 Valvetrain: SOHC Fuel Delivery multi-point fuel injection EJ22E (1989-1994) Horsepower: at 5800 rpm Torque: at 4800 rpm (1995-1996) Horsepower: at 5800 rpm Torque: at 4800 rpm (1997-1998) Horsepower: at 5400 rpm Torque: at 4000 rpm Australian model - at 6000 rpm at 4800 rpm EJ22 Enhancements and Improvements Beginning in the 1997 model year, the engine for 1997 Legacy and Impreza models had internal and external changes that yield an approximately 10% increase in power and 3% increase in fuel economy. Accomplishing this involves many factors, one of which is engine friction reduction. The pistons were coated with molybdenum to reduce friction. The thin coating reduces moving friction and reduces cylinder wall scuffing. The piston skirt was reshaped and the piston weight was reduced by approximately . Compression ratio was increased to 9.7:1 by reshaping the piston crown. This eliminates the clearance that was available between the piston at TDC and the fully opened valve. This transformed the EJ22 into an interference design. Piston pin offset has been changed to . Piston to cylinder wall clearance has been reduced by increasing the piston diameter. Another source of high engine friction is the valve train. Hydraulic lash adjusters (HLAs) are always in contact with the valves. The hydraulic pressure of the lash adjuster must be overcome during operation and during the most critical time of engine start. To overcome this situation and to contribute to the total reduction of friction loss, 1997 and later SOHC engines have solid valve adjusters. The scheduled service of this valve train is set at . SOHC engines now use an adjustment screw to adjust valve clearance. Engines with the earlier HLA are recommended to use 10W30 or 10W40 oil year-round; 5W30 can be used at very low winter temperatures. The roller rocker cam follower system that was introduced on the Impreza engines, is installed on all 1996 model year and later engines. The roller assemblies are not serviceable separately, but the rocker arms may be serviced as individual units. The carbon composition head gaskets with integrated o-rings are interchangeable from left to right on 1990 to 1994 NA engines only. Other engine modifications (1997): The intake manifold has been reshaped to increase the airflow mass and speed, contributing to improved low and mid engine speed operation. Components located on the intake manifold have been relocated as compared to the 1996 models. EGR Solenoid, Purge Control Solenoid, etc. 1999 Phase 2 Engine Enhancements (from endwrench article H-4 and H-6 service): All engine for 1999 are the Phase 2 design. The Phase 2 engines are a SOHC design, with a newly designed cylinder head. Changes in the Phase 2 engines are as follows: the engine and transmission are fastened with six bolts and two studs. the thrust bearing has been moved to the number 5 position. the oil groove in the number 1 and 3 have been changed to supply additional lubrication to the crank journal. Additional Phase 2 Engine Features: the cylinder head is a two-rocker shaft, solid type valve system with roller followers. the valves are positioned at a larger angle than previous model years. The intake valves are positioned 23 degrees off-center with the exhaust valves positioned 20 degrees off-center. Prior model year engines utilized a 15-degree positioning angle. head gasket thickness is . the intake rocker arms are marked so they are correctly placed on the rocker shaft when servicing. An IN1 or IN2 will be embossed on each rocker arm. As viewed from the front of the engine the Number 1 intake valve of each cylinder and the number 2 intake valve have an IN1 marked and IN2 marked rocker arm that mates with it. New IN1 rocker arms can also be identified by a Green painted mark on the top of the rocker arm. The IN2 rocker arms have a white mark. Proper positioning is maintained through the use of a wave washer located between the rocker shaft arm and rocker arm shaft support. the camshaft is secured to the cylinder head with the camcase. An oil passage in the cylinder head provides the passageway in the camcase with oil that leads to the intake rocker shaft. Oil from the camshaft is collected on the opposite side of the passageway leading to the intake rocker shaft to provide oil to the exhaust rocker shaft. Note: Cylinder head and camcase must be replaced together (line bored). the sparkplug pipe is pressed into the cylinder head and is not serviceable. If it becomes damaged the cylinder head must be replaced. The seals installed onto the ends of the sparkplug pipes seal against the valve covers and should be replaced when the valve cover is removed. pistons on the engines have a offset, with the engine having a compression ratio of 10.0 to 1. The horsepower has increased to at 5600 rpm. Maximum torque is at 3600 rpm. camshaft sprockets are constructed of a resin-type material with a metal key pressed into the sprocket for maintaining proper sprocket-to-shaft orientation. Phase 2 Engines EJ221 Naturally Aspirated Usage: 1999 Legacy w/ California Emissions EJ222 Naturally Aspirated Usage: 1999 Impreza w/ California Emissions, 2000-2001 Impreza (all 2.2L) EJ223 Naturally Aspirated Usage: 1999 Impreza & Legacy w/ Federal Emissions Specifications (Phase 2) Horsepower: at 5600 rpm Torque: at 3600 rpm Displacement: Phase 2 Design Type Aspiration: Naturally Aspirated Cylinder Configuration: Horizontal Flat - 4 Cylinder Valve Train: SOHC, 16 Valve, Resin Type Cam Sprockets, Rubber Timing Belt Timing Belt Change Interval: (EJ221 & EJ222); (EJ223) Coolant Capacity: Compression Ratio: 10:1 Cylinder Head Exhaust Port Configuration: Single Exhaust Port Per Head Intake Valve Diameter: Exhaust Valve Diameter: Engine Rotation: Clockwise Emissions: OBDIIB Engine Weight: Oil Pressure: at 700rpm: ; at 5000rpm: Interference Type Engine Ignition Timing: 15° / 700rpm Valve Clearance: Intake: ; Exhaust: Spark Plug Gap: Fuel Injectors: Top Feed – 5 to 20 Ohm Resistance - /min Low Oil Pressure Warning Activation: Idle Speed: 700rpm +/- 200rpm Fuel Pressure/Flow: at Idle (Flow: / Hour) Firing Order: 1-3-2-4 Turbocharged EJ22T Phase one SOHC Turbo, This engine features a Fully closed deck block, Aluminum heads, non intercooled and internal oil squirters for cooling. The internals of the EJ22T are similar to the internals of the EJ22E (NA) with the exception of the Turbo engine utilizing low-compression dished pistons, making the compression ratio 8.1:1. Factory boost pressure on the EJ22T is 8.7psi (.59 Bar) Legacy 1991-1994 (North American-spec). There were only 8199 EJ22T models reaching the United States (and Canada?) between 1991 and 1994. The 4-door sedan was called the Sport Sedan (SS) and the 5-door wagon was known as the Touring Wagon (TW). There were many more automatic-equipped models than 5-speeds built as sedans. The wagon was only sold as an automatic. Valvetrain: SOHC (16 Valve) Displacement: 2,212 cc (2.2 L; 135.0 cu in) Bore: 96.9 mm (3.81 in) Stroke: 75 mm (2.95 in) Compression Ratio: 8.1:1 Power: 160 bhp (119 kW; 162 PS) at 5,600 rpm Torque: 181 lb-ft (245.4 Nm) at 2,800 rpm Fuel System: Multi-Point Fuel Injection Firing Order: 1-3-2-4 Oil: 10w30 (Summer) 5w30 (Winter) EJ22G Phase two closed deck, based on the North American 1991-94 Legacy Turbo EJ22T engine uses the same casting marks but with a updated thrust bearing to position #5 instead of #3. It Uses identical cylinder heads and IHI RHF 5HB turbocharger as a EJ20K STi but with a unique closed deck crank case. The pistons and connecting rods are stock not forged. Although being closed deck, the block does not feature oil squirters for piston cooling, opposed to the EJ20G closed deck block and the USDM-only Legacy EJ22T closed deck block. Popular press often states the power of this engine was more than the factory stated 280 ps, citing that 280 ps was the maximum allowable power car companies in Japan could advertise at the time due to the gentleman's agreement. 305 hp, 300 hp+ "Way more than 280hp", are some examples, though it is impossible to truly substantiate these claims. Displacement: Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 8.0:1 Valvetrain: DOHC Fuel Delivery Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) EJ22G Turbo DOHC Horsepower: at 6000 rpm Torque: at 3200 rpm Usage: Impreza STi 22B GC8 series (JDM) EJ25 (2.5L Boxer Turbo/NA) Displacement: 2,457 cc (2.5L; 149.9 cu in) Bore: Stroke: Compression Ratio: 9.5:1 - 10:1 (9.5:1 - 10.7:1 JDM) Naturally Aspirated, 8.0:1 - 9.5:1 Turbo Fuel Delivery EFI EJ25D There were two variations of the EJ25D sold in the US market. The engine was introduced in 1996 in the Legacy 2.5GT, LSi, and Legacy Outback. That version of the engine used Hydraulic Lash Adjuster (HLA) heads, was recommended to be run on 91 octane fuel, had lower power and torque ratings than the later 1997-1999 EJ25D, and was only offered with an automatic transmission. In 1997 a revised engine was introduced that used heads with shimmed bucket lifters (rather than the HLAs), was designed to run on 87 octane fuel, and was available with either a manual or automatic transmission. Because of the DOHC valve architecture, the spark plugs are more difficult to service in comparison to SOHC variations. DOHC engines are therefore installed with platinum spark plugs with an extended spark plug service life of . The 1996 EJ25D uses different pistons than what was used for 1997–1999, which will increase the compression ratio significantly if combined with the 1997-1999 EJ25D heads. For the Japanese Domestic Market, the EJ25D was advertised from January 1994 and was available from October 1994 in the 250T model Legacy. It was later added to the Grand Wagon/Lancaster. It was of the same basic design as the US market hydraulic EJ25D, with HLA, but had a compression ratio of 9.5:1. These HLA heads had a somewhat hemispeherical combustion chamber design. The engine was "facelifted" with the introduction of the BG9B in mid 1996, to have higher compression, 10.7:1, and solid lifters. The solid lifter heads had a cloverleaf style combustion chamber. DOHC (JDM; 1994-1996) - JIS - at 6000 rpm and of torque at 2800 rpm DOHC (USDM; 1996) - SAE - at 5600 rpm and of torque at 2800 rpm DOHC (JDM; 1996–1998) - JIS - at 6000 rpm and of torque at 3800 rpm DOHC (USDM; 1997–1999) - SAE - at 5600 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm Usage: USDM Impreza 2.5 RS 98 USDM Legacy models: Outback (wagon), SUS (sedan '98-'99), LSi ('96-'97), GT. JDM Legacy/Grand Wagon/Lancaster 1994–1998 USDM Forester 1998 EJ251 The EJ251 SOHC was the first version of a long line of single overhead cam engines by Subaru for the US market. The EJ251 was soon replaced by the EJ253 in many models due to its improved cooling to aid in head gasket life and improved engine management and sensors. The EJ251 commonly experienced head gasket failures resulting in interior channel breaches or exterior fluid leaks due to the continued use of a single layer coated gasket first introduced on the EJ25D. Intake volume is calculated by the use of a MAP sensor, unlike the EJ253 which uses a MAF sensor. Compression ratio is 10:1. Power ISO: at 5600 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm Usage: Impreza 2.5RS, 2.5TS, 2.5OBS 00-03 (US) (excludes 99) Forester 00-04 (US) Legacy 00-01 (US, 4EAT) Legacy 00-04 (US) Outback 00-01 (US, 4EAT) Outback 02-04 (US) Baja 03-05 (US) EJ252 SOHC The EJ252 was only briefly used in North America alongside the EJ251 in the USDM Legacy Outback for the 2000 and 2001 Model Years. They are most commonly found in MY00 Legacy Outbacks manufactured before the end of 1999 while MY00 Legacy Outbacks manufactured in 2000 are rarely designated with EJ252 codes in the VIN. While Subaru has not provided a direct list of revisions between the EJ251 and less common EJ252, there is some degree of information suggesting the EJ252 was simply an alternate version of the EJ251 made to meet California Emissions Standards when the SOHC EJ engines were first introduced in North America. Power output has been reported as ISO 115 kW (156 hp) but is often speculated to share the same specs with the largely identical EJ251. From unofficial analysis, the EJ251 shares the same block, cams, heads, pistons, connecting rods with the EJ252. The only notable differences confirmed are unique intake manifold and throttle body designs to accommodate the different MAP sensor location and IACV location. They also have different cam and crank sprocket reluctor configuration. Usage: Legacy/Outback 00 - 02 (5MT only) EJ253 SOHC - at 5600 rpm, torque at 4400 rpm. Intake volume is regulated by use of a MAF sensor, unlike the EJ251 which is regulated by a MAP sensor. I-Active valves (VVL intake side) on 2006 models which have ISO at 5600 rpm, torque at 4400 rpm. PZEV-equipped 2007 and up models have ISO at 5600 rpm, torque at 4000 rpm Compression ratio is 10.1:1. The EJ253 has an open deck design. Impreza 99-01, 04-11 Legacy, Outback (North America) 05-12 Legacy [BL/BP] 03-09 (Europe) Legacy [BM/BR] 09-12 (Europe, with ) Outback 03-09 (Europe) Forester 99* (SF), 05-10 (SG, SH) Baja 05+ Saab 9-2x Linear 05, 06 Impreza 2.5RS 04-06 EJ254 254 was a 2.5-litre DOHC AVCS motor. This was the first appearance of AVCS (Alongside the EJ204) on an EJ. 1998-2004 - DOHC with at 6000 rpm and of torque at 2800 rpm Usage: Forester T25 1998-2002 (JDM) Forester 04-present (certain countries) Legacy Lancaster 1998-2003 (JDM) Legacy 250T 1998-2003 (JDM) EJ255 DOHC 16-valve turbo with sodium-filled valves originally designed for North American market, now sees usage in some European Imprezas and Legacy models destined for South Africa and Liberty models for Australia. Power EJ255 Version 1: Used in the 2005 and 2006 Legacy, as well as the 2004 and 2005 Forester. This engine uses the same short block and heads as the EJ257 in US 04-06 STI. EJ255 Version 2: Used in the 2006-2014 WRX, the 2007-2009 Legacy GT, and the 2006-13 Forester XT. This is the newer AIS equipped EJ255, which uses a slightly different AB630 short block, as well as the AB820 heads. The only difference in the short block of this EJ255 and the 04-06 EJ257 is the pistons. They are of nearly the same construction, but have a slightly larger dish volume. for the USA market, the EJ255 version 2 engine made an appearance in the 2.5GT trim model of the Impreza, borrowing the engine from the 2008 WRX (the 2009 wrx got an increase in power) EJ255 Version 3: Used in the 2010-2012 Legacy. It has Dual-AVCS, 9.5:1 CR pistons, E25 heads with provisions for a scavenge oil pump turbo. The passenger intake camshaft is notched to spin the scavenge pump. The oil pan has an additional mounting bolt and one of the oil pan bolts changed position compared to the other variations of the EJ255. Usage in North America: Impreza (WRX): 2006–2014 Forester XT: 2004–2013 Legacy GT: 2005–2012 Outback XT: 2005-2009 Baja Turbo: 2004 - 2006 SAAB 9-2X: 2006 only. Usage in the rest of the world: Legacy/Outback: 2007–present Impreza: 2005–present Forester: 2005–2010. EJ257 (STI) DOHC four valves per cylinder fuel feed by Sequential Multipoint Fuel Injection (SMPFI) turbo. Denoting the STI variant of the EJ25, Originally designed for the North American Impreza STI in 2004 with Single AVCS and DBW. 2004-2007 STI models used the same shortblock, B25 heads, and valvetrain as the EJ255 in MY 2005-2006 Legacy GT and the same block as the 2004-2005 Forester XT. Later years used revised block, piston, connecting rods, crankshaft and heads to further improve performance and durability. Notably, the adoption of much improved Dual-AVCS W25 cylinder heads and an improved cylinder block design. MY19 variants of the engine feature a further revised piston design cast from a new alloy for increased strength, further improvements to the general valvetrain, a new ECU and revised engine programming that improved response and widened the torque curve. The engine has an increased redline of 6700 rpm over the WRX EJ255 variant. Usage: US Market Impreza WRX STi MY 2004~2007 at 6000 rpm (New SAE standard) and at 4000 rpm of torque. US Market Impreza WRX STI MY 2008~2018 at 6000 rpm (New SAE standard) and at 4000 rpm of torque. US Market WRX STI MY MY 2019–2021 at 6000 rpm (New SAE standard) and at 4000-5200 rpm of torque. US Market STI S209 MY 2019 at 6,400 rpm and at 3,600 rpm of torque. US Market Legacy GT/Outback XT MY05~06 (New SAE standard) US Market Forester XT MY04-05 ADM WRX STi 08~present , EJ259 Usage: 2004 Legacy, Legacy GT and Legacy Outback (Only Sold in California and New England). Also sold in 2005 Legacy and Outback non turbo models. Engine has a unique setup, most notable is the oval, single port exhaust , three catalytic converters and five air/fuel and oxygen sensors. These engines were also all drive by wire (DBW), and had a three piece intake manifold with a tumble valve in the center section. Other Data All the EJ series share compatibility and construction similarity and are 16 valved engines. The EJ series started with the EJ15, a single overhead cam (SOHC) and makes ~, then the EJ16, a single overhead cam (SOHC). Later followed by the EJ20, a single overhead cam and the EJ22, a single overhead cam. The EJ20 turbocharged version was developed with dual overhead cams, as well as non-turbo DOHC engines and DOHC twin-turbos. The EJ18 and EJ20 were most popular in Europe. The SOHC EJ Subaru boxer engines were non-interference engines through 1995, run by a single timing belt driving both cams (both sides of the engine) and the water pump. Because they are non-interference engines, if the timing belt fails, the engine of the models up to 1995 will not be damaged. The oil pump is driven directly from the crank shaft and the waterpump by the timing belt. All DOHC and 1998-up SOHC EJ engines are interference engines, if the timing belt fails the valves will likely be damaged. All Subaru EJ engines have a 1-3-2-4 firing order, which, given the longer exhaust runners on cylinders 2 and 4 causes the characteristic "subaru boxer rumble". Some of the 2005 and later Subaru vehicle Engines (especially the turbo charged engines) are using CAN bus as their sole Vehicle/Vessel speed input channel. When those ABS Speed signal are removed, the ECU will force the Engine to run in limp home mode. This has posed some challenge for people who try to use the same automotive boxer and engines on Aerospace application, engine replacement for aged Subaru vehicles, and VW Vanagon modifications, etc. The following table has details on a few of the commonly modified Subaru engines: All Spec C are Japanese only EJ207. Awards Subaru Turbo Boxer engine won 'best engine' in the 2.0 to 2.5 litre category in both the 2006 and 2008 International Engine of the Year awards. It also won a place on the list of Ward's 10 Best Engines in 2004 and 2010. Notes References Subaru Engine Specs and Designations http://www.fhi.co.jp/envi/info/pdf/leg_02_08.pdf Subaru engines Boxer engines Four-cylinder engines Gasoline engines by model	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru%20EJ%20engine
The Seduction is the first full-length album by English post-punk band Ludus, released in 1981 by record label New Hormones. Content The album, considered by many to be the band's masterpiece, contains some of their most accessible and melodic songs (such as "Mirror Mirror", "The Escape Artist" and "See the Keyhole"), as well as some of their most adventurous work (such as the 10 minutes long improvisational instrumental "The Dynasty"). In keeping with the band's penchant for experimentation and unusual song structures, the album's key track, Herstory, practically consists of variations on 4 different songs (including the track 5 of this album, "Inheritance", and two previously released songs, "Mutilate" and "Mother's Hour"), sliding effortlessly one into another. The album also contains an extended, 6 minutes long version of the previous single, "My Cherry Is in Sherry". Release The Seduction was originally released as a double EP on 12" vinyl by New Hormones in 1982. The album has been released along with the band's debut EP The Visit as the compilation The Visit/The Seduction, on the label Les Temps Modernes. Reception AllMusic called the album "the band's career high point". In a feature for The Quietus, Brian DeGraw of Gang Gang Dance listed the album among his favourites. Track listing "Unveiled (A Woman's Travelogue)" "My Cherry Is in Sherry" "See the Keyhole" "Herstory" "Inheritance" "Dynasty" "Mirror Mirror" "The Escape Artist" References External links Ludus albums 1981 debut albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Seduction%20%28album%29
Bradley Thomas Jay (born November 17, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his time in Impact Wrestling under the ring names of Jay Bradley and Aiden O'Shea, and WWE as Ryan Braddock. Professional wrestling career Early career (1999–2005) Bradley started his wrestling training at the Steel Domain Wrestling school in Chicago, where he trained with wrestlers including CM Punk and Colt Cabana. Bradley suffered several setbacks in his career as he suffered from an overactive thyroid. He worked for several independent promotions in the Mid-West, most notably for IWA Mid-South, before signing a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2009) He debuted in WWE's then-developmental territory Deep South Wrestling (DSW) as "The Monster of the Midway" Bradley Jay. During his time in DSW he won the Deep South Heavyweight Championship on three occasions. He also wrestled dark matches for both the Raw and SmackDown! brands. Occasionally, he made appearances on Heat as well. When WWE ended their relationship with DSW he was then sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) to continue his development. On May 16, he debuted in OVW under the name "Jay Bradley", defeating former OVW Heavyweight Champion, Chet the Jett. He defeated Paul Burchill and Idol Stevens in a three-way match via two Lariats to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship on June 1 at OVW's first Summer Sizzler Series event at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky to become the first man to hold both the OVW and DSW heavyweight titles. On June 15, 2007, at Ohio Valley Wrestling's third Super Summer Sizzler Series event of the year at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky, he defeated Idol Stevens to retain the OVW title. He then lost the title to Paul Burchill in a match taped on June 27 and aired on June 30. He also wrestled at Raw house shows on August 11 and 12 and September 1 (losing to "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan). He wrestled in a dark match against D'Lo Brown before a SmackDown television taping in August 2007. On December 19, in OVW, he won the "Love Thy Neighbor" four corners tag team match to win a future OVW Heavyweight title shot. He then was starting a feud with Matt Sydal and had defeated him in a tag team match where he and Mike Kruel defeated Sydal and Charles Evans. Unfortunately, before Bradley could exercise his title opportunity, OVW was dropped by World Wrestling Entertainment as a development territory. Bradley debuted on the main SmackDown! roster on the August 15, 2008, episode of the show, under the name "Ryan Braddock". He was easily defeated by Big Show after a knockout punch. At the August 14, 2008, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) television taping, Bradley wrestled under the Ryan Braddock name once again, making it his permanent and new ring name. On the August 22 episode of SmackDown!, Braddock competed in a battle royal to qualify for the WWE Championship Scramble match at Unforgiven, but was eliminated by Big Show, who was not officially in the match. On the September 2 episode of ECW, Braddock faced Ricky Ortiz in a losing effort after being pinned by Ortiz's Big O finisher. On September 19 episode of SmackDown!, Braddock competed in a one fall match-up with Festus, who was accompanied by Jesse. Braddock won the match as a result of a disqualification, after Jesse and Festus wrapped him in bubble wrap and duct tape. Following this match, Braddock returned to FCW before being released from WWE in March 2009. Independent circuit (2009–present) After his release from WWE, Bradley began working for the Berwyn, Illinois based All American Wrestling promotion and on March 28, 2009, defeated Tyler Black, Chandler McClure and Egotistico Fantastico to win the AAW Heavyweight Championship. He held the title for five months, before losing it to Jimmy Jacobs on September 5. He also worked for Florida-based Full Impact Pro, losing to T. J. Perkins in his debut match on June 6, 2009. In 2011, Bradley joined Billy Corgan's wrestling promotion, Resistance Pro. At the promotion's debut show he defeated Icarus. In November 2012, Bradley made his debut for Extreme Rising at their iPPV debut show Remember November defeating Christian York. At RPW Draw the Line, Bradley and Mad Man Pondo won the RPW Tag Team Championship. they were stripped of the titles on the same day. On July 9, 2015, Bradley competed in a triple threat match against Joey Avalon and Matt Cage for Global Force Wrestling for their GFW Grand Slam Tour in Appleton, Wisconsin, Avalon won after pinning Cage. Return to OVW (2013–2014) Bradley returned to OVW after his appearance on Impact Wrestling Gut Check. Bradley's first match since returning to OVW was against Tommy Gunn on March 6 which he won. On May 8, Bradley teamed with Rob Terry to face The Coalition (Raul LaMotta & Shiloh Jonze) they ended up getting the victory by DQ after the other members of The Coalition interfered. On May 22, 2013, Bradley defeated the OVW Heavyweight Champion Jamin Olivencia in a non-title match. On June 19, 2013, Bradley was defeated by Rob Terry in a number one contenders match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On September 7, 2013, Bradley unsuccessfully challenged Jamin Olivencia for the OVW Heavyweight Championship in a loaded boomstick on a pole match. On December 11, 2013, Bradley and Terry began teaming again getting wins over The Rockstars (Rockstar Spud and Ryan Howe) on two separate occasions. On January 1, 2014, Bradley defeated Deonta Davis and Leon Shelly in a two on one handicap match during an OVW Live Event. On January 4, 2014, Bradley faced Ryan Howe that ended in a no contest they had a rematch where Howe defeated Bradley in a street fight. on January 11, Bradley defeated Leon Shelly. on January 18, at OVW TV, Bradley defeated Bud Dwight. on January 25, Bradley defeated Robbie Walker. On February 1, 2014, at OVW TV, Bradley competed in the Nightmare rumble won by Johnny Spade. on February 1, 2014, at OVW Saturday Night Special, Bradley faced Ryan Howe in a losing effort. Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2013–2014) On the January 10, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling, Bradley appeared as part of the Impact Wrestling Gut Check, defeating Brian Cage. The following week, Bradley was chosen over Cage by the storyline Gut Check judges to earn a contract in Impact Wrestling. Bradley returned on the May 16 episode of Impact Wrestling, defeating Christian York in the first qualifying round for the Bound for Glory Series Gut Check Tournament. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, Bradley defeated Sam Shaw to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. Bradley would go to lose all of his beginning matches in the BFG series to the likes of Austin Aries, Hernandez, and Joseph Park. Bradley ended his participation in the tournament on the August 28 episode of Impact Wrestling Xplosion, with a pinfall victory over Joseph Park, finishing eleventh out of the ten other wrestlers in a tie with Hernandez in the tournament. On January 13, 2014, Bradley was released from his Impact Wrestling contract. Wrestle-1 (2013) As part of a working relationship between TNA and Wrestle-1 it was announced on November 6, 2013, that Bradley would be working a tour for the Japanese promotion between November 16 and December 1. In their debut match for the promotion, Bradley and fellow TNA worker Rob Terry defeated Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo in a tag team match. Bradley and Terry remained undefeated in tag team matches for the entire tour, but Bradley's tour ended with a three match losing streak in singles matches against his fellow Impact Wrestling worker. Return to TNA (2015–2017) On October 4, 2015, at Bound for Glory, Bradley made his return to Impact Wrestling under the ring name Aiden O'Shea (and began using an Irish ruffian gimmick) and competed in a twelve-man Bound For Gold Gauntlet match which was won by Tyrus. During October and November, O'Shea also competed in the first TNA World Title Series tournament that was taped in July 2015 as a member of Group Wildcard, where he ended third of his block by only defeating Crazzy Steve to receive 3 points. On January 8, 2016, at One Night Only: Live, O'Shea was defeated by Rockstar Spud after they had a confrontation in the ring. On the October 6, 2016, episode of Impact Wrestling, O'Shea made his return to Impact Wrestling after his hiatus, accompanying Impact Wrestling President Billy Corgan to the ring and serving as muscle/representative. Bradley left TNA quietly in 2017. Second Return to OVW (2017–2020) O'Shea made his return to OVW on April 28, 2017, at Run For The Ropes III where he won a battle royal to face the OVW Heavyweight Championship. Later that night, O'Shea was unsuccessful at winning the OVW Heavyweight Championship against Big Jon. On May 13, at OVW Saturday Night Special Uprising, Bradley was defeated by Justin Smooth. On June 2, 2018, Bradley and Shiloh Jonze unsuccessfully challenged The Bro Godz (Colton Cage & Dustin Jackson) for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championships. On August 23, Bradley was defeated by Jax Dane in the first round of the Grand Tournament. On July 31, 2019, Bradley won a gauntlet match to become the new OVW Television Champion. Three days later, he and Cash Flo defeated Big Zo & Maximus Khan to become the new OVW Southern Tag Team Champions, thus making Bradley a double champion. On August 21, 2019, Bradley would lose the OVW Television Championship to Maximus Khan in a Gauntlet match. On November 24, 2020, Bradley was part of a Ten Man Elimination tag team match in which his team was victorious. Pro Wrestling Noah (2018) On January 6, 2018, at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Jay Bradley made his debut for Pro Wrestling Noah in a singles match against Takashi Sugiura. National Wrestling Alliance (2018–present) On October 21, 2018, Jay Bradley wrestled at the NWA 70th Anniversary Show. On the card he lost a 4-way elimination match to qualify for the NWA National title match. The match, which also included Mike Parrow and Ricky Starks, was won by Willie Mack. On January 5, 2019, Bradley teamed with Caleb Konley losing to War Kings(Crimson and Jax Dane) in a qualifying match for the Crockett Cup. The night of the tournament, Bradley would team with Jocephus, losing a seven-team battle royal to the Wildcards (Royce Isaacs & Tom Latimer) with the winner qualifying as the last entrant for the Crockett Cup tournament. In 2021, Jay Bradley and Wrecking Ball Legursky formed the Fixers tag team and would start serving as muscle for Colby Corino. On August 28, 2022, the Fixers won a 12-team battle royal at the NWA 74th Anniversary Show to determine the inaugural NWA United States Tag Team Champions. Championships and accomplishments All American Wrestling AAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Deep South Wrestling Deep South Heavyweight Championship (3 times) Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ryan Boz (2) and Tirk Davis (1) Mid American Wrestling MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) National Wrestling Alliance NWA United States Tag Team Championship (1 time, inaugural) – with Wrecking Ball Legursky Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times) OVW Television Championship (1 time) OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ca$h Flo, Big Zo and Hy-Zaya (1) and Ca$h Flo, Big Zo, Hy-Zaya and Steve Michaels (1) Twenty-fifth OVW Triple Crown Champion Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him #137 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012 Pro Wrestling Blitz PWB Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Resistance Pro Wrestling RPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mad Man Pondo Steel Domain Wrestling SDW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA Gut Check winner TNA Gut Check Tournament (2013) References External links Wrestle-1 profile 1980 births American male professional wrestlers Living people People from DeKalb, Illinois 21st-century professional wrestlers OVW Heavyweight Champions AAW Heavyweight Champions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Bradley
Babs McMillan is an Australian stage, film, television actress and director, playwright and teacher, based in Melbourne She is best known for her roles in two popular television series during the 1980s. Career McMillan played the acerbic Sister Erin Cosgrove during the final year of television series The Young Doctors and dimwitted country bumpkin Cass Parker in Prisoner. In the late 1990s, she appeared in the Australian espionage drama Secrets. McMillan has appeared in the movies Oscar and Lucinda (1997), Babe: Pig in the City (1998), My Brilliant Career (1979) and Hating Alison Ashley (2005). On stage McMillan has acted extensively with the Melbourne Theatre Company. Apart from acting, McMillan has helped many students as Director of Drama at the National Theatre Drama School in Melbourne. Filmography Film Television References External links Australian film actresses Australian soap opera actresses Australian stage actresses Living people 20th-century Australian actresses 21st-century Australian actresses Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babs%20McMillan
The MacArthur Fellows Program, also known as the MacArthur Fellowship and colloquially called the "Genius Grant", is a prize awarded annually by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to typically between 20 and 30 individuals working in any field who have shown "extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction" and are citizens or residents of the United States. According to the foundation's website, "the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but rather an investment in a person's originality, insight, and potential," but it also says such potential is "based on a track record of significant accomplishments." The current prize is $800,000 paid over five years in quarterly installments. Previously it was $625,000. This figure was increased from $500,000 in 2013 with the release of a review of the MacArthur Fellows Program. Since 1981, 1,111 people have been named MacArthur Fellows, ranging in age from 18 to 82. The award has been called "one of the most significant awards that is truly 'no strings attached'". The program does not accept applications. Anonymous and confidential nominations are invited by the foundation and reviewed by an anonymous and confidential selection committee of about a dozen people. The committee reviews all nominees and recommends recipients to the president and board of directors. Most new fellows first learn of their nomination and award upon receiving a congratulatory phone call. MacArthur Fellow Jim Collins described this experience in an editorial column of The New York Times. Marlies Carruth is the program's current director. Recipients Of the 965 terminal degrees earned by 928 fellows during the period 1981 through 2018, 540 (56%) are doctorates, with the Ph.D. accounting for 514 (53.3%). Ivy league schools awarded 306 (31.7%) degrees to 300 (32.3%) fellows. Among all awards through the class of 2023, the alumni of Harvard University/Radcliffe College account for 188 fellowships, followed by the alumni of Yale University (95), University of California, Berkeley (78), Princeton University (71), and Columbia University/Barnard College (65). The following ten institutions have the most alumni fellows. 1981 A. R. Ammons, poet Joseph Brodsky, poet John Cairns, molecular biologist Gregory V. Chudnovsky, mathematician Joel E. Cohen, population biologist Robert Coles, child psychiatrist Richard Critchfield, essayist Shelly Errington, cultural anthropologist Howard Gardner, psychologist Henry Louis Gates Jr., literary critic John Gaventa, sociologist Michael Ghiselin, evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, paleontologist Ian Graham, archaeologist David Hawkins, philosopher John P. Holdren, arms control and energy analyst Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural critic and historian John Imbrie, climatologist Robert Kates, geographer Raphael Carl Lee, surgeon Elma Lewis, arts educator Cormac McCarthy, writer Barbara McClintock, geneticist James Alan McPherson, short story writer and essayist Roy P. Mottahedeh, historian Richard C. Mulligan, molecular biologist Douglas D. Osheroff, physicist Elaine H. Pagels, historian of religion David Pingree, historian of science Paul G. Richards, seismologist Robert Root-Bernstein, biologist and historian of science Richard Rorty, philosopher Lawrence Rosen, attorney and anthropologist Carl Emil Schorske, intellectual historian Leslie Marmon Silko, writer Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist Derek Walcott, poet and playwright Robert Penn Warren, poet, novelist, and literary critic Stephen Wolfram, computer scientist and physicist Michael Woodford, economist George Zweig, physicist and neurobiologist 1982 Fouad Ajami, political scientist Charles A. Bigelow, type designer Peter Robert Lamont Brown, historian Robert Darnton, European historian Persi Diaconis, statistician William Gaddis, novelist Ved Mehta, writer Bob Moses, educator and philosopher Richard A. Muller, geologist and astrophysicist Conlon Nancarrow, composer Alfonso Ortiz, cultural anthropologist Francesca Rochberg, Assyriologist and historian of science Charles Sabel, political scientist and legal scholar Ralph Shapey, composer and conductor Michael Silverstein, linguist Randolph Whitfield Jr., ophthalmologist Frank Wilczek, physicist Frederick Wiseman, documentary filmmaker Edward Witten, physicist, creator of the M-Theory 1983 R. Stephen Berry, physical chemist Seweryn Bialer, political scientist William C. Clark, ecologist and environmental policy analyst Philip D. Curtin, historian of Africa William H. Durham, biological anthropologist Bradley Efron, statistician David L. Felten, neuroscientist Randall W. Forsberg, political scientist and arms control strategist Alexander L. George, political scientist Shelomo Dov Goitein, medieval historian Mott T. Greene, historian of science James E. Gunn, astronomer Ramón A. Gutiérrez, historian John J. Hopfield, physicist and biologist Béla Julesz, psychologist William Kennedy, novelist Leszek Kołakowski, historian of philosophy and religion Sylvia A. Law, human rights lawyer Brad Leithauser, poet and writer Lawrence W. Levine, historian Ralph Manheim, translator Robert K. Merton, historian and sociologist of science Walter F. Morris Jr., cultural preservationist Charles S. Peskin, mathematician and physiologist A.K. Ramanujan, poet, translator, and literary scholar Alice M. Rivlin, economist and policy analyst Julia Robinson, mathematician John Sayles, filmmaker and writer Richard M. Schoen, mathematician Peter Sellars, theater and opera director Karen K. Uhlenbeck, mathematician Adrian Wilson, book designer, printer, and book historian Irene J. Winter, art historian and archaeologist Mark S. Wrighton, chemist 1984 George W. Archibald, ornithologist Shelly Bernstein, pediatric hematologist Peter J. Bickel, statistician Ernesto J. Cortes Jr., community organizer William Drayton, public service innovator Sidney Drell, physicist and arms policy analyst Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, mathematical physicist Michael H. Freedman, mathematician Curtis G. Hames, family physician Robert Hass, poet, critic, and translator Shirley Heath, linguistic anthropologist J. Bryan Hehir, religion and foreign policy scholar Bette Howland, writer and literary critic Bill Irwin, clown, writer, and performance artist Robert Irwin, light and space artist Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter Fritz John, mathematician Galway Kinnell, poet Henry Kraus, labor and art historian Paul Oskar Kristeller, intellectual historian and philosopher Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, educator Heather Lechtman, materials scientist and archaeologist Michael Lerner, public health leader Andrew W. Lewis, medieval historian Arnold J. Mandell, neuroscientist and psychiatrist Peter Mathews, archaeologist and epigrapher Matthew Meselson, geneticist and arms control analyst David R. Nelson, physicist Beaumont Newhall, historian of photography Roger S. Payne, zoologist and conservationist Michael Piore, economist Edward V. Roberts, disability rights leader Judith N. Shklar, political philosopher Charles Simic, poet, translator, and essayist Elliot Sperling, Tibetan studies scholar David Stuart, linguist and epigrapher Frank Sulloway, psychologist (child birth-order research) John E. Toews, intellectual historian Alar Toomre, astronomer and mathematician James Turrell, light sculptor Amos Tversky, cognitive scientist Bret Wallach, geographer Jay Weiss, psychologist Arthur Winfree, physiologist and mathematician J. Kirk Varnedoe, art historian Carl R. Woese, molecular biologist Billie Young, community development leader 1985 Joan Abrahamson, community development leader John Ashbery, poet John F. Benton, medieval historian Harold Bloom, literary critic Valery Chalidze, physicist and human rights organizer William Cronon, environmental historian Merce Cunningham, choreographer Jared Diamond, environmental historian and geographer Marian Wright Edelman, Children's Defense Fund founder Morton Halperin, political scientist Robert M. Hayes, lawyer and human rights leader Edwin Hutchins, cognitive scientist Sam Maloof, professional woodworker and furniture maker Andrew McGuire, trauma prevention specialist Patrick Noonan, conservationist George Oster, mathematical biologist Thomas G. Palaima, classicist Peter Raven, botanist Jane S. Richardson, biochemist Gregory Schopen, historian of religion Franklin Stahl, geneticist J. Richard Steffy, nautical archaeologist Ellen Stewart, theater director Paul Taylor, choreographer, dance company founder Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician 1986 Paul Adams, neurobiologist Milton Babbitt, composer and music theorist Christopher Beckwith, philologist Richard Benson, photographer Lester R. Brown, agricultural economist Caroline Bynum, medieval historian William A. Christian, historian of religion Nancy Farriss, historian Benedict Gross, mathematician Daryl Hine, poet and translator John Robert Horner, paleobiologist Thomas C. Joe, social policy analyst David Keightley, historian and sinologist Albert J. Libchaber, physicist David C. Page, molecular geneticist George Perle, composer and music theorist James Randi, magician David Rudovsky, civil rights lawyer Robert Shapley, neurophysiologist Leo Steinberg, art historian Richard P. Turco, atmospheric scientist Thomas Whiteside, journalist Allan C. Wilson, biochemist Jay Wright, poet and playwright Charles Wuorinen, composer 1987 Walter Abish, writer Robert Axelrod, political scientist Robert F. Coleman, mathematician Douglas Crase, poet Daniel Friedan, physicist David Gross, physicist Ira Herskowitz, molecular geneticist Irving Howe, literary and social critic Wesley Charles Jacobs Jr., rural planner Peter Jeffery, musicologist Horace Freeland Judson, historian of science Stuart Alan Kauffman, evolutionary biologist Richard Kenney, poet Eric Lander, geneticist and mathematician Michael Malin, geologist and planetary scientist Deborah W. Meier, education reform leader Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, historian David Mumford, mathematician Tina Rosenberg, journalist David Rumelhart, cognitive scientist and psychologist Robert Morris Sapolsky, neuroendocrinologist and primatologist Meyer Schapiro, art historian John H. Schwarz, physicist Jon Seger, evolutionary ecologist Stephen Shenker, physicist David Dean Shulman, historian of religion Muriel S. Snowden, community organizer Mark Strand, poet and writer May Swenson, poet Huỳnh Sanh Thông, translator and editor William Julius Wilson, sociologist Richard Wrangham, primate ethologist 1988 Charles Archambeau, geophysicist Michael Baxandall, art historian Ruth Behar, cultural anthropologist Ran Blake, composer and pianist Charles Burnett, filmmaker Philip James DeVries, insect biologist Andre Dubus, writer Helen T. Edwards, physicist Jon H. Else, documentary filmmaker John G. Fleagle, primatologist and paleontologist Cornell H. Fleischer, Middle Eastern historian Getatchew Haile, philologist and linguist Raymond Jeanloz, geophysicist Marvin Philip Kahl, zoologist Naomi Pierce, biologist Thomas Pynchon, novelist Stephen J. Pyne, environmental historian Max Roach, drummer and jazz composer Hipolito (Paul) Roldan, community developer Anna Curtenius Roosevelt, archaeologist David Alan Rosenberg, military historian Susan Irene Rotroff, archaeologist Bruce Schwartz, figurative sculptor and puppeteer Robert Shaw, physicist Jonathan Spence, historian Noel M. Swerdlow, historian of science Gary A. Tomlinson, musicologist Alan Walker, paleontologist Eddie N. Williams, policy analyst and civil rights leader Rita P. Wright, archaeologist Garth Youngberg, agriculturalist 1989 Anthony Amsterdam, attorney and legal scholar Byllye Avery, women's healthcare leader Alvin Bronstein, human rights lawyer Leo Buss, evolutionary biologist Jay Cantor, writer George Davis, environmental policy analyst Allen Grossman, poet John Harbison, composer and conductor Keith Hefner, journalist and educator Ralf Hotchkiss, rehabilitation engineer John Rice Irwin, curator and cultural preservationist Daniel Janzen, ecologist Bernice Johnson Reagon, music historian, composer, and vocalist Aaron Lansky, cultural preservationist Jennifer Moody, archaeologist and anthropologist Errol Morris, filmmaker Vivian Paley, educator and writer Richard Powers, novelist Martin Puryear, sculptor Theodore Rosengarten, historian Margaret W. Rossiter, historian of science George Russell, composer and music theorist Pam Solo, arms control analyst Ellendea Proffer Teasley, translator and publisher Claire Van Vliet, book artist Baldemar Velasquez, farm labor leader Bill Viola, video artist Eliot Wigginton, educator Patricia Wright, primatologist 1990 John Christian Bailar, biostatistician Martha Clarke, theater director Jacques d'Amboise, dance educator Guy Davenport, writer, critic, and translator Lisa Delpit, education reform leader John Eaton, composer Paul R. Ehrlich, population biologist Charlotte Erickson, historian Lee Friedlander, photographer Margaret Geller, astrophysicist Jorie Graham, poet Patricia Hampl, writer John Hollander, poet and literary critic Thomas Cleveland Holt, social and cultural historian David Kazhdan, mathematician Calvin King, land and farm development specialist M. A. R. Koehl, marine biologist Nancy Kopell, mathematician Michael Moschen, performance artist Gary Nabhan, ethnobotanist Sherry Ortner, anthropologist Otis Pitts, community development leader Yvonne Rainer, filmmaker and choreographer Michael Schudson, sociologist Rebecca J. Scott, historian Marc Shell, scholar Susan Sontag, writer and cultural critic Richard Stallman, Free Software Foundation founder, copyleft concept inventor Guy Tudor, conservationist Maria Varela, community development leader Gregory Vlastos, classicist and philosopher Kent Whealy, preservationist Eric Wolf, anthropologist Sidney Wolfe, physician Robert Woodson, community development leader José Zalaquett, human rights lawyer 1991 Jacqueline Barton, biophysical chemist Paul Berman, journalist James Blinn, computer animator Taylor Branch, social historian Trisha Brown, choreographer Mari Jo Buhle, American historian Patricia Churchland, (neuro)philosopher David Donoho, statistician Steven Feld, anthropologist Alice Fulton, poet Guillermo Gómez-Peña, writer and artist Jerzy Grotowski, theater director David Hammons, artist Sophia Bracy Harris, child care leader Lewis Hyde, writer Ali Akbar Khan, musician Sergiu Klainerman, mathematician Martin Kreitman, geneticist Harlan Lane, psychologist and linguist William Linder, community development leader Patricia Locke, tribal rights leader Mark Morris, choreographer and dancer Marcel Ophüls, documentary filmmaker Arnold Rampersad, biographer and literary critic Gunther Schuller, composer, conductor, jazz historian Joel Schwartz, epidemiologist Cecil Taylor, jazz pianist and composer Julie Taymor, theater director David Werner, health care leader James Westphal, engineer and scientist Eleanor Wilner, poet 1992 Janet Benshoof, human rights lawyer Robert Blackburn, printmaker Unita Blackwell, civil rights leader Lorna Bourg, rural development leader Stanley Cavell, philosopher Amy Clampitt, poet Ingrid Daubechies, mathematician Wendy Ewald, photographer Irving Feldman, poet Barbara Fields, historian Robert Hall, journalist Ann Ellis Hanson, historian John Henry Holland, computer scientist Wes Jackson, agronomist Evelyn Keller, historian and philosopher of science Steve Lacy, saxophonist and composer Suzanne Lebsock, social historian Sharon Long, plant biologist Norman Manea, writer Paule Marshall, writer Michael Massing, journalist Robert McCabe, educator Susan Meiselas, photojournalist Amalia Mesa-Bains, artist and cultural critic Stephen Schneider, climatologist Joanna Scott, writer John T. Scott, artist John Terborgh, conservation biologist Twyla Tharp, dancer and choreographer Philip Treisman, mathematics educator Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, historian Geerat J. Vermeij, evolutionary biologist Günter Wagner, developmental biologist 1993 Nancy Cartwright, philosopher Demetrios Christodoulou, mathematician and physicist Maria Crawford, geologist Stanley Crouch, jazz critic and writer Nora England, anthropological linguist Paul Farmer, medical anthropologist Victoria Foe, developmental biologist Ernest Gaines, writer Pedro Greer, physician Thom Gunn, poet and literary critic Ann Hamilton, artist Sokoni Karanja, child and family development specialist Ann Lauterbach, poet and literary critic Stephen Lee, chemist Carol Levine, AIDS policy specialist Amory Lovins, physicist and energy analyst Jane Lubchenco, marine biologist Ruth Lubic, nurse and midwife Jim Powell, poet, translator, and literary critic Margie Profet, evolutionary biologist Thomas Scanlon, philosopher Aaron Shirley, health care leader William Siemering, journalist and radio producer Ellen Silbergeld, toxicologist Leonard van der Kuijp, philologist and historian Frank von Hippel, arms control and energy analyst John Edgar Wideman, writer Heather Williams, biologist and ornithologist Marion Williams, gospel music performer Robert H. Williams, physicist and energy analyst Henry T. Wright, archaeologist and anthropologist 1994 Robert Adams, photographer Jeraldyne Blunden, choreographer Anthony Braxton, avant-garde composer and musician Rogers Brubaker, sociologist Ornette Coleman, jazz performer and composer Israel Gelfand, mathematician Faye Ginsburg, anthropologist Heidi Hartmann, economist Bill T. Jones, dancer and choreographer Peter E. Kenmore, agricultural entomologist Joseph E. Marshall, educator Carolyn McKecuen, economic development leader Donella Meadows, writer Arthur Mitchell, company director and choreographer Hugo Morales, radio producer Janine Pease, educator Willie Reale, theater arts educator Adrienne Rich, poet and writer Sam-Ang Sam, musician and cultural preservationist Jack Wisdom, physicist 1995 Allison Anders, filmmaker Jed Z. Buchwald, historian Octavia E. Butler, science fiction novelist Sandra Cisneros, writer and poet Sandy Close, journalist Frederick C. Cuny, disaster relief specialist Sharon Emerson, biologist Richard Foreman, theater director Alma Guillermoprieto, journalist Virginia Hamilton, writer Donald Hopkins, physician Susan W. Kieffer, geologist Elizabeth LeCompte, theater director Patricia Nelson Limerick, historian Michael Marletta, chemist Pamela Matson, ecologist Susan McClary, musicologist Meredith Monk, vocalist, composer, director Rosalind P. Petchesky, political scientist Joel Rogers, political scientist Cindy Sherman, photographer Bryan Stevenson, human rights lawyer Nicholas Strausfeld, neurobiologist Richard White, historian 1996 James Roger Prior Angel, astronomer Joaquin Avila, voting rights advocate Allan Bérubé, historian Barbara Block, marine biologist Joan Breton Connelly, classical archaeologist Thomas Daniel, biologist Martin Daniel Eakes, economic development strategist Rebecca Goldstein, writer Robert Greenstein, public policy analyst Richard Howard, poet, translator, and literary critic John Jesurun, playwright Richard Lenski, biologist Louis Massiah, documentary filmmaker Vonnie McLoyd, developmental psychologist Thylias Moss, poet and writer Eiko Otake and Koma Otake, dancers, choreographers Nathan Seiberg, physicist Anna Deavere Smith, playwright, journalist, actress Dorothy Stoneman, educator Bill Strickland, art educator 1997 Luis Alfaro, writer and performance artist Lee Breuer, playwright Vija Celmins, artist Eric Charnov, evolutionary biologist Elouise P. Cobell, banker Peter Galison, historian Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher Eva Harris, molecular biologist Michael Kremer, economist Russell Lande, biologist Kerry James Marshall, artist Nancy A. Moran, evolutionary biologist and ecologist Han Ong, playwright Kathleen Ross, educator Pamela Samuelson, copyright scholar and activist Susan Stewart, literary scholar and poet Elizabeth Streb, dancer and choreographer Trimpin, sound sculptor Loïc Wacquant, sociologist Kara Walker, artist David Foster Wallace, author and journalist Andrew Wiles, mathematician Brackette Williams, anthropologist 1998 Janine Antoni, artist Ida Applebroog, artist Ellen Barry, attorney and human rights activist Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web Linda Bierds, poet Bernadette Brooten, historian John Carlstrom, astrophysicist Mike Davis, historian Nancy Folbre, economist Avner Greif, economist Kun-Liang Guan, biochemist Gary Hill, artist Edward Hirsch, poet, essayist Ayesha Jalal, historian Charles R. Johnson, writer Leah Krubitzer, neuroscientist Stewart Kwoh, human rights activist Charles Lewis, journalist William W. McDonald, rancher and conservationist Peter N. Miller, historian Don Mitchell, cultural geographer Rebecca Nelson, plant pathologist Elinor Ochs, linguistic anthropologist Ishmael Reed, poet, essayist, novelist Benjamin D. Santer, atmospheric scientist Karl Sims, computer scientist and artist Dorothy Thomas, human rights activist Leonard Zeskind, human rights activist Mary Zimmerman, playwright 1999 Jillian Banfield, geologist Carolyn Bertozzi, chemist Xu Bing, artist and printmaker Bruce G. Blair, policy analyst John Bonifaz, election lawyer and voting rights leader Shawn Carlson, science educator Mark Danner, journalist Alison L. Des Forges, human rights activist Elizabeth Diller, architect Saul Friedländer, historian Jennifer Gordon, lawyer David Hillis, biologist Sara Horowitz, lawyer Jacqueline Jones, historian Laura L. Kiessling, biochemist Leslie Kurke, classicist David Levering Lewis, biographer and historian Juan Maldacena, physicist Gay J. McDougall, human rights lawyer Campbell McGrath, poet Denny Moore, anthropological linguist Elizabeth Murray, artist Pepón Osorio, artist Ricardo Scofidio, architect Peter Shor, computer scientist Eva Silverstein, physicist Wilma Subra, scientist Ken Vandermark, saxophonist, composer Naomi Wallace, playwright Jeffrey Weeks, mathematician Fred Wilson, artist Ofelia Zepeda, linguist 2000 Susan E. Alcock, archaeologist K. Christopher Beard, paleontologist Lucy Blake, conservationist Anne Carson, poet Peter J. Hayes, energy policy activist David Isay, radio producer Alfredo Jaar, photographer Ben Katchor, graphic novelist Hideo Mabuchi, physicist Susan Marshall, choreographer Samuel Mockbee, architect Cecilia Muñoz, civil rights policy analyst Margaret Murnane, optical physicist Laura Otis, literary scholar and historian of science Lucia M. Perillo, poet Matthew Rabin, economist Carl Safina, marine conservationist Daniel P. Schrag, geochemist Susan E. Sygall, civil rights leader Gina G. Turrigiano, neuroscientist Gary Urton, anthropologist Patricia J. Williams, legal scholar Deborah Willis, historian of photography and photographer Erik Winfree, computer and materials scientist Horng-Tzer Yau, mathematician 2001 Andrea Barrett, writer Christopher Chyba, astrobiologist Michael Dickinson, fly biologist, bioengineer Rosanne Haggerty, housing and community development leader Lene Hau, physicist Dave Hickey, art critic Stephen Hough, pianist and composer Kay Redfield Jamison, psychologist Sandra Lanham, pilot and conservationist Iñigo Manglano-Ovalle, artist Cynthia Moss, natural historian Aihwa Ong, anthropologist Dirk Obbink, classicist and papyrologist Norman R. Pace, biochemist Suzan-Lori Parks, playwright Brooks Pate, physical chemist Xiao Qiang, human rights leader Geraldine Seydoux, molecular biologist Bright Sheng, composer David Spergel, astrophysicist Jean Strouse, biographer Julie Su, human rights lawyer David Wilson, museum founder 2002 Danielle Allen, classicist and political scientist Bonnie Bassler, molecular biologist Ann M. Blair, intellectual historian Katherine Boo, journalist Paul Ginsparg, physicist David B. Goldstein, energy conservation specialist Karen Hesse, writer Janine Jagger, epidemiologist Daniel Jurafsky, computer scientist and linguist Toba Khedoori, artist Liz Lerman, choreographer George E. Lewis, trombonist Liza Lou, artist Edgar Meyer, bassist and composer Jack Miles, writer and Biblical scholar Erik Mueggler, anthropologist and ethnographer Sendhil Mullainathan, economist Stanley Nelson, documentary filmmaker Lee Ann Newsom, paleoethnobotanist Daniela L. Rus, computer scientist Charles C. Steidel, astronomer Brian Tucker, seismologist Camilo José Vergara, photographer Paul Wennberg, atmospheric chemist Colson Whitehead, writer 2003 Guillermo Algaze, archaeologist Jim Collins, biomedical engineer Lydia Davis, writer and translator Erik Demaine, theoretical computer scientist Corinne Dufka, human rights researcher Peter Gleick, conservation analyst Osvaldo Golijov, composer Deborah Jin, physicist Angela Johnson, writer Tom Joyce, blacksmith Sarah H. Kagan, gerontological nurse Ned Kahn, artist and science exhibit designer Jim Yong Kim, public health physician Nawal M. Nour, obstetrician and gynecologist Loren H. Rieseberg, botanist Amy Rosenzweig, biochemist Pedro A. Sanchez, agronomist Lateefah Simon, women's development leader Peter Sís, illustrator Sarah Sze, sculptor Eve Troutt Powell, historian Anders Winroth, historian Daisy Youngblood, ceramic artist Xiaowei Zhuang, biophysicist 2004 Angela Belcher, materials scientist and engineer Gretchen Berland, physician and filmmaker James Carpenter, artist Joseph DeRisi, biologist Katherine Gottlieb, health care leader David Green, technology transfer innovator Aleksandar Hemon, writer Heather Hurst, archaeological illustrator Edward P. Jones, writer John Kamm, human rights activist Daphne Koller, computer scientist Naomi Leonard, engineer Tommie Lindsey, school debate coach Rueben Martinez, businessman and activist Maria Mavroudi, historian Vamsi Mootha, physician and computational biologist Judy Pfaff, sculptor Aminah Robinson, artist Reginald Robinson, pianist and composer Cheryl Rogowski, farmer Amy Smith, inventor and mechanical engineer Julie Theriot, microbiologist C. D. Wright, poet 2005 Marin Alsop, symphony conductor Ted Ames, fisherman, conservationist, marine biologist Terry Belanger, rare book preservationist Edet Belzberg, documentary filmmaker Majora Carter, urban revitalization strategist Lu Chen, neuroscientist Michael Cohen, pharmacist Joseph Curtin, violinmaker Aaron Dworkin, music educator Teresita Fernández, sculptor Claire Gmachl, quantum cascade laser engineer Sue Goldie, physician and researcher Steven Goodman, conservation biologist Pehr Harbury, biochemist Nicole King, molecular biologist Jon Kleinberg, computer scientist Jonathan Lethem, novelist Michael Manga, geophysicist Todd Martinez, theoretical chemist Julie Mehretu, painter Kevin M. Murphy, economist Olufunmilayo Olopade, clinician and researcher Fazal Sheikh, photographer Emily Thompson, aural historian Michael Walsh, vehicle emissions specialist 2006 David Carroll, naturalist author and illustrator Regina Carter, jazz violinist Kenneth C. Catania, neurobiologist Lisa Curran, tropical forester Kevin Eggan, biologist Jim Fruchterman, technologist, CEO of Benetech Atul Gawande, surgeon and author Linda Griffith, bioengineer Victoria Hale, CEO of OneWorld Health Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, journalist and author David Macaulay, author and illustrator Josiah McElheny, sculptor D. Holmes Morton, physician John A. Rich, physician Jennifer Richeson, social psychologist Sarah Ruhl, playwright George Saunders, short story writer Anna Schuleit, commemorative artist Shahzia Sikander, painter Terence Tao, mathematician Claire J. Tomlin, aviation engineer Luis von Ahn, computer scientist Edith Widder, deep-sea explorer Matias Zaldarriaga, cosmologist John Zorn, composer and musician 2007 Deborah Bial, education strategist Peter Cole, translator, poet, publisher Lisa Cooper, public health physician Ruth DeFries, environmental geographer Mercedes Doretti, forensic anthropologist Stuart Dybek, short story writer Marc Edwards, water quality engineer Michael Elowitz, molecular biologist Saul Griffith, inventor Sven Haakanson, Alutiiq curator, anthropologist, preservationist Corey Harris, blues musician Cheryl Hayashi, spider silk biologist My Hang V. Huynh, chemist Claire Kremen, conservation biologist Whitfield Lovell, painter and installation artist Yoky Matsuoka, neuroroboticist Lynn Nottage, playwright Mark Roth, biomedical scientist Paul Rothemund, nanotechnologist Jay Rubenstein, medieval historian Jonathan Shay, clinical psychiatrist and classicist Joan Snyder, painter Dawn Upshaw, vocalist Shen Wei, choreographer 2008 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, novelist Will Allen, urban farmer Regina Benjamin, rural family doctor Kirsten Bomblies, evolutionary plant geneticist Tara Donovan, artist Andrea Ghez, astrophysicist Stephen D. Houston, anthropologist Mary Jackson, weaver and sculptor Leila Josefowicz, violinist Alexei Kitaev, physicist Walter Kitundu, instrument maker and composer Susan Mango, developmental biologist Diane E. Meier, geriatrician David R. Montgomery, geomorphologist John Ochsendorf, engineer and architectural historian Peter Pronovost, critical care physician Adam Riess, astrophysicist Alex Ross, music critic Wafaa El-Sadr, infectious disease specialist Nancy Siraisi, historian of medicine Marin Soljačić, optical physicist Sally Temple, neuroscientist Jennifer Tipton, stage lighting designer Rachel Wilson, experimental neurobiologist Miguel Zenón, saxophonist and composer 2009 Lynsey Addario, photojournalist Maneesh Agrawala, computer vision technologist Timothy Barrett, papermaker Mark Bradford, mixed media artist Edwidge Danticat, novelist Rackstraw Downes, painter Esther Duflo, economist Deborah Eisenberg, short story writer Lin He, molecular biologist Peter Huybers, climate scientist James Longley, filmmaker L. Mahadevan, applied mathematician Heather McHugh, poet Jerry Mitchell, investigative reporter Rebecca Onie, health services innovator Richard Prum, ornithologist John A. Rogers, applied physicist Elyn Saks, mental health lawyer Jill Seaman, infectious disease physician Beth Shapiro, evolutionary biologist Daniel Sigman, biogeochemist Mary Tinetti, geriatric physician Camille Utterback, digital artist Theodore Zoli, bridge engineer 2010 Amir Abo-Shaeer, physics teacher Jessie Little Doe Baird, Wampanoag language preservation and revival Kelly Benoit-Bird, marine biologist Nicholas Benson, stone carver Drew Berry, biomedical animator Carlos D. Bustamante, population geneticist Matthew Carter, type designer David Cromer, theater director and actor John Dabiri, biophysicist Shannon Lee Dawdy, anthropologist Annette Gordon-Reed, American historian Yiyun Li, fiction writer Michal Lipson, optical physicist Nergis Mavalvala, quantum astrophysicist Jason Moran, jazz pianist and composer Carol Padden, sign language linguist Jorge Pardo, installation artist Sebastian Ruth, violist, violinist, and music educator Emmanuel Saez, economist David Simon, author, screenwriter, and producer Dawn Song, computer security specialist Marla Spivak, entomologist Elizabeth Turk, sculptor 2011 Jad Abumrad, radio host and producer Marie-Therese Connolly, elder rights lawyer Roland Fryer, economist Jeanne Gang, architect Elodie Ghedin, parasitologist and virologist Markus Greiner, condensed matter physicist Kevin Guskiewicz, sports medicine researcher Peter Hessler, long-form journalist Tiya Miles, public historian Matthew Nock, clinical psychologist Francisco Núñez, choral conductor and composer Sarah Otto, evolutionary geneticist Shwetak Patel, sensor technologist and computer scientist Dafnis Prieto, jazz percussionist and composer Kay Ryan, poet Melanie Sanford, organometallic chemist William Seeley, neuropathologist Jacob Soll, European historian A. E. Stallings, poet and translator Ubaldo Vitali, conservator and silversmith Alisa Weilerstein, cellist Yukiko Yamashita, developmental biologist 2012 Natalia Almada, documentary filmmaker Uta Barth, photographer Claire Chase, arts entrepreneur and flautist Raj Chetty, economist Maria Chudnovsky, mathematician Eric Coleman, geriatrician Junot Díaz, fiction writer David Finkel, journalist Olivier Guyon, optical physicist and astronomer Elissa Hallem, neurobiologist An-My Lê, photographer Sarkis Mazmanian, medical microbiologist Dinaw Mengestu, writer Maurice Lim Miller, social services innovator Dylan C. Penningroth, historian Terry Plank, geochemist Laura Poitras, documentary filmmaker Nancy Rabalais, marine ecologist Benoît Rolland, stringed-instrument bow maker Daniel Spielman, computer scientist Melody Swartz, bioengineer Chris Thile, mandolinist and composer Benjamin Warf, neurosurgeon 2013 Kyle Abraham, choreographer and dancer Donald Antrim, writer Phil Baran, organic chemist C. Kevin Boyce, paleobotanist Jeffrey Brenner, primary care physician Colin Camerer, behavioral economist Jeremy Denk, pianist and writer Angela Duckworth, research psychologist Craig Fennie, materials scientist Robin Fleming, medieval historian Carl Haber, audio preservationist Vijay Iyer, jazz pianist and composer Dina Katabi, computer scientist Julie Livingston, public health historian and anthropologist David Lobell, agricultural ecologist Tarell Alvin McCraney, playwright Susan Murphy, statistician Sheila Nirenberg, neuroscientist Alexei Ratmansky, choreographer Ana Maria Rey, atomic physicist Karen Russell, fiction writer Sara Seager, astrophysicist Margaret Stock, immigration lawyer Carrie Mae Weems, photographer and video artist 2014 Danielle Bassett, physicist Alison Bechdel, cartoonist and graphic memoirist Mary L. Bonauto, civil rights lawyer Tami Bond, environmental engineer Steve Coleman, jazz composer and saxophonist Sarah Deer, legal scholar and advocate Jennifer Eberhardt, social psychologist Craig Gentry, computer scientist Terrance Hayes, poet John Henneberger, housing advocate Mark Hersam, materials scientist Samuel D. Hunter, playwright Pamela O. Long, historian of science and technology Rick Lowe, public artist Jacob Lurie, mathematician Khaled Mattawa, translator and poet Joshua Oppenheimer, documentary filmmaker Ai-jen Poo, labor organizer Jonathan Rapping, criminal lawyer Tara Zahra, historian of modern Europe Yitang Zhang, mathematician 2015 Patrick Awuah, education entrepreneur Kartik Chandran, environmental engineer Ta-Nehisi Coates, journalist and memoirist Gary Cohen, environmental health advocate Matthew Desmond, sociologist William Dichtel, chemist Michelle Dorrance, tap dancer and choreographer Nicole Eisenman, painter LaToya Ruby Frazier, photographer and video artist Ben Lerner, writer Mimi Lien, set designer Lin-Manuel Miranda, playwright, songwriter, and performer Dimitri Nakassis, classicist John Novembre, computational biologist Christopher Ré, computer scientist Marina Rustow, historian Juan Salgado, Chicago-based community leader Beth Stevens, neuroscientist Lorenz Studer, stem-cell biologist Alex Truesdell, designer Basil Twist, puppeteer Ellen Bryant Voigt, poet Heidi Williams, economist Peidong Yang, inorganic chemist 2016 Ahilan Arulanantham, human rights lawyer Daryl Baldwin, linguist and cultural preservationist Anne Basting, theater artist and educator Vincent Fecteau, sculptor Branden Jacobs-Jenkins, playwright Kellie Jones, art historian and curator Subhash Khot, theoretical computer scientist Josh Kun, cultural historian Maggie Nelson, writer Dianne Newman, microbiologist Victoria Orphan, geobiologist Manu Prakash, physical biologist and inventor José A. Quiñonez, financial services innovator Claudia Rankine, poet Lauren Redniss, artist and writer Mary Reid Kelley, video artist Rebecca Richards-Kortum, bioengineer Joyce J. Scott, jewelry maker and sculptor Sarah Stillman, long-form journalist Bill Thies, computer scientist Julia Wolfe, composer Gene Luen Yang, graphic novelist Jin-Quan Yu, synthetic chemist 2017 Njideka Akunyili Crosby, painter Sunil Amrith, historian Greg Asbed, human rights strategist Annie Baker, playwright Regina Barzilay, computer scientist Dawoud Bey, photographer Emmanuel Candès, mathematician and statistician Jason De León, anthropologist Rhiannon Giddens, musician Nikole Hannah-Jones, journalist Cristina Jiménez Moreta, activist Taylor Mac, performance artist Rami Nashashibi, community leader Viet Thanh Nguyen, writer Kate Orff, landscape architect Trevor Paglen, artist Betsy Levy Paluck, psychologist Derek Peterson, historian Damon Rich, designer and urban planner Stefan Savage, computer scientist Yuval Sharon, opera director Tyshawn Sorey, composer Gabriel Victora, immunologist Jesmyn Ward, writer 2018 Matthew Aucoin, composer and conductor Julie Ault, artist and curator William J. Barber II, pastor Clifford Brangwynne, biophysical engineer Natalie Diaz, poet Livia S. Eberlin, chemist Deborah Estrin, computer scientist Amy Finkelstein, health economist Gregg Gonsalves, global health advocate Vijay Gupta, musician Becca Heller, lawyer Raj Jayadev, community organizer Titus Kaphar, painter John Keene, writer Kelly Link, writer Dominique Morisseau, playwright Okwui Okpokwasili, choreographer Kristina Olson, psychologist Lisa Parks, media scholar Rebecca Sandefur, legal scholar Allan Sly, mathematician Sarah T. Stewart-Mukhopadhyay, geologist Wu Tsang, filmmaker and performance artist Doris Tsao, neuroscientist Ken Ward Jr., investigative journalist 2019 Elizabeth S. Anderson, philosopher sujatha baliga, attorney Lynda Barry, cartoonist Mel Chin, artist Danielle Citron, legal scholar Lisa Daugaard, criminal justice reformer Annie Dorsen, theater artist Andrea Dutton, paleoclimatologist Jeffrey Gibson, artist Mary Halvorson, guitarist Saidiya Hartman, literary scholar Walter Hood, public artist Stacy Jupiter, marine scientist Zachary Lippman, plant biologist Valeria Luiselli, writer Kelly Lytle Hernández, historian Sarah Michelson, choreographer Jeffrey Alan Miller, literary scholar Jerry X. Mitrovica, theoretical geophysicist Emmanuel Pratt, urban designer Cameron Rowland, artist Vanessa Ruta, neuroscientist Joshua Tenenbaum, cognitive scientist Jenny Tung, evolutionary anthropologist Ocean Vuong, writer Emily Wilson, classicist and translator 2020 Isaiah Andrews, econometrician Tressie McMillan Cottom, sociologist, writer and public scholar Paul Dauenhauer, chemical engineer Nels Elde, evolutionary geneticist Damien Fair, cognitive neuroscientist Larissa FastHorse, playwright Catherine Coleman Flowers, environmental health advocate Mary L. Gray, anthropologist and media scholar N.K. Jemisin, speculative fiction writer Ralph Lemon, artist Polina V. Lishko, cellular and developmental biologist Thomas Wilson Mitchell, property law scholar Natalia Molina, American historian Fred Moten, cultural theorist and poet Cristina Rivera Garza, fiction writer Cécile McLorin Salvant, singer and composer Monika Schleier-Smith, experimental physicist Mohammad R. Seyedsayamdost, biological chemist Forrest Stuart, sociologist Nanfu Wang, documentary filmmaker Jacqueline Woodson, writer 2021 Hanif Abdurraqib, music critic, essayist and poet Daniel Alarcón, writer and radio producer Marcella Alsan, physician–economist Trevor Bedford, computational virologist Reginald Dwayne Betts, poet and lawyer Jordan Casteel, painter Don Mee Choi, poet and translator Ibrahim Cissé, cellular biophysicist Nicole Fleetwood, art historian and curator Cristina Ibarra, documentary filmmaker Ibram X. Kendi, American historian and cultural critic Daniel Lind-Ramos, sculptor and painter Monica Muñoz Martinez, public historian Desmond Meade, civil rights activist Joshua Miele, adaptive technology designer Michelle Monje, neurologist and neuro-oncologist Safiya Noble, digital media scholar J. Taylor Perron, geomorphologist Alex Rivera, filmmaker and media artist Lisa Schulte Moore, landscape ecologist Jesse Shapiro, applied microeconomist Jacqueline Stewart, cinema studies scholar and curator Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, historian Victor J. Torres, microbiologist Jawole Willa Jo Zollar, choreographer and dance entrepreneur 2022 Jennifer Carlson, sociologist Paul Chan, artist Yejin Choi, computer scientist P. Gabrielle Foreman, historian and academic Danna Freedman, chemist and academic Martha Gonzalez, musician and academic Sky Hopinka, artist and filmmaker June Huh, mathematician Moriba Jah, astrodynamicist Jenna Jambeck, environmental engineer Monica Kim, historian and academic Robin Wall Kimmerer, botanist and writer Priti Krishtel, lawyer Joseph Drew Lanham, ornithologist Kiese Laymon, writer Reuben Jonathan Miller, sociologist and social worker Ikue Mori, musician and composer Steven Prohira, physicist Tomeka Reid, cellist and composer Loretta J. Ross, human rights advocate Steven Ruggles, historical demographer Tavares Strachan, interdisciplinary artist Emily Wang, physician and researcher Amanda Williams, artist and architect Melanie Matchett Wood, mathematician 2023 E. Tendayi Achiume, legal scholar Andrea Armstrong, incarceration law scholar Rina Foygel Barber, statistician Ian Bassin, lawyer and democracy advocate Courtney Bryan, composer and pianist Jason D. Buenrostro, cellular and molecular biologist María Magdalena Campos-Pons, multidisciplinary artist Raven Chacon, composer and artist Diana Greene Foster, demographer and reproductive health researcher Lucy Hutyra, environmental ecologist Carolyn Lazard, artist Ada Limón, poet Lester Mackey, computer scientist and statistician Patrick Makuakāne, Kumu hula and cultural preservationist Linsey Marr, environmental engineer Manuel Muñoz, author Imani Perry, interdisciplinary scholar and writer Dyani White Hawk, multidisciplinary artist A. Park Williams, hydroclimatologist Amber Wutich, anthropologist Notes References External links Official website Fellowships Lists of award winners	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur%20Fellows%20Program
Samuelle Prater, known simply as Samuelle, is an American R&B singer who is a former member of the R&B group Club Nouveau. He was the lead singer on Club Nouveau's #1 Pop and Dance and #2 R&B hit remake of the Bill Withers classic, "Lean on Me". He released his first and only solo album entitled, Living in Black Paradise on October 30, 1990 on Atlantic Records, which reached number 37 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart. This album featured his biggest solo hit, "So You Like What You See", which was accompanied by a music video featuring Tyra Banks. In October 2004, "So You Like What You See" appeared on the popular videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, playing on new jack swing radio station CSR 103.9. References Living people American contemporary R&B singers Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuelle
Armando Estrada (born Hazem Ali; December 20, 1978) is a Palestinian American professional wrestler and manager. He is best known by his ring name Armando Alejandro Estrada. Professional wrestling career World Wrestling Entertainment (2004-2008) Ohio Valley Wrestling (2004–2006) Ali began his WWE career wrestling in their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling, making his OVW television debut as a bodyguard named "Osama" in Muhammad Hassan's entourage. When Hassan and Daivari were called up to the main roster, Ali remained in OVW wrestling with an Arab, anti-American character, similar to that of The Iron Sheik, and began wrestling in a tag team with Da Beast. When Paul Heyman began booking OVW, he expanded Osama's name to "Osama Rodriguez Alejandro", revealing him to actually be half Cuban and half Palestinian. Along with being an active wrestler he became a backstage interviewer, conducting interviews with wrestler Robbie Dawber as a sidekick, for his own storyline Spanish language version of OVW's television show. At the same time, he began a storyline campaign to be elected "Dictator of Kentucky", which he intended to rename "Los Kentuckos", often coming to the ring with a placard reading "Bote for Lalo", purposely misspelling "Vote", based on his pronunciation and utilizing his nickname at the time: "Big Lalo". Managing Umaga (2006–2007) In April 2006, Ali was called up to the main WWE roster and placed on the Raw brand. He debuted on the April 3, 2006 edition of Raw as "Armando Alejandro Estrada", a Cuban businessman, and the heel manager for the also debuting Umaga. Estrada was given a backstory where his immediate family exploited its ties with Fidel Castro to live in commodity, while the rest of Havana (and even his uncle Manuel) lived in poverty. His debut saw him mocking Ric Flair, saying he was too old to still be in the business and promising to bring about a new hero (Umaga). Estrada led Umaga in a feud against Flair until the Backlash pay-per-view at the end of the month, where Umaga dispatched Flair. Following the feud with Flair, Umaga began a period of squashing jobbers, before and after which Estrada would cut promos about his charge's greatness. During this time, he stopped introducing himself before promos, as his use of long rolling r's and a short "ha ha" laugh was beginning to get him cheered instead of booed. On top of this, his name was simplified to Armando Estrada. At August's SummerSlam, Estrada offered the undefeated Umaga's services to The McMahons (Vince and Shane) to "take out" their D-Generation X (Shawn Michaels and Triple H) (DX) opponents during their tag team match. As Umaga attempted to deliver on Estrada's promise, however, he was attacked by Kane. Kane and Umaga feuded for two months, with Kane attacking Estrada on at least one occasion. The feud seemingly came to an end when, on the October 9, 2006 Raw, Estrada's interference helped Umaga defeat Kane in a Loser Leaves Raw match. During December, Umaga, and thus Estrada, began a feud with John Cena over the WWE Championship. In the opening stages Estrada inserted himself into matches and confrontations with the two, leading to Vince McMahon's executive assistant Jonathan Coachman signing a match between Estrada and Cena. Before the match Estrada attempted to buy Cena off (offering him a box of Cohibas, his watch, and finally cash) only to have him refuse. The resulting match was a squash, with Cena winning with his signature FU (later called "Attitude Adjustment"). In February 2007, he managed Umaga to his first title, the Intercontinental Championship, and stood beside him during his partnership with Vince McMahon and feud with Bobby Lashley. As the Umaga and Lashley feud intensified, Lashley targeted Estrada after being banned from putting his hands on Umaga, Vince, or Shane McMahon outside of official matches; on the May 8 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, Lashley shoved a wheelchair-using Estrada down a ramp into a collection of garbage cans, in what turned out to be Estrada's last appearance (except for one cameo) for months. Estrada was written off television after the WWE creative team decided that there was too many people at ringside for the Umaga-Lashley match at WrestleMania 23. ECW (2007–2008) On August 14, 2007, Estrada was announced as the General Manager of the ECW brand, giving him (kayfabe) power to book matches and make arrangements for the brand. In early 2008, he was placed into a feud with Colin Delaney—an independent wrestler wrestling on the brand without a contract, offering him a WWE contract if he could beat the likes of the Big Show or, the then ECW Champion, Chavo Guerrero Jr. Delaney was finally awarded a contract after defeating Estrada himself on the May 6 episode of ECW on SciFi. The next week, he signed himself onto the roster, putting himself into his first match against Delaney, picking up the victory. He was removed from his position as General Manager of the ECW brand on June 3 and replaced by Theodore Long, as the WWE Board of Directors (kayfabe) decided that paying Estrada as both a General Manager and an active wrestler was too much of an expense. Estrada was then primarily used as a jobber, losing to both established stars (including Delaney) and debuting stars alike whilst attempting to earn a contract in storyline, mirroring the predicament Estrada himself had put Delaney in. Despite this, Delaney aided Estrada in defeating Tommy Dreamer on the August 5 edition of ECW, allowing Estrada to win his contract. His last television appearance was on the August 12, 2008 edition of ECW, losing to Finlay. On November 18, 2008, Estrada was released from his WWE contract after months of inactivity. Independent circuit and semi-retirement (2008–2013) Following his WWE release, Ali returned to the independent circuit. On January 3, 2009, Ali, wrestling under his Armando Alejandro Estrada ring name, teamed with Elijah Burke in a losing effort against Thunder and Lightning for the World Tag Team Championship at the World Wrestling Council's event Euphoria. Before this, he also managed Team 3D in a match for the titles, which Thunder and Lightning won. On March 21 at Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, Two Worlds...Two Sweet, Ali, under the ring name "Mr. AE", defeated Al Snow for the GLCW Heavyweight Championship. On October 12, 2012 at a PWS Event, Estrada faced Jim Duggan in a losing effort. On October 20, 2012 at a Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, AE lost the GLCW Heavyweight Championship to Robbie E in a 3-way match. on December 1, 2012 at a Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, AE teamed with Billy Gunn and Jay Bradley to face Too Cool (Scotty 2 Hotty, Grand Master Sexay) and Rikishi in a six-man tag team match in a losing effort. He retired in 2013. Return to WWE (2010–2012) Estrada re-signed with WWE in December 2010, but wouldn't be used until the May 26, 2011 episode of WWE Superstars, when he returned as the manager of Tyson Kidd. Estrada had shed his previous image (including the Estrada character's previous accent), instead being presented as more of a professional businessman. The union proved to be brief, as Kidd's hunt for the right manager continued the following week. Although he was not seen on television again, Estrada actually remained contracted until June 26, 2012, before being let go by WWE, officially on July 2, 2012. In 2013, Estrada announced his retirement. All American Wrestling (2019) In March 2019, Estrada made his return to professional wrestling with a role as manager of Jacob Fatu, nephew of former client Umaga. Personal life After his first departure from WWE, Estrada opened a restaurant, "Baby's Steak and Lemonade," in Glendale, Arizona. The restaurant has since closed. He appeared in a Cypress Hill music video in 2010. He speaks fluent Arabic. Championships and accomplishments Great Lakes Championship Wrestling GLCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Ranked No. 407 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008 References External links Archived WWE profile Online World of Wrestling profile 1978 births American male professional wrestlers Living people American people of Palestinian descent Palestinian businesspeople Professional wrestling authority figures Sportspeople from Chicago Professional wrestling managers and valets 21st-century professional wrestlers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando%20Estrada
Lac qui Parle State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, near Watson. Lac qui Parle is a French translation of the native Dakota name, meaning "talking lake". The state park was built as part of the Lac qui Parle Flood Control Project. Lac qui Parle itself is a widening of the Minnesota River, and the flood control project involved building a dam at the south end of the lake. The dam was constructed by the Works Progress Administration, and other projects were built along the lake. Besides the dam and the state park, other projects included the Watson Wayside, Lac qui Parle Parkway, and the reconstruction of the Lac qui Parle Mission. Three structures are included in the National Register of Historic Places, including the Model Shelter, which houses a relief map (cast in reinforced concrete) of the Lac qui Parle Flood Control System and the Minnesota River Valley; the kitchen shelter; and the sanitation building. References External links Lac qui Parle State Park 1959 establishments in Minnesota Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Minnesota River Protected areas established in 1959 Protected areas of Chippewa County, Minnesota Protected areas of Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota Rustic architecture in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Works Progress Administration in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Chippewa County, Minnesota	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac%20qui%20Parle%20State%20Park
Murray Humphreys (born Llewellyn Morris Humphreys; April 20, 1899 – November 23, 1965) (also known as The Camel or The Hump), was a Chicago mobster of Welsh descent who was the chief political fixer and labor racketeer, beginning during the Chicago Outfit during Prohibition. Considered to be a ruthless but also well-dressed, socially refined, and clever man, Humphreys believed in killing only as a last resort. He was known to place far greater trust in the bribability of lawmen, seemingly respectable businessmen, labor union leaders, and public officials. A favorite maxim of Humphreys' was: "The difference between guilt and innocence in any court is who gets to the judge first with the most". But perhaps the statement that best summed up Humphreys' philosophy of life was: "Any time you become weak, you might as well die". Al Capone once said of Humphreys, "Anybody can use a gun, but 'The Hump' uses his head. He can shoot if he has to, but he likes to negotiate with cash when he can. I like that in a man." Humphrey's value to the Chicago Outfit was also due to his abilities as a fixer: to ensure that his fellow mobsters attracted as little publicity as possible. Whereas some senior wiseguys, such as Sam Giancana and Filippo Sacco, welcomed the limelight, others took their cue from Humphreys and conducted themselves behind the scenes and out of public view. He owned a nondescript bungalow in South Shore, Chicago but frequently lived in various high rise towers on the downtown lake front in Chicago, like the apartment he had on the 51st floor of Marina City's east tower. According to FBI files, he also owned an 80,000 dollar (roughly $800,000 today) winter home at 210 Harbor Dr, Key Biscayne, FL, in his wife's name. Early life Llewellyn Morris Humphreys was born in the United States, the third of five children. His parents, Bryan Humphreys and Ann Wigley, were from Carno, a small village near Newtown in Powys, Wales. They had married at the Methodist chapel in Llanidloes, Powys. However, as the long depression at the end of the 19th century caused great hardship in many Welsh farming communities, the young couple found it difficult to make a living from their isolated hilltop farm in Carno. The family eventually emigrated to the United States from the village of Llandinam. The family's fortunes did not improve following arrival in America. Humphreys had to drop out of elementary school, aged seven, to get a job selling newspapers because of their impoverished condition. However, young "Curly" Humphreys (so nicknamed because of his dark curly hair) soon tried his hand at petty theft and became involved with the world of Chicago street gangs. By the time he had turned 13 years old, Humphreys was in the custody of a Chicago judge by the name of Jack Murray, who apparently attempted to interest the young hoodlum in a law career. While not inspiring Curly to follow in his footsteps, Judge Murray's judicial lessons proved of great value to Humphreys later on. It was at this time that Llewelyn Humphreys changed his name to Murray Humphreys. During the next few years, Humphreys appears to have been involved in several jewel thefts and burglaries and by age 16, he was serving a 60-day sentence for petty larceny in Chicago's Bridewell Jail. The original charge had been one of felony burglary (which would have carried a much stiffer sentence) but Humphreys had convinced the prosecutor to change the charge. According to a later acquaintance of Humphreys, the young criminal's private ultimatum to the prosecutor went something like this: "You try to get me indicted for burglary and I will weep in front of the grand jury. They probably won't indict me because I am only 16 years old. But even if you get me to court, the do-gooders will say that because of my extreme youth I ought not to be sent to prison. However, if you reduce the charge to one of petty larceny, I will plead guilty. I will get a light sentence. You will get a conviction that looks good on your record. Everybody will be happy. What's more, you will receive a suitable gift before the case goes to court". Humphreys then continued his life of crime, primarily one of jewel heists and burglaries. Murray left Chicago for his brother's home in Little Axe, near Pink, Oklahoma in 1921 after some difficulties. Taking a temporary job as a door-to-door salesman, Humphreys met an attractive young college student from Norman, named Mary Brendle. Marriage followed a brief courtship, and after a suitable time had elapsed, Humphreys took his young bride back with him to Chicago. Briefly going legitimate, Humphreys got a job as a short-order cook at a restaurant on Halsted Street, though Murray's "legitimacy" would be short-lived after he met customer Fred Evans. The college-educated Evans was a small-time Chicago gangster in search of a partner who could help him break into the lucrative field of bootleg liquor. Evans found his partner in Humphreys, and the problem of having no product of their own was solved by the decision to hijack others' bootleg. All went smoothly for several years until Murray hijacked some bootleg belonging to the Capone mob. When Humphreys was identified by the truck's driver as the hijacker who had stuck a gun in his face, some Capone men picked Humphreys up and brought him before Capone. Exactly what conversation passed between the two is unknown, but apparently Capone was impressed enough by the smooth-talking young hood to give him a job with the Outfit. As an appreciative Capone was later to say of his chance discovery: "Nobody hustles like the Hump." Mob career He was skinny and dapper and handsome in a sinister sort of way, a representative of the new breed of racketeer, part thug and part businessman. And he enjoyed Capone's favor. —Capone: The Man and the Era, by Laurence BergreenThe 27-year-old Humphreys was put into the racketeering side of the business but also carried out some killings for the mob around this time. His two most commonly known nicknames were "The Camel" and "The Hump". It has been suggested that the nickname, "The Camel", derived from his preference for wearing camel hair coats; however, a more likely explanation is that "The Camel," evolved from his other nickname, "The Hump", derived from his surname. The names given to him by his friends, however, were more revealing: "Mr. Einstein", "The Brainy Hood" and "Mr. Moneybags". From the late 1920s to the early 1930s, Humphreys, along with "Red" Barker, William "Three-Fingered Jack" White and William "Klondike" O'Donnell, was one of the mobsters who orchestrated the Outfit's takeover of a number of Chicago labor unions. Humphreys was later indicted for the December 1931 kidnapping of a union president, Robert G. Fitche, but escaped conviction. In 1933, with Capone behind bars for income tax evasion, the chief investigator for the State Attorney's office described Murray Humphreys as "'public enemy No. 1' and 'the czar of business rackets in Chicago.'" Later that same year, Humphreys was indicted for income tax evasion himself. On the run for 18 months, he finally gave himself up near Whiting, Indiana and entered a plea of guilty. Sentenced by a federal judge to 18 months in Leavenworth Prison, Humphreys wound up serving only 13 months of his sentence. It is likely that Humphreys had a hand in arranging the 1933 fake kidnapping of John "Jake the Barber" Factor, a British con artist wanted in England for stock swindling. Factor, a Capone friend, was facing extradition proceedings when the Outfit staged a fake disappearance and framed Capone rival Roger "Terrible" Touhy for allegedly kidnapping Factor. Touhy received a 99-year prison sentence but was released in 1959, only to be murdered several weeks later. Six months after Touhy's death, Humphreys supposedly bought several shares of an insurance company and eight months later redeemed the shares for $42,000. An Internal Revenue Service (IRS) investigation soon determined that these shares had been originally owned by John Factor. The IRS claimed that the $42,000 was a payment from Factor to Humphreys for the fake 1933 kidnapping; they forced Humphreys to declare the money as income and pay taxes. Other career highlights for Humphreys include his discovering and exploiting the intricacies of the legal system's "double jeopardy" rule and the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment for the Mob's benefit. When Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik died in 1956, Humphreys became the Outfit's chief political fixer and financial manager or, in the words of one Mafia historian, their "strategist, councilor, and master schemer". Knowing that Guzik's body could not be found at the restaurant without compromising some of the Outfit's most valuable judicial resources, Humphreys had the body surreptitiously removed from the restaurant and taken home to Mrs. Guzik, who was curtly informed that her husband had officially died at home. Giancana and his much valued "adviser" had rather dissimilar styles, illustrated by the following: both men were constantly tailed by Federal agents, but when Giancana grew impatient of a car tailing him, he put his foot to the gas and brought about a race between him and his pursuers. Humphreys, however, one day when he had had enough of being followed, got out of his car, sent his driver home, went up to the car that was following him and said: "You've been following me all day. There's no need for two cars. I'll ride with you." (He did just that, and apparently even bought the officers lunch.) Sam Giancana and Murray Humphreys both topped the FBI's Top Hoodlum list, "Top Hoodlum" being a program put into operation in 1957 for the purpose of combating organized crime and the Mafia in particular. When Chicago FBI agents under the leadership of William F. Roemer finally discovered that a second-floor tailor shop on North Michigan Avenue, in the heart of what is now "Magnificent Mile", was a frequent meeting place for such Outfit notables as Humphreys, Tony Accardo, Sam Giancana and Gus Alex, the FBI painstakingly installed a hidden microphone in the shop after hours. "One microphone was worth a thousand agents", said Roemer, fondly remembering the bug they christened, "Little Al." "Little Al" remained in place undetected for five years, and gave the FBI invaluable knowledge about the inner workings of the Mafia. Family and private life Murray Humphreys: Humphreys' first wife Mary Clementine Brendle, known affectionately as "Clemi", was an Oklahoman with part Cherokee ancestry. Together they had one child, a daughter named Llewella. The family's Chicago home was on 7710 Bennett Avenue, (where a plaque hung over the fireplace reading, "Love thy crooked neighbor as you love thy crooked self.) this saying is also accredited to Meyer Lansky in Wikipedia ) AJ /1/7/15 ) " In the yard, Humphreys built his daughter an intentionally crooked playhouse. Their other home was in Norman, Oklahoma. Clemi's many relatives lived nearby and Humphreys soon endeared himself to his acquired nephews and nieces: "I was a small child, and he was always super nice to me," recalled Ray Brendle nearly 60 years later. "He made our Christmases. He would play Santa Claus and come down from the second floor dressed as Santa and carrying presents for all us kids. We were all dirt poor, and he was the only one who had money." Others in Norman were favorably impressed by Humphreys' habit of handing out silver dollars to strangers who appeared needy. Another nephew once recalled how, "every holiday, uncle Lew would go downtown, fill the station wagon with turkeys and other food, and give it to the underprivileged Indian children." This seemingly philanthropic side of Humphreys was also noted by FBI agents, who discovered that Humphreys "was the one gangster who looked after just-released convicts who needed jobs, and who made certain that the Outfit gave pensions to widows and disabled associates." An FBI agent trying to understand his growing regard for "The Camel", guessed that: "it is probably a common pitfall for lawmen to develop affection for those of their adversaries who have more of the good human qualities than their other targets." In 1957, after a separation of three years from her husband, Mary Brendle Humphreys filed for divorce. The following year Humphreys married his mistress Jeanne Stacy, but soon re-established friendly relations with Clemi, frequently calling her by phone and making occasional visits to Oklahoma. In 1964, Humphreys took his ex-wife and their daughter on a two-month tour of Europe. After his second marriage Humphreys bought a home in Florida under the alias of, "Mr. Lewis Hart", supposedly a retired Texas oilman. Having at this time developed the heart condition that eventually killed him, Humphreys seemed to have tried retiring himself from the mob, but was too valuable a man for the Outfit to lose and so his "retirement" never really came into effect. If there was one very touchy subject for Humphreys, it was his daughter Llewella. At a young age, Llewella Humphreys was the victim of severe mental troubles. While in school she had shown fine musical talent, giving her father the idea to send her to Europe where she could further her musical studies but while in Rome Llewella met the Italian actor Rossano Brazzi, and the two became lovers. When Llewella returned to America she gave birth to a son on July 14, 1955, whom she named George Llewellyn Brady. Humphreys sent Llewella and her baby to live in Oklahoma with Llewella's mother; but, in 1958 Murray Humphreys had his increasingly ill and unstable daughter committed to a Topeka, Kansas, sanitarium, where she remained for the next three years. Once, when questioned about his then-teenage daughter before a Senate committee, Humphreys became noticeably angry and snarled back at the offending Senator: "Would you like to have people asking questions about your family?" F.B.I tapes record Humphreys angrily remembering how Estes Kefauver, the United States Senate for Tennessee asked him outright "is your daughter nuts?" Humphreys said he had barely resisted the urge to have Kefauver "powdered". Arrest and death In 1965, Chicago boss Sam Giancana was jailed by Federal Judge William J. Campbell for his refusal to answer questions regarding the syndicate's activities. Campbell had blocked Giancana's plan to "Plead the Fifth" by announcing at the start of the hearing that Giancana would be granted automatic immunity for anything self-incriminating the gang boss might reveal in his testimony. When Giancana refused to say anything, he was charged with "Contempt of Court" and sentenced to be jailed "for the duration of the grand jury or until he chooses to answer." Three weeks after Giancana's arrest Humphreys was issued a subpoena to appear before the same grand jury. When Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Agent William Roemer came to Humphreys' Marina Towers apartment to deliver the subpoena he was met at the door by Ernest Humphreys, who told Roemer that his brother had just left for parts unknown. When leaving the apartment, Roemer noticed a distinctly colored blue blazer hung on a chair. Knowing that because of increasing blindness in one eye Humphreys always visited his family in Oklahoma by train, Roemer promptly checked the Santa Fe Railroad at Dearborn Station and called ahead for agents to stop the Oklahoma bound train. Humphreys was met by federal agents in Norman, who escorted him back to Chicago. At this time Roemer began to assemble proof that Humphreys had been intentionally fleeing the subpoena. The railroad employee who had sold Humphreys his ticket remembered what Humphreys had been wearing and described the same blue blazer that Roemer had seen while speaking to Ernest Humphreys. Also, a porter recalled how, while on the train, Humphreys was reading a newspaper, which he eventually threw aside. Picking up the paper, the porter had been surprised to see the reader's face displayed on page one, accompanied by an article about his being sought by the grand jury for questioning. Humphreys' subsequent testimony to the grand jury that he had not known about the subpoena when he left the state was thereby disproved, and three agents were sent to arrest Humphreys on the charge of perjury. Roemer, who had developed a liking for Humphreys in the course of his dealings with him, purposely did not include himself among the agents he sent to arrest the mobster. When the three selected agents knocked on the door of Humphreys' apartment it was opened by Humphreys, with a 38-caliber revolver in his hand. One of the agents is quoted as saying: "Murray, for Christ's sake, you know we're FBI agents, put down the gun". The agents overpowered the aging, 66 years old, mobster without much difficulty and handcuffed him. There was a safe in the apartment, and the agents decided to make a "search" "incident to the arrest", which was outside Humphreys' knowledge of law. They asked Humphreys to hand over the key, which Humphreys refused to do. Another struggle ensued, which ended in the agents forcibly taking the key from Humphreys' pants pocket and opening the safe. Its contents and Humphreys were taken downtown where Humphreys' restaurateur friend, Morrie Norman, posted bail for him. That night, at approximately 8:30 p.m., Ernest Humphreys found his dead brother lying fully clothed and face down on the floor of the same room where he and the agents had fought. Humphreys had apparently been vacuuming the room at the time of his death. The Cook County Coroner Andrew Toman attributed cause of death to an acute coronary occlusion. Humphreys' Oklahoma family, composed of Clemi, Llewella, and George, took a plane to Chicago and attended a private service at the Donnellan Funeral Home, where Humphreys' remains were cremated despite the wish he had expressed for his body to be donated for medical research. After the service Morrie Norman, having been a mutual friend of both Roemer and Humphreys, arranged a meeting between the family and Bill Roemer at his restaurant. "I told them all how much I respected their husband, father, and grandfather," recalled Roemer, "and that I deeply regretted what had happened." I had clearly developed an affinity for Hump – more so by far than for anyone else in the mob. The man had killed in the Capone days on the way up. He had committed my cardinal sin, corruption, many times over. But there was a style about the way he conducted himself. His word was his bond ... Without question, I preferred working against a despised adversary such as a Giancana rather than a respected adversary such as a Humphreys. Each was a challenge – the difference being that I enjoyed the fruit of my success so much more against Giancana than I did against 'The Camel' ... in Chicago there would be plenty more mobsters to choose as targets. But none like Hump. Roemer: Man Against the Mob, by William F. Roemer Jr. Sandy Smith, the Chicago Tribune's top crime journalist, reported Humphreys' death in an article entitled, "His Epitaph: No Gangster Was More Bold". Another newspaper man, Mike Royko, had the following quip to offer: "[Humphreys] died of unnatural causes – a heart attack". Quotes "When Courtney was state's attorney and all of us guys got indicted and Nitti was hollerin' like hell, we broke through and we got the assistant state's attorney and we got the witness and let me tell you I had the jury, too, just in case. That's the way we got to revert to these days." "If you ever have to cock a gun in a man's face, kill him. If you walk away without killing him after doing that, he'll kill you the next day". Miscellany Chicago tradition has it that the political advice, "Vote early and vote often", originated with Humphreys. Named his dog, "Snorky", after Al Capone. Described by Sam Giancana as "the nicest guy in the mob." Reportedly inspired the character of Tom Hagen in The Godfather books. In 2010, Newsok.com in Oklahoma City published a story about the couple who bought the Humphrey's retreat in Norman, Oklahoma. On the property is the mausoleum containing the remains of Humphreys and his daughter and first wife. LINK:http://ndepth.newsok.com/murray-humphreys "Humphreys was a highly skilled talent scout. According to scholars of such matters, he was the crime syndicate's leading recruiter of young blood, if you'll pardon the expression". - Mike Royko Through his mother, Ann Wigley, Humphreys was the third cousin of Welsh nationalist politician Dafydd Wigley. References Further reading Giancana, Chuck and Corbitt, Michael, Double Cross: The Explosive, Inside Story of the Mobster Who Controlled America. New York: Warner Books, 1992. Hersh, Seymour M., The Dark Side of Camelot. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1997. Russo, Gus, The Outfit: The Role of Chicago's Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America. Roemer, William F., Jr., Roemer: Man Against the Mob. External links Jake the Barber: The Story of a Successful Conman (Part One of a Two-Party Story) by John Touhy Excerpt from J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, by Curt Gentry, (W.W. Norton & Company, 1991) 1899 births 1965 deaths American gangsters American people convicted of tax crimes American people of Welsh descent American trade unionists of Welsh descent Chicago Outfit mobsters Welsh-American history	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%20Humphreys
David Bower (born 1969) is a Welsh actor, best known for his role as David in the hit romantic comedy Four Weddings and a Funeral. Born in Wrexham, North Wales, he is deaf and a BSL user and took his degree in the British Theatre of the Deaf (established by Pat Keysell). After university he joined what became the Signdance Collective working as sign dancer and choreographer. The collective was re-established in 2001 with Bower as artistic director and Isolte Avila as Dance Director. In addition to film and television, Bower has also performed in radio plays for the BBC. Credits Film and television Radio Opera References External links Four Weddings and a Funeral at Disability Films Signdance Collective David Bower's U.K based Company 1969 births People from Wrexham Welsh male film actors Welsh male radio actors Welsh male television actors British choreographers Welsh male dancers Welsh dancers Living people Male deaf actors Welsh deaf people British actors with disabilities BSL users	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bower
Nonnenwerth (formerly also Rolandswerth) is an island in the river Rhine in Germany between Rolandseck and Bad Honnef (at river kilometer 642) opposite the island of . The island has been the site of a monastery with interruptions since the beginning of the 12th century, was originally founded by the Benedictines and taken over by the Franciscans in 1854. Since then, the monastery has also been home to a Franciscan educational institution, which began as a girls' boarding school and later became a general high school. Geography The island of Nonnenwerth is around two kilometers long and almost 180 meters wide at its widest point. The main part with the monastery and school facilities is located in the area of the city on the left bank of the Rhine in Remagen in the Rhineland-Palatinate district of Ahrweiler. Within Remagen, the main part with the residential area Insel Nonnenwerth belongs to the Rolandswerth district, the southern part at Rolandseck to the Oberwinter district. The narrow section, about seven meters wide and 300 meters long northernmost part of the island is located in the Bonn district of Mehlem in the Bad Godesberg subdistrict and thus belongs to North Rhine-Westphalia. On the other side of the Rhine (main stream) is the shorter but significantly wider island of Grafenwerth, which belongs to the urban area of Bad Honnef. The common border of the aforementioned districts runs between the two islands. South of Nonnenwerth, a Rhine ferry crosses from Bad Honnef Lohfeld to Rolandseck at kilometer 640. The island is located orographically on the left or west of the main current of the river in the so-called Nonnenwerther split of the Rhine, which widens to three (formerly four) branches. The split was comprehensively changed in the 19th century, with the island of Nonnenwerth receiving its current northern tip in 1866/67 and its current southern tip in 1870–72 each as a 400–500 m long straightening or separating unit. The area covered by the groynes built at the southern tip in 1882–84 later became part of the landmass of the island. Already in 1852, fortification measures had taken place at the lower end of the island in response to severe demolitions caused by a flood in 1845. In the course of the Rhine regulation, the Prussian Rheinstrombauverwaltung planned to set up a protective harbor in the old arm of the island of Grafenwerth from the 1850s. The necessary closure of the old branch would have caused the water pressure in the main stream to rise significantly, with the result of flooding the island of Nonnenwerth. The island lies morphologically immediately before the Rhine emerges from the Rhenish Slate Mountains in the Lower Rhine Bay and is thus placed at the beginning of the transition from the Middle Rhine to the Lower Rhine. Naturally, it is part of the Honnefer Valley extension, which is characterized by a steep bank up to 100 m high on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite to which is a much wider, crescent-shaped valley area on the right bank of the Rhine. In geological terms, the island belongs to the younger lower terrace of the Rhine, the deposits of which consist essentially of gravel and sand. On Nonnenwerth, remains of willow floodplain forests and individual trees are preserved in the southern part and at the northern tip. Existing elm stocks on the island fell victim to a general elm disease. The Rhine Island Nonnenwerth biotope complex covers an area of approximately 18 hectares and is classified as “of international importance”. History Benedictine monastery According to a document dated August 1st, 1126, probably in 1112 or 1122, Abbot Cuno von Siegburg founded a Benedictine monastery on the then island of Ruleicheswerd (Rolandswerth). The monastery complex consisted of various buildings that were grouped around the convent church, which was striking due to the west tower. It was built together with Rolandseck Castle, which is located close above the Rhine. The founding of the convent was supported by the Archbishop of Cologne, Friedrich I von Schwarzenburg, who wanted to use it to remedy a lack of a convent in the Archdiocese of Cologne. Rolandswerth was the first women's monastery that belonged to the Siegburg reform. In 1148 the island was named in a document by Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne Insula BeataeMariaeVirginis ("Marienwerth"), further mentions were made under the spellings Rulecheswerde (1158), Ruleigeswerde (1170/71), Ruleiswerde (1171/72), Ruleicswerde (1187), Ruleckeswerde and Rulinswerd. At the end of the 12th century the name was Rulingswerd in a monastery seal and after 1280 Rulandswerde, Rulanzwerde and Rolandswerde (Rolandswerth) for the first time. The order of a Benedictine reform movement, the Bursfeld Congregation, joined in 1465 - supervisory law passed from Siegburg to Gross St. Martin. The subsequent reconstruction while retaining large parts of the previous building took place until the church was re-consecrated in 1481. In 1583 during the Cologne War the monastery was again looted. The arrival of Dutch soldiers caused the nuns to flee to Cologne in 1620, and in 1632 they escaped the troops from Sweden. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, the monastery was in financial emergency, also due to the permanent high expenses for the fortification of the island (strong floods 1651/1658). In 1706, a new phase of expansion in the building history of the monastery was heralded: a new confessional and annex were built by 1710. 1730 was followed by the construction of a residential accommodation for religious who was called the “manor house”; the four-wing complex, which was built around the cloister of the monastery, was completed by 1736. On January 31, 1773, the monastery buildings from the first half of the century burned down. Abbess Benedikta Conradt quickly decided on a complete reconstruction, which began with the laying of the foundation stone on April 14, 1773 and was inaugurated in the summer of 1775. It was built according to plans by the Koblenz construction director Nikolaus Lauxen and was carried out for flood protection on a ground level increased by 1.20 m. Secularization and inn Until the end of the 18th century, the Rolandswerth monastery belonged to the Godesberg-Mehlem district of Cologne, in 1798 it was assigned to the Mairie Remagen under French administration. In 1802, the monastery was expropriated in the course of secularization on the left bank of the Rhine. By imperial order of October 30, 1804, the nuns were allowed to remain on the island until the end of their lives. In 1815, the monastery complexes came into the possession of the Kingdom of Prussia and were auctioned in 1821 to Caspar Anton Sommer, the former rent master of the Prince von der Leyen, who opened an inn with a pension there. The inn had 50 rooms and several banquet and dining rooms. Sommer had extensive gardens and a beech forest created on the southern edge of the island. The inn was not very profitable, so the owner tried to sell it in vain as early as 1826 using a lottery system. Later, with the consent of Sommers, the premises were used by students from the University of Bonn, presumably for legally prohibited dining halls. Among the most famous guests of the inn were the American writer James Fenimore Cooper and the piano virtuoso and composer Franz Liszt, who with his partner, Countess Marie d'Agoult, spent the summer months from 1841 to 1843 here. During this time he created his first male choirs and several song settings for German poems. The play "The Cell in Nonnenwerth" and the so-called "Liszt plane tree" which he planted for his 30th birthday in 1841 recall his stay. In the course of the 19th century, the name Nonnenwerth, first used for the monastery in the middle of the 17th century, gradually became the name of the island. Franciscan monastery From 1835 Auguste von Cordier owned the island. At his instigation, the house and island were handed over on August 8, 1854 to the Franciscans in Heythuysen in the Netherlands, who founded the monastery of St. Clement there. In 1843, the Nonnenwerth residential area of the then municipality of Rolandswerth had 15 inhabitants in addition to a public building, a residential building and three farm buildings, and in 1885 the number had risen significantly to 87 inhabitants. In 1900 the monastery became the seat of the newly founded German province of the Heythuysen Congregation. During the First World War, a military hospital was built on Nonnenwerth. During the Second World War, a hospital was set up on the island until 1942, in which mentally and physically disabled girls and women were accommodated. Between 1942 and 1943 there was also a teacher training center on the island, and from 1943 to 1947 the evacuated Cologne University Children's Clinic. Agricultural use of the northern part of the island ended at the latest in the first post-war years. The monastery of the Franciscans of Penance and Christian Love on Nonnenwerth bears the name St. Clement and has been the seat of the Province of Maria Immaculata since 1948. In 2010, there were 97 sisters, 25 of whom lived in the St. Clemens Monastery. The monastery archive houses a collection of historical sources, which include the Great Benedictine Chronicle, the Housekeeping Book and the Unkel Chronicle. An open monastery museum has existed since 1991. The monastery allows guests and holiday stays to a limited extent, there is even a Saturday fair on the island. A visit is only possible via the monastery ferry on the left bank of the Rhine or during school time via the private passenger ship "Grafenwerth" (on the right bank of the Rhine, accessible from Grafenwerth). Visitors must be registered with the monastery to visit the island. Gymnasium Nonnenwerth The monastery is also home to the Nonnenwerth private high school. In 1852 the house received state permission to set up a boarding school under the direction of Auguste von Cordier. In 1863 it was home to a hundred pupils. From 1879 to 1889, the sisters transferred their teaching to the Netherlands due to the cultural struggle, which resulted in a ban on all educational activities. In 1908 the boarding school was officially recognized as a full lyceum; this year there were already two hundred students. In the fall of 1941, the school was closed by the Nazi government. In 1945 the school was reopened. In 1978 the boarding school was closed and the admission of boys was introduced. The school was given a secular headmaster for the first time. From 1982-1985 the school was rebuilt and expanded. It received new science rooms, an outdoor sports facilities and a new gym. Additional specialist rooms for music and art were created. All classrooms and specialist rooms, the administration room and the staff room have been renovated. In 1991 the diocese of Trier took over the management of the school. The sponsorship remained with the nuns of Franciscans of penance and Christian Love. On August 1, 2020 the non-profit Franziskus Gymnasium Nonnenwerth GmbH together with the Rheininsel was sold to the International School on the Rhine. Since 1988, a 24-hour run has usually been held every two years on Nonnenwerth, the proceeds of which are usually donated to projects in the countries of the third world. Since the school year 2005/2006, the school, which all parents can voluntarily join, has provided financial support to the island school. In addition, there is a sponsorship association (VFFE) that mainly subsidizes investments and material expenses. The eight-year high school with all-day school has been gradually introduced since the 2009/2010 school year. The Nonnenwerth high school is part of the MINT-EC network. In the school year 2016/17, of the 705 students, 412 were 58%, girls and 42% boys. Of these, 66% were Catholic, 37% Protestant and 7% belonged to other religions. Of the students, 33% lived on the left bank of the Rhine and 67% on the right bank of the Rhine. 70% came from Rhineland-Palatinate (mainly from the Ahrweiler and Neuwied districts) and 30% from North Rhine-Westphalia (mainly Rhein-Sieg-Kreis and Bonn). Well-known former students are: Marc Metzger (comedian), Daniel Buballa (football player), Robert Landfermann (jazz musician) and Benjamin Bidder (journalist). Due to the island's location and the lack of bridges, extreme water levels can disrupt school operations if the school's two ferries are no longer able to safely transport students and teachers. In recent years, there have been repeated dropouts due to high and low water. Nonnenwerth in the arts Nearby Königswinter and Nonnenwerth were popular travel destinations from England during the English Rhine romantic travel wave of the 1830s and have thus entered English literature: Königswinter and Nonnenwerth are mentioned in particular in the 1847 sociocritical satirical novel Vanity Fair by Thackeray (chapter LXII with the original heading Am Rhein). The Roland legend connects the island with the Roland Arch, the only remnant of Rolandseck Castle, which was destroyed in 1475 and from which you can look down on the island. Franz Liszt wrote eight versions of a piano piece called "Die Zelle in Nonnenwerth" ("The cell in Nonnenwerth"), between 1840 and 1883 (see List of compositions by Franz Liszt). External links Timeline of Nonnenwerth Franciscan convents River islands of Germany Monasteries in Rhineland-Palatinate 1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1126 establishments in Europe Religious organizations established in the 1120s Benedictine nunneries in Germany Islands of the Rhine Landforms of Rhineland-Palatinate	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnenwerth
Peter Cousens (born 2 November 1955) is an Australian actor and singer born in Tamworth, New South Wales. He is the artistic director of the Talent Development Project. He attended The Armidale School in Armidale from 1969 to 1973 and then Gordonstoun School, Scotland. He then spent a year reading Arts at St Paul's College, University of Sydney, before studying at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1978. Cousens was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the Queens Birthday Honours in June 2019 for services to the performing arts and the community. Career Cousens is currently the artistic director of the Talent Development Project. He has worked in television, both as an actor and presenter. In the 1980s he guest starred in a number of major Australian television productions, including The Timeless Land, Earth Watch, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors, Sons and Daughters and The Restless Years. He then went on to take leading roles in Under Capricorn and Return to Eden. Cousens is also known for his work in musical theatre. Major roles include The Phantom in London's West End production of The Phantom of the Opera; he also portrayed Marius in Les Misérables, Alex in Aspects of Love, Tony in West Side Story, Bobby in Company, Nanki Poo in The Mikado, Anthony Hope in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, and Chris in Miss Saigon in the Australian productions. Cousens appeared in the 2015 television opera The Divorce. He has received a number of Variety Club of Australia awards for his work. Cousens has been featured on a number of cast albums, including as Chris on the International Symphonic Recording of Miss Saigon, and as Charles Makin on the original cast album for Australian musical The Hatpin. In September 2006 he launched Kookaburra: The National Musical Theatre Company, a non-profit theatre company based in Australia, dedicated to musical theatre. The company closed in 2009. In 2012–13, Cousens produced and directed Freedom, starring Cuba Gooding Jr, William Sadler and Sharon Leal. Discography Charting albums References External links Kookaburra Musical Theatre website Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male musical theatre actors People educated at Gordonstoun National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Living people 1955 births People from Tamworth, New South Wales People educated at The Armidale School	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Cousens
Tantalum pentoxide, also known as tantalum(V) oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid that is insoluble in all solvents but is attacked by strong bases and hydrofluoric acid. is an inert material with a high refractive index and low absorption (i.e. colourless), which makes it useful for coatings. It is also extensively used in the production of capacitors, due to its high dielectric constant. Preparation Occurrence Tantalum occurs in the minerals tantalite and columbite (columbium being an archaic name for niobium), which occur in pegmatites, an igneous rock formation. Mixtures of columbite and tantalite are called coltan. Tantalite was discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekeberg at Ytterby, Sweden, and Kimoto, Finland. The minerals microlite and pyrochlore contain approximately 70% and 10% Ta, respectively. Refining Tantalum ores often contain significant amounts of niobium, which is itself a valuable metal. As such, both metals are extracted so that they may be sold. The overall process is one of hydrometallurgy and begins with a leaching step; in which the ore is treated with hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble hydrogen fluorides, such as the heptafluorotantalate. This allows the metals to be separated from the various non-metallic impurities in the rock. (FeMn)(NbTa)2O6 + 16 HF → H2[TaF7] + H2[NbOF5] + FeF2 + MnF2 + 6 H2O The tantalum and niobium hydrogenflorides are then removed from the aqueous solution by liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents, such as cyclohexanone or methyl isobutyl ketone. This step allows the simple removal of various metal impurities (e.g. iron and manganese) which remain in the aqueous phase in the form of fluorides. Separation of the tantalum and niobium is then achieved by pH adjustment. Niobium requires a higher level of acidity to remain soluble in the organic phase and can hence be selectively removed by extraction into less acidic water. The pure tantalum hydrogen fluoride solution is then neutralised with aqueous ammonia to give hydrated tantalum oxide (Ta2O5(H2O)x), which is calcinated to tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) as described in these idealized equations: H2[TaF7] + 5 H2O + 7 NH3 → Ta2O5(H2O)5 + 7 NH4F Ta2O5(H2O)5 → Ta2O5 + 5 H2O Natural pure tantalum oxide is known as the mineral tantite, although it is exceedingly rare. From alkoxides Tantalum oxide is frequently used in electronics, often in the form of thin films. For these applications it can be produced by MOCVD (or related techniques), which involves the hydrolysis of its volatile halides or alkoxides: Ta2(OEt)10 + 5 H2O → Ta2O5 + 10 EtOH 2 TaCl5 + 5 H2O → Ta2O5 + 10 HCl Structure and properties The crystal structure of tantalum pentoxide has been the matter of some debate. The bulk material is disordered, being either amorphous or polycrystalline; with single crystals being difficult to grow. As such Xray crystallography has largely been limited to powder diffraction, which provides less structural information. At least 2 polymorphs are known to exist. A low temperature form, known as L- or β-Ta2O5, and the high temperature form known as H- or α-Ta2O5. The transition between these two forms is slow and reversible; taking place between 1000 and 1360 °C, with a mixture of structures existing at intermediate temperatures. The structures of both polymorphs consist of chains built from octahedral TaO6 and pentagonal bipyramidal TaO7 polyhedra sharing opposite vertices; which are further joined by edge-sharing. The overall crystal system is orthorhombic in both cases, with the space group of β-Ta2O5 being identified as Pna2 by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A high pressure form (Z-Ta2O5) has also been reported, in which the Ta atoms adopt a 7 coordinate geometry to give a monoclinic structure (space group C2). Purely amorphous tantalum pentoxide has a similar local structure to the crystalline polymorphs, built from TaO6 and TaO7 polyhedra, while the molten liquid phase has a distinct structure based on lower coordination polyhedra, mainly TaO5 and TaO6. The difficulty in forming material with a uniform structure has led to variations in its reported properties. Like many metal oxides Ta2O5 is an insulator and its band gap has variously been reported as being between 3.8 and 5.3 eV, depending on the method of manufacture. In general the more amorphous the material the greater its observed band gap. These observed values are significantly higher than those predicted by computational chemistry (2.3 - 3.8 eV). Its dielectric constant is typically about 25 although values of over 50 have been reported. In general tantalum pentoxide is considered to be a high-k dielectric material. Reactions Ta2O5 does not react appreciably with either HCl or HBr, however it will dissolve in hydrofluoric acid, and reacts with potassium bifluoride and HF according to the following equation: Ta2O5 + 4 KHF2 + 6 HF → 2 K2[TaF7] + 5 H2O Ta2O5 can be reduced to metallic Ta via the use of metallic reductants such as calcium and aluminium. Ta2O5 + 5 Ca → 2 Ta + 5 CaO Uses In electronics Owing to its high band gap and dielectric constant, tantalum pentoxide has found a variety of uses in electronics, particularly in tantalum capacitors. These are used in automotive electronics, cell phones, and pagers, electronic circuitry; thin-film components; and high-speed tools. In the 1990s, interest grew in the use of tantalum oxide as a high-k dielectric for DRAM capacitor applications. It is used in on-chip metal-insulator-metal capacitors for high frequency CMOS integrated circuits. Tantalum oxide may have applications as the charge trapping layer for non-volatile memories. There are applications of tantalum oxide in resistive switching memories. In optics Due to its high refractive index, Ta2O5 has been utilized in the fabrication of the glass of photographic lenses. It can also be deposited as an optical coating with typical applications being antireflection and multilayer filter coatings in near UV to near infrared. Ta2O5 has also been found to have a high nonlinear refractive index, on the order of three times that of silicon nitiride, which has led to interest in the utilization of Ta2O5 in photonic integrated circuits. Ta2O5 has been recently utilized as the material platform for the generation of supercontinuum and Kerr frequency combs in waveguides and optical ring resonators. Through the addition of rare-earth dopants in the deposition process, Ta2O5 waveguide lasers have been presented for a variety of applications, such as remote sensing and LiDAR. References Tantalum compounds High-κ dielectrics Transition metal oxides	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalum%20pentoxide
, established in 1705 by Hata Rokuberi ( Moriyoshi Rokuzaemon Hata and Rokubei Moritsune Hata), an employee of Kyoto's Imperial Palace and an incense hobbyist, is one of the oldest incense companies in Japan. The company is based in Kyoto, with shops in five cities in Japan, and one in America. Name The name "Shoyeido" (Shōeidō) is derived from the three characters Shō, Ei, and Dō. Shō means "Pine tree" Ei is the ancient sound meaning "Prosperity" Dō is a store or company. The Shō is from the traditional Sho Chiku Bai trio of shō (松 pine tree), chiku (竹 bamboo) and bai (梅 plum tree), which are used as a traditional Japanese grading system, to represent varying degrees of quality. In this grading system, shō represents the highest grade or quality. Stores Shoyeido has several stores in Japan across five cities, including four in Kyōto, three in Tōkyō, one in Sapporo, and one in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Incense Shoyeido carries several series of incense. The two main series are the and the . The following tables are ordered from least expensive to most expensive. See also Incense in Japan References External links Shoyeido website (available in English and Japanese) 1705 establishments in Japan Companies established in the 18th century Japanese incense companies Companies based in Kyoto	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoyeido
The Simian Line is a 2001 American improvisational film released in New York City and Los Angeles. It was filmed over an eleven-day period. The ensemble cast includes Harry Connick Jr., Cindy Crawford, Tyne Daly, William Hurt, Monica Keena, Samantha Mathis, Lynn Redgrave, Jamey Sheridan and Eric Stoltz. Plot When Katharine (Lynn Redgrave) throws a party on Halloween, a psychic called Arnita (Tyne Daly) predicts that one of the three couples present at the party will break up by the end of the year. The guests don't take her seriously. Arnita doesn't tell them that she can see a fourth couple at the party, the long dead Mae (Samantha Mathis) and Edward (William Hurt). As days go by, Katharine grows increasingly jealous of her lover Rick (Harry Connick, Jr.), and his flirting with her neighbor Sandra (Cindy Crawford). Sandra is married to Paul (Jamey Sheridan). Marta (Monica Keena) and Billy (Dylan Bruno) are rock musicians who live in the same building as Katharine. Music Patrick Seymour - music Maireid Sullivan - "The Water is Wide" The Mortal Sinners and Bite Me Band - "Bite Me bit*hes" References External links Official site Movie Photos: The Simian Line 2001 films 2001 drama films Films directed by Linda Yellen Films set in New Jersey Films shot in New Jersey 2000s English-language films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Simian%20Line
Kroy or KROY may refer to: KROY (AM), a radio station (1410 AM) licensed to serve San Saba, Texas, United States KROY (FM), a defunct radio station (99.7 FM) formerly licensed to serve Palacios, Texas KCVV, a radio station (1240 AM) in Sacramento, California, United States, which used the call letters KROY from 1937 to 1982 KSEG (FM), a radio station (96.9 FM) in Sacramento, California, United States, which used the call letters KROY-FM from 1979 to 1984 and again from 1985 to 1990 KRFN, a radio station (100.9 FM) in Reno, Nevada, United States, which used the call letters KROY-FM from 1984 to 1985 Kroy Biermann Kroy is the stage name of canadian musician Camille Poliquin.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROY
Kaunos (Carian: Kbid; Lycian: Khbide; Ancient Greek: ; ) was a city of ancient Caria and in Anatolia, a few kilometres west of the modern town of Dalyan, Muğla Province, Turkey. The Calbys river (now known as the Dalyan river) was the border between Caria and Lycia. Initially Kaunos was a separate state; then it became a part of Caria and later still of Lycia. Kaunos was an important sea port, the history of which is supposed to date back to the 10th century BC. Because of the formation of İztuzu Beach and the silting of the former Bay of Dalyan (from approx. 200 BC onwards), Kaunos is now located about 8 km from the coast. The city had two ports, the southern port at the southeast of Küçük Kale and the inner port at its northwest (the present Sülüklü Göl, Lake of the Leeches). The southern port was used from the foundation of the city till roughly the end of the Hellenistic era, after which it became inaccessible due to its drying out. The inner or trade port could be closed by chains. The latter was used till the late days of Kaunos, but due to the silting of the delta and the ports, Kaunos had by then long lost its important function as a trade port. After the capture of Caria by Turkish tribes, and the serious malaria epidemic of the 15th century AD, Kaunos was completely abandoned. In 1966, Prof. Baki Öğün started the excavations of ancient Kaunos. These have been continued up to the present day, and are now supervised by Prof. Cengiz Işık. The archeological research is not limited to Kaunos itself, but is also carried out in locations nearby e.g. near the Sultaniye Spa where there used to be a sanctuary devoted to the goddess Leto. Mythology According to mythology Kaunos was founded by King Kaunos, son of the Carian King Miletus and Kyane, and grandson of Apollo. Kaunos had a twin sister by the name of Byblis who developed a deep, unsisterly love for him. When she wrote her brother a love letter, telling him about her feelings, he decided to flee with some of his followers to settle elsewhere. His twin sister became mad with sorrow, started looking for him and tried to commit suicide. Mythology says that the Calbys river emerged from her tears. History The oldest find at the Kaunos archeological site is the neck of a Protogeometric amphora dating back to the 9th century BC, or even earlier. A statue found at the western gate of the city walls, pieces of imported Attic ceramics and the S-SE oriented city walls show habitation in the 6th century BC. However, none of the architectural finds at Kaunos itself dates back to earlier than the 4th century BC. First Persian rule Kaunos is first referred to by Herodotus in his book Histories. He narrates that the Persian general Harpagus marches against the Lycians, Carians and Kaunians during the Persian invasion of 546 BCE. Herodotus writes that the Kaunians fiercely countered Harpagus' attacks but were ultimately defeated. Despite the fact that the Kaunians themselves said they originated from Crete, Herodotus doubted this. He thought it was far more likely that the Kaunians were the original inhabitants of the area because of the similarity between his own Carian language and that of the Kaunians. He added that there were, however, great differences between the lifestyles of the Kaunians and those of their neighbours, the Carians and Lycians. One of the most conspicuous differences being their social drinking behaviour. It was common practice that the villagers -men, women and children alike- had get-togethers over a good glass of wine. Herodotus mentions that Kaunos participated in the Ionian Revolt (499–494 BCE). Some important inscriptions in Carian language were found here, dating to c. 400 BC, including a bilingual inscription in Greek and Carian found in 1996. They helped to decipher the Carian alphabets. Greek influences After Xerxes I was beaten in the Second Persian War and the Persians were gradually withdrawn from the western Anatolian coast, Kaunos joined the Delian League. Initially they only had to pay 1 talent of tax, an amount that was raised by factor 10 in 425 BC. This indicates that by then the city had developed into a thriving port, possibly due to increased agriculture and the demand for Kaunian export articles, such as salt, salted fish, slaves, pine resin and black mastic – the raw materials for tar used in boat building and repair – and dried figs. During the 5th and 4th centuries BC the city started to use the name Kaunos as an alternative for its ancient name Kbid, because of the increased Hellenistic influence. The myth about the foundation of the city probably dates back to this period. Second Persian rule After the Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC, Kaunos again came under Persian rule. During the period that Kaunos was annexed and added to the province of Caria by the Persian rulers, the city was drastically changed. This was particularly the case during the reign of the satrap Mausolos (377–353 BC). The city was enlarged, was modeled with terraces and walled over a huge area. The city gradually got a Greek character, with an agora and temples dedicated to Greek deities. Alexander the Great's 334 BC brought the city under the rule of the Macedonian empire. Hellenistic period and Roman rule After Alexander's death, Kaunos, due to its strategic location, was disputed among the Diadochi, changing hands between the Antigonids, Ptolemies, and Seleucids. Because of differences between the Hellenistic kingdoms, the Roman Republic was able to expand its influence in the area and annex a considerable number of Hellenistic kingdoms. In 189 BC the Roman senate put Kaunos under the jurisdiction of Rhodes. At that time it was known as the Rhodian Peraia. In 167 BC this led to a revolt by Kaunos and a number of other cities in western Anatolia against Rhodes. As a result, Rome discharged Rhodes from its task. In 129 BC the Romans established the Province of Asia, which covered a large part of western Anatolia. Kaunos was near the edge of this province and was assigned to Lycia. In 88 BC Mithridates invaded the province, trying to curb further expansion by the Romans. The Kaunians teamed up with him and killed all the Roman inhabitants of their city. After the peace of 85 BC they were punished for this action by the Romans, who again put Kaunos under Rhodian administration. During Roman rule Kaunos became a prospering sea port. The amphitheater of the city was enlarged and Roman baths and a palaestra were built. The agora fountain was renovated and new temples arose. Byzantine era Kaunos was christianized at an early date and when the Roman Empire officially adopted the Christian faith, its name changed into Caunos-Hegia. Decline of Kaunos From 625 AD onwards Kaunos was faced with attacks by Muslim Arabs and pirates. The 13th century brought invasions by Turkish tribes. Consequently, the old castle on the acropolis was fortified with walls, giving it a typical medieval appearance. In the 14th century the Turkish tribes had conquered part of Caria, which resulted in a dramatic decrease in sea trade. The resulting economic slump caused many Kaunians to move elsewhere. In the 15th century the Turks captured the entire area north of Caria and Kaunos was hit by a malaria epidemic. This caused the city to be abandoned. The ancient city was badly devastated in an earthquake and gradually got covered with sand and a dense vegetation. The city was forgotten until Richard Hoskyn, a Royal Navy surveyor found a law tablet, referring to the Council of Kaunos and the inhabitants of this city. Hoskyn visited the ruins in 1840 and published his account in 1842, making knowledge of the ancient city once more available. Ecclesiastical history Residential Bishops are known beginning from the 4th century. Four bishops are mentioned by Lequien: Basil, who attended the Council of Seleucia in 359; Antipater, who attended the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Nicolaus, who subscribed the letter to Emperor Leo in 458; and Stephanus, who attended the Council of Nicaea in 787. The Synecdemus of Hierocles and most Notitiae Episcopatuum, as late as the 12th or 13th century, place it in Lycia, as a suffragan of Myra. Titular see The see is included, under the Latinized form of its name, Caunus, among the Latin titular bishoprics recognized by the Catholic Church. since it was nominally restored (no later than 1911), as a suffragan of the Lycian Metropolitan of the capital's Archdiocese of Myra. It vacant since 1972, having had the following incumbents, both of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank : Juvencio Juan Hospital de la Puebla, Augustinians (born Spain) (18 September 1911 – death 4 October 1957), as Apostolic Vicar of Northern Hunan 湖南北境 (China) (1911.09.18 – 1917.03) and on emeritate Angelo Barbisotti, Sons of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (F.S.C.J.) (born Italy) (14 November 1957 – death 17 September 1972) as Apostolic Vicar of Esmeraldas (Ecuador) (1957.11.14 – 1972.09.17). Main archeological sites Kaunos is a site that is interesting for both its archeological and ecological importance. Situated in the Köyceğiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area, it offers outstanding vistas and is rich in wildlife. The ruins of the city are near Dalyan, on the west bank of the ancient Kalbis river. The main sights at the archeological site itself are: The Acropolis (Persikon), situated on a 152 m high rock, fortified with Byzantine walls. The city's acropolis was called Imbros and it lay at the foot of Mount Tarbelos (present-day "Mount Ölemez"). Adjacent to the acropolis is a smaller fortification, called Heraklion. Until the 5th century BC this 50 m high cape reached into sea and there were two ports south and north of it. From the Acropolis there are views of the ancient city, Dalyan, the Dalyan river, the estuary and İztuzu Beach. The small fortification looks down on a traditional dalyan (fishing weir) situated quite near the former southern port. The theater on the slope of the acropolis featuring both Hellenistic and Roman characteristics The theater has a diameter of 75 m and was built at a 27-degree angle. It had a capacity for 5000 spectators and is in a fairly good state. It is still occasionally used for performances. The palaestra with its Roman baths, a wind measuring platform and a domed Byzantine basilica Archaeological research has shown that the palaestra was built over part of the old city that most probably had been a place of worship. The Roman baths served as a social meeting place and were meant to impress the Kaunians — by their sheer dimensions — of the power of the Roman Empire. In the Byzantine era the baths were dismantled and the frigidarium was re-used as a church. The wind-measuring platform dates back to 150 BC and was used for city planning. According to the archeologists Öğün and Işık, it must have consisted of a circular building with a base diameter of 15.80 m and a top diameter of 13.70 m. The building has collapsed, however, probably as a result of an earthquake. The measuring method is therefore not quite clear. In his De architectura the Roman architect Vitruvius stated that wind-measuring platforms were used to plan streets in accordance with the prevailing wind direction, in order to keep the air in cities clean. The domed Byzantine basilica on the palaestra terrace dates back to the 5th century AD. It was made with building materials taken from previous buildings on a foundation belonging to a 4th-century building that was probably also used as a place of worship. The archeologist team think that its inner walls were plastered and decorated with frescoes. The domed basilica is the only remaining Byzantine edifice in Kaunos that still stands. Next to the basilica mosaics have been uncovered. The port agora, the stoa and the nymphaeum The port agora is located at the flat area in front of Sülüklü Lake. It dates back to the 4th century BC and kept its function as an economic, political and social meeting place until the end of the Roman era. The remains of pedestals indicate that there must have been many (bronze) statues of influential Romans, but these have not been found. Most likely these were melted down in the Byzantine era, for the archeologists found a smelting furnace of that period near to the pedestal of a bronze equestrial statue of the Roman governor of Asia, Lucius Licinius Murena. The covered stoa at the north side of the agora offered sun and rain protection. The stoa was created in the early Hellenistic era (3rd century BC), but part dates to the early Roman era. The Nympheon is also Hellenistic, but the fountain basin was extended during the Roman era. Inscriptions from the period of Emperor Hadrian reveal that the toll for merchants and boat owners was relaxed to compensate for the gradually silting port. The temples Six temples have been excavated, two of Hellenistic and four of Roman origin. Probably the terrace temple of the 3rd century BC facing a circle of columns has the greatest appeal. Inside the circle an obelisk has been found, which is also depicted on old Kaunian coins. The obelisk was the symbol of king Kaunos, who according to mythology established the ancient city bearing his name. Outside the official Kaunos archeological site, there are: Six rock tombs on the Dalyan river (4th – 2nd century BC), which are Dalyan's prime sight The façades of the rock tombs resemble the fronts of Hellenistic temples with two Ionian pillars, a triangular pediment, an architrave with toothed friezes, and acroterions shaped like palm leaves. The Kaunos city walls The spectacular Kaunos city walls were erected during the reign of Mausolos in the 4th century BC. They are extraproportional in relation to the size of Kaunos and its population, presumably because the satrap had high expectations of the city's future as a marine and commercial port. The city walls start west of the inner port and run along the hills N and NW of the city, to the top of the steep cliff opposite Dalyan centre. There is a walking track along the wall, starting at the Çandır water station. The regularly-shaped rectangular blocks and the way the blocks have been positioned give a fine impression of Hellenistic building techniques. Parts of the wall are well-kept, other parts have been taken down and rebuilt. The niche tombs at the port of Çandır Kaunos is surrounded by ancient necropoli, because the ancient Greeks and Romans always buried their deceased at considerable distance from their homes. The niche tombs were the most common ones. The ashes of the deceased were put in urns and then placed in a niche. At the port of Çandır, some km beyond the archeological site of Kaunos, there are tens of niche tombs hewn from the rock of Kızıltepe. Notable people Protogenes, Greek painter, 4th century BC Zeno of Kaunos, secretary in Ptolemaic service, 3rd century BC Notes Sources External links GCatholic – (titular) bishopric Official website Herodotus Project: Extensive B+W photo essay of Caunus History surfaces from Köyceğiz Lake, Land of Lights, 28 October 2010 Ancient Caria: In the garden of the sun, CANAN KÜÇÜKEREN, Hürriyet Daily News, 28 March 2011 New dig at ancient site of Kaunos reveals fountain, Today's Zaman, 11 September 2008 Over 250 pictures Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region Buildings and structures in Muğla Province Populated places in ancient Caria Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Asia Former populated places in Turkey Geography of Muğla Province History of Muğla Province Members of the Delian League Roman towns and cities in Turkey Turkish Riviera World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey Populated places of the Byzantine Empire Ortaca District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunos
Zabalaza is the first solo release from the South African musical performer, Thandiswa Mazwai. Before this album, Thandiswa was most famously known as the lead singer for the kwaito group Bongo Maffin. Zabalaza (which means Rebellion in the Xhosa language) incorporates elements of kwaito, traditional Xhosa music, mbaqanga, reggae, and gospel music. Several producers and vocalists contributed to the album: Tshepo Tshola features on "Ndilinde"; Xhosa traditional vocalist Madosini sings on "Lahl’umlenze"; Mandla Spikiri produced "Kwanele"; and "Transkei Moon" and "Ndizokulibala" were both produced by D-Rex and Jean-Paul 'Bluey' Maunick of the band Incognito. Malambule produced all other songs on the album, and he is the album's executive producer. The members of Mazwai's backing band were selected from more than 400 candidates after three days of auditions. As additional preparation for the recording process, Mazwai embarked on a pilgrimage to her mother's home village in the Transkei, moving on to spend a fortnight in Mkhankato, Madosini's village in the heart of rural Transkei. Here she was exposed to the original sounds of Xhosa traditional melodies, and was introduced to the Uhadi, a traditional Xhosa one-string harp. Over the two weeks, Madosini imparted cultural wisdom, explaining the philosophies inherent in the creation of Xhosa music, respect for others and self, recognizing the spiritual realm as the true source of the music, and the key role of nature in the creation of music. Zabalaza was released by the Gallo Record Company's Gallo World Vision (GWV) label. Track listing "Mkhankatho Interlude" – 0:35 "Nizalwa Ngobani?" (Do you know where you come from?) – 6:44 "Emzini Interlude" – 0:21 "Ndiyahamba" (I'm Leaving) – 6:19 "Zabalaza" (Rebellion) – 6:41 "Revelation" – 8:13 "Indaba Interlude" – 0:18 "Lahl' Umlenze" – 6:10 "Ntyilo Ntyilo" – 5:13 'Ndilinde" (Wait for Me) – 5:51 "Kwanele" (It's Enough) – 6:06 "Ndizakulibala" (I Will Forget You) – 5:22 "Transkei Moon" – 5:57 References 2006 debut albums Thandiswa Mazwai albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabalaza%20%28album%29
Hong'an County (), formerly named Huang'an County (; Hwangan), located to the north of provincial capital Wuhan, is a county under jurisdiction of Huanggang, Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Hong'an is famous for how many generals in the People's Liberation Army originally hailed from it. In the early 1950s, there were over 200 generals from Hong'an, far more than any other county in China. It earned Hon'an the nickname "County of the Generals". The former military leader and national President of China, Li Xiannian (1909–1992), was born in Hong'an. History In 845 BC, Marquis Wen () Huang Meng () (aka Huang Zhang; ) moved the capital of the State of Huang from Yicheng to Huangchuan (present-day Huangchuan, Henan). Huang Xi's descendants ruled the State of Huang until 648 BC when it was destroyed and conquered by the State of Chu. The Marquis of Huang, Marquis Mu () Huang Qisheng (), fled to the state of Qi. The people of Huang were forced to relocate to Chu. They settled in the region of present-day Hubei province, in a region known as the Jiangxia Commandery () during the Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). There are many places in this region today that were named after Huang e.g. Huanggang, Huangpi, Huangmei, Huangshi, Huang'an (now Hong'an), Huangzhou etc. A large number of the people of Huang were also relocated to regions south of the Yangtze River. During the Chinese Civil War, Huang'an County (as it was then known) was a stronghold of the Chinese Communist Party. It was in Huang'an where in November 1927 Communist guerrillas founded the first peasants' government that would eventually evolve into the future Eyuwan soviet. It was also the location where Communist General Xu Haidong founded the Seventh Red Army with a handful of recruits. From the core of Huang'an, Macheng, and Guangshan counties, the Eyuwan Soviet would gradually expand to become the second-largest soviet republic in China, with over one million inhabitants. The Red Army units based in Eyuwan recruited heavily from Huang'an, and many natives of the county went on to serve in high ranks of the People's Liberation Army. In the early 1950s, over 200 PLA generals hailed from Huang'an. Two of these men, Dong Biwu and Li Xiannian, both would go on to serve as President of the People's Republic of China. Geography Administrative divisions Hong'an County administers 13 township-level divisions: Climate References Bibliography Huanggang Counties of Hubei	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%27an%20County
George Mallaby (4 November 1939 – 12 July 2004) was an English-born actor and screenwriter, best known for his roles in television in Australia and in his latter career in his native England. Life Mallaby was born in Hartlepool, United Kingdom, and moved to Australia with his parents when he was 16. His father was a policeman. Mallaby's first jobs were signwriting and crayfishing. He was married to Ruth Bass in 1968 and they divorced in 1975. He suffered a stroke in 1994, and subsequently used a wheelchair. He died of congestive heart failure in 2004. He was survived by his widow Lenice, sons Guy and Luke, and daughter Kirsti from his first marriage. Career Mallaby made his acting debut at the Adelaide Festival of Arts, but soon obtained TV roles in Melbourne. He played Detective Peter Barnes in the crime series Homicide in episodes 131 to 395 from 1967 to 1973, representing more than half the series run. Along with Alwyn Kurts, Leonard Teale and Norman Yemm, Mallaby was part of what is often considered "the consummate Homicide cast". He also wrote scripts for the series. After Homicide he was an original cast member of The Box in the lead role of television executive Paul Donovan, staying in the role from 1974 until 1975. He was later an original cast member of Cop Shop as head of a suburban police station's Criminal Investigation Branch, Detective Senior Sergeant Glenn Taylor. He continued in that role from the program's November 1977 debut until 1979. In 1980 he appeared in Prisoner for several months as social worker Paul Reid. He also wrote scripts for Prisoner and Matlock Police. He said of scriptwriting that "writing requires a mood. It might be called a creative mood, I suppose. Unfortunately for those close to me, the mood often seems to come around 4 am. I get a spasm of creativity and just have to jump out of bed and start writing". Mallaby also acted in mini-series including Power Without Glory, Sword of Honour and All the Way. He acted in feature films such as Tim Burstall's Eliza Fraser (1976), Petersen, and End Play. During the late 1970s he returned to Britain. There he made appearances in various television series including Secret Army, Survivors and The Professionals, and appeared as a submarine crew member in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). His last regular role was as Colonel Mustard in Cluedo, the game show-comedy-mystery series. Other interests He also started one of Australia's first hazelnut farms, something he saw as his "basic protection against the insecurity of show business". Awards Won the Best Actor Logie award for role in The Box in 1975 Selected filmography Film Petersen (1974) as Executive The Box (1975) as Paul Donovan End Play (1976) as Robert Gifford Eliza Fraser (1976) as Lt. Otter The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) as USS Wayne Crewman The Highest Honor (1982) as Lt. Cmdr. Don Davidson Outbreak of Hostilities (1985) as Vince Niel Lynne (1985) as Mike O'Brien Television Bellbird as Jerry Cochrane Homicide (episodes 131-395) (1967-73) as Detective Peter Barnes And the Big Men Fly (miniseries) (1974) as Jack Drew The Box (1974-75) as Paul Donovan Power Without Glory (miniseries, 12 episodes) (1976) as Barney Robinson Survivors (season 3, episode 10) (1977) as Mason Secret Army (1 episode) (1977) as Guard Cop Shop (1977-79) as Detective Senior Sergeant Glenn Taylor The Professionals (1 episode) (1978) as Driver Prisoner (1980) as Paul Reid Sword of Honour (miniseries, 2 episodes) (1986) as Colonel Curtis All the Way (1988) as George Cutler Cluedo (1992-93) as Colonel Mustard Writer Homicide Matlock Police Notes References Juddery, Mark (2004) "Sure cop, when a script called for it: George Mallaby, Actor, 1939–2004" (obituary) in The Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-08-23, p. 40 External links 1939 births 2004 deaths Australian male film actors Australian male soap opera actors Australian screenwriters British male film actors British male soap opera actors English emigrants to Australia Logie Award winners People from Hartlepool Male actors from County Durham 20th-century Australian male actors 20th-century British male actors 21st-century Australian male actors 21st-century British male actors 20th-century Australian screenwriters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Mallaby%20%28actor%29
The Barnsley East by-election was held on 12 December 1996, following the death of the Labour Party Member of Parliament Terry Patchett for Barnsley East, in South Yorkshire, England, on 11 October. Barnsley council leader Jeff Ennis held the seat for Labour on an increased majority of 68% and more than three quarters of the votes, despite a low voter turnout. Despite a slight reduction in the vote for the Liberal Democrats, they overtook the Conservative Party for second place. The Socialist Labour Party, on their leader Arthur Scargill's home territory, was able to save its deposit. With the election of a new Labour MP, the Conservatives lost their Parliamentary majority. References Barnsley East by-election Barnsley East by-election By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in South Yorkshire constituencies Elections in Barnsley 1990s in South Yorkshire Barnsley East by-election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Barnsley%20East%20by-election
The Shutov Assembly is the twelfth solo studio album by Brian Eno, released on 10 November 1992 on Opal via Warner Bros. Records. One of Eno's ambient albums, it was reissued in 2014 with a second disc with bonus tracks. It is considered the follow-up to Nerve Net, which was released that same year. Overview The album is dedicated to Russian artist Sergei Shutov, and was created as an assembly of tracks for him, as he had mentioned to Eno the difficulty he had of getting Eno's music in the then-communist Russia. On the rear cover of the CD, the ten tracks of nine letters are arranged in a grid as seen in a word search puzzle. Triennale – Milan festival where Eno had an installation in 1985. Alhondiga – Spanish installation in 1988. Markgraph – German exhibition music & light company that helps with installations. Lanzarote – Canary Islands, host to a yearly music festival. Originally released as "Glint (East of Woodbridge)" on flexi disc in ARTFORUM Magazine, 1986. Francisco – Installation at the Exploratorium in 1988. Riverside – Riverside Studios in London was the site of a 1986 installation. Innocenti – 1987 Florence installation (In Harmonic Space). Stedelijk – Amsterdam museum with the video installation of Mistaken Memories of Mediaeval Manhattan. Ikebukuro – Tokyo installation in 1989. Cavallino – Venice gallery with 1985 installation The album's Rykodisc entry describes it as "a journey through Eno's sumptuous audio-visual installations from around the world, each track touching down on a particular event and atmosphere." Track listing "Triennale" – 4:02 "Alhondiga" – 3:16 "Markgraph" – 3:39 "Lanzarote" – 8:37 "Francisco" – 4:44 "Riverside" – 3:50 "Innocenti" – 4:19 "Stedelijk" – 5:26 "Ikebukuro" – 16:05 "Cavallino" – 3:06 2014 reissue's bonus disc "Eastern Cities" – 4:32 "Empty Platform" – 4:29 "Big Slow Arabs" – 4:39 "Storm" – 6:29 "Rendition" – 5:15 "Prague" – 2:39 "Alhondiga Variation" – 6:33 The music Talking to Mojo magazine in 1998, Eno explained that The Shutov Assembly tracks were originally proposals for orchestral pieces. The Netherlands Metropole Orkest played two performances of the music in June 1999 at the Holland Festival, which ran from 5 to 26 June in Amsterdam, the first of which was broadcast live on Dutch radio. Though the music can certainly be classified amongst his other ambient works, most of the compositions have a certain "dark" feel to them. In an interview, Eno said "it's the association with danger that I didn't use to like, and it's exactly that, what I do like now". Credits Brian Eno – all instruments Recorded at The Wilderness Studio, Woodbridge, UK Mastering by Tony Cousins at the Townhouse, London The cover art is an image from the video painting Egypt by Eno and Greg Jakobek. Versions References External links Interview with Michael Engelbrecht, October 1990 Eno Land entry NPS-VPRO Supplement page (in Dutch) ProgArchives review Starostin review (Positive) Beep discography entry Brian Eno albums 1992 albums Hannibal Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shutov%20Assembly
The Church of Christ in China Yenching College (), or CCC Yenching College, Yenching College () in short is a co-education secondary school in Nga Ying Chau of Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong. The school is managed by The Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China. The secondary school was founded by alumni and teaching staff from Yenching University in Peking after the campus and some alumni was forced to incorporate in Peking University by Mao Zedong's Communist Party of China in 1952. The founders hoped that the school would restore to the university someday. In 1977, they reused an old building of South Sok Uk Government Primary School () and established a secondary school in So Uk Estate. They named it Yenching College. In September 2000, it was moved to current premises in Nga Ying Chau, adjacent to Villa Esplanada. The old campus was passed to Vocational Training Council School of Business and Information Systems (職業訓練局工商資訊學院), namely nowadays Vocational Training Council Youth College (). List of Supervisors Pastor Wang Peter (1977-1984) Pastor Li Qing (1984-1985) Pastor Guo Naihong (1985-1988) Pastor Weng Shuguang (1988-1993) Dr. Su Zongren (1993) Pastor Wu Zhenzhi (1993-1994) Pastor Hu Bingjie (1995-1997) Pastor Lu Hui (1997-2003) Dr. Zhang Yunyun (2003-2008) Dr. Li Jinchang (2008-2013) Mr. Xu Junyan (2013-2019) [term of office until 31 August 2019] Pastor Pu Jinchang (2019-2021) List of Principals Ms. Wang Manhua (1977-2008) Mr. Tan Bingyuan (2008-15 May 2013) Mr. Liang Dahui (16 April – 15 May 2013, Acting) Mr. Liang Guoji (16 May 2013 – 31 August 2016) Ms. Xia Lizhu (1 September 2016-) Co-curricular activities The school has more than 40 organizations, including service groups, uniform groups, sports school teams, art groups, interest groups and academic groups. All S1 students must participate in at least one activity to develop their interests, skills, interpersonal skills and leadership skills. Secondary 1 students are also required to participate in uniform teams to develop students' sense of responsibility, discipline and service. Unity groups include Boy Scouts, St. John Ambulance (girl students only), Aviation Youth League, traffic safety team and bagpipes. In addition, the Student Union also holds secretarial meetings and delegate meetings. All students are divided into four clubs, each of which organizes a series of activities to develop students' rational and independent thinking and collaboration skills. External links Tsing Yi Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China Yenching University Educational institutions established in 1977 1977 establishments in Hong Kong Protestant secondary schools in Hong Kong	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCC%20Yenching%20College
The 2003 24 Hours of Le Mans () was a non-championship 24-hour automobile endurance race from 14 to 15 June 2003 at the Circuit de la Sarthe near Le Mans, France for teams of three drivers each entering Le Mans Prototype and Grand Touring cars before approximately 220,000 people. It was the race's 71st edition, as organised by the automotive group, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) since 1923. A test day was held seven weeks prior to the race on 4 May. A Bentley Speed 8 shared by Dane Tom Kristensen, Italian Rinaldo Capello and Brit Guy Smith started from pole position after Kristensen set the fastest overall lap time in the second qualifying session. The team won the race by two laps over Mark Blundell, David Brabham and Johnny Herbert's sister Bentley. It was Capello and Smith's first Le Mans victory and Kristensen's fifth. Bentley's sixth overall victory was their first since the 1930 edition. Champion Racing's Audi R8 of JJ Lehto, Emanuele Pirro and Stefan Johansson in third overall won the Le Mans Prototype 900 (LMP900) category from Audi Sport Japan Team Goh's entry of Seiji Ara, Jan Magnussen and Marco Werner. A Noël del Bello Racing Reynard 2KQ-LM driven by Jean-Luc Maury-Laribière, Christophe Pillon and Didier André won the Le Mans Prototype 675 (LMP675) class, 32 laps ahead of the second-placed RN Motorsport DBA4 03S-Zytek car of John Nielsen, Casper Elgaard and Hayanari Shimoda. In a Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello, the Veloqx Prodrive Racing team of Jamie Davies, Tomáš Enge and Peter Kox won the Le Mans Grand Touring Sport (LMGTS) class, giving Ferrari its first GT victory since the 1981 race. Corvette Racing finished second and third in the category with their two C5-Rs ten laps behind. Porsche took the first six places in the Le Mans Grand Touring (LMGT) category, with an Alex Job Racing (AJR) 911-GT3 RS driven by Sascha Maassen, Emmanuel Collard and Lucas Luhr winning on the team's debut. Background and regulation changes The 71st edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans took place from 14 to 15 June 2003 at the Circuit de la Sarthe road racing circuit close to Le Mans, France, from 14 to 15 June. The race was first held in 1923 after the automotive journalist Charles Faroux, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) general secretary Georges Durand and the industrialist Emile Coquile agreed to hold a test of vehicle reliability and durability. The 24 Hours of Le Mans is considered one of the world's most prestigious motor races and is part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport. The ACO reduced the overall horsepower for the Le Mans Grand Touring Prototype (LMGTP), Le Mans Prototype 900 (LMP900), Le Mans Prototype 675 (LMP675), Le Mans Grand Touring Sports (LMGTS), and LMGT (Le Mans Grand Touring) categories by 10 per cent following the 2002 race. It permitted the use of carbon fibre chassis in the LMGTS class as well as the use of original automatic and semi-automatic gearboxes in a homologated road vehicle entered in the LMGTS and LMGT categories. Every engine had air restrictors installed and boost pressures were adjusted to try to achieve performance parity across all four categories. At a public meeting, drivers were told that crossing two wheels of a car over the white line denoting the circuit's boundaries and onto the kerbing would result in a stop-and-go penalty that would increase in severity if the transgression was repeated. Entries By the entry deadline on 20 February 2003, the ACO had received 72 applications (31 for the Prototype classes and 41 for the Grand Touring categories). It issued 50 race invitations, with entries divided between the LMP900, LMGTP, LMP675, LMGTS, and LMGT classes. Automatic entries Six automatic entry invitations were earned by teams of two cars that won their class in the 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans or in the 2002 American Le Mans Series (ALMS) season-closing round, the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta, designated a qualifying race by the ACO as part of an agreement with the ALMS. Because entries were limited to teams, squads were not permitted to switch cars from last year to the next. They were allowed to change categories as long as the car's make did not change and the ACO approved the switch. Audi Sport Team Joest in both LMP categories, Corvette Racing in the LMGTS class and The Racer's Group (TRG) in the LMGT category received automatic entries based on class victories at the 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans. Audi Sport North America and Corvette also qualified after winning their respective classes at the Petit Le Mans, as did Alex Job Racing (AJR) in the LMGT category. However, Audi declined their automatic invitations after it withdrew its factory operations and forwent its defence of the overall victory. Entry list On 25 March 2003, the ACO selection committee announced the full 50-car entry list for Le Mans, plus six reserves. The field consisted of an equal number of Prototype and GT cars representing 22 different car manufacturers (14 in the GT classes and 8 in the Prototype categories). After a protest was raised by Larbre Compétition owner Jack Leconte and alpine skier Luc Alphand over their respective teams being allocated one entry, ACO president Michel Cosson stated that the entries chosen appeared to be of high quality and that the automotive group wanted a heterogeneous field. He said that it was not the proper way to select race entries but disliked those who sought to detract from the event's excitement. Bio-ethanol car Team Nasamax, based in Sittingbourne, England, entered the first renewable-fuelled sports prototype racing car at the Le Mans event to raise awareness of renewable fuels. The Reynard 01Q had a Cosworth V8 turbocharged engine that ran on bio-ethanol fuel, which does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere because it is produced from crops. The car's fuel and inlet air systems were modified to allow for more efficient fuel combustion. An alternative exhaust system was built and the turbocharger's housing and vanes were modified. Testing On 4 May, the circuit hosted a mandatory pre-Le Mans testing day divided into two daytime sessions of four hours each, involving all 50 entries as well as all six reserve cars. The weather was clear and dry. In the final minutes of testing, Tom Kristensen in the 7 Bentley Speed 8 set the fastest lap of 3 minutes, 34.820 seconds. Jan Magnussen was the fastest privateer Audi R8 for Team Goh in second and the No. 7 Bentley was third. Audi Sport UK and Champion Racing were fourth and fifth, respectively. Late in testing, Frank Biela lost control on an oil patch laid by a Pagani Zonda at the Porsche Curves, crashing into a barrier at and damaging the Audi Sport UK car's right-rear corner. The No. 26 RN Motorsport DBA4 03S-Zytek car led in LMP675 with a 3 minutes, 47.708 seconds lap, followed by the No. 29 Noël del Bello Racing Reynard 2KQ-LM and the No. 27 Intersport Racing MG-Lola EX257 vehicles. Tomáš Enge's No. 88 Prodrive Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello lapped fastest in LMGTS at 3 minutes, 57.180 seconds, followed by Kelvin Burt's sister No. 80 car and Jérôme Policand's No. 72 Luc Alphand Aventures entry. Jörg Bergmeister's No. 81 TRG Porsche 911 GT3-RS led the LMGT class in 4 minutes, 8.636 seconds, followed by Sascha Maassen's No. 93 AJR car. Qualifying On the 11 and 12 June, all entrants had eight hours of qualifying divided into four two-hour sessions. To qualify for the race, all entrants were required to set a time that was within 110 per cent of the fastest lap set by the fastest vehicle in each of the four categories during the session. The weather was overcast and humid, and teams focused on car setup. Bentley took the lead early on with a flying lap from Mark Blundell's No. 8 car, followed by Kristensen and Johnny Herbert. Blundell eventually led with a lap of 3 minutes, 35.321 seconds. In second, Kristensen's No. 7 car was a quarter-second slower and Jan Magnussen was the fastest Audi privateer in third. Jan Lammers' No. 15 Racing for Holland Dome S101 improved on each of his timed laps to finish fourth, and Champion Racing's JJ Lehto was fifth. John Nielsen drove RN Motorsport's DBA4 03S-Zytek car to provisional pole in LMP675 with a time of 3 minutes, 45.243 seconds, eight seconds faster than the Intersport and Automotive Durango SRL teams. Oliver Gavin's No. 50 Chevrolet Corvette C5-R led the LMGTS category with a lap of 3 minutes, 55.613 seconds he set with five minutes left, demoting Enge's Prodrive Ferrari to second. After setting a lap in the final ten minutes, Johnny O'Connell's No. 53 car was third. In LMGT, AJR's Porsche of Maassen was almost three seconds faster than Timo Bernhard's TRG car and another seven-tenths faster than Marc Lieb's No. 87 Orbit entry. Separate spins from Chris McMurry, Kevin Buckler, Peter Kox and Andrew Bagnall did not disrupt the session. Wednesday night's qualifying session was held with lower asphalt temperatures and teams performed scheduled simulation runs to see how their cars would perform under darkness with heavy fuel loads and worn tyres in the final 75 minutes. A lack of slower traffic and better grip allowed Kristensen to displace Blundell and twice improved the overall fastest lap to 3 minutes, 32.843 seconds, followed by David Brabham's sister No. 8 Bentley in second and Biela's No. 10 Audi third. Emanuele Pirro put the No. 6 Audi fourth as Lammers fell to fifth. Marco Werner's Team Goh Audi went into a gravel trap but continued driving. In LMP675, Nielsen improved the RN Motorsport Zytek car's lap by a second to 3 minutes, 44.343, increasing the gap over the Intersport team to almost ten seconds. 75 minutes into the session, the Team Bucknum Racing Pilbeam-JPX MP91 car's engine failed at Indianapolis corner and spilled oil on the track. Marshals took 20 minutes to dry the spilled oil before qualifying resumed. Enge's Prodrive Ferrari led the LMGTS class from the start. He improved on Corvette Racing's first-session lap to 3 minutes, 53.278 seconds. After a session-long battle with Bernhard, Maassen in the AJR Porsche maintained his lead in the LMGT category. Bagnall lost control of the Seikel Motorsport Porsche and was beached in a gravel trap. A collision with a Prototype in the Dunlop Chicane damaged David Warnock's PK Sport car's track rod. An accident stopped Thursday's first qualifying session after seven minutes. Jamie Campbell-Walter spun a Lister Storm LMP car after hitting a bump on the exit of the Dunlop Esses. He crashed backwards into a left-hand side barrier at the Dunlop Curve at and . Marshals and safety teams spent ten minutes extricating Campbell-Walter from the car, removing a section of carbon fibre bodywork trapping his legs and put him into an ambulance. The Lister Storm was withdrawn owing to a lack of spare parts. Later, Ian Khan's Thierry Perrier Porsche engine failed, spilling oil on the Dunlop Chicane circuit. Robin Liddell was caught out and spun into a gravel trap after hitting the oil. Simultaneously, Roland Bervillé spun, collided with a barrier with his front-right corner, and broke the rear wing of the T2M Motorsport car, temporarily stopping the session. Herbert's No. 8 Bentley led with a lap of 3 minutes, 35.126 seconds, but remained second on the provisional grid. Magnussen used lower air temperatures to improve Team Goh Audi's lap and pass Lammers for third at the session's end. Lehto outperformed Champion Racing's entry to go fourth. Despite not lapping faster, the RN Motorsport Zytek car retained provisional pole in LMP675, while the Intersport Lola vehicle improved by more than five seconds to remain second in class. Enge's second-session lap kept him atop in LMGTS as Darren Turner in the sister Prodrive Ferrari passed the No. 50 Corvette for second. Because of the previous day's lap, AJR maintained its lead in LMGT. The final session saw more incidents as cars were tested under race conditions. Thomas Erdos' Graham Nash Motorsport Saleen S7-R stopped on his outlap in a gravel trap at the Dunlop Chicane, necessitating trackside assistance. Gavin Pickering's Rachel Welter WR-Peugeot car stopped at the pit lane's exit, its bodywork flailing. Kristensen gave his co-drivers Rinaldo Capello and Guy Smith time to drive the No. 7 Bentley, which led the session and secured the pole position after Kristensen's lap from the second session. Herbert improved the sister No. 8 Bentley's lap on his second attempt by one-tenth of a second; it remained in second overall due to slower traffic delaying Herbert. Audi were unable to challenge, but Biela improved the Audi Sport UK team's fastest lap and went third and Magnussen qualified the Team Goh car fifth, separated by Lammers' Racing for Holland Dome car. Intersport's MG-Lola car was faster, but not fast enough to take the LMP675 pole position from the RN Motorsport Zytek car. which was two seconds slower due to a broken throttle linkage. The GT categories remained mostly unchanged, with Enge's No. 88 Prodrive Ferrari in LMGTS class failing to improve on his second session lap as teammate Turner moved to within four-tenths of a second. Porsche took the first three positions in the LMGT category, with Lucas Luhr's AJR car resetting the category lap record to a 4 minutes, 6.984 seconds and Bernhard's TRG entry qualifying second by four hundredths of a second. Qualifying results Pole position winners in each class are indicated in bold The fastest time set by each entry is denoted in gray. Notes: – The No. 20 Lister Storm LMP was withdrawn due to accident damage in the third qualifying session. Warm-up The drivers had a 45-minute warm-up session at 09:00 Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00) in overcast and cool weather. Bentley stayed fastest with Blundell's No. 8 car lapping at 3 minutes, 35.319 seconds. He was 2.615 seconds faster than the second-placed Bentley No. 7. The Audi Sport UK R8 was third with Champion Racing fourth and Racing for Holland Home fifth. The No. 50 Corvette led the LMGTS field and the TRG Porsche led in LMGT. Shortly after the session began, Romain Dumas' Team Nasamax Reynard experienced an ignition problem caused by a heat leak at the right of the engine's cylinder bank, severely damaging its engine compartment and necessitating a major component change. Race Start Thunderstorms were forecast, and despite an earlier heavy rain shower, the weather at the start of the race was clear. The air temperature approached . Approximately 220,000 people attended the event. Both Bentley Speed 8s underwent checks to their ride heights, Ray Mallock rectified a faulty gearbox that leaked oil in the No. 64 Saleen S7-R, and Kondo Racing replaced the No. 9 Dome S101's V8 engine after a water leak. Don Panoz, the ALMS's founder, waved the French tricolour at 16:00 CEST to signal the start of the race, led by the starting pole sitter Capello's No. 7 Bentley. Following the withdrawal of the Lister Storm LMP, 49 cars were scheduled to start, but the No. 25 Gerard Welter WR LMP02 was in the pit lane with a mechanical fault. Capello maintained his lead, while Lammers' Racing for Holland car passed Magnussen's Team Goh Audi for third. Gavin brought the No. 50 Corvette into the pit lane at the end of the first lap with a throttle linkage issue, losing the car 26 minutes and dropping to last overall. When three privateer Audis passed Lammers, he dropped from second to sixth place as Bentley quickly pulled away from the rest of the field. Herbert briefly led Capello before the No. 8 Bentley made its first pit stop of the race on lap 10. Meanwhile, Intersport's Lola-MG took the lead in LMP675 after the RN Motorsport Zytek developed car trouble and AJR led the LMGT category. The first hour of racing ended with the first crash, when Richard Stanton's No. 91 TVR Tuscan T400R was hit from behind by a Gerard Walter WR LMP02 car in the Porsche Curves, sending him into the outside concrete barrier at the complex's exit and breaking the car's right-rear suspension, stranding Stanton there. Stanton's repairs to the car's differential to make it driveable for a return to the pit lane were unsuccessful. Soon after, Capello locked the No. 7 Bentley's brakes as he approached the right-hand Mulsanne Corner, slowing to avoid spinning into a gravel trap. He held off Herbert in heavy traffic until Herbert passed him on the 23rd lap to retake the lead. Kristensen took over the No. 7 Bentley from Capello and retook the overall lead from Lehto's Audi R8 three laps later. Brabham's sister No. 8 car was called into the pit lane for a ten-second stop to have a loose door frame fixed. Casper Elgaard was the fastest driver in LMP675 at the time, restoring RN Motorsport Zytek to the class lead. On lap 28, Audi Sport UK instructed Biela to enter the pit lane. A Panoz prototype vehicle to his right prevented him from doing so, forcing him to complete an additional lap. The R8 slowed with a lack of fuel through Mulsanne Corner and was retired at the side of the track after Biela's attempt to weave and keep the car running on its starter failed. Kristensen almost collided with Jean-Marc Gounon's Courage Compétition Judd exiting the pit lane in the third hour. At Arnage corner, Beppe Gabbiani's Racing for Holland car hit Kelly Collins' No. 50 Corvette, sending both cars spinning. Brabham's No. 8 Bentley passed Werner's Team Goh Audi R8 for second at the Dunlop Curve, but Werner reclaimed the position in slower traffic. Brabham reclaimed second when Werner entered the pit lane, as the RN Motorsport Zytek car lost the LMP675 class lead to Noël del Bello Racing's Reynard car of Didier André while its alternator was changed. After 3 hours and 40 minutes, safety cars were deployed to slow the race because an unknown car laid oil between the Mulsanne and Indianapolis turns. This prompted several cars to pit and brought much of the field closer together. The safety cars separated the field in the main LMP categories, leaving the Bentleys more than 2 minutes and 17 seconds apart, 50 seconds ahead of Werner's Team Goh Audi and another 50 seconds ahead of Stefan Johansson's Champion Racing car. Emmanuel Collard's AJR Porsche was forced into the pits with a faulty gearshift, allowing Buckler's TRG vehicle to take the LMGT lead until Bernhard made an unscheduled pit stop to replace a heavily slipping clutch. Jamie Davies' No. 88 Prodrive Ferrari came to the pit lane for a two-minute stop to fix a water leak, handing the lead to Kelvin Burt's sister No. 80 car. Night As night fell, the No. 29 Noël del Bello Racing Reynard car lost the LMP675 lead to the Intersport Racing MG-Lola car, which later saw driver Duncan Dayton spin at the PlayStation chicane but retain the class lead in the class. Tom Coronel's St Team Orange Spyker C8 Double-12R soon stopped at the pit lane entry with clutch failure. He exited the car and pushed it past a white line indicating where his pit crew could help. Coronel was then told by a trackside marshal that he could not push the car any further, and it dropped out of contention for completing the laps required for classification. The lead was 33 seconds between Smith and Capello's No. 7 Bentley and Blundell and Herbert's sister No. 8 car. Pirro's Champion Racing Audi R8 was third with Seiji Ara's Team Goh entry fourth. The LMGTS class was a close battle between the Prodrive pair of Kox and Anthony Davidson, who set nearly identical lap times during the seventh hour. Ron Fellows' No. 53 Corvette equalled their pace until the Ferraris increased their speed. In the eighth hour, Davidson spun into a gravel trap at the PlayStation chicane. The resulting pit stop to change the No. 80 Prodrive Ferrari's tyres and perform a precautionary check lost Davidson two laps and third place in LMGTS to Fellows. David Saelens' Panoz, the Courage Compétition of Gounon, and Christophe Tinseau's Riley & Scott Mk III C-Ford were all within 20 seconds of each other for eighth place overall. Tinseau dropped out after a routine pit stop, leaving Saelens and Gounon separated by 18 seconds. Herbert's No. 8 Bentley pit stop on lap 116 saw a miscommunication between the mechanic holding a jack and a rear tyre fitter that cost him ten seconds. 1Lammers' Racing for Holland car closed a 15-second gap with its faster pace to pass Olivier Beretta's Riley & Scott Ford for fifth overall 19 laps later. Beretta suffered a puncture after hitting debris on the dirty side of the Mulsanne Straight at and slowed en route to the pit lane. Fellows' No. 50 Corvette, second in LMGTS, was hampered by a suspected alternator belt failure and entered the pit lane. A broken pulley operating the vehicle's oil pump was discovered by mechanics. They replaced the battery and the support, allowing Fellows to rejoin the circuit fourth in class. Kristensen's No. 7 Bentley made a 1-minute and 40-second pit stop to repair minor damage to the front of the car; he retained the overall lead over Brabham's sister No. 8 car. Luhr's No. 83 AJR Porsche succumbed to elevated oil and water temperatures caused by a sharp rock penetrating its radiator. The radiator was replaced in 24 minutes and five laps, and Luhr lost the LMGT class lead to Kazuyuki Nishizawa's No. 77 Team Taisan Advan car. Magnussen spun at the Ford chicane, damaging Team Goh's Audi R8's front suspension. He drove the car to the pit lane, where mechanics worked for 8 minutes and 53 seconds to repair it. Werner drove the car back into fourth place. Jean-Luc Maury-Laribière of Noël del Bello Racingspun into a gravel trap at the Dunlop Curves. He recovered with the help of trackside marshals and retained the LMP675 class lead. Soheil Ayari's No. 18 Courage car passed Scott Maxwell's No. 12 Panoz LMP01 Evo car for ninth overall and then pulled away. After Team Taisan Advan made a pit stop to replace the driver's-side door, all three top LMGT cars were within a lap of each other, led by Johnny Mowlem's No. 94 Risi Competizione Ferrari. Mowlem held it until his car's engine failed on the Mulsanne Straight, handing Lieb's Orbit Porsche the class lead. Werner's Team Goh Audi R8 spent 10 minutes and 14 seconds in the garage twice for engine control unit repairs. Werner rejoined 3 minutes and 20 seconds ahead of Andy Wallace's Racing for Holland No. 15 car. As the race neared its halfway point, Smith's No. 7 Bentley lapped two to five seconds faster than Blundell's No. 8 car, extending the vehicle's overall lead to 1 minute and 20 seconds. Morning to early afternoon The second-placed car in LMGTS, Davidson's No. 80 Prodrive Ferrari, had a right-front wheel bearing fault in the 12th hour and was sent into a barrier at the end of the Mulsanne Straight. He extricated himself from the vehicle and was attended to by trackside marshals. Davidson was transported by ambulance to the infield medical centre to be examined by circuit doctors. He had bruising and a head concussion after hitting his head against a door, so he was taken to Centre Hospitalier Le Mans for a brain scan. Gavin's No. 50 Corvette C5-R moved to second in LMGTS after the Ferrari was retired. Prodrive requested that Kox, driving the No. 88 Ferrari, enter the pit lane for a precautionary brake check. Soon after, a low voltage indicator warning and no radio communication to the No. 8 Bentley's pit stall forced Blundell to pit for a replacement battery, losing the car two laps to the sister No. 7 entry. The No. 93 AJR Porsche led the field until a front splitter problem forced it into the pit lane for four minutes, handing the position to Lieb's Orbit vehicle. Owing to mechanical attrition among the Porsche 996s in the LMGT category, only two Porsches remained in contention for victory, and Ferrari was unable to challenge them. Front suspension problems for the No. 12 Panoz car and an engine failure curtailing the No. 4 Riley & Scott Mk III C's race promoted the No. 88 Prodrive Ferrari to tenth overall. Luhr and Maassen's No. 93 AJR Porsche was able to battle Lieb's and later Leo Hindery's No. 87 Orbit car, eventually retaking the LMGT lead it had lost when it entered the pit lane for car repairs. Lammers suffered a left-rear puncture an hour and 20 minutes later, losing control of the No. 15 Racing For Holland car while braking. He spun several times backwards into a gravel trap at the Indianapolis corner, damaging a rear wheel. Track marshals pushed the car back onto the track, and Lammers drove to the pit lane to repair the damage. Gunnar Jeannette's No. 11 Panoz LMP01 Evo locked up and made light contact with the tyre barrier at Arnage corner simultaneously. Brabham made an unscheduled pit stop in the No. 8 Bentley for a second battery replacement. The change took 3 minutes, 32 seconds, and the car returned to the race in second overall. Collins' No. 50 Corvette transmission bearing was replaced in 15 minutes after bowing out of the battle for the LMGTS lead. Lehto's Champion Racing R8 could not take advantage of the No. 8 Bentley's mechanical issues and lost one additional lap after a spin. At the start of the 18th hour, Saelens in the No. 12 Panoz car lost grip through Mulsanne corner and made high-speed left-front contact with a tyre barrier. Saelens was unhurt, but the car's damage forced its retirement. Maassen's No. 93 AJR Porsche entered the garage with a voltage loss corrected in six minutes by changing the alternator. Maassen returned to the track as the LMGT category leader. Wallace's No. 15 Racing for Holland Dome soon after had a flat battery, dropping the car from fifth to eighth overall. Gabbiani's sister No. 16 car's front-left tyre delaminated, launching carbon fibre debris from the car's front-left corner. The track needed cleaning and several cars had to pit again, necessitating the use of safety cars. Beretta's No. 11 Panoz car benefited the most from the safety car period, passing Jonathan Cochet's No. 13 Courage C60 vehicle on the Mulsanne Straight to finish fifth overall. Towards the end of the 20th hour, the LMP675 class leading Noël del Bello Reynard slowed with a misfiring engine but the car's 35-lap advantage kept it in the category lead. When Ayari's No. 18 Courage C60 began leaking fluids at the rear and entered the pit lane for a 22-minute repair, John Bosch's No. 15 Racing for Holland car reclaimed seventh. With the first four positions stable, attention focused on the battle for fifth place between the No. 11 Panoz LMP01 Evo and the No. 13 Courage C60 cars. Gaël Lasoudier's No. 99 XL Racing Ferrari had an rear engine bay fire at the PlayStation Chicane, causing the third deployment of the safety cars. Finish As the safety car period ended, Max Papis's No. 11 Panoz LMP01 Evo car caught and passed Stéphan Grégoire's No. 13 Courage C60 vehicle at Tetre Rouge turn. Fellows overtook his Corvette Racing teammate Collins in the final third of the lap to take second in LMGTS. Collins retook the lead from Fellows two laps later, before a pit stop for fuel, tyres and a driver change. O'Connell relieved Fellows and returned to second with a faster stop than Andy Pilgrim. Jean-Christophe Boullion's No. 17 Pescarolo Courage 60 car caught fire during a pit stop after fuel ignited. The team's mechanics intervened to extinguish the fire, allowing him to continue driving. Johansson's Champion Racing Audi stalled during a pit stop for tyres, fuel, and a driver swap with co-driver Pirro. The problem was fixed by replacing the battery in the car's right-hand corner. It returned to the track in third, ahead of Ara's Team Goh Audi. On the final lap, Lammers' No. 15 Racing for Holland Dome car caught and passed Gounon's No. 13 Courage Compétition C60 vehicle for sixth overall for his team. Meanwhile, Tristan Gommendy crashed at the Indianapolis turn, retiring the No. 16 Racing for Holland car in the pit lane. Unhindered in the race's final hours, Smith was first in the No. 7 Bentley, two laps ahead of the No. 8 Bentley of Brabham. Audi finished three laps behind with Champion Racing third overall and first in the LMP900 class, in their first defeat at Le Mans since the 2000 edition. Team Goh took fourth. It was Smith and Capello's first Le Mans victory and Kristensen's fifth. Kristensen became the first driver in history to win four consecutive 24 Hours of Le Mans. He also tied Derek Bell's record of five victories and was one win shy of Jacky Ickx's all-time record of six. It was Bentley's sixth overall Le Mans victory and its first since the 1930 race. Prodrive held their ten-lap lead in the LMGTS category, earning Enge, Kox and Davies their first class victories and Ferrari's first in a GT class since the 1981 edition. Corvette Racing completed the class podium with the No. 50 ahead of the No. 53. In the LMGT class, Porsche took the first six places, with AJR winning the category on the team's first visit to Le Mans. Orbit Racing and Thierry Perrier finished second and third in class. Noël del Bello Racing, unchallenged since the night, were victorious in the LMP675 class, 31 laps ahead of the RN Motorsport Zytek and 84 laps in front of Rachel Welter's WR LMP01. Race results The minimum number of laps for classification (70 per cent of the overall winning car's race distance) was 264 laps. Class winners are denoted with bold. References External links Le Mans Le Mans Le Mans 24 Hours of Le Mans races	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans
The Great Lakes Aquarium opened in 2000 and is located on the Duluth waterfront. A 501(c)(3) private nonprofit, Great Lakes Aquarium features animals and habitats found within the Great Lakes basin and other freshwater ecosystems such as the Amazon River. The Aquarium houses 205 different species of fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. It is one of few aquariums in the United States that focuses predominantly on freshwater exhibits. Many of the main exhibits at Great Lakes Aquarium (GLA) are based upon actual habitats in the Lake Superior basin. "Slices" of the Saint Louis River, Baptism River, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Kakagon Slough, Isle Royale and Otter Cove can all be viewed up close. Permanent fixtures Isle Royale The Isle Royale is the main exhibit located in the very center of the building, and it extends to both the first and second floors allowing visitors to view it from many different angles. It contains trout and lake sturgeon. Baptism River Baptism River is a fast-moving exhibit featuring a waterfall. It contains kamloops and siscowet. Saint Louis River The Saint Louis River exhibit is a slow-moving river habitat with perch, walleye, sturgeon, channel catfish, and other native species. Otter Cove Otter Cove is an exhibit featuring two North American river otters, Agate and Ore. The female otters, believed to be sisters, arrived at the Aquarium in early 2014. They were captured in live traps near a crayfish farm in Louisiana when they were not yet 2-years-old. Great Lakes Aquarium acquired Agate and Ore through a special program to relocate otters that might otherwise have been exterminated as "nuisance animals". Otter Cove was designed after a cove in Pukaskwa National Park in Ontario. Directly to the left is an exhibit containing a crow named Freeway. Amazing Amazon Amazing Amazon opened in the summer of 2008. It features freshwater creatures from the largest river in the world. This includes Pacu, Arowana, Piranha, Catfish, Electric Eels, Discus. Unsalted Seas Opened in 2016, Unsalted Seas explores large lakes of the world and the animals that call them home. The exhibit features the largest sturgeon touch pool in North America with a primary focus on sturgeon from Russian and North Asian waters. Several species of those sturgeon including Beluga, Sevruga, Sterlet and Osetra came from Sturgeon Aquafarms in Florida. Raptor Ridge Opened in 2019, Raptor Ridge is home to a non-releasable Bald Eagle and Turkey Vulture. This exhibit explores migration, rehabilitation, and care of birds of prey species. Origins Origins explores how life came to be today. Follow the earths timeline from before animals appeared to current day. Animals featured include Corals, Invertebrates, Alligators, Horseshoe crabs, Grayling, Opossums, and Skunks Critter Corner A variety of animals that are often taken out for programs and other education opportunities. Including a Jellyfish and Tidepool Touch experiences. Aquatic Invaders An exhibit featuring invasive species from around the world. Other Permanent Exhibits Satellite tanks are at various locations and contain animals such as fish, frogs, salamanders and snakes. There is also a wide variety of interactive electronic exhibits located throughout the museum. Great Lakes Aquarium also features a local history center, a science center and cultural exhibits. Rotating Exhibits The current exhibit opened in July 2014. Titled "Shipwrecks Alive!" It features how sea life makes their home in shipwrecks. It profiles the wreck of the SS America which wrecked in 1918 near Isle Royal. In May 2010, Great Lakes Aquarium opened rotating exhibit "Masters of Disguise" in the Sandra and Roger Karon Exhibit Hall. This intriguing attraction explores camouflage, coloring, mimicry and other visual tricks and behaviors that help sea creatures and land animals hide in plain sight. Shape-shifting fish, plant-like insects and color-changing reptiles are among the many new creatures featured. Prior rotating exhibits include "The Abyss: the Great Unknown" which ended in 2010, "Africa's Lake Victoria" which ended in 2003 and "Hunters of the Sky" which ended in September 2001. Architecture Construction took 3.5 years and cost around $34 million. An office area at the rear of the first floor has been cleared out to host conferences, birthday parties and other pre-arranged events. There are harbor views from this area and other parts of the museum. When visitors enter the museum, they are encouraged to ride the escalator to the upper level first through Sensory Immersion Experience and continue onto the lower level later. History Great Lakes Aquarium opened its doors on July 29, 2000. It was built (on land donated by Duluth philanthropists Julia and Caroline Marshall) with a combination of state and local funds as well more than $6 million in private donations. While well attended in those opening months, construction delays resulted in a loss of around 30% of anticipated revenues that year. In 2002, Mayor Gary Doty appointed a task force to improve the facility's long-term viability. Later that year the city took over managerial control of the Aquarium and briefly closed it. In May 2003, management of Great Lakes Aquarium was turned over to Ripley's Entertainment, Leisure Entertainment Corporation, best known for its "Believe it or Not" museums. The company eliminated 2/3 of aquarium staff and cut costs, bringing it back from the immediate threat of permanent closure. Under successive declining years of attendance, Ripley's ended its relationship with the Aquarium in 2007. At that time, the board of directors decided to return management of the facility back to local control and recruited Jack LaVoy to serve as executive director. Since 2008, a philosophy of continuous improvement has been adopted starting with a program called "The Three R's"; repair, replace or remove all defective exhibits from the exhibit floor. Plans for new exhibit galleries and expanded educational outreach are ongoing. GLA is a not-for-profit 501(c)3 organization. See also "A Walking Tour of Great Lakes Aquarium" volunteer orientation manual References External links live camera of THE Great Lakes Aquarium NPR article Great Lakes Aquarium 5-year Anniversary "More from the Sturgeon General," Lake Superior Magazine Aquaria in Minnesota Buildings and structures in Duluth, Minnesota Tourist attractions in Duluth, Minnesota Museums in Duluth, Minnesota Natural history museums in Minnesota	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Lakes%20Aquarium
Min Xiao-Fen () is a Chinese and American pipa player, vocalist, and composer known for her work in traditional Chinese music, contemporary classical music, and jazz. Life Min Xiao-Fen studied with her father, Min Jiqian (闵季骞), a music professor at Nanjing University and a student of the erhu master Liu Tianhua. Her eldest sister, Min Huifen, was nicknamed the "Queen of Erhu." Her brother, Min Lekang (闵乐康), is a national first-class conductor and music professor. Min performed as a pipa soloist for the Nanjing National Music Orchestra from 1980 to 1992. She emigrated to the United States in 1992, first settling in San Francisco, California. She has worked with numerous contemporary composers, including Chen Yi, Zhou Long, Carl Stone, Anthony De Ritis, Marc Battier, and John Zorn. She has worked with the jazz saxophonist Jane Ira Bloom and in 2021 with Jazz guitarist Rez Abbasi on her album White Lotus. Min worked with Björk on the song "I See Who You Are" on Björk's album Volta, released on May 7, 2007. Min lives in New York. She is also a founder of Blue Pipa, Inc. Discography Mao, Monk and Me (2017, Blue Pipa) Dim Sum (2012, Blue Pipa) The Art of Improvisation (2005, Mutable Music) with Leroy Jenkins's Driftwood Min Xiao-Fen with Six Composers (1998, Avant) Viper – Derek Bailey and Min Xiao-Fen (1998, Avant) Spring, River, Flower, Moon, Night (1997, Asphodel) The Moon Rising (1996, Cala) Socket (Amulet) References External links Min Xiao-Fen interview from Global Rhythm magazine, August 2008. Min Xiao-Fen radio program Living people [Category:21st-century classical composers]] American women singers Chinese women singers People from Forest Hills, Queens Pipa players Singers from New York (state) Chinese classical composers Chinese women classical composers Place of birth missing (living people) Year of birth missing (living people)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%20Xiao-Fen
Manhasset Secondary School, also referred to as Manhasset Junior/Senior High School or simply Manhasset High School, is a six-year comprehensive public middle and high school in Manhasset, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. The 7–12 school is the only secondary school in the Manhasset Union Free School District. As for the 2020–21 school year, the school had a total enrollment of 1,492 students, with 144.16 classroom teachers on FTE basis) for a student-teacher ratio of 10.35:1. 114 students (7.6%) were eligible for free lunch while 9 (0.6%) were eligible for reduced-price lunch. History Though the Manhasset school district gained the authority to operate a high school in 1866, a high school program would not begin until the 1920–21 school year, with the first classes being taught at the Plandome Road School (already in use at that time as an elementary school); two students were graduated from the inaugural class of 1921. Manhasset students were previously authorized to study at Flushing High School or in Great Neck per inter-district agreements. After a plot near the Plandome Road School was acquired from the Thompson family in 1934, the current Manhasset High School building, a Works Progress Administration project, began construction in 1935, with the John H. Eisele Company winning the bid for the contract to execute the school's Tudor revival created by architectural firm Tooker & Marsh with associate architect Roger H. Bullard. The building's first year in use was 1935–36, while it was still under construction; students in the 9th grade and below remained at the Plandome Road School for that academic year. The new building was completed in December 1936, with a dedication ceremony taking place on November 19, 1936. A quickly-growing school population created a need for expansion, and the building has been extended multiple times, with the first new addition coming in 1941. Geography Manhasset High School is situated on a hill directly to the east of the opening of Manhasset Bay, in the western part of the Manhasset School District. The school is located near the Manhasset train station, Manhasset Valley Park and the site of the former Plandome Road School (now Mary Jane Davies Green). Academics and rankings Manhasset High School has a 98% four-year graduation rate according to 2017–2021 data, coming in significantly ahead of the New York state average of 86%. In Manhasset's cohort of student entering in 2017, 86% of students were graduated in 2021 with a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation, 10% with a regular Regents Diploma and 1% with a Local Diploma. 2% remained enrolled for a fifth year while one student dropped out without a diploma. 26 Advanced Placement (AP) courses were offered at Manhasset in 2020–21, with 522 students sitting for 1,406 exams in that school year, including approximately 75% of 12th grade students. 94% of class of 2021 graduates enrolled in a four-year college, 3% entered a two-year college, the military or another postgraduate program, and 3% did not continue their education beyond high school. Manhasset High School was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School in 2019. In the U.S. News & World Report 2022 ranking of U.S. high schools, Manhasset High School was ranked 215th nationally, 24th in New York state, 35th in the New York City metropolitan area and 78th on the ranking of STEM schools. In Niche's 2022 rankings, Manhasset High School placed 69th in the ranking of best public high schools nationwide, 11th in its ranking of public high schools in New York state, 18th in the New York City metropolitan area and 4th in Nassau County. Demographics Athletics Manhasset High School participates in interscholastic athletic competitions as a member of NYSPHSAA Section VIII, competing against other schools from Nassau County. School sports in Nassau County are divided into three seasons (fall, winter and spring); Manhasset High School currently competes in the following sports: In addition to the varsity sports offered, there are two club sports, crew and ice hockey. Manhasset was the first high school on Long Island to introduce lacrosse at the team's founding in 1932. The sport would grow in popularity in the area over the coming decades, with Long Island overtaking Maryland as the top region for high school lacrosse in the United States by the 1960s. Many top college lacrosse players have been recruited from Long Island high schools, including Manhasset. Manhasset High School's chief historical rival in lacrosse is Garden City High School, against whom Manhasset's games are termed the Woodstick Classic, of which at least one has been played each season since 1935, except in 2020 (when the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic). Mascot controversy The varsity sports teams at Manhasset High School are known as the Indians. The name dates back to at least 1939, when it was used to refer to Manhasset sports teams in the Tower yearbook. In the prior edition of The Tower, the school's athletic teams are only referred to as "The Orange and Blue", an appellation also used for them in 1939 alongside "Indians". At this point in time, no visual "Indians" name or related iconography appeared on team uniforms, at least as worn in contemporary yearbooks. The 1952 yearbook does not show indications of the team name on any of the team uniforms, but features many stereotypical cartoons throughout. By 1969, a visual depiction of a Plains headdress featured on at least some of the team uniforms. The Manhasset High School class of 1997 gave as a graduation gift to the school a life-sized wooden statue of a man in a Plains headdress (in the style of a cigar store Indian), which was placed in one of the school's central corridors. In 2001, New York State Commissioner of Education Richard P. Mills advised public schools in New York to stop using Indian mascots and team names. However, citing a desire to seek local remedies for problems before giving orders, Mills did not require any particular course of action, issuing a mere suggestion. After consultation with a local focus group, the Manhasset UFSD chose not to make any changes. As of 2020, Manhasset teams used a mixture of an "M with a feather" logo and an "Indian head" logo, usually rendered as a color variant of the Washington Redskins logo. In 2020, a petition demanding that Manhasset cease to use the "Indians" name and mascot was created on Change.org by Manhasset resident and Manhasset High School alumna Jo Trigg, garnering over 3,000 signatures. At the request of the school district, which sought to measure input originating from local residents only, the Manhasset Justice Initiative (MJI), a local social justice activism group, created a similar petition with signing restricted to Manhasset-affiliated individuals. Montaukett activist Sadanyah FlowingWater and Shinnecock tribe member Jeremy Dennis called for the school to end its use of the "Indian" mascot. With the school facing criticism regarding its team name and mascot, then-Superintendent Vincent Butera discussed the team mascot with MJI activists as well as FlowingWater and a Navajo nation member. FlowingWater asked the district to "seriously consider" removing the mascot at that time, citing the logo's similarity with that of the Washington Redskins. Butera announced that a public hearing would be held on the issue at the October 22, 2020 school board meeting. Butera also promised that the school would abandon the Redskins-like logo in favor of the "M with a feather", saying, "The fact is the Redskin depiction is offensive, it's offensive for a number of reasons. There's much more consensus on that [than on changing the team name]. Any depiction of Indians as Redskins is offensive." At the October 22 board meeting, also attended by speakers from the local Montaukett, Shinnecock, Ungechauk, Setalcott and Matinecock nations, Manhasset residents, students and alumni voiced their opinions on the team name and mascot. Opponents of the name and logo expressed shame and embarrassment at being associated with Manhasset High School and its athletic programs, also pointing the NCAA's decision to discontinue the use of indigenous group-related names without the approval of local tribes. A small but vocal minority of meeting participants – only five of 29 Manhasset-affiliated commentators voiced support for the mascot – pointed to the name as a point of pride and respect for Manhasset's school traditions and indigenous history, proudly identifying as a "Manhasset Indian" (even though not descended from peoples indigenous to Manhasset and its environs). Some interlocutors also pointed out the awkwardness of the use of the term "Indian" to refer to not only the indigenous peoples of the Americas (and consequently the sports teams) but also members of Manhasset's Indian-American community. Sandi Brewster-Walker, executive director of the Montaukett nation, called for use of the mascot to be put "on hold" until local community members could be educated properly on the history and customs of local indigenous peoples, pointing out that the imagery said to honor local tribes was in reality connected with nations originating from west of the Mississippi river. On January 7, 2021, Butera announced that the Manhasset School District would act on a suggestion from Brewster-Walker and form a committee comprising students, community members and representatives from local indigenous nations to review the school's use of Native imagery and symbols. With no committee conclusions delivered five months after that announcement, a group of 35 graduating Manhasset High School seniors wrote a letter to the board of education accusing the school of covertly phasing out the old mascot without consultation with the community. By this time, in line with Butera's 2020 promise, the "Indian head" logo had been replaced by the "M with a feather" on team uniforms and in a number of locations around the school. The proponents of the Indians mascot wrote of "Rumors of a new image" corroborated by "clear changes [which] have been made around the building" and demanded the school "immediately stop proceeding with the backdoor termination of our Indian image and rather speak with the proud Manhasset community before any changes are made." Then-Athletic Director James Amen reiterated that no such change had been made, defending both the shift to the "M with a feather" logo and the retention of the "Indians" nickname: "From time to time, some of the decals on the helmets change. It’s just stylistic changes. It’s not a redskin. It’s not a red-faced Indian which I think people get upset with. I know some people object to the red face, but we don’t have that. In my mind, we treat the Indian logo with respect and dignity. I don’t see as though we’re doing anything disgraceful when you have Indians across the jersey, or you have an M with a feather." Claiming to "represent this culture with the utmost respect", the seniors also called for an "Indian Appreciation Day" dedicated to indigenous leaders teaching about their heritage. The letter's authors wrote "Manhasset is an Indian tribe. Manhasset is our home. And we are the Indians." The MJI responded in a statement that "by claiming '[they] are the Indians,' [the letter's authors] are claiming that [they] have the shared experience of the hardship the native communities faced and paying homage to a caricature that doesn’t accurately represent [those communities]." Manhasset teams continued to use the "Indians" name (as well as uniforms in some cases reading simply "Manhasset") and "M with a feather" logo as their identity through the 2021–22 season and no announcement of any decision made by a committee to review the use of indigenous symbols and imagery has been made as of August 19, 2022. Meanwhile, in upstate New York, the Cambridge Central School District in Cambridge, New York was ordered by State Education Commissioner Betty A. Rosa to cease use of a similar "Indians" name and mascot by the end of the 2021–22 school year, as she found it inhibited a "a safe and supportive environment" for students; local opponents of the change are contesting the decision. In 2021, a bill was introduced in the New York State Legislature which would force non-Native schools with indigenous-based team names to abandon their mascot by the 2024–25 school year, but it did not receive a floor vote during the 2021–22 legislative session. On November 17, 2022, the New York State Department of Education issued a memo prohibiting the use of Native American mascots by schools without approval from a recognized tribe and stating that any district not in compliance by the end of the 2022–23 school year may risk being found in willful violation of the Dignity for All Students Act, with penalties including the potential removal of school officers and withholding of funds. Performing and fine arts Students must pass at least one class in the arts in order to receive a Regents Diploma from Manhasset High School. Manhasset Secondary School has many offerings, both curricular and extracurricular, in the musical, theatrical and visual arts. There are four separate curricular instrumental ensembles (Concert Orchestra, Symphonic Orchestra, Concert Band and Symphonic Wind Ensemble) and four curricular choral groups (Concert Choir, Symphonic Choir, Women's Choir and Men's Choir), as well as keyboard and music theory classes on offer. In addition, Manhasset has five extracurricular vocal ensembles: Vocal Jazz Ensemble, Select Ensemble, Kinsmen (an extracurricular men's choir), the Long Island Sounds and the Shirley Tempos (two a cappella groups). Manhasset's musical ensembles compete and regularly win awards at NYSSMA Majors and other competitions. Manhasset music students are regularly among the selectees for NMEA All-County, NYSSMA All-State and NAfME All-Eastern and All-National honor ensembles. The theatre program at Manhasset High School stages two major productions each school year: a fall musical and a spring straight play, as well as additional shows performed by the repertory companies and other groups. The school offers a "Theatre in Action" course for credit as well as three levels of repertory company performance courses. In fine art, Manhasset High School offers 23 possible course options, including AP Studio Art and AP Art History. Manhasset's fine art classes include drawing, painting, architectural drawing, computer graphics, photography and 3D design. Notable alumni Danny Barnes, former Major League Baseball (MLB) player and current coach Ted Bessell, actor Jim Brown, former National Football League (NFL) player, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame John C. Coffee, Adolf A. Berle Professor of Law at Columbia Law School John Gagliardi, former professional lacrosse player Nancy E. Gary, physician, government policy advisor and medical school professor and dean Dan Gurney, professional racecar driver Ken Howard, actor Theo Katzman, multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter and producer Barbara Prey, watercolor painter Stephen A. Lesser, architect who worked on the Faneuil Hall Marketplace Ira Sorkin, attorney, best known for defending Bernard Madoff Notes References Manhasset, New York Public high schools in New York (state) Schools in Nassau County, New York Public middle schools in New York (state) 1920 establishments in New York (state) Educational institutions established in 1920	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhasset%20Secondary%20School
The Michigan Central Railway Bridge is an out-of-service steel Deck arch bridge spanning the Niagara Gorge between Niagara Falls, Ontario and Niagara Falls, New York. The bridge is owned by Canadian Pacific Kansas City, which (as CP Rail) purchased the single track structure in 1990. The Canadian corridor and bridge are owned by the City of Niagara Falls, Ontario. The bridge is located just upstream from the older arch-style Whirlpool Rapids Bridge used by Maple Leaf Amtrak passenger trains. History The bridge was designed by William Perry Taylor, Chief Engineer J.L. Delming and consulting Norwegian-born engineer Olaf Hoff. Construction on the bridge began in 1924, and the bridge opened in 1925. This bridge replaced the Niagara Cantilever Bridge that crossed in the same area from 1883 to 1925. The main traffic across the bridge were trains operated by the New York Central, Penn Central, Conrail, and Canadian Pacific Railway. It was also used briefly from October 1978 to January 31, 1979 by Amtrak's former Niagara Rainbow service which ran between New York City and Detroit via Niagara Falls and Windsor, Ontario. The bridge was abandoned in 2001 after a deal was reached between the City of Niagara Falls, Ontario and Canadian Pacific to stop service on the line that the bridge was part of because the line ran through the tourist district of the city and was considered a nuisance and safety issue. Today the bridge no longer carries train traffic and the tracks have been removed both on the bridge and on the line leading to it. There is currently a wall across the centre of the bridge that is topped with barbed wire to prevent people from walking across it. Additional barrier and barbed wire is located on the sides to prevent climbing on the steel arch sections. A wired fence blocks the east side (American) and another wall blocks the west side (in Canada). The line leading to the bridge on the Canadian side is now partially a rail trail. Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort was also built on part of the line in 2004. On the American side, most traces of the line leading to the bridge from the Niagara Subdivision are gone completely. Construction of a new Amtrak station in 2016 removed the bridge over Main Street that connected the line to the subdivision and fenced in a portion of the former line across from the new station for security purposes, making it into a gravel lot area for U.S. Customs and Border Protection. A New York State project in 2019 that removed the Niagara Scenic Parkway viaduct and created park space in its place also removed the bridge over Whirlpool Street and the trestle connector leaving the bridge with no connection on the American side. See also List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York List of crossings of the Niagara River References External links Bridges Over The Niagara River Detailed information on the construction of this bridge Bridges completed in 1925 Bridges in Niagara Falls, New York Bridges in Niagara Falls, Ontario Railway bridges in the Regional Municipality of Niagara Bridges over the Niagara River Canadian Pacific Railway bridges in Ontario Canadian Pacific Railway bridges in the United States Former railway bridges in Canada Former railway bridges in the United States Historic American Engineering Record in New York (state) Michigan Central Railroad bridges Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in Canada Open-spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Railroad bridges in New York (state) Steel bridges in Canada Steel bridges in the United States Truss arch bridges in Canada Truss arch bridges in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Central%20Railway%20Bridge
Nuclear safety is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The achievement of proper operating conditions, prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, the public and the environment from undue radiation hazards". The IAEA defines nuclear security as "The prevention and detection of and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear materials, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities". This covers nuclear power plants and all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new and safer reactor designs. However, a perfect safety cannot be guaranteed. Potential sources of problems include human errors and external events that have a greater impact than anticipated: the designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems which were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks, war, insider sabotage, and cyberattacks are also conceivable. Nuclear weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by agencies different from those that oversee civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy. There are ongoing concerns about terrorist groups acquiring nuclear bomb-making material. Overview of nuclear processes and safety issues , nuclear safety considerations occur in a number of situations, including: Nuclear fission power used in nuclear power stations, and nuclear submarines and ships. Nuclear weapons Fissionable fuels such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 and their extraction, storage and use Radioactive materials used for medical, diagnostic and research purposes, for batteries in some space projects, Nuclear waste, the radioactive waste residue of nuclear materials Nuclear fusion power, a technology under long-term development Unplanned entry of nuclear materials into the biosphere and food chain (living plants, animals and humans) if breathed or ingested Continuity of uranium supplies With the exception of thermonuclear weapons and experimental fusion research, all safety issues specific to nuclear power stems from the need to limit the biological uptake of committed dose (ingestion or inhalation of radioactive materials), and external radiation dose due to radioactive contamination. Nuclear safety therefore covers at minimum: Extraction, transportation, storage, processing, and disposal of fissionable materials Safety of nuclear power generators Control and safe management of nuclear weapons, nuclear material capable of use as a weapon, and other radioactive materials Safe handling, accountability and use in industrial, medical and research contexts Disposal of nuclear waste Limitations on exposure to radiation Responsible agencies International Internationally the International Atomic Energy Agency "works with its Member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies." Some scientists say that the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents have revealed that the nuclear industry lacks sufficient oversight, leading to renewed calls to redefine the mandate of the IAEA so that it can better police nuclear power plants worldwide. The IAEA Convention on Nuclear Safety was adopted in Vienna on 17 June 1994 and entered into force on 24 October 1996. The objectives of the convention are to achieve and maintain a high level of nuclear safety worldwide, to establish and maintain effective defences in nuclear installations against potential radiological hazards, and to prevent accidents having radiological consequences. The convention was drawn up in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents at a series of expert level meetings from 1992 to 1994, and was the result of considerable work by States, including their national regulatory and nuclear safety authorities, and the International Atomic Energy Agency, which serves as the Secretariat for the convention. The obligations of the Contracting Parties are based to a large extent on the application of the safety principles for nuclear installations contained in the IAEA document Safety Fundamentals ‘The Safety of Nuclear Installations’ (IAEA Safety Series No. 110 published 1993). These obligations cover the legislative and regulatory framework, the regulatory body, and technical safety obligations related to, for instance, siting, design, construction, operation, the availability of adequate financial and human resources, the assessment and verification of safety, quality assurance and emergency preparedness. The convention was amended in 2014 by the Vienna Declaration on Nuclear Safety. This resulted in the following principles: 1. New nuclear power plants are to be designed, sited, and constructed, consistent with the objective of preventing accidents in the commissioning and operation and, should an accident occur, mitigating possible releases of radionuclides causing long-term off site contamination and avoiding early radioactive releases or radioactive releases large enough to require long-term protective measures and actions. 2. Comprehensive and systematic safety assessments are to be carried out periodically and regularly for existing installations throughout their lifetime in order to identify safety improvements that are oriented to meet the above objective. Reasonably practicable or achievable safety improvements are to be implemented in a timely manner. 3. National requirements and regulations for addressing this objective throughout the lifetime of nuclear power plants are to take into account the relevant IAEA Safety Standards and, as appropriate, other good practices as identified inter alia in the Review Meetings of the CNS. There are several problems with the IAEA, says Najmedin Meshkati of University of Southern California, writing in 2011: "It recommends safety standards, but member states are not required to comply; it promotes nuclear energy, but it also monitors nuclear use; it is the sole global organization overseeing the nuclear energy industry, yet it is also weighed down by checking compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)". National Many nations utilizing nuclear power have specialist institutions overseeing and regulating nuclear safety. Civilian nuclear safety in the U.S. is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). However, critics of the nuclear industry complain that the regulatory bodies are too intertwined with the industries themselves to be effective. The book The Doomsday Machine for example, offers a series of examples of national regulators, as they put it 'not regulating, just waving' (a pun on waiving) to argue that, in Japan, for example, "regulators and the regulated have long been friends, working together to offset the doubts of a public brought up on the horror of the nuclear bombs". Other examples offered include: in China, where Kang Rixin, former general manager of the state-owned China National Nuclear Corporation, was sentenced to life in jail in 2010 for accepting bribes (and other abuses), a verdict raising questions about the quality of his work on the safety and trustworthiness of China's nuclear reactors. in India, where the nuclear regulator reports to the national Atomic Energy Commission, which champions the building of nuclear power plants there and the chairman of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, S. S. Bajaj, was previously a senior executive at the Nuclear Power Corporation of India, the company he is now helping to regulate. in Japan, where the regulator reports to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, which overtly seeks to promote the nuclear industry and ministry posts and top jobs in the nuclear business are passed among the same small circle of experts. The book argues that nuclear safety is compromised by the suspicion that, as Eisaku Sato, formerly a governor of Fukushima province (with its infamous nuclear reactor complex), has put it of the regulators: “They're all birds of a feather”. The safety of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government for research, weapons production, and those powering naval vessels is not governed by the NRC. In the UK nuclear safety is regulated by the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) and the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator (DNSR). The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) is the Federal Government body that monitors and identifies solar radiation and nuclear radiation risks in Australia. It is the main body dealing with ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and publishes material regarding radiation protection. Other agencies include: Autorité de sûreté nucléaire Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland Federal Atomic Energy Agency in Russia Kernfysische dienst, (NL) Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, (DE) Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (India) Nuclear power plant safety and security Complexity Nuclear power plants are some of the most sophisticated and complex energy systems ever designed. Any complex system, no matter how well it is designed and engineered, cannot be deemed failure-proof. Veteran journalist and author Stephanie Cooke has argued: The reactors themselves were enormously complex machines with an incalculable number of things that could go wrong. When that happened at Three Mile Island in 1979, another fault line in the nuclear world was exposed. One malfunction led to another, and then to a series of others, until the core of the reactor itself began to melt, and even the world's most highly trained nuclear engineers did not know how to respond. The accident revealed serious deficiencies in a system that was meant to protect public health and safety. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident inspired Perrow's book Normal Accidents, where a nuclear accident occurs, resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system. TMI was an example of a normal accident because it was "unexpected, incomprehensible, uncontrollable and unavoidable". Perrow concluded that the failure at Three Mile Island was a consequence of the system's immense complexity. Such modern high-risk systems, he realized, were prone to failures however well they were managed. It was inevitable that they would eventually suffer what he termed a 'normal accident'. Therefore, he suggested, we might do better to contemplate a radical redesign, or if that was not possible, to abandon such technology entirely. A fundamental issue contributing to a nuclear power system's complexity is its extremely long lifetime. The timeframe from the start of construction of a commercial nuclear power station through the safe disposal of its last radioactive waste, may be 100 to 150 years. Failure modes of nuclear power plants There are concerns that a combination of human and mechanical error at a nuclear facility could result in significant harm to people and the environment: Operating nuclear reactors contain large amounts of radioactive fission products which, if dispersed, can pose a direct radiation hazard, contaminate soil and vegetation, and be ingested by humans and animals. Human exposure at high enough levels can cause both short-term illness and death and longer-term death by cancer and other diseases. It is impossible for a commercial nuclear reactor to explode like a nuclear bomb since the fuel is never sufficiently enriched for this to occur. Nuclear reactors can fail in a variety of ways. Should the instability of the nuclear material generate unexpected behavior, it may result in an uncontrolled power excursion. Normally, the cooling system in a reactor is designed to be able to handle the excess heat this causes; however, should the reactor also experience a loss-of-coolant accident, then the fuel may melt or cause the vessel in which it is contained to overheat and melt. This event is called a nuclear meltdown. After shutting down, for some time the reactor still needs external energy to power its cooling systems. Normally this energy is provided by the power grid to which that plant is connected, or by emergency diesel generators. Failure to provide power for the cooling systems, as happened in Fukushima I, can cause serious accidents. Nuclear safety rules in the United States "do not adequately weigh the risk of a single event that would knock out electricity from the grid and from emergency generators, as a quake and tsunami recently did in Japan", Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials said in June 2011. Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict and, over the past three decades, have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns: In September 1980, Iran bombed the Al Tuwaitha nuclear complex in Iraq in Operation Scorch Sword. In June 1981, an Israeli air strike completely destroyed Iraq's Osirak nuclear research facility in Operation Opera. Between 1984 and 1987, Iraq bombed Iran's Bushehr nuclear plant six times. On 8 January 1982, Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the ANC, attacked South Africa's Koeberg nuclear power plant while it was still under construction. In 1991, the U.S. bombed three nuclear reactors and an enrichment pilot facility in Iraq. In 1991, Iraq launched Scud missiles at Israel's Dimona nuclear power plant In September 2007, Israel bombed a Syrian reactor under construction. On 4 March 2022, Russian forces carried out artillery strikes at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the U.S., plants are surrounded by a double row of tall fences which are electronically monitored. The plant grounds are patrolled by a sizeable force of armed guards. In Canada, all reactors have an "on-site armed response force" that includes light-armored vehicles that patrol the plants daily. The NRC's "Design Basis Threat" criterion for plants is a secret, and so what size of attacking force the plants are able to protect against is unknown. However, to scram (make an emergency shutdown) a plant takes fewer than 5 seconds while unimpeded restart takes hours, severely hampering a terrorist force in a goal to release radioactivity. Attack from the air is an issue that has been highlighted since the September 11 attacks in the U.S. However, it was in 1972 when three hijackers took control of a domestic passenger flight along the east coast of the U.S. and threatened to crash the plane into a U.S. nuclear weapons plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The plane got as close as 8,000 feet above the site before the hijackers’ demands were met. The most important barrier against the release of radioactivity in the event of an aircraft strike on a nuclear power plant is the containment building and its missile shield. Former NRC Chairman Dale Klein has said "Nuclear power plants are inherently robust structures that our studies show provide adequate protection in a hypothetical attack by an airplane. The NRC has also taken actions that require nuclear power plant operators to be able to manage large fires or explosions—no matter what has caused them." In addition, supporters point to large studies carried out by the U.S. Electric Power Research Institute that tested the robustness of both reactor and waste fuel storage and found that they should be able to sustain a terrorist attack comparable to the September 11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. Spent fuel is usually housed inside the plant's "protected zone" or a spent nuclear fuel shipping cask; stealing it for use in a "dirty bomb" would be extremely difficult. Exposure to the intense radiation would almost certainly quickly incapacitate or kill anyone who attempts to do so. Threat of terrorist attacks Nuclear power plants are considered to be targets for terrorist attacks. Even during the construction of the first nuclear power plants, this issue has been advised by security bodies. Concrete threats of attack against nuclear power plants by terrorists or criminals are documented from several states. While older nuclear power plants were built without special protection against air accidents in Germany, the later nuclear power plants built with a massive concrete buildings are partially protected against air accidents. They are designed against the impact of combat aircraft at a speed of about 800 km / h. It was assumed as a basis of assessment of the impact of an aircraft of type Phantom II with a mass of 20 tonnes and speed of 215 m / s. The danger arising from a terrorist caused large aircraft crash on a nuclear power plant is currently being discussed. Such a terrorist attack could have catastrophic consequences. For example, the German government has confirmed that the nuclear power plant Biblis A would not be completely protected from an attack by a military aircraft. Following the terrorist attacks in Brussels in 2016, several nuclear power plants were partially evacuated. At the same time, it became known that the terrorists had spied on the nuclear power plants, and several employees had their access privileges withdrawn. Moreover, "nuclear terrorism", for instance with a so-called "Dirty bomb," poses a considerable potential hazard. Plant location In many countries, plants are often located on the coast, in order to provide a ready source of cooling water for the essential service water system. As a consequence the design needs to take the risk of flooding and tsunamis into account. The World Energy Council (WEC) argues disaster risks are changing and increasing the likelihood of disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons, flooding. High temperatures, low precipitation levels and severe droughts may lead to fresh water shortages. Failure to calculate the risk of flooding correctly lead to a Level 2 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale during the 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood, while flooding caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami lead to the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. The design of plants located in seismically active zones also requires the risk of earthquakes and tsunamis to be taken into account. Japan, India, China and the USA are among the countries to have plants in earthquake-prone regions. Damage caused to Japan's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant during the 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake underlined concerns expressed by experts in Japan prior to the Fukushima accidents, who have warned of a genpatsu-shinsai (domino-effect nuclear power plant earthquake disaster). Safeguarding critical infrastructure like nuclear power plants is a requirement and necessary for chemical facilities, operating nuclear reactors and many other utility facilities. In 2003, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) developed mandates regarding enhanced security at nuclear power plants. Primary among them were changes to the security perimeter and the screening of employees, vendors, and visitors as they accessed the site. Many facilities recognize their vulnerabilities, and licensed security-contracting firms have arisen. Multiple reactors The Fukushima nuclear disaster illustrated the dangers of building multiple nuclear reactor units close to one another. Because of the closeness of the reactors, Plant Director Masao Yoshida "was put in the position of trying to cope simultaneously with core meltdowns at three reactors and exposed fuel pools at three units". Nuclear safety systems The three primary objectives of nuclear safety systems as defined by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission are to shut down the reactor, maintain it in a shutdown condition, and prevent the release of radioactive material during events and accidents. These objectives are accomplished using a variety of equipment, which is part of different systems, of which each performs specific functions. Routine emissions of radioactive materials During everyday routine operations, emissions of radioactive materials from nuclear plants are released to the outside of the plants although they are quite slight amounts. The daily emissions go into the air, water and soil. NRC says, "nuclear power plants sometimes release radioactive gases and liquids into the environment under controlled, monitored conditions to ensure that they pose no danger to the public or the environment", and "routine emissions during normal operation of a nuclear power plant are never lethal". According to the United Nations (UNSCEAR), regular nuclear power plant operation including the nuclear fuel cycle amounts to 0.0002 millisieverts (mSv) annually in average public radiation exposure; the legacy of the Chernobyl disaster is 0.002 mSv/a as a global average as of a 2008 report; and natural radiation exposure averages 2.4 mSv annually although frequently varying depending on an individual's location from 1 to 13 mSv. Japanese public perception of nuclear power safety In March 2012, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda said that the Japanese government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster, saying that officials had been blinded by an image of the country's technological infallibility and were "all too steeped in a safety myth." Japan has been accused by authors such as journalist Yoichi Funabashi of having an "aversion to facing the potential threat of nuclear emergencies." According to him, a national program to develop robots for use in nuclear emergencies was terminated in midstream because it "smacked too much of underlying danger." Though Japan is a major power in robotics, it had none to send in to Fukushima during the disaster. He mentions that Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission stipulated in its safety guidelines for light-water nuclear facilities that "the potential for extended loss of power need not be considered." However, this kind of extended loss of power to the cooling pumps caused the Fukushima meltdown. In other countries such as the UK, nuclear plants have not been claimed to be absolutely safe. It is instead claimed that a major accident has a likelihood of occurrence lower than (for example) 0.0001/year. Incidents such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster could have been avoided with stricter regulations over nuclear power. In 2002, TEPCO, the company that operated the Fukushima plant, admitted to falsifying reports on over 200 occasions between 1997 and 2002. TEPCO faced no fines for this. Instead, they fired four of their top executives. Three of these four later went on to take jobs at companies that do business with TEPCO. Uranium supplies Nuclear fuel is strategic resource whose continuous supply needs to be secured to prevent plant outages. IAEA recommends at least two suppliers to ensure supply disruptions as result of political events or monopolistic pressure. Worldwide uranium supplies are well diversified, with dozens of suppliers in various countries, and small amounts of fuel required make the diversification much easier than in case of large-volume fossil fuel supplies required by energy sector. For example, Ukraine faced the challenge as result of conflict with Russia, which continued to supply the fuel but used it to leverage political pressure. In 2016 Ukraine obtained 50% of its supplies from Russia, and the other half from Sweden, with a number of framework contracts with other countries. Hazards of nuclear material There is currently a total of 47,000 tonnes of high-level nuclear waste stored in the USA. Nuclear waste is approximately 94% Uranium, 1.3% Plutonium, 0.14% other actinides, and 5.2% fission products. About 1.0% of this waste consists of long-lived isotopes 79Se, 93Zr, 99Te, 107Pd, 126Sn, 129I and 135Cs. Shorter lived isotopes including 89Sr, 90Sr, 106Ru, 125Sn, 134Cs, 137Cs, and 147Pm constitute 0.9% at one year, decreasing to 0.1% at 100 years. The remaining 3.3–4.1% consists of non-radioactive isotopes. There are technical challenges, as it is preferable to lock away the long-lived fission products, but the challenge should not be exaggerated. One tonne of waste, as described above, has measurable radioactivity of approximately 600 TBq equal to the natural radioactivity in one km3 of the Earth's crust, which if buried, would add only 25 parts per trillion to the total radioactivity. The difference between short-lived high-level nuclear waste and long-lived low-level waste can be illustrated by the following example. As stated above, one mole of both 131I and 129I release 3x1023 decays in a period equal to one half-life. 131I decays with the release of 970 keV whilst 129I decays with the release of 194 keV of energy. 131gm of 131I would therefore release 45 gigajoules over eight days beginning at an initial rate of 600 EBq releasing 90 kilowatts with the last radioactive decay occurring inside two years. In contrast, 129gm of 129I would therefore release 9 gigajoules over 15.7 million years beginning at an initial rate of 850 MBq releasing 25 microwatts with the radioactivity decreasing by less than 1% in 100,000 years. One tonne of nuclear waste also reduces CO2 emission by 25 million tonnes. Radionuclides such as 129I or 131I, may be highly radioactive, or very long-lived, but they cannot be both. One mole of 129I (129 grams) undergoes the same number of decays (3x1023) in 15.7 million years, as does one mole of 131I (131 grams) in 8 days. 131I is therefore highly radioactive, but disappears very quickly, whilst 129I releases a very low level of radiation for a very long time. Two long-lived fission products, technetium-99 (half-life 220,000 years) and iodine-129 (half-life 15.7 million years), are of somewhat greater concern because of a greater chance of entering the biosphere. The transuranic elements in spent fuel are neptunium-237 (half-life two million years) and plutonium-239 (half-life 24,000 years). will also remain in the environment for long periods. A more complete solution to both the problem of both actinides and to the need for low-carbon energy may be the integral fast reactor. One tonne of nuclear waste after a complete burn in an IFR reactor will have prevented 500 million tonnes of CO2 from entering the atmosphere. Otherwise, waste storage usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management strategy involving permanent storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form. Governments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing with radioactive waste range from 10,000 to millions of years, according to studies based on the effect of estimated radiation doses. Since the fraction of a radioisotope's atoms decaying per unit of time is inversely proportional to its half-life, the relative radioactivity of a quantity of buried human radioactive waste would diminish over time compared to natural radioisotopes (such as the decay chain of 120 trillion tons of thorium and 40 trillion tons of uranium which are at relatively trace concentrations of parts per million each over the crust's 3 * 1019 ton mass). For instance, over a timeframe of thousands of years, after the most active short half-life radioisotopes decayed, burying U.S. nuclear waste would increase the radioactivity in the top 2000 feet of rock and soil in the United States (10 million km2) by ≈ 1 part in 10 million over the cumulative amount of natural radioisotopes in such a volume, although the vicinity of the site would have a far higher concentration of artificial radioisotopes underground than such an average. Safety culture and human errors One relatively prevalent notion in discussions of nuclear safety is that of safety culture. The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group, defines the term as “the personal dedication and accountability of all individuals engaged in any activity which has a bearing on the safety of nuclear power plants”. The goal is “to design systems that use human capabilities in appropriate ways, that protect systems from human frailties, and that protect humans from hazards associated with the system”. At the same time, there is some evidence that operational practices are not easy to change. Operators almost never follow instructions and written procedures exactly, and “the violation of rules appears to be quite rational, given the actual workload and timing constraints under which the operators must do their job”. Many attempts to improve nuclear safety culture “were compensated by people adapting to the change in an unpredicted way”. According to Areva's Southeast Asia and Oceania director, Selena Ng, Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster is "a huge wake-up call for a nuclear industry that hasn't always been sufficiently transparent about safety issues". She said "There was a sort of complacency before Fukushima and I don't think we can afford to have that complacency now". An assessment conducted by the Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA) in France concluded that no amount of technical innovation can eliminate the risk of human-induced errors associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious: errors committed during field operations, such as maintenance and testing, that can cause an accident; and human errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure. According to Mycle Schneider, reactor safety depends above all on a 'culture of security', including the quality of maintenance and training, the competence of the operator and the workforce, and the rigour of regulatory oversight. So a better-designed, newer reactor is not always a safer one, and older reactors are not necessarily more dangerous than newer ones. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States occurred in a reactor that had started operation only three months earlier, and the Chernobyl disaster occurred after only two years of operation. A serious loss of coolant occurred at the French Civaux-1 reactor in 1998, less than five months after start-up. However safe a plant is designed to be, it is operated by humans who are prone to errors. Laurent Stricker, a nuclear engineer and chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators says that operators must guard against complacency and avoid overconfidence. Experts say that the "largest single internal factor determining the safety of a plant is the culture of security among regulators, operators and the workforce — and creating such a culture is not easy". Investigative journalist Eric Schlosser, author of Command and Control, discovered that at least 700 "significant" accidents and incidents involving 1,250 nuclear weapons were recorded in the United States between 1950 and 1968. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War. Risks The routine health risks and greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear fission power are small relative to those associated with coal, but there are several "catastrophic risks": The extreme danger of the radioactive material in power plants and of nuclear technology in and of itself is so well known that the US government was prompted (at the industry's urging) to enact provisions that protect the nuclear industry from bearing the full burden of such inherently risky nuclear operations. The Price-Anderson Act limits industry's liability in the case of accidents, and the 1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Act charges the federal government with responsibility for permanently storing nuclear waste. Population density is one critical lens through which other risks have to be assessed, says Laurent Stricker, a nuclear engineer and chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators: The KANUPP plant in Karachi, Pakistan, has the most people — 8.2 million — living within 30 kilometres of a nuclear plant, although it has just one relatively small reactor with an output of 125 megawatts. Next in the league, however, are much larger plants — Taiwan's 1,933-megawatt Kuosheng plant with 5.5 million people within a 30-kilometre radius and the 1,208-megawatt Chin Shan plant with 4.7 million; both zones include the capital city of Taipei. 172,000 people living within a 30 kilometre radius of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, have been forced or advised to evacuate the area. More generally, a 2011 analysis by Nature and Columbia University, New York, shows that some 21 nuclear plants have populations larger than 1 million within a 30-km radius, and six plants have populations larger than 3 million within that radius. Black Swan events are highly unlikely occurrences that have big repercussions. Despite planning, nuclear power will always be vulnerable to black swan events: A rare event – especially one that has never occurred – is difficult to foresee, expensive to plan for and easy to discount with statistics. Just because something is only supposed to happen every 10,000 years does not mean that it will not happen tomorrow. Over the typical 40-year life of a plant, assumptions can also change, as they did on September 11, 2001, in August 2005 when Hurricane Katrina struck, and in March, 2011, after Fukushima. The list of potential black swan events is "damningly diverse": Nuclear reactors and their spent-fuel pools could be targets for terrorists piloting hijacked planes. Reactors may be situated downstream from dams that, should they ever burst, could unleash massive floods. Some reactors are located close to faults or shorelines, a dangerous scenario like that which emerged at Three Mile Island and Fukushima – a catastrophic coolant failure, the overheating and melting of the radioactive fuel rods, and a release of radioactive material. The AP1000 has an estimated core damage frequency of 5.09 x 10−7 per plant per year. The Evolutionary Power Reactor (EPR) has an estimated core damage frequency of 4 x 10−7 per plant per year. In 2006 General Electric published recalculated estimated core damage frequencies per year per plant for its nuclear power plant designs: BWR/4 – 1 x 10−5 BWR/6 – 1 x 10−6 ABWR – 2 x 10−7 ESBWR – 3 x 10−8 Beyond design basis events The Fukushima I nuclear accident was caused by a "beyond design basis event," the tsunami and associated earthquakes were more powerful than the plant was designed to accommodate, and the accident is directly due to the tsunami overflowing the too-low seawall. Since then, the possibility of unforeseen beyond design basis events has been a major concern for plant operators. Transparency and ethics According to journalist Stephanie Cooke, it is difficult to know what really goes on inside nuclear power plants because the industry is shrouded in secrecy. Corporations and governments control what information is made available to the public. Cooke says "when information is made available, it is often couched in jargon and incomprehensible prose". Kennette Benedict has said that nuclear technology and plant operations continue to lack transparency and to be relatively closed to public view: Despite victories like the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission, and later the Nuclear Regular Commission, the secrecy that began with the Manhattan Project has tended to permeate the civilian nuclear program, as well as the military and defense programs. In 1986, Soviet officials held off reporting the Chernobyl disaster for several days. The operators of the Fukushima plant, Tokyo Electric Power Co, were also criticised for not quickly disclosing information on releases of radioactivity from the plant. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said there must be greater transparency in nuclear emergencies. Historically many scientists and engineers have made decisions on behalf of potentially affected populations about whether a particular level of risk and uncertainty is acceptable for them. Many nuclear engineers and scientists that have made such decisions, even for good reasons relating to long term energy availability, now consider that doing so without informed consent is wrong, and that nuclear power safety and nuclear technologies should be based fundamentally on morality, rather than purely on technical, economic and business considerations. Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values, and are the legitimate province of every citizen, whether technically trained or not. Nuclear and radiation accidents The nuclear industry has an excellent safety record and the deaths per megawatt hour are the lowest of all the major energy sources. According to Zia Mian and Alexander Glaser, the "past six decades have shown that nuclear technology does not tolerate error". Nuclear power is perhaps the primary example of what are called ‘high-risk technologies’ with ‘catastrophic potential’, because “no matter how effective conventional safety devices are, there is a form of accident that is inevitable, and such accidents are a ‘normal’ consequence of the system.” In short, there is no escape from system failures. Whatever position one takes in the nuclear power debate, the possibility of catastrophic accidents and consequent economic costs must be considered when nuclear policy and regulations are being framed. Accident liability protection Kristin Shrader-Frechette has said "if reactors were safe, nuclear industries would not demand government-guaranteed, accident-liability protection, as a condition for their generating electricity". No private insurance company or even consortium of insurance companies "would shoulder the fearsome liabilities arising from severe nuclear accidents". Hanford Site The Hanford Site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear production complex on the Columbia River in the U.S. state of Washington, operated by the United States federal government. Plutonium manufactured at the site was used in the first nuclear bomb, tested at the Trinity site, and in Fat Man, the bomb detonated over Nagasaki, Japan. During the Cold War, the project was expanded to include nine nuclear reactors and five large plutonium processing complexes, which produced plutonium for most of the 60,000 weapons in the U.S. nuclear arsenal. Many of the early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate, and government documents have since confirmed that Hanford's operations released significant amounts of radioactive materials into the air and the Columbia River, which still threatens the health of residents and ecosystems. The weapons production reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War, but the decades of manufacturing left behind of high-level radioactive waste, an additional of solid radioactive waste, of contaminated groundwater beneath the site and occasional discoveries of undocumented contaminations that slow the pace and raise the cost of cleanup. The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume. Today, Hanford is the most contaminated nuclear site in the United States and is the focus of the nation's largest environmental cleanup. 1986 Chernobyl disaster The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large quantities of radioactive contamination into the atmosphere, which spread over much of Western USSR and Europe. It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history, and is one of only two classified as a level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster). The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles, crippling the Soviet economy. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the nuclear power industry, slowing its expansion for a number of years. UNSCEAR has conducted 20 years of detailed scientific and epidemiological research on the effects of the Chernobyl accident. Apart from the 57 direct deaths in the accident itself, UNSCEAR predicted in 2005 that up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths related to the accident would appear "among the 600 000 persons receiving more significant exposures (liquidators working in 1986–87, evacuees, and residents of the most contaminated areas)". Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl disaster. Eleven of Russia's reactors are of the RBMK 1000 type, similar to the one at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Some of these RBMK reactors were originally to be shut down but have instead been given life extensions and uprated in output by about 5%. Critics say that these reactors are of an "inherently unsafe design", which cannot be improved through upgrades and modernization, and some reactor parts are impossible to replace. Russian environmental groups say that the lifetime extensions "violate Russian law, because the projects have not undergone environmental assessments". 2011 Fukushima I accidents Despite all assurances, a major nuclear accident on the scale of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster happened again in 2011 in Japan, one of the world's most industrially advanced countries. Nuclear Safety Commission Chairman Haruki Madarame told a parliamentary inquiry in February 2012 that "Japan's atomic safety rules are inferior to global standards and left the country unprepared for the Fukushima nuclear disaster last March". There were flaws in, and lax enforcement of, the safety rules governing Japanese nuclear power companies, and this included insufficient protection against tsunamis. A 2012 report in The Economist said: "The reactors at Fukushima were of an old design. The risks they faced had not been well analysed. The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on. The operators made mistakes. The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled. Some of the equipment failed. The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the movement of the radioactive plume, so some people were evacuated from more lightly to more heavily contaminated places". The designers of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant reactors did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. Nuclear reactors are such "inherently complex, tightly coupled systems that, in rare, emergency situations, cascading interactions will unfold very rapidly in such a way that human operators will be unable to predict and master them". Lacking electricity to pump water needed to cool the atomic core, engineers vented radioactive steam into the atmosphere to release pressure, leading to a series of explosions that blew out concrete walls around the reactors. Radiation readings spiked around Fukushima as the disaster widened, forcing the evacuation of 200,000 people. There was a rise in radiation levels on the outskirts of Tokyo, with a population of 30 million, 135 miles (210 kilometers) to the south. Back-up diesel generators that might have averted the disaster were positioned in a basement, where they were quickly overwhelmed by waves. The cascade of events at Fukushima had been predicted in a report published in the U.S. several decades ago: The 1990 report by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, an independent agency responsible for safety at the country's power plants, identified earthquake-induced diesel generator failure and power outage leading to failure of cooling systems as one of the “most likely causes” of nuclear accidents from an external event. The report was cited in a 2004 statement by Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, but it seems adequate measures to address the risk were not taken by TEPCO. Katsuhiko Ishibashi, a seismology professor at Kobe University, has said that Japan's history of nuclear accidents stems from an overconfidence in plant engineering. In 2006, he resigned from a government panel on nuclear reactor safety, because the review process was rigged and “unscientific”. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Japan "underestimated the danger of tsunamis and failed to prepare adequate backup systems at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant". This repeated a widely held criticism in Japan that "collusive ties between regulators and industry led to weak oversight and a failure to ensure adequate safety levels at the plant". The IAEA also said that the Fukushima disaster exposed the lack of adequate backup systems at the plant. Once power was completely lost, critical functions like the cooling system shut down. Three of the reactors "quickly overheated, causing meltdowns that eventually led to explosions, which hurled large amounts of radioactive material into the air". Louise Fréchette and Trevor Findlay have said that more effort is needed to ensure nuclear safety and improve responses to accidents: The multiple reactor crises at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant reinforce the need for strengthening global instruments to ensure nuclear safety worldwide. The fact that a country that has been operating nuclear power reactors for decades should prove so alarmingly improvisational in its response and so unwilling to reveal the facts even to its own people, much less the International Atomic Energy Agency, is a reminder that nuclear safety is a constant work-in-progress. David Lochbaum, chief nuclear safety officer with the Union of Concerned Scientists, has repeatedly questioned the safety of the Fukushima I Plant's General Electric Mark 1 reactor design, which is used in almost a quarter of the United States' nuclear fleet. A report from the Japanese Government to the IAEA says the "nuclear fuel in three reactors probably melted through the inner containment vessels, not just the core". The report says the "inadequate" basic reactor design — the Mark-1 model developed by General Electric — included "the venting system for the containment vessels and the location of spent fuel cooling pools high in the buildings, which resulted in leaks of radioactive water that hampered repair work". Following the Fukushima emergency, the European Union decided that reactors across all 27 member nations should undergo safety tests. According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents are likely to hurt the nuclear power industry's credibility more than the Chernobyl disaster in 1986: The accident in the former Soviet Union 25 years ago 'affected one reactor in a totalitarian state with no safety culture,' UBS analysts including Per Lekander and Stephen Oldfield wrote in a report today. 'At Fukushima, four reactors have been out of control for weeks – casting doubt on whether even an advanced economy can master nuclear safety.' The Fukushima accident exposed some troubling nuclear safety issues: Despite the resources poured into analyzing crustal movements and having expert committees determine earthquake risk, for instance, researchers never considered the possibility of a magnitude-9 earthquake followed by a massive tsunami. The failure of multiple safety features on nuclear power plants has raised questions about the nation's engineering prowess. Government flip-flopping on acceptable levels of radiation exposure confused the public, and health professionals provided little guidance. Facing a dearth of reliable information on radiation levels, citizens armed themselves with dosimeters, pooled data, and together produced radiological contamination maps far more detailed than anything the government or official scientific sources ever provided. As of January 2012, questions also linger as to the extent of damage to the Fukushima plant caused by the earthquake even before the tsunami hit. Any evidence of serious quake damage at the plant would "cast new doubt on the safety of other reactors in quake-prone Japan". Two government advisers have said that "Japan's safety review of nuclear reactors after the Fukushima disaster is based on faulty criteria and many people involved have conflicts of interest". Hiromitsu Ino, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, says "The whole process being undertaken is exactly the same as that used previous to the Fukushima Dai-Ichi accident, even though the accident showed all these guidelines and categories to be insufficient". In March 2012, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda acknowledged that the Japanese government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster, saying that officials had been blinded by a false belief in the country's "technological infallibility", and were all too steeped in a "safety myth". Other accidents Serious nuclear and radiation accidents include the Chalk River accidents (1952, 1958 & 2008), Mayak disaster (1957), Windscale fire (1957), SL-1 accident (1961), Soviet submarine K-19 accident (1961), Three Mile Island accident (1979), Church Rock uranium mill spill (1979), Soviet submarine K-431 accident (1985), Therac-25 accidents (1985-1987), Goiânia accident (1987), Zaragoza radiotherapy accident (1990), Costa Rica radiotherapy accident (1996), Tokaimura nuclear accident (1999), Sellafield THORP leak (2005), and the Flerus IRE cobalt-60 spill (2006). Health impacts Four hundred and thirty-seven nuclear power stations are presently in operation but, unfortunately, five major nuclear accidents have occurred in the past. These accidents occurred at Kyshtym (1957), Windscale (1957), Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), and Fukushima (2011). A report in Lancet says that the effects of these accidents on individuals and societies are diverse and enduring: "Accumulated evidence about radiation health effects on atomic bomb survivors and other radiation-exposed people has formed the basis for national and international regulations about radiation protection. However, past experiences suggest that common issues were not necessarily physical health problems directly attributable to radiation exposure, but rather psychological and social effects. Additionally, evacuation and long-term displacement created severe health-care problems for the most vulnerable people, such as hospital inpatients and elderly people." In spite of accidents like these, studies have shown that nuclear deaths are mostly in uranium mining and that nuclear energy has generated far fewer deaths than the high pollution levels that result from the use of conventional fossil fuels. However, the nuclear power industry relies on uranium mining, which itself is a hazardous industry, with many accidents and fatalities. Journalist Stephanie Cooke says that it is not useful to make comparisons just in terms of number of deaths, as the way people live afterwards is also relevant, as in the case of the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents: "You have people in Japan right now that are facing either not returning to their homes forever, or if they do return to their homes, living in a contaminated area for basically ever... It affects millions of people, it affects our land, it affects our atmosphere ... it's affecting future generations ... I don't think any of these great big massive plants that spew pollution into the air are good. But I don't think it's really helpful to make these comparisons just in terms of number of deaths". The Fukushima accident forced more than 80,000 residents to evacuate from neighborhoods around the plant. A survey by the Iitate, Fukushima local government obtained responses from some 1,743 people who have evacuated from the village, which lies within the emergency evacuation zone around the crippled Fukushima Daiichi Plant. It shows that many residents are experiencing growing frustration and instability due to the nuclear crisis and an inability to return to the lives they were living before the disaster. Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and the health of their families had deteriorated after evacuating, while 39.9 percent reported feeling more irritated compared to before the disaster. "Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees' current family status, one-third of all surveyed families live apart from their children, while 50.1 percent live away from other family members (including elderly parents) with whom they lived before the disaster. The survey also showed that 34.7 percent of the evacuees have suffered salary cuts of 50 percent or more since the outbreak of the nuclear disaster. A total of 36.8 percent reported a lack of sleep, while 17.9 percent reported smoking or drinking more than before they evacuated." Chemical components of the radioactive waste may lead to cancer. For example, Iodine 131 was released along with the radioactive waste when Chernobyl disaster and Fukushima disasters occurred. It was concentrated in leafy vegetation after absorption in the soil. It also stays in animals’ milk if the animals eat the vegetation. When Iodine 131 enters the human body, it migrates to the thyroid gland in the neck and can cause thyroid cancer. Other elements from nuclear waste can lead to cancer as well. For example, Strontium 90 causes breast cancer and leukemia, Plutonium 239 causes liver cancer. Improvements to nuclear fission technologies Redesigns of fuel pellets and cladding are being undertaken which can further improve the safety of existing power plants. Newer reactor designs intended to provide increased safety have been developed over time. These designs include those that incorporate passive safety and Small Modular Reactors. While these reactor designs "are intended to inspire trust, they may have an unintended effect: creating distrust of older reactors that lack the touted safety features". The next nuclear plants to be built will likely be Generation III or III+ designs, and a few such are already in operation in Japan. Generation IV reactors would have even greater improvements in safety. These new designs are expected to be passively safe or nearly so, and perhaps even inherently safe (as in the PBMR designs). Some improvements made (not all in all designs) are having three sets of emergency diesel generators and associated emergency core cooling systems rather than just one pair, having quench tanks (large coolant-filled tanks) above the core that open into it automatically, having a double containment (one containment building inside another), etc. Approximately 120 reactors, such as all those in Switzerland prior to and all reactors in Japan after the Fukushima accident, incorporate Filtered Containment Venting Systems, onto the containment structure, which are designed to relieve the containment pressure during an accident by releasing gases to the environment while retaining most of the fission products in the filter structures. However, safety risks may be the greatest when nuclear systems are the newest, and operators have less experience with them. Nuclear engineer David Lochbaum explained that almost all serious nuclear accidents occurred with what was at the time the most recent technology. He argues that "the problem with new reactors and accidents is twofold: scenarios arise that are impossible to plan for in simulations; and humans make mistakes". As one director of a U.S. research laboratory put it, "fabrication, construction, operation, and maintenance of new reactors will face a steep learning curve: advanced technologies will have a heightened risk of accidents and mistakes. The technology may be proven, but people are not". Developing countries There are concerns about developing countries "rushing to join the so-called nuclear renaissance without the necessary infrastructure, personnel, regulatory frameworks and safety culture". Some countries with nuclear aspirations, like Nigeria, Kenya, Bangladesh and Venezuela, have no significant industrial experience and will require at least a decade of preparation even before breaking ground at a reactor site. The speed of the nuclear construction program in China has raised safety concerns. The challenge for the government and nuclear companies is to "keep an eye on a growing army of contractors and subcontractors who may be tempted to cut corners". China has asked for international assistance in training more nuclear power plant inspectors. Nuclear security and terrorist attacks Nuclear power plants, civilian research reactors, certain naval fuel facilities, uranium enrichment plants, and fuel fabrication plants, are vulnerable to attacks which could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The attack threat is of several general types: commando-like ground-based attacks on equipment which if disabled could lead to a reactor core meltdown or widespread dispersal of radioactivity; and external attacks such as an aircraft crash into a reactor complex, or cyber attacks. The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11, 2001 attacks. If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a core meltdown at a nuclear power plant, and/or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The Federation of American Scientists have said that if nuclear power use is to expand significantly, nuclear facilities will have to be made extremely safe from attacks that could release massive quantities of radioactivity into the community. New reactor designs have features of passive safety, which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years. Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict and, over the past three decades, have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns. Various acts of civil disobedience since 1980 by the peace group Plowshares have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated, and the groups actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at nuclear weapons plants in the United States. The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action. Non-proliferation policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government's most dangerous military material". Nuclear weapons materials on the black market are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon by a militant group in a major city, with significant loss of life and property. Stuxnet is a computer worm discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the United States and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. Nuclear fusion research Nuclear fusion power is a developing technology still under research. It relies on fusing rather than fissioning (splitting) atomic nuclei, using very different processes compared to current nuclear power plants. Nuclear fusion reactions have the potential to be safer and generate less radioactive waste than fission. These reactions appear potentially viable, though technically quite difficult and have yet to be created on a scale that could be used in a functional power plant. Fusion power has been under theoretical and experimental investigation since the 1950s. Construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor facility began in 2007, but the project has run into many delays and budget overruns. The facility is now not expected to begin operations until the year 2027 – 11 years after initially anticipated. A follow on commercial nuclear fusion power station, DEMO, has been proposed. There is also suggestions for a power plant based upon a different fusion approach, that of an Inertial fusion power plant. Fusion powered electricity generation was initially believed to be readily achievable, as fission power had been. However, the extreme requirements for continuous reactions and plasma containment led to projections being extended by several decades. In 2010, more than 60 years after the first attempts, commercial power production was still believed to be unlikely before 2050. More stringent safety standards Matthew Bunn, the former US Office of Science and Technology Policy adviser, and Heinonen, the former Deputy Director General of the IAEA, have said that there is a need for more stringent nuclear safety standards, and propose six major areas for improvement: operators must plan for events beyond design bases; more stringent standards for protecting nuclear facilities against terrorist sabotage; a stronger international emergency response; international reviews of security and safety; binding international standards on safety and security; and international co-operation to ensure regulatory effectiveness. Coastal nuclear sites must also be further protected against rising sea levels, storm surges, flooding, and possible eventual "nuclear site islanding". See also Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Broken Arrow (nuclear) Deep geological repository Design basis accident Environmental impact of nuclear power International Nuclear Events Scale Journey to the Safest Place on Earth Nuclear terrorism Nuclear accidents in the United States Nuclear criticality safety RELAP5-3D A reactor design and simulation tool to prevent accidents. Nuclear fuel response to reactor accidents Nuclear holocaust Nuclear power debate Nuclear power plant emergency response team Nuclear whistleblowers Nuclear weapon Micro nuclear reactor Passive nuclear safety Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository Safety code (nuclear reactor) Material unaccounted for References External links International Atomic Energy Agency website Nuclear Safety Info Resources Nuclear Safety Discussion Forums The Nuclear Energy Option, online book by Bernard L. Cohen. Emphasis on risk estimates of nuclear. Environmental impact of nuclear power Nuclear weapons Safety practices	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20safety%20and%20security
The BN-350 is a sodium-cooled, fast reactor located at the Mangyshlak Nuclear Power Plant, located in Aktau (formerly known as Shevchenko under the control of the USSR in 1964–1992), Kazakhstan, on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Construction of the BN-350 fast breeder reactor began in 1964, and the plant first produced electricity in 1973. In addition to providing power for the city (350 MWe), BN-350 was also used for producing plutonium and for desalination to supply fresh water (120,000 m³ fresh water/day) to the city. Planning and design The prototypes for the development of the BN-350 reactor were the experimental reactor BR-5, built in 1959 on the territory of the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering (IPPE, Obninsk, Kaluga region), and the research reactor BOR-60, introduced at RIAR in 1969. (Melekess, now Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region). The development of all power reactors was carried out under the scientific guidance of IPPE. A three-circuit reactor cooling scheme is used. In the first and second circuits, liquid sodium is used as a coolant, in the third circuit, water. The reactor pressure vessel is made of stainless steel with a thickness of 30 mm and a diameter of 2.4 to 6.0 m. The first circuit of the cooling system consists of five active and one reserve loop. Closure and decommissioning The project lifetime of the reactor officially finished in 1993, and in June 1994, the reactor was forced to shut down because of a lack of funds to buy fuel. By 1995, the plant's operating license had expired. The facility continued to operate far below capacity until reactor operations ceased in 1999, when plutonium-bearing spent fuel stopped being produced. Disposition of spent fuel was executed with technical and financial assistance of the US government. Some 3000 cubic metres of liquid radioactive waste, mainly sodium and caesium-137 with a half-life of 30 years, are stored at MAEK-Kazatomprom. Short-term safe storage will be 10 years, followed by a long-term dry storage of 50 years. Total decommissioning cost was estimated in 2020 at $ 330 million to be paid by local residents through the electricity tariff. For the process of decommissioning to remove the radioactive hazard, Rosatom will assist Kazakhstan on the decommissioning for the BN-350 reactor. As follows from the materials on the Rosatom procurement website, Techsnabexport JSC will provide assistance to Kazakh partners. By order of Techsnabexport, the Scientific and Technical Center for the Safety of Nuclear Technologies of Kazakhstan will have to collect and analyze the documents of the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan in the field of decommissioning of nuclear facilities and radioactive waste management and assess the sufficiency of this base for carrying out direct work on decommissioning out of service BN-350. Then it will be necessary to select technologies for solving priority work on transferring the BN-350 to a safe state, develop initial requirements for the structure and composition of technological complexes and infrastructure, develop requirements for space-planning solutions and perform an indicative (aggregated) economic assessment of the decisions made. According to the project, the decommissioning of the BN-350 is planned to be carried out in three stages. First, it is planned to transfer the reactor facility to a state of safe storage within 10 years, then ensure long-term safe storage within 50 years, and then perform partial or complete dismantling of equipment, buildings and structures, and ensure the management of radioactive waste. See also BN-reactor BN-600 reactor References Nuclear technology in the Soviet Union Soviet inventions Liquid metal fast reactors Nuclear power stations built in the Soviet Union Nuclear power stations in Kazakhstan Former nuclear power stations Former power stations in Kazakhstan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BN-350%20reactor
Frederick Ward may refer to: Frederick Townsend Ward (1831–1862), American sailor and mercenary Frederick Wordsworth Ward aka, Captain Thunderbolt (1833–1870), Australian bushranger Frederick William Ward (1874–1934), Australian newspaper editor Frederick Ward (Australian politician) (1873–1954), Australian senator Frederick Ward (cricketer) (1881–1948), English cricketer, played one first class game for Yorkshire Frederick Ward (theatre) (born 1887), Australian actor and theatre businessman Fred Ward (rugby league) (1932–2012), English footballer and coach Frederick N. Ward (1935–2016), photojournalist Fred Ward (1942–2022), American actor Yaffer Ward (Frederick Ward, 1895–1953), English footballer Frederick Charles Ward (1900–1990), furniture and interior designer in Australia Fred Ward (writer), African-Canadian poet, writer and professor See also Frederic Ward Putnam (1839–1915), American naturalist and anthropologist Frederic Warde (1894–1939), typographic designer Frederick Warde (1851–1935), Shakespearean actor Frederick Warde (cricketer), English cricketer Frederick Ward Merriman, New Zealand politician	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Ward
Chapter 2: World Domination is the third studio album by American hip hop group Three 6 Mafia. The album was released on November 4, 1997, by Hypnotize Minds, with distribution from RED. This was their first widely distributed album and also Three 6 Mafia's first Gold-RIAA certified album, having sold over 800,000 copies in the US. This album is the last to feature a majority of darker beats, but also shows the group moving toward a more mainstream sound that would be heard on their 2000 album When the Smoke Clears: Sixty 6, Sixty 1. It incorporated reprises of four hits previously released on Mystic Stylez and Chapter 1: The End — "Late Nite Tip", "N 2 Deep", "Body Parts" and "Tear Da Club Up". Track listing All tracks are produced by DJ Paul and Juicy J Charts Certifications References 1997 albums Three 6 Mafia albums Horrorcore albums Albums produced by DJ Paul Albums produced by Juicy J	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter%202%3A%20World%20Domination
The 2004 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 15, 2004, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, home of the Lakers and Clippers. This game was the 53rd edition of the North American National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game and was played during the 2003–04 NBA season. The West defeated the East 136–132, with Shaquille O'Neal of the Los Angeles Lakers winning the Most Valuable Player for the second time in his career. O'Neal scored 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds. Jamaal Magloire led the East with 19 points and 8 rebounds. All-Star Game Coaches The coach for the Western Conference team was Minnesota Timberwolves head coach Flip Saunders. The Timberwolves had a 37–15 record on February 15. The coach for the Eastern Conference team was Indiana Pacers head coach Rick Carlisle. The Pacers had a 39–14 record on February 15. Players The rosters for the All-Star Game were chosen in two ways. The starters were chosen via a fan ballot. Two guards, two forwards and one center who received the highest vote were named the All-Star starters. The reserves were chosen by votes among the NBA head coaches in their respective conferences. The coaches were not permitted to vote for their own players. The reserves consist of two guards, two forwards, one center and two players regardless of position. If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the commissioner will select a replacement. For the fourth time in the last five years, Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors led the ballots with 2,127,183 votes, which earned him a starting position in the Eastern Conference team for the fifth year in a row. Allen Iverson, Tracy McGrady, Jermaine O'Neal, and Ben Wallace completed the Eastern Conference starting position, which would've been the same starting line-up as the previous year, if Carter hadn't given his spot to Michael Jordan. The Eastern Conference reserves included four first-time selections, Kenyon Martin, Jamaal Magloire, Ron Artest, and Michael Redd. Jason Kidd, Paul Pierce, and Baron Davis rounded out the team. Three teams, Indiana Pacers and New Jersey Nets, and Charlotte Hornets had two representations at the All-Star Game with O'Neal/Artest, Martin/Kidd, and Magloire/Davis. The Western leading vote-getter was Kevin Garnett, who earned his seventh consecutive All-Star Game selection with 1,780,918 votes. Steve Francis, Kobe Bryant, Yao Ming, and Tim Duncan completed the Western Conference starting positions, making it also the same starting line-up as the previous year. The Western Conference reserves included two first-time selections, Sam Cassell of the Minnesota Timberwolves, and Andrei Kirilenko of the Utah Jazz. The team is rounded out by Ray Allen, Brad Miller, Dirk Nowitzki, Peja Stojaković, and Shaquille O'Neal. Four teams, Los Angeles Lakers, Minnesota Timberwolves, Houston Rockets, and Sacramento Kings, had two representations at the All-Star Game with Bryant/O'Neal, Garnett/Cassell, Francis/Yao, and Stojaković/Miller. Roster - Here are the vote numbers; http://www.nba.com/allstar2004/allstar_game/starter_040129.html All-Star Weekend Slam Dunk Contest Three-Point Contest Rookie Challenge Rookie Roster: Head Coach: Doug Collins Assistant Coach: A.C. Green Sophomore Roster: Head Coach: Michael Cooper Assistant Coach: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Said to be the most exciting Rookie Challenge in history due to all the highlight-reel dunks. Much of the hype centered on rookie phenoms LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony, who had 33 and 17 points respectively. Amar'e Stoudemire set a Rookie Challenge record with 36 points (it has since been broken). External links 2004 NBA All-Star Game Website National Basketball Association All-Star Game All-Star Basketball competitions in Los Angeles NBA All-Star 2004 in Los Angeles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20NBA%20All-Star%20Game
David Ross Hope Bridie is an Australian contemporary musician and songwriter. He was a founding mainstay member of World music band Not Drowning, Waving which released six studio albums to critical acclaim. He also formed a chamber pop group, My Friend the Chocolate Cake, which released seven studio albums. During his solo career he has issued five studio albums and worked on soundtracks for Australian films and television like The Man Who Sued God, Remote Area Nurse, Secret City, and The Circuit. Bridie is the founder and artistic director of Wantok Musik Foundation; a not-for-profit music label that records, releases and promotes culturally infused music from Indigenous Australia, Melanesia and Oceania. In 2019 he received the Don Banks Music Award. Musical Biography David Bridie was born in 1962 and grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Deepdene with three siblings. He attended Camberwell High School and the University of Melbourne, and received training in classical music. From 1980 to 1983 Bridie provided keyboards for Misspent Youth, with James Southall on percussion. They travelled to Perth, after their lead singer convinced them they would earn more money. Bridie had dropped out of his Arts/Law degree course for the venture, but found that Perth bands performed cover versions due to "the city's penchant for Top 40 and retro hits." They returned to Melbourne and he left the group soon after. He was also a member of Go Circus, alongside Rowan McKinnon on bass guitar. Bridie on vocals, piano, synthesiser and percussion formed a World music duo, Not Drowning, Waving in Melbourne in 1983 with fellow classical musician John Phillips on guitar. The pair had met at La Trobe University when Bridie invited Phillips to help record a track, "Moving Around", which had McKinnon providing bass guitar. Initially Not Drowning, Waving was a studio-only project while Bridie, McKinnon, Phillips and Southall formed a performance group, Easter, with Russel Bradley on drums and Tim Cole on lead vocals. "Moving Around" was issued as Not Drowning, Waving's debut single in April 1984. The duo followed with their debut album, Another Pond, in January 1985 via Rampant Records. It was produced by their Easter bandmate, Cole. Easter were performing shows around Melbourne and released their own single, "Cheesecloth", in August 1985. Some of its members joined Not Drowning, Waving and the two groups co-existed with almost the same line-up. Not Drowning, Waving started live shows, while Easter wound down and eventually disbanded. Bridie and Phillips also worked in screen music beginning with the soundtrack for a film documentary, Canoe Man, directed by Mark Worth. To research music for the documentary, Bridie had travelled to Rabaul, Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1986 and first heard George Telek's "amazing song coming out of a recording studio." He returned, with Not Drowning, Waving, to Rabaul in late 1988 to record their fifth album, Tabaran (1990). Aside from Telek they used other local musicians, and the album was co-credited to The Musicians of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea featuring Telek. They toured PNG together, including a concert at the nation's capital, Port Moresby, to an audience of 25000; and then they toured Australia. In late 1989 Helen Mountfort joined Not Drowning, Waving after having provided cello on a track on Tabaran. Bridie, with bandmates Bradley and Mountfort formed an acoustic strings-based side project, My Friend the Chocolate Cake, as a chamber pop group. Other founders were Andrew Caswell on mandolin, Hope Csutoros on violin and Andrew Richardson on guitar. They released a self-titled album in 1991 with Bridie co-producing alongside Mountfort, Carswell and Cole. Also in that year Not Drowning, Waving provided the soundtrack for comedy-drama film, Proof. Bridie and Mountfort worked with Jen Anderson on violin (ex-the Black Sorrows) and members of Hunters & Collectors' horn section on a feature film, Hammers Over the Anvil (1993), which was issued in the following year as a soundtrack album, Hammers, credited to Not Drowning, Waving. The group released their sixth and last studio album, Circus, in 1993 and disbanded by the end of the year. AllMusic's Australian-based music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, observed that Bridie and Phillips' early work, "sparked the duo's enthusiasm for the sort of free-form ambient soundscapes that would become the basis of their sound as the group Not Drowning Waving and lay the seeds for their interest in film music." Fellow Australian music historian, Ian McFarlane, noticed the influences of Brian Eno and David Byrne on the pair, but "[they] were not averse to incorporating African and other Third World rhythms into their muse. Likewise, they placed an emphasis on natural acoustic and atmospheric dynamics rather than an electronic approach." My Friend the Chocolate Cake, with Bridie and Mountfort as mainstays, issued seven studio albums before the group took an indefinite hiatus from August 2018. Periodically Not Drowning, Waving have reformed in 1996, 2001, 2003 and 2005 to 2006 and released a live album. Bridie and Phillips have issued two duo albums, Projects 1983–1993 (1994) and Projects 2 (2011). After My Friend the Chocolate Cake's debut album Bridie's further work as a record producer in the mid-1990s includes Archie Roach's Jamu Dreaming (1993), Paul Kelly's Wanted Man (1994) and Christine Anu's Stylin' Up (1995). He joined Anu's touring band in support of her album's release throughout 1995. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1995 he was nominated for Producer of the Year. During 1998 he recorded a soundtrack album, In a Savage Land (November 1999), for a feature film of the same name, which was set and partly filmed on PNG's Trobriand Islands. He had collaborated with Musicians from the Trobriand Islands. His score received widespread critical acclaim, Andrew L. Urban of Urban Cinefile praised the film's "unity of vision", in using "a wide palette of extraordinary music and sound." His work achieved multiple awards, Best Original Score at the 1999 AFI Awards, Best Music Score from the Film Critics Circle of Australia, and Best Original Soundtrack Album at the 2000 ARIA Awards. Upon reflection Bridie explained to Paris Pompor of FilmInk in 2017 why it was one of his favourite projects, "[it] allowed me to soak in the Trobriand Islands' culture and stay in a beach shack for eight weeks recording anything that moved and learning about a fascinating part of the world. It was dark, cultural and layered and challenging and I had free rein." His first solo studio album, Act of Free Choice, appeared in May 2000, and "was greeted with critical praise." The album's title refers to the Indonesian Act of Free Choice (1969), which was supported by a plebiscite on the incorporation of Western New Guinea into Indonesia. Bridie's Act of Free Choice reached the top 40 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Evan Cater of AllMusic rated it at three-out-of-five stars and explained, "[he] finds new layers in his well-established gift for moody atmospherics" although "his breathy tenor can be slightly grating", while "his real strength lies in a compositional adventurousness." PopMatters Imran Khan determined, "[he] created a new world of sound to explore, one that would define him as an artist as well as create a sonic visual that would allow the listener to enter that world and immerse himself in the emotional experience created from the album’s imagined realities." In 2019 he received the Don Banks Music Award. Personal life Bridie is a father of two daughters, is divorced, and lived in the inner North suburbs of Melbourne (Northcote >2009 and Ballantyne St., Thornbury, 2009-2021) for much of his adult life. In 2021 he moved to an off-grid property close to the Otway National Park on Victoria's Shipwreck Coast. He travels widely. His first trip overseas was to Papua New Guinea in 1986, encouraged to do so by a filmmaker, Mark Worth. He still makes extended trips to Rabaul, Papua New Guinea where his friendship with musician Sir George Telek began and where his band recorded an album. He speaks Tok Pisin and had gone through Tubuan initiation rites at the invitation of the community. This is documented in a 2023 film, Abebe-Butterfly Song directed by Rosie Jones, which includes extensive archival footage of Bridie and Telek. At the launch of the film at the Melbourne International Film Festival in August 2023 Bridie revealed he has ADHD, takes on many projects at the same time, with uneven effects on his health and well-being. Discography Studio albums Compilation albums Soundtracks Over the years, David Bridie has balanced his career as a live musician with the composition of soundtrack music, with credits for over 100 feature films including Proof, Bran Nue Dae, The Man Who Sued God and Gone, several of which received International release. He also received the ARIA Award for "Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album" for Nautical Forlorn in 2004. David Bridie has also contributed to many television shows, short films and documentaries soundtracks most notably for Remote Area Nurse for which he won an AFI Award as well as The Straits, Dealine Gallipoli and Secret City. The song "Pitjantjara" written and performed with Frank Yamma for The Alice was awarded an APRA Screen Music Award for "Best Original Song" composed for a 'Feature Film, Telemovie, TV Series or Mini-Series'. Awards and nominations ! \|- \| 1995 \|\| himself \|\| ARIA Award for Producer of the Year \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1996 \|\| That Eye, the Sky (with John Phillips) \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Film Score \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1996 \|\| "Fool for You" by Monique Brumby \|\| ARIA Award for Producer of the Year \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1997 \|\| "Mary" by Monique Brumby \|\| ARIA Award for Producer of the Year \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1999 \|\| In a Savage Land \|\| AFI Award for Best Original Score \|\| \|\| \|- \| 1999 \|\| In a Savage Land \|\| Film Critics Circle of Australia Award for Best Music Score \|\| \|\| \|- \|rowspan="4"\| 2000 \|\| In a Savage Land \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack Album \|\| \|\|rowspan="4"\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\| Act of Free Choice \|\| ARIA Award for Album of the Year \|\| \|- \| ARIA Award for Best Male Artist \|\| \|- \| ARIA Award for Best Alternative Release \|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 2003 \|\| Hotel Radio \|\| ARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album \|\| \|\|rowspan="2"\| \|- \| West Papua: Sound of the Morning Star \|\| ARIA Award for Best World Music Album \|\| \|- \| 2004 \|\|Nautical Forlorn \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2004 \|\| Land of the Morning Star \|\| AACTA Awards for Best Sound in a Non-Feature Film \|\| \|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 2005 \|\| The Alice: "Pitjantjara" (with Frank Yamma) \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Original Song composed for a Feature Film, Telemovie, TV Series or Mini-Series \|\| \|\|rowspan="2"\| \|- \| The Alice \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie \|\| \|- \| 2006 \|\| Remote Area Nurse (with Albert David, Kadu, Key Torres Strait Island Composers) \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Soundtrack Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2006 \|\| Remote Area Nurse \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album \|\| \|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 2007 \|\| The Circuit \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album \|\| \|\|rowspan="2"\| \|- \| Gone \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album \|\| \|- \| 2009 \|\| Two Fists, One Heart \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Feature Film Score \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2011 \|\| Strange Birds in Paradise: A West Papuan Soundtrack \|\| ARIA Award for Best World Music Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2012 \|\| The Straits \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Soundtrack Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2013 \|\| Satellite Boy \|\| ARIA Award for Best Original Soundtrack, Cast or Show Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2013 \|\| David Bridie \|\| Music Victoria Awards Best Male \|\| \|\| \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 2016 \|\| Putuparri and the Rainmakers \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Music for a Documentary \|\| \|\| \|- \| Secret City \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Music for a Mini-Series or Telemovie \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2017 \|\| Music project: a Bit na Ta \|\| APRA Art Music Award for Excellence by an Individual \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2017 \|\| A Bit na Ta (with George Telek & Musicians of the Gunantuna) \|\| Music Victoria Awards Best Global or Reggae Album \|\| \|\| \|- \|rowspan="3"\| 2019 \|\| Australia's Lost Impressionist \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Music for a Documentary \|\| \|\| \|- \| Secret City: Under the Eagle: "Run Little Rabbit" \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Music for a Television Series or Serial \|\| \|\| \|- \| The Merger \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Soundtrack Album \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2019 \|\| himself \|\| Don Banks Music Award \|\| \|\| \|- \| 2020 \|\| The Skin of Others: "Ballad of the Bridge-Builders" (with Tom Murray) \|\| APRA Screen Music Award for Best Original Song Composed for the Screen \|\| \|\| \|- \|} Australian Antarctic Territory Fellowship, 2023. References General Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. Specific External links Follow the Geography, a website devoted to all of David Bridie's projects My Friend the Chocolate Cake 2007 interview with David Bridie 1960s births APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian male songwriters Living people Musicians from Melbourne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bridie
Dogfeiling was a minor sub-kingdom and later a commote in north Wales. It formed part of the eastern border of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in early medieval Wales. The area was named for Dogfael, one of the sons of the first King of Gwynedd, Cunedda. It existed from 445 until sometime around the year 700 when it was re-absorbed back into Gwynedd proper. References Commotes Kingdoms of Wales 445 establishments States and territories established in the 440s States and territories disestablished in the 8th century	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfeiling
The 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season saw Florida State named national champions, defeating Virginia Tech in the BCS Sugar Bowl. Florida State became the first team in history to start out preseason No. 1 and remain there through the entire season. Their 12–0 season gave them 109 victories in the '90s, the most for any decade. Virginia Tech also had a remarkable season behind freshman quarterback Michael Vick, who was being touted as college football's best player. Vick was outshone in the national championship game by Florida State wide receiver Peter Warrick. Warrick had early problems with the law, charged with a misdemeanor he sat out two games early in the season. But he scored three touchdowns in the title game, earning MVP honors. The BCS adopted a new rule after the previous season, nicknamed the "Kansas State Rule," which stated that any team ranked in the top four in the final BCS poll is assured of an invitation to a BCS bowl game. Many teams faced debacles. East Carolina faced Hurricane Floyd, and in that same week, faced the No. 9 Miami Hurricanes. The Pirates were down, 23–3, but scored 24 unanswered points to win the football game, 27–23. Kansas State finished 6th in the BCS standings but again received no BCS bowl invitation, this time being passed over in favor of Michigan (ranked eighth). Kansas State's predicament demonstrated early on the problem of trying to balance historic bowl ties and creating a system which gives top bowl bids to the most deserving teams. In addition, for a second straight season, a team from outside the BCS Automatic Qualifying conferences (Marshall) went undefeated but did not receive a bid to a BCS bowl game, which illustrated the problem of BCS Non-Automatic Qualifying conference teams being shut out of the BCS bowls. Rule changes The NCAA Rules Committee adopted the following changes for the 1999 season: Holding penalties committed behind the line of scrimmage will be enforced from the previous spot, modifying a 1991 rule that penalized holding (as well as illegal use of hands and clipping) committed behind the scrimmage line from the spot of the foul. The penalty for intentional grounding was changed from a five-yard penalty from the spot of the foul plus loss-of-down to simply a loss-of-down at the spot of the foul. Bandannas that are visible are considered illegal equipment. Offensive teams may not break a huddle with 12 or more players. Continuing action dead-ball fouls against both teams are disregarded, however any disqualified players must leave the game. Conference and program changes Two teams upgraded from Division I-AA, thus increasing the number of Division I-A schools from 112 to 114. The Mountain West Conference was formed prior to the season by eight former members of the Western Athletic Conference. Arkansas State joined the Big West Conference as its seventh member after three seasons as an independent. Two schools made the move up to Division I-A football this season: the University at Buffalo and Middle Tennessee State University. Conference changes Program changes Two programs, each playing as independents, changed their names prior to the season: After Northeast Louisiana University changed its name to the University of Louisiana at Monroe, the Northeast Louisiana Indians became the Louisiana–Monroe Indians. Similarly, after the University of Southwestern Louisiana changed its name to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, the Southwestern Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns became the Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns. Regular Season August–September In the preseason AP Poll, No. 1 Florida State was followed by No. 2 Tennessee, the team which had defeated them in last year’s championship game. The top five were rounded out by No. 3 Penn State, No. 4 Arizona, and No. 5 Florida. August 28: No. 1 Florida State beat Louisiana Tech 41-7, and No. 3 Penn State blasted No. 4 Arizona by the same 41-7 score in the Pigskin Classic. The other highly-ranked teams had not begun their seasons, and the next AP Poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Nebraska (who moved up from sixth place). September 4: No. 1 Florida State was idle. No. 2 Penn State posted another blowout win, 70-24 over Akron. No. 3 Tennessee began their schedule with a 42-17 defeat of Wyoming, No. 4 Florida beat Western Michigan 55-26, and No. 5 Nebraska won 42-7 at Iowa. The top five remained the same in the next poll. September 11: No. 1 Florida State got past No. 10 Georgia Tech by a 41-35 score. No. 2 Penn State had an even closer call, needing a late field goal and a block of a potential game-tying kick with time running out to preserve a 20-17 win over rival Pittsburgh. No. 3 Tennessee was idle. No. 4 Florida beat Central Florida 58-27, and No. 5 Nebraska shut out California 45-0. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Tennessee, and No. 3 Penn State, with Florida and Nebraska tied at No. 4. September 18: No. 1 Florida State beat No. 20 North Carolina State 42-11. No. 2 Tennessee visited No. 4 Florida, whom they had defeated in 1998 after several frustrating losses earlier in the decade. This time, the Gators went back on top in a 23-21 squeaker. No. 3 Penn State edged past No. 8 Miami as the Nittany Lions followed a crucial fourth-down stop with a 79-yard touchdown pass to win 27-23. No. 4 Nebraska dropped out of the top five after struggling to beat Southern Mississippi 20-13. A tie-breaking safety proved to be the key play in No. 6 Michigan’s 18-13 win at Syracuse, while No. 7 Texas A&M overwhelmed Tulsa 62-13. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Michigan, and No. 5 Texas A&M. September 25: No. 1 Florida State visited North Carolina for a 42-10 victory, No. 2 Penn State defeated Indiana 45-24, and No. 3 Florida won 38-10 at Kentucky. No. 4 Michigan held eventual Heisman Trophy winner Ron Dayne without a single rushing yard in the second half of the Wolverines’ 21-16 victory at No. 20 Wisconsin. No. 5 Texas A&M beat Southern Mississippi 23-6, and the top five remained the same in the next poll. October October 2: No. 1 Florida State beat Duke 51-23. No. 2 Penn State was idle. No. 3 Florida hosted No. 21 Alabama for a thriller in which the Crimson Tide’s Shaun Alexander ran for four touchdowns, including game-tying scores both at the end of regulation and in overtime. Alabama missed the extra point on the latter touchdown, but an offsides penalty gave their kicker a second chance, and this time he converted the point-after for a 40-39 finish which was Florida’s first loss at home in five years. No. 4 Michigan defeated No. 11 Purdue 38-12, but No. 5 Texas A&M was upset 21-19 by Texas Tech. No. 6 Nebraska won 38-14 over Oklahoma State, and No. 8 Virginia Tech pulled off a 31-7 victory at No. 24 Virginia. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Michigan, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Virginia Tech. October 9: No. 1 Florida State hosted No. 19 Miami and won 31-21, while No. 2 Penn State visited Iowa for a 31-7 victory. No. 3 Michigan fell 34-31 to No. 11 Michigan State as the Spartans’ Bill Burke and Plaxico Burress set school records for passing and receiving yards. No. 4 Nebraska defeated Iowa State 49-14, and No. 5 Virginia Tech won 58-20 at Rutgers. The next poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Virginia Tech, and No. 5 Michigan State. October 16: No. 1 Florida State beat Wake Forest 33-10, and No. 2 Penn State defeated No. 18 Ohio State 23-10. No. 3 Nebraska was idle. No. 4 Virginia Tech overwhelmed No. 16 Syracuse 62-0; not only did the Hokies’ offense put on a show, but the defense also returned two fumbles and an interception for touchdowns. No. 5 Michigan State lost 52-28 at No. 20 Purdue. No. 6 Tennessee was idle, but nevertheless moved back into the top five: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Virginia Tech, and No. 5 Tennessee. October 23: Clemson coach Tommy Bowden nearly pulled off an upset against his father Bobby’s top-ranked Florida State team, but the Seminoles escaped with a 17-14 victory. No. 2 Penn State looked ineffective on offense, but the Nittany Lions converted three turnovers into touchdowns in a 31-25 win at No. 16 Purdue which moved coach Joe Paterno into third place on the all-time wins list. No. 3 Nebraska also struggled to hold onto the ball, losing three fumbles (including a crucial one at their opponent’s 2-yard line) in a 24-20 loss at No. 18 Texas. No. 4 Virginia Tech was idle. No. 5 Tennessee visited No. 10 Alabama for a 21-7 win, and idle No. 6 Florida returned to the top five: No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Penn State, No. 3 Virginia Tech, No. 4 Tennessee, and No. 5 Florida. The first BCS standings, released after this weekend’s games, had the same top four but placed Kansas State at No. 5. October 30: No. 1 Florida State won 35-10 at Virginia, No. 2 Penn State went to Illinois for a 27-7 victory, No. 3 Virginia Tech was a 30-17 winner at Pittsburgh, No. 4 Tennessee beat South Carolina 30-7, and No. 5 Florida defeated No. 10 Georgia 30-14. The top five remained the same in the AP Poll, and Florida’s big victory was sufficient to move the Gators from sixth to fourth place in the BCS standings. November November 6: No. 1 Florida State was idle. Unranked Minnesota completed a 4th-and-16 pass to set up a game-winning field goal and stun No. 2 Penn State 24-23; after their hot start, the Nittany Lions would lose all of their remaining regular-season games by a touchdown or less. Another thriller took place in Morgantown, where No. 3 Virginia Tech led West Virginia 19-7 with five minutes left but then allowed two Mountaineers touchdowns in quick succession. In a last-ditch effort, Michael Vick led the Hokies on a 58-yard drive resulting in a field goal which put them back on top 22-20 as time expired. No. 4 Tennessee beat No. 24 Notre Dame 38-14, No. 5 Florida escaped Vanderbilt 13-6, and No. 6 Kansas State held off Colorado 20-14. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Virginia Tech, No. 3 Tennessee, No. 4 Florida, and No. 5 Kansas State; the BCS standings had Tennessee second and Virginia Tech third. November 13: No. 1 Florida State defeated Maryland 49-10. No. 2 Virginia Tech beat No. 19 Miami 43-10. No. 3 Tennessee blew a fourth-quarter lead to Arkansas and lost 28-24, while No. 4 Florida won 20-3 at South Carolina to clinch a spot in the SEC Championship Game. No. 5 Kansas State fell 41-15 at No. 7 Nebraska. No. 9 Wisconsin breezed past Iowa 41-3 to win the Big Ten title and a spot in the Rose Bowl. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Virginia Tech, No. 3 Florida, No. 4 Nebraska, and No. 5 Wisconsin, while the BCS standings had Nebraska third, Florida fourth, and Tennessee fifth. November 20: Undefeated No. 1 Florida State visited one-loss No. 3 Florida with a spot in the national title game likely at stake, and the Seminoles prevailed 30-23. No. 2 Virginia Tech, the only other undefeated squad in the major conferences, blew out Temple 62-7. No. 4 Nebraska was idle, and No. 5 Wisconsin had already finished their schedule. The next AP Poll featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Virginia Tech, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Wisconsin, and No. 5 Florida; the BCS standings ranked Tennessee fourth rather than Wisconsin. November 26: No. 1 Florida State, No. 4 Wisconsin, and No. 5 Florida had all finished their schedules. No. 2 Virginia Tech completed their undefeated season with a 38-14 defeat of No. 22 Boston College. No. 3 Nebraska blew a 27-3 fourth-quarter lead over Colorado and gave the Buffaloes a chance to win in regulation, but a missed field goal sent the game to overtime. After Colorado opened the extra period with a field goal, Eric Crouch’s one-yard touchdown run gave the Cornhuskers a 33-30 win and a berth in the Big 12 Championship Game. The top five remained the same in the next AP Poll; the BCS standings had Florida fourth and Tennessee fifth. December December 4: In the Big 12 Championship Game, No. 3 Nebraska faced No. 12 Texas, the only team that had defeated them in the regular season. The Cornhuskers redeemed themselves this time, breezing to a 22-6 victory. The SEC Championship Game between No. 5 Florida and No. 7 Alabama had a much more surprising result. After the favored Gators scored the first touchdown, the Crimson Tide ran off 34 points in a row on their way to a 34-7 victory. The final AP Poll of the regular season featured No. 1 Florida State, No. 2 Virginia Tech, No. 3 Nebraska, No. 4 Wisconsin, and No. 5 Alabama; the final BCS standings had the same top three, Alabama fourth, and Tennessee fifth. As the only two unbeaten teams in the major conferences, No. 1 Florida State and No. 2 Virginia Tech were the obvious choices to play for the national championship in the Sugar Bowl. No. 3 Nebraska drew No. 6 Tennessee, who earned an at-large BCS bid, in the Fiesta Bowl. The Rose Bowl featured the usual Big Ten/Pac-10 matchup between No. 4 Wisconsin and No. 22 Stanford. No. 8 Michigan, who finished second in the Big Ten, got the other at-large spot and faced No. 5 Alabama in the Orange Bowl. For the second year in a row, No. 7 Kansas State was kept out of the BCS bowls despite having just one loss; the Wildcats’ opponent would be Washington in the Holiday Bowl. No. 11 Marshall, who finished undefeated but was not part of a major conference, went up against Brigham Young in the Motor City Bowl. Regular season top 10 matchups Rankings reflect the AP Poll. Rankings for Week 9 and beyond will list BCS Rankings first and AP Poll second. Teams that failed to be a top 10 team for one poll or the other will be noted. Week 0 No. 3 Penn State defeated No. 4 Arizona, 41–7 (Beaver Stadium, University Park, Pennsylvania) Week 2 No. 1 Florida State defeated No. 10 Georgia Tech, 41–35 (Doak Campbell Stadium, Tallahassee, Florida) Week 3 No. 3 Penn State defeated No. 8 Miami, 27–23 (Miami Orange Bowl, Miami, Florida) No. 4 Florida defeated No. 2 Tennessee, 23–21 (Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, Gainesville, Florida) Week 6 No. 6 Tennessee defeated No. 10 Georgia, 37–20 (Neyland Stadium, Knoxville, Tennessee) Week 8 No. 5 Tennessee defeated No. 10 Alabama, 21–7 (Bryant-Denny Stadium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama) Week 9 No. 6/5 Florida defeated No. NR/10 Georgia, 30–14 (Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida) Week 11 No. 6/7 Nebraska defeated No. 5/5 Kansas State, 41–15 (Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, Nebraska) No. 9/11 Alabama defeated No. 10/8 Mississippi State, 19–7 (Bryant-Denny Stadium, Tuscaloosa, Alabama) Week 12 No. 1/1 Florida State defeated No. 4/3 Florida, 30–23 (Ben Hill Griffin Stadium, Gainesville, Florida) Week 14 No. 7/7 Alabama defeated No. 4/5 Florida, 34–7 (1999 SEC Championship Game, Georgia Dome, Atlanta, Georgia) Conference standings Bowl games Rankings from final regular season AP poll BCS bowls Sugar Bowl: No. 1 Florida State (BCS No. 1, ACC Champ) 46, No. 2 Virginia Tech (BCS No. 2, Big East Champ) 29 Orange Bowl: No. 8 Michigan (At Large) 35, No. 5 Alabama (SEC Champ) 34 (OT) Rose Bowl: No. 4 Wisconsin (Big 10 Champ) 17, No. 22 Stanford (Pac-10 Champ) 9 Fiesta Bowl: No. 3 Nebraska (Big 12 Champ) 31, No. 6 Tennessee (At Large) 21 Other New Years Day bowls Cotton Bowl Classic: No. 24 Arkansas 27, No. 12 Texas (Big 12 Runner Up) 6 Florida Citrus Bowl: No. 9 Michigan State 37, No. 10 Florida (SEC Runner Up) 34 Outback Bowl: No. 21 Georgia 28, No. 19 Purdue 25 (OT) : No. 23 Miami 28, No. 17 Georgia Tech 13 December bowl games Peach Bowl: No. 16 Mississippi State 17, Clemson 7 : Illinois 63, Virginia 21 Sun Bowl: Oregon 24, No. 13 Minnesota 20 Alamo Bowl: No. 14 Penn State* 24, No. 18 Texas A&M 0 Insight.com Bowl: Colorado 62, No. 25 Boston College 28 Holiday Bowl: No. 7 Kansas State 24, Washington 20 : No. 15 Southern Mississippi (C-USA Champ) 23, Colorado State 17 Aloha Bowl: Wake Forest 23, Arizona State 3 Oahu Bowl: Hawaii-Manoa (WAC Champ) 23, Oregon State 17 Independence Bowl: Mississippi 27, Oklahoma 25 Music City Bowl: Syracuse 20, Kentucky 13 Las Vegas Bowl: Utah 17, Fresno State 16 : No. 11 Marshall (MAC Champ) 21, BYU (MWC Champ) 3 Humanitarian Bowl: Boise State (Big West Champ) 34, Louisville 31 Mobile Alabama Bowl: TCU 28, No. 20 East Carolina 14 Final polls Heisman Trophy voting The Heisman Trophy is given to the year's most outstanding player Other major awards Maxwell Award (College Player of the Year) – Ron Dayne, Wisconsin Walter Camp Award (Back) – Ron Dayne, Wisconsin Davey O'Brien Award (Quarterback) – Joe Hamilton, Georgia Tech Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Senior Quarterback) – Chris Redman, Louisville Doak Walker Award (Running Back) – Ron Dayne, Wisconsin Fred Biletnikoff Award (Wide Receiver) – Troy Walters, Stanford Bronko Nagurski Trophy (Defensive Player) – Corey Moore, Virginia Tech, DE Chuck Bednarik Award – LaVar Arrington, Penn State Dick Butkus Award (Linebacker) – LaVar Arrington, Penn State Lombardi Award (Lineman or Linebacker) – Corey Moore, Virginia Tech, DE Outland Trophy (Interior Lineman) – Chris Samuels, Alabama, OT Jim Thorpe Award (Defensive Back) – Tyrone Carter, Minnesota Lou Groza Award (Placekicker) – Sebastian Janikowski, Florida St. Paul "Bear" Bryant Award – Frank Beamer, Virginia Tech Football Writers Association of America Coach of the Year Award – Frank Beamer, Virginia Tech References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20NCAA%20Division%20I-A%20football%20season
In Zapotec cultures of Oaxaca (southern Mexico), a muxe (also spelled muxhe; ) is a person assigned male at birth who dresses and behaves in ways otherwise associated with women; they may be seen as a third gender. Etymology The Zapotec word is thought to derive from the Spanish word for "woman", . In the 16th-century, the letter x had a sound similar to "sh" (see ). Gender and identity in Zapotec culture In contrast to Mexico's majority mestizo culture, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec has a predominantly Zapotec population, one of the country's indigenous peoples. It is widely reported that muxe face less hostility there than homosexual, effeminate males, and trans women do elsewhere in Mexico. One study estimates that 6 percent of males in an Isthmus Zapotec community in the early 1970s were muxe. Other Zapotec communities, outside the Isthmus, have similar third gender roles, such as the biza'ah of Teotitlán del Valle. Some marry women and have children while others choose men as sexual or romantic partners. According to anthropologist Lynn Stephen, muxe "may do certain kinds of women's work such as embroidery or decorating home altars, but others do the male work of making jewelry". Muxe may be vestidas ("dressed", i.e. wearing female clothes) or pintadas ("painted", i.e. wearing male clothes and make-up). It has been suggested that while the three-gender system predates Spanish colonization, the phenomenon of muxe dressing as women is fairly recent, beginning in the 1950s and gaining popularity until nearly all of the younger generation of muxe today are vestidas. Within contemporary Zapotec culture, reports vary as to their social status. Muxe in village communities may not be disparaged and are highly respected, while in larger, more Westernised towns they may face some discrimination, especially from men, due to attitudes introduced by Catholicism. Muxe generally belong to the poorer classes of society. Gender variance and same-sex desire in wealthier communities of the region are more likely to follow a more western taxonomy of gay, bisexual and transgender. Such individuals are also more likely to remain "in the closet". Despite this, muxe have traditionally been considered good luck, and many now have white-collar jobs or are involved in politics. Anthropologist Beverly Chiñas explained in 1995 that in the Zapotec culture, "the idea of choosing gender or of sexual orientation is as ludicrous as suggesting that one can choose one's skin color." Most people traditionally view their gender as something God has given them (whether man, woman, or muxe), and few muxe desire genital surgery. They generally do not suffer from gender dysphoria. There is not as much pressure to "pass" as in Western societies. Lynn Stephen writes: "Muxe men are not referred to as "homosexuals" but constitute a separate category based on gender attributes. People perceive them as having the physical bodies of men but different aesthetic, work, and social skills from most men. They may have some attributes of women or combine those of men and women." If they do choose men as sexual partners, neither are necessarily considered homosexual. Prominent individuals In 2003, 25-year-old Amaranta Gómez Regalado from Juchitán de Zaragoza gained international prominence as a congressional candidate for the México Posible party in the Oaxaca state elections. Her broad platform included calls for the decriminalization of marijuana and abortion. Lukas Avendaño is an emerging performance artist whose recent work constitutes a queer performatic intervention of Mexican nationalistic representations, particularly that of Zapotec Tehuana women. Avendaño, born on the Isthmus, embodies the complex identity of muxes. His cross-dressing performance interweaves ritual dances with autobiographical passages and actions that involve audience members, in order to challenge the widely-held view of a gay-friendly indigenous culture and point towards the existence of lives that negotiate pain and loneliness with self-affirming pride. Alex Orozco is an actress, playwright and theater director that has won several regional awards with "Bala'na", a monologue about Muxe sex workers in the state of Oaxaca. Marven is a food vendor often referred to by her business name Lady Tacos de Canasta. Her first notable appearance was a viral video taken while she was selling food at Marcha del Orgullo Gay 2016, a Pride parade. Since then, she has grown in popularity and been featured on multiple media outlets. She was featured in Episode 3 of Taco Chronicles, the 2019 Netflix documentary series, in which she discusses both her business and gender. She was involved in multiple reported incidents with police in February and July 2019. See also Bakla, a similar group of people in the Philippines Blossoms of Fire (2000), a documentary film about the people of Juchitán, Oaxaca. , a similar group of people in Naples, Italy Hijra, a group of people with similar traits in India Third gender Sexuality and gender in Zapotec Oaxaca References Further reading "Meet the Muxes. How a remote town in southern Mexico reinvented sex & gender", Fusion, May 31, 2015, http://interactive.fusion.net/meet-the-muxes/ (includes videos). Lacey, Marc "A Lifestyle Distinct: The Muxe of Mexico" The New York Times, December 7, 2008 Roscoe, Will (1998). Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America. New York: St. Martin's Press. External links ExandasDocs. "Muxes of Juchitán". Time 9:47. YouTube.com, Sept. 4, 2007. CNN.com. "The Muxes of Mexico - Part 1". Time 8:38. May 11, 2010. CNN.com. "The Muxes of Mexico - Part 2". Time 8:13. May 11, 2010. CNN.com. "The Muxes of Mexico - Part 3". Time 6:31. May 11, 2010. vice.com. "OAXACA'S THIRD GENDER". Time 22:21. July 9, 2013. "Born this way: the Mexican town where gender is fluid" (also hosted on Youtube and on Vimeo), a short documentary released in October 2017, directed by Shaul Schwarz, produced by Reel Peak Films, and commissioned by The Guardian and The Filmmaker Fund, interviews several residents of Juchitán and their family members about the experiences and perceptions of muxes. Spanish with English subtitles. Gender in Mexico Gender systems Mexican culture Oaxaca Third gender Transgender in North America Zapotec civilization	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxe
In breakdancing, toprock is foot movement performed while standing, serving as the opening display of style, and as a warm-up for transitions into the more acrobatic maneuvers of downrock. It allows the dancer to demonstrate coordination, flexibility, rhythm and style. Breakers may devote considerable time to developing their toprock, and the style they display is a point of pride. Toprocking is a style of dance in and of itself. However, toprocking is very open to modification for individual style. For this reason, it has come to incorporate elements of salsa, Lindy Hop, Liquid dancing and the Robot. In particular, uprock, often confused with "toprock," is a competitively-oriented type of dance consisting of foot shuffles, spins, turns, and creative movements that may mimic combat. Common toprock steps include the Indian step, Bronx step, Charlie rock, hip twist, kick step and side step. References See also Freeze (b-boy move) Breakdance moves Funk dance	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprock
"Witt's theorem" or "the Witt theorem" may also refer to the Bourbaki–Witt fixed point theorem of order theory. In mathematics, Witt's theorem, named after Ernst Witt, is a basic result in the algebraic theory of quadratic forms: any isometry between two subspaces of a nonsingular quadratic space over a field k may be extended to an isometry of the whole space. An analogous statement holds also for skew-symmetric, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian bilinear forms over arbitrary fields. The theorem applies to classification of quadratic forms over k and in particular allows one to define the Witt group W(k) which describes the "stable" theory of quadratic forms over the field k. Statement Let be a finite-dimensional vector space over a field k of characteristic different from 2 together with a non-degenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form. If {{nowrap\|f : U → ''U}} is an isometry between two subspaces of V then f extends to an isometry of V. Witt's theorem implies that the dimension of a maximal totally isotropic subspace (null space) of V is an invariant, called the index or of b, and moreover, that the isometry group of acts transitively on the set of maximal isotropic subspaces. This fact plays an important role in the structure theory and representation theory of the isometry group and in the theory of reductive dual pairs. Witt's cancellation theorem Let , , be three quadratic spaces over a field k. Assume that Then the quadratic spaces and are isometric: In other words, the direct summand appearing in both sides of an isomorphism between quadratic spaces may be "cancelled". Witt's decomposition theorem Let be a quadratic space over a field k. Then it admits a Witt decomposition: where is the radical of q, is an anisotropic quadratic space and is a split quadratic space. Moreover, the anisotropic summand, termed the core form, and the hyperbolic summand in a Witt decomposition of are determined uniquely up to isomorphism. Quadratic forms with the same core form are said to be similar or Witt equivalent'''. Citations References Emil Artin (1957) Geometric Algebra, page 121 via Internet Archive Theorems in linear algebra Quadratic forms	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witt%27s%20theorem
Punk Goes Pop is the second album in the Punk Goes... series and the first installment in the long running Punk Goes Pop series created by Fearless Records. It contains a collection of songs by various artists performing covers of pop songs. It was released on April 2, 2002. Its success caused Fearless to release more pop cover albums. there have been seven total Punk Goes Pop albums, more than any other in the franchise. Track listing References Covers albums Punk Goes series 2002 compilation albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk%20Goes%20Pop
The Raid on Elizabethtown occurred on February 7, 1813, when Major Benjamin Forsyth and 200 regulars and militia crossed the frozen St. Lawrence River to occupy Elizabethtown, Upper Canada (present day Brockville, Ontario), seize military and public stores, free American prisoners and capture British military prisoners. This was the second successful raid by Forsyth along the St. Lawrence River, having previously attacked Gananoque. The success of the two raids prompted a response by the British, which culminated in the Battle of Ogdensburg. Background Following the termination of the armistice between British General George Prevost and American General Henry Dearborn, the Americans, suffering from a lack of supply in northern New York, raided the last British convoy-staging point along the St. Lawrence River at Gananoque between the large British bases of Montreal, Lower Canada and Kingston, Upper Canada. Led by Benjamin Forsyth, the raid was successful and the British did little in retaliation beyond increasing fortifications at Gananoque. The Americans celebrated Forsyth's success and he transferred his command from Sackets Harbor to Ogdensburg. On February 4, 1813, a British detachment from Prescott, Upper Canada crossed the St. Lawrence River on the ice and took a few prisoners at Ogdensburg. Raid On February 6, Major Benjamin Forsyth of the United States Rifle Regiment, left Ogdensburg at 22:00 hours at the head of about 200 regulars and militia. He moved his troops to Morristown, New York by sleigh, up the river and across from Elizabethtown. Under the cover of darkness, Forsyth and his men crossed over to Elizabethtown on the ice at 01:00 hours on February 7, and took the town by surprise. He left a small cannon on the ice to cover his retreat if necessary. As Forsyth moved through Elizabethtown, he set pickets to guard streets and moved to occupy the courthouse square. One American sentry was wounded and one British, but Forsyth met minimal resistance and captured 52 members of the garrison. One, a doctor, was paroled immediately. After capturing the courthouse, Forsyth freed the American prisoners from the jail and took stores, muskets and rifles. Forsyth set fire to the barracks and then began a march, returning to Ogdensburg without further action. Aftermath Following his second successful raid, Forsyth was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel. His performance convinced the British commanders that Ogdensburg had to be neutralized. Later that month on February 22, a British force led by Lieutenant Colonel George MacDonnell attacked Ogdensburg, driving Forsyth and the American garrison from the town. Forsyth's superior refused to retake the town, forcing Forsyth to relocate back to Sackets Harbor. Forsyth was later transferred to a different combat area altogether in a political move to appease the local population. The British assault on Ogdesnburg would mark the end of significant land battles in the region, though gunboats operating from Sackets Harbor attacking convoys would later force the British to station naval forces in the area with their own gunboats. Citations References Elizabethtown Elizabethtown Battles and conflicts without fatalities Conflicts in 1813 1813 in Upper Canada Elizabethtown February 1813 events History of Leeds and Grenville United Counties	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid%20on%20Elizabethtown
Piestewa Peak ( ; , formerly Squaw Peak), at is the second highest point in the Phoenix Mountains, after Camelback Mountain, and the third highest in the city of Phoenix, Arizona. It is located in the Piestewa Peak Recreation Area within the Phoenix Mountain Preserve, near Piestewa Freeway (Arizona State Highway 51). Piestewa Peak is named in honor of Army Spc. Lori Ann Piestewa, the first known Native American woman to die in combat in the U.S. military, and the first female soldier to be killed in action in the 2003 Iraq War. Name Since at least 1910, the name Squaw Peak had been used in reference to the mountain. Other historic names included Squaw Tit Mountain, Phoenix Mountain and Vainom Do'ag, the Pima name for the mountain. As the term "squaw" is considered derogatory by many, numerous efforts to change the name of the mountain were made through the years. State Representative Jack Jackson, himself a Navajo, submitted a bill to change the name annually beginning in 1992, which generated repeated and often raw debates in Arizona. In 1997, the local youth group of the American Indian Movement filed a petition with the State Board on Geographic and Historic Names to change the name to Iron Mountain, the English translation of the mountain's native Pima name. The board researched the issue for nearly a year before ruling in July 1998 that too much doubt existed as to whether the name Vainom Do'ag actually referred to the mountain in question or another nearby peak and the petition was rejected, although the board left the door open to alternative possible name-changes. U.S. Board on Geographic Names policy is to consider changes to features using the word "squaw" when approved by local authorities, but petitioners are strongly urged to choose new names that relate to Native American women and/or culture. In 2003, newly elected Governor Janet Napolitano petitioned the state board to rename the mountain for Lori Piestewa. The Governor's lobbying, while ultimately successful, proved to be controversial. The controversy stemmed in part from the fact that governor's request violated a required waiting period of five years after a person's death prior to renaming a geographic feature; Piestewa had been killed earlier that year while deployed on active military duty in Iraq. Tim Norton, a Phoenix police officer who at the time was serving as the director of the Arizona State Board on Geographic and Historic Names, refused to place the request on the board's agenda, citing the five-year requirement. Mario Diaz, an aide to Napolitano, subsequently contacted Norton's supervisor with the police department in an attempt to pressure Norton into changing his mind, but the supervisor refused, stating it was not a police department issue and was outside of his authority. Diaz' actions were picked up on by the press and resulted in strong criticism from both the public sector as well as fellow politicians, with some politicians considering a formal inquiry. Napolitano herself publicly admonished Diaz, but the controversy dogged Napolitano during her reelection campaign and throughout her tenure as governor. The state board, absent its director, approved the name change to Piestewa Peak on April 17, 2003, less than a month after Piestewa's death. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names, however, refused to accept a similar petition at the time, citing their own five-year waiting rule. Five years later the board agreed to review the request as the waiting period had passed. The board also considered other potential alternatives, including Swilling Peak for area pioneer Jack Swilling. Ultimately, the national board voted 11–2 to approve the name change to Piestewa Peak, while indicating that the original name of Squaw Peak might still be used in publications as a secondary reference. Natural history As a landform, Piestewa Peak is relatively young, formed roughly 14 million years ago. However, it is composed of much older rock, primarily schist. Flora in this area is typical of the lower Sonoran Desert and includes almost all varieties of Arizona cactus such as saguaro, barrel, hedgehog, pincushion, jumping cholla and prickly pear. Trees and colorful shrubbery include palo verde, mesquite, ironwood trees, creosote (dominate), ocotillo, brittle bush, desert lavender and giant sage shrubs. Wildflowers are abundant in the early spring and include Mexican gold poppies (deep yellow), brittlebush (yellow), lupine (purples), desert globemallow (orange) and scorpionweed (purple). Fiddleneck and bladderpod also are blooming in some areas. These are in addition to the many varieties of flowering cacti. Many species of reptiles thrive in the preserve, including gila monster, horned lizard, chuckwalla, and western diamondback rattlesnake. The mammal population includes coyote, bobcat, jackrabbit, cottontail rabbit, ground squirrel and kit fox. There are several species of birds that inhabit the preserve, including turkey vultures, mockingbirds, cactus wrens, Gambel's quail and several species of owls and hawks. Hiking The Piestewa Peak Summit Trail (elevation gain = in ) is climbed thousands of times per week by locals and visitors seeking a cardio-vascular workout, great views, or a family outing. However, quite a few hikers do not actually reach the top due to the fact that this trail is more difficult than it looks, especially in the summer when temperatures are well over . No water is available on the trail and dehydration is a common and serious problem with hikers who come unprepared. Water is only available at the trailhead, and at several ramadas along squaw peak road, uphill from the summit trail parking lot. Views from the summit include, in clear weather, Pinnacle Peak, the McDowell Mountains, Four Peaks, the Superstition Mountains, Tabletop Mountain, the Sierra Estrella, Woolsey Peak, the White Tank Mountains, the Harquahala Mountains, the Papago Mountains, the Hieroglyphic Mountains, and the Bradshaw Mountains. The hike itself takes anywhere from 25 to 60 minutes in fair weather, depending on each hiker's capabilities (higher temperatures and sunny conditions may force the hiker to take up to twice as long). A beginning hiker should allow 60 minutes for a leisurely ascent and 40 for descent. The path is mostly well marked. There are 4 spots that are confusing and hikers who are not familiar with the path will be forced to look around for the designated route. There are a few sections that are technically difficult as they are steep and there are no guard rails. There are approximately fifteen miles of interconnecting trails in the Preserve, ranging from easy to difficult. There are several differences in regulation between the Piestewa Peak summit trail and the rest of the interconnected Phoenix mountain preserve trail system. The greater trail system allows horseback riding, biking, and foot traffic, including dogs. Piestewa peak summit trail allows foot traffic only: no bicycles, dogs, or horses. The greater trail system is generally open to the public from sunrise to sunset. Piestewa peak (summit trail only) is open from sunrise until 11:00 PM. This unique late availability combined with proximity to city lights, and a light-colored rock translates to a popular location for night hikes. See also Squaw Peak Inn – historic inn near the mountain References External links Phoenix Mountains Preserve, satellite images Piestewa Peak pictures and hiking information Mountains of Arizona Parks in Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix Points of Pride Mountains of Maricopa County, Arizona	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piestewa%20Peak
Eastern State Hospital is a psychiatric hospital in Williamsburg, Virginia. Built in 1773, it was the first public facility in the present-day United States constructed solely for the care and treatment of the mentally ill. The original building had burned but was reconstructed in 1985. Francis Fauquier and the Enlightenment Eastern State Hospital traces its foundation to a speech by Francis Fauquier, Royal Governor of the colony of Virginia, on November 6, 1766. At the House of Burgesses' first meeting since the Stamp Act and Virginia Resolves, Fauquier primarily discussed the relationship between the Mother Country and these colonists, and expressed optimism for their future. His speech also unexpectedly addressed the mentally ill, as follows: "It is expedient I should also recommend to your Consideration and Humanity a poor unhappy set of People who are deprived of their senses and wander about the Country, terrifying the Rest of their fellow creatures. A legal Confinement, and proper Provision, ought to be appointed for these miserable Objects, who cannot help themselves. Every civilized Country has a Hospital for these People, where they are confined, maintained and attended by able Physicians, to endeavor to restore to them their lost reason." About a year later, on April 11, 1767, Governor Fauquier addressed the same issue before the next House of Burgesses, thus: "There is a subject which gives me concern, on which I shall particularly address myself to you, as it is your peculiar province to provide means for the subsistence of the poor of any kind. The subject I mean is the case of the poor lunatics. I find on your journals that it was Resolved, That a hospital be erected for the reception of persons who are so unhappy as to be deprived of their reason; And that it was Ordered, that the Committee of Propositions and Grievances do prepare and bring in a bill pursuant to the above resolution. But I do not find that any thing more was done in it. It was a measure which I think could offend no party, and which I was in hopes humanity would have dictated to every man, as soon as he was made acquainted with the call for it. It also concerns me much on another account; for as the case now stands, I am as it were compelled to the daily commission of an illegal act, by confining without my authority, a poor lunatic, who, if set at liberty, would be mischievous to society; and I would choose to be bound by, and observant of, the laws of the country. As I think this is a point of some importance to the ease and comfort of the whole community, as well as a point of charity to the unhappy objects, I shall again recommend it to you at your next meeting; when I hope, after mature reflection, it will be found to be more worth your attention than it has been in this." Governor Fauquier's benevolent and bold expressions did eventually lead to the establishment of the Eastern State Hospital, although he died March 3, 1768, before it was built. His compassion and humanitarian care for those who needed it the most, made it easier for his ideas to be developed and a facility built. Fauquier's concern probably rested in Enlightenment principles, which were so widespread throughout the time. The 18th century was a time for rejecting superstitions and religions, and substituting science and logical reasoning. The philosophers David Hume and Voltaire were studying and investigating the worth of human life, which would ultimately alter perceptions of the mentally ill. During this time in London, insane people were viewed and used for as entertainment and comical relief. The Bethlehem Royal Hospital (sometimes called Bedlam) attracted many tourists and even held frequent parades of inmates. Enlightenment attitudes encouraged more sensitivity towards the mentally ill, rather than treating them as outcasts and fools. Some started to believe that being mentally ill was, in fact, an illness of the mind, much like a physical disease or sickness, and that these mental illnesses were also treatable. Before Governor Fauquier's speeches, a person who was mentally ill was not diagnosed by a doctor, but rather judged by 12 citizens, much like a jury, to be either a criminal, lunatic or Idiot. Most classified as lunatic were placed in the Public Gaol in Williamsburg. Taxpayers probably appreciated the hospital idea only if they had a family member or close friend who was mentally ill. The only hospital where mentally ill patients were sometimes taken before Eastern State Hospital was built, was the Pennsylvania Hospital, a Quaker institution in Philadelphia. Until a campaign by Benjamin Rush in 1792 to establish a separate treatment wing, mentally ill patients were kept in the basement and out of the way of regular patients who needed medical assistance. Percival Goodhouse was thought to be one of the first patients admitted to the Eastern State Hospital after its opening on October 12, 1773. Civil War and decline In 1841, Dr. John Galt was appointed superintendent of the hospital, with roughly 125 patients (then called "inmates") at the time. Dr. Galt introduced Moral treatment practices, a school of thought which viewed those with mental illness as deserving of respect and dignity rather than punishment for their behavior. Galt provided his patients with talk therapy and occupational therapy, and argued for in-house research. He decreased the use of physical restraints, even going an entire year without using them, relying instead on calming drugs (including laudanum), and also proposed deinstitutionalizing patients in favor of community-based care, though this proposal was repeatedly rejected. As the head of the hospital, Galt was successful in pressing for admission for enslaved people with mental illness, and taught the enslaved people owned by the hospital to provide talk therapy alongside nurses and aides. Although he claimed to treat patients equally regardless of their race, Galt did not publish racial breakdowns of his patients. When the Civil War came to Williamsburg, the hospital found itself alternately on one side of the lines and then the other. On May 6, 1862, Union troops captured the asylum. Two weeks later, on May 17 or 18, Dr. Galt died of an overdose of laudanum, though it is unclear whether this was intentional or accidental. When the hospital was captured, Union soldiers found that the 252 patients had been locked in without food or supplies by the fleeing white employees. Somersett Moore was the only non-African American employee to return following the capture, and he gave the keys to release the patients to the occupying men. In the following decades, the increasingly crowded hospital saw a regression in methodology as science was increasingly viewed as an ineffective means of dealing with mental illness. During this era of custodial care, the goal became not to cure patients, but to provide a comfortable environment for them, separate from society. On June 7, 1885, the original 1773 hospital burned to the ground due to a fire that had started in the building's newly added electrical wiring, a consequence of the great expansion of facilities at this time. Restoration By 1935 Eastern State Hospital housed some 2,000 patients with no more land for expansion. The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg and development of the Williamsburg Inn resulted in the facility being at the center of a thriving tourist trade. The hospital's location and space issues made a move necessary. Between 1937 and 1968, all of Eastern State's patients were moved to a new facility on the outskirts of Williamsburg, Virginia, where it continues to operate today. In 1985, the original hospital was reconstructed on its excavated foundations by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. References Further reading External links Official History of Eastern State Hospital Brief History of Eastern State Hospital and the Treatment of Mental Illness in America Eastern State Hospital cemetery at Find a grave memorial http://www.esh.dbhds.virginia.gov/History.html “Endeavor To Restore Them” : Accessing The Records Of Virginia’s State Hospitals, The UnCommonwealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia Infrastructure completed in 1773 Hospital buildings completed in the 18th century Psychiatric hospitals in Virginia Buildings and structures in Williamsburg, Virginia 1773 establishments in Virginia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20State%20Hospital%20%28Virginia%29
Rhufoniog was a small sub-kingdom of the Dark Ages Gwynedd, and later a cantref in medieval Wales. Geography The cantref Rhos lay between it and the Irish Sea. Sometimes the two cantrefi were linked together as "Rhos and Rhufeiniog", which roughly corresponds to the territory of the old county of Denbighshire. The rivers Elwy, Clwyd and Clywedog formed a natural border to the north and east. As today, the countryside was bleak and isolated. There were three commotes in Rhufoniog, namely Upper Aled, Lower Aled and River Aled as a border between them, and the commote Ceinmerch (also known as 'Cymeirch' or 'Ystrad') in the north-east between the River Lliwen and the River Clywedog. History The early history of the cantref is unclear. According to tradition, it was ruled by its eponymous founder Rhufon, the third son of the first King of Gwynedd, Cunedda, and his direct descendants from the year 445 until the year 540 when it was probably absorbed back into direct control of Gwynedd proper. It formed part of the territory of the Deceangli during the Roman occupation of Wales. Later, much of the land belonged to the bishops of Bangor and Llanelwy. By the Middle Ages, Denbigh was its capital. The cantref was given to the prince Dafydd ap Gruffudd in 1277, then on his death five years later, it was given to Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. It was merged with the cantref Rhos to form the Lordship of Denbigh. Today most of the area now lies in Denbighshire, with the western parts in Conwy. See also Moreith ap Aidan Perfeddwlad References The History Files: Post-Roman Celtic Kingdoms: Rhufoniog Cantrefs Commotes of Gwynedd Kingdoms of Wales 5th century in Wales 6th century in Wales 445 establishments States and territories established in the 440s 540 disestablishments States and territories disestablished in the 6th century	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufoniog
Lohr am Main (officially: Lohr a. Main) is a town in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat (but not a member) of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft (municipal association) of Lohr am Main. It has a population of around 15,000. Etymology The town takes its name from the eponymous river that flows into the Main in the municipality. The addition "am Main" distinguishes it from other towns also named Lohr. Past ways of spelling the name include: Geography Location The municipal territory extends on both banks of the Main about halfway between Würzburg and Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia. The town of Lohr lies on the eastern slope of the Spessart at a bend in the river Main, which swings towards the south here, forming the beginning of the Mainviereck ("Main Square" – the southern part of the Spessart). In Lohr, the river Lohr empties into the Main. Perhaps for its geographical location or the fact that two major valleys lead into the interior of the range, the town is known as the "Gateway to the Spessart" (Tor zum Spessart). The Main river valley is steep with an elevation change from 160 m above sea level at Gemünden dropping to 100 m above sea level at Hanau. The river Main in its natural state is a fast-moving stream unsuitable for shipping. In the 19th century the river was tamed and a system of dams and locks is now part of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal connecting the North Sea with the Black Sea. Geology The bedrock, with a depth of about 400 m, is made up mainly of sedimentary minerals. In the Spessart is found a great deal of bunter. This geological plain with a slight slope to the southeast is the product of a large continental sea that drained owing to a tectonic shift. In the east, the range is abutted by the Fränkische Platte (a flat, mostly agricultural region), whose geology is mainly Muschelkalk-based. The sandstone bedrock with strata of loess and clay in conjunction with an extensive forest provide for excellent water quality of the springs and groundwater of the region. The people of Lohr thus enjoy high-quality drinking water. Currently, large amounts of this water are pumped to areas as far away as Würzburg. Subdivisions Lohr am Main's Stadtteile are , Lindig, , , , , , and . The town has the following Gemarkungen (traditional rural cadastral areas): Halsbach, Lohr a. Main, Pflochsbach, Rodenbach, Ruppertshütten, Sackenbach, Sendelbach, Steinbach, Wombach. Moreover, the town of Lohr am Main also owns plots of land within other municipalities, namely Partenstein, Gemünden am Main and Rechtenbach. Neighbouring communities Clockwise from the north, these are Partenstein, Frammersbach, Flörsbachtal, Fellen, Burgsinn, Rieneck, Neuendorf, Gemünden am Main, Karlstadt, Steinfeld, Neustadt am Main and Rechtenbach. History The town of Lohr am Main was settled no later than the 8th century, and by the time of its first documentary mention in 1295 it was already the main centre of the County of Rieneck. In 1333 Lohr was granted town rights, which can be explained by the disagreement about the inheritance of the Counts of Rieneck-Rothenfels, which had died out. Indeed, Lohr had been a "town" for quite some time already. The town lords were the Counts of Rieneck, who had been enfeoffed by the Archbishop of Mainz (evidence of this is only available beginning in 1366). In 1559, after the last Count of Rieneck, Philipp III’s death, the fief passed to the Archbishopric of Mainz. From 1603 to 1618, during the "Recatholization" many townsfolk fell victim to persecution as witches. The former Oberamt of the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg was secularized in favour of Prince Primate von Dalberg's Principality of Aschaffenburg and passed along with this state in 1814 (by this time it had become a part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt) to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In the course of administrative reform in Bavaria, the current town-level municipality came into being with the Gemeindeedikt ("Municipal Edict") of 1818. In 1875, the Alte Mainbrücke (old Main bridge) was built. In 1936 came the new Lindig neighbourhood. In 1939, Sendelbach was amalgamated with the town. Between 1940 and 1945, under Nazi rule more than 600 children, women and men were deported to Sonnenstein and Grafeneck, as well as to the Auschwitz and Mauthausen concentration camps from what was then the Health and Care Institute (now the Regional Hospital for Psychiatry) as part of the Euthanasia programme, "Action T4". Since 1993, a bronze relief in the street by artist Rainer Stoltz serves as a memorial to these victims of the Nazi régime. On 2 April 1945, Lohr citizen Karl Brand was murdered, because he wanted to surrender the town to American troops without a fight. Since 1979, a memorial stone has recalled this. From 1972 to 1978, the surrounding communities of Halsbach, Rodenbach, Ruppertshütten, Sackenbach, Steinbach, Wombach and Pflochsbach were amalgamated with the town. On 1 July 1972, the greater part of the District of Lohr (Landkreis Lohr) became part of the new District of Mittelmain (Landkreis Mittelmain), which in 1973 was given its current name, Main-Spessart. At first, Lohr am Main was chosen as the district seat (Kreisstadt), but in October 1972 it was decided that Karlstadt would be the new district seat, and the Landratsamt (district office) was moved from Lohr to Karlstadt. Economy Lohr am Main is economically the most important centre in the Main-Spessart district. Out of some 12,000 workers on the social welfare contribution rolls working in town, only some 5,500 actually live in Lohr. The greater number of roughly 6,200 workers commute each day to Lohr. Comparing Lohr am Main with the district seat of Karlstadt, Lohr's importance stands out even more sharply. Although both towns have roughly the same population, Lohr am Main has about three times as many jobs. The greater number of jobs and the number of large businesses in town are also reflected in per-capita tax revenue: in 2005, this was about €1,000. Economic structure The most important industries are hydraulic machinery, electronics manufacturing as well as wood and glass processing. In addition, there are a large number of craftsmen's businesses. Important employers in Lohr are: Bosch Rexroth AG (hydraulics, engine building and automation technology) with 6,620 employees, including the former Indramat Bezirkskrankenhaus Lohr (hospital for psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychosomatic medicine) with 607 employees Gerresheimer Lohr GmbH (specialty glass and plastics) with 350 employees ATY Automotive & Industrial Components GmbH with 250 employees Nikolaus Sorg GmbH & Co KG (glass processing) with 165 employees Walter Hunger KG (hydraulic components) with 160 employees OWI Oskar Winkler GmbH & Co.KG (wooden and plastic mouldings) with 120 employees The local unemployment rate is less than 3%. Logging The town of Lohr am Main is, with its more than 6,300 ha of woodland (of which around 4,000 ha are municipally owned) Bavaria's second largest municipal forest owner. The town's woodlands are a mixed broadleaf forest managed under the precepts of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Naturgemäße Waldwirtschaft (ANW, "Natural Forest Management Working Group"). Since 2000, the town's forest has been certified according to the Forest Stewardship Council's (FSC) criteria. Arts and culture Museums The houses the Spessartmuseum. It deals mainly with economics and handicrafts, but also with the Spessart's regional history. In the outlying centre of Sendelbach is a school museum with the foci '"Imperial Germany" (1871-1918) and "Third Reich" (1933-1945). Germany's smallest museum is to be found on Haaggasse in a former transformer hut under monument protection, it shows a variety of insulators. Buildings Some of the sights of Lohr are the (1599-1602), the Lohrer Schloss (an Electoral Mainz palatial castle, 15th to 17th century, that grew from a 14th-century castle of the Rieneck counts), the Roman Catholic parish church (12th to 15th century), the (old town watchtower, 1330-1385), remnants of the town's fortifications, the historic Fischerviertel ("fishermen’s quarter") and the old town with many timber-frame buildings. Outside of the town, there is the important pilgrimage site of Monastery and the Baroque and church in Steinbach. The ("Lohr old Main bridge"), an arch bridge, has spanned the river Main since 1875. One hundred years later, the 417 m-long ("Lohr new Main bridge"), a prestressed-concrete structure was constructed. Events The Lohr Good Friday Procession each year draws thousands of visitors. Thirteen life-sized figures mark the Way of the Cross. The figures are borne and overseen by members of the various craftsmen's guilds. The Procession is actually a remnant of a once much greater, Baroque figure procession. It likely arose in the years after the Thirty Years' War. The earliest confirmed mention in the church records kept by Saint Michael's parish comes from 1656. Going back to a vow made during the Plague in 1666 is the Lohr custom of holding a procession each year on Saint Roch's Day (16 August) to the Valentinusberg (hill) above the town and holding festive church services there in honour of the Holy Trinity. Spessartsommer combines an array of summertime events such as Lohrer Tanzfest (dance festival), Altstadtfest (old town festival), City-Festival and Klingendes Lohr (ringing Lohr). Of particular importance is the Spessartfestwoche ("Spessart festival week"), which lasts ten days around 1 August. A Bavarian beer tent with seating for 4,500 and live music and a beergarden right on the Main with seating for a further 2,000 form the event’s centrepiece. There are also rides and a fireworks finale. In 2008, the 63rd Spessartfestwoche was held. The Festwochen-Express bus service’s 12 special lines to and from the festival saw a ridership of 23,416. There are also cabaret and amateur theatre events in Lohr and the outlying centres. Governance Mayor The mayor (Erster Bürgermeister) of Lohr is Mario Paul. He was elected in March 2014. He is the successor of Ernst-Heinrich Prüße (CSU). Coat of arms The town's arms might be described thus: Barry of ten gules and Or a bend wavy azure. The town's arms are essentially those borne by the Counts of Rieneck, who were the local lords from the 13th century until 1559. The wavy bend most likely refers to the Lohrbach, a local stream. The town’s oldest known seal, from 1408, already shows this design. Over time, the number of bars in the escutcheon has varied, as has the tincture of the bend (a version published in the 1920s, for instance, showed “Barry of nine gules and Or a bend wavy vert” – with nine bars and a green bend), for there was no proper blazon for the arms until 1957, when they were officially conferred on the town. Town twinning Lohr am Main is twinned with: Ouistreham, Calvados, France Burgeis, South Tyrol, Italy Milicz, Lower Silesia, Poland Sponsorship Přísečnice, Czech Republic In 1956 the town undertook the sponsorship arrangement for Sudeten Germans driven out of their homeland in the town and district known in German as Preßnitz. The town itself no longer exists. In 1974, its former site became the bed of a new reservoir. Infrastructure Transport Rail The Main-Spessart Railway (Main-Spessart-Bahn) from Würzburg and Gemünden leaves the Main valley on the way to Aschaffenburg–Frankfurt am Main and crosses through the Spessart. The from Lohr station through the town was a single-track, unelectrified, standard-gauge line to Wertheim. Passenger transport between Lohr-Town station and Wertheim was discontinued on 30 May 1976. Passenger service between Lohr-Bahnhof and Lohr-Town ended on 22 May 1977, although this part of the line is still in use for occasional goods transports. The former Lohr-Town station was converted to a pub. A direct early InterCity service to Munich was replaced with a Regionalbahn to Würzburg when the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway came into service in 2006. The nearest InterCityExpress stops are Aschaffenburg and Würzburg. On the eastern edge of town runs a short stretch of the Mühlbergtunnel on the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line running north-south. Also within town limits runs a part of the Nantenbach Curve with the Schönraintunnel. Road Lohr lies on Bundesstraße 26, , Staatsstraße (State Road) 2435 and Staatsstraße 2315. The nearest Autobahnen are the A 3 (Munich - Würzburg – Frankfurt) through the Weibersbrunn, Hösbach and Marktheidenfeld interchanges, and the A 7 (Würzburg - Kassel) through the Hammelburg interchange. Waterway The river Main is a "Federal Waterway" (Bundeswasserstraße) of the first order, administered by the . Healthcare Lohr has at its disposal a Kreiskrankenhaus (District Hospital) with the disciplines of surgery, internal medicine, anaesthesiology, neurology, gynaecology, urology, ophthalmology and otolaryngology, and also the Bezirkskrankenhaus (Regional Hospital) for psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychosomatic medicine and forensic medicine for the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken). Education Primary schools: Lohr am Main, Rodenbach, Sackenbach, Sendelbach, Wombach Special education schools: St. Kilian-Schule Sonderpädagogisches Förderzentrum Marktheidenfeld – Lohr; St. Nikolaus-Schule with emphasis on mental development Hauptschule: Gustav-Woehrnitz-Volksschule Lohr am Main Realschule: Georg-Ludwig-Rexroth-Realschule Gymnasium: Franz-Ludwig-von-Erthal-Gymnasium Vocational school: Staatliche Berufsschule Main-Spessart with professional school and training centre Professional school - Berufsfachschule für Krankenpflege (nursing) Forest school: Bayerische Forstschule Forest management school: Bayerische Technikerschule für Waldwirtschaft IGM education centre Music school: municipal singing and music school Folk high school: Volkshochschule der Stadt Lohr am Main Notable people Hans Blum (between 1520 and 1527-around or after 1552), architectural theorist Philipp Valentin Voit von Rieneck (1612-1672), Prince Bishop of the Hochstift Bamberg (1706–1770), Bishop of Speyer (born in Steinbach) Franz Ludwig von Erthal (1730–1795), Bishop of Bamberg and Würzburg (4 October 1735 – 23 May 1799 in Strasbourg), constitutional (not authorized by the Church) Bishop of Strasbourg during the French Revolution (1813–1899), German architect and building engineer. Joseph Koeth (1870–1936), politician and Reich minister in the Weimar Republic Ignatius Taschner (1871-1913), artist between Jugendstil and Neoclassicism Alfred Rexroth (1899-1978), Engineer, Entrepreneur, and Anthroposophist (1937-2016), pharmacist and pharmaceutical historian (1944–2013), writer and translator Hermann Joha (1960– ), stuntman, owner and managing director of the Actionfilm production company Alarm für Cobra 11 Nadine Angerer (1978– ), football world champion 2007, European Champion 2009 and 2013 Nicolai Müller (1987-), football player Other Lohr is one of the places that claim to be Snow White’s birthplace. Further reading Christ, Günter: Lohr am Main. Der ehemalige Landkreis. Hrsg. von der Kommission für Bayerische Landesgeschichte bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Laßleben, Kallmünz 2007, Loibl, Werner: Die kurmainzische Spiegelmanufaktur Lohr am Main (1698–1806) und die Nachfolgebetriebe im Spessart, 3 Volumes. Geschichts- und Kunstverein Aschaffenburg, Aschaffenburg 2012. , , Ruf, Alfons, Die Pfarrkirche St. Michael in Lohr und ihre Baugeschichte. Lohr a. Main, 1983. Ruf, Theodor, Quellen und Erläuterungen zur Geschichte der Lohr am Main bis zum Jahre 1559, Lohr a. Main, 2011. Ruf, Theodor: Die Grafen von Rieneck. Genealogie und Territorienbildung. Würzburg 1984 (town history) References External links Town’s official webpage Handball in Lohr 11th-century establishments in the Holy Roman Empire Main-Spessart Populated places on the Main basin Populated riverside places in Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohr%20am%20Main
The Complete In a Silent Way Sessions is a three-disc box set by trumpeter Miles Davis released by Legacy Records, (Mosaic Records in conjunction with Legacy released the 5 LP set) featuring recordings from the sessions that would produce his 1969 album In a Silent Way as well as transitional pieces from the era. Besides two tracks previously released on the 1968 album Filles de Kilimanjaro, the set also includes material for Columbia outtake compilations Water Babies, Circle in the Round, and Directions. The box set features previously unreleased music, mostly from the In a Silent Way sessions proper. As well as the CDs, it includes essays by Michael Cuscuna and Bob Belden and details of the recording sessions. It is number five in the Legacy series of Miles Davis' Complete Sessions box sets. It includes several previously unreleased tracks on CD, namely "Splashdown", "The Ghetto Walk" and "Early Minor", plus a longer, much different version of "Shhh/Peaceful" and two "In a Silent Way" alternate takes. Track listing All tracks composed by Miles Davis, except where noted. Personnel Musicians Miles Davis – trumpet Wayne Shorter – tenor saxophone (Disc 1: All), soprano saxophone John McLaughlin – electric guitar (Disc 2: Tracks 4–7; Disc 3: All) Chick Corea – electric piano Herbie Hancock – electric piano Joe Zawinul – organ (Disc 2; Disc 3) Dave Holland – double bass Tony Williams – drums Jack DeJohnette – drums (Disc 2: Tracks 1–3) Joe Chambers – drums (Disc 3: Tracks 1 and 2) Charts References Miles Davis compilation albums 2001 compilation albums Columbia Records compilation albums Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Complete%20In%20a%20Silent%20Way%20Sessions
Ghada Jamshir () is a Bahraini women's rights activist and an ardent campaigner for the reform of Sharia courts in Bahrain and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. Jamshir heads the Women's Petition Committee lobbying for a law that would shift jurisdiction over family and women's affairs from Islamic Sharia court to civil courts. Jamshir has called the Al Khalifa government's reforms "artificial and marginal". In a statement in December 2006 she said, Jamshir has been outspoken in criticizing the Bahraini government for its role in the Bandargate scandal. In 2007 she alleged that the Interior Ministry was attempting to spy on her. Backlash by the government In 2005, the Bahraini government brought three criminal charges against Jamshir for allegedly publicly defaming the Islamic family court judiciary, and faced a jail sentence of up to 15 years. These charges were eventually dropped on 19 June 2005. Since 2006, Ghada Jamsheer has been under permanent surveillance, there is a 24-hour presence of plainclothes public security officials of the Ministry of the Interior outside her home. After her criticism of government policies, Bahrain authorities ordered the local media and press to prevent the publication of any news relating to Jamshir. The order came from the Royal Court, through its minister Shaikh Khalid bin Ahmed Al Khalifa. Jamshir also claims that the Minister of the Royal Court gave her a direct threat demanding that she end her public work, after which the regime attempted to install a spy camera in her house, bugged her telephone, and sent individuals to bribe and blackmail her. In 2006, Time magazine identified Jamshir as one of four heroes of freedom in the Arab world, and Forbes magazine selected her as one of the ten most powerful and effective women in the Arab world. See also Human rights in Bahrain Women's political rights in Bahrain References External links Ghada Jamsheer's blog Women's Petition Committee: Appointment of Sharia Judges as political gifts for religious groups Bahrain: Courts Try to Silence Women’s Rights Activist , Human Rights Watch, 2 June 2005 Ghada Jamshir interview Article on Ghada Jamshir transcript of interview with Ghada Jamshir Bahraini women demand unified civil status law Muslim reformers Bahraini activists Bahraini women activists Bahraini dissidents Bahraini Muslims Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Bahraini people of Iranian descent	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghada%20Jamshir
Kikkuli was the Hurrian "master horse trainer [assussanni] of the land of Mitanni" (LÚA-AŠ-ŠU-UŠ-ŠA-AN-NI ŠA KUR URUMI-IT-TA-AN-NI) and author of a chariot horse training text written primarily in the Hittite language (as well as an Old Indo-Aryan language as seen in numerals and loan-words), dating to the Hittite New Kingdom (around 1400 BCE). The text is notable both for the information it provides about the development of Hittite, an Indo-European language, Hurrian, and for its content. The text was inscribed on cuneiform tablets discovered during excavations of Boğazkale and Ḫattuša in 1906 and 1907. Content and influence "Thus speaks Kikkuli, master horse trainer of the land of Mitanni" (UM.MA Ki-ik-ku-li LÚA-AŠ-ŠU-UŠ-ŠA-AN-NI ŠA KUR URUMI-IT-TA-AN-NI). Thus begins Kikkuli's text. The text contains a complete prescription for conditioning (exercise and feeding) Hittite war horses over 214 days. The Kikkuli Text addresses solely the conditioning, not education, of the horse. The Mitannians were acknowledged leaders in horse training and as a result of the horse training techniques learned from Kikkuli, Hittite charioteers forged an empire of the area which is now Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Northern Iraq. Surprisingly, the regime used 'interval training' techniques similar to those used so successfully by eventers, endurance riders and others today and whose principles have only been studied by equine sports medicine researchers in the past 30 years. The Kikkuli programme involved "sports medicine" techniques comparable to modern ideas such as the principle of progression, peak loading systems, electrolyte replacement theory, fartlek training, intervals and repetitions. It was directed at horses with a high proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibres. As in modern conventional (as opposed to 'interval') training, the Kikkuli horses were stabled, rubbed, washed down with warm water and fed oats, barley and hay at least three times per day. Unlike conventional horse training, the horses were subject to warming down periods. Further, every example of cantering included intermediate pauses to relax the horse partially and as the training advanced the workouts include intervals at the canter. This is on the same level as the Interval training we use in modern times. However, Kikkuli made much use of long periods leading the horses at the trotting and cantering gaits rather than harnessing them to a chariot. Between 1991 and 1992, Dr A. Nyland, then of the University of New England, Australia, carried out the experimental replication of the entire Kikkuli Text over the 7-month period prescribed in the text with Arabian horses. The results are published in "The Kikkuli Method of Horse Fitness Training," in which Nyland claims Kikkuli's methods to be, in some ways, superior to its modern counterparts. Surviving texts CTH 284, best preserved, Late Hittite copy (13th century BCE) CTH 285, contemporary Middle Hittite copy with a ritual introduction CTH 286, contemporary Middle Hittite copy CTH 284 consists of four well preserved tablets or a total of 1080 lines. The text is notable for its Mitanni (Indo-Aryan) loanwords, e.g. the numeral compounds aika-, tera-, panza-, satta-, nāwa-wartanna ("one, three, five, seven, nine intervals", Kikkuli apparently was faced with some difficulty getting specific Mitannian concepts across in the Hittite language, for he frequently gives a term such as "Intervals" in his own language and then states, "this means..." and explained it in Hittite. An alternative explanation is that at the time the treatise was written these terms were no longer in general use but were employed out of tradition hence needing a gloss. See also On Horsemanship (Xenophon) Amarna letters References Literature A. Kammenhuber, Hippologia hethitica (1962) ISBN 9783447004978 E. Masson, L’art de soigner et d’entrainer les chevaux, texte Hittite du maitre écuyer Kikkuli (Lausanne: Favre, 1998) 43–108 Ann Nyland, The Kikkuli Method of Horse Training, Kikkuli Research, Armidale, 1993. ISBN 9780646131603 Ann Nyland, The Kikkuli Method of Horse Training: 2009 Revised Edition, Maryannu Press, Sydney, 2009. ISBN 9780980443073 Peter Raulwing, "Zur etymologischen Beurteilung der Berufsbezeichnung assussanni des Pferdetrainers Kikkuli von Mittani", Anreiter et al. (eds.), Man and the Animal World, Studies in Archaeozoology, Archaeology, Anthropology and Paleolinguistics in memoriam S. Bökönyi, Budapest (1996), 1-57. Raulwing, Peter. 2005. The Kikkuli text: Hittite training instructions for chariot horses in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. and their interdisciplinary context. Les équidés dans le monde méditerranéen antique: Actes du colloque organisé References 1029 par l’École française d’Athènes, le Centre Camille Jullian, et l’UMR 5140 du CNRS, Athènes, 26–28 Novembre 2003, ed. by Armelle Gardeisen, 61–75. Lattes: Association pour le développement de l’archéologie en Languedoc-Rousillon. Frank Starke, Ausbildung und Training von Streitwagenpferden, eine hippologisch orientierte Interpretation des Kikkuli-Textes, StBoT 41 (1995). External links Kikkuli, 1345 BCE: Training the Chariot Horse (English translation by Anthony Dent from French) Wayback machine: https://web.archive.org/web/20120902061951/http://imh.org/history-of-the-horse/legacy-of-the-horse/harnessing-the-horse/kikkuli-1345.html Raulwing, Peter (2009). The Kikkuli Text. Hittite Training Instructions for Chariot Horses in the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. and Their Interdisciplinary Context Hittite people Hittite texts Horse management Ancient warfare Classical horsemanship Chariots 14th-century BC people Writers on horsemanship	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikkuli
The Miami Valley School (MVS) is a private, independent day school for grades Pre-K through 12 located in Dayton, Ohio. The school was founded in 1964. The Miami Valley School is a non-profit organization and is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States. It is also a member of the Ohio Association of Independent Schools (OAIS) and the National Association of Independent Schools. The school serves approximately 480 students across all grades. The school consists of four divisions. The Early Childhood School includes two preschool grades, called EC1 and EC2. The kindergarten through 5th grade unit is called the Lower School, instead of the more common elementary school. The 6th through 8th-grade academic unit has the traditional Middle School title. The 9th through 12th grade unit is called the Upper School, instead of the more common high school. History The Marti School (1956–1964) The Miami Valley School was founded in 1964 as a successor to The Marti School, a small farm school founded in 1947 by Dr. Fritz and Gertrude Marti in Lower Salem, Ohio, which moved to Dayton in 1956 at the behest of a collective of Dayton families interested in building the city's first private school. The Mead family, particularly Mr. and Mrs. Harry Talbott Mead, were instrumental in bringing the Martis to Dayton. The Dayton campus of The Marti School was situated on the grounds of a former residence on Munger Road, with a campus totaling just over seven acres. The Marti School's largest student enrollment was 70 pupils, in 1962-63. Financial difficulties, as well as Fritz Marti's return to full-time work as a university professor at the University of Dayton and Antioch College, led the school's trustees to consider new leadership, expanded facilities and enrollment, and a new model for the school. The decision was made to relocate the campus to a 17-acre portion of farmland donated by the Mead family, which would become the school's current campus at 5151 Denise Drive. The board also announced it would begin the search for a new headmaster, and that the school would be renamed The Miami Valley School. While MVS would initially open on at the Munger Road campus of The Marti School site, and the board of trustees and faculty would remain virtually intact, The Marti School "ceased to exist when MVS was born," according to author Barbara A. Cleary. Today, the school lists its official founding date as 1964. The Miami Valley School (1964–present) Headmaster Ted Truslow (1964–1972) The search for The Miami Valley School's first headmaster resulted in the hiring of Walter "Ted" Truslow, who relocated to Dayton from Lake Forest Academy in Illinois. The school's reorganization also prompted a temporary dissolution of the upper school (grades 9-12). The school's enrollment reached 170 students in 1966, which was the first year operations moved to the Denise Drive campus. Truslow left MVS in 1972 to become the head of The Park School in Buffalo, New York, and later Vermont Academy. Headmaster Robert Fatherley (1972–1979) In 1972, Robert Fatherley was hired from Friends Academy in Glen Cove, New York, to assume the headship of MVS. One of the first projects completed under his tenure was the expansion of the school's campus to hold the school's growing population, which once again spanned grades K-12. The school held its first graduation ceremony in 1974. Fatherley's tenure also saw the launch of the Immersion Program in 1974, which began as a program during the month of March for students to study either French or Spanish from a cohort of native speakers. Eventually, the Immersion program would shed its association with language learning and develop into an experiential learning program where students take one intensive course in an academic discipline of their choice for one month. In 1973, the school became fully accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States after attaining a preliminary accreditation in 1964. Fatherley would leave the school in 1979 to assume the headship of Wilmington Friends School in Delaware. Headmaster Duncan Alling (1979–1986) Duncan Alling, Fatherley's successor, was hired from Tandem School (now Tandem Friends) in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he was the cofounder and assistant head. His early tenure was marked by a variety of changes in the administration of the school, during which the school's first Director of Development, Director of Admissions, and Alumni Relations Coordinator were named. Alling also hired 20 new faculty members and embarked on a vigorous outreach campaign to communicate the school's identity beyond its immediate constituencies. By 1982-1983, MVS' enrollment was 334 students. Alling left MVS in 1986 to become the head of Princeton Country Day School. Director of Admissions and Development Tom Brereton was asked to serve as acting head of school until a permanent headmaster could be hired. In December 1986, Brereton was offered the role on a permanent basis. He would become The Miami Valley School's longest-serving headmaster, with a tenure of 20 years. Headmaster Tom Brereton (1986–2006) In 1994, the school crossed the 400-student mark for the first time, with 409 students in grades Pre-K through 12. Campus expansions during Brereton's tenure included the construction of the Ervin J. Nutter Science Wing in 1995 and the renovation of the middle school wing in 1992. This corresponded with the introduction of "middle school" as a separate division of MVS, comprising grades 6-8. Prior to 1992, the "lower school" was grades K-6, and "upper school" was grades 7-12. Student enrollment reached 502 students in 2004. In 2006, Brereton left MVS for National Cathedral School in Washington, DC. He would go on to serve as headmaster of The Galloway School in Atlanta and Episcopal Day School in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Headmaster Peter Benedict (2006–2013) Peter Benedict II was hired as MVS' fifth Head of School from Louisville Collegiate School, where he had served as a middle school head. Benedict's first major task would be leading MVS through the economic downturn of the 2007-2008 financial crisis, which saw many major employers (including National Cash Register and General Motors) move operations away from Dayton. During Benedict's tenure, he introduced MVS' Mandarin language program, which joined French and Spanish as World Language options. MVS also established a sister-school relationship with Nanjing Foreign Language School in China as well as the Second Foreign Language School of Shenzhen. While MVS had welcomed individual international students since the 1970s through AFS intercultural programs, this sister-school relationship led to the first multi-student cohort of international students enrolling at MVS. Peter Benedict departed MVS in 2013 to assume the headship of Saint Andrew's School in Boca Raton, FL. Jason "Jay" Scheurle was brought on as MVS' sixth Head of School. Head of School Jay Scheurle (2013–2018) Jay Scheurle, formerly Head of School at Chesapeake Academy in Maryland, assumed MVS' headship in 2013. Major developments during Scheurle's tenure involved an emphasis on codifying and describing the school's signature pedagogy, the Immersion Method. Head of School Elizabeth Cleary (2018–present) Elizabeth Cleary was installed as MVS' seventh Head of School in 2018, becoming the first woman to hold the position. In August 2022, Cleary announced that she would leave MVS at the end of the academic year. In December 2022, the school's board of trustees announced that David Long, currently of The Galloway School, would take over as MVS' Head of School for the 2023-2024 school year. Athletics The Miami Valley School competes in the Metro Buckeye Conference. MVS currently fields boys' and girls' teams in the following varsity sports: Basketball Cross country Golf Soccer Swimming Tennis Track & field MVS has won Metro Buckeye Conference championships in the following sports (asterisk denotes shared title): Girls' basketball: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Girls' cross country: 2018 Boys' golf: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013 Boys' soccer: 2000, 2004, 2005, 2009, 2010 Girls' soccer: 2001, 2002, 2004, 2010, 2016 Girls' softball: 2003, 2005 Boys' swimming: 2012, 2013 Girls' swimming: 2011, 2014 Boys' tennis: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022* Girls' track: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 MVS is a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA). The following MVS athletes have won OHSAA state championships: Eugene Hagan: boys' tennis, Class A-AA singles (1981) Kathy Mobley: girls' track & field, Class A, 100-meter dash (1980), 200-meter dash (1981) Daniel Kolodzik: boys' wrestling, Division III, 103 lbs. (2005), 125 lbs. (2007) Shelby Carpenter, Elaina Cromer, Caitlin Pohl, Lauren Shaver: girls' track & field, Division III, 4x400 relay (2010) Matthew Kolodzik: boys' wrestling, Division III, 106 lbs. (2012) Taylor Middleton: girls' track & field, Division III, 100-meter dash (2015, 2016), 200-meter dash (2015, 2016), long jump (2015, 2016) The school's athletic facilities include two basketball gymnasiums, grass and artificial turf soccer fields, and six tennis courts. Notable alumni Daniel Beaty '94, poet, playwright, and actor Cameron Porter '11, MLS player Stefan Cleveland '12, MLS goalkeeper Bruce Heyman '75, former U.S. Ambassador to Canada Ken Williford '94, Deputy Project Scientist for NASA Mars 2020 mission Scandals and controversies In 2016, an investigation revealed "dozens of reports of inappropriate behavior by fired teacher and tennis coach Vin Romeo." The teacher was accused of having sexual relations with a student when the child was a minor. Vin Romeo denied the allegations, with an attorney representing Romeo calling the allegations "ludicrously false." Some parents at the school also opposed the firing of Romeo and released a statement stating "We would like to express our dissatisfaction with the performance of not only the headmaster but the present board members too. We find the board to be totally out of touch and not truly aware of what has been going on at our school. We have the most wonderful community at MVS, a community that has been slowly destroyed under the hands of our headmaster with the support of the board. Many of our good teachers have already left since the arrival of our headmaster and many more are planning to leave. We have lost over 10 members of our best staff. He does not understand what our school community is about and is taking it in a direction that does not fit in within our long, wonderful culture." In 2019 another controversy arose at The Miami Valley School after a student created a presentation that implied that Israel didn't have a right to exist and that the entirety of Israel was "stolen land." Rabbi Nochum Mangel described the poster as "blatant anti-Semitism." Jewish Federation of Greater Dayton CEO Cathy Gardner described the poster as "deeply distressing." References External links The Miami Valley School Website Middle schools in Montgomery County, Ohio Independent School Association of the Central States High schools in Dayton, Ohio Private high schools in Ohio Private middle schools in Ohio Private elementary schools in Ohio 1964 establishments in Ohio Educational institutions established in 1964	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Miami%20Valley%20School
Renata is a feminine given name of European origin, and a New Zealand surname. The name is of Latin origin, cf. Renatus. It is a common female name in the Czech Republic, Croatia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia. The cognate names include Renée and Renate. Notable people with the given name Renata include: Renata Adler (born 1938), American author, journalist and film critic Renata Alt (born 1965), Slovenian born German politician Renata Beger (born 1958), Polish politician Renata Berková (born 1975), Czech triathlon athlete Renata Borgatti (1894–1964), concert pianist Renata Burgos (born 1982), Brazilian swimmer Renata Dancewicz (born 1969), Polish actress Renata Fast (born 1994), Canadian hockey player Renáta Fučíková (born 1964), Czech book illustrator, artist and author of children's books Renata Jaworska (born 1979), Polish artist Renata Katewicz (born 1965), Polish discus thrower Renata Kallosh (born 1943), Ukrainian-American theoretical physicist Renata Končić (born 1977), Croatian singer Renata Nielsen (born 1966), Danish long jumper Renata Przemyk (born 1966), Polish singer-songwriter Renata Ruiz (born 1984), Chilean model Renata Salecl (born 1962), Slovene philosopher, sociologist and legal theorist Renata Scotto (1934–2023), Italian soprano and opera director Renata Soñé, Dominican Republic beauty queen and actress Renata Strašek (born 1972), Slovenian javelin thrower Renata Tebaldi (1922–2004), Italian opera singer Renáta Tolvai (born 1991), Romanian Hungarian singer, dancer and model Renata Voráčová (born 1983), Czech tennis player Renata Wentzcovitch, Brazilian condensed matter physicist Cecilia Renata of Austria (1611–1644), Archduchess, daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor With a completely different origin, the name "Renata" is a New Zealand Maori transliteration of the name "Leonard", and is a male's name. Notable people with the surname Renata include: Trent Renata (born 1988), New Zealand rugby player Italian feminine given names Croatian feminine given names Czech feminine given names Hungarian feminine given names Polish feminine given names Feminine given names Slovene feminine given names	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata
The Hyde Street Pier, at 2905 Hyde Street, is a historic ferry pier located on the northern waterfront of San Francisco in the U.S. state of California. Background Prior to the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, it was the principal automobile ferry terminal connecting San Francisco with Marin County by way of Sausalito to the north, and the East Bay by way of Berkeley. It was designated part of U.S. Route 101 and U.S. Route 40. The ferries began operation by the Golden Gate Ferry Company. In early-1929, the Golden Gate Ferry Company merged with the competing auto ferry system of the Southern Pacific railroad, with ferry service to the Hyde Street Pier taken over by the new "Southern Pacific-Golden Gate Ferries, Ltd." starting on May 1, 1929. The pier is part of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park. Various historical ships are moored to the pier, some available for self-guided or docent-led tours. Among the ships on display or in storage are the Balclutha, an 1886 square rigged sailing ship, as well as C.A. Thayer, Eureka, Alma, Hercules, Eppleton Hall, and over one hundred smaller craft. In 2023, the Hōkūleʻa, a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe, docked here as part of its Moananuiakea voyage, the circumnavigation of the Pacific Ocean. References External links Photo of the Hyde Street Pier in the 1930s, SFPL. Photo of the Hyde Street Pier 1931, NPS Ferry terminals in the San Francisco Bay Area Piers in San Francisco Lincoln Highway Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco U.S. Route 101 U.S. Route 40	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Street%20Pier
James "J.T." Warren Taylor (born August 16, 1953) is an American singer and actor who achieved fame as the lead singer of Kool & the Gang between 1979 and 1988. Taylor joined Kool & the Gang in 1979, and remained with the group for 9 years. His tenure as lead singer was the most successful era in the band's history, with the albums Ladies' Night (1979), Celebrate! (1980), and Emergency (1984), and hit singles including "Ladies' Night", the US No. 1 "Celebration", "Get Down on It", "Joanna", "Misled", and "Cherish". Taylor left the group in 1989 to begin a solo career, but has reunited with the band a few times in concerts, and recorded one last album with them in 1996. Early life Taylor was born on August 16, 1953, in Laurens, South Carolina, and grew up in Hackensack, New Jersey. Before his rise to fame, he was a teacher and night club singer, having first joined a band at the age of 13. In 1978 he played with Milton Galfas, Christopher Galfas, and Eleton Johns in Full Force. He left Full Force when Christopher Galfas brought him to his brother's House of Music studio to audition for Kool & the Gang. Kool & the Gang Taylor joined the band in 1979 after the group auditioned for a lead singer. He noted that vocals added more warmth to the songs, especially to ballads, which the group had avoided as no one could sing them properly. Taylor also recalled some resistance from some members and the group of female singers they had used on The Force and Everybody's Dancin. In 1979, the band recorded and released Ladies' Night, which became their most successful album since their formation helped by the singles "Too Hot" and "Ladies' Night", which went to No. 5 and No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, respectively. In January 1980, Ladies' Night was certified platinum by the RIAA for selling one million copies in the US. In September 1980, the band released the album Celebrate! It became a bigger commercial success than Ladies' Night; the lead single "Celebration" remains the band's only single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The song originated from the lyric "Come on, let's all celebrate" from "Ladies' Night" which inspired Robert Bell to write a song that he described as "an international anthem." The band developed the song on a tour bus after attending the American Music Awards. The song was used in national media coverage for the 1980 World Series, the 1981 Super Bowl, the 1981 NBA Finals, and the 1981 return of the Iran hostages. After the release of Something Special (1981), which continued the level of success of the previous two albums, the band recorded As One (1982), their fourth and final album with producer Eumir Deodato. The latter struggled to reach gold certification in the US, which led to the band's decision to end their time with Deodato as they had enough with the direction they had adopted. They then decided to produce their next album, In the Heart (1983), by themselves with Jim Bonnefond as co-producer. The album contained the US top-five single "Joanna". The song was declared the most-played pop song in 1984 by Broadcast Music International. Bonnefond stayed with the group for Emergency (1984), which remains their highest selling album with over two million copies sold in the US. It spawned four US top 20 singles, including "Emergency", "Cherish", "Fresh", and "Misled". This feat made Kool & the Gang the only band to have four top 20 singles from a single album in 1985. In June 1984, Kool & the Gang took time off from recording Emergency to perform at Wembley Stadium as part of a sold-out summer concert organised by Elton John. That November, during a visit to Phonogram's offices in London, Bob Geldof arrived to pitch his idea of the multi-artist charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to the label. Kool & the Gang participated in the project. The group's seventeenth album, Forever, was released in November 1986. The album included two hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart: "Victory" (US #10, R&B #2) and "Stone Love" (US #10, R&B #4). Two further singles, "Holiday" and "Special Way" were also released from the album; the former reached the top ten on the R&B Chart, the latter hit reached #6 on the Adult Contemporary chart. By 1986, the band had scored 14 top 40 singles in the US since 1980, more than Michael Jackson. In July 1986, the band recorded a special version of "Celebration" with different vocals that was used in an advertisement for Wendy's. In 1987, the band completed a 50-city tour of the US. The tour included the group establishing their own public service program, devised by Robert Bell and Taylor, which encouraged school children to pursue education, giving free tickets to those with perfect attendance. The group rehearsed their stage show with a choreographer at Prince's studio at Paisley Park. At the time of the tour's start, the band ceased producing adverts with Schlitz beer because of their new image towards children and that they felt it had run its course. After the tour, Taylor left Kool & the Gang to pursue a solo career, but briefly returned in 1996 for the State of Affairs album. He has also reunited with the band a few times in live concerts. Solo career In 1988, Taylor pursued a solo career and has released four solo albums to date. In 1989, he released his first solo album, titled Master of the Game, which produced several hits, including the album's first single "All I Want Is Forever", a duet with Regina Belle. The single "The Promised Land" was included on the soundtrack of Ghostbusters II. In 1991, Taylor released his second solo album, Feel the Need, which garnered the hits "Long Hot Summer Night" and "Heart to Heart", a duet with Stephanie Mills. 1993 saw the release of the singer's third solo album, Baby I'm Back, followed by his fourth solo album in 2000 titled A Brand New Me. Acting career In the 1990s, Taylor began his acting career in the 1992 Hollywood film The Mambo Kings and the long-running Broadway musical Raisin. Discography With Kool & the Gang Studio albums Live albums Singles Solo Studio albums Singles References External links James "J.T." Taylor at AllMusic James "J.T." Taylor at Discogs Facebook page Myspace 1953 births Living people American rhythm and blues singers African-American actors Kool & the Gang members People from Laurens, South Carolina 20th-century African-American male singers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20%22J.T.%22%20Taylor
The Godavari-class frigates (formerly Type 16 or Project 16 frigates) were guided-missile frigates of the Indian Navy. The Godavari class was the first significant indigenous warship design and development initiative of the Indian Navy. Its design is a modification of the with a focus on indigenous content of 72%, a larger hull and updated armaments. The class and the lead ship, were named after the Godavari River. Subsequent ships in the class, and also took their names from Indian rivers. INS Gomati was the first Indian Navy vessel to have digital electronics in her combat data system. The ships combined Indian, Russian and Western weapons systems. History The concept for the Godavari class originated from the lessons learnt in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. There was a need for a ship unique to Indian requirements, for deploying a hybrid of indigenously-designed, as well as Russian and European weapons systems. The keel of the lead ship INS Godavari was laid in 1978 at Mazagon Dock Limited in Bombay. She was commissioned in December 1983. One of the requirements was to deploy two Sea King helicopters from the ship. The Nilgiri-class vessels were too small for this requirement. The final design incorporated a larger hull in order to accommodate this. INS Godavari was decommissioned on 23 December 2015, and her Barak 1 surface-to-air missile will be installed on the flagship . INS Ganga was retired from active service on 28 May 2017, and was decommissioned on 22 March 2018. The last ship of its class, INS Gomati, was decommissioned on 15 May 2022 after 34 years of service. Design Although the Directorate of Marine Engineering suggested replacing steam propulsion with gas turbines, it was decided not to do so, since Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited had made heavy investments in facilities and tooling for design of steam turbines and auxiliary systems. For armaments, the missile and gun package of the Soviet was installed on the frigate. Ships of the class Upgrades All three ships later underwent an extensive upgrade of weapons and sensors. These include the fitment of the Israeli Barak SAM system, and a new fire control system based on the EL/M-2221 STGR. The P-20 missiles have been retained for now. Gallery See also List of naval ship classes in service References Frigate classes Ships built in India	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari-class%20frigate

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