text stringlengths 3 277k | source stringlengths 31 193 |
|---|---|
Henry Robinson Towne (August 24, 1844 – October 15, 1924) was an American mechanical engineer and businessman, known as an early systematizer of management. He donated several millions to philanthropy at his death, in 1924.
Biography
Towne was born in Philadelphia in 1844 to John Henry and Maria (Tevis) T. Towne. He attended the University of Pennsylvania from 1861 to 1862, where he was a member of St. Anthony Hall, but did not complete a degree. The university later awarded him an honorary master's degree.
Early career
Following his year of college, Towne found work as a draftsman at the Port Richmond Iron Works, which was owned by I. P. Morris, Towne & Co. In 1863, Towne was put in charge of repair work for the union gunboat Massachusetts. During 1864-1866, Towne was placed in charge of erecting engines in monitors for the United States Navy. After the war, Towne went to Paris and studied physics at the Sorbonne. When he returned, he found employment with the firm of William Sellers & Co., in Philadelphia.
Yale Lock Manufacturing
In the summer of 1868, Henry R. Towne was introduced to Linus Yale Jr. by a mutual friend. Towne was, by this time, looking for a new business opportunity and had become impressed about the possibilities of Yale's new "cylinder" lock. In October 1868, the two men formed the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company, to be located in Stamford, Connecticut. Towne provided new capital and management of the firm, and Yale the invention. Yale died later in 1868, and Towne reorganized the company as Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. By 1892, he was recorded as a millionaire in the American Millionaires list book. He stepped down as chairman of the company in 1915. Board members of the company included ex President of Studebaker, Albert Russel Erskine, Congressman Schuyler Merritt, and others.
Within this time-frame he developed the Towne-Halsey plan. According to F.W. Taylor and mentioned in his book Scientific Management "it consists in recording the quickest time in which a job has been done, and fixing this as a standard. If the workman succeeds in doing the job in a shorter time, he is still paid his same wages per hour for the time he works on the job, and in addition is given a premium for having worked faster, consisting of from one-quarter to one-half the difference between the wages earned and the wages originally paid when the job was done in standard time."
Later years
Towne was one of the first engineers to see management as a new social role for engineers and that the development of management techniques was important for the development of the engineering profession. He laid out his ideas about the management role for the engineer in his "The Engineer as Economist." He was elected President of the ASME in 1888, and his presidential address continued to address how to improve shop and worker efficiency (see "Gain-Sharing").
Towne and Link-Belt president James Mapes Dodge were responsible for maneuvering Frederick Winslow Taylor to the Presidency of the ASME in 1906 (Noble, ABD, 269-270). Taylor was the author of The Principles of Scientific Management.
Death
Henry R. Towne died in New York City on October 15, 1924. His wife Cora E. White, whom he had married in 1868, died in 1917. His estates was valued at several millions and the bulk of it was given to museums of peaceful arts, or industrial museums, for the citizens of New York.
In his will, Towne bequeathed one million dollars to the establishment of the Museums of the Peaceful Arts in Manhattan, 50,000$ toward education programs, the same amount to an Engineering Fund, 10,000$ to the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, the same amount to New York University, and many others.
Selected publications
Towne, Henry Robinson. Locks and Builders Hardware: A Hand Book for Architects. J. Wiley & Sons, 1904.
Towne, Henry R. "Foreword to Shop Management." Frederick Taylor, Scientific Management: 5-6. 1911.
Articles, a selection:
Towne, Henry R. "A Drawing Office System." Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 5 (1884): 193-205.
Towne, Henry R. "Engineer as an Economist," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 7 (1886), 425ff.
Towne, Henry R. "Gain-Sharing," Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 10 (1889), 600ff.
Towne, Henry R. "President's Address, 1889." Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 11 (1889): 50-71.
Towne, Henry R. "Industrial engineering." Ingeniería Industrial), discurso pronunciado en la Universidad de Purdue el 24 (1905).
Towne, Henry Robinson. "Axioms Concerning Manufacturing Costs." Trans. A SM E 34 (1912).
Towne, Henry R. "The General Principles of Organization Applied to an Individual Manufacturing Establishment," Transactions, Efficiency Society Incorporated. v.1 1912, p. 77-83
Patents
1897. US patents 575016 - Frictional controlling device for screw hoist.
1898. US patents 29786 - design for a key
References
External links
Biographical Sketch
1844 births
1924 deaths
American business theorists
American mechanical engineers
Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Engineers from Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20R.%20Towne |
Millicom International Cellular SA (NASDAQ U.S.: TIGO, NASDAQ Stockholm: TIGO_SDB) is a Luxembourgish fixed line and mobile telecommunications services provider operating in Latin America operating under the Tigo brand. Its main shareholder is Xavier Niel, a French billionaire who owns 27.13% of the company.
Millicom operating subsidiaries and joint ventures employed more than 21,000 people and provided mobile services to approximately 55 million customers, with a cable footprint of more than 12 million homes passed.
History
Millicom International Cellular SA was established on December 14, 1990, by Shelby Bryan, Jan Stenbeck, Telma Sosa, and Olvin Galdamez, combining the cellular telephone properties owned by Industriförvaltnings AB Kinnevik and Millicom Incorporated. Millicom is headquartered in Luxembourg with a United States corporate office in Miami. Through the Tigo and Tigo Business brands, Millicom provides digital services, including high-speed data, broadband, mobile, cable TV, voice and SMS, Mobile Financial Services, and business communications. Millicom operates in nine Latin American markets, including Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Paraguay.
After two years of planning, the company began operations when the founders completed a $131,000 share purchase in May 1982. The firm took over paging company Meta Systems in October 1982 and then raised $9 million in its first round of financing, managed by chief executive officer, Orhan Sadik-Khan and Kevin Kimberlin. Since 92% of the world population had no phone service at the time, Millicom promoted mobile technology on a global basis. To do this, Millicom created joint-ventures with local and strategic partners. On 13 December 1982, a joint-venture with Racal Electronics was awarded a cellular license for the United Kingdom. To enable Millicom to earn its 10% royalty from Racal-Millicom, a controlling shareholder, Stenbeck commissioned a startup with three employees, Technophone, to develop the world's first pocket-sized mobile phone. Highlighting its plans to offer the Voice and Data phone (predecessor to the smartphone), his Racal-Millicom joint-venture was renamed Vodafone.
On 12 October 1983, Millicom Inc. created China Telecom Systems (HK), a joint-venture with partners China Resources Ltd. and Comvik, a Swedish mobile firm also controlled by Jan Stenbeck. China Telecom Systems (HK) held the first cellular telephone contract in China, making its service available to the public on 20 May 1985. In December 1989, Millicom set up Microtel Communications Ltd. by teaming up with Pacific Telesis and British Aerospace (later bought out by Hutchison Telecom.) Microtel was awarded a personal communication network (PCN) license to compete with Vodafone in the United Kingdom, a service launched on 28 April 1994 under its brand name, Orange. This venture was acquired in October 1999, at which time Orange and its new parent, Mannesmann, were in turn both taken over by Vodafone. At a value of $202 billion, the takeover of Mannesmann by Vodafone was the largest transaction in corporate history. Orange (formerly Microtel) was then sold to France Telecom, which subsequently changed its corporate name to Orange.
To better manage their respective mobile interests, Millicom Inc. combined with Comvik's international cellular operations to become Millicom International Cellular SA in 1990, which now operates under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. In 2000, Millicom started investing in three continents: Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In 2004, Millicom conceptualized the TIGO brand. In 2008, Millicom acquired AMNET for fixed Internet and TV services, leading to the company's formal cable business entrance. Millicom completed the sale of its Asian business segment in 2011 with the sale of Laos. It previously operated in Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam. With the sale of its last remaining Asian operation, Millicom shifted its focus to Latin America and Africa.
Millicom launched its first 4G high-speed internet services in Colombia in 2014, followed by Bolivia later in the year, and the remaining markets soon after. In 2014, Millicom launched the TIGO Sports Television channel in Paraguay and Bolivia.
In 2012, Millicom partnered with UNICEF to protect children's rights, later renewing the partnership in 2020 to cover child online protection, and as virtual education gained prominence during the COVID-19 global pandemic. In 2016, Millicom partnered with Microsoft to provide cloud services to its Tigo Business customers in eight markets in Latin America. In 2017, Millicom launched TIGO ONEtv, the first Next Generation TV (NGTV) service for LATAM customers, integrating traditional linear television content with over-the-top platforms, as well as video on-demand. In 2018, Millicom acquired Cable Onda in Panama. In 2019, Millicom expanded its Latin American presence, acquiring subsidiaries of Telefónica in Central America (Panama and Nicaragua). In addition, in 2019, Millicom common shares started trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market in the United States under the symbol TIGO. The new listing complemented the company's existing Swedish Depository Receipt (SDR) listing on NASDAQ Stockholm.
In October 2020, Millicom became the first mobile operator in Latin America to introduce Amazon Prime Video Mobile Edition.
In April 2021, Millicom partnered with Amazon Web Services to expand and integrate its managed and professional services into its cloud services portfolio in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia.
That same month, Millicom announced the sale of its operations in Tanzania and for its stake in the AirtelTigo joint venture in Ghana, completing its multi-year plan to divest its African operations and focus on its Latin American markets.
In 2023, Apollo Global Management and Marcelo Claure held discussions with Millicom regarding a potential acquisition of all outstanding shares of the company. The discussions have been terminated on June 16, 2023.
At the same time, French billionaire Xavier Niel built a 25.02% stake in Millicom through his company Atlas Investissement, making him the company's main shareholder. Following the acquisition of the stake in the company, three new directors appointed by Atlas Investissement joined the company's board of directors in May 2023: Michaël Golan, former CEO of Iliad, Nicolas Jaeger, CFO of Iliad, and Thomas Reynaud, CEO of Iliad.
Latin America
Guatemala
Millicom has operated in Guatemala since 1990. It owns a 100% equity interest in the operation after acquiring the remaining 45% stake from its local joint venture partner in an $2.2 billion deal in November 2021. The Tigo brand launched in 2004, replacing former national brands COMCEL and Amigo de COMCEL. Tigo Guatemala is the country's largest mobile operator with more than nine million customers and market share of 53.4 percent. Mobile penetration is estimated at 112 percent (as measured by GSMA, 2017) with internet penetration at 27 percent (World Bank, 2015). Tigo also provides mobile financial services through Tigo Money, as well as broadband, cable and business Services.
El Salvador
Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in El Salvador through Telemovil, which is wholly owned by Millicom. Tigo El Salvador has operated in the country since 1993. It is now the country's largest mobile operator with three million customers and a market share of 37.8 percent (2015). Tigo is also El Salvador's largest broadband and cable service provider and offers satellite DTH services, mobile financial services under the brand Tigo Money, as well as corporate and B2B services. Millicom equity holding is 100 percent. (Q1 2014)
Honduras
Tigo launched in 2004 to replace the former national brand CELTEL. It is now the leading mobile service provider in a country of eight million, with an estimated 4.8 million customers. Its mobile market share is placed at 66 percent. Tigo Honduras also offers broadband, cable, business, satellite, and financial services. Millicom equity holding is 66.7 percent.
Paraguay
Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in Paraguay through various subsidiaries which it fully owns. Millicom has operated in Paraguay since 1992 and is now the largest mobile operator with 3.8 million subscribers from a population of 6.7 million (World Bank 2012). Tigo Home has become market leader for pay TV and fixed broadband services since its launch in 2014, alongside Millicom's first DTH satellite service. Tigo's mobile market share is 56.4 percent. Tigo Paraguay has exclusive rights to broadcast Paraguay's national league championship games through 2023, and has exclusive sponsorship rights in telecommunications for the Paraguayan National Soccer Team through 2023. Millicom equity holding is 100 percent.
Exclusive Channels of Tigo TV Paraguay
Tigo Sports
Launched in 1994 as a Pay TV Channel and Digital sports content provider, this was the first sports media launched in all operations in Millicom. Originally known as Teledeportes Paraguay, a sports producing company that evolved into broadcast of events and programs 24/7. Its headquarters named "Tigo Sports Media House" is based in Fernando de la Mora and is among the best equipped studios in the region with 2 studios of 400 sq mts. Tigo Sports owns its own fleet of OB Vans and has over 150 employees.
Sports rights that were part of the grid included:
NBA (Shared with PSN, ESPN, Bein Sports, DIRECTV Sports and NBA TV, seasons 1998/99, 2015/16 and 2016/17)
Serie A (Shared with PSN, Bein Sports, DIRECTV Sports and Claro Sports, seasons 2014/15 and 2015–16)
Premier League (Shared with ESPN, Bein Sports, DIRECTV Sports and Claro Sports, seasons 2014/15 and 2015/16)
FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014
Copa America Chile 2015 (Shared with Bein Sports & DIRECTV Sports)
Copa America Centenario (USA) 2016
FIFA World Cup Russia 2018
Tigo Max
Launched in 1992 as a pay-per-view channel
Sportive events of Tigo Max
Paraguayan Primera Division
División Intermedia
Paraguayan Basketball League
TC 2000
Tigo Music
Tigo SAT Network
Launched in January 1995 as a 24-hour variety Pay TV channel.
Telenovelas broadcast on Tigo SAT Network
O Rei do Gado
Terra Nostra
Mi pequeña traviesa
Café con aroma de mujer
Unicanal
Unicanal was a 24-hour Pay TV cable purchased in October 2012 by the merger with Cablevision Paraguay (property of Grupo Clarin Argentina). It began operations on 15 December 1989, when it started broadcasting at 5:45 AM. During its time as propriety of Tigo Paraguay, genres included in the grid included News, Entertainment, Realities, Health, Magazines, alternating between local content and Argentinian content provided by El Trece Argentina (also part of Grupo Clarin) In February 2014, local soccer broadcast was translated from Unicanal to Tigo's new Pay TV cable, Tigo Sports, dedicated to sports 24/7. In February 2015, Tigo sold the operations of Unicanal to JBB Group, a company owner of Radio Disney, specialized in media, entertainment, distribution and in real estate.
Nicaragua
In 2019, Millicom purchased Telefonía Celular de Nicaragua, S.A. ("Telefonía Nicaragua"), the leading provider of Mobile services in the country, based on the number of subscribers. As of December 31, 2020, Millicom served 3.5 million mobile subscribers in the country through its Tigo brand. Prior to 2019, Millicom had a very small presence in Nicaragua, where it provided mostly B2B fixed services. Since 2018, Tigo Nicaragua Millicom has also provided cable services to a small but rapidly-growing customer base.
Costa Rica
Tigo Costa Rica is the country's leading pay TV operator with more than 30 years of service under different brand names dating back to Millicom's acquisition of Amnet in 2008.
Bolivia
Millicom provides mobile and cable and other fixed services in Bolivia through TELECEL (a native Bolivian brand) which it fully owns and operates under the Tigo brand. Tigo Bolivia is now the second largest mobile operator in Bolivia (population 10.5 million – World Bank 2012) with more than 3.9 million customers. Tigo Bolivia competes with Entel and Nuevatel PCS (under the brand name Viva). Branded services include Tigo Money, Tigo Star and Tigo Sports, Tigo Business and Tigo Smart. In 2014, Bolivia launched Millicom's first satellite DTH service. Millicom equity holding is 100 percent.
Colombia
Tigo Colombia launched in 2006 and is Colombia's third largest mobile service provider with more than ten million customers. Its services include Tigo Money and UNE internet and broadband, with significant further market penetration anticipated in 2014 following a Merger Framework Agreement signed in 2013 with UNE EPM Telecomunicaciones, of the Empresas Publicas de Medellin group. Millicom also has a growing portfolio online in retail and services. Equity holding is 50 percent plus one share.
Exclusive Channels of Tigo Colombia include Tigo Sports. It was first launched on 7 April 2014. The Colombian Second Sports Channel with sports broadcasting rights including: Categoria Primera C (seven games per match day), Copa Colombia (three matches per round), Premier League (up to six games per match day), Greek Super League (four games per match day).
Panama
Millicom purchased 80% of Cable Onda, a Panamanian cable TV provider and ISP for US$1460 Million, in October 2018. It phased out the Cable Onda brand in 2020, replacing it with its Tigo brand. In February 2019 Tigo announced the purchase of the Panamanian, Costa Rican and Nicaraguan operations of the Spanish company Telefónica for US$650 Million, US$570 Million, and US$430 Million respectively, totaling US$1650 Million, with Tigo planning to phase out the Movistar brand (operated by Telefónica) from those markets within a year after its purchase. The transaction was completed in August the same year.
As of March 2021, Millicom maintains operations across nine Latin American countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and Paraguay.
Africa
Millicom (TIGO) previously held operations in Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Mauritius, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Sierra Leone in 2009.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Mauritius in 2014.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2016.
Millicom (TIGO) and Bharti Airtel merged in Ghana to complete AirtelTigo in 2017.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Rwanda in 2017.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Chad in 2019.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Senegal in 2019.
Millicom (TIGO) completed the sale of Tanzania in 2021.
See also
List of telephone operating companies
List of mobile network operators
References
External links
Tigo
Tigo Website
Tigo Bolivia
Tigo Colombia
Tigo Costa Rica
Tigo El Salvador
Tigo Guatemala
Tigo Honduras
Tigo Nicaragua
Tigo Panama
Tigo Paraguay
Mobile phone companies of Luxembourg
Telecommunications companies established in 1990
Companies based in Stockholm
Companies based in Luxembourg City
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm
Swedish companies established in 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicom |
Japanese whisky is a style of whisky developed and produced in Japan. Whisky production in Japan began around 1870, but the first commercial production was in 1923 upon the opening of the country's first distillery, Yamazaki. Broadly speaking, the style of Japanese whisky is more similar to that of Scotch whisky than other major styles of whisky.
There are several companies producing whisky in Japan, but the two best-known and most widely available are Suntory and Nikka. Both of these produce blended as well as single malt whiskies and blended malt whiskies, with their main blended whiskies being Suntory , and Black Nikka Clear. There are also many special bottlings and limited editions.
Style
The production of Japanese whisky began as a conscious effort to recreate the style of Scotch whisky. Pioneers like Taketsuru carefully studied the process of making Scotch whisky, and went to great lengths in an attempt to recreate that process in Japan. The location of Yoichi in Hokkaidō was chosen particularly for its terrain and climate, which were in many ways reminiscent of Scotland (although financial constraints resulted in the first distillery actually being built in the more convenient location of Yamazaki on the main island).
By 2024, products labeled as "Japanese whisky" will conform to new regulations. Japanese whisky must be fermented, distilled, aged and bottled in Japan, use some portion of malted grain in its mash, and use water sourced from Japan.
One facet of the style of Japanese whisky comes from the way in which blended whisky is produced, and the differing nature of the industry in Japan. Despite the recent rise of interest in single malt whiskies, the vast majority of whisky sold in the world is still blended. In Scotland, while a particular brand of blended whisky may be owned by a company that also owns one or more distilleries, it is common for blended whisky bottlers to trade single malt whiskies. The components of a blend may involve malt whisky from a number of distilleries, which may be owned by different companies. In Japan, however, the industry is vertically integrated, meaning whisky companies own both the distilleries and the brands of blended whiskies, and do not trade with their competitors. So a blended whisky in Japan will generally only contain malt whisky from the distilleries owned by that same company.
History
Two of the most influential figures in the history of Japanese whisky are Shinjiro Torii and Masataka Taketsuru. Torii was a pharmaceutical wholesaler and the founder of Kotobukiya (later to become Suntory). He started importing western liquor and he later created a brand called "Akadama Port Wine", based on a Portuguese wine which made him a successful merchant. However, he was not satisfied with this success and so he embarked on a new venture which was to become his life's work: making Japanese whisky for Japanese people. Despite the strong opposition from the company's executives, Torii decided to build the first Japanese whisky distillery in Yamazaki, a suburb of Kyoto, an area so famous for its excellent water that the legendary tea master Sen no Rikyū built his tearoom there.
Torii hired Masataka Taketsuru as a distillery executive. Taketsuru had studied the art of distilling in Scotland, and brought this knowledge back to Japan in the early 1920s. While working for Kotobukiya he played a key part in helping Torii establish the Yamazaki Distillery. In 1934 he left Kotobukiya to form his own company—Dainipponkaju—which would later change its name to Nikka. In this new venture he established the Yoichi distillery in Hokkaidō.
The first westerners to taste Japanese whisky were soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia who took shore leave in Hakodate in September 1918. A brand called Queen George, described by one American as a "Scotch whisky made in Japan", was widely available. Exactly what it was is unknown, but it was quite potent and probably quite unlike Scotch whisky.
The first whisky made in Japan was the Suntory Shirofuda, released in 1929.
From the mid-1950s, the popularity of whisky began to increase, and the three major brands of Suntory, Daikoku Budoshu (later Mercian Corporation), and Nikka fought for the top position, leading to what was called the "whisky wars". From the 1960s, unique Japanese customs concerning whisky began to appear. Drinking whisky with Japanese food became popular, and the "Bottle keep" system took root in bars and izakaya, and drinking mizuwari (:ja:水割り), a whisky diluted with 2 to 2.5 times the amount of water, became popular among the masses.
In 1971, various restrictions on the whisky trade were lifted, allowing Japanese importers to import foreign whisky without any quantity or value limits. 1973 saw Kirin Company enter the whisky business. In 1980, Suntory shipped 12.4 million cases of "Old" and achieved the world's highest annual sales volume for a single brand. After reaching its peak in 1983, whisky consumption in Japan continued to decline, falling well behind Japanese beer, shōchū, and sake, and in 2008, only 20% of the 1983 level was consumed.
However, whisky consumption began to increase again around 2008 due to the highball craze, and the popularity of whisky increased dramatically in 2014 when the life of Nikka founder Masataka Taketsuru was portrayed in the NHK drama Massan (マッサン). In addition, Japanese whisky began winning awards in international competitions, and exports outside of Japan increased. As a result, demand for Japanese whisky has greatly exceeded supply since the 2010s, and production of many products has been halted. There are two reasons why the supply shortage of whisky has not been easily resolved. The first is that from 1983 to 2008, whisky consumption in Japan continued to decline and companies continued to reduce production, resulting in low inventories. The second reason is that whisky must be stored in casks for a long period of time in order to be finished, so even if companies increased the amount of whisky distilled, they would not be able to ship it immediately.
In 2008, Ichiro Akuto (:ja:肥土伊知郎) started operations at the Chichibu distillery. It was the first time in 35 years that the Japanese government had granted a whisky production license to a new company. The Chichibu distillery won many awards at national and international competitions. The success of the Chichibu distillery led to an increase in the number of companies entering the whisky business, and whisky distilleries began to be built all over Japan.
By the 2020s, Japanese distilleries were importing spirits for use in blends. In 2021, the Japan Spirits & Liqueurs Makers Association announced the definition of "Japanese whisky" as the association's voluntary standard. The 82 companies that are members of the association are bound by this rule, and any whisky made in a manner that does not meet this definition cannot have the words "Japanese whisky" or words meaning Japanese whisky on the label. Also, if the label does not clearly state that the whisky does not meet the definition of Japanese whisky, it will not be allowed to depict the name of a place, person, or flag that evokes Japan. The grace period for this rule is until 2024.
As of 2022, the value of Japan's alcoholic beverage exports was approximately 139.2 billion yen, with Japanese whisky in first place at 56.1 billion yen and sake in second place at 47.5 billion yen.
Reputation
Before 2000, the market for Japanese whiskies was almost entirely domestic, though this changed in 2001 when Nikka's 10-year Yoichi single malt won "Best of the Best" at Whisky Magazines awards.
In the blind tasting organized by Whisky Magazine in 2003, the results of which are published in WM #30, the winners of the category "Japanese Whiskies" were:
Hibiki 21 YO 43% (blend)
Nikka Yoichi 10 YO SC 59.9%
Yamazaki Bourbon Cask 1991 60%
Karuizawa 17 YO 40% (pure malt)
In the main ranking (covering all categories of whisky) Hibiki 21 YO made it to rank 9 and Nikka Yoichi 10 to rank 14.
In 2004, the 18-year-old Yamazaki was introduced to the US.
Japanese whiskies have been winning top honors in international competitions, notably Suntory. At the 2003 International Spirits Challenge, Suntory Yamazaki won a gold medal, and Suntory whiskies continued to win gold medals every year through 2013, with all three malt whiskies winning a trophy (the top prize) in either 2012 (Yamazaki 18 years old and Hakushu 25 years old) or 2013 (Hibiki 21 years old), and Suntory itself winning distiller of the year in 2010, 2012, and 2013. The resultant acclaim nudged Japan's distilleries to market overseas.
Japanese whisky has won the world's highest award in some category at the World Whiskies Awards, organized by Whisky Magazine, every year from the inaugural event in 2007 until 2022. Whisky Magazine has organized a series of blind tastings which have included Japanese single malts in the lineup, along with malts from distilleries considered to be among the best in Scotland. On more than one occasion, the results have had Japanese single malts (particularly those of Nikka's Yoichi and Suntory's Yamazaki) scoring higher than their Scottish counterparts.
The whisky produced by Venture Whisky Co., Ltd., which owns Chichibu distillery, was also highly evaluated and won the World's Best Blended Limited Release category for five consecutive years from 2017 to 2021 in a competition organized by Whisky Magazine.
In 2022, the Akkeshi distillery won the top prize in the World's Best Blended category and the Asaka distillery won the top prize in the World's Best Blended Malt category at a competition organized by Whisky Magazine.
The growing popularity of Japanese whisky has driven up prices, especially for rarer products. In August 2018, a 50-year-old Yamazaki first edition went for record $343,000 at a Bonhams auction in Hong Kong. In early 2020, Suntory raffled off 100 bottles of Yamazaki 55-year-old in Japan for three million yen ($20,700) each. One of those bottles sold for about $800,000 at a Hong Kong auction in August of that year; in August 2022, "Joker", a whisky made by Akuto Ichiro (:ja:肥土伊知郎), which operates the Chichibu distillery, using Hanyu distillery's original whisky, sold for HK$500,000.
Distilleries
In 2008, the Chichibu distillery (:ja:ベンチャーウイスキー) began operations. It was the first time in 35 years that the Japanese government had granted a new whisky production license. The success of the Chichibu distillery has prompted companies that make sake and shōchū, as well as companies from other industries, to enter the whisky business, and distilleries are being built all over Japan. In addition, companies that had stopped distilling due to a decrease in demand for whisky resumed distilling or started operating new distilleries. As of 2011, when the Shinshu Mars distillery reopened, there were around nine active whisky distilleries in Japan. As of October 2022, there are 59 whisky distilleries in Japan, including those under construction and planned. The distilleries as of 2022 include:
In operation since before 2008
Yamazaki: owned by Suntory. Located between Osaka and Kyoto on the main island of Honshū.
Hakushu: also owned by Suntory. Located in Yamanashi Prefecture.
Chita: owned by Suntory. Located at the Port of Nagoya Sun Grain facility in Chita, Aichi Prefecture.
Yoichi: owned by Nikka. Located in Yoichi on the northern island of Hokkaidō.
Miyagikyo (formerly Sendai): also owned by Nikka. Located in the north of the main island, near the city of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture.
Fuji Gotemba: owned by Kirin. Located at the foot of Mount Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture.
White Oak: owned by . Located in Hyōgo Prefecture.
Operating and re-operating after 2008
Chicibu
Chichibu: near Chichibu in Saitama Prefecture. This is the new Chichibu distillery, founded by Ichiro Akuto (:ja:肥土伊知郎), grandson of the distiller at Hanyu. It opened in 2008.
Chichibu Daini: This is the second distillery run by Ichiro Akuto. The distillation started in 2019.
Akkeshi: owned by Japanese grocery wholesaler Kenten Co. Ltd. Located in rural Akkeshi on the island of Hokkaido, it opened in October 2016.
Asaka: owned by . Located in Fukushima Prefecture. The company began whisky production in 1946, but stopped whisky production in 1989. The distillation restarted in March 2016.
Chiyomusubi (Sakaiminato): owned by . Located in Tottori Prefecture. The distillation started in 2021.
Fujihokuroku: owned by . Located in Yamanashi Prefecture. The distillation started in 2020.
Fujisan: owned by Sasakawa Whisky Co. ,Ltd. Located in Yamanashi Prefecture. The distillation started in 2022.
Hanyu: owned by . Located in Saitama Prefecture. The company began whisky production in 1946, but stopped whisky distillation in 2000. The distillation restarted in 2021.
Helios (Nago): owned by . Located in Okinawa Prefecture. The company began whisky production in the 1980s, but withdrew from the whisky business before 2008. The distillation restarted in 2016.
Ikawa: owned by Juzan Co., Ltd. Located in Shizuoka Prefecture. The distillation started in 2020.
Kaikyo: owned by . Located in Hyōgo Prefecture. The distillation started in 2017.
Kamui (Rishiri): owned by Kamui Whisky K.K. Located in Hokkaido Prefecture. The distillation started in 2022.
Kanosuke: owned by . Located in Kagoshima Prefecture. The distillation started in 2017.
Kiyosuzakura (Kiyosu): owned by . Located in Aichi Prefecture. The distillation started in 2014.
Kobe: owned by GlowStars Inc. Located in Hyōgo Prefecture. The distillation started in October 2022.
Kuju: owned by Tsuzaki Co.,Ltd. Located in Ōita Prefecture. The distillation started in February 2021.
Kurayoshi: owned by . Located in the village of Kurayoshi, in Tottori Prefecture. The distillation started in 2017.
Kyoto Miyako: owned by Kyoto Shuzo Co., Ltd. Located in Kyoto Prefecture. The distillation started in Jule 2020.
Mars
Shinshu Mars: owned by . Located in Nagano Prefecture. The company began whisky production in Kagoshima Prefecture in 1953, in Yamanashi Prefecture in 1960, and at this distillery in 1985, but stopped whisky distillation in 1992. The distillation restarted in 2011.
Tsunuki Mars: owned by Hombo Shuzo Co., Ltd. Located in Kagoshima Prefecture. The distillation started in 2016.
Miyake Honten (Kure): owned by . Located in Hiroshima Prefecture. The distillation started in 2022.
Nagahama: owned by . Located in Shiga Prefecture. The distillation started in 2016. The brand name is "Amahagan".
Niigata Kameda: owned by Niigata Shōkibo Jōryūjo. Located in Niigata Prefecture. The distillation started in September March 2019.
Niseko: owned by . Located in Niigata Prefecture. The distillation started in March 2021.
Nozawa Onsen: owned by Nozawa Onsen distillery. Located in Yamanashi Prefecture. The distillation started in June 2022.
Okayama: owned by . Located in Okayama Prefecture. The distillation started in 2015.
Ontake: owned by . Located in Kagoshima Prefecture. The distillation started in 2019.
Osuzuyama: owned by Kuroki Honten Co. Ltd. Located in Miyazaki Prefecture. The distillation started in 2019.
Rokkosan: owned by . Located in Hyōgo Prefecture. The distillation started in June 2021.
Sakurao: owned by . Located in Hiroshima Prefecture. The distillation started in October 2018.
Shindō: owned by . Located in Fukuoka Prefecture. The distillation started in August 2021.
Shinzato (Okinawa): owned by . Located in Okinawa Prefecture. The distillation started in 2021.
Shizuoka (ja): owned by Gaiaflow Co., Ltd. Located in Shizuoka Prefecture. The distillation started in October 2016.
Takazo: owned by . Located in Ibaraki Prefecture. The company began whisky production in 1952, but withdrew from the whisky business before 2008. The distillation restarted in September 2022.
Tanba: owned by . Located in Hyōgo Prefecture. The distillation started in 2018.
Wakatsuru Saburōmaru: owned by . Located in Toyama Prefecture. The company began whisky production in 1952. The distillery was renovated in 2016 and distilling resumed in 2017.
Yamaga: owned by Yamaga Distillery Co.,Ltd. Located in Kumamoto Prefecture The distillation started in August 2021.
Yasato: owned by . Located in Ibaraki Prefecture. The distillation started in 2020.
Yokokawa: owned by At star kabushiki kaisha. Located in Kagoshima Prefecture. The distillation started in January 2022.
Yoro: owned by . Located in Gifu Prefecture. The company began whisky production in the 1970s, but withdrew from the whisky business before 2008. The distillation restarted in 2018.
Yoshida Denzai: owned by Yoshida Denzai Kogyo Co.,Ltd. Located in Niigata Prefecture. The distillation started in 2022.
Yuwaku owned by Oriental Brewing. Located in Ishikawa Prefecture. The distillation started in August 2022.
Yuza: owned by . Located in Yamagata Prefecture. The distillation started in 2018.
Under construction/before operation
Gakkōgawa: owned by Tatenokawa, inc. Located in Yamagata Prefecture. Distillation is scheduled to begin in September 2023.
Hida Takayama: owned by Funasaka Shuzo. Located in Gifu Prefecture. Distillation is scheduled to begin in April 2023.
Komoro: owned by Karuizawa Distillers Inc. Located in Nagano Prefecture. Distillation is scheduled to begin in 2023.
Kōnosu: owned by Hikari shuzo.,Ltd. Located in Saitama Prefecture. Distillation is scheduled to begin in 2025.
Takebe Orimono (Nanao): owned by Takebe Orimono. Located in Ishikawa Prefecture. Distillation is scheduled to begin in 2023.
Akita: owned by Dreamlink Co. Ltd. Located in Akita Prefecture.
Benizakura: owned by Hokkaido Liberty Whisky Inc. Located in Hokkaido Prefecture.
Karuizawa: owned by Totsuka shuzo Co. Ltd. Located in Nagano Prefecture.
Shinobu: owned by Niigata Beer Co. Ltd. Located in Niigata Prefecture.
Closed
Karuizawa: owned by Mercian (a part of Kirin). Formerly located near the town of Karuizawa in Nagano Prefecture. Folded in 2011.
Consumption
Japanese whisky is consumed either like Scotch whisky or like Japanese shōchū. The bulk of Japanese blended whisky is consumed in cocktails, notably as whisky (similar to shōchū highballs, known as chūhai), while fine whisky is primarily drunk neat or on the rocks, as with Scotch whisky. Advertising for blended whisky generally features it consumed in a highball, and highballs made with Suntory's Kakubin are branded .
In addition to soda (in a highball), Japanese whisky is often drunk mixed with hot water , particularly in winter, or cold water , particularly in summer, as is done with shōchū. Whisky is also commonly drunk with food, particularly in mixed drinks, especially highballs. The prevalence of mixing whisky with soda or water is particularly attributed to the hot, muggy Japanese summer, hence the popularity of long drinks.
See also
Outline of whisky
Izakaya
References
Notes
Bibliography
Articles
Books
External links
Nikka Company – official website
Yamazaki Distillery – official website
Nonjatta – Japanese whisky blog
Dekanta – Buy Japanese whisky Online | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20whisky |
Andrea Gasbarroni (born 6 August 1981) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Juventus
An attacking midfielder who can also play occasionally as a winger or second striker, Gasbarroni started his career at Juventus F.C. youth team, but after graduate from Primavera team, he was loaned to Varese, later sold to Sampdoria in joint-ownership bid. In summer 2003, he was transferred to Palermo in another co-ownership deal for about €1.3 million and bought back in June 2006 for an undisclosed fee.
Parma
After Marco Marchionni joined Juventus on a free transfer, Gasbarroni joined Parma on loan.
He was sold to Parma F.C. outright for €1.5 million in 2007.
Genoa
Genoa signed Gasbarroni in July 2008, for €2 million, as well as half of the card of Magnus Troest for €1.5 million, with Julio César de León joined Parma for €2.9 million and Alessandro Lucarelli for €1.2 million.
Torino
On 2 February 2009, Torino F.C. engaged the offensive wing in a co-ownership deal from Genoa, for €500,000. The move became permanent in June 2009 after Genoa declined to make an offer to buy back the remaining half of the player's registration rights.
Monza
On 23 January 2015, Gasbarroni was released by Monza.
International career
Gasbarroni was in the Italian Olympic squad that won the bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics football tournament.
Honours
Orders
5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2004
References
External links
National Team stats
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Turin
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Juventus FC players
SSD Varese Calcio players
UC Sampdoria players
Palermo FC players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Genoa CFC players
Torino FC players
AC Monza players
AS Giana Erminio players
Pinerolo FC players
AC Bra players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Olympic footballers for Italy
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Gasbarroni |
Todd Sucherman (born May 2, 1969) is an American drummer, who is best known for having been a member of Styx since March 1995.
Early life
Sucherman grew up in a musical family and followed in his father's footsteps by playing the drums. His father, Arnold J. Sucherman, was a doctor by day and a drummer by night, playing in the house band at the famed Chez Paree in Chicago. His mother, Jo (Seiwert) Sucherman, was an actress in the 1950s and 1960s.
Sucherman started playing drums when he was two years old. When he was six, he had his first paying gig with his brothers under the name "The Sucherman Brothers". The band consisted of Paul on keyboards, Joel on bass, and Todd on drums.
Sucherman attended Niles West High School, and then the Berklee College of Music from September 1987 to May 1988.
Career
In 1988, Sucherman returned to Chicago and quickly established himself as a noted session musician. As an in-demand player for live and session work, Sucherman recorded with Styx in March 1995 when they decided to re-record "Lady", now titled "Lady '95", for their 1995 Greatest Hits album, though he was uncredited. In February 1996 when it came time for the Return to Paradise tour and drummer John Panozzo was unable to perform, Styx asked Sucherman to join them for the tour. After John Panozzo's death on July 16, 1996, Sucherman became a full-time member, appearing on the 1997 live album, Return to Paradise.
In 1998, he helped Tommy Shaw of Styx make his solo album 7 Deadly Zens.
In addition to Styx, he has played with such artists as Brian Wilson, Peter Cetera, Brian Culbertson, The Falling Wallendas, Steve Cole, and Spinal Tap, among others. Sucherman also plays with the band of fellow Styx member Lawrence Gowan.
In September 2008, Sucherman was a featured artist in the prestigious Modern Drummer Festival. He also appeared on the cover of the October 2008 issue of Modern Drummer magazine, and in 2009 Modern Drummer Magazine voted him number one Rock Drummer in the World. In 2020, Modern Drummer readers voted him number one Live drummer. In 2021, Music Radar nominated Sucherman for Best Rock drummer. On September 12, 2020, he contributed a solo drum composition and performance entitled "13 for NP” to the twentieth annual edition of the Modern Drummer festival, which paid tribute to Rush drummer and lyricist Neil Peart, who had died earlier in the year.
On May 2, 2020, Sucherman released his 1st solo album Last Flight Home. The album includes a cover of the song "Kindling" by Elbow. There are official music videos for the songs "Last Flight Home", "Ad Lib Everything", "The Damage", and "Kindling". All videos are available on Sucherman's YouTube channel, as well as the video of "Sacred Book Of Favorite Days" from the Last Flight Home Drumless Play Along Package.
Gear
The gear he currently endorses are Pearl drums, percussion and hardware, Remo Drumheads, Sabian cymbals, Pro-Mark drumsticks, and Audix microphones.
Personal life
On November 30, 2013, he announced via Instagram Sucherman currently resides in Austin, Texas.
Discography
Styx
Studio albums
Brave New World (1999)
Cyclorama (2003)
Big Bang Theory (2005) (Cover Album)
The Mission (2017)
Crash Of The Crown (2021)
Extended plays
Regeneration: Volume I (2010)
Regeneration: Volume II (2011)
The Same Stardust (2021)
Live albums
Return To Paradise (1997)
Arch Allies: Live at Riverport (2000)
StyxWorld: Live 2001 (2001)
At The River's Edge: Live In St. Louis (2002)
21st Century Live (2003)
One With Everything: Styx and the Contemporary Youth Orchestra (2006)
The Grand Illusion/Pieces Of Eight Live (2013)
Live At The Orleans Arena, Las Vegas (2015)
Singles and Other Songs
"Lady '95" (1995) (from Greatest Hits)
"Little Suzie" (1996) (from Greatest Hits Part 2)
"It Takes Love" (1996) (from Greatest Hits Part 2)
"Can't Stop Rockin'" (2009)
Spinal Tap
Back From The Dead (2009)
Tommy Shaw
7 Deadly Zens (1998)
Finally George
Live Is A Killer (2018)
Icy Skies (2021)
Solo
Last Flight Home (2020)
References
External links
Official website
[ Todd Sucherman discography at Allmusic.com]
Todd Sucherman Drummerworld page
Todd Sucherman interview in English and German
1969 births
Living people
American male drummers
American rock drummers
Styx (band) members
American rock percussionists
20th-century American drummers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd%20Sucherman |
AFL Townsville is an amateur competition formed as the Townsville Australian Football League in 1955, the first contemporary AFL competition to be formed outside of the South East Queensland. It is based in the city of Townsville. For a short period in the 1980s, the competition was played during the summer months. The representative team is known as the Eagles and they wear similar guernseys to the Zillmere Eagles' old white and blue guernseys.
History
A Townsville representative team travelled to Cairns in 1884 to play one of the earliest recorded matches in Far North Queensland. It is not known how long the Townsville team began playing prior to this.
Australian Football is recorded to have been played regularly in Townsville in 1886.
The game was short-lived in Far North Queensland as shortly following the folding of the governing body, the Queensland Football Association Rugby Union grew rapidly in popularity across the north of the state with new clubs being formed in areas where the QFA clubs has been and players switching codes.
The current league was launched with three teams, RAAF, Hermit Park and South Townsville in 1954, after a series of exhibition matches were played at RAAF Oval and Gill Park and an exhibition game at the Townsville Showgrounds. All clubs were founded with juniors.
The Garbutt club was formed in 1956. In 1961, Currajong replaced the RAAF who withdrew due to a struggle for numbers.
Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War led to the Army entering the scene in 1968 when 6 RAR and a revived RAAF side expanded the league to 6 teams.
The Wulguru club was established in 1968, entered senior sides and this made the league up to 7 sides. As Australia's involvement in Vietnam wound down the Army withdrew. The competition was to remain with 6 sides from 1976 – 1982 until in 1983 a side from Burdekin increased the numbers once again to 7. Burdekin was made up from converted Rugby players and the team had almost no support apart from the management of the Delta Hotel. The demise of Wulguru followed in early 1984 when the league made a decision which would have significant consequences. Four seasons of summer football followed and while the “Darwin” seasons attracted some top players junior development was stifled.
Currajong in 1990 swallowed up a penniless Townsville Swans, who had switched from South Townsville in June 1982 to become the Curra Swans. The nomination of the Hawks club in 1989 caused a stir due to the number of current players recruited from Hermit Park, Currajong and South Townsville using suspect overtures , although be that as it may the club were premiers by a point in their first season.
The league lost three teams in 1989 and the following year only Hermit Park, West Townsville, Curra Swans, and the University Hawks remained.
In 1999, the Northern Beaches Lions entered the TAFL in an attempt to expand the shattered league. Unfortunately, they endured season after season of enormous defeats. In one match that year, Steve Mazey of West Townsville kicked 27 goals against them. The Northern Beaches Lions were renamed to the Twin City Lions in 2002 and continued to struggle until the end of 2008 when they went into recess with only one win to their credit in August 2004 over Curra Swans. The Lions regrouped and returned with much more solid foundations in 2012 under the banner of "Townsville City Lions". Despite losing every match that year, often at record margins, the determined Lions upgraded their Garbutt facility and won their second Senior match in June 2013 by a goal against University.
Despite the lack of growth in the Seniors, AFL Townsville enjoyed a massive surge in the Junior ranks in more recent years, numbers had increased, and now hundreds of children and teenagers turn out to give their all for their respective clubs.
In 2010, the Thuringowa Bulldogs (former West Townsville) won their first Senior premiership since 2001 in their 40th year and went on to go back to back in 2011.
Premiers
1955 Hermit Park
1956 RAAF
1957 South Townsville
1958 Garbutt
1959 South Townsville
1960 South Townsville
1961 Garbutt
1962 Garbutt
1963 South Townsville
1964 Garbutt
1965 Garbutt
1966 Garbutt
1967 Hermit Park
1968 South Townsville
1969 2RAR
1970 Hermit Park
1971 West Townsville
1972 Lavarack
1973 Currajong
1974 South Townsville
1975 Currajong
1976 Currajong
1977 Currajong
1978 Currajong
1979 Currajong
1980 West Townsville
1981 Wulguru
1982 Garbutt
1983 Currajong
1984 Currajong
1984/85 Hermit Park
1985/86 Currajong
1986/87 Hermit Park
1987/88 West Townsville
1988 Townsville
1989 University Hawks
1990 West Townsville
1991 West Townsville
1992 West Townsville
1993 University Hawks
1994 University Hawks
1995 University Hawks
1996 Curra Swans
1997 Curra Swans
1998 Curra Swans
1999 West Townsville
2000 West Townsville
2001 West Townsville
2002 Hermit Park
2003 University Hawks
2004 University Hawks
2005 University Hawks
2006 Hermit Park
2007 University Hawks
2008 Hermit Park
2009 University Hawks
2010 Thuringowa
2011 Thuringowa
2012 Hermit Park
2013 Thuringowa
2014 Thuringowa
2015 Hermit Park
2016 Thuringowa
2017 Hermit Park
2018 Hermit Park
2019 Hermit Park
2020 Curra Swans
2021 Hermit Park
2022 Thuringowa
2023 Thuringowa
Clubs
Current
W.J.Williams Medal (League Best & Fairest)
1955 W.Bene-Best – RAAF
1956 Lionel Hall – Garbutt
1957 J. Kennedy, R.Dillon – South Townsville, Garbutt
1958 Max Craig – South Townsville
1959 Steve Lampton – Garbutt
1960 James MacDonald – Garbutt
1961 Ricco Butler – Garbutt
1962 Eric Johns – Hermit Park
1963 Claude Morris – Currajong
1964 Ricco Butler – Garbutt
1965 Terry Gouki – South Townsville
1966 Chris Reynolds – Hermit Park
1967 Ricco Butler – Garbutt
1968 Jack Van Damme – Currajong
1969 Dave Christie – 2RAR
1970 Peter Cox – Currajong
1971 Bob Anderson – Hermit Park
1972 Ray McGrath – South Townsville
1973 Florio Da're – West Townsville
1974 Florio Da're – West Townsville
1975 John Bangle – West Townsville
1976 Keith Sedgman – West Townsville
1977 Graham Wilson – West Townsville
1978 Dave Nogar – Garbutt
1979 Paul Smith – Wulguru Saints
1980 Mark Fedley – South Townsville
1981 Paul Smith – Wulguru Saints
1982 Steve Lovell – Hermit Park
1983 Brett Franklin – Hermit Park
1984 Ken Johnson – Currajong
1984/85 Brian Hope – Townsville Swans
1985/86 Larry Howson – West Townsville
1986/87 Robert Scott – Townsville Swans
1987/88 Larry Howson – West Townsville
1988 Alan Chirgwin – Townsville Swans
1989 Hugh Bresser – James Cook University
1990 Garry Cook – West Townsville
1991 Andrew Cadzow – Heatley Hawks
1992 Brett Howson – West Townsville
1993 Steve Talbot – Hermit Park
1994 Peter Appleford – West Townsville
1995 Peter Pyle – Curra Swans
1996 Peter Appleford – West Townsville
1997 M. Jolly – Hermit Park
1998 Nigel Aikin – Hermit Park
1999 Peter Appleford – West Townsville
2000 Peter Appleford – West Townsville
2001 Corey Hewitt – Curra Swans
2002 Corey Hewitt – Curra Swans
2003 Stephen Montano – University Hawks
2004 Glenn Robertson – Thuringowa
2005 Steve Montano, Ben Broadbent – University Hawks
2006 Andrew Grubba – Hermit Park
2007 Steve Montano – University Hawks
2008 Michael Krake – Hermit Park
2009 Brent Doyle – Curra Swans
2010 Cameron Leman – Thuringowa
2011 Adam McDonald – Curra Swans
2012 Clint Austerberry – Thuringowa
2013 Cody Richardson – Thuringowa
2014 Jason Di Betta – Hermit Park
2015 Nathan Peters – Hermit Park
2016 Daine MacDonald – Thuringowa
2017 Daine MacDonald – Thuringowa
2018 Troy Sherratt/Daniel Broderick – University Hawks
2019 Shane Lindgren – Curra Swans
2020 Tyson Williams – Thuringowa
2021 Callaway Parker – Hermit Park
2022 Joel Newman – Thuringowa
2009 Ladder
2010 Ladder
2011 Ladder
2012 Ladder
2013 Ladder
2014 Ladder
2015 Ladder
2016 Ladder
2017 Ladder
2018 Ladder
2019 Ladder
2020 Ladder
See also
Australian Rules football in Queensland
References
External links
AFL Townsville official website
Australian rules football competitions in Queensland
Sport in Townsville
1955 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20Townsville |
"Meet the Mets" is the fight song of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball. The music and lyrics were written in 1961 by Ruth Roberts and Bill Katz, and it was originally recorded by Glenn Osser's orchestra. The song's lyrics "East Side, West Side" are a tribute to The Sidewalks of New York, a popular New York song of the 1890s. Rewritten and modernized versions were recorded in 1975 and 1984.
It was chosen by Mets' President George Weiss, director of promotions Julie Adler, and representatives of the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency in a contest for an official song that was run by the Mets, and beat 18 other entries. Although the Mets' inaugural season and the return of National League baseball to New York City was in , the master recording was not made until March 1, . The team sold 45 rpm records of the song for $1.00 at the Polo Grounds, their home stadium in 1963, and via mail order.
"Meet the Mets" was also featured in a "This is SportsCenter" commercial starring Mr. Met as well as on Seinfeld ("The Millennium") and Everybody Loves Raymond ("Big Shots"). Rock band Yo La Tengo recorded a version of "Meet the Mets" live on New Jersey radio station WFMU that was included on the 2006 compilation album Yo La Tengo Is Murdering the Classics.
The instrumental of the original version opened and closed broadcasts of Met games on WFAN radio and is used for lineup rundowns during home games on SportsNet New York, while part of the 1984 update opened and closed WFAN's Mets Extra pre- and post-game shows. For the 2009 season, with the closing of Shea Stadium and opening of Citi Field, the 1984 version was edited by WFAN to cut to the instrumental portion just before the singer sings "Hot dogs, green grass all out at Shea / Guaranteed to have a heck of a day." According to the New York Times, the song's original lyrics — “Bring your kiddies, bring your wife / Guaranteed to have the time of your life" — were viewed as "arguably sexist."
In 2008, an updated version the song was recorded with a rap/hip-hop sound, purportedly to appeal to a younger generation. In the second half of the 2009 season, the Mets' first at Citi Field, the original version was often played in the ballpark during breaks in the late innings as a crowd sing-along.
Sportswriter Leonard Koppett affected the role of classical music critic in 1963 to tweak the song's simplistic composition: “There is little in the score of interest to a mid-20th-century audience. The harmony is traditional; no influences of atonality or polytonality can be found. In fact, it’s sort of un-tonal.”
"Meet the Mets" was not the first enduring sports-related song for Roberts and Katz, who were professional songwriters. The duo had earlier written “Mr. Touchdown, U.S.A.” in 1950, "I Love Mickey," a tribute to New York Yankees centerfielder Mickey Mantle recorded in 1956 by Teresa Brewer, and “It’s a Beautiful Day for a Ballgame” in 1960, well known to fans who heard it played regularly at Dodger Stadium home games.
See also
"Let's Go Mets Go," the rally song of the 1986 Mets
References
External links
1962 version of the song
Major League Baseball fight songs
New York Mets
1961 songs
Songs written by Ruth Roberts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet%20the%20Mets |
The United States Post Office Cooper Station, located at 93 Fourth Avenue, on the corner of East 11th Street in Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1937, and was designed by consulting architect William Dewey Foster in the Art Moderne style for the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. It serves the 10003 ZIP code, which covers the neighborhood of the East Village. Its sub-station is located on East 3rd Street near Avenue C.
The post office is named in honor of Peter Cooper, the mid-19th century industrialist and philanthropist who founded the nearby The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
In popular culture
The fictional character Newman from the television sitcom Seinfeld supposedly worked here. A photo of this corner building was frequently used as an establishing shot for scenes involving hm.
References
External links
Map and Business Hours – USPS website
Lombardi, Kristin. "Not Subject to Review" Village Voice (March 7, 2006) – USPS sells air rights for Cooper Station Post Office
Cooper Station
East Village, Manhattan
New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Post%20Office%20%28Cooper%20Station%29 |
Dimitri Shevardnadze () (December 1, 1885 – 1937) was a Georgian painter, art collector and intellectual purged during Joseph Stalin's repressions.
Life
Born in Bakhvi, a small village in the western Georgian province of Guria, then part of the Russian Empire, he was educated at the art academies of St Petersburg and Munich. Upon his return to Georgia, he founded, in 1916, and led the Association of Georgian Artists. He helped also to establish the National Gallery of Fine Arts (1920) and the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (1922). He decorated several opera and theatre performances, and movies, and designed an official logo of the Tbilisi State University.
Revolt
In 1937, the Communist chief of Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, intended to destroy the medieval Metekhi church in Tbilisi, but met stubborn opposition from a group of Georgian intellectuals led by Dimitri Shevardnadze. Beria replied to their urges, that it would surely be enough to preserve a scale model of the church so that people could see it in a museum, and then told Shevardnadze privately that if he gave up his efforts to save the church he would be appointed director of the future museum. The artist refused and was eventually imprisoned and executed. The church was preserved, however.
Family
Georgian politician Eduard Shevardnadze was a son of a cousin of Dmitri Shevardnadze.
References
External links
D. Shevardnadze
The Georgian Museum of Photography
1885 births
1937 deaths
Great Purge victims from Georgia (country)
People from Guria
People from Kutais Governorate
20th-century painters from Georgia (country)
Tbilisi State Academy of Arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri%20Shevardnadze |
Pseudopanax crassifolius, the horoeka or lancewood, is a New Zealand native tree belonging to the family Araliaceae. It is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to about 750 m. The juvenile form, which lasts between 15 and 20 years, is very easily recognized. The leaves are stiff and leathery with a prominent central rib, about 1 cm wide and up to 1 m long with irregular teeth, all growing downwards from a central stem. The young trunk has characteristic vertical swollen ridges. As the tree gets older the stem begins to branch, producing a bushy top, and the leaves become wider and shorter, losing their teeth. It is only when the tree is mature that it adopts a typical tree shape.
One of the theories about this curious change of appearance is that the young plant had to protect itself against browsing by the moa, the giant flightless bird that roamed New Zealand's bush in prehistoric times. Once above moa height, it was out of danger and turns into a "regular" tree. A study of leaf colour development in P. crassifolius found that leaves of seedlings would blend with leaf litter, while juvenile leaf colouration would draw attention to their spines. A closely related Chatham Island species, which evolved in the absence of moa, did not display these changes.
Closely related is Pseudopanax ferox, the toothed lancewood. It is similar to P. crassifolius except the leaves are more abundant and severely toothed, resembling remotely a bandsaw blade.
References
Salmon J T, The Native Trees of New Zealand, AH & AW Reed Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand, 1973. .
External links
Flora of New Zealand, URL:Pseudopanax crassifolius.
New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Pseudopanax crassifolius.
crassifolius
Trees of New Zealand
Trees of mild maritime climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopanax%20crassifolius |
Ecclesia Catholica may refer to:
Ecclesia Catholica, the Latin-language name of the Catholic Church
Ecclesia Catholica, the title of a 1949 instruction of the Holy Office on the Catholic Church's initial attitudes towards the ecumenical movement
A podcast on the history of the Christian Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia%20Catholica |
The Lakeland Motor Museum is a museum now located at Backbarrow, Cumbria, England which houses a collection of classic cars, motorcycles, bicycles, pedal cars and motoring related items and memorabilia and an exhibition dedicated to the land and water speed record activities of Sir Malcolm Campbell and his son Donald Campbell.
History
The Museum was established in Grange-over-Sands in 1978 as an extra attraction for the Holker Hall stately home. The museum was created by Donald Sidebottom to contain the collection of cars and related memorabilia that he had been collecting since the 1960s. In 2006, the collection was purchased by a subsidiary company of Winander Group Holdings Ltd, which also own Windermere Lake Cruises.
After more than thirty years at Holker Hall, the museum relocated to the site of the former Reckitt's Blue Dye Works carton packaging sheds at Backbarrow in 2010.
The collection
The museum features a unique collection of over 30,000 motoring related exhibits including a 1920s garage re-creation. Amongst the cars in the museum's collection are a 1913 Star 15.9, a 1936 Bentley 4¼-litre which was owned by Donald Campbell, a World War II Willys Jeep and a 1955 Jaguar XK140. The museum also houses an exhibition dedicated to Sir Malcolm Campbell and his son Donald and their land and water speed record activities.
References
External links
History of Reckitt's Blue Mill, from levenvalleyhistory.co.uk
Museums in Cumbria
Automobile museums in England
Tourist attractions in Cumbria
Museums established in 1978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland%20Motor%20Museum |
The Canadian Military Engineers (CME; ) is the military engineering personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces. The members of the branch that wear army uniform comprise the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE; ).
The mission of the Canadian Military Engineers is to contribute to the survival, mobility, and combat effectiveness of the Canadian Armed Forces. Their roles are to conduct combat operations, support the Canadian Forces in war and peace, support national development, provide assistance to civil authorities, and support international aid programs. Military engineers’ responsibilities encompass the use of demolitions and land mines, the design, construction and maintenance of defensive works and fortifications, urban operations (hostile room entry), breaching obstacles, establishing/maintaining lines of communication, and bridging. They also provide water, power and other utilities, provide fire, aircraft crash and rescue services, hazardous material operations, and develop maps and other engineering intelligence. In addition, military engineers are experts in deception and concealment, as well as in the design and development of equipment necessary to carry out these operations.
The official role of the combat engineer is to allow friendly troops to live, move and fight on the battlefield and deny that to the enemy.
History
Local militia engineering companies 1855–1903
With the passing of the 1855 Militia Act, volunteer militia engineering companies formed within local militia units:
Halifax: 2 companies
Montreal: 1 company (1st Volunteer Militia Engineering Company)
Ottawa: 1 company
Quebec: 1 company
Creation
Following the Boer War the Canadian Government realized that the defence of Canada required more than just a single infantry battalion and a few artillery batteries as part of the permanent defence force. In 1903 The Royal Canadian Engineers were founded as the basis of the permanent military engineers, while the militia had the Royal Canadian Engineers created under the leadership of a former Royal Military College of Canada officer cadet, Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Weatherbe.
First World War
One of the first tasks completed by the engineers after the declaration of war upon Germany in 1914 was for the rapid development of the Valcartier training site in Quebec. At its peak size, 30,000 men were stationed here before the 1st Canadian Division was deployed to England.
When the 1st Division arrived on the front in Belgium they were accompanied by field companies of the Canadian Engineers (men recruited into the service after the start of the war were part of the Militia branch and not the regulars). These troops were responsible for the construction of defences, sanitation systems, water supplies, bridging, and assisting with trench raids. Canadian Engineers also served in the Middle East fighting the Turks.
One of the most important functions of the Sappers in the war was to dig tunnels for mines underneath enemy trenches, with which to plant explosives to destroy them. At the Battle of Vimy Ridge, and particularly at the Battle of Messines, several such mines were used to win the battle. The Canadian Military Engineers contributed three tunnelling companies to the British Expeditionary Force: 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company, 2nd Canadian Tunnelling Company and 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company. One was formed from men on the battlefield, while two other companies first trained in Canada and were then shipped to France.
The only Victoria Cross the Canadian Engineers have ever received was earned by Captain C. N. Mitchell for actions on 8 October 1918 at Canal de I'Escaut, north-east of Cambrai.
In total, more than 40,000 Canadians served as Engineers in the war, with 14,000 on the front on the last day of the war.
On 1 June 2022, the perpetuation of No. 2 Construction Battalion, CEF, was assigned to the CME, with 4 Engineer Support Regiment having the honour of publicly recognizing the perpetuation.
Between the wars
On demobilization, the permanent force of Engineers was changed to 38 officers and 249 other ranks. As a matter of honour, King George V, the Canadian monarch bestowed on the organization the right to use the prefix royal before its name in 1932. On 29 April 1936, the Militia and Permanent components were joined to form the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers. On this date the Militia adopted the cap badge used by the regulars.
Second World War
The Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers expanded dramatically in size to support Canada's war effort.
On August 31, 1939, the Permanent Force engineers included 50 officers (with 14 seconded to other branches of the Canadian Army) and 323 other ranks; the maximum size of the Corps was reached in 1944, when it included 210 officers and 6283 other ranks.
In keeping with British Army practice, company-sized units in the two armoured divisions were called "squadrons" following cavalry terminology. The following units were deployed in Canada and in Europe:
1st Canadian Infantry Division
1st Field Company
3rd Field Company
4th Field Company
2nd Field Park Company
2nd Canadian Infantry Division
2nd Field Company
7th Field Company
11th Field Company
1st Field Park Company
3rd Canadian Infantry Division
6th Field Company
16th Field Company
18th Field Company
3rd Field Park Company
4th Canadian Armoured Division
8th Field Squadron
9th Field Squadron
6th Field Park Squadron
5th Canadian Armoured Division
1st Field Squadron
10th Field Squadron
4th Field Park Squadron
6th Canadian Infantry Division in Pacific Command
20th Field Company
25th Field Company
26th Field Company
7th Field Park Company
7th Canadian Infantry Division in Atlantic Command
15th Field Company
23rd Field Company
27th Field Company
5th Field Park Company
8th Canadian Infantry Division in Pacific Command
21st Field Company
24th Field Company
I Canadian Corps
12th Field Company
13th Field Company
14th Field Company
9th Field Park Company
1st Drilling Company
II Canadian Corps
29th Field Company
30th Field Company
31st Field Company
8th Field Park Company
2nd Drilling Company
First Canadian Army
First Canadian Army Troops Engineers
5th Field Company (unit code 1207)
20th Field Company (unit code 1208)
23rd Field Company (unit code 1209)
10th Field Park Company (unit code 1210)
2nd Canadian Army Troops Engineers
32nd Field Company
33rd Field Company
34th Field Company
11th Field Park Company
No. 1 Workshop and Park Company
1st Field (Air) Survey Company
2nd Field Survey Company
3rd Field (Reproduction) Survey Company
General Headquarters (GHQ) and Line of Communication (LoC) Troops
1st Mechanical Equipment Company
1st Mechanical Equipment Park Company
2nd Battalion
3rd Battalion
1st Road Construction Company
2nd Road Construction Company
No. 1 Railway Operating Company
No. 1 Railway Workshop Company
Other units
1st Chemical Warfare Company (in Canada, September 1942 – 31 August 1943)
2nd Chemical Warfare Company (in Canada, September 1942 – 31 August 1943)
No.1 Tunnelling Company R.C.E. (in Gibraltar)
No.2 Tunnelling Company R.C.E. (in Gibraltar)
The senior officers of the Corps in World War II were as follows:
Chief Engineer, First Canadian Army
Major-General Charles Sumner Lund Hertzberg (6 April 1942 – 23 June 1943)
Brigadier James Learmont Melville (24 June 1943 – October 1943)
Brigadier Allister Thompson MacLean (20 October 1943 – 1 September 1944)
Brigadier Geoffrey Walsh (2 September 1944 – 20 July 1945)
Colonel Henry Lloyd Meuser (Acting Chief Engineer, 21 July 1945 – 31 December 1945)
Chief Engineer, I Canadian Corps
Brigadier Charles Sumner Lund Hertzberg (25 December 1940 – 6 April 1942)
Brigadier James Learmont Melville (6 April 1942 – October 1943)
Brigadier Alan Burton Connelly (1943–1944)
Brigadier Colin Alexander Campbell (27 July 1944 – 23 April 1945)
Brigadier John Despard Christian (24 April 1945 – 17 July 1945)
Chief Engineer, II Canadian Corps
Brigadier Allister Thompson MacLean (1943)
Brigadier William Norman Archibald Bostock (1943–1944)
Brigadier Geoffrey Walsh (13 February 1944 – 1 September 1944)
Brigadier Dudley Kingdon Black (2 September 1944 – 16 June 1945)
Korea
Post-Korea, Unification and the Cold War
The branch maintained a military band in its ranks from 1953 to 1968. During its 15 years in existence, the band performed for members of the Canadian royal family, Governors General of Canada including Georges Vanier, and American President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1968, the band was dissolved, with most being sent to the Royal Canadian Navy.
On 1 February 1968, the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force were officially unified as the Canadian Armed Forces. As such the Royal Canadian Engineers, Royal Canadian Navy Civil Engineers and Royal Canadian Air Force Construction Division were amalgamated. However, the new branch went under the name Royal Canadian Engineers until 1973 when the branch was officially named as the Canadian Military Engineers.
The present day structure of army field units was set on 17 June 1977 with the creation of 1 Combat Engineer Regiment (1 CER), 2 CER, 4 ESR and 5 CER. The new regiments were each created from one of the squadrons of the former 1 Field Engineer Regiment.
21st century
The role of the Canadian Military Engineers has been expanding. The regular force component has been expanding the size of their units, due to the current missions of the Canadian Armed Forces.
In April 1997, Canada's Primary Reserve reorganized into ten brigade groups and in November 1997, the first reserve combat engineer regiment was created by converting an armoured reconnaissance regiment. A number of years later the three field engineer regiments, and seven independent field engineer squadrons were reorganized into combat engineer regiments. Three Canadian brigade groups had more than one engineer unit, and one (38 Canadian Brigade Group) did not have any units at all. Now the field engineer regiments have been redesignated or amalgamated to become combat engineer regiments, and the field engineer squadrons have either been amalgamated to make new combat engineer regiments or reroled as generic engineer squadrons.
38 CBG previously had 21st Field Engineer Squadron, based in Flin Flon, Manitoba. It was however disbanded in 1995. In 2003, the Fort Garry Horse in Winnipeg, Manitoba, began hosting what became 31 Engineer Squadron in 2012. The brigade formed 46 Engineer Squadron in Saskatoon in 2012, which was a subunit of the North Saskatchewan Regiment until it gained full strength. Both squadrons are now subunits of 38 Combat Engineer Regiment.
The deployment in Afghanistan required considerable use of engineers for road clearance, explosive ordnance disposal, heavy equipment, and combat support. By the end of the deployment 16 members of the RCE were killed in Afghanistan.
In April 2013, the title Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers was brought back for the army element of the branch.
Customs and traditions
Colonel-in-chief
Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, was the colonel-in-chief of the CME until her death in 2022. King George V, Edward VIII, and George VI all served as previous colonels-in-chief of the Royal Canadian Engineers.
Mottos
King George V granted the CME the same mottoes as the Royal Engineers.
(Latin, "Everywhere") serves as a substitution for the battle honours the corps would have obtained if they were a line regiment.
(Latin, "Whither right and glory lead")
Cap badge
From shortly after their creation until 1967, the Royal Canadian Engineers had a nearly identical cap badge to the Royal Engineers. This consisted of the Cipher of the Reigning monarch, surrounded by the Garter, surmounted by the crown with the words Royal Canadian Engineers on the scroll at the bottom, and surrounded by maple leaves instead of laurels.
The cap badge came to its current form after unification. Since the Royal Canadian Engineer cap badge was representative only of the army, a new one was developed, which is almost identical to that worn by the (Army's) non-permanent Canadian Engineers prior to the Great War (which was not bilingual and did not use enamel). In bilingual format, the words Engineers and appear on the cap badge indicating the bilingual nature of the CME. The word also appears, a motto inherited by engineers and artillery in the Canadian military from their British forebears.
From the 1960s to the late 1980s or early 1990s, the branch badge was enamel-highlighted cast metal with a prong-type slider to attach to both the beret and forage cap. The collar dogs (worn only on army uniforms after introduction of distinctive environmental uniforms) were miniatures of the cap badge. By 1998, the metal cap badge had been replaced by an embroidered cloth version which was sewn directly to the beret. Collar dogs were replaced by a crouching beaver over the motto . Left- and right-facing beavers are required for a complete set.
Chimo
The CME/RCE greeting or toast is "chimo" ( ). This expression is also often used as a closing on correspondence between engineers. The word chimo is derived from the Inuktitut greeting: that means "hello," "goodbye," "peace be with you," and similar sentiments. This salutation was used in the Ungava region of northern Quebec and shares the same derivation as Fort Chimo (today Kuujjuaq) on Ungava Bay in northern Quebec. The current spelling and pronunciation result from the English and French languages importing the loanword from Inuktitut. On April 1, 1946, the Canadian Army assumed responsibility for the portions of the Alaska Highway that lay within Canadian boundaries. This section of the highway was renamed the "Northwest Highway System" and the responsibility for maintenance was given to the Royal Canadian Engineers for the next 20 years. The soldiers of the CME/RCE adopted the greeting of "chimo" and in 1973 it became the cheer of the CME.
CME Flag
The present CME flag was created at the time of unification. It measures six "units" long by three "units" high, and is in the colours of brick red and royal blue.
Engineer Prayer
The Engineer Prayer was created for 2 Field Engineer Regiment by Major Hugh Macdonald, the unit's padre. It goes as follows:
Patron saint
The Canadian Military Engineers have no patron saint but Engineers often take part in artillery celebrations honouring St. Barbara, the patron saint of the artillery. Engineers, along with the artillery and miners, celebrate her feast day on December 4. St. Barbara is the patroness of artillerymen, fireworks manufacturers, firemen, stonemasons, against sudden death, against fires, and against storms (especially lightning storms).
Equipment
The CME/RCE has various equipment for use in supporting the Canadian Forces at home and on deployment overseas.
For more refer to Engineering and support vehicles of the Canadian Forces.
Training
Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering
The Canadian Forces School of Military Engineering (CFSME) at CFB Gagetown in Oromocto, New Brunswick is responsible for the conduct of 85 different courses that span all ranks and occupations within the Field, Construction and Airfield Engineer organizations. CFSME is the Canadian Forces Centre of Excellence in Engineer Training and home of the Engineers.
Units
Regular Force units
Reserve Force units
Order of precedence
See also
List of Canadian organizations with royal prefix
Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment
Royal Engineers
References
External links
Canadian Forces Recruiting
Canadian Forces and Department of National Defence
Administrative corps of the Canadian Army
Military units and formations established in 1903
Army units and formations of Canada in World War I
Army units and formations of Canada in World War II
Canadian Armed Forces personnel branches
Military history of Canada
Military engineer corps | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Military%20Engineers |
Alvernia University is a private Franciscan Roman Catholic university in Reading, Pennsylvania. Once known as Alvernia College, the school gained university status in 2008.
History
Alvernia University was founded in 1958 by the Bernardine Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis first as college for the sisters and then as a four-year liberal arts college. Many of the college's renovated classrooms and offices had been used for elementary and secondary education before 1958. The college's first building, Francis Hall, was built in 1926 and originally housed an orphanage. Alvernia received its charter from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1960 and was first accredited in 1967 by the Commission of Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. In 1961, the college accepted its first lay females students. In 1971, it admitted its first male commuting students, and in 1973, the first male resident students were admitted.
In 2008, Alvernia College celebrated its 50th anniversary and was granted university status, taking on the name Alvernia University, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
Academics
Alvernia offers more than 50 undergraduate majors and minors. Pre-professional programs are available in dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, and veterinary studies. Master's degrees are awarded in occupational therapy, business administration, nursing, community counseling, education, and liberal studies. Alvernia offers a seven-year Doctorate in Physical Therapy (DPT) program. A Doctor of Philosophy in leadership is also available.
Since 1967, the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools has granted Alvernia accreditation. The Education program for elementary and secondary teachers is approved by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The Occupational Therapy program is fully accredited by the American Council of Occupational Therapy Education (ACOTE). The Bachelor of Science in Nursing has approval by the Pennsylvania State Board of Nursing and is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE). The Athletic Training program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs in cooperation with the Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs in Athletic Training. The Social Work program is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). The Behavioral Health courses are certified by the Pennsylvania Certification Board. The Business Department is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).
Library
Library holdings include 100,000 print, audiovisual, and computer materials; approximately 900 periodicals; and 400 current subscriptions. The library supports Polish-American and Italian-American cultural centers.
Athletics
Alvernia's intercollegiate teams, now known as the Golden Wolves but previously known as the Crusaders, compete at the NCAA Division III level in the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC), a highly competitive conference, and the Eastern College Athletic Conference. Men's sports include football, since 2018, wrestling, since 2019, baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, track & field and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, dance, field hockey, ice hockey, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling.
List of presidents
John Loyack
Glynis Fitzgerald (2023-present)
References
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
Franciscan universities and colleges
Catholic universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Universities and colleges in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Reading, Pennsylvania
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
Universities and colleges established in 1958
1958 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvernia%20University |
164 (one hundred [and] sixty-four) is the natural number following 163 and preceding 165.
In mathematics
164 is a zero of the Mertens function.
In base 10, 164 is the smallest number that can be expressed as a concatenation of two squares in two different ways: as 1 concatenate 64 or 16 concatenate 4.
In astronomy
164P/Christensen is a comet in the Solar System
164 Eva is a large and dark Main belt asteroid
In geography
Chaplin no. 164, Saskatchewan in Saskatchewan, Canada
In the military
was a cargo vessel during World War II
was a T2 tanker during World War II
was a Barracuda-class submarine during World War II
was an Alamosa-class cargo ship during World War II
was an Admirable-class minesweeper during World War II
was a Trefoil-class concrete barge during World War II
was a during World War II
was a during World War II
was a yacht during World War I
was a during World War II
In sports
Baseball Talk was a set of 164 talking baseball cards released by Topps Baseball Card Company in 1989
In transportation
Caproni Ca.164 was a training biplane produced in Italy prior to World War II
The Alfa Romeo 164 car produced from 1988 to 1997
The Volvo 164 car produced from 1968 to 1975
List of highways numbered 164
Is a London Transport bus route running between Sutton and Wimbledon
In other fields
164 is also:
The year AD 164 or 164 BC
164 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 780 – 781 CE
The Scrabble board, a 15-by-15 grid, includes 164 squares that have neither word nor letter multiplier. The remainder have attributes such as double letter, triple letter, double word, and triple word
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unhexquadium
Solvent Red 164 is a synthetic red diazo dye
E.164 is an ITU-T recommendation defines public telecommunication numbering plan used in the PSTN and data networks
See also
United States Supreme Court cases, Volume 164
United Nations Security Council Resolution 164
External links
Number Facts and Trivia: 164
The Number 164
The Positive Integer 164
Integers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164%20%28number%29 |
Alexandra Fusai (born 22 November 1973) is a former professional tennis player from France.
Fusai was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine. Starting from September 1989 when she turned professional, Fusai played four tournaments (all of them part of the ITF Women's Circuit) on the international tennis circuit in 1989. She played right-handed and lived in Nantes during her career. She retired from the professional tennis circuit in April 2003 when she discovered that she was pregnant with her first child. Fusai's highest WTA rankings were No. 37 and No. 6 respectively, both attained in 1998. Her career prize money earnings reached the one million USD-mark in 1999.
Fusai won six singles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. She reached her only career WTA Tour singles final in Warsaw in 1995, losing to Barbara Paulus of Austria in three sets. She was a losing singles quarterfinalist on six occasions and a losing singles semifinalist on three occasions in WTA tournaments. Fusai never advanced beyond the singles third round of the main draw of any Grand Slam tournament. She earned her career-best singles victory at the Italian Open in Rome in 1998 by beating world No. 3 Jana Novotná.
Fusai excelled as a doubles player. She achieved her best results in doubles competition in partnership with fellow Frenchwoman Nathalie Tauziat from 1997 to 2000. She was a losing quarterfinalist on four occasions and a losing semifinalist on three occasions in seven Grand Slam women's doubles tournaments; in five of those tournaments, her doubles partner was Tauziat. Fusai's doubles performances qualified her to play in the year-ending WTA Tour Championships in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000. and 2001; her doubles partner was Tauziat in the 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000 editions of the WTA Tour Championships. She and Tauziat were the runners-up there in 1997 and 1998. All in all, Fusai won a total of 12 WTA Tour doubles titles, eight of them with Tauziat. She was the doubles runner-up in WTA Tour tournaments on 21 occasions, eleven of them with Tauziat. Fusai was a losing doubles semifinalist in WTA tournaments on 27 occasions, excluding Grand Slam tournaments: 1992(1), 1993(1), 1994(1), 1995(2), 1996(1), 1997(3), 1998(4), 1999(4), 2000(3), 2001(6), 2003(1). Fusai had a career women's doubles win–loss record of 300–225 (260–192 for only main draw matches in WTA Tour tournaments).
Fusai achieved her best mixed-doubles result at the 2001 French Open; she was paired with Jérôme Golmard and they lost in the quarterfinals. Fusai was a member of the France Fed Cup team that won the title in 1997, winning all the three World Group doubles matches that she played from the opening round (quarterfinals) against Japan to the final against the Netherlands. She also played for her country in the Fed Cup in 1994 and 1998. She had a Fed Cup career record of 1–1 in singles and 5–1 in doubles. However, Fusai did not play for her country in the Olympic Games.
Fusai married David Crochu on 13 July 2002. Their son Oscar was born on 7 December 2003.
WTA career finals
Singles (0–1)
Doubles (12–21)
ITF finals
Singles (6–2)
Doubles (2–7)
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
French female tennis players
Sportspeople from Nantes
Sportspeople from Saint-Cloud
20th-century French women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Fusai |
Marco Amelia (; born 2 April 1982) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper, and current coach.
A Roma youth product, Amelia spent most of his professional club career at Livorno, where he made 181 appearances across all competitions, including playing and scoring in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup. He later played for several other Italian clubs, and also had a spell in England as a reserve goalkeeper with Chelsea.
At international level, Amelia won a bronze medal at the 2004 Olympics, and earned nine senior caps for Italy between 2005 and 2009. He was part of the squad that won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, also being included for Italy's UEFA Euro 2008 and 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup squads.
Club career
Early career
Born in Frascati, Province of Rome, Amelia grew up as part of the Roma youth system, and initially played as a forward, before playing in goal. In 2001, he left the Giallorossi to join Serie C1 club Livorno on loan, playing only once in his first season with the Tuscan side; he was successively confirmed by Livorno in the 2002–03 season, for a transfer fee of €2.8 million, as part of the deal that acquired half of Giorgio Chiellini's registration rights for €3.1 million, and promoted as regular by head coach Roberto Donadoni in the club's Serie B comeback campaign.
Amelia then spent two unremarkable loan spells at Lecce and Parma (both Serie A) before returning to Livorno in June 2004, becoming one of the team mainstays since then, and also having his chance to make a debut at European level in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, where he even managed to score a goal during the group stage, an injury time header in a 1–1 draw against Partizan in November 2006.
Palermo
In July 2008, after Livorno were relegated to Serie B, Amelia agreed a permanent deal and contract to join Palermo, for €6 million. Among the highlights of his season, Amelia was mostly remembered by fans for saving Ronaldinho's penalty in a 3–1 win over Milan, but also, in a more negative fashion, for failing to deal with Giuseppe Mascara's 49-yard strike in the Derby di Sicilia, which ended in a shocking 0–4 home loss for his side.
Genoa
In August 2009, Amelia moved to Genoa as part of a player exchange deal, with Rubinho moving the other way, both players valued €5 million. Amelia was the first choice of the team except a few matches played by backup Alessio Scarpi.
Milan
On 23 June 2010, and after the sale of goalkeeper Marco Storari to Juventus, Amelia was signed by Milan on loan in a deal which included the right to purchase the player at the end of the year-long loan.
On 24 May 2011, Milan exercised its option to purchase Amelia for €3.5 million on a three-year contract, despite Amelia only making a handful of appearances and being second-choice to Christian Abbiati all season. Amelia made his debut in the 2011–12 season in Serie A, on 28 November 2011 against Chievo, replacing Abbiati, who suffered a shoulder injury. Amelia went on to make 14 appearances for Milan that season.
In the 2012–13 season, his third season at Milan, Amelia continued to be second-choice to Abbiati, making 11 first-team appearances. Milan did not renew Amelia's contract at the end of 2013–14 season. Amelia and Daniele Bonera had a fight on 19 May in the return journey from the opening of Milan's new headquarters, Casa Milan. Amelia denied any fight, saying it was only an argument.
Later career
Amelia became a free agent on 1 July 2014. He spent a few months with amateur side Rocca Priora (where he served as a player and honorary president) before returning to professional football on 9 February 2015, for Serie B club Perugia.
On 23 August 2015, Amelia became the honorary president and a player for Lega Pro newcomers Lupa Castelli Romani. He had played twice for Lupa Castelli Romani in 2015–16 Coppa Italia Lega Pro.
On 31 August, he cancelled his contract with the club.
On 8 October 2015, he moved abroad for the first time, signing for English Premier League club Chelsea on a free transfer, on a deal until the end of the season, with the team adding him as back-up goalkeeper to Asmir Begović due to an injury to Thibaut Courtois.
On 10 June 2016, it was announced Amelia would leave Chelsea on the expiry of his contract.
On 27 February 2017, Amelia signed a six-month contract with Serie B club Vicenza.
International career
Amelia made his debut for the Italy under-15 side in March 1998, in a tournament held in France.
With the Italy under-21 side, Amelia was the starting goalkeeper in Claudio Gentile's squad that won the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. Later that year, he served as a back-up to Ivan Pelizzoli in the Italy under-23 squad which won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Amelia made his senior debut for Italy at age 23, on 16 November 2005, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 1–1 friendly draw against the Ivory Coast, in Geneva. He later became a permanent member of Marcello Lippi's squad, and was called up as Italy's third goalkeeper at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, behind Gianluigi Buffon and Angelo Peruzzi, and ahead of reserve Morgan De Sanctis. Italy went on to win the tournament, although Amelia did not feature in any matches throughout the competition.
Following Peruzzi's retirement, Amelia became Italy's second-choice goalkeeper, behind Buffon. He was called up as Buffon's back-up for UEFA Euro 2008 by manager Roberto Donadoni and for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup by Donadoni's replacement, Lippi. Amelia's last appearance for Italy came on 10 June 2009 in a 4–3 friendly win against New Zealand, in Pretoria. In total, Amelia has made nine appearances for Italy.
Managerial career
After retirement, Amelia received his UEFA A coaching licence on 15 December 2017. In July 2018, he was appointed as the new head coach of Serie D club Lupa Roma.
On 29 June 2019, he moved to Serie D club Vastese. He was sacked on 28 January 2020 due to poor results.
On 1 March 2021, he agreed to return at Livorno as the club's new head coach, replacing Alessandro Dal Canto at the helm of the struggling Serie C side. He failed to save Livorno from relegation to Serie D and left by the end of the season; the club was successively dissolved due to longstanding financial issues.
On 29 September 2021, he was hired by Serie D club Prato. However, his period in charge of Prato lasted only two months, as he was dismissed on 27 December 2021.
Personal life
Amelia is married to an Italian woman, Carlotta Bosello. They have two children together: their son Giulio Cesare Amelia was born on 28 September 2009, and their daughter Matilde Amelia was born on 19 February 2013.
Career statistics
Club
International
Managerial
Honours
Roma
Serie A: 2000–01
Livorno
Serie C1: 2001–02
Milan
Serie A: 2010–11
Supercoppa Italiana: 2011
Italy
FIFA World Cup: 2006
Italy U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2004
Italy Olympics
Olympics Bronze medal: 2004
Orders
5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2004
4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2006
CONI: Golden Collar of Sports Merit: Collare d'Oro al Merito Sportivo: 2006
References
External links
Profile at official club website
Profile at Assocalciatori.it
International caps at FIGC.com
1982 births
Living people
People from Frascati
US Livorno 1915 players
AS Roma players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic footballers for Italy
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
US Lecce players
Palermo FC players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Genoa CFC players
AC Milan players
Olympic medalists in football
SS Racing Club Roma players
Chelsea F.C. players
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Footballers from Rome
Italian football managers
US Livorno 1915 managers
Serie C managers
Serie D managers
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco%20Amelia |
Basil Paul McRae (born January 5, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He is a part owner and alternate governor of the London Knights in the Ontario Hockey League and he is the director of player personnel for the Columbus Blue Jackets. McRae was known as an enforcer with over 2,000 penalty minutes in his career.
Playing career
McRae played his major junior hockey with the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA).
In the 1980 NHL Entry Draft, the Quebec Nordiques drafted McRae in the third round, 87th overall. He played twenty regular season games and nine playoff matches with the big club in 1981, later spending some time with the Fredericton Express of the American Hockey League (AHL). He was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Richard Turmel and spent a couple of years toiling in the minors with the St. Catharines Saints of the AHL. In 1985 McRae signed as a free agent with the Detroit Red Wings but was traded back to his original team, the Nordiques along with John Ogrodnick and Doug Shedden for Brent Ashton, Gilbert Delorme and Mark Kumpel.
At the start of the 1987 season, McRae signed with the Minnesota North Stars, the team he would have the most success with. The 1987–88 season saw McRae play the whole 80 game season with the North Stars, the first time he played a full season in the NHL. He formed a tough enforcer duo along with Shane Churla, leading the league in penalty minutes with 351 in 1990. The Tampa Bay Lightning claimed him in the 1992 NHL Expansion Draft and traded him to the St. Louis Blues in 1993. After a couple of seasons in the Blues organization, McRae signed with the Chicago Blackhawks in 1996 and only managed to play in eight games before retiring from professional hockey.
McRae made a cameo appearance in the movie The Mighty Ducks along with then-teammate Mike Modano.
Post-NHL
McRae is a part-owner of the London Knights with Dale Hunter and Mark Hunter. On October 21, 2014, the Knights announced that he would become the general manager and alternate governor of the team, replacing Mark Hunter, who had vacated the general manager position to become the director of player personnel for the Toronto Maple Leafs. McRae previously worked as a pro scout for the Columbus Blue Jackets and St. Louis Blues.
On July 6, 2016, McRae stepped down as general manager of the London Knights to become the director of player personnel for the Columbus Blue Jackets. He was replaced by former assistant general manager and former assistant coach of the London Knights, Rob Simpson.
Personal life
McRae is the older brother of Chris McRae and is the father of Philip McRae.
Career statistics
Bold indicates led league
See also
List of NHL players with 2000 career penalty minutes
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets executives
Columbus Blue Jackets scouts
Detroit Red Wings players
Fredericton Express players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
London Knights players
Minnesota North Stars players
People from Brock, Ontario
Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of Durham
Peoria Rivermen (IHL) players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Quebec Nordiques players
St. Catharines Saints players
St. Louis Blues players
St. Louis Blues scouts
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Toronto Maple Leafs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil%20McRae |
Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Washington since December 6, 2012. On February 13, 2012, Governor Christine Gregoire signed legislation that established full marriage rights for same-sex couples in the state of Washington. Opponents mounted a challenge that required voters to approve the statute at a referendum, which they did on November 6. The law took effect on December 6, and the first marriages were celebrated on December 9. Within a couple of days, more than 600 marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples in King County alone.
Previously, in 1998, the state had enacted the Defense of Marriage Act that restricted marriage to different-sex couples, reinforcing its statutes that had been interpreted by a state court in 1974 as imposing the same restriction. Several lawsuits filed in state court challenged the state's marriage laws without success, including one filed in 1971, one of the first such cases in the United States.
Statutory ban
In 1997, the Washington State Legislature, in response to events in Hawaii that suggested that the state might legalize same-sex marriage, passed a bill that would define marriage as the union of a man and a woman and deny legal recognition to same-sex marriages established elsewhere. The vote was 63 to 35 in the House and 27 to 19 in the Senate. Governor Gary Locke vetoed the legislation on February 21, calling it "divisive and unnecessary", citing the 1974 state court decision in Singer v. Hara. He wrote in his veto message: "Our overarching principle should be to promote civility, mutual respect and unity. This legislation fails to meet this test." An attempt to override his veto failed in the state Senate on a party-line vote, 26 to 20, when seven Democrats who had originally supported the measure changed their position to support Governor Locke. Although Republicans threatened to put the issue to a popular referendum in November, some of their members thought the issue was not urgent enough to risk a contentious public campaign.
In 1998, the State Legislature passed the same legislation, the Defense of Marriage Act, and expected Governor Locke to allow it to become law without his signature. Instead, he vetoed it a second time, saying that "Our laws right now prohibit same-gender marriages, and I oppose this legislation because it is trying to make illegal something that is already illegal". Democrats who feared the impact of having the legislation on the November ballot helped override his veto. One Democratic leader in the House said: "I'll vote to override. I'll stand up and say it's a bad bill, but it's even worse to have this issue on the ballot." According to The Seattle Times: "Lawmakers, eager to be done with the controversial issue, rushed the ban through in minutes and dumped it in the governor's lap. Locke's veto came within the hour. Then both houses voted summarily to override the veto. No one could remember the last time a bill was passed, vetoed and overridden within hours–with almost no discussion and no debate."
Lawsuits
Singer v. Hara
In 1971, in Seattle, in one of the first same-sex marriage lawsuits in the United States, gay activists John Singer (later known as Faygele Ben-Miriam) and Paul Barwick requested a marriage license from the King County auditor, Lloyd Hara, to demonstrate the inequality between gay and heterosexual couples. Hara refused, and Singer and Barwick brought suit on the grounds that the denial violated the Equal Rights Amendment of the State Constitution. The Washington Court of Appeals denied the claim in 1974 in Singer v. Hara. The Washington Supreme Court refused to review the decision.
Andersen v. King County
On March 8, 2004, six same-sex couples represented by Lambda Legal filed suit in state court challenging the constitutionality of Washington's Defense of Marriage Act. The four constitutional claims were based on due process, privacy, equal protection and gender equality. On August 4, King County Superior Court Judge William L. Downing issued an opinion in Andersen v. Sims that the state had no rational basis for excluding same-sex couples from the rights and benefits of marriage. The decision concluded that the state law limiting marriage to different-sex couples violated sections of the Constitution that required due process and equal protection of the laws. The court did not require the state to allow same-sex couples to marry, but mandated the creation of a civil union status that would provide all the rights and benefits of marriage to same-sex couples. Downing stayed enforcement of his order pending appeal to the Washington Supreme Court. On April 1, 2004, eleven same-sex couples represented by the American Civil Liberties Union filed suit in state court challenging Washington's laws that banned same-sex couples from marrying. It also sought recognition of marriages performed legally in other jurisdictions. On September 7, Thurston County Superior Court Judge Richard D. Hicks ruled in Castle v. State that the state's marriage laws violated the equal protection of privileges and immunities clause of the State Constitution.
The Washington Supreme Court consolidated the two cases, Andersen v. Sims and Castle v. State, for review as Andersen v. King County. It heard oral arguments on March 8, 2005. On July 26, 2006, it reversed the trial courts' determinations in a 5–4 ruling. The majority opinion focused on the constitutionality of the State Legislature's enactment of the Defense of Marriage Act limiting the privileges of marriage to opposite-sex couples. In October 2006, the court refused to reconsider its ruling.
Initiative 957
On January 10, 2007, the Washington Defense of Marriage Alliance, an activist organization that, despite its name, favored marriage rights for same-sex couples, filed a voter initiative, Initiative 957, to incorporate part of the Andersen decision into state statutes by making procreation a requirement for all marriages in Washington state. The group's stated rationale was to prompt public examination of the premise that marriage exists for the purpose of procreation and to create a test case in which Andersen would be reversed. The initiative's sponsors withdrew it on July 3, after failing to gather a sufficient number of signatures to qualify for the November ballot.
Same-sex marriage law
Advocates of marriage rights for same-sex couples, lacking the votes in the State Legislature to accomplish their objective, instead focused on enacting domestic partnerships that would grant such couples a subset of the rights attached to marriage. A law to this effect was approved by the State Legislature. This legal status was also made available under certain circumstances to different-sex couples. The legislation took effect on April 22, 2007. A same-sex marriage bill was also introduced in the 2007 legislative session, but failed to make it out of committee.
On January 26, 2012, legislation legalizing same-sex marriage and converting most domestic partnerships not dissolved within two years into marriages passed the Washington State Senate's Committee for Government Operations, Tribal Relations and Elections. Republican Dan Swecker introduced four amendments that failed on a party-line vote of 3–4. Republican Don Benton asked for the legislation to be placed on the November 2012 ballot as a referendum but his motion failed by a 3–4 vote. The bill was reported out of the committee by a 4–3 vote. It passed the Senate by a vote of 28–21 on February 1.
The House of Representatives took up the same measure and passed it out of the Judiciary Committee on January 30 by a 7–6 party-line vote. The committee voted on the Senate-approved version of the bill on February 6, passing it by a 7–5 vote, with one Republican committee member absent. The House passed the legislation on February 8 by a vote of 55–43. The legislation also provided that all domestic partnerships not involving at least one member aged 62 years or older and not dissolved within two years of the date the law goes into effect would automatically become marriages. Governor Christine Gregoire signed the bill into law on February 13. It was scheduled to take effect 90 days after the end of the legislative session.
Same-sex marriage referendum
Opponents of the legalization of same-sex marriage delayed its implementation by collecting the signatures necessary to put the measure to a popular vote on November 6, 2012, as Referendum 74. In that referendum, voters approved the law by a 54%–46% margin. The law took effect on December 6. Because Washington requires a three-day waiting period (excluding the day of issue) before a marriage license may be signed, the first same-sex marriages in the state took place on December 9, 2012.
Following the coming into effect of the same-sex marriage law on December 6, 2012, the definition of marriage in the state of Washington is now as follows:
Native American nations
Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, whose Tribal Council voted unanimously to legalize same-sex marriage in September 2013, the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, whose Tribal Council voted unanimously to legalize in July 2014, the Suquamish Tribe, which was the first tribe to do so in August 2011, and the Tulalip Tribes of Washington. The Tulalip Board of Directors amended the Tribal Code on May 6, 2016 to state: "'Marriage' means the legal union of two persons, regardless of their sex, created to the exclusion of all others." The Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe announced in the wake of Referendum 74 in December 2012 that they would allow same-sex couples to marry on their reservation, including at the Heronswood Botanical Gardens in Kingston.
Many Native American tribes have traditions of two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. This two-spirit status allowed for marriages between two biological males or two biological females to be performed among some of these tribes. The Sahaptin refer to two-spirit individuals as (). The Quileute, who live in the present-day Quileute Indian Reservation in La Push, call them (). Among the Sylix, two-spirit people are known as ().
Economic impact
In 2006, a study from the University of California, Los Angeles estimated the impact of allowing same-sex couples to marry on Washington's state budget. The study concluded that allowing same-sex couples to marry would result in a net gain of approximately $3.9 million to $5.7 million each year for the state. This net impact would result from savings in state expenditures on means-tested public benefits programs and from an increase in sales tax revenue from weddings and wedding-related tourism.
Marriage statistics
By September 2013, nine months after same-sex marriage was legalized in Washington state, 7,071 same-sex couples had legally entered into a marriage, 3,452 of them in highly populated King County. Same-sex marriages accounted for 17% of all marriages, and 62% of those were between women.
By December 31, 2015, approximately 15,750 same-sex marriages had been performed in Washington state, a significant proportion of which occurred in the first 12 months of legalisation. 2,091 same-sex marriages were performed in 2016, 1,915 in 2017, 1,884 in 2018, 1,690 in 2019, and 1,747 in 2020, with most being between lesbian couples. These figures do not include conversions from domestic partnerships.
Public opinion
A May 2011 Public Policy Polling (PPP) survey found that 46% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 44% thought it should be illegal and 10% were not sure.
An October 2011 University of Washington poll found that 55% of Washington voters would vote to uphold a legislatively approved same-sex marriage bill if it were put to a referendum, while 38% would oppose it and 7% were undecided. A separate question on the same survey found that 43% of respondents thought that gay and lesbian couples should have the same right to marry as straight couples, 22% thought that gay and lesbian couples should have the same rights as straight couples without the word "marriage", 15% thought that gay and lesbian couples should have domestic partnerships with only some of the rights of marriage, while 17% opposed all legal recognition, and 3% did not know.
A February 2012 PPP survey found that 50% of Washington voters would vote to uphold a same-sex marriage law, while 46% would vote to repeal it and 4% were not sure. In addition, 32% believed that same-sex couples should be allowed to enter civil unions but not marriage and 20% were opposed to all legal recognition of same-sex relationships.
A June 2012 PPP survey found that 51% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 42% thought it should be illegal and 7% were not sure. A survey conducted by the same polling organization in November 2012 found that 54% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 40% thought it should be illegal and 5% were not sure. A May 2015 PPP survey showed that 56% of Washington voters thought same-sex marriage should be legal, while 36% thought it should be illegal and 8% were not sure.
A 2016 Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) poll found that 64% of Washington residents supported same-sex marriage, while 26% were opposed and 10% were unsure or undecided. In 2017, the PRRI placed support at 73% and opposition at 21%. A 2020 PRRI survey showed that 72% of Washington respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 22% were opposed and 6% were undecided or did not answer. A survey conducted by the same polling organization between March and November 2021 found that 82% of Washington respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 16% were opposed and 2% were undecided.
According to a PRRI survey conducted between March 11 and December 14, 2022, 83% of Washington respondents supported same-sex marriage, while 15% were opposed. This was the highest level of support recorded in the country, tied with Massachusetts (83%), and followed by New Hampshire (82%), Connecticut (81%), and Rhode Island (80%).
See also
LGBT rights in Washington (state)
Domestic partnership in Washington state
History of the LGBT community in Seattle
Law of Washington (state)
Washington United for Marriage
References
External links
Singer v. Hara, Washington Court of Appeals, May 1974
Andersen v. Sims, King County Superior Court, August 2004
Andersen v. King County, Washington Supreme Court, July 2006
All decisions in Andersen v. King County, Washington Supreme Court
Washington
LGBT in Washington (state)
Washington (state) law
Articles containing video clips
2012 in Washington (state)
2012 in LGBT history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex%20marriage%20in%20Washington%20%28state%29 |
The Battle of Cannae was a battle that took place in 1018 between the Byzantines under the Catepan of Italy Basil Boioannes and the Lombards under Melus of Bari. The Lombards had also hired some Norman cavalry mercenaries under their leader Gilbert Buatère, while Boioannes had a detachment of elite Varangian Guard sent to him at his request to combat the Normans. The engagement was one of the first clashes between the Romans of southern Italy and the Normans.
The battle was disastrous for the Lombards, who were routed. Melus of Bari managed to escape to the Papal States and eventually to the court of Holy Roman Emperor Henry II at Bamberg. The Normans lost their leader, Gilbert Buatère, and most of their group. However, what remained of this group of Normans was the first of many to go to southern Italy.
Within a year, a Norman garrison would be stationed at Troia in the pay of the Byzantine Empire.
See also
Italy Runestones
References
Further reading
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016–1130.
Cannae
Cannae
Cannae
Barletta
1010s in the Byzantine Empire
1018 in Europe
11th century in Italy
Cannae 1018
Catepanate of Italy
Medieval Apulia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Cannae%20%281018%29 |
Frobisher Bay may refer to:
Iqaluit, the territorial capital of Nunavut
Frobisher Bay, the inlet on which Iqaluit sits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobisher%20Bay%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Oak Street Beach is located on North Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, on the shore of Lake Michigan. One of a series of Chicago beaches, the Chicago Park District defines Oak Street Beach as the area from approximately 1550 North Lake Shore Drive to 500 North Lake Shore Drive, excluding Ohio Street Beach, the South Ledge, a concrete path running from Ohio Street beach to the Oak Street Curve, Oak Street Beachstro Restaurant, Oak Street Beach proper, the North Ledge, and a concrete path running from Oak Street Beach to North Avenue Beach.
History
Up until the late 1800s the Lake Shore sloped from Oak Street to the Chicago river in a much gentler fashion. However the construction of a shipping pier at the river led to a build up of sand and silt just to the north. As the land rose up out of the water squatters began to take residence, leading to disputes with lakefront property owners.
The biggest series of clashes surrounded a man named George Streeter in 1886. Streeter's boat, with passengers and cargo, became stranded on the sandbar created by the pier. As he unloaded waste and cargo, he created a small island. Eventually he persuaded people to dump more there, and claimed a sizable island. However the city would not stand for it, and after legal battles (some of which included gun fights) Streeter was evicted and the land, which was eventually filled in, became part of Chicago and became known as Streeterville.
Oak Street Beach was formed by sand washing up against the northern side of Streeterville. Originally, it was under control of the Lincoln Park District, one of several districts in the city that were consolidated in 1934 to create the Chicago Park District.
Through the 1960s the sand area of Oak Street covered more than twice the area it does now, and the water was as much as three feet higher than its current level. The beach was popular for residents and tourists as a summer social spot near down town.
Cultural impact
A radio advertisement for mattresses, in the 1970s, featured a child reading a letter he was writing to the Sandman. The punch line was the child asking, "Is it true you get all your sand from Oak Street Beach?"
Chicago pop-punk band Knuckle Puck released a song titled "Oak Street" on their "While I Stay Secluded" EP.
Chicago hip-hop artist Chance The Rapper mentions Oak Street Beach in the third verse of his song, Windows.
Gallery
See also
Beaches in Chicago
Lincoln Park
Beaches of Cook County, Illinois
Beaches of Illinois
Parks in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Street%20Beach |
Assault Suit, also known as Assault Suits, is a series of futuristic robotic war video games developed by NCS featuring soldiers manning the eponymous gigantic humanoid mecha. Spanning the course of 15 years and beyond, the games would be cross-distributed, cross-published and developed between the U.S. and Japan. It would be known as one of the most challenging series to follow due to the drastic changes from game to game.
Releases
The series
Assault Suit Leynos (Target Earth)
Assault Suit Leynos, released in North America as Target Earth, is the first game in the series. It was released for the Sega Genesis.
One scene, where a comrade who doesn't make it back to the ship burns up in the atmosphere, was removed from the North American version.
Assault Suits Valken (Cybernator)
The success of the first Assault Suits game in Japan would spawn another game on the Super Famicom. The artwork style, assault armor concepts, as well as the dialogue engine would remain similar to that of Target Earth/Assault Suits Leynos, but with major graphical improvements. The US name Cybernator added confusion to American gamers and disconnected many of the fans from the Target Earth roots. This game was actually a prequel to Assault Suit Leynos, taking place nearly a decade before.
Cybernator was the subject of censorship during its localization. The Japanese version featured written dialog accompanied by a portrait of the speaker, but for some reason, these portraits were removed during localization. There was also a scene absent in which the president of the enemy forces, after realizing that his nation has been defeated, commits suicide. It is unknown whether Konami or Nintendo took action on these censorships.
An enhanced remake was released for the PS2 in 2004.
Assault Suit Leynos 2
Assault Suit Leynos 2 arrived on the Sega Saturn as the true sequel to Assault Suit Leynos, but was released only in Japan.
In September 2023, City Connection announced a re-release of the game as part of the Saturn Tribute label.
Assault Suits Valken 2
The sequel to the SNES title in the series was released on the PlayStation. It differed from the rest of the series, as it was a Strategy/RPG, unlike the rest, all being Action/Shooter/Platform titles. After the release in 1999, the same game would be reprinted by the company Four Winds on August 30, 2001. This game was never released outside Japan either.
Assault Suit Leynos
A remake of Assault Suit Leynos was released for the PlayStation 4 & Microsoft Windows by Gunhound EX developer Dracue Software. Originally set to launch in late 2014 or early 2015, the game was delayed to December 2015 to allow the team to implement a cooperative mode as well as multiple endings. It finally released on July 12, 2016.
Famitsu gave it a 26 out of 40 score.
See also
Armored Core
Front Mission
Heavy Gear
Metal Warriors
References
External links
NCS NCS Website
Starship Modeler
Video games about mecha
Video game franchises introduced in 1990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault%20Suit |
Thevar Magan ( ) is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Bharathan, and written and produced by Kamal Haasan. It stars Sivaji Ganesan, Haasan, Revathi, Gautami and Nassar; with Kallapart Natarajan, Kaka Radhakrishnan, Sangili Murugan and Vadivelu in supporting roles. The film's story involves a respected village chieftain's son who wants to open a business but his father wants him to help the villagers.
The script of Thevar Magan was completed in seven days; it was written using screenwriting software called Movie Magic. Haasan said The Godfather (1972) and the Kannada film Kaadu (1973) were inspirations for the film. P. C. Sreeram was the cinematographer and N. P. Satish edited the film, which was mostly made in Pollachi, with a few days' filming at Madras and Ooty.
Thevar Magan was released on 25 October 1992 – Diwali day; it received critical acclaim and completed a 175-day run at the box office. It was chosen as India's entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the 65th Academy Awards but was not nominated. Thevar Magan won five National Film Awards, including Best Tamil Film, Best Supporting Actress for Revathi, and a Special Jury Award for Ganesan, which he declined. It was later remade in Hindi as Virasat (1997) and in Kannada as Thandege Thakka Maga (2006).
Plot
Sakthivel "Sakthi" Thevar returns home to his father Periya Thevar's village after completing his education in London. To his father's annoyance, he brings with him his westernised girlfriend Bhanumathi "Bhanu" to meet his family. Sakthi announces his plan to open a chain of restaurants in Madras, which saddens his father, who wanted his son to help local residents. Periya is a respected village chief whose younger half-brother Chinna Thevar and nephew Maya "Mayan" Thevar hold a grudge against him. The entire village suffers from this long-standing family feud. Mayan always tries to outdo Periya.
Sakthi spends time in the village with Bhanu. They find an old temple that has been closed off on Mayan's orders. Sakthi insists on entering with the help of his friend and servant Isakki. Mayan hears of this and a riot between the two village factions occurs. To quell the situation, Periya contemplates apologising to his opponents. Sakthi feels he or Isakki should apologise instead. When Sakthi asks for Isakki, he learns Mayan has severed Isakki's arm as punishment for opening the temple. To prevent further escalation of the situation, Sakthi, with his father's permission and with the help of his friends in the government, legally opens the temple for all.
Slighted by this, Mayan hires goons to break a dam protecting a part of the village that supports Periya. The goons use explosives to damage the dam, flooding half of the village and resulting in numerous deaths, including infants. This saddens Sakthi, who spots the goon who placed the explosives and gives chase. After capturing the goon, Sakthi hands him over to the police. The goon does not mention Mayan's involvement in fear for his own family's safety. Later, Mayan closes a portion of his land, preventing the public from easily reaching the main road. Sakthi and his father invite them for talks at the village panchayat to resolve the standoff.
In the panchayat, both sides accuse the other. With no evidence, Mayan accuses Periya of orchestrating attacks on his brother's family. Disrespected and broken, Periya returns home and later that night dies from a heart attack. Sakthi takes over his father's duties as the village chieftain. The villagers express concern to Sakthi about having to daily circumnavigate the piece of land belonging to Mayan's side of the village, which causes a much longer travelling time. Sakthi reasons with the landowner Paramasivam to open it up for all villagers. Although understanding and willing, Paramasivam is Mayan's maternal uncle and is afraid of his nephew's backlash, especially because he has a daughter named Panchavarnam.
Sakthi assuages his fear by arranging the marriage between Panchavarnam and a wealthy villager. Everybody involved happily agrees, and Paramasivam opens up the land. On the day of the wedding, however, the groom runs away, fearing Mayan. Paramasivam and Panchavarnam are distraught, and worried if someone marries his daughter, they would live in constant fear. With her father's permission, Sakthi marries Panchavarnam, although he still has feelings for Bhanu. Soon, Bhanu returns and learns about Sakthi's marriage. Although saddened, she understands the situation and leaves. Sakthi starts his new life with Panchavarnam.
Agitated by the land opening, Mayan plants a bomb during a festival, causing deaths on both sides of the village. Enraged, both factions go after Mayan and his family. Sakthi protects the innocent family and helps them escape from the villagers. Appreciative of Sakthi's efforts to protect them, they disclose Mayan's hiding place. Sakthi locates Mayan and asks him to surrender to the police before the villagers kill him but Mayan refuses. Mayan blames Sakthi for his problems and tries to kill him. In the ensuing struggle, Sakthi beheads Mayan. The villagers offer to take the blame for Mayan's death, but Sakthi refuses and surrenders to the police.
Cast
Sivaji Ganesan as Periyasamy Thevar
Kamal Haasan as Sakthivel Thevar
Revathi as Panchavarnam
Gautami as Bhanumathi
Nassar as Mayan Thevar
Kaka Radhakrishnan as Chinnasamy Thevar
Vadivelu as Isakki
Kallapart Natarajan as Paramasivam
Sangili Murugan as Subbiah
Thalaivasal Vijay as Muthuvel Thevar, Sakthivel's elder brother
S. N. Lakshmi as Kannatha, Mayan Thevar's mother
Gandhimathi as Maragatham
Renuka as Lakshmi, Sakthivel's sister-in-law
Madhan Bob as Lawyer Kesavan
Ajay Rathnam as S. Maruthupandi
Neelima Rani as Meena, Mayan Thevar's daughter<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆனந்தராஜ் |first=கு. |date=14 June 2017 |title=கமல் சார் கழுத்துல அருவாளை வெச்சப்போ...!{{}} நீலிமா ராணி ஃப்ளாஷ்பேக் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/92302-tv-actress-neelima-shares-her-memories-of-acting-with-kamal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200704135200/https://www.vikatan.com/news/miscellaneous/92302-tv-actress-neelima-shares-her-memories-of-acting-with-kamal |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=Ananda Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>
Production
Development
In the 1980s, Muktha Srinivasan planned to direct a film based on The Godfather (1972) with Sivaji Ganesan and Kamal Haasan but the project was abandoned after Haasan's associate Ananthu felt it would be a Ganesan-focused film rather than a Haasan film. Haasan later wrote a script, which eventually became Thevar Magan, in seven days, although he said he was challenged to write it in twelve. The film was initially titled Nammavar but was later renamed to its final title. Haasan also said it was inspired by The Godfather and the Kannada film Kaadu (1973). Due to his lack of experience in directing, Haasan approached Bharathan to direct Thevar Magan.
According to Haasan, Thevar Magan is the first film that was written using a screenwriting software called "Movie Magic". In 2016, Gangai Amaran said he was supposed to direct a film titled Adhi Veerapandian starring Haasan but Amaran's brother Ilaiyaraaja advised Haasan against accepting the film, feeling Amaran was "not a good filmmaker", and the film was shelved. Amaran said; "Kamal took the story of Adhi Veerapandian and remade it as Thevar Magan". P. C. Sreeram was the cinematographer and N. P. Satish edited the film. Tirru worked as Sreeram's assistant and actor Tinku worked as assistant photographer.
Casting
According to Haasan, casting was done "against everyone else's suggestion". In portraying Sakthi, Haasan wore colourful, buttoned-up shirts and jeans, and a medium-size beard and a mullet in the first half of the film. He grew a thick handlebar moustache and wore of village dhoti for the part of village head. The unit had originally wanted to cast either Vijayakumar or S. S. Rajendran for the character Periya Thevar but Haasan approached Sivaji Ganesan, who completed his scenes within seven days. Haasan persuaded Ganesan because it was his long-time desire to act in at least one film with him; Ganesan, who had retired from acting, agreed. Haasan described Thevar Magan as a "love story about Sivaji and me. I wanted to become him and he allowed me to become him".
Meena was approached to play the character Panchavarnam; she acted for a few days but due to date issues, she was replaced by Revathi. Gautami played Sakthi's initial lover Bhanu; her voice was dubbed by K. R. Anuradha. Vadivelu, who played Isakki, said;"While shooting of Singaravelan, Kamal asked me to go to his Raaj Kamal office next morning and collect an advance payment for my role in his next film, Thevar Magan. But, I was not ready to wait until the next morning. So I went to his office the same evening after the shoot" and received a cheque for 5,000. Thalaivasal Vijay was cast as Sakthi's elder brother on Haasan's recommendation. Salim Ghouse was the initial choice for the role of the antagonist Maya Thevar which ultimately went to Nassar. Neelima portrayed Maya Thevar's daughter – it was her feature-film debut.
Filming Thevar Magan was mostly filmed at Pollachi in 75 days, and for few days at Madras and Ooty. Some scenes were filmed at a palatial bungalow situated at Singanallur. Haasan has stated the scene in which a truck with a cargo of steel rods jutting out reverses into a car was initially written for Nayakan (1987) but could not be used there because producer Muktha Srinivasan would not let a car be damaged. Writer Kalaignanam suggested the concept of one temple having two locks, which Haasan liked and added. Some scenes were filmd at Mariamman Temple in Sulukkal, Pollachi. Nassar filmed only seven scenes, of which two are major.
Themes and influences
According to Haasan, Thevar Magan was inspired by The Godfather and Kaadu; journalist S. Shiva Kumar said he re-used The Godfathers "crucial emotional core of a reluctant son ascending a throne full of thorns". Baradwaj Rangan said Haasan's screenplay "uses small gestures to say a lot between the lines, without explaining everything in tiresome detail", and that Bhanu is frequently shown boarding and alighting from trains, establishing her status as an outsider.
Soundtrack
Ilaiyaraaja composed the soundtrack of Thevar Magan and the lyrics were written by Vaali. It was released under the label AVM Audio. Embar Kannan performed the violin portions. The soundtrack has eight tracks with two alternatives. Haasan's six-year-old daughter Shruti made her singing debut with this film, singing one version of "Potri Paadadi Penne"; T. K. S. Kalaivanan and Mano sang the other version. "Inji Iduppazhagi" is based on the Hindi song "Yeh Dil Deewana", which was composed by S. D. Burman for Ishq Par Zor Nahin (1970). Haasan wanted Ilaiyaraaja to compose on the lines of the Hindi song; Ilaiyaraaja completed the song within 10 minutes. Haasan credited Gangai Amaran for the idea of "Sandhu Pottu", which was initially intended for Adhi Veerapandian. "Manamagale Manamagale" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Shuddha Saveri, "Maasaru Ponne" is set in Mayamalavagowla, and "Inji Iduppazhagi" is set in Jaunpuri. It was later remixed by Smita for her album Kalakkal. The original song was re-used in Size Zero (2015).
Release Thevar Magan was released on 25 October 1992, Diwali day. The film was dubbed in Telugu as Kshatriya Putrudu. The film became controversial for identifying the Thevar community with glorified violence, and faced competition from other Diwali releases Pandian, Rasukutty, Senthamizh Paattu, Kaviya Thalaivan, Thirumathi Palanisamy, Thai Mozhi and Mangala Nayagan. Despite these, Thevar Magan was commercially successful and ran for 175 days, becoming a silver jubilee film. Dilip Kumar attended the film's silver-jubilee celebration. No print of Thevar Magan has survived but the film is available on home video.
Reception Thevar Magan received critical acclaim. On 25 October 1992, The Indian Express said; "The formidable combination of Kamal Haasan and Sivaji Ganesan, the directorial talent of Bharathan, excellent cinematography of P. C. Sriram and music by the maestro [Ilaiyaraaja], have all gone into producing Thevar Magan". The Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan in its review dated 8 November 1992 appreciated the film and said its naturalism is greatly enhanced by the giving of equal opportunity to all actors in the film. It rated the film 60 out of 100. K. Vijiyan of New Sunday Times wrote "Devar Magan proved a satisfying experience at the cinema and well worth the wait". C. R. K. of Kalki praised the film for perfectly concentrating on character design, natural dialogues and the screenplay that carries these elements.
Accolades Thevar Magan was chosen as India's entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the 65th Academy Awards but was not nominated. The film was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1994. Ilaiyaraaja was a strong contender for the National Film Award for Best Music Direction, which he lost to A. R. Rahman for Roja; the award was tied with eight votes each for Ilaiyaraaja and Rahman before the chairman of the jury Balu Mahendra voted in favour of Rahman. Ganesan had been awarded the Special Jury Award – Actor in the same ceremony but he refused to accept the award. Haasan claimed he convinced Ganesan not to accept it.
Remakes
Haasan initially planned to remake Thevar Magan in Hindi with Dilip Kumar in Ganesan's role but according to Haasan, Kumar found the theme "too violent" and refused the offer. Priyadarshan directed the Hindi remake Virasat (1997). S. Mahendar also remade Thevar Magan in Kannada as Thandege Thakka Maga (2006).
Legacy Thevar Magan attained cult status in Tamil cinema. Rajan Krishnan, a scholar in film studies, said; "it was Kamal Hassan who brought that sickle bearing genre", and that "Thevar Magan ... inaugurated the era of the south being represented as primarily a sickle bearing space". Stalin Rajangam, who has extensively written on the caste component and narrative structures of Tamil films, said; "Thevar Magan was first of its kind with stronger idioms of caste and glorification of caste-based practices". Tamil writer S. Ramakrishnan said Thevar Magan captured "the very essence of the south Tamil Nadu's rural culture". Vadivelu called the film a "turning point" in his career.
Directors N. Lingusamy, Mysskin, Gautham Vasudev Menon, and S. J. Suryah called Thevar Magan one of their favourite films. Gauthami also listed it as her one of her favourite films. Sify, in its review of Sandakozhi (2005), compared Rajkiran's character with Ganesan's character in Thevar Magan. The July 2010 edition of magazine South Scope included Haasan's performance in '''Thevar Magan in its list of "Kamal's best performances". Silverscreen in its review of Vetrivel (2016) called the film "pretty much an unsophisticated copy of Thevar Magan".
In 2013, The Hindu listed the song "Potri Paadadi" among lyricist Vaali's songs in the list "Best of Vaali: From 1964 – 2013". Rediff listed the same song alongside "Madhavi Pon Mayilaal" from Iru Malargal (1967) and "Andha Naal Gnabagam" from Uyarndha Manithan (1968).
On Haasan's birthday, 7 November 2015, Latha Srinivasan of Daily News and Analysis considered Thevar Magan to be one of the "films you must watch to grasp the breadth of Kamal Haasan's repertoire". Behindwoods included the scene in which Haasan's character takes over his father's duty as village head in its lists "Top 20 Mass Scenes" and "10 Mass Interval Blocks".
See also
List of submissions to the 65th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
1990s Tamil-language films
1992 drama films
1992 films
Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners
Films directed by Bharathan
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress National Film Award-winning performance
Films about feuds
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Films set in Tamil Nadu
Films shot in Ooty
Films shot in Chennai
Films shot in Pollachi
Films shot in Madurai
Films shot in Tamil Nadu
Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award
Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan
Indian drama films
Tamil films remade in other languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thevar%20Magan |
Brockhill Country Park is in Saltwood, near Hythe in Kent, England.
The park was a former estate with landscaped gardens and has subsequently been sub-divided. The house now forms the main building for a performing arts college, whilst the gardens and lake now form part of the country park.
History
It was previously once part of a large estate, dating back to Norman times. The old manor house is adjacent to the park. This was once Brockhill Park, now used as the main building of Brockhill Park Performing Arts College.
The estate is connected with the Tourney family, until the death of the eccentric William Tourney Tourney (the last Lord of Brockhill Manor) in 1903. Who seems to have a reputation for world travel and oddness as well as gaining an extra Tourney (to his name!). Upon his death, he is said to have ordered that his constant companions, his dog and his horse, were to be killed and buried with him. The grave of the dog is next to William's on an island in the middle of one of the lakes, that are now part in Brockhill Country Park.
Saltwood Church has references to Thomas Brokhill 1437, Thomas Tourney 1712, Mary Tourney (early 19th Century) and another Thomas Tourney in 1816.
Geography
The rest of the park, , is dominated by a large grassy valley, bisected by the Brockhill Stream, as it makes its way down to the Royal Military Canal in Hythe and has excellent views (from the park) to the English Channel. There are two sign posted trails around the park ranging from 3 – 6 miles (5 - 9.6 km) long, the walks are linked to the Saxon Shore Way, offering potential routes for long-distance walkers. The lake trail takes up to 30 minutes (accessed by a sloped path), whilst the valley walk takes about 45 minutes and offers a scenic route around the valley at the southern end of the site. As well as leading around the Deer Paddock which is a meadow enclosed with trees, including walnut and variegated sycamore.
To the north, a short walk leads to Postling Down, an area of unimproved ancient chalk downland. The rabbit-grazed turf is ideal for low-growing herbs and the rich mosaic of plants, providing shelter for many beautiful meadow butterflies.
The park is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest.
References
Country parks in Kent
Forests and woodlands of Kent
Borough of Ashford
Parks and open spaces in Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhill%20Country%20Park |
The California Digital Library (CDL) was founded by the University of California in 1997. Under the leadership of then UC President Richard C. Atkinson, the CDL's original mission was to forge a better system for scholarly information management and improved support for teaching and research. In collaboration with the ten University of California Libraries and other partners, CDL assembled one of the world's largest digital research libraries. CDL facilitates the licensing of online materials and develops shared services used throughout the UC system. Building on the foundations of the Melvyl Catalog (UC's union catalog), CDL has developed one of the largest online library catalogs in the country and works in partnership with the UC campuses to bring the treasures of California's libraries, museums, and cultural heritage organizations to the world. CDL continues to explore how services such as digital curation, scholarly publishing, archiving and preservation support research throughout the information lifecycle.
History
The California Digital Library (CDL) is the eleventh library for the University of California (UC). A collaborative effort of the ten campuses, organizationally housed at the University of California Office of the President, it is responsible for the design, creation, and implementation of systems that support the shared collections of the University of California. Several CDL projects focus on collaboration with other California Universities and organizations to create and extend access to digital material to UC partners and to the public at large.
The CDL was created as the result of a three-year planning process, beginning with the Digital Library Executive Working Group commissioned by Library Council and culminating with the Library Planning and Action Initiative commissioned by the Provost, which involved UC faculty, librarians, and administrators.
On February 7, 2012, CDL partnered with the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), joining several other institutions including Stanford University School of Education and the Faculty of Education at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. As one of PKP's first official development partners, CDL undertook a review of PKP's Open Journal System, analyzing journal setup, article submission and review, account set up, and publication processes.
Since late 2022, CDL has been based on the 10th floor of the Key at 12th (1100 Broadway) office tower in Oakland, California.
Access & Publishing Services
The Access & Publishing Group, comprising the Publishing and Digital Special Collections (DSC) teams, develops and maintains production services to enable access to the digital assets of the University of California.
eScholarship
eScholarship is a suite of open access scholarly publishing services and research tools that enable UC departments, research units, publishing programs, and individual scholars to have direct control over the creation and dissemination of their scholarship. The eScholarship program provides e-print repositories where submissions can be made using a standard web browser. Tools are available to help submit, review, find, and use scholarly information. The program also opens the door for new monographs and journals to be created using existing articles within the repository. Currently, the repository houses over 200,000 scholarly works from 10 major disciplines: Social and Behavioral Sciences, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Engineering, Medicine and Health Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Education, Law, Business, and Architecture.
Online Archive of California (OAC)
The Online Archive of California (OAC), a finding aids database for archival institutions, provides free public access to primary sources, including manuscripts, photographs, artwork, scientific data, through more than 38,000 collection guides and 200,000 digitized images and documents.
Calisphere
Calisphere is a free website that offers educators, students, and the public access to more than one million primary sources such as photographs, documents, newspapers, political cartoons, works of art, diaries, transcribed oral histories, and other cultural artifacts. These materials reveal the diverse history and culture of California and its role in national and world history. CDL digital collections, plus the collections of over 100 libraries and institutions, can be accessed through this site with the primary purpose of providing free access to historically significant and unique items.
Collection Development and Management
The Collection Development and Management Program oversees and coordinates shared library collections on behalf of the ten University of California campuses. The program acquires scholarly content, manages UC's mass digitization efforts, organizes and supports shared physical library collections, and is responsible for the system-wide negotiation and licensing of shared digital materials for the UC libraries.
Licensed Resources
These are the electronic journals, databases, ebooks and other e-resources licensed by CDL on behalf of and in coordination with the ten UC campuses.
Shared Print
The University of California Libraries' shared print collections consist of information resources jointly purchased or electively contributed by the libraries. Such resources are collectively governed and managed by the University Librarians.
Mass Digitization
The UC Libraries are digitizing millions of books from their collections through participation in mass digitization projects with Google, the Internet Archive, and the HathiTrust Digital Library. These projects expand the UC Libraries' ability to give faculty, students and the public access to information and support our exploration of new service models.
Shared Cataloging
The Shared Cataloging Program (SCP) provides catalog records for the University of California campus libraries. Established in January 2000, the program is based at UC San Diego.
Discovery & Delivery
The focus of the CDL's Discovery and Delivery team is the integration of library services and resources in order to remove barriers between users and content. The goal is to connect faculty, students, and staff with access to the University of California libraries' extensive research collections and beyond to the world's libraries.
AGUA
AGUA provides key collection data to the Western Regional Storage Trust (WEST) and UC Libraries Shared Print Initiative.
Resource Sharing
Resource Sharing facilitates consortial borrowing and interlibrary loan from beyond the UC system for UC faculty, students, and staff.
UC Library Search
UC Library Search is the primary discovery service for the collections of the UC Libraries.
Zephir
Zephir ingests, stores, and manages bibliographic metadata for HathiTrust.
UC Curation Center (UC3)
UC3 helps researchers and the UC libraries manage, preserve, and provide access to their important digital assets.
Merritt Repository Service
Merritt is a repository service from the University of California Curation Center (UC3) that lets the UC community manage, archive, and share its digital content.
EZID
EZID (easy-eye-dee) creates and manages unique, persistent identifiers for UC researchers. The service currently uses digital object identifiers (DOIs) and Archival Resource Keys (ARKs), which can be provided prior to publication and aid in linking related datasets and articles.
DMPTool
DMPTool helps researchers create and manage data management plans. It provides templates that researchers can customize based on their funding source and partner institutions. It has been noted that the DMPTool is of more use when planning funding applications than in stewarding the data through its lifecycle.
See also
List of online image archives
DataCite
Digital curation
Digital library
Digital preservation
National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
Google Books Library Project
References
External links
Libraries in California
Photo archives in the United States
University of California
Library publishing
Academic journal online publishing platforms
American digital libraries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Digital%20Library |
The president of Kiribati () is the head of state and head of government of Kiribati.
Following a general election, by which citizens elect the members of the House of Assembly, members select from their midst "not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates" for the presidency. No other person may stand as candidate. The citizens of Kiribati then elect the president from among the proposed candidates with first-past-the-post voting.
List of presidents
The highest rank of the Kiribati Scout Association is the President's Award.
Latest election
See also
Governor of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
References
Kiribati
Kiribati politics-related lists
1979 establishments in Kiribati | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20Kiribati |
Revolutionary Communist Youth may refer to:
Revolutionary Communist Youth (Argentina)
Revolutionary Communist Youth (Norway)
Revolutionary Communist Youth (Sweden)
Jeunesse communiste révolutionnaire, a French Trotskyist organisation founded after the dissolution of the Union of Communist Students | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary%20Communist%20Youth |
Francesco Flachi (born 8 April 1975) is an Italian former professional footballer, currently playing for Promozione amateurs Praese.
A striker, during an 18-year professional career in which he amassed Serie A totals of 137 games and 42 goals, he played mainly with Sampdoria. He was also suspended twice for doping.
Club career
Fiorentina
Born in Florence, Flachi made his professional debuts with local giants ACF Fiorentina, appearing in ten Serie B games and scoring twice as the 1993–94 season ended in promotion. He made his Serie A debut on 4 September 1994, against Cagliari Calcio, in a 2–1 win.
Flachi would appear rarely for the Viola in the top flight, however, facing stiff competition from the likes of Gabriel Batistuta and Luís Oliveira - only three league games in each of his three last seasons. He also served two loans whilst on contract with the club, with A.S. Bari and A.C. Ancona (both in the second division), scoring an impressive ten goals in only 17 games with the latter.
Sampdoria
After leaving his childhood club in the 1999 summer, Flachi moved to U.C. Sampdoria, freshly relegated to the second level. He scored career-bests 17 and 16 goals in his second and third seasons, under manager Luigi Cagni who had succeeded Giampiero Ventura.
In 2002–03, Flachi netted nine times in 35 games as Samp finally achieved promotion, as champions. He became known by the Genovese club fans as "Salvatore della patria" ("Saviour of the homeland" in Italian), and also welcomed his first daughter, Valentina.
However, Flachi's relationship with new Sampdoria manager Walter Novellino was not ideal, with the pair having numerous arguments on and off the pitch. The player paid for his attitude by remaining on the bench in the first half of the 2003–04 campaign. As the partnership of Massimo Marazzina and Atsushi Yanagisawa did not click, the manager began playing Flachi and Fabio Bazzani with good results; the team eventually finished in eighth position, with 24 goals between Flachi (11) and Bazzani (13).
In 2004–05, with 14 goals in 35 appearances, Flachi nearly helped Sampdoria earn UEFA Champions League qualification, with the team finally ranking fifth, with the subsequent return to the UEFA Cup. In the following campaign, he continued to display solid performances (again scoring in double digits), this time accompanied by Emiliano Bonazzoli up front; however, the team failed to qualify from the UEFA Cup group stage, and finished 14th in the league (12th after the match-fixing scandal).
Betting and cocaine
On 21 September 2006, Flachi was suspended for two months by the Italian Football Federation as investigations concluded he and teammate Moris Carrozzieri were gathering information for gamblers in Italian football. Their club received a €20,000 fine.
Trace amounts of cocaine were found in Flachi's system in a random test after a 2–0 away loss against to F.C. Internazionale Milano on 28 January 2007. On 31 May, he was suspended for 16 months and, later, the ban was increased to two years. As a result, his contract with Sampdoria was canceled.
Following the ban, Flachi started training with Eccellenza Tuscany team Pietrasanta, hoping to return into active football once his ban expired. In June 2008, second division outfit Empoli F.C. completed his signing; he returned to competitive football in January of the following year.
In the 2009 summer, Flachi penned a deal with another club in division two, Brescia Calcio. He played 14 games, mostly as a substitute, until he was suspended again in January 2010 following a positive for cocaine in a test held on 19 December of the previous year; in June, he was handed a 12-year ban, effectively ending his career as a player.
Comeback
In 2021, Flachi announced he had been training with the Italy fifth-tier team Signa 1914, and was planning to make a comeback as a player when his ban expired in January of 2022. On 13 February 2022, at almost 47 years of age, he played his debut game for Signa, playing the first 30 minutes in an Eccellenza amateur league game. He successively moved back to Genoa and signed for Promozione amateurs Praese during the summer of 2022, with whom he finally scored his first league goal since his comeback in October at the age of 47.
Career statistics
International career
Flachi represented Italy national U18 team at the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship. He was called up once by the main squad, for a friendly with Iceland in August 2004, but would never make his debut.
Honours
Fiorentina
Serie B: 1993–94
Coppa Italia: 1995–96; Runner-up 1998–99
Sampdoria
Serie B: 2002–03
References
External links
National team data
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from the Metropolitan City of Florence
Italian men's footballers
Italy men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Serie A players
Serie B players
ACF Fiorentina players
SSC Bari players
AC Ancona players
UC Sampdoria players
Empoli FC players
Brescia Calcio players
Doping cases in association football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Flachi |
The bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish native to East Asia, and is one of several Asian carps introduced into North America. It is one of the most intensively exploited fishes in fish farming, with an annual worldwide production of over three million tonnes in 2013, principally from China. Unlike the omnivorous common carp, bighead carp are primarily filter-feeding algae eaters, preferentially consuming zooplankton but also phytoplankton and detritus.
Description
The bighead carp has a large, scaleless head, a large mouth, and eyes located very low on the head. Adults usually have a mottled silver-gray coloration. It is a large fish; a typical length is , and maximum observed size of and .
Distribution
Bighead carp are native to large rivers and are associated with floodplain lakes of eastern Asia. Their range extends from southern China north to the Amur River system, which forms the border between China and Russia. They have been introduced widely outside their native range, including in the United States, where they are considered invasive as they out-compete native species (e.g. bigmouth buffalo). They are also found in the Nile in North Africa.
Aquaculture
The bighead carp has a very fast growth rate, which makes it a lucrative and important aquaculture fish, having the fifth-highest production (7.5%) of all cultured freshwater fish worldwide. Its production grew from just 15,306 tonnes in 1950 to 3,059,555 tonnes in 2013, most of the growth being in China.
Invasive species
The value of bighead carp as a food fish has caused it to be exported from its native China to more than 70 other countries, where it has invariably escaped or been intentionally released to the wild. Today, the bighead carp can be found in the wild in Europe, South America and North America. It also has been introduced into most of the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) and most Southeast Asian countries, as well as to lakes in western China where it is not native. Bighead carp are not always considered undesirable, invasive species where they are introduced outside their native range, and they continue to be stocked in some water bodies to support commercial fisheries. Stocking bighead carp or silver carp usually increases the total biomass of fish available for harvest, but can decrease the catch of native and sometimes more valuable fish.
Bighead carp are considered a highly destructive invasive species in the United States. Bighead carp and the closely related silver carp (H. molitrix) were imported to the United States to remove excess or undesirable plankton, thus improve water quality in sewage treatment plants and aquaculture facilities. However, some fish escaped into the Mississippi River basin, where they are now firmly established. A national plan for the control of Asian carps, including bighead carp, was finalized in late 2007.
In the United States, a limited consumer market has developed for bighead carp, particularly in ethnic communities, and they are farmed in ponds for this purpose. The live or very freshly killed fish is most lucrative. Because of this, bighead carp are often transported live, and may be a high risk factor for the eventual spread of the fish, either through release by the end purchaser, or through escape during transport. Another potential avenue for unintentional spread of bighead carp is through use as live fishing bait.
Communities are attempting to contain the spread of the extremely invasive bighead carp. New York state has banned the import and possession of live bighead carp, with the exception of New York City, where they still may be legally sold in live food markets (but they must be killed before they leave the premises). Possession of live bighead carp has been illegal in Illinois since 2005. Since February 2007, using live bighead carp as fishing bait has been illegal in Missouri. In December 2010, the U.S. Congress banned the importation of bighead carp.
Live bighead carp are also banned from sale in Canada. Several Greater Toronto Area Asian supermarkets have been fined in the past for selling them. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources banned the live sale and importation into Ontario in 2004. Fines are only CAD$3500.00 and have done little to deter the possession of this fish; underground selling continues to happen in several Chinese supermarkets in the region. One live carp was found in Toronto's Don River in 2003.
Killed carp can still be sold in stores, but Asian retailers and consumers prefer live over killed fish. Killed carp is cut into pieces: head, fillet and tail.
Meat
Singapore
In Singapore, it is known by the Chinese name 松鱼 (sōng yú). The head of the bighead carp is particularly prized in Singapore, and is usually steamed whole.
North America
Although the bighead carp is enjoyed in many parts of the world, it has not become a popular food fish in North America. Acceptance there has been hindered in part by the name "carp", thus popular association with the common carp, which is not a generally favored foodfish in North America. The flesh of the bighead carp is white and firm, and not similar to that of the common carp, which is darker and richer. Bighead carp flesh does share one unfortunate similarity with common carp flesh - both have intramuscular bones within the filet. However, bighead carp captured from the wild in the United States tend to be much larger than common carp, so the intramuscular bones are also larger and less problematic. The Louisiana State University Agricultural Research and Extension Center has a series of videos showing how to prepare the fish and deal with these bones.
Sport fishing
Although bighead carp reach large size, they are difficult to capture with a rod and reel because of their filter-feeding habits. They may be captured by the "suspension method" used to catch silver carp, or where legal, by snagging with a weighted treble hook through the water. When bowfishing, Bighead carp cannot be shot in the air like silver carp, because they do not jump out of the water when startled by moving boats like the silver carp do. However, they often feed near the surface, where they can be shot by bowfishers, for whom they are popular targets.
See also
Fish head casserole
References
Further reading
External links
Species Profile - Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Bighead carp.
Facts About Invasive Bighead and Silver Carps, United States Geological Survey
Great Lakes Fishery Commission
Asian Carps of the Genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae) ― A Biological Synopsis and Environmental Risk Assessment
Hypophthalmichthys
Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
Fish described in 1845
Carp
Commercial fish | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighead%20carp |
The 2006 Football League Cup Final also known as the 2006 Carling Cup Final for sponsorship reasons, was played between Manchester United and Wigan Athletic on 26 February 2006. Manchester United won the match comfortably, by four goals to nil. Louis Saha and Cristiano Ronaldo both scored one goal, and Wayne Rooney scored twice. For the trophy presentation, the Manchester United players wore special shirts reading "For You Smudge", referring to Alan Smith, who had broken his left leg during a recent FA Cup match against Liverpool. Wigan goalkeeper Mike Pollitt picked up a hamstring injury after just 14 minutes, cutting short a dream cup final for the journeyman player, who started his career with the Red Devils.
Road to Cardiff
Match details
Statistics
References
External links
Match facts at soccerbase.com
Cup Final
League Cup Final 2006
League Cup Final 2006
League Cup Final
2006
2000s in Cardiff
Football League Cup Final | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Football%20League%20Cup%20final |
The Disney Channel was a British and Irish children's pay television channel owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd.
The channel was broadcast from 1 October 1995 to 1 October 2020. A one-hour timeshift channel called Disney Channel +1 was available on Sky and Virgin Media. At the time of closure, the channel had two sister channels, Disney Junior and Disney XD in the Republic of Ireland, that exist in Ireland and the United Kingdom.
History
Pre-launch
In 1989, Disney Channel UK would have been the first international Disney Channel to launch with the help of Sky Television, and the channel featured much of the promotional material surrounding the launch of Sky Television and the Astra satellite. However, the partnership and a proposed joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and Sky Television went into a lawsuit after the discussion regarding the joint venture took place in November 1988, but The Walt Disney Company felt that it was no longer on equal footing on "decision-making responsibility" in a 50-50 partnership. The Walt Disney Company was supposed to launch two new channels in the UK, but when the talks broke down, Sky filed a lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company, claiming ₤1.5 billion in damages. The Walt Disney Company claimed that it wanted to get more influence over decision-making in the partnership and change the terms of the partnership. The Walt Disney Company was also reluctant to provide its share of funding for The Disney Channel.
The lawsuit was later settled, and then The Walt Disney Company sold its joint-venture interest to Sky Television, and Sky went on to access the Walt Disney Pictures' movie library for 5 years. However, with these 5 years having expired, The Walt Disney Company went on to launch The Disney Channel in the United Kingdom without any interest in Sky, but formed a distribution deal with Sky, offering The Disney Channel for free to cable and satellite subscribers if they had subscribed to Sky's movie package. The Disney Channel was also available as a standalone package without having to subscribe to Sky's movie package.
Post-launch
On 7 December 1994, The Walt Disney Company announced that it had reached an agreement with the British Sky Broadcasting to launch The Disney Channel in the United Kingdom as a subscription service in the autumn of 1995. It was also announced that the channel would be accessible on Sky, and cable operators have already subscribed to the Sky Movies package. The Disney Channel UK will be the first brand with that name. Back in January 1994, The Walt Disney Company also announced its joint venture with CLT Multi Media to launch Super RTL in Germany. The new 50-50 partnership went well in Germany, and Super RTL was launched in April 1995, broadcasting throughout Germany and portions of Austria and Luxembourg.
On 25 August 1995, it was announced that The Disney Channel was set to launch in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 1 October 1995, broadcasting every day from 6 am to 10 pm on channel 26, timesharing with Sky Movies Gold on the Astra 1B satellite service. It was also announced that the channel would be subscription-only and not carry advertising. The track will deliver family entertainment, with all programming aimed at being suitable for all family members. The programming schedule features dramas, comedies, cartoons, documentaries, and feature films from the Disney archives, including the TV premieres of The Jungle Book and Cool Runnings. The advertising agency will be Mellors Reay & Partners during the channel's launch. At the same time, media services will be handled by BBJ Media Services Ltd. The Disney Channel eventually launched in the UK on Sky on 1 October 1995, becoming the second Disney Channel to be found outside the United States, next to Taiwan, which began on 29 March 1995. Its first broadcast was the UKTV premier of the 1967 film The Jungle Book.
Disney Channel UK's studios and broadcast playout facilities were mainly in Teddington Studios (where the defunct ITV franchisee Thames Television was based, which ended its broadcast in 1992, losing their franchise to Carlton), for its first year of broadcasting. Then, in late 1996, they were moved to Stephen Street (where Thames Television had its original headquarters). In 1994, the year before Disney Channel UK launched, Pearson acquired Thames Television's business. In the early years, Pearson also offered playout and transmission services for the Disney Channel.
Within two weeks after the launch of the channel, The Disney Channel had talks with the ITC (Independent Television Commission, now Ofcom) on how Disney's products, attractions, and services are promoted on the channel. The channel said it did not carry advertising at the time, but the ITC has talked about establishing clearly defined breaks for self-promoting its products and services. However, as Disney and ITC agreed, the breaks were signified by the appearance of the on-screen Disney Consumer Arcade motif.
In July 1997, the ITC revealed that Disney Channel's marketing methods were improper because the channel was supplied 'free' to cable customers who were already paying for a minimum of two premium film channels, including Sky Movies and The Movie Channel. Cable companies wanted to be able to supply the channel to subscribers as a standalone channel and as a bonus promotional channel for premium channel subscribers. In September 1997, Disney Channel decided to make more continuity links between programs. However, Corinthian Television permitted Disney Channel to make them at St. John's Wood Studios. After each run of interstitials, this resulted in the creation of the new live block, Disney Channel UK Live. During the same month, Disney Channel began to air more programs than movies, although the latter was still the main focus. Around this time, a preschool block called the "Under-Fives block" began airing, featuring mainly acquired preschool programming.
Following the ITC investigation, Disney Channel became available on Sky and cable operators as a separate premium channel on 2 March 1998. To promote the channel's new availability to cable operators, Disney Channel offered three days of unencrypted programming from 21 to 23 March 1998 as part of its 'Big Free For All' campaign. On 6 December 1998, Disney Channel UK announced that it had appointed Paul Robinson, the former managing director of Talk Radio, as its new managing director and vice president. He was responsible for the channel's day-to-day operations, including all programming and marketing. Paul Robinson took over Tom Wszalek's place, later becoming the senior vice president for Walt Disney Television International's digital TV development.
On 15 February 1999, Disney Channel introduced an evening movie slot that airs different family movies every night at 7 pm. The first movie to air on this new movie slot was The Sword in the Stone. To promote the slot, Disney Channel hired Creative Forager to set up a particular build site at London's Cromwell Road, featuring a lounge set that includes a sofa with Mickey Mouse head-shaped pillows, a lamp, and a TV. At 7 pm every weeknight, a real family would sit on the sofa together to watch the movie. This resulted in a 300% increase in viewing figures for the Disney Channel's new movie slot. On 1 September 1999, Disney Channel was relaunched and rolled out a daily schedule structure that includes the preschool zone (also known as Playhouse Disney) from 9 am to 2 pm, the Children's Zone from 2 pm to 7 pm, and the Family Zone (also known as The Wonderful World of Disney) from 7 pm to 12 am the next day. With the changes, the Playhouse Disney-branded programming block in the UK was the first Playhouse Disney to launch outside the United States.
The lineup for the preschool zone between 9 am to 2 pm will include Winnie the Pooh, and a cookery series Bite Size, which Walt Disney Television International UK produced. The lineup for the Children's Zone consists of an animated adaption of the 1996 TV sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch, which was entitled Sabrina: The Animated Series. Buena Vista Productions continued to supply more shows on the Disney Channel UK Live block, such as Microsoap and Crash Zone, which was also being produced by the BBC and the Australian Children's Television Foundation (which in-credit was the Seven Network) respectively. The lineup for the Family Zone will also include the evening movie slot, which already premiered on 15 February of that year at 7 pm
In 2000, Corinthian became part of Thomson Multimedia and was known as Corthinian Television Facilities. However, Corthinian quickly noticed that their company would make a lot more money if they had to look after all the channel requirements, including its post-production and playout, and not just the live studio links. In September 2000, Disney Channel UK launched three additional sister channels on the BSkyB Digital satellite TV service. The three new channels were an separate Playhouse Disney channel, which broadcast 15 hours of preschool content from the 5-hour preschool block of the same name; Toon Disney, which focused on cartoons and behind-the-scenes documentaries; and Disney Channel +1, which was the one-hour timeshift of Disney Channel. Until 2002 and 2003, respectively, these networks were not available on NTL or Telewest, both of which at the time could still only receive Disney Channel. Likely due to this, the Playhouse Disney block remained on the air until July 2004.
Paul Robinson also stated that the new structure helps Disney address the problem of having "different channels in one." A channel consisting of cartoons, preschool programs, and family entertainment in one schedule meant "someone was always upset." With the launch of these two dedicated channels, Disney should throw its whole weight behind each segment while simultaneously meeting the needs of different age groups. Toon Disney was also crucial for Disney's marketing strategy, as it was known for providing a dedicated outlet for the world's best-known animation factory. Before Toon Disney UK's launch in September 2000, Paul Robinson stated that only a third of Disney Channel's broadcast time was spent on cartoons. However, a 24-hour cartoon channel was an obvious decision. While there was much more time to play with the schedule, Disney had to fit in original animations over the cartoon classics it is best known for. Before these two sister channels were launched in September, Disney Channel had 4 million subscribers, a million more than in 1998. However, Disney Channel UK's rivals at the time, Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon, had around 7 million subscribers. Still, these channels were in basic cable or satellite packages, while Disney Channel was a premium channel.
In May 2001, Disney Channel UK introduced a new live block slot entitled Studio Disney UK, airing from 3 pm to 7 pm on weekdays. The programming block featured live links between cartoons, dramas, and comedies. Disney Channel UK had a live block before the launch of the Studio Disney brand, but they decided to rebrand it into "a proper name and identity" and make the show feel "more pacey and quirky." Static Design, the production design arm of Static 2358 (now defunct), had designed the identity of Disney Channel UK's new live block, in addition to an on-screen package including ten idents, stings, on-screen bugs, program menus, and a style guide. Studio Disney UK also featured a team of two to six presenters who did the live links in between programs and also allowed viewers to phone in and win prizes or appear as part of the small studio audience. On 30 June 2001, Disney Channel ceased broadcasting on Sky's analog satellite service. At the time, Disney Channel stated that only 99% of its viewers were digital customers. Switching their services to digital meant more money for their customers to receive new channels, such as Disney's new sister channels and Disney Channel's +1 timeshift service, and viewers who already received Disney Channel got their new additional Sky Movie channels through Sky Digital.
In 2002, Disney Channel's operations were significantly expanded because of an insufficient room at St. John's Wood Studios, so they should have a contract to fulfill; Corinthian took out a lease on a £15m purpose-built facility at West London's Chiswick Park (which was 85,000 ft in size), and the Disney Channel relocated their European operations hub there, with Corinthian responsible for everything in terms of providing broadcasting facilities for the Disney Channel.
Disney Channel's new studio facilities in Chiswick featured two new studios (with control rooms), ten non-linear editing suites, two 3D graphic origination suites, and a multi-control transmission and playout facility (which has six transmission master control facilities and four multi-language audio dubbing suites). The operation was one of the first-ever fully file-based automated environments involving a digital robotic archive storage, digital asset management services, and a server-based automated transmission playout. Two studios, which were not particularly large, were fully utilized, with one being the base for Studio Disney and the other one used regularly for kids gameshows and other shows. This included the talent show Star Ticket.
On 17 August 2004, BSkyB announced its deal with The Walt Disney Company to launch a Disney Channel-branded games service on Sky Gamestar, which is in the Games section of Sky's interactive services on its digital platform. The new service, Disney Channel Play, was available to Sky Digital's 7 million customers. It was also available through all four Disney channels (including Disney Channel, Disney Channel +1, Playhouse Disney, and Toon Disney). All games had free demos, which viewers must pay to extend their playing for longer or on a per-play or per-day basis. On 1 September 2004, Disney Channel expanded its hours to be airing overnight temporary. However, the channel returned to being a 24-hour service permanently on 11 September 2017 until the closure, with the night schedule airing reruns of the German children's TV series Binny and the Ghost (known as Billie and the Ghost in the United Kingdom), the Argentine soap opera Violetta, and their in-house production The Evermoor Chronicles. In November 2004, Corinthian's parent company, Thomson Multimedia, was rebranded as Technicolor after purchasing the American film technology company of the same name. However, Corinthian became part of Technicolor Network Services. However, Technicolor continued to provide playout services for the Disney Channel until its contract expired in 2012.
On 1 July 2005, Studio Disney and other associated spin-off shows, also produced by the studio and co-produced with other studios, ended. However, with the changes, the studios (the home of the finished shows) were mothballed, the production crews working for these shows were made redundant, and the cameras at these studios were removed. Still, some equipment from these same studios was moved into various post-production suites around the building. However, while Disney Channel was the final British children's TV channel to stop operating live studio links during after-school hours, the free-to-air children's TV channel CBBC continued to produce these live-studio links; Disney Channel's rival pay-TV channel Nickelodeon had already stopped doing these; and the children's block on ITV1 and CITV also ended live-studio links a year ago.
On 16 March 2006, changes were made to Disney services in the UK. Disney Channel and Playhouse Disney in the UK stopped being premium add-on channels and operated as part of basic-level subscription packages, joining Jetix. However, this resulted in the "premium" aspect of Disney Channel (which includes Walt Disney Pictures' movies and a selection of Disney-branded animation) being merged with Toon Disney to launch a new channel, Disney Cinemagic, which was a premium channel included as a standalone channel and as a bonus channel as part of Sky's movie packages. Toon Disney was replaced with Disney Cinemagic; Toon Disney closed at 6 am, and Disney Cinemagic launched at 10 am. Disney Channel +1 closed and was replaced with Disney Cinemagic +1. However, Disney Channel +1 subsequently returned in June 2006. During the same month, Disney Channel changed its focus to air more original sitcoms, changing its demographic mostly towards girls. However, these changes did not affect Playhouse Disney and continued its usual preschool programming formula. However, an archive sports channel, ESPN Classic, was also launched on 13 March, which was three days before the launch of Disney Cinemagic in the UK. In October 2006, Disney Channel was added to Top Up TV Anytime, which downloads programming overnight from various channels to a Thomson DTI 6300-16. In 2007, Disney added more On Demand content to Virgin Media's service.
In late 2007, BSkyB announced their plans to launch their pay-TV service on DTT, as well as Freeview's offering, entitled Picnic. However, the purpose of Picnic was to offer a cheaper but limited offering compared to the Sky Digital satellite package for those without a satellite dish. Disney Channel became part of the service, and the channel was supposed to air from 6 am to 6 pm only on the new service. After Disney Channel joined Sky's proposed service, Picnic, Rob Gilby, the managing director of Disney Channel UK, stated, "Our strategy is to make Disney channels available via as many potential platforms as possible. Pay DTT is a natural next step for us, as Disney Channel is an advertising-free, subscription-only service." However, Picnic was cleared by Ofcom for its proposed launch in 2008, but Sky already put Picnic on hold in 2008 due to indecisiveness on Ofcom's part. Picnic became Now TV, an OTT internet streaming service that was launched in July 2012. Before 2016, Disney Channel, Disney Junior, and Disney XD were also part of the service.
In January 2009, Disney Channel UK announced that it would launch an in-house sales team to forge commercial deals for the channel, both online (disney.co.uk) and on-air. It was opened up to allow brands to associate themselves with popular Disney Channel properties, including Hannah Montana and High School Musical, for the first time. This also includes sponsorship around popular Disney Channel shows and movies, support for special events, and integrated campaigns across online and mobile platforms. Despite this change to have sponsorship, Disney Channel UK remained advertising-free.
The channel began broadcasting in 16:9 widescreen in May 2010. A new set of program mini-idents that would play before the program would start were launched in September 2010. In September 2011, a new logo was adopted. The same month, an HD version launched on Sky.
In 2012, Technicolor's playout contract for the Disney Channel across the United Kingdom and Ireland expired, and Encompass became the new playout provider and continued to provide playout services for the Disney Channel until the channel's closure. During the channel's history, Disney has always outsourced its playout operations; thus, it never had an internal in-house process. However, over time, it brought some media functions in-house, such as production.
On 1 July 2013, Disney Channel and Disney Junior (formerly Playhouse Disney) began to carry advertising. During the same month, a new website was launched with On Demand services. However, on 28 March 2013, Disney UK fully exited the premium TV market (except ESPN) with the closure of Disney Cinemagic in the country. Despite the changes, Disney has signed up with Sky for its movie content deal to launch Sky Movies Disney. However, the deal led to Disney's premium offering becoming part of Sky's movie channels and Sky's on-demand service, allowing viewers to access and watch movies from Disney in the same place as other movies from other movie studios. Disney would no longer have the option to launch another premium movie channel and would focus on the essential pay-TV market. Sadly, this resulted in the loss of the children's TV animation programming Disney Cinemagic aired, which would mean Disney might be relinquishing control to Sky (under strict branding rules as part of the licensing agreement) and the loss of the subscription standalone option. Although it is not confirmed, it was likely that Disney's exit from the British premium pay-TV market (with revenue from Disney Cinemagic subscriptions, possibly subsidizing both Disney Channel and Disney Junior) was connected to Disney's plan to introduce advertising on Disney Channel and its sister channel Disney Junior in July 2013.
Disney Channel left the Now TV streaming service in 2016, a few months after the launch of DisneyLife (now Disney+) in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Nat Geo Wild was launched on the Disney Channel's original slot. At the time, the channel was not owned by Disney; it was acquired during the 21st Century Fox acquisition.
Before the relaunch of DisneyLife to Disney+ in March 2020, DisneyLife also offered internet streams of Disney Channel, Disney XD, and Disney Junior, in addition to showing programming on-demand as part of the service. However, DisneyLife's replacement, Disney+, didn't include these streams; it might have been a sign that linear TV channels have such a future.
Closure
On 3 June 2020, it was announced that David Levine, Disney's vice president of kids programming for the British, European, and African channels, and the general manager for Disney Channel UK, would leave the company on 30 June 2020. On 25 June 2020, it was announced that Disney Channel UK would leave the airwaves in favour of Disney+. Disney Channel, along with its sister channels Disney Junior and Disney XD, closed at midnight BST on 1 October 2020. The closure occurred exactly 25 years after the channel launched in 1995. The YouTube channel of the network however, continues to remain active after the closure.
The channels were removed from Virgin Media and Sky, and their content was moved exclusively to Disney+. The final programme to be broadcast before its closure was the 2019 film Descendants 3. It then showed adverts and "I Want This" from Raven's Home, followed by an ident that froze for a few seconds and then cut to an image slide featuring the channel's logo, signalling the channel's closure.
The channels were removed from Virgin Media on September 29, the day before the shutdown, with CBBC and CBeebies taking the network's former Sky EPG slots on 1 October. In November 2020, the broadcast licences of Disney Channel UK, Disney XD UK, and Disney Junior UK were handed back to Ofcom, along with other Disney-branded European children's TV channels' broadcasting licences. Due to Brexit, a lot of these European feeds now have broadcast licences handled in Spain, authorised by the Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia (also known as CMNC). Sky Movies Disney closed two months later, on 30 December 2020, which meant that Disney+ became the home of Disney movies in the UK and Ireland. However, Fox UK closed down on 30 June 2021, leaving only National Geographic and BabyTV as the only Disney-owned pay TV channels in the UK.
After the shutdown of Disney Channel UK, Disney vacated the building at Chiswick Park, and the building was handed back to the property's landlord in June 2021. Even at the end of Disney's occupancy, the building still had two attached studios that were installed when Disney moved there. However, the facility was no longer needed due to the move to digital streaming distribution via Disney's streaming platform, Disney+. Disney still has its EMEA headquarters in Queen Caroline Street in Hammersmith, London (which is 3 miles away from their original headquarters).
Programming
The majority of the channel's programming schedule was formed from the syndication of television series from its American counterpart. However, the channel did occasionally act as host for homegrown UK and Irish series, including The Evermoor Chronicles, The Lodge, 101 Dalmatian Street, and Sadie Sparks. Disney Channel UK also produced more shows and many interstitials, including Life Bites (a localised version of Life Bites – Pillole di vita), As the Bell Rings (a localised version of Quelli dell'intervallo), Hannah-Oke (a karaoke series with songs from the hit TV series Hannah Montana), Get the Look, First Class Chefs, Access All Areas, and Royal Ranch.
In March 2014, Disney Channel announced a multi-part movie entitled Evermoor (now a TV series entitled The Evermoor Chronicles) to be filmed in the UK. The mystery adventure film was shot on location in England and became the first long-form British series to be aired on the American version of the Disney Channel. Lime Pictures (known for the British TV series Hollyoaks and The Only Way Is Essex) produced Evermoor along with Disney's EMEA television studio.
On 18 March 2019, Disney Channel UK premiered the new locally produced animated TV series 101 Dalmatian Street. The show was based on a pitch by Finland's Gigglebug Entertainment (owned by Anttu Harlin and Joonas Utti) to Disney's original animation team in London. Both of the Disney's 101 Dalmatians movies (including the animated and live-action versions), both of which were in turn based on Dodie Smith's original 1956 novel of the same name, were referenced as inspirations behind 101 Dalmatian Street. Disney's production team developed the plot, along with Passion Animation Studios for the plot and Atomic Cartoons for the external animation services.
Interactivity
Disney Channel formerly had an interactive television service on Sky, in which viewers were able to press the red button on their Sky remote to access information about their series, character profiles, detailed television listings, quizzes, and messages submitted by viewers.
Website
Disney Channel's website featured information, games, interactive features, contact details, and submission forms. The site had been made entirely in Adobe Flash since 1 May 1999, the same day as the 1999 rebrand. In May 2003, it was redesigned to fit with the other Disney Channels worldwide after the global rebrand. In 2007, it was added to disneychannel.co.uk when the website's homepage was revamped to fit the look of the American site. In 2011, along with the other Disney sites, it was revamped. In September 2011, it was revamped once again due to the new logo.
Presentation
During the channel's launch, The Production Design Company (then part of Pearson Television, now defunct) did title sequences, channel promotions, and channel campaigns for The Disney Channel. The Disney Channel's first international (including the United Kingdom) branding was designed by Lambie-Nairn (founded by Martin Lambie-Nairn, now a part of Superunion). Lambie-Nairn designed the identity, resembling various playful animations that would end up with the iconic simplified Mickey Mouse head silhouette alone on-screen and 'The Disney Channel' text on the bottom. When the Disney Channel expanded to other markets, it also brought its identity with it.
Regarding his first branding work on The Disney Channel, Martin Lambie-Nairn himself stated: "Disney was one of the world's biggest and most powerful brands. When Disney decided to extend their Disney Channel franchise to the UK, they recognised the need to take cultural differences outside the United States into account. The task was to customise the well-known brand for television viewers in the UK and elsewhere. Their solution was simple yet devastatingly effective. Following the success of their branding identity in the UK, Disney proceeded with their plan to use it in other TV territories around the globe."
However, similar to how Lambie-Nairn designed the branding package for Carlton, the third ITV London weekday franchise that debuted in 1993, The Disney Channel UK's launch branding package also made use of the Gill Sans typeface, 2 years before their usage in Lambie-Nairn's new branding package for the BBC, where the font came to be used on-air, including their logos and presentation (up until 2021/2022, when they began to use the in-house Reith typeface).
In July 1997, Disney Channel UK was relaunched following the launch of Disney Channel France. Since then, the splat logo has been used as one of the original launch idents made by Lambie-Nairn. With the new branding made by a French production design company, Jus De Prod, the new idents feature any red and blue objects form the Mickey Mouse head logo. Before the relaunch, the channel was branded "The Disney Channel", but during the rebrand, the name was shortened to "Disney Channel".
On 1 September 1999, Disney Channel UK was relaunched by a French production company, GÉDÉON; the new branding was also applied to almost all of Disney Channel's worldwide networks, except for the United States. The branding was entitled the "Circles" era. The new branding package also focused on the Mickey Mouse head and ears symbol; all the self-promotion kits and idents for the channel start and end with it. According to GÉDÉON, the new logo was described as an "experimental field for animation". More than 30 illustrators, animators, graphic designers, and directors, including Gamma Studios and Velvet mediendesign worked on the project. When the new look was first launched, nine identifications aired on the same day. In addition, when Toon Disney and Playhouse Disney launched in the UK, these channels also followed the same branding scheme "Circles", from the international versions of Disney Channel at the time.
In 2003, Disney Channel UK was rebranded using the American version branding package made by American production company Razorfish (which then became CA Square, now part of Realistic Studio). However, the new branding was also a global rollout, and this was the first time they put the worldwide versions of the channel's presentation in line with the American channel. However, the branding took 12 months to complete, and it was the first time that the international versions had been rebranded its logo for more than 5 years. The new branding also involves a "contemporary combination" of the Walt Disney signature and a three-circle shape symbolising the Mickey Mouse head and ears, with the logo being on the corner commonly seen in bumpers and as an on-screen bug. As stated by Disney, this new branding package also has the flexibility for markets to incorporate local references. It was entitled the "Bounce" era, as the Disney Channel logo mainly bounces during bumpers.
In 2007, Disney Channel UK was rebranded, keeping the Bounce era with a slight refresh. However, the era was entitled the "Ribbon" era. Despite the name, it was often referred to as a ribbon twirling around 3D elements of the idents and bumpers. The branding package was made by New Wave Entertainment, which also developed more than 400 elements for the relaunch. The rebranding project was led by Mary Snyder.
In September 2011, Disney Channel UK was rebranded using the American version branding package that features the smartphone-like version of the Disney Channel logo. The branding package was produced by Pembrook Creative, which also designed Radio Disney's final logo. Pembrook Creative also created the graphics for the Digital Signage to promote the launch of Disney XD in the United States in 2009. At the time, the graphics could be seen at ABC's headquarters in Times Square in New York.
During the "Smartphone App logo" era, Beautiful Creative also designed a movie bumper for the Disney Channel. In addition, Beautiful Creative also provided the branding for the Disney Channel Top 10. The show features the top 10 countdowns of Disney moments, such as the top 10 Disney movies.
During Disney Channel UK's final decade, the branding also had a more seasonal approach, with various studios providing the branding packages for the Disney Channel, including Mainframe for the Summer 2012 branding package, and Modus Operandi (also shortened as Modus) for the Summer 2013 promo branding package.
In 2014, Disney Channel UK was rebranded using a branding package made by BDA Creative. Back in summer 2013, BDA Creative won a contract to produce a branding package for the Disney Channel, which was set to roll out worldwide.
BDA Creative also produced various idents, a generic package, a primetime package, and seasonal packages such as Summer, Autumn and Winter, plus two specials for Monstober and Falalali Days. The rebrand didn't have an official name, so the rebrand also features several curves in its presentation. However, the branding won a Promax North America 2015 Gold award in the Program Informational category.
In February 2017, Disney Channel UK had its final rebrand. Unlike the other branding packages (which were designed by others), the rebrand package was designed in-house at Disney EMEA, led by Paul Noddings (also known as NoddyDog). The branding package was different from the United States, Latin America, and Asia-Pacific branding packages (which were made by MakinÉ Studios and came almost a year after the EMEA branding package), and it was rolled out across websites, social media, advertising, the new Disney Channel app, and also the TV channel. The rebranding package also featured vibrancy and playfulness by using strong, bold colors, eye-popping patterns, and whimsical doodles, which brought out the individual personalities of each Disney Channel show and its stars. A style guide was also produced, providing instructions to each Disney Channel feed in the EMEA on how the rebrand should be implemented.
During Summer 2020, Disney Channel UK had their own final summer look (or a sub-rebrand); the branding package was developed by Philip Knock and Jadane Carey at The Strand Creative Studio (now Level UK) in Derby, England. The summer package also had an 80s-like vaporwave look.
References
External links
Disney television channels in the United Kingdom
British and Irish
Children's television channels in Ireland
Children's television channels in the United Kingdom
English-language television stations in the United Kingdom
English-language television stations in Ireland
Television channels and stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Ireland
1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
2020 disestablishments in Ireland
2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020
Defunct television channels in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%20Channel%20%28British%20and%20Irish%20TV%20channel%29 |
The latest statistics for Islam in Paraguay estimate a total Muslim population of under 1,000 representing 0.02% of the population. But, another estimate puts the number of Muslim members in Paraguay at 35,000 people. Most of the Muslims are descendants of immigrants from Syria and Lebanon. The
major Islamic organization in Paraguay is the Centro Benéfico Cultural Islámico Asunción, led by Faozi Mohamed Omairi. The community is concentrated in and around the capital, Asuncion.
References
Paraguay
Religion in Paraguay
Paraguary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Paraguay |
The Lambeau Leap is a touchdown celebration in American football in which a player leaps into the bleachers behind the end zone after scoring. The celebration was popularized after Green Bay Packers player LeRoy Butler jumped into the Lambeau Field bleachers after scoring a touchdown from a fumble recovery against the Los Angeles Raiders on December 26, 1993. The celebration has remained popular ever since, even as the National Football League tightened rules on touchdown celebrations in the early 2000s. Some safety concerns have been noted by players and staff, including inappropriate touching by fans and the possibility of an injury to the player leaping into the bleachers. Although uncommon, the celebration has been attempted by multiple players from opposing teams at Lambeau Field. The Lambeau Leap is an important component of the history and traditions of the Packers.
Background
The first Lambeau Leap occurred on December 26, 1993, in a historically cold game between the Green Bay Packers and the Los Angeles Raiders. With the Packers leading 14–0 in the fourth quarter, Raiders quarterback Vince Evans snapped the ball, rolled to his right, and completed a short pass to running back Randy Jordan. Jordan was immediately hit by Packers safety LeRoy Butler and fumbled the ball. The ball bounced directly into Packers defensive lineman Reggie White's hands; White turned around and tried to run to the end zone. However, Raiders guard Steve Wisniewski got a hold of White and slowly tackled him. As White was falling out of bounds, he tossed the ball to Butler, who ran the ball the rest of the way to the end zone for a touchdown. After Butler scored, he dropped the ball, pointed to the bleachers, and leaped into the first row of fans, who then proceeded to embrace him for a few seconds. Butler dropped back down to the field, recovered the ball, and celebrated the score with his teammates. The Packers went on to win the game 28–0. The win clinched the team's first playoff berth in 11 years.
Although other players would perform the Leap, it was popularized by wide receiver Robert Brooks, who would do it after every touchdown he scored. When the NFL updated rules regarding excessive celebrations in 2000 and 2014, the Lambeau Leap was grandfathered into the new rules, permitting it to continue, because it was an individual act of celebration that did not take on the form of taunting.
Safety concerns
A few safety concerns have been noted by past Packers players and commentators. Primarily, there have been concerns for the player performing the Leap, specifically as they come down off the wall. In 2003, during a renovation of Lambeau Field, the wall between the field and stands was lowered, allowing for an easier leap for players. Players have also noted that they have been touched inappropriately while performing the Leap and have had various drinks and food spilled on them. Many players have also had trouble completing the Leap, either crashing into the wall too hard or not jumping high enough. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Football League (NFL) removed fans from the first six to eight rows of the stands during the 2020 NFL season in order to limit possible interactions or exposure between players and fans. As a result, the Lambeau Leap was effectively banned for the whole season. This did not prevent players from leaping into the empty stands to reenact a Lambeau Leap.
Legacy
The Lambeau Leap has become an important part of the Green Bay Packers tradition. It is now an expectation that all Packers players who score at Lambeau Field perform the Leap. It also provides a connection between the players and the fans. In 2014, a statue was built outside of Lambeau Field commemorating the Leap. It featured a shortened replica of the end zone wall and four Packers fans, which allows visitors to pose for pictures while doing their own Lambeau Leap. Another replica wall was also built inside the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame highlighting the history of the Leap while also allowing fans to perform their own Lambeau Leap.
The Packers have used the Lambeau Leap for various outreach events with fans. The Packers have hosted the Ultimate Lambeau Leap, a fundraiser event for the Special Olympics. In 2013, people who raised over $1,500 for the charity were given the opportunity to rappel down the side of Lambeau Field. Taking advantage of a pun on the word "leap", the Packers also promoted a Leap Day event on February 29, 2020, that allowed a select group of fans to perform the Lambeau Leap at Lambeau Field.
In 2020, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel named the first Lambeau Leap as the 43rd greatest Wisconsin sports moment.
Notable leaps
Occasionally, an opposing player will attempt a Lambeau Leap, with mixed results. During the 2007 NFC Championship game, New York Giants running back Brandon Jacobs faked a Lambeau Leap after scoring a touchdown, angering many Packers fans in the stands. Before a game against the Packers on September 20, 2009, Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Chad Johnson, then known as Chad Ochocinco, announced he would do a Lambeau Leap if he scored a touchdown, and then followed through by leaping into the arms of pre-arranged fans wearing Bengals jerseys.
Packers kicker Mason Crosby performed his first career Lambeau Leap after kicking a game-winning field goal against the Detroit Lions in 2019. This was unique as it was Crosby's 13th season with the Packers and came after a field goal, not a touchdown.
See also
Touchdown celebrations
Ickey Shuffle
Spiking after scoring
References
External links
History of the Green Bay Packers
National Football League culture
American football culture
American football terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeau%20Leap |
Uruguay is a Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to the secular nature of Uruguay's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.
The statistics for Islam in Uruguay estimate a total Muslim population of 1,000, representing 0.02 percent of the population.
A significant Muslim population lives in Chuy, near the Brazilian border, as well as Rivera, Artigas and Montevideo.
There are three Islamic centers in Montevideo:
1) Musallah Al Haazimi
2) Egyptian Cultural Islamic Center
3) Islamic Center Uruguay
References
Urug
Uruguay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Uruguay |
David Berger (born 1943) is an American academic, dean of Yeshiva University's Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies, as well as chair of Yeshiva College's Jewish Studies department. He is the author of various books and essays on medieval Jewish apologetics and polemics, as well as having edited the modern critical edition of the medieval polemic text Nizzahon Vetus. Outside academic circles he is best known for The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, a criticism of Chabad messianism.
Education
Berger was raised in Brooklyn, NY, where he attended the Yeshiva of Flatbush for both elementary and high school. He received a Bachelor's degree from Yeshiva College in 1964; he majored in Classics and was class valedictorian. He then went on to Columbia University where he completed a Master of Arts degree in 1965 and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1970. He received rabbinic ordination from the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary and is a member of the Rabbinical Council of America, the official organization representing Modern Orthodox rabbis.
Activities
Before Berger prominently criticized Chabad messianism, he was most famous as an expert on interfaith dialogue and medieval Jewish-Christian debate. He has written commentaries on the Roman Catholic church's declarations on relations with other faiths Nostra aetate ("In Our Age," promulgated 1965), and Dominus Iesus ("Lord Jesus," promulgated 2000) and Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik's "Confrontation". The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (OU) asked him to write a response to the broadly ecumenical Dabru Emet ("Speak the Truth," 2000), and that response was subsequently adopted as the OU's official position. He has also contributed an essay about Jacob Katz's views on medieval Jewish-Christian debate in the book, Pride of Jacob.
Chabad controversy
Berger's 2001 book criticizing Lubavitcher messianism as "precisely what Jews through the generations have seen as classic, Christian-style false messianism" made him a leading voice in criticism of Chabad. Berger argues that Chabad messianism goes beyond traditional halakhic boundaries of Orthodox Judaism to the point that Orthodox Jews should not participate in prayer quorums with Chabad Jews.
Works
Books
Jews and "Jewish Christianity"
The Rebbe, the Messiah, and the Scandal of Orthodox Indifference, Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001.
Persecution, Polemic, and Dialogue: Essays in Jewish-Christian Relations
Cultures in Collision and Conversation: Essays in the Intellectual History of the Jews David Berger
Essays
"On the Uses of History in Medieval Jewish Polemic Against Christianity: The Quest for the Historical Jesus," in Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, ed. Elisheva Carlebach, John M. Efron.
"Jacob Katz on Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages," in The Pride of Jacob: Essay on Jacob Katz and His Work, ed. JM Harris (Cambridge and London, 2002), 41–63,
References
External links
Rabbinical Council of America profile
Marissa Brostoff, "Yeshiva U. Brings on Critic of Chabad", The Forward, October 24, 2007.
Living people
American Modern Orthodox rabbis
Yeshiva University alumni
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary semikhah recipients
Yeshiva University faculty
Columbia University alumni
American Jewish theologians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Orthodox rabbis from New York City
1943 births
21st-century American rabbis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Berger%20%28historian%29 |
Paul Gurner Maholm (pronounced Mah-HALL-uhm; born June 25, 1982) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Atlanta Braves and Los Angeles Dodgers.
Early life
Paul Gurner Maholm was born on June 25, 1982, in Holly Springs, Mississippi. He played golf at the Holly Springs Country Club as a teenager.
Maholm graduated from Germantown High School in Germantown, Tennessee. He was a three-year letterman while pitching at Mississippi State University for the Bulldogs.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Pirates
Maholm was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first round (eighth overall) of the 2003 draft.
While playing in the minor leagues in 2004, Maholm was struck in the face by a line drive. This resulted in a badly broken nose and a shattered left orbital, requiring surgery to repair the damage.
Maholm made his major league debut as a starter, on August 30, 2005, against the Milwaukee Brewers and pitched eight shutout innings, earning his first career win. Maholm compiled a 3–1 record in six games with a 2.18 ERA in the 2005 season.
In 2006, Maholm made 30 starts for the Pirates, going 8–10 with a 4.76 ERA in 176 innings. He struck out 117 while walking a career high 81 and hitting 12 batters.
Maholm pitched his first shutout, while giving up three hits in a 3–0 victory over the Houston Astros on April 24, 2007. The rest of his season went sour, finishing 10–15 in 29 starts. He minimized his walk total from the previous year, inducing just 49 walks in 177.2 innings.
2008 proved to be one of Maholm's best seasons as a starting pitcher. Despite not reaching double digit wins in 31 starts (9–9), he lowered his ERA by more than a run from the previous year, finishing with a 3.79 ERA in a career-high 206.1 innings. In a spring training game against the Yankees that year, he faced Billy Crystal in the comedian's lone at-bat. Crystal fouled off the second pitch down the first-base line, but ultimately struck out.
After the 2008 season, Maholm signed a three-year contract extension worth a guaranteed $14.5 million and a team option for 2012.
In 2009, Maholm hit his first major league home run, off the Mets' John Maine. He finished 2009 with a record of 8–9, 4.44 ERA, 14 home runs allowed, 6 hit batsmen, 60 walks, 119 strikeouts, .290 average against, a 1.44 walks and hits per innings pitched, in 194.2 innings pitched.
Maholm reverted to his 2007 performance in 2010, finishing with a record of 9–15 with a career high 5.10 ERA.
In 2011, Maholm had a stint on the DL, missing more than 3 starts on the season. He finished 6–14 despite having an ERA of 3.66 and allowing just 11 home runs.
Chicago Cubs
On January 10, 2012, Maholm signed a one-year, $4.75 million contract with the Chicago Cubs with an option for a second year. He was 9–6 with a 3.74 ERA in 20 starts.
Atlanta Braves
Maholm was traded to the Atlanta Braves on July 30, 2012, with Reed Johnson for Arodys Vizcaino and Jaye Chapman. He was 14–16 with a 4.14 ERA over seasons.
Los Angeles Dodgers
On February 8, 2014, Maholm signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He started eight games for the Dodgers because of various injuries but spent most of his time in the bullpen as a long reliever. In 30 games he had a 4.84 ERA and a 1–5 record. In a game on August 1 against the Chicago Cubs, he tore his anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee and was lost for the season.
Cincinnati Reds
On February 1, 2015, Maholm signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. Though he hoped to make the Reds as a starting pitcher, he wound up competing for a position in the bullpen. He was released on March 30.
Pitching style
Maholm throws a wide variety of pitches and with a great range of speeds. His lead pitch is a sinker in the 87–89 mph range. He also throws a four-seam fastball (87–90), changeup (80–83), cut fastball (83–86), slider (79–82), and curveball (70–75). Maholm uses the cutter and changeup almost exclusively on right-handed hitters, while the slider is used only on lefties. He throws his curveball to batters from both sides of the plate. In 2013, he added a slow curveball that ranges from 62 to 70 MPH, that at times dips in the 50s.
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Baseball players from Mississippi
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
Atlanta Braves players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Altoona Curve players
Indianapolis Indians players
Sportspeople from Greenwood, Mississippi
People from Germantown, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Memphis metropolitan area
People from Holly Springs, Mississippi
Rome Braves players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Maholm |
is a run and gun video game developed and published in 1990 by Masaya for Sega Genesis. It was released in America as Target Earth. It was re-released on the Wii’s Virtual Console, and on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack. It is the first game in the Assault Suits series.
Plot
In 2201, expanding technologies have given man the power to live anywhere in space. With this backdrop, the story begins with a war between Earth (and its colonies) fighting a cyborg army returning from deep space. In the early stages, the nature or purpose of these cybernetic adversaries, named Chron, is unknown. However, it is later revealed that Chron are the survivors of a failed space expedition (Outer Space Expeditionary Party) sent by Earth one hundred years earlier.
The Earth Defense League fights to defend Earth. Its core is the Assault Suit—a twelve-foot-tall armored battle machine with powerful fighting capabilities. The player is Rex, an Assault Suit Wing commander and master at Assault Suit combat. The battle begins on Ganymede and shifts to battles in space, on the Earth, and inside enemy outposts.
Gameplay
Target Earth offers 8 stages. Much of the game's mechanics fall in line with those of horizontal shooters with some subdued platforming elements. The player's performance after completing a stage dictates the weapons, armor, and accessories that are unlocked in the next stage. The game features 14 weapons, a lot of firepower in the early 1990s. The assortment of armaments increased replay value by encouraging the player to experiment with ways to defeat enemies.
While the official information for the game indicates that it is only single-player, it is possible for a second player to have limited control over enemy movement and attacks on screen.
Release
Certain scenes in Target Earth were censored. For example, a scene in which a comrade does not make it back to the ship in time and burns up in the planet's atmosphere was removed. The romantic relationship between Rex and Leana was downplayed. These scenes were restored in the remake. The Western localization of the second game in the Assault Suits series, Cybernator, was subject to censorship. The game is included on the Japanese Mega Drive Mini. The US version is accessible if the system is set to English.
Assault Suit Leynos 2 was released exclusively for the Sega Saturn in 1997, in Japan only. The gameplay is far more challenging as the shield cannot guard infinitely.
A remake by Dracue Co., Ltd. was released for the PlayStation 4 in Japan in December 2015, and in North America/EU in July 2016. A Microsoft Windows port of the remake was released in August 2016.
On June 30, 2022, the game was re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack.
See also
Armored Core
Front Mission
Heavy Gear
Notes
References
External links
NCS
Target Earth Translation
1990 video games
Masaya Games games
Run and gun games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Genesis games
Censored video games
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Video games set in the 23rd century
Cooperative video games
Assault Suit
Nintendo Switch Online games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault%20Suit%20Leynos |
A cricothyrotomy (also called cricothyroidotomy) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive facial trauma. Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where other means of tracheal intubation are impossible or impractical. Compared with tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy is quicker and easier to perform, does not require manipulation of the cervical spine, and is associated with fewer complications. However, while cricothyrotomy may be life-saving in extreme circumstances, this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established.
Indications
A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario. Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1% of all emergency department intubations, and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury.
Some general indications for this procedure include:
Inability to intubate
Inability to ventilate
Inability to maintain SpO2 >90%
Severe traumatic injury that prevents oral or nasal tracheal intubation
Contraindications
Inability to identify landmarks (cricothyroid membrane)
Underlying anatomical abnormality such as a tumor or severe goiter
Tracheal transection
Acute laryngeal disease due to infection or trauma
Small children under 12 years old (a 10–14 gauge catheter over the needle may be used)
Procedure
The procedure was first described in 1805 by Félix Vicq-d'Azyr, a French surgeon and anatomist. A cricothyrotomy is generally performed by making a vertical incision on the skin of the throat just below the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), then making a horizontal incision in the cricothyroid membrane which lies deep to this point. A tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube with a 6 or 7 mm internal diameter is then inserted, the cuff is inflated, and the tube is secured. The person performing the procedure might utilize a bougie device, a semi-rigid, straight piece of plastic with a one-inch tip at a 30-degree angle, to provide rigidity to the tube and assist with guiding its placement. Confirmation of placement is assessed by bilateral ausculation of the lungs and observation of the rise and fall of the chest. Alternatively, bedside ultrasound has been used increasingly to guide the procedure and confirm the placement of the tracheal tube. It may especially be helpful in situations where a neck collar is placed.
Training
This procedure is rarely performed, given advancements in airway technique and adjuncts, and thus simulated training is of paramount importance to correctly perform this procedure under a high-stress situation.
Needle cricothyrotomy
A needle cricothyrotomy is similar, but instead of making a scalpel incision, a large over-the-needle catheter is inserted (10- to 14-gauge). This is considerably simpler, particularly if using specially designed kits. This technique provides very limited airflow. The delivery of oxygen to the lungs through an over-the-needle catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea using a high pressure gas source is considered a form of conventional ventilation called percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV).
In popular media
On the TV show M*A*S*H, Father Mulcahy performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient. With the direction of Dr. Pierce via radio, he uses a pen, knife and an eyedropper to perform the operation. Needless to say, this would be extremely dangerous in real life. Even under ideal, clinical conditions, a cricothyrotomy is difficult and requires specific tools, preparation and a practiced knowledge of anatomy. There are many major blood vessels and nerves in the neck and cutting there carries a high risk of harming the patient.
In the 1980 Nicolas Roeg film Bad Timing, Theresa Russell's character Milena Flaherty has an emergency cricothyrotomy performed following an intentional overdose.
In Grey's Anatomy, emergency cricothyrotomy is mentioned in at least three episodes:
In "Owner of a Lonely Heart," Cristina almost performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient who swallowed a light bulb. Before she is able to do so, however, Dr. Burke shows up and takes the patient to an operating room where he proceeds to perform an emergency thoracotomy.
In "The Heart of the Matter," Izzie performs her first emergency crike on Camille, a niece of Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber.
In "I Saw What I Saw" Alex performs a crike on the patient who later dies.
In the ER episode "Reason to Believe" Dr. Kerry Weaver performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a student. She is shooting a news segment on childhood obesity in an elementary school cafeteria when one of the students begins to choke; after the heimlich maneuver fails, she performs a cricothyrotomy with a kitchen knife and a drinking straw. It is also used many other times, especially in the trauma room, when an airway cannot be established.
In the film Playing God (1997), David Duchovny plays a famed LA surgeon, stripped of his license due to drug abuse, who finds himself witnessing a gunfight at a bar. He saves a mafia crime figure by performing an emergency cricothyrotomy. This endears him with the mafia family and drives the plot forward.
In the BBC3 medical drama Bodies, the main protagonist Rob Lake, a newly appointed obstetrics and gynaecology registrar (played by Max Beesley), is called to a patient who is having difficulty breathing due to epiglottitis. Lake calls for emergency assistance but help is slow coming, so fearing for the patient's life decides to undertake a cricothyrotomy himself - a procedure he has not been trained in. The procedure is unsuccessful and the patient dies before help arrives. The guilt surrounding the event combined with the covering up by his consultant provides an important backdrop to the further development of the character and his relationship with his consultant.
In Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Sully, the white man raised by Native Americans who is her lover and companion, performs the procedure on one of Dr. Quinn's boys using a bird's feather (the base where it is hollow).
During an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary "Inside Combat Rescue", a US Air Force Pararescueman in Afghanistan performs an actual cricothyrotomy on a wounded civilian, in a helicopter maneuvering under combat conditions. The procedure is successful and the patient is delivered to Kandahar Regional Medical Hospital.
On the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street, Series 21, Episode 5104/5105, student doctor Paige Munroe performs a cricothyrotomy with a pocket knife and pen and saves a woman's life, even though she was not qualified (and nervous).
In the novel Night Train to Lisbon by Swiss author Pascal Mercier, one of the protagonists saves the life of his asphyxiating sister by performing a provisional cricothyrotomy with a ballpoint pen.
In the 1997 film Anaconda, when the character Dr. Steven Cale (Eric Stoltz) is stung in the mouth by a venomous wasp found in his scuba equipment, Paul Serone (Jon Voight) performs the procedure using a pocket knife and rigid plastic tube.
In the manga Golden Wind, the fifth story arc of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, the character Narancia Ghirga has his tongue cut off, requiring the use of only a pen in an emergency cricothyrotomy.
See also
Laryngotomy
Tracheotomy
List of surgeries by type
Footnotes
References
Barone, Jeanine. Tracheotomy. health.enotes.com. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
Brookside Associates; US Army Medical department. Cricothyroidotomy. www.brooksidepress.org. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
Reis, Carlos. Cricothyroidotomy. www.medstudents.com.br. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
SIAARTI study committee on the difficult airway. SIAARTI guidelines for difficult intubation and for difficult airway management. anestit.unipa.it. URL last accessed February 28, 2006.
Mosby's Paramedic Textbook, Edition 3, Mick J. Sanders. 2005, St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
External links
Smiths Medical Cricothyroidotomy Kits (Cricothyroidotomy products for Adults and Children)
Medstudents: Procedures: Cricothyrotomy
Trauma Man: Image of Cricothyroidotomy being performed on a simulator
Airway management
Emergency medical procedures
Trachea surgery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricothyrotomy |
The Australian masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) is a barn owl of Southern New Guinea and the non-desert areas of Australia.
Taxonomy
Described subspecies of Tyto novaehollandiae include:
T. n. calabyi I.J. Mason, 1983, (southern New Guinea)
T. n. castanops (Gould, 1837), Tasmanian masked owl (Tasmania and introduced to Lord Howe Island)
T. n. galei Mathews, 1914, (Cape York Peninsula)
T. n. kimberli (Mathews, 1912), Northern masked owl (northern mainland Australia)
T. n. melvillensis Mathews, 1912, (Tiwi Islands)
T. n. novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826), (southern mainland Australia)
T. n. troughtoni N.W. Cayley, 1931, cave-nesting masked owl (Nullarbor Plain, validity doubtful)
Description
Brown feathers surround a white, heart-shaped mask. Their dorsal plumage is brown, aside from light gray spots on the upper back. Their front is white with brown spots. Their eye color varies from black to dark brown. The species have sexual dimorphism, females are darker shaded and larger than males.
Male masked owls' weights ranges from , while females are typically much larger ranging from . Length ranges between for males and for females. Wing span is up to for southern female masked owls. Masked owls follow the typical pattern of birds from the tropics being much smaller than birds from temperate regions. In this instance, Tasmanian masked owls are the largest and the largest of the entire barn-owl family. Among the species in the family, only the greater sooty owl is on average heavier than the Australian masked owl but the Tasmanian species is rather larger and heavier even than the greater sooty owl. The mean weight of the nominate subspecies was found to be in males and in females while in Tasmania, mean weighs for males were and for females were .
Naming
Other common names have been used for this species in the past. For example:
Mouse-Owl – This was a name given to the species by Latham in 1821. It is thought to be due to its habit of catching mice at homesteads.
Habitat
The Australian masked owl inhabits timbered areas, often with a shrub understorey. In Australia they are seldom found more than 300 km inland. They roost and nest in large tree hollows near foraging areas. They are nocturnal and their prey includes rodents, small dasyurids, possums, bandicoots, rabbits, bats, birds, reptiles and insects. Foraging is primarily for terrestrial prey, however some prey is taken from the trees or in flight. The population of the Australian masked owl on the mainland is declining and several states have this owl on the Species Conservation Status list. They are territorial and may remain in the same area once they have established a breeding territory. A 2020 case study done using radio telemetry showed that the “home” range of these owls might be as large as 19-23 km2, but this data remains ambiguous due to the small sample size.
Reproduction
They breed when conditions are favorable which can be any time of the year. The nest is usually built in hollow trees with soil, mulch or sand. Some populations are known to use caves or rock crevices for nesting and roosting. The female lays two or three eggs and incubates them while the male hunts for food. The young are white or off white when they first develop feathers. They can leave the nest at two to three months of age but return to be fed by the parents for another month before going on their own.
Conservation status
The population of the Australian masked owl on the mainland is declining and several states have placed this owl on the Species Conservation Status list.
In Victoria (Australia), the masked owl is a listed threatened bird, and an Action Statement has been prepared under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. In New South Wales, the masked owl is scheduled as Vulnerable under the Biodiversity Conservation Act (2016).
References
External links
Owl Fact sheet
Threatened Birds
Australian masked owl
Birds of Australia
Birds of prey of New Guinea
Owls of Oceania
Australian masked owl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20masked%20owl |
Im Soo-jung (born July 11, 1979) is a South Korean actress. After modeling for teen magazines, Im made her acting breakthrough in Kim Jee-woon's horror film A Tale of Two Sisters (2003), followed by the popular television drama I'm Sorry, I Love You (2004). She has since appeared in numerous films, notably Park Chan-wook's I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK (2006), Hur Jin-ho's Happiness (2007), Lee Yoon-ki's Come Rain, Come Shine (2011), and Min Kyu-dong's All About My Wife (2012), for which she won Best Actress at the 33rd Blue Dragon Film Awards.
Career
Im Soo-jung made her debut in 1998 as a cover model for teen magazines. She then moved onto acting and debuted in the teen drama School 4, but it was Kim Jee-woon's 2003 stylish horror A Tale of Two Sisters that first drew her critical notice and newcomer awards. A year later, the hit KBS2 drama series I'm Sorry, I Love You catapulted her into stardom. With Im looking much younger than her age, those projects solidified her image as an eternal ingenue, as did touching character study ...ing, horse jockey film Lump Sugar, and Park Chan-wook's surrealist I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.
In recent years she began shedding that image by taking on more adult roles, notable among them Hur Jin-ho's romantic melodrama Happiness, Choi Dong-hoon's blockbuster fantasy Jeon Woo-chi: The Taoist Wizard, romantic comedy Finding Mr. Destiny, and Lee Yoon-ki's minimalist breakup indie Come Rain, Come Shine. For her performance in All About My Wife, she won Best Actress at the Blue Dragon Film Awards, and the Women in Film Korea Awards.
Im and Lee Jung-jae played two artists in a post-apocalyptic environment in the short film El Fin del Mundo ("The End of the World"), which screened at the prestigious contemporary art exhibition dOCUMENTA. She also acted opposite veteran Thai actor Sorapong Chatree in Aditya Assarat's short film Phuket, which was commissioned jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Association of Tourism and Hotel Operators of Phuket.
Im was previously part of the SidusHQ agency, but moved to being managed by KeyEast. KeyEast launched her official website in June 2012. According to the actress, the online space will be a place where she can converse with her fans directly.
In 2015, Im starred in Perfect Proposal, a remake of British crime thriller Woman of Straw that was partly shot in Macau. She next starred in Time Renegades, a time-hopping romantic thriller where she played dual roles.
In October 2015, her contract with KeyEast expired and she decided to sign with new management agency YNK Entertainment.
Im then starred in the female-centric indie film The Table directed by Kim Jong-kwan, which premiered at the 21st Busan International Film Festival.
In February 2017, Im was cast in the drama Chicago Typewriter alongside Yoo Ah-in. This marks Im's small screen come back after thirteen years since 2004. The same year, she was named the cultural ambassador for the UK-Korea Creative Futures mutual exchange.
She then returned to the big screen with Mothers based on the book Your Request - My Other Mother by Lee Dong-eun, who also directs the film.
In 2019, Im returned to the small screen with the series Search: WWW.
In 2020, Im joined the film Single in Seoul with Lee Dong-wook.
In 2021, Im starred in the tvN drama Melancholia alongside Lee Do-hyun.
In 2022, Im contract with King Kong by Starship expires in August, and decided not to renew the contract.
Personal life
She is a vegan and an advocate of animal rights.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Music video
Awards and nominations
References
External links
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses
Actresses from Seoul
1979 births
Living people
Best New Actress Blue Dragon Film Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%20Soo-jung |
Target Earth may refer to:
Target Earth (video game), the video game also known as Assault Suits Leynos
Target Earth (film), a 1954 Science Fiction B-Movie
Target Earth (album), a 2013 album by Voivod
Target Earth, a 1998 TV-Movie starring Christopher Meloni and Marcia Cross | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target%20Earth |
Luigi Sala (born 21 February 1974) is a former Italian football defender. He played as a central defender.
Club career
In June 2001, Sala was sold to Atalanta for 7 billion lire, along with Gianni Comandini (30 billion) and Luca Saudati (18 billion), as part of Cristian Zenoni and Massimo Donati's deal to Milan, for 60 billion Italian lire.
In 2002–03 season, he was the first choice and partnered with Cesare Natali.
In December 2002, Sala was injured and rested one month. He returned to field on 6 January, a rescheduled round 13 match against Torino.
In June 2005, he was signed by Sampdoria.
In August 2008, he was signed by Udinese on free transfer.
He signed a two-year contract with AlbinoLeffe in 2009.
In 2010–11 season, he changed his shirt number from 26 to 21.
Italian football scandal
Sala was banned 2 year after a plea bargain on 1 August 2012 due to involvement in 2011–12 Italian football scandal. He was questioned by the prosecutor on 8 March 2012.
Honours
Milan
Serie A: 1998–99
References
External links
Luigi Sala at FIGC.it
Player profile
1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Como
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
SSC Bari players
AC Milan players
Atalanta BC players
AC ChievoVerona players
Como 1907 players
UC Sampdoria players
Udinese Calcio players
UC AlbinoLeffe players
Footballers from Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Sala |
Yum Jung-ah (born July 28, 1972) is a South Korean actress. Her notable films include A Tale of Two Sisters (2003), The Big Swindle (2004), The Old Garden (2007), and Cart (2014), as well as the television series Royal Family (2011), and Sky Castle (2018). She was the first runner-up at Miss Korea 1991 and represented Korea in Miss International 1992 and finished as the second runner-up.
Personal life
Yum Jung-ah married doctor Heo Il on December 30, 2006. They have 2 children.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Variety shows
Music video
Musical theatre
Awards and nominations
References
External links
20th-century South Korean actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean musical theatre actresses
1972 births
Living people
Miss Korea delegates
Miss International 1992 delegates
Chung-Ang University alumni
Best Actress Paeksang Arts Award (film) winners
Best Actress Paeksang Arts Award (television) winners
Best Actress for Grand Bell Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum%20Jung-ah |
Arpád Račko (July 17, 1930 – January 2, 2015) was a Slovak sculptor.
He was born in Szolnok, Hungary and lived in Košice.
Arpád Račko studied at the prestigious Academy of Creative Arts in Prague, in the art studio of professor Jan Lauda. There has been a big influence of the sculptural work of Czech sculptors Josef Václav Myslbek and Jan Štursa on his work.
Arpád Račko has created dozens of sculptures, plastic arts, portraits and reliefs. The most popular of his works is the Marathoner statue at Námestie Maratónu mieru (The Peace Marathon Square), made in 1959, and the Statue of the Košice‘s Coat-of-arms at Hlavná ulica (Main Street), that he made in 2002. He died in Košice in 2015.
References
Artists from Košice
Slovak sculptors
Hungarian sculptors
2015 deaths
1930 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arp%C3%A1d%20Ra%C4%8Dko |
DHB may refer to:
2,5-Dihydroxy benzoic acid
District health board, New Zealand
Deer Harbor Sea Plane Base (IATA airport code), Washington, US
German Handball Association (Deutscher Handballbund)
German Hockey Federation (Deutscher Hockey-Bund) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHB |
Bobst may refer to:
Elmer Holmes Bobst Library (aka "Bobst"), the main library at New York University in Manhattan, New York City, New York State, USA
Bobst SA, a Swiss packaging machinery and servicing company
Elmer Holmes Bobst (1884–1978), a U.S. businessman and philanthropist
See also
Bobst Boy, nickname of Steven Stanzak (born 1984), NYU student who was found living in the basement of the Bobst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobst |
Kim Kap-soo (born April 7, 1957) is a South Korean actor. Since his acting debut in 1977, Kim has had a long career on the stage, in television dramas and film. In addition to acting full-time, he also has his own master class acting studio.
Filmography
Film
Television series
Web series
Television show
Documentary narration
Music video appearances
Theater
Awards and nominations
References
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male stage actors
1957 births
Living people
Gwangsan Kim clan
Best New Actor Paeksang Arts Award (television) winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Kap-soo |
Angelo Palombo (; born 25 September 1981) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Throughout his club career, he played for Fiorentina, Sampdoria, and Inter Milan in Serie A. The vast majority of that time was spent at Sampdoria where he was club captain and played a total of nearly 15 years.
Palombo won 22 caps for Italy at full international level between 2006 and 2011, and represented his nation at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, also winning a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Club career
Early career
Born in Ferentino, Angelo Palombo began playing football for local side AS Ferentino. He spent the 1997–98 season with Serie D club Urbania Calcio. At age 17, he moved to Serie C team Fano before being signed by Serie A side Fiorentina in 1999 where he spent two years playing for the Primavera team of the club. He made his professional debut in a Coppa Italia match against Como and first featured in the Serie A on 10 February 2002 in a 2–0 away defeat against Venezia.
Sampdoria and Inter loan
Palombo moved to Sampdoria, then in Serie B, on a free transfer in the 2002 summer transfer window when Fiorentina declared bankruptcy and were forced to put their players on sale. After helping the Ligurian club gain promotion that season, he established himself as an integral part of the side. During the 2005–06 season, he scored his first Serie A goal for Sampdoria on 18 January 2006 against his boyhood club Fiorentina and made his European debut in the UEFA Cup in September. Palombo had many very good seasons at the club, leading to him being a regular in the Italy national team. When Sampdoria were again relegated at the end of the 2010–11 season, his future at the club was put into doubt, with many Serie A sides interested but mainly his former club Fiorentina. Palombo, by then the club's captain, said, however, that he had no intention to move unless the club wished to sell him and remained at the club, commenting: "I'll end my career with Sampdoria. I'm proud to have received some important offers and I thank the clubs who have come forward. However, I haven't thought about leaving here, not even for a moment. I think I have already demonstrated how tied I am to this shirt."
He spent the first half of the 2011–12 season in Serie B with Sampdoria, but on 31 January 2012, he was signed by Inter on loan with an option to buy, as a replacement for Thiago Motta. He made his club debut the following day, coming on as a substitute for Andrea Poli in a 4–4 home draw against Palermo. However, he only made three appearances for Inter in total, and returned to Sampdoria at the end of the 2011–12 Serie A season, who had secured a spot back in Serie A for the 2012–13 season. However, it seemed that he was set to leave the club in the summer of 2012, and was even linked with several other Italian sides; after no other offers, he remained with Sampdoria the following season, started to play regularly and managing to get his contract renewed twice until his retirement.
He announced his retirement from professional football in July 2017, after collecting 459 appearances for Sampdoria in his 15 years spent at the club.
International career
Palombo was in the Italy U-21 team that won the 2004 European Under-21 Football Championship and achieved bronze medal of the 2004 Summer Olympics football tournament.
Palombo made his Italy national team debut in the 0–2 defeat to Croatia on 16 August 2006, coming as a substitute for Fabio Liverani in the 58th minute. He was a member of Italy's 23-man squad that took part at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. After a good 2009–10 season at club level, Marcello Lippi named him in the final 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In total, he won 22 caps for Italy at senior level between 2006 and 2011.
Post-playing career
After retiring from professional football, Palombo joined the coaching team of Marco Giampaolo for the 2017–18 season with his former club Sampdoria. He received his coaching licence on 15 December 2017.
Style of play
Palombo was usually deployed as a defensive or box-to-box midfielder in the centre of the pitch, where he could effectively combine his defensive and athletic attributes, as well as his ability to break down opposition plays, with his ability to start attacking plays and create chances for teammates as a deep-lying playmaker; however, his energetic, hard-working style of play and his stamina allowed him to play anywhere in midfield, and he was also deployed as a winger on occasion. In addition to his ball-winning and passing abilities, he also possessed a powerful shot from distance. Palombo was a physically strong, tenacious, influential, and determined player, with good feet, who was also known for his passion and good quality of play on the pitch; however, he was also accused by certain pundits of inconsistency at times throughout his career. In his youth, Palombo cited Demetrio Albertini as one of his major influences.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Italy U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2004
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2004
Orders
5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2004
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from the Province of Frosinone
Men's association football midfielders
Italian men's footballers
ACF Fiorentina players
UC Sampdoria players
Inter Milan players
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
Knights of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Palombo |
Oak Grove School, Jharipani, Mussoorie is a residential public school, owned and run by the Indian Railways. It is situated on hill tops covering in Jharipani, Mussoorie, India.
The school was started by the British Raj on 1 June 1888. The students predominantly consist of the children of Indian Railways employees; 25% of seats are reserved for outsiders. At present there are more than 610 students. The school consists of three semi-independent parts — Oak Grove Sr. Boys' School (commenced 1888), Oak Grove Sr. Girls' School (1890s) and Oak Grove Junior School (1912). The buildings were designed by the chief engineer of EIR Mr. Richard Roskell Bayne and are built in Gothic style of architecture. LBSNAA ( Lal Bahadur Shashtri National Academy of Administration) conducted its sports day several times in the valley of Oak Grove School.
Administration
The overall functioning of the school is under the control of a Board of Governors, which frames and reviews policies to ensure smooth and efficient functioning of the institution during its annual meetings. The BOG consists of:
Chairman - General Manager, Northern Railway
Executive Governor - The Chief Personnel Officer, Northern Railway
Member - The Chief Engineer, Northern Railway
Member - The F.A. & C.A.O., Northern Railway
Member - The C.M.D., Northern Railway
Member - The S.D.G.M., Northern Railway
Member - The D.R.M., Northern Railway, Moradabad
Secretary - Principal, Oak Grove School
Principals' Timeline
Oakgrovians at the Olympic games
Several Oak Grove students represented pre-independence India (under the British Raj) in field hockey at the Olympics between 1928 Amsterdam to 1936 Berlin Olympics, winning Gold medal each time. These were:
Amsterdam Olympics – 1928
Richard James Allen + - # Goalkeeper
Leslie Charles Hammond
Broome Eric Pinniger
Los Angeles Olympics – 1932
Richard James Allen + - # Goalkeeper
Leslie Charles Hammond
Broome Eric Pinniger
Richard Carr
Berlin Olympics – 1936
Richard James Allen + - # Goalkeeper
References
External links
Alumni Corner, http://www.oakgrovian.info/
Oakgrovians Young & Old, http://www.oakgrovians.com
Railway schools in India
Schools in Colonial India
High schools and secondary schools in Uttarakhand
Boarding schools in Uttarakhand
Education in Dehradun district
Mussoorie
Educational institutions established in 1888
1888 establishments in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Grove%20School%2C%20Mussoorie |
Church of Our Lady may refer to:
Belgium
Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)
Church of Our Lady, Bruges
Church of Our Lady (Kortrijk)
Church of Our Lady of Laeken, site of the royal crypt, Brussels
Church of Our Lady, Melsele
Canada
Church of Our Lady Immaculate, Guelph, Ontario
China
Cathedral of Our Lady, Shuozhou
Czech Republic
Church of Our Lady before Týn, Prague
Denmark
Church of Our Lady (Aarhus), former cathedral church
Church of Our Lady, Assens
Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen), cathedral
Church of Our Lady, Kalundborg
Abbey of Our Lady, Aalborg
Catholic Church of Our Lady (Aarhus)
Old Church of Our Lady, Roskilde
Germany
Church of Our Lady (Bremen)
Church of Our Lady, Dresden
Netherlands
Church of Our Lady (Amsterdam)
Church of Our Lady (Breda)
Norway
Vår Frue Cathedral (Tromsø) — Roman Catholic Cathedral
Vår Frue Church in Trondheim
Vår Frue Church (Porsgrunn)
Sweden
Church of Our Lady, Gothenburg
United Kingdom
Church of our Lady: A Serbian Orthodox Church in Halifax, West Yorkshire.
Church of the Assumption of Our Lady, Torquay, Devon
Our Lady and St Edmund's Church, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
Our Lady of Gillingham Church, Gillingham, Kent
Church of Our Lady of Reconciliation, Liverpool
Our Lady Help of Christians Church, Luton, Bedfordshire
Our Lady of the Annunciation Church, King's Lynn, Norfolk
Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St Patrick Church, Oldham, Greater Manchester
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Redditch, Worcestershire
Our Lady and the Apostles Church, Stockport, Greater Manchester
Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire
Shrine Church of Our Lady of Consolation and St Francis, West Grinstead, West Sussex
United States
Church of Our Lady of Grace (Hoboken, New Jersey), listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Other countries
Church of Our Lady of Kazan (Tallinn), in Tallinn, Estonia
See also
Frauenkirche (disambiguation), German shortened version for "Church of Our Lady"
Liebfrauenkirche (disambiguation), German for "Church of Our Dear Lady"
Notre Dame (disambiguation), French for "Our Lady"
Nuestra Señora (disambiguation), Spanish for "Our Lady"
Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk (disambiguation), Dutch for "Church of Our Lady"
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Our%20Lady |
In the history of chemistry, fire air was postulated to be one of two fluids of common air. This theory was positioned in 1775 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire he states: "air is composed of two fluids, differing from each other, the one of which does not manifest in the least the property of attracting phlogiston, whilst the other, which composes between the third and fourth part of the whole mass of the air, is peculiarly disposed to such attraction." These two constituents of common air Scheele called Foul Air ("verdorbene Luft") and Fire Air ("Feuerluft"); afterwards these components came to be known as nitrogen and oxygen, respectively.
See also
Heat
References
History of chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20air |
Black cross or Black Cross may refer to:
Black Cross (Teutonic Order), heraldic insignia of the Teutonic order (since 1205)
Black Cross (Germany), military emblem of Prussia and Germany, derived from the cross used by the Teutonic order
Anarchist Black Cross, an anarchist support organization
Black Cross Navigation and Trading Company, the successor of the Black Star Line
"Black Cross (Hezekiah Jones)", a 1948 poem by Joseph Simon Newman, recorded by Lord Buckley and by Bob Dylan
Black Cross, also known as Knights of the Teutonic Order, a 1960 film from Poland
"Black Cross" (song), debut single of the band 45 Grave
Kroaz Du, a Breton flag
See also
Blue Cross (disambiguation)
Bronze Cross
Green Cross
Red Cross (disambiguation)
Silver Cross
White Cross (disambiguation)
Yellow cross
Cross, black
Cross symbols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20cross |
In mathematics, an automatic group is a finitely generated group equipped with several finite-state automata. These automata represent the Cayley graph of the group. That is, they can tell if a given word representation of a group element is in a "canonical form" and can tell if two elements given in canonical words differ by a generator.
More precisely, let G be a group and A be a finite set of generators. Then an automatic structure of G with respect to A is a set of finite-state automata:
the word-acceptor, which accepts for every element of G at least one word in representing it;
multipliers, one for each , which accept a pair (w1, w2), for words wi accepted by the word-acceptor, precisely when in G.
The property of being automatic does not depend on the set of generators.
Properties
Automatic groups have word problem solvable in quadratic time. More strongly, a given word can actually be put into canonical form in quadratic time, based on which the word problem may be solved by testing whether the canonical forms of two words represent the same element (using the multiplier for ).
Automatic groups are characterized by the fellow traveler property. Let denote the distance between in the Cayley graph of . Then, G is automatic with respect to a word acceptor L if and only if there is a constant such that for all words which differ by at most one generator, the distance between the respective prefixes of u and v is bounded by C. In other words, where for the k-th prefix of (or itself if ). This means that when reading the words synchronously, it is possible to keep track of the difference between both elements with a finite number of states (the neighborhood of the identity with diameter C in the Cayley graph).
Examples of automatic groups
The automatic groups include:
Finite groups. To see this take the regular language to be the set of all words in the finite group.
Euclidean groups
All finitely generated Coxeter groups
Geometrically finite groups
Examples of non-automatic groups
Baumslag–Solitar groups
Non-Euclidean nilpotent groups
Biautomatic groups
A group is biautomatic if it has two multiplier automata, for left and right multiplication by elements of the generating set, respectively. A biautomatic group is clearly automatic.
Examples include:
Hyperbolic groups.
Any Artin group of finite type, including braid groups.
Automatic structures
The idea of describing algebraic structures with finite-automata can be generalized from groups to other structures. For instance, it generalizes naturally to automatic semigroups.
References
Further reading
.
Computability theory
Properties of groups
Combinatorics on words
Computational group theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20group |
The concept of a stable model, or answer set, is used to define a declarative semantics for logic programs with negation as failure. This is one of several standard approaches to the meaning of negation in logic programming, along with program completion and the well-founded semantics. The stable model semantics is the basis of
answer set programming.
Motivation
Research on the declarative semantics of negation in logic programming was motivated by the fact that the behavior of SLDNF resolution—the generalization of SLD resolution used by Prolog in the presence of negation in the bodies of rules—does not fully match the truth tables familiar from classical propositional logic. Consider, for instance, the program
Given this program, the query will succeed, because the program includes as a fact; the query will fail, because it does not occur in the head of any of the rules. The query will fail also, because the only rule with in the head contains the subgoal in its body; as we have seen, that subgoal fails. Finally, the query succeeds, because each of the subgoals , succeeds. (The latter succeeds because the corresponding positive goal fails.) To sum up, the behavior of SLDNF resolution on the given program can be represented by the following truth assignment:
{| cellpadding=5 style="width:18em"
|
|
|
|
|-
|T
|F
|F
|T.
|}
On the other hand, the rules of the given program can be viewed as propositional formulas if we identify the comma with conjunction , the symbol with negation , and agree to treat as the implication written backwards. For instance, the last rule of the given program is, from this point of view, alternative notation for the propositional formula
If we calculate the truth values of the rules of the program for the truth assignment shown above then we will see that each rule gets the value T. In other words, that assignment is a model of the program. But this program has also other models, for instance
{| cellpadding=5 style="width:18em"
|
|
|
|
|-
|T
|T
|T
|F.
|}
Thus one of the models of the given program is special in the sense that it correctly represents the behavior of SLDNF resolution. What are the mathematical properties of that model that make it special? An answer to this question is provided by the definition of a stable model.
Relation to nonmonotonic logic
The meaning of negation in logic programs is closely related to two theories of nonmonotonic reasoning—autoepistemic logic and default logic. The discovery of these relationships was a key step towards the invention of the stable model semantics.
The syntax of autoepistemic logic uses a modal operator that allows us to distinguish between what is true and what is known. Michael Gelfond [1987] proposed to read in the body of a rule as " is not known", and to understand a rule with negation as the corresponding formula of autoepistemic logic. The stable model semantics, in its basic form, can be viewed as a reformulation of this idea that avoids explicit references to autoepistemic logic.
In default logic, a default is similar to an inference rule, except that it includes, besides its premises and conclusion, a list of formulas called justifications. A default can be used to derive its conclusion under the assumption that its justifications are consistent with what is currently known. Nicole Bidoit and Christine Froidevaux [1987] proposed to treat negated atoms in the bodies of rules as justifications. For instance, the rule
can be understood as the default that allows us to derive from assuming that is consistent. The stable model semantics uses the same idea, but it does not explicitly refer to default logic.
Stable models
The definition of a stable model below, reproduced from [Gelfond and Lifschitz, 1988], uses two conventions. First, a truth assignment is identified with the set of atoms that get the value T. For instance, the truth assignment
{| cellpadding=5 style="width:18em"
|
|
|
|
|-
|T
|F
|F
|T.
|}
is identified with the set . This convention allows us to use the set inclusion relation to compare truth assignments with each other. The smallest of all truth assignments is the one that makes every atom false; the largest truth assignment makes every atom true.
Second, a logic program with variables is viewed as shorthand for the set of all ground instances of its rules, that is, for the result of substituting variable-free terms for variables in the rules of the program in all possible ways. For instance, the logic programming definition of even numbers
is understood as the result of replacing in this program by the ground terms
in all possible ways. The result is the infinite ground program
Definition
Let be a set of rules of the form
where are ground atoms. If does not contain negation ( in every rule of the program) then, by definition, the only stable model of is its model that is minimal relative to set inclusion. (Any program without negation has exactly one minimal model.) To extend this definition to the case of programs with negation, we need the auxiliary concept of the reduct, defined as follows.
For any set of ground atoms, the reduct of relative to is the set of rules without negation obtained from by first dropping every rule such that at least one of the atoms in its body
belongs to , and then dropping the parts from the bodies of all remaining rules.
We say that is a stable model of if is the stable model of the reduct of relative to . (Since the reduct does not contain negation, its stable model has been already defined.) As the term "stable model" suggests, every stable model of is a model of .
Example
To illustrate these definitions, let us check that is a stable model of the program
The reduct of this program relative to is
(Indeed, since , the reduct is obtained from the program by dropping the part ) The stable model of the reduct is . (Indeed, this set of atoms satisfies every rule of the reduct, and it has no proper subsets with the same property.) Thus after computing the stable model of the reduct we arrived at the same set that we started with. Consequently, that set is a stable model.
Checking in the same way the other 15 sets consisting of the atoms shows that this program has no other stable models. For instance, the reduct of the program relative to is
The stable model of the reduct is , which is different from the set that we started with.
Programs without a unique stable model
A program with negation may have many stable models or no stable models. For instance, the program
has two stable models , . The one-rule program
has no stable models.
If we think of the stable model semantics as a description of the behavior of Prolog in the presence of negation then programs without a unique stable model can be judged unsatisfactory: they do not provide an unambiguous specification for Prolog-style query answering. For instance, the two programs above are not reasonable as Prolog programs—SLDNF resolution does not terminate on them.
But the use of stable models in answer set programming provides a different perspective on such programs. In that programming paradigm, a given search problem is represented by a logic program so that the stable models of the program correspond to solutions. Then programs with many stable models correspond to problems with many solutions, and programs without stable models correspond to unsolvable problems. For instance, the eight queens puzzle has 92 solutions; to solve it using answer set programming, we encode it by a logic program with 92 stable models. From this point of view, logic programs with exactly one stable model are rather special in answer set programming, like polynomials with exactly one root in algebra.
Properties of the stable model semantics
In this section, as in the definition of a stable model above, by a logic program we mean a set of rules of the form
where are ground atoms.
Head atoms If an atom belongs to a stable model of a logic program then is the head of one of the rules of .
Minimality Any stable model of a logic program is minimal among the models of relative to set inclusion.
The antichain property If and are stable models of the same logic program then is not a proper subset of . In other words, the set of stable models of a program is an antichain.
NP-completeness Testing whether a finite ground logic program has a stable model is NP-complete.
Relation to other theories of negation as failure
Program completion
Any stable model of a finite ground program is not only a model of the program itself, but also a model of its completion [Marek and Subrahmanian, 1989]. The converse, however, is not true. For instance, the completion of the one-rule program
is the tautology . The model of this tautology is a stable model of , but its other model is not. François Fages [1994] found a syntactic condition on logic programs that eliminates such counterexamples and guarantees the stability of every model of the program's completion. The programs that satisfy his condition are called tight.
Fangzhen Lin and Yuting Zhao [2004] showed how to make the completion of a nontight program stronger so that all its nonstable models will be eliminated. The additional formulas that they add to the completion are called loop formulas.
Well-founded semantics
The well-founded model of a logic program partitions all ground atoms into three sets: true, false and unknown. If an atom is true in the well-founded model of then it belongs to every stable model of . The converse, generally, does not hold. For instance, the program
has two stable models, and . Even though belongs to both of them, its value in the well-founded model is unknown.
Furthermore, if an atom is false in the well-founded model of a program then it does not belong to any of its stable models. Thus the well-founded model of a logic program provides a lower bound on the intersection of its stable models and an upper bound on their union.
Strong negation
Representing incomplete information
From the perspective of knowledge representation, a set of ground atoms can be thought of as a description of a complete state of knowledge: the atoms that belong to the set are known to be true, and the atoms that do not belong to the set are known to be false. A possibly incomplete state of knowledge can be described using a consistent but possibly incomplete set of literals; if an atom does not belong to the set and its negation does not belong to the set either then it is not known whether is true or false.
In the context of logic programming, this idea leads to the need to distinguish between two kinds of negation—negation as failure, discussed above, and strong negation, which is denoted here by . The following example, illustrating the difference between the two kinds of negation, belongs to John McCarthy. A school bus may cross railway tracks under the condition that there is no approaching train. If we do not necessarily know whether a train is approaching then the rule using negation as failure
is not an adequate representation of this idea: it says that it's okay to cross in the absence of information about an approaching train. The weaker rule, that uses strong negation in the body, is preferable:
It says that it's okay to cross if we know that no train is approaching.
Coherent stable models
To incorporate strong negation in the theory of stable models, Gelfond and Lifschitz [1991] allowed each of the expressions , , in a rule
to be either an atom or an atom prefixed with the strong negation symbol. Instead of stable models, this generalization uses answer sets, which may include both atoms and atoms prefixed with strong negation.
An alternative approach [Ferraris and Lifschitz, 2005] treats strong negation as a part of an atom, and it does not require any changes in the definition of a stable model. In this theory of strong negation, we distinguish between atoms of two kinds, positive and negative, and assume that each negative atom is an expression of the form , where is a positive atom. A set of atoms is called coherent if it does not contain "complementary" pairs of atoms . Coherent stable models of a program are identical to its consistent answer sets in the sense of [Gelfond and Lifschitz, 1991].
For instance, the program
has two stable models, and . The first model is coherent; the second is not, because it contains both the atom and the atom .
Closed world assumption
According to [Gelfond and Lifschitz, 1991], the closed world assumption for a predicate can be expressed by the rule
(the relation does not hold for a tuple if there is no evidence that it does). For instance, the stable model of the program
consists of 2 positive atoms
and 14 negative atoms
i.e., the strong negations of all other positive ground atoms formed from .
A logic program with strong negation can include the closed world assumption rules for some of its predicates and leave the other predicates in the realm of the open world assumption.
Programs with constraints
The stable model semantics has been generalized to many kinds of logic programs other than collections of "traditional" rules discussed above—rules of the form
where are atoms. One simple extension allows programs to contain constraints—rules with the empty head:
Recall that a traditional rule can be viewed as alternative notation for a propositional formula if we identify the comma with conjunction , the symbol with negation , and agree to treat as the implication written backwards. To extend this convention to constraints, we identify a constraint with the negation of the formula corresponding to its body:
We can now extend the definition of a stable model to programs with constraints. As in the case of traditional programs, to define stable models, we begin with programs that do not contain negation. Such a program may be inconsistent; then we say that it has no stable models. If such a program is consistent then has a unique minimal model, and that model is considered the only stable model of .
Next, stable models of arbitrary programs with constraints are defined using reducts, formed in the same way as in the case of traditional programs (see the definition of a stable model above). A set of atoms is a stable model of a program with constraints if the reduct of relative to has a stable model, and that stable model equals .
The properties of the stable model semantics stated above for traditional programs hold in the presence of constraints as well.
Constraints play an important role in answer set programming because adding a constraint to a logic program affects the collection of stable models of in a very simple way: it eliminates the stable models that violate the constraint. In other words, for any program with constraints and any constraint , the stable models of can be characterized as the stable models of that satisfy .
Disjunctive programs
In a disjunctive rule, the head may be the disjunction of several atoms:
(the semicolon is viewed as alternative notation for disjunction ). Traditional rules correspond to , and constraints to . To extend the stable model semantics to disjunctive programs [Gelfond and Lifschitz, 1991], we first define that in the absence of negation ( in each rule) the stable models of a program are its minimal models. The definition of the reduct for disjunctive programs remains the same as before. A set of atoms is a stable model of if is a stable model of the reduct of relative to .
For example, the set is a stable model of the disjunctive program
because it is one of two minimal models of the reduct
The program above has one more stable model, .
As in the case of traditional programs, each element of any stable model of a disjunctive program is a head atom of , in the sense that it occurs in the head of one of the rules of . As in the traditional case, the stable models of a disjunctive program are minimal and form an antichain. Testing whether a finite disjunctive program has a stable model is -complete [ and Gottlob, 1993].
Stable models of a set of propositional formulas
Rules, and even disjunctive rules, have a rather special syntactic form, in comparison with arbitrary propositional formulas. Each disjunctive rule is essentially an implication such that its antecedent (the body of the rule) is a conjunction of literals, and its consequent (head) is a disjunction of atoms. David Pearce [1997] and Paolo Ferraris [2005] showed how to extend the definition of a stable model to sets of arbitrary propositional formulas. This generalization has applications to answer set programming.
Pearce's formulation looks very different from the original definition of a stable model. Instead of reducts, it refers to equilibrium logic—a system of nonmonotonic logic based on Kripke models. Ferraris's formulation, on the other hand, is based on reducts, although the process of constructing the reduct that it uses differs from the one described above. The two approaches to defining stable models for sets of propositional formulas are equivalent to each other.
General definition of a stable model
According to [Ferraris, 2005], the reduct of a propositional formula relative to a set of atoms is the formula obtained from by replacing each maximal subformula that is not satisfied by with the logical constant (false). The reduct of a set of propositional formulas relative to consists of the reducts of all formulas from relative to . As in the case of disjunctive programs, we say that a set of atoms is a stable model of if is minimal (with respect to set inclusion) among the models of the reduct of relative to .
For instance, the reduct of the set
relative to is
Since is a model of the reduct, and the proper subsets of that set are not models of the reduct, is a stable model of the given set of formulas.
We have seen that is also a stable model of the same formula, written in logic programming notation, in the sense of the original definition. This is an instance of a general fact: in application to a set of (formulas corresponding to) traditional rules, the definition of a stable model according to Ferraris is equivalent to the original definition. The same is true, more generally, for programs with constraints and for disjunctive programs.
Properties of the general stable model semantics
The theorem asserting that all elements of any stable model of a program are head atoms of can be extended to sets of propositional formulas, if we define head atoms as follows. An atom is a head atom of a set of propositional formulas if at least one occurrence of in a formula from is neither in the scope of a negation nor in the antecedent of an implication. (We assume here that equivalence is treated as an abbreviation, not a primitive connective.)
The minimality and the antichain property of stable models of a traditional program do not hold in the general case. For instance, (the singleton set consisting of) the formula
has two stable models, and . The latter is not minimal, and it is a proper superset of the former.
Testing whether a finite set of propositional formulas has a stable model is -complete, as in the case of disjunctive programs.
See also
Answer set programming
Logic programming
Negation as failure
Notes
References
Logic programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20model%20semantics |
Sacred food as offering is a concept within anthropology regarding the study of food as it relates to religious ritual.
Many religions have prescriptions about the correct preparation and cooking of food, besides the taboos about forbidden subjects. Many religions have special spellings for the food, which sacralize it and, therefore, who will eat it; but there are foods sacred by its inner nature.
In Brazilian Candomblé by example, fish are sacred for their connection to Iemanjá, horns given the relation to Iansã.
Consequently, those foods are considered offerings. This takes place in other religions too.
Some examples include:
coconut: Ganesha in Hinduism
milk, betel leaves: Shiva in Hinduism
flowers, tulsi and fruit: Krishna in Hinduism
Oxalá in Candomblé (see above)
bread: the body of Christ in Catholicism
the challah in Judaism is symbol of divine presence in shabat
chestnut: Befana
coca leaf: for the Andean cultures
Leola's Maize Corn: Amerindian goddess of prosperity in cajun of Louisiana
See also
Anthropology of religion
Canang sari
Food and drink prohibitions
Libation
Religion and alcohol
Religion and drugs
Sacramental bread
List of foods with religious symbolism
Anthropology of religion
Religious food and drink | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred%20food%20as%20offering |
Marjorie J. "Maggie" Clarke is an American environmental scientist who specializes in recycling participation, waste prevention methods, waste-to-energy/incinerator emissions controls, environmental impacts of the World Trade Center fires and collapse, and community botanical gardening. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks she has focused on increasing participation in New York City's waste prevention and recycling programs.
Early life and education
She was born on July 14, 1953, in Miami, Florida. She graduated in 1975 with a B.A. in geology from Smith College. She received an M.S. in environmental science from Johns Hopkins University in 1978 and in energy technology from New York University in 1982. She completed a Ph.D. in 2000 for environmental sciences.
Career and research
Clarke was the Department of Sanitation's specialist on emissions from incinerators from 1984 to 1988 and served on a National Academy of Sciences committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration.
From 2002 to 2004, she was a scientist-in-residence and adjunct assistant professor at Lehman College, and an adjunct professor at Hunter College, City University of New York from 1996 to 2005.
Clarke is a persistent questioner of United States Environmental Protection Agency's claims about the safety of the World Trade Center site.
She also conceived and garnered support for a New York City local law to eliminate 2200 apartment building incinerators which was signed into law in 1989.
NGO participation
Clarke has been chair or vice chair of the Manhattan Citizens' Solid Waste Advisory Board for 8 of the years since its inception in 1990.cShe co-founded and has been president of the Riverside-Inwood Neighborhood Garden (RING), a volunteer botanical garden in Upper Manhattan, since 1984.
See also
Health effects arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks
References
External links
www.maggieclarkeenvironmental.com - Papers and testimony
1953 births
Living people
American environmentalists
American women environmentalists
Environmental scientists
People from Miami
Smith College alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
New York University alumni
CUNY Graduate Center alumni
Lehman College faculty
Hunter College faculty
American scientists
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie%20Clarke |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of notable webmail providers who offer a web interface in English.
The list does not include web hosting providers who may offer email server and/or client software as a part of hosting package, or telecommunication providers (mobile network operators, internet service providers) who may offer mailboxes exclusively to their customers.
General
General information on webmail providers and products
Digital rights
Verification
How much information users must provide to verify and complete the registration when opening an account (green means less personal information requested):
Secure delivery
Features to reduce the risk of third-party tracking and interception of the email content; measures to increase the deliverability of correct outbound messages.
Other
Unique features
Features
See also
Comparison of web search engines - often merged with webmail by companies that host both services
References
Webmail Providers
Network software comparisons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20webmail%20providers |
The Church of Our Lady () is the cathedral of Copenhagen. It is situated on the Frue Plads public square in central Copenhagen, next to the historic main building of the University of Copenhagen.
The present-day version of the church was designed by the architect Christian Frederik Hansen (1756–1845) in the Neoclassical style and was completed in 1829.
History
Construction of the original Collegiate Church of St. Mary (den hellige Marias kirke) began no later than 1187 under archbishop Absalon (c. 1128–1201). The church was located on the highest point near the new town of Havn, later Copenhagen. Absalon was the bishop of Roskilde (Zealand), Denmark's capital of that era, and spent most of his life securing Denmark from foreign attacks. He built many churches and monasteries, while also founding Copenhagen as Denmark's Baltic port city. Named archbishop of Lund in 1178, Absalon accepted only under threat of excommunication. St. Mary's construction continued sporadically until 1209, when it was consecrated by Absalon's successor, bishop (c. 1161–1214) on Annunciation Sunday in March, which became the church's traditional feast day. The church was built in Romanesque style with its half-rounded arches inside and out.
In 1314, a fire destroyed the limestone church so completely that it was rebuilt in the popular new building material of the day, oversized red brick. The style of building was Gothic, with its typical pointed arches. The rebuilding of the simple church with a long nave and choir continued until 1388. Due to a lack of money, the great tower was not built until the reign of king Christian II. It was as high as the church was long, and from artwork of the day, out of proportion to the size of the church.
A school was established early on. In 1479, parts of the church school received a charter and become the University of Copenhagen. Professors were brought from Cologne, Germany. The international faculty widened Denmark's exposure to the great ideas and philosophies of the day. The university challenged the growth of the Protestant movement, but was eventually closed. By 1537 it reopened as a centre for Lutheran studies.
The Protestant Reformation was hard on St. Mary's. Citizens of Copenhagen had elected to follow Luther, but Roman Catholic officials at St Mary's tried to maintain the church as a centre of Catholic resistance to change in Copenhagen. By royal decree both Roman Catholic and Lutheran priests were commanded to use the church jointly, which incensed the majority of Copenhagen's population. On 27 December 1530 hundreds of citizens stormed St. Mary's, destroying every statue and dismantling the choir stalls. The 17 richly gilt altars were stripped of jewels and gold and smashed, as were reliquaries, vestments and altar equipment. Even the name "St. Mary's" became Our Lady's Church (Vor Frue Kirke), keeping the historic reference to the Virgin Mary without the use of the un-Lutheran "Saint" appellation.
Just a year later Our Lady Church celebrated the acceptance of the Lutheran order of worship presided over by Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1558), an associate of Martin Luther. 1539 saw the installation of the first Lutheran superintendents, later bishops, of Denmark. In 1568 the dean of Our Lady Church was charged with defining accepted practice for Lutheran church services in Denmark under the direction of the Bishop of Zealand. Ever since, the dean (and later bishop) of Our Lady Church has carried out that role in the Danish National Church.
Lightning strikes damaged the church in 1573 and 1585, and some of the vaulting, tower, and roof collapsed after the resulting fires. The tower was eventually demolished, but rebuilt by 1609. It had an extremely tall pyramidal central spire with four shorter spires at each corner.
The medieval proto-cathedral was completely destroyed by a four-day-long conflagration in October 1728 which destroyed a third of the city. All the many chapels and eighty epitaphs commemorating some of Denmark's most prominent nobles and wealthy parishioners vanished. A decade later, the church was reconstructed, essentially on the same plan as the medieval church, in red brick with a simple long nave and rounded choir added at the end and ornate sandstone doorways beneath the spire. The interior combined Gothic and with the ornate Baroque style of the time. Ranks of tall half-round windows let in natural light, and ribbed brick vaulting arched high overhead from two long rows of squared pillars supporting the roof. A row of side chapels ringed the nave and choir giving the appearance of a five-aisled church which impressed all who entered, including King Christian VI who oversaw the building's progress with impatience. Friederich Ehbisch (1672–1748) carved a magnificent new altarpiece and pulpit in the finest Baroque tradition. The best-preserved ancient gravestones from the floor of the old church were replaced in the floor, although not in the same locations.
After the 1728 fire, the new tower rose, higher than the previous one tapering to a tall spire modeled after the spire of St. Martin in the Fields in London. The bells from the former St. Nikolai Church (Sankt Nikolaj Kirke) were moved to the new spire in 1743 and a set of four new bells were cast and added. The largest bell, "The King's Bell", weighed just over 6000 kg. Eventually, the tower held 42 bells. It was popular at the time to pay for extra ringing after weddings and funerals, which was a source of complaint by university students who were trying to study. A smaller tower in the same style was added to the roofline above the choir.
In September 1807, the cathedral was destroyed during the bombardment of Copenhagen by the British Royal Navy under Admiral James Gambier during the Napoleonic Wars. The British demanded the surrender of the Dano-Norwegian fleet and the city. The Danes refused, but with most of the army on the Schleswig-Holstein border, the city was nearly defenseless. For three days the fleet bombarded the city and coastal forts. Royal Navy gunners used the tower of church for range practice, setting it ablaze, which in turn burned the church to the ground, along with nearby sections of Copenhagen. Copenhagen surrendered and the fleet was turned over to the British.
Denmark's finest architect, Christian Frederik Hansen, and the city magistrate redesigned the cathedral in the Neo-Classical style. Due to a lack of resources they incorporated elements of the surviving walls. The old surviving vaulting was blown up to make way for a church built in the new style. A pillared portico and a flat interior ceiling and simple classical lines are very different from the medieval church. The cornerstone was laid in 1817 and the work completed by Whitsun Day 1829. Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844) was commissioned to decorate the interior with statues of Jesus Christ and the apostles; Judas Iscariot replaced by St. Paul. Other artists also contributed sculptures and paintings. Thorvaldsen carved and donated the modern font as a personal gift.
The tower, based on the older medieval tower, became a controversial afterthought. The Neo-Classical style did not include towers, but citizens demanded and got a tower modeled on the older medieval tower. The tower is 60 meters high and contains four bells. "Stormklokken", cast in 1828 by Soren Hornhaver, is the heaviest bell in Denmark at 4 tons. The oldest bell in Denmark also hangs there cast in 1490 by Olug Kegge. It was transferred to Our Lady Church from Antvorskov Kloster. A third bell was cast in 1699 by Friderich Holtzmann. The fourth cast by Anker Heegaard in 1876.
Our Lady Church was designated a Denmark's National Cathedral only in 1924. Its relatively recent cathedral status stems from the splitting of Zealand (Sjaelland) into two Lutheran dioceses in 1922.
Major renovation organized by Professor Vilhelm Wohlert (1920–2007) in 1977–79 removed various additions that had accrued in the interior of the church over the years. Marcussen & Søn built a new large central organ in 1995, with a choir organ added in 2002. The crypt has been converted into a museum which contains models of the various iterations of the building.
Architecture
The building measures 83 m in length and 33 m in width. The interior of the nave is 60 m long and over 25 m from floor to ceiling. With all galleries open, the church can seat more than 1100 people. The tower is 60 m high and houses the four church bells. Stormklokken weighs 4 tons and is the largest bell in Denmark. The smallest bell in the tower is used at morning service among other occasions. It is the oldest bell in the country, dating from 1490 and taken from the former Antvorskov Kloster in Slagelse.
The pediment is decorated with bronzes of Jesus Christ and the Apostles. The interior is likewise decorated with the twelve apostles (one in front of each of the piers of the central nave), the Risen Christ displaying the wounds in his body (in a niche above the altar) and in front of the altar the baptismal font in the form of an angel holding a large scallop shell, all in Italian carrara marble. All of these sculptures were completed in Rome by the famous Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.
In the aisles, a bronze bust of Bertel Thorvaldsen, modeled by Herman Wilhelm Bissen (1798–1868) is on display along with many portraits of bishops and deans.
Royal events in the church
1363 – Wedding of Margaret I of Denmark and King Håkon VI of Norway
28 October 1449 – Coronation and marriage of King Christian I of Denmark and Queen Dorothea of Brandenburg.
1536? – Coronation of King Christian III of Denmark.
1559 – Coronation of King Frederick II of Denmark.
17 August 1596 – Coronation of King Christian IV of Denmark.
1648 – Coronation of King Frederick III of Denmark.
14 May 2004 – Wedding of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, and Mary Elizabeth Donaldson
Burials
Burials in the church or former churchyard include:
Cort Adeler (1622–1675), naval officer
Caspar Bartholin (1558–1628), physician and theologian
Thomas Bartholin (1616–1680), physician, mathematician and theologian
Thomas Bartholin (1659–1690), historian
Henrik Bornemann (1646–1710), clergyman and theologian
Hans Brochmand (1594–1638), theologian and rector
Jesper Brochmand (1585–1652), clergyman and theologian
Poul Egede (1708–1789), theologian, linguist and missionary
Thomas Fincke (1561–1656), mathematician and physicist
Christian Foss (1626–1680), physician and Supreme Court justice
Jens Foss (1629–1687), physician and councillor
Matthias Foss (1627–1683), physician
Christian Friis (1556–1616), statesman and landowner
Johan Friis (1494–1570), statesman and landowner
Johan Ludvig Holstein (1694–1763), statesman
Christian Horrebow (1718–1776), astronomer
Anders Krag (1553–1600), physicist, physician and rector
Poul Madsen (1527–1590), clergyman
Jacob Madsen Aarhus (538–1586), theologian and rector
Árni Magnússon (1663–1730), scholar and collector
Peder Palladius (1503–1560), clergyman and reformer
Hans Hansen Resen (1596–1653), theologian and clergyman
Hans Poulsen Resen (1561–1638), theologian and clergyman
Christen Friis Rottbøll (1727–1797), physician and botanist
Ole Rømer (1644–1710), astronomer
Laurids Mortensen Scavenius (1589–1655), clergyman
Peder Lauridsen Scavenius (1623–1685), jurist, civil servant, rector and landowner
Gerhard Schøning (1722–1780), historian, writer and rector
Johan Peter Suhr (1712–1785), merchant
Jørgen Vind (1593–1644), statesman
Christen Worm (1672–1737), theologian
Ole Worm (1588–1654), physician, natural scientist, antiquarian and collector
Marcus Wøldike (1699–1750), theologian
Broadcast services
Each morning (except Sundays), between 8.05 and 8.25 local time, Danish public radio (DR) transmits a live act of worship from the cathedral, recordings of which can also be heard via the internet.
Gallery
References
External links
Official website
Vor Frue Kirke Nasjonalmuseet
Copenhagen's Cathedral Discover Denmark & Copenhagen
Source
19th-century Lutheran churches
Bertel Thorvaldsen
Cathedrals in Denmark
Christian Frederik Hansen buildings
Churches completed in 1829
Coronation church buildings
Danish Culture Canon
Lutheran cathedrals in Denmark
Lutheran churches converted from Roman Catholicism
Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Churches in the Diocese of Copenhagen
Neoclassical church buildings in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20Our%20Lady%2C%20Copenhagen |
The grey-tailed mountaingem (Lampornis cinereicauda), also variously spelled gray-tailed mountaingem, grey-tailed mountain-gem, or gray-tailed mountain-gem, is a species of hummingbird in tribe Lampornithini of subfamily Trochilinae. It is endemic to Costa Rica.
Taxonomy and systematics
The grey-tailed mountaingem is treated as a species by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW). However, the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy treat it as a subspecies of the white-throated mountaingem (Lampornis castaneoventris).
Description
The grey-tailed mountaingem is about long and weighs about . It has a medium-length straight black bill, dark cheeks, and a white stripe behind the eye. Males have mostly dark bronzy green upperparts with an emerald green crown and a gray tail. Their chin and throat are white, the sides of the neck and upper breast bright green, and the lower breast and vent area dark gray. Females have entirely bright green upperparts and a gray tail. Their throat and belly are dark rufous and the undertail coverts are gray with white or buff edges.
Distribution and habitat
The grey-tailed mountaingem is found only in the Cordillera de Talamanca of southern Costa Rica. It inhabits the interior, edges, and shrubby clearings of oak forest and also gardens in communities near the forest. In elevation it ranges from up to timberline.
Behavior
Movement
The grey-tailed mountaingem moves to the lower part of its elevation range after breeding.
Feeding
The grey-tailed mountaingem feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering plants. Males typically feed at epiphytes in the forest interior while females more often feed in shrubby areas. Males are territorial, defending flower patches. They are dominant over smaller hummingbirds and subordinate to larger ones like the fiery-throated hummingbird (Panterpe insignis). The species also feeds on small arthropods gleaned from foliage.
Breeding
The grey-tailed mountaingem's breeding season spans from October to April. Its nest has not been described but is believed to be similar to that of its close relative the white-throated mountaingem sensu stricto. That nest is a cup of fine fibers with moss and some lichen on the outside. The incubation length and time to fledging are not known.
Vocalization
The grey-tailed mountaingem makes high pitched calls described as "ziit or ziip" and also "a 'sputtery, bubbly' song".
Status
The IUCN has assessed the grey-tailed mountaingem as being of Least Concern, though it has a small range and its population size and trend are unknown. It is considered fairly common in the right habitat. However, "this hummingbird is potentially threatened by human activities" such as deforestation for timber and agriculture.
References
Further reading
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander F. (1990): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press.
grey-tailed mountaingem
Birds of the Talamancan montane forests
Birds of Costa Rica
grey-tailed mountaingem
grey-tailed mountaingem
Endemic birds of Costa Rica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-tailed%20mountaingem |
In computer science, the well-founded semantics is a semantics for logic programming. It defines how to make conclusions from a set of logical rules. In logic programming, a computer receives a set of facts, and a set of "inference rules" about how these facts relate. The well-founded semantics is one way to define the precise meaning of such logic programs.
History
The well-founded semantics was defined by Van Gelder, et al. in 1991.
Three-valued logic
The well-founded semantics can be viewed as a three-valued version of stable model semantics. Instead of only assigning propositions true or false, it adds a value for representing ignorance.
For example, given:
Specimen A is a moth if specimen A does not fly during daylight.
but whether specimen A flies during the day is unknown, the well-founded semantics would assign the proposition "specimen A is a moth" the value bottom, which is neither true nor false.
Applications
The well-founded semantics is a way of making safe inferences in the presence of contradictory data such as noisy data, or data acquired from experts who promote varying opinions. Many two-valued semantics do not consider such a problem state workable. Well-founded semantics, however, circumvents the contradictions and proceeds to derive as many two-valued facts as possible, even though some consequences may remain unknown.
Complexity
The fastest known algorithm to compute well-founded semantics, is of quadratic time complexity.
References
Logic programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-founded%20semantics |
Tatoosh may refer to:
Tatoosh (yacht), yacht owned by Paul Allen
Tatoosh Island, Washington, United States
Tatoosh Wilderness, Washington, United States
Tatoosh Range, Washington, United States
Tatoosh fire, 2006 fire in Washington and British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatoosh |
The Nam Ou (Laotian: ນ້ຳອູ , literally: "rice bowl river") is one of the most important rivers of Laos. It runs 448 km from Phongsaly Province to Luang Prabang Province. The river rises in Muang Ou Nua near the Lao-Chinese border, and traverses the northern Laos mountains and gorges until meeting the Mekong River in Ban Pak Ou. Along with the Mekong, the Nam Ou is the only natural channel suitable for large-draft boat transportation. The Nam Ou is one of the 12 principal tributaries of the Mekong River. The river has a total area of nearly 26,000 km2. Near its confluence with the Mekong are the Pak Ou Caves, famous for their Buddha statues. The river is also surrounded by limestone karts, forests, and valleys. The river supports Lao rice cultivation. The Nam Ou placed in the top 80th percentile for river health according to the Mekong River Commission's aquatic health index.
Ecology
The Nam Ou river provides a habitat for 84 species of fish, with 29 of these species inhabiting the Nam Ou exclusively. The northern portion of the river flows through Phou Den Din National Protected Area (NPA) which is home to Asian elephants, Indochinese tigers, white-cheeked gibbons and large antlered muntjac – all endangered species. The river also provides a habitat to riverine birds, otters, and reptiles, with many categorized as endangered by the IUCN Red List.
Cultural importance
Different ethnic minorities' villages with generations of history are located on the river and rely on the river for survival. This includes collecting resources from the river and surrounding forests for income, food, and spiritual practices. The river and surrounding villages have also become a tourist destination for hikers, tour groups, and kayakers.
The Phonsaly province of Laos is home to three main ethnic groups: the Khmu, who account for 22% of the population; the Songsiri (18%); and the Akha (27%). The Khmu are the largest ethnic group in Oudomxay, at 59% of the population; the Lue account for 10% of the population; and the Hmong make up 14% of the provincial population. The Khmu are also the main ethnic group in Luang Prabang, with 47% of the population; the Lao ethnic group makes up 29% of the population; and the Hmong account for 16% of the population. All six of these ethnic groups have different geographical origins, spiritual and religious practices, and occupational preferences/expertise.
Development
The Nam Ou River is the site of the Nam Ou river cascade project, a series of seven dams at different sites along the river. 89 villages surrounding the river are expected to be relocated by the project. There are concerns that the project may have a negative impact on local animal and plant species.
Development on the Nam Ou river and other hydropower projects on other tributaries or directly on the Mekong River have affected the river and surrounding land. The Mekong River Commission has occupied a precarious position of asking for patience to assess the consequences of hydropower projects while also previously stating the abundance of hydropower projects in the region may negatively affect river ecosystems and river sustainability. Thousands of Laotian villagers have been relocated as a result of hydropower development projects. Villagers in areas affected by hydropower projects are relocated by the Laotian government. Resettlement sites often include modernized towns with nearby amenities like roads, bridges, temples, trading markets, health centers and schools. Some of these have been built by contractors and developers of hydropower projects. Some villagers have trouble readjusting to new locations because they lose access to fish, river-bank gardens, and edible river vegetation.
References
Rivers of Laos
Tributaries of the Mekong River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam%20Ou |
Kosmos 605 (), or Bion 1, was a Bion satellite. Kosmos 605 was the first of eleven Bion satellites.
Launch
Kosmos 605 was launched by a Soyuz-U rocket flying from Site 43/3 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Soviet Union. The satellite was initially launched in a low Earth orbit with a perigee of and an apogee of with an orbital inclination of 62.80° ant an orbital period of 90.70 minutes.
Mission
The spacecraft orbited the Earth for 21 days until its biological capsule returned to Earth on 22 November 1973 in a region of northwestern Kazakhstan. It carried several dozen male rats (possibly 25 or 45 ), six Russian tortoises (Agrionemys horsfieldii) (each in a separate box), a mushroom bed, flour beetles (Tribolium confusum) in various stages of their life cycle, and living bacterial spores. It provided data on the reaction of mammal, reptile, insect, fungal, and bacterial forms to prolonged weightlessness.
Results
After returning, the animals found several functional changes, such as decreased body temperature, difficulty breathing, muscle atrophy, decreased bone mechanical strength and decreased mass of some internal organs and glands. No pathological changes were found. 3–4 weeks after landing, most of these changes receded and the animals returned to normal. In the experiment, for the first time, a second generation of insects was obtained whose weightlessness was developed. No differences were detected between the second and the first generation. The influence of space conditions on the development of fungi was also found. Growing up in a weightless state, they created a very thin and extremely bent leg and a more massive mycelium than on Earth. Kosmos 605 also tested means of protection against ionizing radiation.
See also
1973 in spaceflight
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1973
1973 in spaceflight
1973 in the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20605 |
The Ricart–Agrawala algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. This algorithm is an extension and optimization of Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm, by removing the need for messages. It was developed by computer scientists Glenn Ricart and Ashok Agrawala.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Ricart-Agrawala Algorithm
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving a request from the requesting site.
Algorithm
Requesting Site
Sends a message to all sites. This message includes the site's name, and the current timestamp of the system according to its logical clock (which is assumed to be synchronized with the other sites)
Receiving Site
Upon reception of a request message, immediately sending a timestamped reply message if and only if:
the receiving process is not currently interested in the critical section OR
the receiving process has a lower priority (''usually this means having a later timestamp)
Otherwise, the receiving process will defer the reply message. This means that a reply will be sent only after the receiving process has finished using the critical section itself.
Critical Section:
Requesting site enters its critical section only after receiving all reply messages.
Upon exiting the critical section, the site sends all deferred reply messages.
Performance
Max number of network messages:
Synchronization Delays: One message propagation delay
Common optimizations
Once site has received a message from site , site may enter the critical section multiple times without receiving permission from on subsequent attempts up to the moment when has sent a message to . This is called Roucairol-Carvalho optimization or Roucairol-Carvalho algorithm.
Problems
One of the problems in this algorithm is failure of a node. In such a situation a process may starve forever.
This problem can be solved by detecting failure of nodes after some timeout.
See also
Lamport's bakery algorithm
Lamport's distributed mutual exclusion algorithm
Maekawa's algorithm
Suzuki–Kasami algorithm
Raymond's algorithm
Naimi–Trehel's algorithm
References
Maekawa, M.,Oldehoeft, A.,Oldehoeft, R.(1987). Operating Systems: Advanced Concept.Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Distributed algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricart%E2%80%93Agrawala%20algorithm |
Sha Tau Kok Road () is a road connecting Sha Tau Kok and Fanling in the New Territories, Hong Kong.
History
Sha Tau Kok Road is the only road access to Sha Tau Kok from Hong Kong since its construction in 1927. The road replaced Sha Tau Kok Railway as the connection between those areas.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
Shek Chung Au
References
Sha Tau Kok
Fanling
Roads in the New Territories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%20Tau%20Kok%20Road |
Kosmos 690 (in Russian: Бион 2, Космос 690), or Bion 2, was a Bion satellite launched by the Soviet Union.
Launch
Kosmos 690 was launched on 22 October 1974, at 17:59:59 UTC from Plesetsk Cosmodrome with a Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It was placed in low Earth orbit, with perigee of , apogee of and orbital inclination of 62.80°, and orbital period of 98.40 minutes.
Spacecraft
The spacecraft was based on the Zenit spy satellite with emphasis on studying the problems of radiation effects on human beings.
It carried albino rats for biomedical research. Scientists from Czechoslovakia, Romania and Soviet Union subjected the rats to daily radiation doses from a gamma source by ground command. When they were recovered 21 days later, many rats had developed lung problems and their blood and bone marrow had changed more than those of control specimens. It had an on-orbit dry mass of .
An instrument module in the form of 2 connected truncated cones, weighing , in diameter and in length, carries in most of the auxiliary instrumentation in the hermetized part. Outwardly, ball valves with compressed nitrogen are attached to the gas nozzles of the stabilizer system. At the rear, the TDU-1 braking engine is located at a stroke of 15.83 kN and a maximum operating time of 45 seconds. Hypergolic KPL delivers a turbo pump to the combustion chamber. An auxiliary container containing chemical batteries and additional experiments, cylindrical with a diameter of and a height of is placed above the return module and dumped approximately a day before the landing.
Mission
After 21 days, Kosmos 690 returned to Earth and landing in Kazakhstan on 12 November 1974. The return module, weighing and in diameter, was covered with an ablative thermal shield 3 to 18 cm thick.
See also
1974 in spaceflight
Kosmos (satellite)
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow. ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki (6): 35, 1996
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1974
1974 in spaceflight
1974 in the Soviet Union
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20690 |
Kosmos 782 (in Russian: Бион 3, Космос 782, or Bion 3) was a Bion satellite. It carried 14 experiments prepared by seven countries in all, with participation from scientists in France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, United States and the Soviet Union.
Launch and return
Launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 25 November 1975, at 14:00:00 UTC. The biosatellite was recovered near Amankaragaj, in Kazakhstan, Soviet Union, on 15 December 1975 after 19.5 days.
Mission
It included a centrifuge with revolving and fixed sections in which identical groups of animals, plants, and cells could be compared. The subject animals included white rats and tortoises. The effects of aging on fruit fly livers and plant tissues with grafted cancerous growths were also studied. More than 20 different species were flown on the mission, including 25 unrestrained male Wistar rats, fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), carrot tissues, and 1,000 embryos of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus (a small shallow-water minnow). A United States radiation dosimeter experiment was also carried out without using biological materials. This experiment was the only joint U.S./U.S.S.R. study flown on the Kosmos series of biosatellites that was developed by Johnson Space Center (JSC); all others were developed and managed by Ames Research Center (ARC).
See also
1975 in spaceflight
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki (6): 35, 1996
References
External links
NASA Ames Research Center
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1975
1975 in spaceflight
1975 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20782 |
The Bion satellites (), also named Biocosmos, is a series of Soviet (later Russian) biosatellites focused on space medicine.
Bion space program
Bion precursor flights and Bion flights
The Soviet biosatellite program began in 1966 with Kosmos 110, and resumed in 1973 with Kosmos 605. Cooperation in space ventures between the Soviet Union and the United States was initiated in 1971, with the signing of the United States and Soviet Union in Science and Applications Agreement (which included an agreement on space research cooperation). The Soviet Union first offered to fly U.S. experiments on a Kosmos biosatellite in 1974, only a few years after the termination (in 1969) of the U.S. biosatellite program. The offer was realized in 1975 when the first joint U.S./Soviet research were carried out on the Kosmos 782 mission.
The Bion spacecraft were based on the Zenit spacecraft and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 690, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
The Soviet/Russian Bion program provided U.S. investigators a platform for launching Fundamental Space Biology and biomedical experiments into space. The Bion program, which began in 1966, included a series of missions that flew biological experiments using primates, rodents, insects, cells, and plants on a biosatellite in near Earth orbit. NASA became involved in the program in 1975 and participated in 9 of the 11 Bion missions. NASA ended its participation in the program with the Bion No.11 mission launched in December 1996. The collaboration resulted in the flight of more than 100 U.S. experiments, one-half of all U.S. life sciences flight experiments accomplished with non-human subjects.
The missions ranged from five days (Bion 6) (Kosmos 1514) to around 22 days (Bion 1 and Kosmos 110).
Bion-M
In 2005, the Bion program was resumed with three new satellites of the modified Bion-M type – the first flight was launched on 19 April 2013 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. The first satellite of the new series Bion-M1 featured an aquarium by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and carried 45 mice, 18 Mongolian gerbils, 15 geckos, snails, fish and micro-organisms into orbit for 30 days before re-entry and recovery. All the gerbils died due to a hardware failure, but condition of the rest of the experiments, including all geckos, was satisfactory. Half the mice died as was predicted.
Bion-M2 is scheduled to launch in 2023 on a Soyuz 2.1a rocket to an altitude of 800 km. The orbiter will carry 75 mice and studies will focus on how they are affected at the molecular level by space radiation.
Launch history
See also
BIOPAN
Biosatellite program
EXPOSE
Foton-M2
Interkosmos
List of Kosmos satellites
List of microorganisms tested in outer space
O/OREOS
OREOcube
Tanpopo
Zond 5
References
External links
Zenit Satellites - Bion variant
Astronautix, Bion
TsSKB, Bion images (Russian)
R. W. Ballard, and J. P. Connolly; U.S./U.S.S.R. joint research in space biology and medicine on Kosmos biosatellites, FASEB J. 4: 5-9 (Overview of Bion 1 to 9)
Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
Satellites of the Soviet Union
Satellites of Russia
Animals in space
Astrobiology space missions
Biosatellites
Animal testing in the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bion%20%28satellite%29 |
Kosmos 1667 ( meaning Kosmos 1667), or Bion 7 was a 1985 biomedical research mission satellite involving scientists from nine countries. It was part of the Bion program. This mission was the scientific participation of nine countries (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union and United States).
Mission
Kosmos 1667 was the second U.S.S.R. biosatellite mission with a primate payload. Although the American experiment on the Kosmos 1667 mission was meant to be a repeat of the Kosmos 1514 cardiovascular experiment, several improvements were implemented on this mission. Modified post-surgery animal handling procedures minimised the risk of damaging the transducer implants. Data was sampled and recorded more frequently during the inflight period. Two monkeys with flight-type cardiovascular instrumentation were studied in a ground-based synchronous control experiment; postflight cardiovascular tests were not conducted after Kosmos 1514. Postural tilt tests were conducted during the pre-flight and post-flight periods in several animals to establish a ground-based pool of normal data for this procedure. This data was compared with the similar body fluid shifts thought to occur in flight. Instrument calibration procedures were modified on this mission to ensure that blood pressure measurements would be accurate.
The main objective of American participation in the Kosmos 1667 mission was to measure carotid artery pressure and blood flow during the inflight period. The United States provided all flight and ground support instrumentation for this experiment. Raw analogue data from flight and ground control experiments was transferred to the Cardiovascular Research Laboratory at the NASA Ames Research Center for analysis. Hemodynamic data was to be correlated with concurrently recorded Soviet data. A similar correlative study was performed during the Cosmos 1514 mission, where blood flow velocity was compared to total body cardiac output as determined by impedance cardiography. Two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) named Gordyy and Oomka were flown on board the biosatellite. Each animal weighed approximately . Both were instrumented for Soviet neurophysiology studies. The instruments consisted of bilaterally implanted microelectrodes in the vestibular nuclei, and electro-oculogram and electroencephalogram electrodes. Monkeys were housed in Soviet biosatellite capsules, as for the Kosmos 1514 mission. United States hardware developed for the Kosmos 1514 cardiovascular experiment was used again on this mission. A barometric pressure recorder mounted in the primate capsule was used to correct and normalise the implanted pressure sensor to 760 mm Hg.
They were also taken ten male rats, and ten newts. The newts had part of their front limbs amputated and their crystalline lenses removed to study the possible rate of human recovery from injuries incurred in space. A biocalorimeter monitored energy exchange during the emergence of flies from nymphs; 1500 drosophila flies were carried for this purpose. The payload also included maize seeds, crocuses, and guppies in an aquarium.
The mission was recovered after seven days. on 17 July 1985.
See also
1985 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
External links
NASA
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1985
1985 in spaceflight
1985 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%201667 |
Operation Backfire may refer to:
Operation Backfire (WWII)
Operation Backfire (FBI), an FBI operation against certain actions by the radical environmental movement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Backfire |
Howard Marshall is the name of:
Howard Marshall (broadcaster) (1900–1973), English sports broadcaster
Howard Marshall (rugby union) (1870–1929), English rugby union player
I. Howard Marshall (1934–2015), biblical scholar
J. Howard Marshall (1905–1995), American oil business executive
J. Howard Marshall III (born 1936), American businessman | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Marshall |
Xinca may refer to:
Xinca people — an indigenous people in southern Guatemala
Xincan languages — their indigenous Mesoamerican languages
Xinka refers to:
Xinka, Somalia, a town in the Uur Caleed area of Somalia
See also
Shinca (disambiguation)
Shinka (disambiguation)
Chinka (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinca |
Óbidos is a municipality in Pará, Brazil located at the narrowest and swiftest part of the Amazon River. The town was founded in 1697, and is located between Santarém and Oriximiná. It is the seat of the Diocese of Óbidos. The town was named after Óbidos, Portugal.
Conservation
The north of the municipality contains part (7.36%) of the Grão-Pará Ecological Station, the largest fully protected tropical forest conservation unit on the planet.
It contains 10% of the Trombetas State Forest, created in 2006.
Transportation
Óbidos is served by Óbidos Airport.
Sobral Santos II disaster
Óbidos, Pará, in Brazil, was the scene of the sinking of in September 1981, one of the worst maritime tragedies in the history of the Amazon River. The riverboat was making its weekly trip between Santarém and Manaus and was claimed to be overcrowded when it sank in Óbidos harbour. It is assumed over 300 people died in the disaster, with hundreds of bodies and body parts never identified.
Villages
Missão Tiriyó
Climate
The climate is tropical monsoon (Köppen: Am), with great differences in precipitation according to the seasons.
References
Further reading
Harris, Mark. Life on the Amazon The Anthropology of a Brazilian Peasant Village. A British Academy postdoctoral fellowship monograph. Oxford: Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2000.
''Columbia-Lippincott guide'. (New York City: Columbia University Press, 1952) p. 1362.
Municipalities in Pará
Populated places established in 1697
Populated places on the Amazon
1697 establishments in the Portuguese Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93bidos%2C%20Par%C3%A1 |
MGO VFSO "Dynamo" (), commonly known as Dynamo Moscow (), is a Russian sports club based in Moscow. Founded by Felix Dzerzhinsky on 18 April 1923, Dynamo Moscow was the first institution created from the All-Union Dynamo Sports Club.
Dynamo Moscow developed numerous athletes. Among them, multiple Olympic medalists like fencer Galina Gorokhova and gymnast Mikhail Voronin, Ballon d'Or winner the "Black Spider" Lev Yashin, three-time ice hockey Olympic gold medalist Vitaly Davydov, and one of the most decorated in rhythmic gymnastic, Alina Kabaeva.
Since December 2019, the Dynamo Society is headed by the FSB two-star general Anatoly Gulevsky.
Departments
Notable athletes gallery
References
Sports clubs and teams established in 1923
Multi-sport clubs in Russia
Sports clubs and teams in Moscow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo%20Moscow |
Joseph Ybarra (born ~1954) is an American producer and designer of video games. He left Apple Computer in 1982 to work at the new Electronic Arts that was founded by his fellow ex-employee Trip Hawkins. He was the original producer of the first Madden NFL.
As one of the original game producers at EA, Ybarra worked on acclaimed games such as M.U.L.E., Seven Cities of Gold, Starflight, and the first version of Madden NFL. Ybarra later served as the president of Infocom and produced MMORPGs for Sierra Online and Monolith Productions. He also held a position at Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment, which eventually filed for bankruptcy. In 2013, Ybarra launched a Kickstarter for a simulation game called Shackleton Crater, which ultimately did not meet its funding goals.
Professional biography
Joe Ybarra worked at Apple Computer before leaving in 1982 to work at Electronic Arts, a startup company founded by his fellow ex-Apple employee, Trip Hawkins. There he became one of the original game producers and game designers at Electronic Arts in 1982 (along with Stewart Bonn, Dave Evans (Apple), Susan Lee-Merrow and Pat Marriott), where the concept of a game producer was created by Trip Hawkins. During this time he produced several highly acclaimed computer games, including M.U.L.E. by Dani Bunten and Ozark Softscape, Seven Cities of Gold (also by Bunten), Starflight and Dr. J. and Larry Bird Go One on One by Eric Hammond. Ybarra was also the original producer on the first version of Madden NFL.
He later became president of game publisher Infocom and produced MMORPGs for Sierra Online and Monolith Productions.
He had been working with Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment and its subsidiary FireSky on the Stargate Worlds MMO as Senior Vice President of Strategic Operations. However, Cheyenne Mountain Entertainment filed for bankruptcy on February 12, 2010 and no longer sells or operates Stargate: Resistance.
On March 11, 2013 Joe Ybarra announced a Kickstarter project for a simulation game called Shackleton Crater, billed as "the lunar colonization strategy game based on today's science and tomorrow's dream." However, it was closed down before achieving its funding goals.
Video games produced or designed by Joe Ybarra
Alien Legacy
Earth Orbit Stations
M.U.L.E.
John Madden Football
Dr. J. and Larry Bird Go One on One
Shadowbane
Spellcraft: Aspects of Valor
Starflight
Stargate Worlds
The Bard's Tale
The Matrix Online
Seven Cities of Gold
The Shadow of Yserbius
References
External links
Electronic Arts employees
Infocom
Living people
Madden NFL
Video game producers
American video game designers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Ybarra |
Emiliano Bonazzoli (; born 20 January 1979) is a former Italian footballer who played as a striker, currently in charge of club Lecco.
Playing career
Bonazzoli started his career at Brescia. He played his first professional match on 15 May 1997 against Lecce; in the next two seasons, he occasionally played for the first and youth teams. In the second half of the 1998–99 season, he left for league rival Cesena.
Bonazzoli was signed by Parma in a co-ownership deal in 1999. He was loaned back to Brescia and scored nine league goals for the team.
Parma
In June 2000, Parma bought all remaining registration rights from Brescia. He played the opening match on 1 October 2000, then left on loan to league rival Verona.
Bonazzoli returned to Parma and played seasons for the team.
Reggina
Bonazzoli was sent on loan to Reggina in January 2003. At the end of the season, the club signed him in a co-ownership deal for €925,000.
Sampdoria
In the summer of 2005, he was loaned to Sampdoria along with Marco Zamboni, which Bonazzoli secured a permanent move from Parma and Reggina in summer 2006. He suffered from injuries, and at the start of 2007–08 Serie A, Andrea Caracciolo was signed to replace him.
He scored four goals in a UEFA Cup match for Sampdoria; on 14 January 2009, he was loaned to Fiorentina in exchange for Giampaolo Pazzini.
Return to Reggina
In July 2009, Bonazzoli signed a contract with Reggina to seek more playing time as a starter. He only valued €850,000 at that time.
He was excluded from the squad for the start of the 2012–13 Serie B season.
Padova
In November 2012, he joined Calcio Padova, which became official at the start of the January transfer window.
Marano
In September 2013, Bonazzoli was signed by the Serie D club, S.S.D. Calcio Marano.
Budapest Honvéd
In January 2014, Bonazzoli was signed by the Hungarian League club, Budapest Honvéd FC.
Este
In July 2014, Bonazzoli was signed by the Hungarian League club, A.C. Este.
Miami Fusion
In May 2015, Bonazzoli was signed by the National Premier Soccer League club, Miami Fusion FC.
Siena
In July 2015, Bonazzoli was signed by the Lega Pro club, Siena.
Cittadella
On 29 December 2015, Bonazzoli was signed by fellow third-tier club Cittadella after being released by Siena.
International career
Bonazzoli was a member of Italy's U-18 team (now called U19 team) at the 1996 UEFA European Under-18 Championship Final tournament, the Italy U-21 team that won the 2002 European Under-21 Football Championship. He was first called up for the Italy squad in September 2006 for Euro 2008 qualifying qualification matches against Lithuania and France, but did not play in any of those. He finally made his international debut in a friendly against Turkey on 15 November 2006.
Managerial career
In 2016, Bonazzoli started his coaching career with Prima Categoria amateurs Atletico Conselve, then joining Promozione club Thermal Teolo afterwards.
In 2018, he embarked on a coaching career with women's football, being appointed in charge of Chievo Women for the 2018–19 Serie A season. This was followed by a stint at Hellas Verona Women the following season.
In 2020, Bonazzoli joined the coaching staff of Serie C club Renate as a technical collaborator. In January 2022, he was appointed in charge of Serie D club Fanfulla, a position he left in February 2023.
On 12 October 2023, Bonazzoli took on his first position as a professional head coach, being appointed in charge of bottom-placed Serie B club Lecco.
Honours
Brescia
Serie B: 1996–97
Parma
Coppa Italia: 2001–02
References
External links
National Team stats.
1979 births
Living people
People from Asola, Lombardy
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers
Italy men's international footballers
Brescia Calcio players
AC Cesena players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Hellas Verona FC players
LFA Reggio Calabria players
UC Sampdoria players
ACF Fiorentina players
Calcio Padova players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Italian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Footballers from the Province of Mantua
Serie A (women's football) managers
Calcio Lecco 1912 managers
Serie B managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano%20Bonazzoli |
Piracanjuba () is a municipality in southeastern Goiás state, Brazil. It is a big producer of orchids, milk products, and soybeans. Piracanjuba is also the name of a fish (Brycon orbignyanus) common to the waters of the Plata River basin.
Location
Piracanjuba is located southeast of Goiânia. It is in the valley of the Piracanjuba River, which flows to south to join the Paranaíba. The important BR-153 highway lies 23 km. to the west.
Distances to important cities are: Goiânia, 85 km; Morrinhos, 76 km;, Caldas Novas, 62 km; and Brasília, 282 km. The main highways are Go-413, Go-147, Go-405 and BR-153, the interstate linking Goiânia with the state of Minas Gerais. There are municipal boundaries with Morrinhos, Caldas Novas, and Professor Jamil.
History
The origins of Piracanjuba go back to the nineteenth century when Padre Marinho began a settlement called Pouso Alto. A chapel was built in 1831 and by 1833 there were houses in the region. In 1855 it was elevated to district with the name Nossa Senhora da Abadia do Pouso Alto. In 1886 this name was changed to Piracanjuba. In 1907 once again the name was changed to Pouso Alto, only to return to Piracanjuba in 1943. Piracanjuba comes from the name of the river and a fish in the region. Later two districts, Cromínia and Mairipotaba, were dismembered to form separate municipalities.
Origin of the name
The name "Piracanjuba" is derived from the fish with the same name (Triurobrycon lundii), which was once common in river waters of this region. ambientebrasil
Political Information
Mayor: Ricardo de Pina Cabral (January 2009)
City council: 9
Eligible voters: 18,227 (12/2007)
Demographic Information
Population density: 9.69 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 16,752(2007)
Rural population: 6,558 (2007)
Population growth or loss: a gain of about 150 people since 1980
Economic Information
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. Piracanjuba is considered the state capital of orchids and is one of the largest producers of this flower in Brazil. Cattle raising, especially for dairy products, is the most important economic activity, but there are also large plantations of soybeans.
Industrial units: 34 (2007)
Commercial units: 238 (2007)
Bank agencies: Banco do Brasil S.A. - BRADESCO S.A. - Banco Itaú S.A.
(June 2005) - CEF
Dairy: Coop. Agrop. Mista de Piracanjuba Ltda. - Laticínios Bela Vista Ltda. (2007)
Cattle herd: 199,400 head (2006)
Poultry: 123,320 (2006)
Swine: 15,680 (2006)
Dairy cows: 61,200 (2006)
Main crops (2006): pineapple, flowers, cotton, rice (3,800 hectares), coffee, beans, sunflowers, oranges, manioc, soybeans (50,500 hectares), tomatoes, and corn (2,150 hectares). Seplan
Number of agricultural establishments: 1,947
Agricultural area: 192,516
Cropland: 36,500 ha.
Natural pasture: 114,580 ha.
People working in agriculture: 4,500 IBGE
Education (2006)
Schools: 30
Students: 6,800
Higher education: Faculdade de Piracanjuba - FAP
Adult literacy rate: 87.7% (2000) (national average was 86.4%) Seplan
Health (2007)
Hospitals: 2
Hospital beds: 80 Seplan
Infant mortality rate: 24.95 (2000) (national average was 33.0).
MHDI: 0.755
State ranking: 67 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 1,735 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000) For a complete list see Frigoletto.com
Tourism
Piracanjuba is famous for its Orchid Exposition, which has been going on for the last 20 years. It is considered the largest event of this nature in the country, receiving more than 20 thousand visitors and 500 growers. For photos of the city see Photos of Piracanjuba.
Media
There are three radio stations: Rádio Pouso Alto AM, Sol FM and Orquídea FM; two monthly newspapers, O Piracan and Cinco de Junho
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracanjuba |
The Application Software Systems Laboratory (TASSL) is a research lab, as a part of Center for Advanced Information Processing (CAIP), and Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering at Rutgers University . It is under the direction of Dr. Manish Parashar and the current research fields include Autonomic Computing, Parallel Computing and Distributed Computing, Grid Computing, Peer-to-peer Computing, Adaptive Computing Systems, and Scientific Computation..
It is one of the leading research groups in the field of Autonomic Computing and adaptive computation systems.
External links
CAIP
Artificial intelligence laboratories
Research institutes in New Jersey
Computer science institutes in the United States
Laboratories in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASSL |
Kosmos 936 or Bion 4 (Бион 4, Космос 936) was a Bion satellite. The mission involved nine countries in a series of biomedical research experiments. The experiments were primarily follow-ups to the Bion 3 (Kosmos 782) flight. Scientists from the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission.
Spacecraft
The spacecraft was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
Launch
Kosmos 936 was launched on 3 August 1977, at 14:01:00 UTC by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The mission ended after 19.5 days.
Mission
The mission was to conduct various biological studies, continuing the Bion 3 mission experiments. He had two centrifuges on board to put some specimens in an artificial gravity environment. An attempt was made to differentiate, using rats, between the effects caused by space flight itself from those caused by stress. The effects of flight on muscle and bone, on red cell survival, and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also studied, and an experiment with rats on the effects of space radiation on the retina was conducted.
One of the instruments (without a biological part) studied the physical parameters of the components of space radiation. Fruit flies were used in genetics and aging studies. A group of rats of the Rattus norvegicus species were sent, with an average weight of at launch and 62 days of age. Twenty of the rats experienced microgravity and the other ten were subjected to the artificial gravity of the centrifuge.
See also
1977 in spaceflight
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed., Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed., Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1977
1977 in spaceflight
1977 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%20936 |
Přerov nad Labem (; ) is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants.
Geography
Přerov nad Labem is located about west of Nymburk and east of Prague. It lies in the Central Elbe Table lowland within the Polabí region. The highest point is the hill Přerovská hůra at above sea level. The municipality is situated on the left bank of the Elbe River, which forms the northern municipal border.
History
The first written mention of Přerov nad Labem is from 993. In 1499, the village was promoted to a market town by Vladislaus II, but it later lost the title.
Sights
The Church of Saint Adalbert was built in the early Baroque style in 1618–1682 and was rebuilt in 1865.
The Přerov nad Labem Castle was built at the end of the 14th century as administrative seat of the Břevnov Monastery. It the 1560s it was rebuilt in the Renaissance castle. Today the building is without use and inaccessible to the public.
Přerov nad Labem is a home of one of the oldest open-air museums in Europe. It was founded by Austrian aristocrat Ludwig Salvator in 1895.
Moto & Velo Museum is a private museum with an exposition of historic bicycles and motorcycles. It was opened in 1998.
References
External links
Open-air ethnographic museum official website
Villages in Nymburk District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99erov%20nad%20Labem |
Bion 5, or also Kosmos 1129 (in Russian: Бион 5, Космос-1129) was a Bion satellite. It was a biomedical research mission involving scientists from nine countries, launched on 29 September 1979, at 15:30:00 UTC. Among the experiments was the first attempt to breed mammals in space, which proved unsuccessful. The mission ended after 18.5 days, on 14 October 1979, at 02:24 UTC. The mission had the cooperation of the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union.
Mission
Organisms studied included:
Rattus norvegicus (Wistar rat)
Coturnix coturnix (Japanese quail)
Daucus carota (carrot)
Objectives
Bion 5 mission consisted of various biological studies, including the first mammalian reproduction attempts (rats) in space, which ended up not succeeding. Experiences NASA were designed to study the effects of radiation on mice, quail embryos and some plant specimens.
Studies on the effect of microgravity were also performed on the muscles and bones of rats and avian embryogenesis was studied in space. the effects of microgravity on plant tissues were investigated using carrots and carrot cancerous tissue to study the effects of space flight on the growth and development of plants. As in the previous mission, 30 rats for the species Rattus norvegicus were sent physiological studies; Seven additional rats were used in embryological experiments.
See also
1979 in spaceflight
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
External links
Cosmos 1129. NASA
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1979
1979 in spaceflight
1979 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%201129 |
Richard Masato Aoki ( or ; November 20, 1938 – March 15, 2009) was an American educator and college counselor, best known as a civil rights activist and early member of the Black Panther Party. He joined the early Black Panther Party and was eventually promoted to the position of Field Marshal. Although there were several Asian Americans in the Black Panther Party, Aoki was the only one to have a formal leadership position. Following Aoki's death, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's records on him were obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, showing that, over a period of 15 years, he had been an informant for the government.
Biography
Richard Aoki was born in San Leandro, California in 1938 to Japanese parents Shozo Aoki and Toshiko Kaniye. He and his family were interned at the Topaz War Relocation Center in Utah from 1942 to 1945 due to Executive Order 9066. They moved to a predominantly black neighborhood in Oakland, California after World War II ended. In junior high Aoki joined a gang, later would brag that he was a great street fighter, and still managed to become co-valedictorian. Later, in a deal to expunge his criminal record, Aoki spent one year in active duty serving in the United States Army, first as a medic and later in the infantry, and 7 years in the reserves. In this time he became proficient in firearms. During his time in the reserves he was elected to The Berkeley Young Socialist Alliance's executive council and was a member of other socialist groups, reporting the information he gathered back to the FBI.
He attended Merritt College for two years, where he became close friends with his longtime acquaintances Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the founding members of the Black Panther Party; the organization was founded in October 1966, one month after Aoki transferred to the University of California, Berkeley. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in sociology in 1968 and a Master of Social Work degree in 1970.
It was originally reported that Aoki died at his home in Berkeley from complications from dialysis. Nearly a year later, it was publicly revealed that he had died of suicide from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. He never married and had no children. His life was chronicled in the 2009 documentary film, Aoki.
Posthumous revelation as an FBI informant
On August 20, 2012, a report by Center for Investigative Reporting journalist Seth Rosenfeld alleged Aoki was an FBI informant who had infiltrated chapters of the Communist Party, the Socialist Workers' Party and, nearly from its inception, the Black Panther Party. In response to a FOIA request by Rosenfeld, it was revealed that a November 16, 1967, FBI intelligence report listed Aoki as an informant with the code number "T-2". Former FBI agent turned banker, Burney Threadgill Jr., also said that he worked with Aoki, stating, "He was my informant. I developed him."
On September 7, 2012, the Center for Investigative Reporting published a second story about Aoki with new documents detailing his 221-page informant file. The file was released under court order after a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit. The second story notes Aoki was designated the code name "Richard Ford." The file details 16 years of cooperation between Aoki and the FBI's San Francisco office. According to the story, the records show "that at various points, he provided information that was 'unique' and of 'extreme value.'"
Footnotes
Further reading
Diane C. Fujino, Samurai Among Panthers: Richard Aoki on Race, Resistance, and a Paradoxical Life. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.
External links
Official website for Aoki, A Film Documentary(includes video clips from film)
Was Bay Area Radical, Black Panther Arms Supplier Richard Aoki An Informant for the FBI? from Democracy Now! August 23, 2012
1938 births
2009 deaths
2009 suicides
People from San Leandro, California
Asian-American movement activists
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Members of the Black Panther Party
COINTELPRO targets
Japanese-American internees
Activists from Oakland, California
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Suicides by firearm in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Aoki |
Keith Edward Yandell (, Davenport, Iowa – , Madison, Wisconsin) was a philosopher of religion who became notable by his teaching and his writings.
Teaching
Yandell began teaching in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1966. He had become the Julius R. Weinberg Professor of Philosophy when he retired in 2011.
Beginning in 2004 and continuing after his retirement from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Yandell became an Affiliate Professor of Philosophy at the
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois.
Education
Yandell earned a BA and an MA from Wayne State University. He received a PhD from Ohio State University.
His fields of expertise include: History of modern philosophy, Metaphysics, Philosophy of religion, Ethics, and Indian philosophy.
Works
Yandell has over 60 articles and reviews in journals listed in EBSCO. His books including those co-authored or edited follow:
Free Will and Evil (MA Thesis, Wayne State, 1960)
Metaphysical Systems and Decision Procedures (PhD Dissertation, Ohio State, 1966)
Basic Issues in the Philosophy of Religion (Allyn and Bacon, 1971)
Problems in Philosophical Inquiry: Theory of Knowledge (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Metaphysics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Theory of Knowledge (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Philosophy of Religion (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
Ethics (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971)
God, Man, and Religion (McGraw-Hill, 1973)
Christianity and Philosophy (Eerdmans, 1984)
Hume's Inexplicable Mystery: His Views on Religion (Temple University, 1990)
The Epistemology of Religious Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 1999)
Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India (Routledge, 2000)
Faith and Narrative (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal (InterVarsity Press/Paternoster, 2009)
Spirituality Without God?: Buddhist Enlightenment and Christian Salvation (Paternoster, 2009)
The Soul (Defence of the Evidential Value of) (Ashgate, 2015)
In addition to books, Yandell has published essays on Anselm, miracles, and religious language; as well as a series of articles on the problem of evil; a series of articles on the epistemic status of religious experience; a series of articles on Hume's philosophy of religion; a series of articles on the supposed ineffability of religious beings or experiences; a series of articles on Indian philosophy; a series of articles on religion and morality; and a series of articles on philosophical issues concerning Christian theology, especially concerning the nature of God. He was working on metaphysical issues in the philosophy of religion and on religious pluralism.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
American evangelicals
American philosophy academics
Protestant philosophers
Philosophers of religion
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Ohio State University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Yandell |
Kosmos 1514 or Bion 6 (in Russian: Космос 1514, Бион 6) was a biomedical research mission that was launched on 14 December 1983, at 07:00:00 UTC. It was part of the Bion programme.
Mission
The first Soviet Union orbital flight of a non-human primate was accomplished on the Kosmos 1514 mission. Two monkeys flew on the mission, together with several pregnant rats. More than 60 experiments were performed by investigators from Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, France, the Soviet Union and the United States. This was the first time the Soviet space agency flew monkeys in space, coming 34 years after the U.S. first put a monkey into space, and 22 years after the Soviet Union started putting humans into space.
United States scientists conducted three experiments on the primates and another experiment on the rat subjects. The mission differed markedly from earlier Cosmos flights, both in terms of Soviet scientific goals and in the degree of cooperation required between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two countries had to interact at a high level because much of the U.S. experiment hardware had to be integrated with the Soviet spacecraft and instrumentation systems.
Two Rhesus monkeys were flown into orbit implanted with sensors to permit monitoring of carotid artery blood flow. Additionally eighteen pregnant white rats were sent to be used for studies of the effects of microgravity and radiation. The rats subsequently produced normal litters.
Experiments focused on the effect of weightlessness on various physiological parameters. A study of circadian rhythms was concerned with the synchronization of primate motor activity, body temperature and skin temperature rhythms to a fixed light/dark cycle and to each other. Blood pressure and flow were monitored, to evaluate short and long-term changes in these parameters. Changes in calcium metabolism were studied in order to determine the effect of weightlessness on the skeleton. The two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Abrek and Bion, flown on board were about three years of age and each weighed approximately 4 kilograms. Height was a constraint in selecting animals for flight. This was because a Soviet vestibular experiment required that the flight restraint couches oscillate vertically within the animal capsules. The monkeys were conditioned to sit in the restraint couches and perform tasks for food rewards. Tasks included pressing a lever with their feet and tracking a moving light with their eyes. Monkeys were also trained to eat and drink from food and juice dispensers. Monkeys in the flight and control groups were implanted with blood pressure and flow cuffs and sensors to measure several physiological parameters.
A neuroontogeny experiment was conducted to investigate space flight effects on the sensory development of rats that spent part of their prenatal gestation period in space. Ten pregnant female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were flown. Ground control groups contained the same number of rats. At the start of the flight or control experiments, the rats were at gestation day 13 of their 21-day cycle.
The mission ended after five days, on 19 December 1983.
See also
1983 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
Bibliography
Kozlov, D. I. (1996), Mashnostroenie, ed.; Konstruirovanie avtomaticheskikh kosmicheskikh apparatov, Moscow, ISBN
Melnik, T. G. (1997), Nauka, ed.; Voenno-Kosmicheskiy Sili, Moscow, ISBN
"Bion' nuzhen lyudyam", Novosti Kosmonavtiki, (6): 35, 1996
External links
Cosmos 1514 NASA
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1983
1983 in spaceflight
1983 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%201514 |
Thyrotomy may also refer to the cutting or biopsy the thyroid gland.
Thyrotomy (also called thyroidotomy, median laryngotomy, laryngofissure or thyrofissure) is an incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage.
See also
Laryngotomy
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheotomy
List of surgeries by type
References
Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
Larynx surgery
Otorhinolaryngology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotomy |
Metaphrynella is a small genus of microhylid frogs from the southern Malay Peninsula and Borneo. They are sometimes known as the Borneo treefrogs or tree hole frogs. The common name refers to the microhabitat of these frogs: males call from tree holes and tadpoles develop in the water contained in those holes.
Description
Metaphrynella are small, arboreal frogs that have plump bodies and adhesive finger and toe tips.
Taxonomy
Metaphrynella may be paraphyletic, as molecular data suggest that Phrynella is phylogenetically imbedded within it. Another study suggests that its closest relatives are Kaloula, Uperodon, and Ramanella. A molecular phylogenetic study by De Sá et al. (2012) shows Kaloula to be a sister clade of Metaphrynella.
Species
There are two species:
References
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Hampton Wildman Parker | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphrynella |
Bion 8 or Kosmos 1887 (in Russian: Бион 8, Космос 1887) was a Bion satellite.
Mission
Bion 8 carried a payload of biological and radiation physics experiments from nine countries. The landing was several hundred miles from the expected recovery site, which resulted in considerable difficulties. The biological payload on the spacecraft included 2 monkeys, 10 rats, fruit flies, grasshoppers, beetles, guppies, Hynobiidae, Chlorella ciliate, newts and corn. More than 50 NASA-sponsored scientists were involved in conducting the 33 American experiments on board.
One of these experiments, a study of radiation levels in the space environment, did not require the use of any biological subjects. The United States conducted only one experiment on the primates flown on the biosatellite. The remaining American experiments were performed on tissue samples from five of the flight rats. A number of these experiments were extensions of the studies conducted on the Spacelab-3 mission in April 1985. The other countries involved in conducting experiments on the mission were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the East Germany, France, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The European Space Agency (ESA) also sponsored some experiments. The United States was responsible for developing flight and ground-based hardware, verifying testing of hardware and experiment procedures, developing rat tissue sampling procedures, and transferring tissues and data from the Soviet Union after the flight. One of the mission's noteworthy features was the rat biospecimen sharing program, which allowed a great number of rat tissue samples to be analysed. The objective of the U.S. experiments was to investigate the effect of microgravity on various body systems.
The primate experiment was designed to study the growth and development of the peripheral skeleton. Rat studies encompassed a broad array of disciplines. The effects of microgravity on cardiac, liver, small intestine and bone tissue, liver function, skeletal growth, hormone levels and metabolism were studied using various approaches. Other studies investigated changes in the immune, nervous and reproductive systems, in muscle and connective tissue and in skeletal and mineral homeostasis. Another experiment was conducted to evaluate radiation exposure during the flight and to measure the shielding effectiveness of the spacecraft. Ten 12-week-old male specific pathogen free Wistar rats were flown in the Rodent-BIOS. Two rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta) named Drema and Yerosha occupied the Primate-BIOS.
See also
1987 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
External links
Cosmos 1887: science overview FASEB Journal
NASA
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1987
1987 in spaceflight
1987 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%201887 |
Guy Richards (born 21 March 1983) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.
From Coldstream, Richards was drafted in the 2000 National Draft to Collingwood, but took until 2004 to make his AFL debut. Continually developed into a good tap ruckman, Richards was forced to miss his early seasons as a football through injuries, mainly knee injuries hampered his start. When making his debut, he took time to become a dominant player but showed what he could, giving him 12 games since debut, before once again outed with a groin injury. It did not stop him from winning the best first year player however, 2005 was like the early years, a knee and then hip injury, nothing went right. He was able to make a return for the final two games, playing to his full capability. In 2006 Guy was once again struggling with injury, managing only 9 games.
2007 saw Richards vie with Carlton import Chris Bryan for the role as Josh Fraser's deputy. With the arrival of ruckman Cameron Wood via the 2007 AFL Trade period Guy was delisted by Collingwood
References
External links
Guy Richards at the Collingwood Football Club website
1983 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Collingwood Football Club players
Living people
Eastern Ranges players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Richards |
Microhyla, commonly known as the rice frogs or narrow-mouthed frogs, is a genus of frogs in the family Microhylidae. It consists of 42 species of diminutive frogs. Members of this genus are widespread from Ryukyu Is. in Japan, and throughout South-east Asia, (China, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Borneo, India and Sri Lanka).
Taxonomy
In 2021, nine species of Microhyla were moved to Nanohyla on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic differences. Microhyla pulverata was found to be a junior synonym of Nanohyla marmorata based on phylogenetic evidence.
Diagnosis
According to Seshadri et al. (2016), this genus can be diagnosed using the following set of criteria: Adult frogs are of small size; pupil circular; skin on dorsum smooth; lateral side of body with markings from back of eye to vent; supratympanic fold present in adults; paratoid glands are absent, fingers without webbing, finger tips may or may not be dilated; oval tongue, its margin is entire and free at the base; the diameter of eye is smaller than snout; a thin layer of skin hides the tympanum; tubercles on hand distinct; distinct oval shaped inner metatarsal tubercle and rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; webbing in feet, rudimentary.
Evolutionary relationships
The genus Microhyla is closely related to Glyphoglossus within the family Microhylidae. Members of the genus Microhyla began diversifying from the most common ancestor around 45 million years ago and this resulted in forming Metaphrynella and Microhyla. However, ascertaining the phylogenetic relationship of frogs within Microhyla has been difficult as many species are not monophyletic.
A 2021 study on the relationship between Microhyla and Glyphoglossus found that nine species within Microhyla actually belong to a separate lineage. They have been subsequently moved to the new genus, Nanohyla.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Microhyla:
{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; width: 55%"
|-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; "
!style="width: 50%; "| Binomial Name and Author!!style="width: 40%; "|Common Name
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla achatina || Javan rice frog, Javan chorus frog, Javanese narrow-mouthed frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla aurantiventris || Orange-bellied narrow-mouth frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla beilunensis || Beilun pygmy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla berdmorei || Pegu rice frog, Berdmore's narrow-mouthed frog, Burmese microhylid frog, Berdmore's chorus frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla borneensis || Borneo rice frog, Borneo narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean narrow-mouthed frog, Bornean chorus frog, long-snouted frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla butleri || Butler's rice frog, Butler's ricefrog, Butler's narrow-mouthed Toad, Butler's pigmy frog, painted chorus frog, tubercled pygmy frog, noisy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla chakrapanii || Mayabunder rice frog, Chakrapani's narrow-mouthed frog, bilateral banded frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla darevskii || Darevsky's Narrow-Mouth Frog, Darevsky's Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog (original publication).
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla darreli {{small|Garg et al'., 2018 "2019"}} || Darrel's chorus frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla eos || Arunachal chorus frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla fanjingshanensis || Fanjing Mountain pygmy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla fissipes || Ornamented pygmy frog, ornata microhylid frog, Malayan bullfrog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate pigmy frog, ornate chorus frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla fodiens || Burrowing narrow-mouth frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla fusca || Brown rice frog, Dalat pigmy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla gadjahmadai ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla heymonsi || Taiwan rice frog, Heymon's ricefrog, dark-sided chorus frog, arcuate-spotted pygmy frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed frog, Heymon's narrow-mouthed toad, burrowing microhylid frog, black-sided narrow-mouthed frog, black-flanked pigmy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla irrawaddy || Irrawaddy narrowmouth frog
|-
| Microhyla karunaratnei ||
|-
|Microhyla kodial
|Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog
|-
|Microhyla kuramotoi
||
|-
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla laterite || Laterite narrow-mouthed frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla maculifera || Sabah rice frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla malang ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla mantheyi ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla mihintalei || Sri Lanka red narrow-mouthed frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla minuta || Tiny Narrow-Mouth Frog, Tiny Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla mixtura || Chinese rice frog, mixtured pigmy frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla mukhlesuri ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla mymensinghensis ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla nilphamariensis ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla okinavensis || Okinawa rice frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla orientalis ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla ornata || Ant frog, ornate narrow-mouthed frog, ornate narrowmouth frog, ornate rice frog, ornate ricefrog, black-throated frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla palmipes || Pengalengan rice frog, palmated chorus frog, palmated narrow-mouthed frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla picta || Painted rice frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla pineticola || Pine Narrow-Mouth Frog, Pine Pigmy Narrow-Mouth Frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla pulchra || Guangdong rice frog, marbled pigmy frog, yellow-legged pigmy frog, beautiful pygmy frog, painted frog, yellow-legged narrow-mouthed frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla rubra || Guangdong rice frog, red narrow-mouthed frog, densely spotted microhylid frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla sholigari ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla superciliaris || Batu Cave rice frog
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla taraiensis ||
|-style="background:#EEEEEE;"
| Microhyla zeylanica || Sri Lanka rice frog
|}
In central Vietnam, several new species of Microhyla have been described in the 2000s:Microhyla darevskii: Mount Ngọc Linh, Kon Tum ProvinceMicrohyla minuta: Đồng Nai ProvinceMicrohyla pineticola: Lâm Đồng Province and Đắk Lắk Province
Several new species of Microhyla have been described since 2018.
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny of the genus Microhyla is from Khatiwada, et al. (2017). 27 species are listed, including various newly described species from South Asia.
(Note: the chart below includes some species that have since been moved to Nanohyla including N. annectens and N. perparva''.)
References
External links
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhyla |
This is a list of various exponents of Forza Italia (current and former deputies, senators, ministers, MEPs, regional presidents, leading regional-level politicians, mayors of big and medium-sized cities and important members of party's national organs), divided by political origin (that is to say, of what party they were members or supporters shortly before the 1992-93 crisis and realignment of the political system, and of the foundation of Forza Italia in 1994).
The list shows well the political heterogeneity of members of Forza Italia.
Ex-Christian Democrats
A
Giancarlo Abelli
Antonio Agogliati
Pietro Aiello
Angelino Alfano
Gioacchino Alfano
Alfredo Antoniozzi
Sabatino Aracu
Gianantonio Arnoldi
Franco Asciutti
Paolo Avezzù
Claudio Azzolini
Antonio Azzollini
Antonio Barbieri
B
Vincenzo Barba
Paolo Barelli
Paolo Bartolozzi
Raffaele Bazzoni
Maurizio Bernardo
Maurizio Bertucci
Gianpaolo Bettamio
Laura Bianconi
Massimo Blasoni
Guido Boscagli
Gabriele Boscetto
Aldo Brancher
Donato Bruno
Maria Burani
C
Battista Caligiuri
Diego Cammarata
Cesare Campa
Giuseppe Castiglione
Ugo Cavallera
Francesco Chirilli
Marco Cicala
Angelo Maria Cicolani
Salvatore Cicu
Michele Cimino
Manlio Collavini
Giuseppe Cossiga
Rosario Giorgio Costa
Mariangela Cotto
Rocco Crimi
Guido Crosetto
D
Barbara Degani
Walter De Rigo
Giovanni Deodato
Luigi Di Bartolomeo
Manuela Di Centa
Maurizio Dinelli
Ida D'Ippolito
Domenico Di Virgilio
F
Luigi Fabbri
Giuseppe Fallica
Giuseppe Massimo Ferro
Giuseppe Fini
Giuseppe Firrarello
Raffaele Fitto
Giuliana Fontanella
Roberto Formigoni
Gianstefano Frigerio
Stefania Fuscagni
G
Fabio Garagnani
Elisabetta Gardini
Giuseppe Gargani
Fabio Gava
Basilio Germanà
Mariastella Gelmini
Antonio Girfatti
Francesco Giro
Pasquale Giuliano
Isidoro Gottardo
Luigi Grillo
Vittorio Guasti
Furio Gubetti
I
Maria Claudia Ioannucci
Michele Iorio
Cosimo Izzo
L
Enrico La Loggia
Giorgio La Spisa
Cosimo Latronico
Luigi Lazzari
Ivano Leccisi
Giampiero Leo
Gianni Letta
Simonetta Licastro Scardino
Maurizio Lupi
M
Francesco Maione
Luigi Manfredi
Mario Mantovani
Renzo Marangon
Salvatore Marano
Giuseppe Marinello
Bruno Marini
Antonio Martusciello
Giovanni Marras
Antonio Marzano
Mario Masini
Giovanni Mauro
Mario Mauro
Guido Milanese
Filippo Misuraca
Salvatore Misuraca
Fabio Minoli Rota
Gabriella Mondello
Danilo Moretti
Nino Mormino
N
Osvaldo Napoli
Benedetto Nicotra
Giuseppe Nocco
P
Leonardo Padrin
Alessandro Pagano
Rocco Palese
Antonio Palmieri
Maurizio Paniz
Eolo Giovanni Parodi
Adriano Paroli
Renzo Patria
Paola Pelino
Italico Perlini
Margherita Peroni
Aldo Perrotta
Maria Gabriella Pinto
Giuseppe Pisanu
Giancarlo Pittelli
Piero Pizzi
Angelo Pollina
Egidio Ponzo
R
Marcello Raimondi
Nicolò Rassù
Paolo Ricciotti
Paolo Ricciuti
Marcello Rollo
Massimo Romagnoli
Giuseppe Romele
Luciano Rossi
Roberto Rosso
Gianni Rossoni
Clodovaldo Ruffato
Antonio Russo
S
Mario Sala
Stanislao Sambin
Giacomo Santini
Angelo Santori
Michele Saponara
Claudio Scajola
Gianluigi Scaltritti
Renato Schifani
Gustavo Selva
Remo Sernagiotto
Grazia Sestini
Giorgio Simeoni
Ada Spadoni Urbani
Francesco Stagno D'Alcontres
Francesco Stradella
T
Lucio Tarquinio
Carlo Alberto Tesserin
Piero Testoni
U
Paolo Uggè
V
Paolo Valentini Puccitelli
Riccardo Ventre
Giacomo Ventura
Marcello Vernola
Antonio Verro
Guido Viceconte
Gesuele Vilasi
Luigi Villani
Alfredo Vito
Z
Francesco Zama
Valter Zanetta
Guido Ziccone
Marino Zorzato
Sante Zuffada
Michele Zuin
Ex-Socialists
(factions: We Blue Reformers, Free Foundation and Young Italy)
A
Valentina Aprea
Roberto Antonione
B
Gianni Baget Bozzo
Simone Baldelli
Monica Stefania Baldi
Massimo Baldini
Paolo Bonaiuti
Anna Cinzia Bonfrisco
Margherita Boniver
Renato Brunetta
Francesco Brusco
Giulio Camber
C
Giampiero Cantoni
Luigi Cesaro
Enrico Cesaroni
Renato Chisso
Fabrizio Cicchitto
Alessandro Colucci
Francesco Colucci
Domenico Contestabile
Stefania Craxi
D
Giulio Di Donato
F
Gaetano Fasolino
Giuliano Ferrara
Franco Frattini
G
Giorgio Galvagno
Antonio Gentile
Giuseppe Gentile
Antonio Guidi
Paolo Guzzanti
L
Vanni Lenna
Innocenzo Leontini
Claudia Lombardo
I
Raffaele Iannuzzi
M
Rinaldo Magnani
Alberto Magnolfi
Chiara Moroni
Francesco Musotto
N
Emiddio Novi
O
Renata Olivieri
P
Gaetano Pecorella
Mario Pepe
Marcello Pera
Mauro Pili
Stefano Pillitteri
Sergio Pizzolante
R
Ettore Romoli
S
Maurizio Sacconi
Jole Santelli
Amalia Sartori
Umberto Scapagnini
Aldo Scarabosio
Giancarlo Serafini
Giorgio Stracquadanio
T
Carlo Taormina
Renzo Tondo
Giulio Tremonti
Ex-Liberals
(faction: Popular Liberalism)
A
Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati
Maria Teresa Armosino
B
Isabella Bertolini
Alfredo Biondi
C
Roberto Cassinelli
Enrico Costa
Raffaele Costa
F
Gregorio Fontana
Pieralfonso Fratta Pasini
G
Giancarlo Galan
Fabio Gava
Antonio Gazzarra
Niccolò Ghedini
L
Carlo Laurora
M
Antonio Martino
Lorena Milanato
Enrico Musso
N
Enrico Nan
Raffaele Nervi
O
Andrea Orsini
P
Alberto Pasquali
Andrea Pastore
Saverio Porcari
Cesare Previti
R
Laura Ravetto
Dario Rivolta
Paolo Romani
S
Carlo Saffioti
Paolo Scarpa Bonazza Buora
Egidio Sterpa
U
Giuliano Urbani
V
Giuseppe Vegas
Z
Pierantonio Zanettin
Tiziano Zigiotto
Ex-Republicans
Pietro Paolo Amato
Luigi Casero
Guglielmo Castagnetti
Simone Di Cagno Abbrescia
Jas Gawronski
Salvatore Fleres
Piergiorgio Massidda
Antonio Nervegna
Alessandro Nicolò
Mario Pescante
Gilberto Picchetto Fratin
Denis Verdini
Alberto Zorzoli
Ex-Social Democrats
(faction: Clubs of Reformist Initiative)
Nicola Cosentino
Massimo Guarischi
Carmelo Morra
Henry Richard Rizzi
Ermanno Russo
Paolo Russo
Simona Vicari
Carlo Vizzini
Ex-Radicals
(micro-party: Liberal Reformers)
Benedetto Della Vedova
Giuseppe Calderisi
Gaetano Quagliariello
Marcello Pera
Francesca Scopelliti
Marco Taradash
Massimo Teodori
Elio Vito
Ex-Communists
Sandro Bondi
Giampietro Borghini
Massimo Ferlini
Lodovico Festa
Renzo Foa
Antonella Maiolo
Tiziana Maiolo
Ex-Demo-Proletarians and other extreme-leftists
Massimo Caprara
Gianfranco Miccichè
Ex-Leghisti
Roberto Asquini
Alberto Cirio
Mauro Delladio
Albertino Gabana
Daniele Galli
Furio Gubetti
Enrico Hüllweck
Lucio Malan
Marco Pottino
Enrico Tibaldi
Ex-Missini
Michaela Biancofiore
Mara Carfagna
Ugo Gianfranco Grimaldi
Massimo Mantovani
Domenico Mennitti
Ex-Monarchists
Antonio Tajani
Unknown previous allegiance
Gabriele Albertini
Alessandro Antichi
Giacomo Baiamonte
Massimo Maria Berruti
Mariella Bocciardo
Gabriella Carlucci
Valerio Carrara
Francesco Casoli
Fiorella Ceccacci
Annamaria Celesti
Roberto Centaro
Remigio Ceroni
Ombretta Colli
Gianfranco Conte
Romano Comincioli
Antonio D'Alì
Giovanni Dell'Elce
Marcello Dell'Utri
Claudio Fazzone
Luigi Fedele
Mario Francesco Ferrara
Salvatore Ferrigno
Ilario Floresta
Pietro Franzoso
Enzo Ghigo
Sestino Giacomoni
Gaspare Giudice
Antonello Iannarilli
Giorgio Jannone
Giorgio Lainati
Giancarlo Laurini
Antonio Leone
Antonio Lorusso
Pietro Lunardi
Franco Malvano
Paolo Marcheschi
Giulio Marini
Salvatore Mazzaracchio
Giustina Mistrello Destro
Pasquale Nessa
Nitto Francesco Palma
Giuseppe Palumbo
Patrizia Paoletti Tangheroni
Enrico Pianetta
Guglielmo Picchi
Lorenzo Piccioni
Filippo Piccone
Guido Podestà
Guido Possa
Stefania Prestigiacomo
Antonella Rebuzzi
Fedele Sanciu
Luigi Scotti
Lucio Stanca
Vincenzo Taddei
Antonio Tomassini
Roberto Tortoli
Mario Valducci
Valentino Valentini
Cosimo Ventucci
Luigi Vitali
Stefano Zappalà
Forza Italia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Forza%20Italia%20leading%20members%20by%20political%20origin |
Salamander: A Miscellany of Poetry was an anthology of poetry published by George Allen and Unwin in 1947 and featuring the work of many of the Cairo poets. It was edited by Keith Bullen and John Cromer. The title alluded to the rebirth of culture from the ashes of World War II. It put itself forward as "a microcosm of world literature," but the sympathies of the editors were Georgian and Kiplingesque, and the aim of the Salamander Group was "to memorialize the soldier as amateur poet and oral historian."
Work by G. S. Fraser, Alan Rook, John Gawsworth and John Waller, as well as Bullen and Cromer, was published in Salamander.
References
Rawlinson, Mark, British Writing of the 2nd World War, Oxford University Press, 2000. (see page 114)
The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century English Literature
Bowen, Roger, Many Histories Deep: The 'Personal Landscape' Poets in Egypt, 1940 – 1945, Associated University Presses, London, 1995.
Notes
John Cromer, in the introduction.
Cambridge History, page 425.
Bowen, op. cit. page 47
External links
Salamander Oasis Trust — including brief historical note
1947 poems
Poetry anthologies
20th-century British literature
British poetry
20th-century poetry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander%3A%20A%20Miscellany%20of%20Poetry |
Kosmos 2229, or Bion 10 (in Russian: Бион 10, Космос 2229) was a biomedical research mission involving in ten countries plus European Space Agency (ESA). A Russian spacecraft, was launched by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was part of the Bion programme.
Spacecraft
Several of the hardware elements on the biosatellite were improved for Kosmos 2229. The in-flight data recording system was enhanced, making high-quality brain and neuromuscular recordings possible. The monkey feeder system was improved, and a backup juice dispenser was available. The monkey restraint system was modified to allow more arm movement. The neurovestibular data acquisition system was updated through a joint American-Russian development effort, allowing more parameters to be recorded in flight.
Mission
Bion 10 carried two monkeys and several insects, amphibians, plants, and cell cultures. Participating scientists were from ten countries (Canada, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, China, Russia, Ukraine, United States, and Uzbekistan), plus European Space Agency (ASE). In the planning stages this mission was named Bion '92.
The Kosmos 2229 spacecraft orbited the Earth for almost 12 days. The payload, also designated Bion 10, contained thirteen American life sciences experiments. Studies focused on bone, neuromuscular and vestibular physiology, circadian rhythms, and metabolism. Two rhesus monkeys served as experimental subjects on the mission. As on previous Kosmos biosatellite missions, the monkeys were trained to activate food and juice dispensers. In addition, they were trained to operate a foot pedal so that muscle responses could be studied in flight. For in-flight neurovestibular testing, the monkeys were trained to make hand and head movements in response to visual stimuli.
See also
1992 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
External links
Kosmos Missions After 1990 NASA
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1992
1992 in spaceflight
1992 in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%202229 |
Micryletta is a genus of microhylid frogs. Prior to 2018, only 3 species were recognized, but phylogenetic studies since then have found a much higher species diversity within the genus.
Species
References
Amphibian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micryletta |
Kosmos 2044, or Bion 9 (in Russian: Бион 9, Космос 2044) was a biomedical research mission involving in nine countries plus ESA: United Kingdom, Hungarian People's Republic, East Germany, Polish People's Republic, Czechoslovakia, United States, Canada, Australia, Soviet Union and European Space Agency (ESA). It was part of the Bion program.
Mission
Eighty experiments were conducted in such categories as motion sickness, reproduction and regeneration, immunology, and readaptation to a normal gravity environment. A number of different biological specimens were used, including rodents.
The joint United States/Soviet Union experiments were conducted on 2 rhesus monkeys and 10 male Wistar rats. The biological payload also included cell cultures (Escherichia coli). The prime occupants were two macaque monkeys. The 2.3 m diameter descent sphere was successfully recovered after 14 days, but a failure in the thermal control system resulted in the deaths of some of the specimens.
Scientific experiments
The Bion 9 mission was composed of 80 scientific experiments, but only 30 experiments returned:
Bone Biochemistry and Mineral Distribution in the Femurs of Rats: Determine the biochemical nature of the mineralization defects in the femurs of young rats after spaceflight. The institutions participating in this experiment were NASA Ames Research Center, University of North Carolina, University of Connecticut, University of California, Santa Cruz, University College in London and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) in Moscow).
Biomechanical and Morphological Alteration of Intramuscular Connective Tissues: The objective of this experiment was to characterize the structural and material properties of cortical and trabecular bone samples, tendons and intervertebral disks; and to correlate the biomechanical properties of these tissues to the type and quality of structural proteins. The institutions participating in this experiment were University of Iowa, West Virginia University, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Gravity and Skeletal Growth: The objective of this experiment was to study bone cells, bone matrix and mineral characteristics, bone cell kinetics, and bone blood supply. The institutions participating in this experiment were NASA Ames Research Center, Indiana University, Columbia University, Saint Louis University and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Mineral Distribution and Balance in Rats during Space Flight: The objective of this experiment was to determine the abundance and distribution of mineral components and protein (osteocalcin) within a vertebra; and to determine absorption and excretion of manganese, magnesium and zinc and their relationship to calcium balance and bone osteocalcin. The institutions participating in this experiment were University of California, San Francisco and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Morphometric and EM Analyses of Tibial Epiphyseal Plates: The objective of this experiment was to measure the growth plate of the tibia as an index of its longitudinal growth, and to study the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the growth plate. The institutions participating in this experiment were University of Texas Medical Branch and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Metabolic and Morphologic Properties of Muscle Fibers and Motor Neurons: The objective of this experiment was to study microgravity related muscular atrophy effects in various types of muscle and in spinal motor neurons, with emphasis on the metabolic changes. The institutions participating in this experiment were University of California, Los Angeles, University of Alberta in the Canada, University of Kansas, University of Wisconsin–Madison and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: The objective of this experiment was to determine the morphological and biochemical responses of various types of muscles to microgravity. The institutions participating in this experiment were the University of Louisville in the Kentucky and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Investigation of Microgrovity Induced Nerve and Muscle Breakdown: This experiment was a morphological, histochemical, immunocytochemical, and biochemical investigation of microgravity induced nerve and muscle breakdown. Its main objective was to study, by light and electron microscopy, the long term effects of microgravity and early readaptation to gravity on the structure of nerve and skeletal muscles; and to study the biochemistry of muscle protein breakdown. The institutions participating in this experiment were San Jose State University, Medical College of Wisconsin, Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) and University of Sydney, Australia.
Myosin Isoform Expression in Rodent Skeletal Muscle: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity and contractile protein expression in antigravity and non-antigravity rodent skeletal muscle. The institutions participating in this experiment were University of California, Irvine and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Messenger RNA Levels in Skeletal and Smooth Muscles: The objective of this experiment was to measure certain messenger RNA levels in various skeletal muscles and intestinal smooth muscle as an index of protein synthesis. Participated in the experiment the University of Texas Medical Branch and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Measurement of Heart Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations: The objective of this experiment was to measure the cardiac hormone, which plays a role in water and salt balance, in cardiac tissue of rats exposed to spaceflight. Participated in the experiment the Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) and NASA Ames Research Center.
Morphological and Biochemical Examination of Heart Tissue: The objective of this experiment was to determine microgravity effects on rodent heart tissue (ventricle). Participated in the experiment the University of Chicago, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas Medical Branch, the NASA Ames Research Center, Baylor University, Texas, and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Hepatic Function in Rats After Space Flight: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on liver and plasma constituents, on the ability of the liver to metabolize food stuffs and foreign substances, and on liver histology. The institutions participating in this experiment were Emory University, University of Louisville and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Erythroid Colony Formation In Vitro and Erythropoietin Determinations: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on the red blood cell production of rodents. Participated in the experiment the University of Tennessee, the Institute of Developmental Biology (U.S.S.R.), the Institute of Biophysics (Czechoslovakia) and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Rat Testis Morphology and Physiology: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of microgravity on rodent testis physiology. The institutions participating in this experiment were Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP), Colorado State University, Columbia University, Pennsylvania State University and Johns Hopkins University.
Structural Changes and Cell Turnover in the Rats Small Intestine: The objective of this experiment was to determine the structural changes and cell turnover in the small intestines of rats as a result of spaceflight. Participated in the experiment the Colorado State University and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Effects of Muscle Atrophy on Motor End Plates: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of spaceflight on neurotransmitter receptors of the brain and spinal cord, and on the morphology and histochemistry of nerve-muscle junctions. Specifically, it studied the muscarinic and gaba (benzodiazepine) receptors in the sensory-motor cortex and spinal cord. The institutions participating in this experiment were the NASA Ames Research Center and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Pineal Physiology in Microgravity and Its Relation to Gonadal Function: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on selected pineal gland neurotransmitters associated with rodent circadian rhythm control and correlate this with testis function. Participated in the experiment the Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP), the San Jose State University and the Florida A&M University.
Pituitary Oxytocin and Vasopressin Content: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on two pituitary hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) involved in water balance. Participated in the experiment the NASA Ames Research Center and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Study of the Effect of Microgravity on Enzymes: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity on 1) metabolic enzymes of type I, IIA, and IIB muscle fibers; and on 2) metabolic enzymes, neurotransmitter amino acids, and neurotransmitter associated enzymes in selected regions of the central nervous system. Participated in the experiment the Washington University School of Medicine and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Growth Hormone Regulation, Synthesis and Secretion in Microgravity: The objective of this experiment was to study growth hormone physiology in rodents during spaceflight. The institutions participating in this experiment were Pennsylvania State University, Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP), NASA Ames Research Center and Salk Institute of Biological Studies.
Effect of Space Flight on Level and Function of Immune Cells: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of spaceflight on various immunological parameters using rat spleen, bone marrow cells and lymphocytes. Participated the NASA Johnson Space Center, Pennsylvania State University, University of Louisville and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Histologic Examination of Lung Tissue: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of microgravity on rat lung tissue. Participated the University of California, San Diego and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Rodent Tissue Repair: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of microgravity on the repair of skin connective tissue and skeletal muscle. The institutions participating in this experiment were the University of Kansas, Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP), West Virginia University and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Adaptation of Optokinetic Nystagmus to Microgravity: The objective of this experiment was to study primate eye movement responses in an upright position and at various angles of tilt, before and after spaceflight. The institutions participating in this experiment were Brooklyn College in New York City, Mount Sinai Medical Center and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Studies of Vestibular Primary Afferents In Normal, Hyper- and Hypogravity: The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of microgravity on a primates vestibular system by measuring brain and eye movement responses to rotational stimuli preflight and postflight. Participated in the experiment University of Texas Medical Branch and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Functional Neuromuscular Adaption to Spaceflight: The objective of this experiment was to study primate electromyographic activity (EMG) and to determine its importance to the maintenance of normal muscle properties. The biochemical and morphological effects of microgravity on muscles was also studied. Participated in the experiment University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP) and Moscow Medical Institute.
Biological Rhythm and Temperature Regulation: The objective of this experiment was to determine the functioning of a primate's circadian rhythm and thermoregulatory systems. Participated in the experiment the University of California, Davis and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Rhesus Monkey Metabolism during Spaceflight: The objective of this experiment was to determine the metabolic rates of primates during spaceflight. Participated in the experiment the University of California, Davis and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
Radiation Dosimetry and Spectrometry - Passive Systems The objective of this experiment was to conduct a set of radiation measurements with passive detectors in order to study high and low energy neutrons, various flux and energy spectra, and the attenuation of space radiation as a function of shielding. The institutions participating in this experiment were the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, University of San Francisco and Institute for Medical and Biological Problems (IMBP).
See also
1989 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
External links
NASA
U.S. Experiments Flown on the Soviet Biosatellite Cosmos 2044, NASA
U.S. Experiments Flown on the Soviet Biosatellite Cosmos 2044, NASA
"COSMOS 2044 MISSION", entire issue of which was dedicated to reports of joint U.S./U.S.S.R. research in space biomedicine on this specific 14-day spaceflight, Journal of Applied Physiology 73, 1992
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1989
1989 in spaceflight
1989 in the Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations
Romania–Soviet Union relations
Hungary–Soviet Union relations
Poland–Soviet Union relations
France–Soviet Union relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
East Germany–Soviet Union relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos%202044 |
The Xinka, or Xinca, are a non-Mayan indigenous people of Mesoamerica, with communities in the southern portion of Guatemala, near its border with El Salvador, and in the mountainous region to the north.
Their languages (the Xincan languages) are not known to be related to any other language family, although they have many loan words from Mayan languages.
The Xinka may have been among the earliest inhabitants of southeastern Guatemala, predating the arrival of the Maya and the Pipil.
Population
In the 2018 National Census, a total of 264,167 individuals identified themselves as Xinka, representing 1.8% of the national population. After a revivalist movement led by the two main Xinka political organizations in Guatemala, self identified Xincas increased from 16,214 individuals in 2002 to 264,167 in 2018.
History
Before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century, the eastern portion of the Guatemalan Pacific plain was occupied by the Pipil and the Xinca. The main Xinca territory lay to the east of the main Pipil population in what is now Santa Rosa department; there were also Xinca in Jutiapa.
In Guazacapán, now a municipality in Santa Rosa, Pedro de Alvarado described his encounter with people who were neither Maya nor Pipil, speaking a different language altogether; these people were probably Xinca. At this point Alvarado's force consisted of 250 Spanish infantry accompanied by 6,000 indigenous allies, mostly Kaqchikel and Cholutec. Alvarado and his army defeated and occupied the most important Xinca city, named as Atiquipaque, usually considered to be in the Taxisco area. The defending warriors were described by Alvarado as engaging in fierce hand-to-hand combat using spears, stakes and poisoned arrows. The battle took place on 26 May 1524 and resulted in a significant reduction of the Xinca population.
After the conquest of the Pacific plain, the inhabitants paid tribute to the Spanish in the form of valuable products such as cacao, cotton, salt and vanilla, with an emphasis upon cacao.
Many of the people were forced into slavery and compelled to participate in the conquest of modern-day El Salvador. It is from this that the names for the town, river, and bridge "Los Esclavos" (The Slaves) are derived in the area of Cuilapa, Santa Rosa.
After 1575, the process of Xinka cultural extinction accelerated, mainly due to their exportation to other regions. This also contributed to a decrease in the number of Xinka-language speakers. One of the oldest references concerning this language was presented by the archbishop Pedro Cortés y Larraz during a visit to the diocese of Taxisco in 1769.
Modern
The Acuerdo sobre Identidad y Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas was signed in Guatemala in 1995; it recognised the multiethnic character of the nation and specifically defined the Xinca as one of the groups contributing to the ethnic makeup of the republic. Once the Xinca had been officially recognised they began to incorporate themselves into the political scene, joining indigenous organisations such as the Comisión Nacional Permanente de Tierras (CNP Tierra - "Permanent National Land Commission"), a part of the Coordinación de Organizaciones del Pueblo Maya de Guatemala (COPMAGUA - "Coordination of Organisations of the Maya People of Guatemala").
The first Pan-Xinka political organization was created in Chiquimulilla, Santa Rosa, in 1994. It was called Consejo del Pueblo Xinka de Guatemala or COPXIG. The COPXIG was instrumental during the last part of the negotiations of the Guatemalan Peace Accords, specifically during the negotiation the Accord on Indigenous Rights and Identities which was finally signed in Mexico City in 1995.
In 2002, a new political organization was formed under the name of Consenso por la Unidad del Pueblo Xinka de Guatemala or CONXIG. The CONXIG was organized by nine Xinka communities in the departments of Santa Rosa and Jutiapa, as well as by the COPXIG. With the support of the Norwegian International Development Agency (NORAD) and the United Nations Verification Mission for Guatemala (MINUGUA), the CONXIG was transformed into the first indigenous parliament in the country, under the name of Parlamento del Pueblo Xinka de Guatemala or PAPXIGUA.
In 2010, the Canadian company Tahoe Resources opened the Escobal mine in San Rafael Las Flores on Xinca land. When the Xinca took part in protests against Escobal in March 2013, four Xinca community leaders were kidnapped, one of whom was killed. The Xinca have since imposed a blockade on the roads in Casillas to make sure no supplies go to the mine. After the mine opened, San Rafael restaurant owner Yanet Pozuelos opened a second location to help serve hundreds of mine employees. Since mining has halted, her business has fallen 60%. “The mine helped us so much,” Pozuelos, 49, said. “We’ve never had a business that gives this many jobs.” One benefit, she said, is that it keeps young people from leaving for Guatemala City or the United States to find better-paying work. Local communities have shown overwhelming opposition to the mine in polls, and at least five local mayors have refused payments. Although Guatemala's constitutional court has halted operation of the mine, in April 2018, at least 2000 Xinca led a protest in Guatemala City demanding the closure of the mine. This and similar incidents have persuaded the Canadian government to set up a watchdog for Canadian companies' operations overseas and the company has suffered at least $18 million in losses and has had to lay off at least 250 of its staff at the mine.
Notes
References
Indigenous peoples in Guatemala
Jutiapa Department
Santa Rosa Department, Guatemala
Mesoamerican cultures
Indigenous peoples of Central America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinca%20people |
Otophryne is a small genus of microhylid frogs from northern South America. They are sometimes known as the pancake frogs.
Description
Adult Otophryne are diurnally active leaf mimics. They tend to walk rather than jump. Tadpoles burrow into the sandy bottom of shallow streams. They are extremely specialized with minute, dagger-like, keratinized teeth, and a long spiracular tube on the left hand side of its body. It is suggested that the tadpole is a suspension feeder, using the spiracular tube extending to the bottom surface to create a current through its oral cavity, using its teeth to prevent sand from entering its mouth.
Species
Genus Otophryne has three species:
References
Frogs of South America
Amphibian genera
Microhylidae
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otophryne |
The No Euro Movement (Movimento No Euro) is a small political party that aims to remove the euro as the Italian currency, returning to the Italian lira, and advocates governmental control of the Italian Central Bank. Renzo Rabellino was elected as secretary of the party on 2 October 2005 held in Milan.
No Euro is essentially a party that is against banks, that wants to abolish the seigneurage crime and to bring back to citizens the property of the money, now belonging to central banks that are private.
On 5 April 2014, No Euro, together Golden Dawn, venetian secessionists and other small political formations, founded in Parma the Christian Front (Fronte Cristiano), with the objective of defending Christian roots against globalization and the globalist project.
References
Eurosceptic parties in Italy
Conservative parties in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Euro%20Movement |
Leon Davis (born 17 June 1981) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Originally from Northam, Western Australia, Davis played for Perth before being drafted by Collingwood in the 1999 National draft. He made his senior debut for the club in 2000, and went on to play in grand final losses in 2002 and 2003. Playing mainly as a small forward, Davis was selected in the All-Australian team in 2009, having won the Goal of the Year award the previous season.
He was awarded a premiership medallion in 2010, having played in the drawn 2010 AFL Grand Final before being dropped for the replay that Collingwood won, however he is not officially considered a premiership player by the AFL. In 2011, Davis switched to a role as a rebounding defender, and was again named in the All-Australian team. He left the club at the conclusion of the 2011 season to return to play for Perth in the WAFL. Throughout his career, Davis became a cult figure of sorts amongst Collingwood supporters, and he was widely known by the nickname "Neon Leon" due to his exciting style of play, although he did not particularly like the nickname himself.
Background and junior career
Davis, of Aboriginal heritage, played his junior football for the Railways Football Club in the Avon Football Association (AFA) and the Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League. He was drafted to the Australian Football League by the Collingwood Football Club in the 1999 AFL National draft with a second round selection (No. 34 overall).
AFL career
Davis won regular selection at Collingwood early in his career, playing almost forty games in his first two seasons. Playing as a small forward, Davis averaged almost a goal a game over this time. He played 23 matches and kicked 31 goals during the 2002 season, and played in the grand final loss against the Brisbane Lions, although he failed to register a possession in the match.
Davis went through a form slump late in the 2003 season, and missed the second half of the season (although he returned for the preliminary final), but returned to form in 2004, playing 19 games for 23 goals. In 2005, Davis played his 100th game, becoming the first Aboriginal player to do so for the Collingwood Football Club. After six years playing exclusively as a small forward, Davis moved further up the field in 2007, playing some time in the midfield; but, he still managed 29 goals in the forward-line.
In 2008, Davis came 4th in the Copeland Trophy, Collingwood's best and fairest award, and represented the Dream Team in the AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match. Davis also won the AFL's Goal of the Year, for a solo effort in Round 22 against : he tackled and dispossessed Des Headland on the half-forward flank, paddled and gathered the ball near the boundary line, ran inside 50 on the boundary line and hit a low and hard kick from a tight angle for a goal. In the 2008/09, he featured in the official advertisement for the AFL, contesting the Australian football against Kieren Jack along the surface of an ice hockey rink.
Davis continued to divide his time between midfield and forwardline, and had a very strong year in 2009, earning All-Australian selection as a forward pocket for the season. His form waned slightly during the 2010 season. Davis played all but one match during the home-and-away season, but was injured for Collingwood's preliminary final. He returned for the drawn grand final, kicking a vital goal in the final quarter but otherwise having a quiet game, and was dropped for Collingwood's win in the grand final replay the following week. Despite being awarded a premiership medal for his role in the drawn game, Davis is not considered a premiership player by the AFL.
In 2011, Davis was moved into the backline. He was very successful in this role, and received his second career selection in the All-Australian team and a fifth placing in the Copeland Trophy.
Davis left Collingwood at the end of 2011. Davis has not confirmed the exact reason for his departure, but it is known that he was offered a 30% pay cut at the end of 2011, despite his All-Australian season, and it is known that he had previously expressed a desire to return with his family to Perth. He nominated for the draft but was not selected, and went on to sign a two-year contract to play for his former WAFL side, Perth, in 2012 and 2013.
Davis was a specialist at the banana kick shot at goal, which has earned him several nominations for "Goal of the Year", although his Goal of the Year victory in 2008 was not from such a kick. Whether rightly or wrongly, Davis also gained an undesirable reputation for not being able to perform in finals, particularly grand finals; despite being a premiership player in 2010, Davis played in four grand finals for three losses and a draw throughout his career. In the 2011 grand final against Geelong he gave Collingwood a lot of run of half back and tackled well.
In 2009, Davis appeared alongside other AFL footballers in an AFL television advertisement titled "AFL: In a League of its Own", which featured prominent AFL players playing Australian rules football at famous sporting venues around the world, and in the middle of other sports being played, including basketball, Association football and American football. In the advertisement, Davis contests a loose ball on an ice hockey rink against a Sydney Swans defender, and successfully taps the ball to Adam Cooney.
Statistics
|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 40 || 15 || 11 || 8 || 78 || 35 || 113 || 20 || 24 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 5.2 || 2.3 || 7.5 || 1.3 || 1.6 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 18 || 21 || 12 || 106 || 25 || 131 || 32 || 16 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 5.9 || 1.4 || 7.3 || 1.8 || 0.9 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 23 || 31 || 19 || 191 || 48 || 239 || 55 || 53 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 8.3 || 2.1 || 10.4 || 2.4 || 2.3 || 0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 13 || 18 || 11 || 85 || 29 || 114 || 23 || 18 || 1.4 || 0.8 || 6.5 || 2.2 || 8.8 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 19 || 23 || 13 || 162 || 45 || 207 || 54 || 41 || 1.2 || 0.7 || 8.5 || 2.4 || 10.9 || 2.8 || 2.2 || 3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 12 || 11 || 11 || 119 || 50 || 169 || 46 || 20 || 0.9 || 0.9 || 9.9 || 4.2 || 14.1 || 3.8 || 1.7 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 15 || 23 || 14 || 150 || 51 || 201 || 48 || 24 || 1.5 || 0.9 || 10.0 || 3.4 || 13.4 || 3.2 || 1.6 || 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 24 || 31 || 21 || 250 || 50 || 300 || 60 || 103 || 1.3 || 0.9 || 10.4 || 2.1 || 12.5 || 2.5 || 4.3 || 0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 22 || 32 || 21 || 297 || 85 || 382 || 101 || 73 || 1.5 || 1.0 || 13.5 || 3.9 || 17.4 || 4.6 || 3.3 || 6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 23 || 35 || 24 || 351 || 120 || 471 || 109 || 96 || 1.5 || 1.0 || 15.3 || 5.2 || 20.5 || 4.7 || 4.2 || 10
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 20 || 27 || 26 || 169 || 74 || 243 || 57 || 73 || 1.4 || 1.3 || 8.5 || 3.7 || 12.2 || 2.9 || 3.7 || 2
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 1 || 21 || 7 || 8 || 339 || 123 || 462 || 89 || 78 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 16.1 || 5.9 || 22.0 || 4.2 || 3.7 || 4
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 225
! 270
! 188
! 2297
! 735
! 3032
! 694
! 619
! 1.2
! 0.8
! 10.2
! 3.3
! 13.5
! 3.1
! 2.8
! 27
|}
Controversy
Davis was involved in a controversial incident involving a racial slur in 2005, when 3AW radio commentator Rex Hunt called Davis 'as black as a dog' during the call against Essendon mid-way through the season. Hunt made the comment when he trailed off while saying "Neon Leon hasn't lit up tonight; he's as black as a dog's guts in the night", to describe Davis' poor form in that match in terms of a neon lights metaphor; other members of the commentary team had been using different neon lights metaphors in the same context. Hunt's apology to Davis was initially rejected, and only accepted later in the week after a face-to-face meeting.
References
External links
Leon Davis at the Collingwood Football Club website
Leon Davis at FinalSiren.com
1981 births
All-Australians (AFL)
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
People from Northam, Western Australia
Perth Football Club players
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Davis%20%28footballer%29 |
Stereocyclops (common name: Brazilian dumpy frogs) is a small genus of microhylid frogs. It is endemic to the Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil. Molecular phylogeny suggests that it is sister taxon to the clade containing Dasypops and Myersiella.
Description
Stereocyclops can be defined by features of its osteology. In the skull, palatine bone is present, as is the posterior part of prevomer. The clavicle is fully developed and long. Furthermore, the dorsal coloration is light and sharply separated from the dark ventrum by a light line. The head is flattened and the mouth is relatively large. Notice, however, that at the time of this description, the genus was monotypic and Hyophryne was considered a separate genus; a thorough morphological study of the genus as presently understood is lacking.
Beheavior
One species, Stereocyclops parkeri, is known to show defensive behavior that may enhance its cryptic appearance, giving an impression of a casually dislodged leaf: when an individual is disturbed, it makes a short leap, landing with its legs stretched backwards. It will then remain still, sometimes as long as 30 minutes, although it may also move a little forward with a quick movement of the feet, resembling a flicked leaf.
Species
There are four species in the genus:
References
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of South America
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocyclops |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.