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Bion 11 was a Russian biological research satellite that was part of the Bion programme. Scientists from France, Russia and United States conducted the experiments. Bion 11 was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome aboard a Soyuz-U launch vehicle. It carried two monkeys named Lalik and Multik. The spacecraft type was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches of Bion satellites began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
Mission
It carried newts, snails, Drosophila flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Lapik and Multik. Both monkeys were safe at landing but Multik died of a heart attack during medical tests under general anaesthetic on 8 January 1997.
The Magee-8 scientific equipment was designed to study the basic features of electrostatic modular protection system. Other equipment was used to maintain the temperature and humidity within the specified range, the atmospheric regeneration, physiological parameters of the monkeys were recorded and transferred them to the ground in TV picture.
Bion 12
A similar mission "Bion-12" was scheduled for December 1998 but did not take place due to cessation of participation of the United States.
See also
1996 in spaceflight
Animals in space
References
External links
Bion Experiment Profile, Payload profile: Bion 11
Bion satellites
Kosmos satellites
Spacecraft launched in 1996
1996 in spaceflight
1996 in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bion%2011 |
Galeria Valeria (died 315) was the daughter of Roman Emperor Diocletian and wife of his co-emperor Galerius.
Biography
Born as Valeria to Diocletian and Prisca, she married Galerius in 293, when her father elevated him to the position of Caesar. This marriage was clearly organized to strengthen the bonds between the two emperors.
Valeria was raised to the title of Augusta and Mater Castrorum in November 308. Since Galerius fathered no child with her, Valeria adopted her husband's illegitimate son, Candidianus, as her own. In her honor, Galerius renamed the province of Upper Pannonia Valeria, which he had improved by draining marshes and removing forests.
When Galerius died, in 311, Licinius was entrusted with the care of Valeria and her mother Prisca. The two women, however, fled from Licinius to Maximinus Daia, whose daughter was betrothed to Candidianus. After a short time, Valeria refused the marriage proposal of Maximinus, who arrested and confined her in Syria and confiscated her properties. At the death of Maximinus, Licinius ordered the death of both women. Valeria and Prisca fled, hiding for a year, until they were recognized by residents in Thessaloniki. She and her mother were captured by Licinius' soldiers, beheaded in the central square of the city, and their bodies thrown in the sea.
Valeria was sympathetic towards Christians, while Galerius persecuted them. She was canonized as a Christian saint with her mother (see Saint Alexandra).
Gallery
See also
Women in ancient Rome
References
External links
"Prisca, Galeria Valeria, and Candidianus", s.v. "Diocletian", De Imperatoribus Romanis.
3rd-century births
315 deaths
Galeria
Murdered ancient Roman empresses
3rd-century Roman women
4th-century Roman empresses
Year of birth unknown
Augustae
Deaths by decapitation
Valerii
Diocletian
266 births
Daughters of Roman emperors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeria%20Valeria |
Jeffrey Dunne (14 May 1956 – 14 September 2020) was an Australian rules footballer who played 102 games for St Kilda and Richmond in the top tier Victorian Football League during the 1970s and 1980s. Recruited from the North Ballarat Football Club in the Ballarat Football League, he played for St Kilda as a hard running back pocket and later represented Victoria in State of Origin matches. He won the club's best and fairest award in 1979 and 1980. He went on to coach East Launceston and North Launceston in the Tasmanian Football league in the mid 1980s.
Dunne died of a heart attack in September 2020, aged 64.
References
External links
Bio at Saints Hall of Fame
Trevor Barker Award winners
St Kilda Football Club players
Richmond Football Club players
1956 births
2020 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Ballarat
North Launceston Football Club coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Dunne |
is a Japanese visual kei metal/rock band formed in 2003 by Asagi, Ruiza and Sin, after their previous band Syndrome disbanded. D's music includes heavy guitar songs, as well as melancholic ballads and even medieval music and folk dance from around the world. Their lyrics focus on love, human nature and esoteric themes, such as spirituality and the relationship between persons and nature, and their costumes are closely related to the stories they tell. Their styling matches their music: fantastical, gothic and elegant.
History
2003–2005: Formation and The Name of the Rose
In March 2003, D was formed with their initial lineup of vocalist Asagi, guitarist Ruiza, drummer Hiroki, guitarist Sin, and bassist Rena. They released their first EP, New Blood on July 18. Shortly before the release, Sin quit D, and not long after, Ruiza had to leave the band due to undisclosed health issues. D went on a short pause of activities from that point, however Asagi and Hiroki continued to play concerts under the name "Night of the Children" with a support guitarist, Tetsu. Meanwhile, Sin decided to leave the music scene and Hiroki called a former band member, Hide-Zou, to fill in. Once Ruiza was released from the hospital on September 27, D officially resumed activities with Hide-Zou replacing Sin on guitar. Two months after their reunion, they recorded their first single "Alice" which was given away for free at only one show in Tokyo that November. "Alice" was released as a single on November 27. On January 7 of the following year, they released their second EP: Paradox, which reached 13th place on the Oricon indies chart.
During 2004, D released another EP Yume Narishi Kuuchuu Teien, as well as a single entitled "Mayutsuki no Hitsugi", which was only for sale at three concerts in November, in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka. They also released a remastered version of their first EP, with a previously unreleased track "Gareki no Hana". New Blood: Second Impact was released on December 8 of that year, quickly followed by their fourth single, "Mahiru no Koe: Synchronicity".
In 2005, Rena remained in the band long enough to release one more single and promotional video, "Yami Yori Kurai Doukoku no a Capella to Bara Yori Akai Jounetsu no Aria". On July 27, after finishing the recording of the forthcoming album, Rena left the band and Hide-Zou recorded bass for that release. They released their first full album titled The Name of the Rose on September 28 in two versions, each packaged with a DVD containing a different promotional video. D launched their own publication called Mad Tea Party Magazine on August 7.
2006–2007: New lineup, Tafel Anatomie and Neo culture: Beyond the world
On December 5, 2005, Tsunehito joined as the new bassist. The band re-released their first full album: The Name of the Rose, with re-recorded bass tracks by Tsunehito. The updated album contained three extra tracks: "Shiroi Yoru", "Tsukiyo no Renka", and "Mayutsuki no Hitsugi". Keeping with the trend of remastering their old albums, in 2006 D re-released their EPs Paradox and Yume Narishi Kuchuu Teien. The latter came with two additional tracks that were previously unreleased. Their seventh single, "Taiyou wo Okuru Hi", was released in two types: a limited edition with the promotional video for the title track, and a regular edition with an instrumental version of the title track. Two months later they released their second album, Tafel Anatomie on October 18, which ranked 36th on the Oricon weekly chart.
In 2007, D launched an official fan club, Ultimate Lover, and released their first DVD of live concert footage, Tafel Anatomie: Tour 2006 Final on March 14. Soon after, the band announced in-store events and a three-date tour in Osaka, Nagoya, and Tokyo on their website to support their "Dearest You" single to be released on April 25. In the summer, D had a dual single release campaign, with "Ouka Sakisomenikeri" released on July 18 and "Schwarzschild" on August 15. On November 7, they released their third full-length album Neo culture: Beyond the world with an expanded version of their usual multiple-version marketing tactic; buyers could choose from two special editions each containing a DVD with different promotional video, and a regular edition with a thirty-six page booklet.
2008–2010: Major label debut, Genetic World and 7th Rose
D signed with the major record label Avex Trax in 2008. Their last indies tour was called "Follow Me", and a DVD of footage from the final concert was released later in July. Their first major single called "Birth" was released on May 7. Their second major single, "Yami no Kuni no Alice/Hamon", was released on September 3. The title track was used as the theme for the movie Twilight Syndrome: Dead-Go-Round, and the b-side track "Hamon" was used as the ending theme for the Nintendo DS game Twilight Syndrome. Their first major label-sponsored concert entitled "Birth: Sora e no Kaiki" was held on August 8, followed by their year's end "Alice in Dark Edge" tour.
Their first activity of 2009 was the release of their third major single, "Snow White". Then on February 25, they released their fourth full-length album titled Genetic World. In the months following, they released a special combination concert photo book and live album "D Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge Final", and a live DVD: D Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge in March.
D's tour for Genetic World kicked off in April 2009 and ended that May. In September, Asagi opened a website for his company Rosen Kranz (God Child Records). Soon they announced the revival of Mad Tea Party Magazine, and it was decided that the eleventh volume and eighth special edition photo book would be released on October 13. D's fourth major single "Tightrope" was released on September 23. A previously unreleased song "Day by Day" was soon announced to be the theme song for a dating simulation game for Japanese mobile phones called LoveφSummit, part of the Neo Romance series from KOEI, as well as the title track of a new single that was to be released on December 2.
The band's first single of 2010, "Kaze ga Mekuru Peji", was used as the opening theme for the television drama Shinsengumi Peacemaker, aired on TBS and MBS, and was scheduled for sale on March 10. Their fifth album, titled 7th Rose in honor of their seven years of activity, was released later that month. A compilation DVD: D 1st Video Clips containing footage from their short television program Bara no Yakata, and several promotional videos from their independent and major releases was also released on March 31.
Their single, "In the Name of Justice", was released on November 17, 2010. It featured two special editions, one carrying the song's PV, other packing "the making of" the title track, also including "Grand Master", and a regular edition featuring "Yoru no Me to Ginyushijin".
2011–2012: World tour and Vampire Saga
On January 12, 2011, D released their sixth album called Vampire Saga. D covered Malice Mizer's song "Gekka no Yasoukyoku" for the compilation: Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-. The album was released on January 26, 2011, and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement.
In the spring of 2011, D did its first overseas tour through Torpedo Productions, in May the group visited Europe and played with the tour name "VAMPIRE SAGA in Europe - 'Path of the Rose'". They visited France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Russia, England and Finland, and were at Project A-Kon 2011 in Texas. After returning to Japan, they released the single "Torikago Goten ~L'Oiseau bleu~" and created their official Facebook page.
On November 21 the same year, the band released their new mini album titled Huang Di ~Yami ni Umareta Mukui~, the release was limited and sold out quickly thanks to the group's expanding fanbase and popularity.
On April 20, 2012, was the first stop of D's second European tour. To promote their new single "Dying Message" and also to again feel the energy of their western fans. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy, Austria, Russia and Finland was on the tour schedule. Last show was May 9 in Russia. Following this, they embarked on their first South American Tour (Chile, Brazil and Argentina) in May. After the tour the group released the single "Dying Message" on May 30, 2012. On July 18, D released the single "Danzai no Gunner". In the PV to "Danzai no Gunner", Asagi (vocal) used a gun for the first time to save Tsunehito (bass) from a mad doctor. From July to August the band did a promotion tour called "Danzai no Gunner". On October 18, the band released a documentary DVD about their visit in Europe "Dying message ~2012 Overseas Odyssey Tour Documentary & Off-Shot".
On November 4, the band appeared on YouTube on the Online TV-show (visual kei)Viju Love Cafe, where they promoted their latest PV for "Namonaki Mori no Yumegatari". On November 14, the band released their latest EP called Namonaki Mori no Yumegatari with songs including "Hikari no Niwa", "Canis Lupus" and "Like a Black Cat - Mujitsu No Tsumi". The musicians are still in their infant years, reaching out into the world and broadening the visual kei stage.
2013–2014: 10th Anniversary and Kingdom
In April 2013, around the celebration of their 10th anniversary, D released news about joining the major label Victor Entertainment. They released Treasure box, a greatest hits album which includes songs from their times under God Child Records label. Later that year, they released Bloody Rose "Best Collection 2007-2011", which includes material from their Avex Trax era.
In May 2013, the band started their 10th anniversary tour. Between May 1 till 5th each band member had a show where their played their personal favorites from the band's many songs. The next 5 dates each had a show for each big record the band had released during their 10 years of performing. The band has expressed interest for a new tour in Europe.
In July 2013, the band began touring Japan and visiting each of the members home towns in celebration of their major label signing with a new visual for "Rosenstrauss", focusing the theme of the tour on the character "Rosalie" of their vampire story. Hiroki collaborated with many musicians on Dead End's tribute album, specifically on the song "Dress Burning".
On March 26, 2014, the band released new Best of album titled D Vampire Chronicle: V-Best Selection. Their seventh full-length album titled Kingdom was released on November 12, 2014. This album, it will continue D's popular vampire story, but is also described as a musical biography of the band: "beautiful, violent and transcending genre boundaries". D has announced that they went on an activity pause next year after finishing their 47-prefectures live tour due to worsening of vocalist Asagi's temporomandibular joint disorder.
2015–present: Wonderland Savior
D's hiatus ended in mid 2015. On December 9, 2015, they released a new single "Master Key". This single continues the "Alice in Wonderland" theme that also ran through D's previous single "Happy Unbirthday", which was released in September. D held a tour also named "MASTER KEY" starting from November, they held the tour final at Akasaka Blitz (with the guests: Hello Kitty and My Melody) on December 11.
On April 27, 2016, Asagi released a major debut solo single titled "Seventh Sense/屍の王者/アンプサイ". It features many well-known artists, including Hiro and Shuse of La'cryma Christi, Sakura of Zigzo, Hitoki of Kuroyume, Keiichi Miyako of Sophia, Ken Morioka of Soft Ballet, Sakito of Nightmare, Shinya of Dir En Grey, Shinya of Luna Sea, K-A-Z of Sads and many more. On October 26, D released their first album after their return from hiatus. They released their eighth album called Wonderland Savior.
Members
, born on August 29, 1974, in Noshiro, Akita, is the vocalist, lyricist, and one of the main songwriters of D. Previously in the bands Balsamic (1994–1997), Je*Reviens (1998–2001), and Syndrome (2001–2002), he was also in a side project called Kochou with Tinc's drummer Takuma, formerly known as Shion in Syndrome. He founded the company record label God Child Records in 2006, under which D released most of their independent era works. He released a solo single that year entitled "Corvinus", and also developed a perfume of the same name, under the God Child subsidiary Rosen Kranz.
, D's guitarist and other main songwriter, was born on February 18, 1979, in Itami, Hyougo. He was previously in the bands Distray (1996–1999), Laybial (1999–2000), and Syndrome. Ruiza has also released three solo EPs: Ao no Hahen in 2002,amenity gain in 2006 and abyss in 2012 (the latter two stylized without capitals).
, born in Kanagawa on November 19, 1977, is the second guitarist of D. He was previously in the bands Lapis (1995–1997), Clair de Lune (1997–2000), As'Real (2000–2002), and S to M (2002–2003).
, D's current bass player, was born on March 5, 1984, in Yokohama, Kanagawa. His previous bands include Relude (2001–2003), Givuss (2003–2004), and Scissor (2004–2005).
was born on July 20, 1975, in Gunma, and is the drummer of D. He was previously in the bands Overtaker (1998–2000), Michiru Project (2001–2001), Aioria (2001–2002), and S to M (2002–2003).
Timeline
Influence
Asagi said that X Japan, Luna Sea, Malice Mizer, L'Arc~en~Ciel, and Buck-Tick are the Japanese bands that influenced them the most. Asagi's favorite singers are women, naming Enya, Björk, and Amy Lee of Evanescence. Hiroki's favorites bands are Skid Row and Dream Theater, while Ruiza picked X Japan and Dream Theater, and Hide-Zou chose Luna Sea. Tsunehito's favorite Japanese bands are Kuroyume and Buck-Tick. Ruiza and Hide-Zou stated that they were influenced by Kouichi from Laputa.
Discography
Singles
"Alice" (November 27, 2003)
"Yume Narishi Kuuchuu Teien" (夢なりし空中庭園) (May 12, 2004)
"Mayutsuki no Hitsugi" (繭月の棺) (November 4, 2004)
"Mahiru no Koe ~Synchronicity~" (真昼の声 ~Synchronicity~) (January 12, 2005)
"Shiroi Yoru" (白い夜) (February 17, 2005)
"Yami Yori Kurai Doukoku no Acapella to Bara Yori Akai Jounetsu no Aria" (闇より暗い慟哭のアカペラと薔薇より赤い情熱のアリア) (June 22, 2005) Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 81
"Taiyou wo Okuru hi" (太陽を葬（おく）る日) (August 3, 2006)
"Dearest You" (April 25, 2007), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 43
"Ouka Saki Some ni Keri" (桜花咲きそめにけり) (July 18, 2007)
"Schwarzschild" (August 15, 2007)
"Birth" (May 7, 2008), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 8
"Yami no Kuni no Alice/Hamon" (闇の国のアリス/波紋) (September 3, 2008), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 9
"Snow White" (January 21, 2009), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 6
"Tightrope" (September 23, 2009), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 9
"Day by Day" (December 2, 2009), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 16
"Kaze ga Mekuru Page" (風がめくる頁) (March 10, 2010), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 22
"Akaki Hitsuji ni Yoru Bansankai" (赤き羊による晩餐会) (July 28, 2010), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 24
"In the name of justice" (November 17, 2010), Oricon Weekly Singles Top Position: 22
"Torikago Goten ~L'Oiseau Bleu~" (鳥籠御殿 ~L’Oiseau bleu~) (July 28, 2011)
"Huang Di ~Yami ni Umareta Mukui~" (皇帝 ~闇に生まれた報い~) (November 21, 2011)
"Nyanto-shippo "De"!?" (February 13, 2012)
"Ultimate lover" (February 13, 2012)
"Dying Message" (May 30, 2012)
"Danzai no Gunner" (断罪の銃士) (July 18, 2012)
"Bon Voyage!" (April 12, 2013)
"Rosenstrauss" (August 28, 2013)
"Dark wings" (December 11, 2013)
"Taiyou o Se ni Shite" (太陽を背にして) (December 15, 2013)
"Tsuki no Sakazuki" (月の杯) (July 23, 2014)
"Dandelion" (December 13, 2014)
"Happy Unbirthday" (September 16, 2015)
"Master Key" (December 9, 2015)
"Himitsu kessha K club" (秘密結社 K倶楽部) (July 16, 2016)
Mini albums
Studio albums
The Name of the Rose (September 28, 2005) Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 85
The Name of the Rose – Remastered Edition (February 8, 2006), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 83
Tafel Anatomie (October 18, 2006), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 36
Neo Culture: Beyond the World (November 7, 2007), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 31
Genetic World (February 25, 2009), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 11
7th Rose (March 24, 2010), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 37
Vampire Saga (January 12, 2011), Oricon Weekly Albums Top Position: 29
Kingdom (November 12, 2014)
Wonderland Savior (October 26, 2016)
Live albums
Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge Final (March 18, 2009)
Compilation albums
Treasure Box (April 7, 2013)
Bloody Rose "Best Collection 2007-2011" (August 21, 2013)
D Vampire Chronicle: V-Best Selection (March 26, 2014)
DVDs
Tafel Anatomie: Tour 2006 Final (March 14, 2007)
Last Indies Tour 2008 Final: Follow Me (July 30, 2008)
Tour 2008: Alice in Dark Edge Final (March 18, 2009)
D 1st Video Clips (March 31, 2010)
In the Name of Justice Tour Final 2010 (April 27, 2011)
D Tour 2011 Vampire Saga ~Path of the Rose~ (October 20, 2011)
Dying message: 2012 Overseas Odyssey Tour Documentary & Off-Shot (October 18, 2012)
D 10th Anniversary Special Premium Live 2013 "Bon Voyage!" (October 30, 2013)
D Tour 2013 Rosenstrauss Documentary DVD (October 7, 2014)
47 Todoufuken Tour Final At Maihama Amphitheater (March 18, 2015)
Ultimate lover Dai Nijyu-ichi ya (Ultimate lover 第二十一夜) (April 29, 2015)
D Tour 2015 Master Key Tour Document & 3songs Live (April 6, 2016)
Happy Unbirthday 2015.8.29 Akasaka BLITZ (April 6, 2016)
References
External links
Mad Tea Party official website
CJ Victor Entertainment artists
Gan-Shin artists
Visual kei musical groups
Japanese hard rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese progressive metal musical groups
Japanese symphonic metal musical groups
Japanese gothic metal musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%20%28band%29 |
Gustav Brom (22 May 1921 in Veľké Leváre – 25 September 1995) was a Slovak big band leader, arranger, clarinetist and composer.
He achieved fame in Europe and abroad from the 1940s right through to his death in 1995. He worked prolifically and was noted for remaining true to the jazz big band idiom, beginning with Dixieland and swing and later, with contributions from his musicians, moving into the West Coast jazz sound.
Born Gustav Frkal, his and the band's first professional engagement was in June 1940 in the Radhošť Hotel in Rožnov pod Radhoštěm. Shortly after World War II, Brom's band performed in Brno and Bratislava and also for several months in 1947 in Switzerland. Other top big band leaders in Prague at this time included Karel Vlach and Kamil Běhounek. Brom triumphed in 1955 at the Leipzig Fair, in the former East Germany, winning accolades for his outstanding arrangements.
The 1950s saw Brom signed with Supraphon in Prague, recording and arranging prolifically with many guest artists including British singer Gery Scott, Czech singers Karel Gott, Helena Vondráčková and Hana and Petr Ulrych (aka Ulrychovi) and Greek sisters Tena and Martha Elefteriadu.
International recognition
In the 1960s Brom's band was rated one of the top ten big-bands in the world by the American jazz polls. Maynard Ferguson, Dizzy Gillespie, Diana Ross & the Supremes, Ray Conniff, Ben Cramer, Bill Ramsey and others joined the Gustav Brom Big Band in many concerts and performances and the band's name became well known and respected among professional performers as well as the discerning public.
Brom was honoured in 1993 with the Luděk Hulan Jazz Award, presented yearly by the Czech Jazz Society, Prague.
Legacy
With Brom's death in 1995, the band started a new phase under a slightly changed name, conducted by Vladimír Valovič from the Slovakian capital, Bratislava. Valovič was appointed by Brom himself as successor. New members have joined from the Czech cities of Prague, Brno, Olomouc and Ostrava, and also from Bratislava.
Since June 1940, Gustav Brom's big-band's name has appeared on over 570 music records, of both Czech and foreign origin, and the post-war recordings are becoming of interest to record collectors and music lovers worldwide. In September 2006, Czech recording label Producentské centrum Františka Rychtaříka released the CD Gery Scott & Gustav Brom, a reissue of selections recorded by Supraphon in Prague in 1957.
Discography
1961: Jazz in der Tschechoslovakei (Supraphon SUC 15388)
1962: Jazz Souvenirs (Supraphon, SUK 35545) Single B-side only, A-side consists of music by János Kőrössy & Studio 5
1966: Ceskoslovensky Jazz 1965 (Supraphon DV 1023) Various Artists (including Jan Hammer, Karel Velebný and others)
1967: Jazzovy Concert (Supraphon 150478)
1967: Swinging The Jazz (MPS Records)
1969: Missa Jazz (MPS Records)
1969: Maynard + Gustav (Supraphon, 1 15 0716, Los Grandes del JAZZ Sarpe 85), Maynard Ferguson and Gustav Brom Orchestra
1976: Polymelomodus (Supraphon)
1976: Mini Jazz Klub vol.3 in memoriam Josef Blaha (Panton, 330388)
1976: Plays for you pop, jazz and swing (Opus 91150447)
References
Jaroslav Smolka: Malá encyklopedie hudby. Prague: Editio Supraphon, 1983.
External links
1921 births
1995 deaths
20th-century composers
20th-century Czech people
Czech composers
Czech male composers
Czech conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Czech jazz musicians
Jazz bandleaders
Jazz clarinetists
Czech people of Slovak descent
People from Malacky District
20th-century Czech male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Czechoslovak musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Brom |
Television Tonga is a Tongan television channel operated by the Tonga Broadcasting Commission. It was founded on July 4, 2000 by King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV.
The TV Tonga studios and broadcast facilities are located in Fasi-moe-afi, near the Tongan capital Nukualofa. They currently broadcast across Tongatapu, 'Eua and other closely surrounding islands, such as Pangaimotu and 'Atata.
TV Tonga produces a weeknightly national TV news program from Monday to Friday in two versions, English and Tongan; and a week-in-review program on Saturday. They also cover local sports and events of national interest.
While TV Tonga is working in affiliation with overseas broadcasters and becoming more of a relaying station, in 2008 it launched a second channel, Television Tonga 2, for its domestic service. General Manager 'Elenoa 'Amanaki has stated that the second English program channel would leave the original channel, formerly broadcasting 60% in English, 40% in Tongan, for Tongan language programs only.
TV Tonga maintains a website, with an online news service.
References
External links
Official website for Radio & Television Tonga
Television stations in Tonga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20Tonga |
The Journal of Peace Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the fields of peace and conflict studies, conflict resolution, and international security. It was established by Johan Galtung in 1964 and has been published since 1998. Nils Petter Gleditsch was editor-in-chief from 1983 to 2010; between 2010 and 2017 the editor was Henrik Urdal, and as of July 2010 the editor is Gudrun Østby (all researchers at the Peace Research Institute Oslo).
Abstracting and indexing
Journal of Peace Research is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 2.419, ranking it 14th out of 86 journals in the category "International Relations" and 32nd out of 169 journals in the category "Political Science".
See also
List of political science journals
References
External links
Journal page at the Peace Research Institute Oslo
International relations journals
SAGE Publishing academic journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Peace%20Research |
Viliame Cavubati (born 1945 on Lakeba Island, Lau) is a former Fijian politician and Cabinet Minister. He was a member of the Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei.
His first foray into politics was in 1968, when he began working for the then-ruling Alliance Party. He was Minister for Works in the government of Sitiveni Rabuka in the 1990s, but lost the Lau Fijian Communal Constituency to Adi Koila Nailatikau in the 1999 parliamentary election.
In February 2006, the National Alliance Party announced that Cavubati would challenge Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, who held Cavubati's old seat, in the general election held from 6 to 13 May. Cavubati was trounced, gaining less than 7 percent of the vote.
A former schoolteacher, Cavubati was educated at Queen Victoria School, and worked first as a field officer and subsequently as traffic officer and wharf manager of Ellington, for the Fiji Sugar Corporation. He w
References
I-Taukei Fijian members of the House of Representatives (Fiji)
1945 births
Living people
Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei politicians
Government ministers of Fiji
Alliance Party (Fiji) politicians
National Alliance Party of Fiji politicians
Politicians from Lakeba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viliame%20Cavubati |
Timothy Blair Pardee, (December 11, 1830 – July 21, 1889) was an Ontario lawyer and political figure. He represented the riding of Lambton in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1874 and Lambton West from 1875 to 1889 as a Liberal.
He was born in Grenville County in Upper Canada in 1830. After his studies, he began articling in the law office of William Buell Richards, but, in 1849, he joined the California Gold Rush. A few years later, he headed off to the Victorian Gold Rush in Australia. Finally, he returned to Canada, articled in Sarnia and was called to the bar in 1861. He was appointed crown attorney in Lambton County but resigned in 1867 to run for a seat in the provincial parliament. In October 1872, he became provincial secretary in Oliver Mowat's cabinet. In December 1873, he was named Commissioner of Crown Lands. He became a Queen's Counsel in 1876. In 1878, he introduced an Act to Prevent the Forests from Destruction by Fire, the first forest protection legislation for the province. He resigned in January 1889 due to ill health.
He died in Sarnia later that year.
His son Frederick Forsyth later served in the Canadian House of Commons.
References
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1830 births
1889 deaths
Canadian King's Counsel
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Lambton County
Provincial Secretaries of Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Blair%20Pardee |
"Back to My Roots" is a song by American dance music singer and drag queen RuPaul, released as the fourth single from his album Supermodel of the World, released on April 27, 1993. Although the single failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, it reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in July 1993 and helped to further establish RuPaul's popularity, particularly with both the dance music and LGBT audiences in the United States.
The house/dance track is a tribute to black women's hairstyles as well as to the tradition of community often found in urban hair salons. The song was originally entitled "Black to My Roots", but the record company changed it fearing controversy. Within the song RuPaul name-checks a variety of hairstyles such as braids, hair extensions, afro-puffs and cornrows. She also names several of her relatives including her mother Ernestine Charles, who at the time owned a hair salon in Atlanta, Georgia.
The single was released primarily as a CD but with various 12-inch versions. It also featured a new remix of the hit single "Supermodel (You Better Work)", as well as a pastiche of the track called "Strudelmodel", which changed the theme of the original to a "model for the Der Wienerschnitzel Corporation".
An accompanying music video showcased extreme drag versions of all of these hairstyles. Though it was played occasionally on MTV, it received far more play in dance clubs. It also featured noted comedian LaWanda Page as Ms. Ernestine Charles.
Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard described it as "a festive house ditty that extolls the creativity of African-American hair fashion." He added, "Eric Kupper's production is heavy on smart beats and disco charm, while Ru unleashes a flood of charisma and funny raps. An instant club hit poised for radio success." Sam Wood from Philadelphia Inquirer felt the song succeed at "being more than celebrations of surface".
Track listing
(Tracks vary according to release; this listing reflects the tracks on the American CD version, which sold the most copies.)
"Back to My Roots" (7" version)
"Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Mix)
"Back to My Roots" (Murk's Curl Activator Mix)
"Supermodel (You Better Work)" (Work It Mr. DJ Tribal Mix)
"Back to My Roots" (Oscar G's Dope Dub)
"Back to My Roots" (Jheri Curl Juice Dub)
"Strudelmodel"
Italian promo vinyl (listed as "Back to My Roots - Remix")
Side One (Secchi Side):
"Back to My Roots" (Secchi's Extended Mix) [6:05]
Side Two (Statement Side):
"Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix) [6:16]
"Back to My Roots" (Back to Our Concept Mix - Instrumental) [6:16]
Charts
References
1992 songs
1993 singles
RuPaul songs
Songs written by Jimmy Harry
Tommy Boy Records singles
African-American hair | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20to%20My%20Roots |
Friedrich Norbert Theodor von Hellingrath (21 March 1888 – 14 December 1916) was a German literary scholar whose main contribution to literary scholarship is the first complete edition of the works of the poet Friedrich Hölderlin.
Biography
Hellingrath was born in Munich: his father was an army officer and his mother claimed descent from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus. He studied philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
Attracted to Hölderlin's poetry from an early age, in 1910 he provided a prefatory essay for the first publication of Hölderlin's translations of Pindar (published in Jena, 1911).
From 1912 to 1914 Hellingrath lived and taught in Paris, during which time he began work on his monumental first-ever "Complete Edition" of Hölderlin, Hölderlins Samtliche Werke, collecting together not only all the poems in their variant forms, the novel Hyperion, the unfinished drama The Death of Empedocles, the articles and translations, but also all traceable letters and written accounts of the poet. The enterprise was planned in six volumes. Hellingrath published Volumes I and V in Munich in 1913, but after the outbreak of World War I, he volunteered for military service and was killed in action during the Battle of Verdun on 14 December 1916 at the age of 28.
Legacy
Volume IV appeared posthumously in Munich in 1916, and the edition was completed after the Armistice by Friedrich Seebass and Ludwig von Pigenot; the remaining volumes appeared in Berlin between 1922 and 1923. Though since superseded by two subsequent complete editions (the Stuttgarter and Frankfurter Ausgabe), Hellingrath's pioneering work continues to have value.
The Berlin Edition led to Hölderlin posthumously receiving the recognition that had always eluded him in life. Due to Norbert von Hellingrath's scholarship and advocacy, Hölderlin has been regarded since 1913 as one of the greatest poets ever to write in the German language.
Stefan George, who Hellingrath was friends with, commemorated him in a poem, "Norbert", published in 1928.
References
1888 births
1916 deaths
Writers from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Military personnel of Bavaria
German military personnel killed in World War I
German male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert%20von%20Hellingrath |
I.D. is a 1995 British-German film made by BBC Films about football hooliganism, directed by Philip Davis, written by Vincent O'Connell, and starring Reece Dinsdale, Sean Pertwee and Warren Clarke. It is set in 1988 in the London area of Shadwell, England and is a story about a group of Metropolitan Police officers who are sent undercover to infiltrate a gang of dangerous football hooligans.
Although set in London, a lot of the film was filmed in South Yorkshire, in particular Rotherham and Sheffield. Millmoor stadium in Rotherham served as Shadwell Town's fictional home "The Kennel". The tagline is "When you go undercover, remember one thing... Who you are." The true events that inspired the movie are chronicled in the 2013 book Running with the Firm written by former undercover detective James Bannon. The film has a cult following. In 2016, twenty one years after the original the film was released, it received a sequel named ID2: Shadwell Army.
Plot
Set in 1988, John (Reece Dinsdale), an ambitious young police officer in the Metropolitan Police, is sent undercover along with colleagues Trevor (Richard Graham), Eddie (Perry Fenwick) and Charlie (Philip Glenister) to join a violent football firm associated with Shadwell Town Football Club. Their mission is to track down the 'generals' - the shadowy figures who orchestrate the violence. Posing as painters and decorators John and Trevor begin frequenting the main Hooligan pub, "The Rock" at lunch times and later start visiting on match days. After becoming familiar with Linda (Saskia Reeves) the barmaid and some of the regulars they start attending matches with hooligans Martin (Sean Pertwee), Nik (Charles De'Ath) and Gumbo (Lee Ross), where during one pub crawl they get into a brawl with Arsenal fans.
As a bus of Midchester fans goes past the pub, John tells Trevor that he needs to find out where they are going and runs out of the pub, following the bus which is eventually held up in traffic. The bus is then ambushed and attacked by the Shadwell firm who have followed John from the pub. Firm leader Bob (Warren Clarke) who was initially suspicious of John, now lauds him as a hero for leading the charge against the away fans.
The hard-drinking and hard-fighting macho culture (where Saturday's match and Saturday's fight are all that matters) prove irresistible to John and he finds himself slowly becoming one of the thugs he has been sent to entrap. En route to the next game, Martin informs John of the location of the next fight between Shadwell and an opposing firm. Trevor calls ahead from a service station payphone to inform the police of the details. With the location given away, the police are on the scene and make arrests.
Martin, now heavily suspicious of John and Trevor, accuses them of being police officers. John's answers convinces Bob and Martin that they are who they say they are. Later, John pretends to be unable to read when playing on a pub quiz machine which appears to get rid of any certainty that he is a policeman. John's relationships with Marie (Claire Skinner) his wife, his superiors and even his team become strained. He begins to ignore his wife which causes an argument during which John attempts to violently have sex with her.
In the next round of the FA Cup, Shadwell are drawn away at local rivals, Wapping. Before the game, Bob convinces John and Trevor to come with them to where the home fans are in order to start a fight. Martin and Nik call them mad and the rest of the gang head off to the away end. Trevor sees one of the Shadwell hooligans with a machete, panics and leaves.
Eventually a fight occurs and the group are ejected. John is led away by several policeman but breaks free, running into the Shadwell end where he is greeted as a hero. Marie organises as a beach holiday but after an argument the pair break up and she returns to her parents' house. John, in a drunk stupor, turns up at Linda's house and the pair begin an affair.
Shadwell's next opponent is away at Tyneburn and during a stand off inside the stadium the home fans begin throwing objects, one of which a dart hits and injures Gumbo. Martin and Nik attempt to climb up over the fence separating the two fans but are pulled down by the police. Following the game, the firm chase off a group of Tyneburn fans but this leads them to a deserted market place where they are confronted by their firm who are armed with weapons. With Shadwell outnumbered other members of the gang run away leaving John and Martin who charge at the gang. It is later revealed that one of the Tyneburn fans was fatally stabbed and subsequent CCTV footage viewed by Trevor, Eddie and Charlie shows that John is responsible. Trevor however trashes the video tape to spare John of conviction.
Later back in "The Rock", Bob tells John that one of the "generals" Wynton wants a word with him. Wynton passes John a packet of drugs and tells him that he has been watching him and that he could use his skills in the criminal underworld. The following morning John returns to the investigation HQ to find out that the operation is being closed down and later back at New Scotland Yard he is told that the team are to be commended but would now have to serve several weeks of beat police duty at their respected divisions, to which Trevor pleads that if any of his targets see him and John in uniform then they would be killed. As the group are coming out of the meeting an officer from the licensing department thanks the team for their evidence and tells them that they've been able to use the information in their report to shut down The Rock. He returns to Linda's house but she attacks him for getting The Rock shut down and says she knew he was a Police Officer the first time she saw him.
John, who is now an alcoholic, attempts to reconcile with Marie but his attempts are rebuffed, which leads to a confrontation with her parents and they are forced to scare him off their property with their dogs. Returning to work as a beat policeman he has a mental breakdown when looking at himself in uniform in the locker room. He later returns home and trashes his entire house. As his addiction takes over, John is later seen emptying cocaine into his breakfast cereal as he sits in his trashed house.
The closing sequence shows a Neo Nazi march through the streets to which a shaven-headed John is taking part. Trevor, who is watching the march, approaches him to ask him what he is playing at, but is rebuffed. John says that he is, again, working undercover. There is a degree of ambiguity as he stands to attention performs a Nazi salute and chants Sieg hiel over and over again. This makes it clear that whatever the truth, John is unable to prevent himself from sinking into his character.
Cast
Reece Dinsdale as John
Richard Graham as Trevor
Perry Fenwick as Eddie
Philip Glenister as Charlie
Warren Clarke as Bob
Claire Skinner as Marie
Saskia Reeves as Lynda
Sean Pertwee as Martin
Charles De'Ath as Nik
Lee Ross as Gumbo
Terry Cole as Puff
Steve Sweeney as Vinny
Nicholas Bailey as Micky
Nick Bartlett as David Daley
David Schaal as Paul Funnell
Alan Cooke as Wynton Mbula
Peter Blythe as DAC Evans
Ian Redford as DI Schofield
Mark Burdis and Jamie Foreman as Previous Team
Graham Camball as Licensing Officer
Max Smith as Tyneburn policeman
Philip Davis as Duty Sergeant
Michael Brogan as Shadwell Hooligan
Jason Moody as Shadwell Hooligan
Jacqueline Leonard as Stef
Steve Toussaint as Shadwell Hooligan
Thomas Craig as Tyneburn Leader
Paul Brennen as Tyneburn Leader
Development
Vincent O'Connell described himself as a "method writer" and said he became so immersed in writing the script that he began acting out himself by getting into scraps with people and starting fights in the pub, and at times had to question why he was acting this way. The plot of the film is loosely based on "Operation Full-Time", a Scotland Yard undercover operation which attempted to identify the leaders of West Ham United's firm, the Inter City Firm (ICF). However, none of the real life officers suffered John's (Reece Dinsdale) fate. The film features the fictitious teams of Shadwell Town and Wapping FC. The locations the teams are based on are real – they are neighbouring areas on the northern bank of the River Thames in London's traditional East End. It is believed that Millwall F.C was the inspiration for one team, as the clubs' fans had a long-standing reputation for violence during the period which the film represents. Another possible parallel is that Shadwell are promoted to the First Division for the first time in their history towards the end of the film - Millwall were promoted to the top flight of English for the first time at the end of the 1987-88 season. Shadwell are also called "The Dogs" and play at "The Kennel" where as Millwall are "The Lions" who played at "The Den".
AFC Bournemouth, Arsenal, Grimsby Town, Portsmouth and Wimbledon are the only real life teams who are mentioned in the film. All other teams are fictional and are Wapping a neighbouring London based club, Midchester described as a club from Birmingham and Tyneburn who are from the North East.
Production
Filming took part in a number of locations largely across London and Yorkshire. Despite being set in London both interior and exterior shots including the surrounding streets of Rotherham United's stadium Millmoor was used for Shadwell Town's ground "The Kennel". Other stadiums used in the film were Bradford City's Valley Parade, Crystal Palace's Selhurst Park, Leyton Orient's Brisbane Road and Millwall's old ground The Den. Other locations used are Sheffield railway station, Rotherham Centenary Market, Leicester Square and New Scotland Yard.
The pub used as "The Rock" was the Rising Sun on Old Jamaica Road in Bermondsey, South London. The pub was demolished shortly after filming. The Tower Hotel in Wapping was also used.
Release
The film was released in the United Kingdom on 15 May 1995. The film was released on VHS video on 9 March 1998 DVD's were released in 2005, 2009 and 2012, with a Blu-ray release in May 2012.
Reception
IMDb rate the movie at 7.3 out of 10. Rotten Tomatoes score it at 81%.
Accolades
Phil Davis won the "Audience Award" at the Valenciennes International Festival of Action and Adventure Films in 1996, he was also nominated for the "Golden Alexander" award at the Thessaloniki International Film Festival.
Sequel
A sequel, with the title of ID2: Shadwell Army was released in August 2016. It was directed by Joel Novoa, and was written by Vincent O'Connell. The sequel saw Perry Fenwick, Lee Ross and Richard Graham reprise their roles from the original film.
Legacy
Writer, Vincent O'Connell claimed that he was initially very disappointed with how the film turned out and it took him several years to appreciate the film's cult status. “I could never get over how people quote whole chunks of dialogue from the first film, still now, years on. It never stops amazing me,” he began. “People send me photos of tattoos with bits of the script they’ve got on their body. I’ve been in the pub before and no-one has known me from Adam, and loads of football supporters have started singing Shadwell songs.”
O'Connell went on to say that the film failed to reach his artistic goals but had become popular entertainment and after fans had told him he needed to have more respect for the film he decided to re-address his issues with the film. This culminated in him writing the sequel in 2016.
In 2016, British Retro football designer Toffs released a range of Shadwell Town football merchandise.
See also
List of association football films
References
External links
Writer's website
1995 films
British association football films
BBC Film films
British crime films
English-language German films
Films set in the 1980s
German crime films
German association football films
Hooliganism
Skinhead
1990s English-language films
1990s British films
1990s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.D.%20%281995%20film%29 |
Open collector, open drain, open emitter, and open source refer to integrated circuit (IC) output pin configurations that process the IC's internal function though a transistor with an exposed terminal that is internally unconnected (i.e. "open"). One of the IC's internal high or low voltage rails typically connects to another terminal of that transistor. When the transistor is off, the output is internally disconnected from any internal power rail, a state called "high-impedance" (Hi-Z). Open outputs configurations thus differ from push–pull outputs, which use a pair of transistors to output a specific voltage or current.
These open outputs configurations are often used for digital applications when the transistor acts as a switch, to allow for logic-level conversion, wired-logic connections, and line sharing. External pull-up/down resistors are typically required to set the output during the Hi-Z state to a specific voltage. Analog applications include analog weighting, summing, limiting, and digital-to-analog converters.
The NPN BJT (n-type bipolar junction transistor) and nMOS (n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) have greater conductance than their PNP and pMOS relatives, so may be more commonly used for these outputs. Open outputs using PNP and pMOS transistors will use the opposite internal voltage rail used by NPN and nMOS transistors.
Open collector
An open collector output processes an IC's output through the base of an internal bipolar junction transistor (BJT), whose collector is exposed as the external output pin.
For NPN open collector outputs, the emitter of the NPN transistor is internally connected to ground, so the NPN open collector internally forms either a short-circuit (technically low impedance or "low-Z") connection to the low voltage (which could be ground) when the transistor is switched on, or an open-circuit (technically high impedance or "hi-Z") when the transistor is off. The output is usually connected to an external pull-up resistor, which pulls the output voltage to the resistor's supply voltage when the transistor is off.
For PNP open collector outputs, the emitter of the PNP transistor is internally connected to the positive voltage rail, so the collector outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on or is hi-Z when off. This is sometimes called "open collector, drives high".
Open emitter
Open emitter output exposes the emitter as the output.
For an NPN open emitter output, the collector is connected to the positive voltage rail, so the emitter outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on and is hi-Z when off.
For a PNP open emitter output, the collector is connected to the low voltage supply, so the emitter outputs a low voltage when the transistor is on and is hi-Z when off.
Open drain
Open drain output uses MOS transistor (MOSFET) instead of BJTs, and expose the MOSFET's drain as output.
An nMOS open drain output connects to ground when a high voltage is applied to the MOSFET's gate, or presents a high impedance when a low voltage is applied to the gate. The voltage in this high impedance state would be floating (undefined) because the MOSFET is not conducting, which is why nMOS open drain outputs require a pull-up resistor connected to a positive voltage rail for producing a high output voltage.
Microelectronic devices using nMOS open drain output may provide a 'weak' (high-resistance, often on the order of 100 kΩ) internal pull-up resistor to connect the terminal in question to the positive power supply of the device so their output voltage doesn't float. Such weak pullups reduce power consumption due to their lower ohmic heating and possibly avoid the need for an external pull-up. External pullups may be 'stronger' (lower resistance, perhaps 3 kΩ) to reduce signal rise times (like with I²C) or to minimize noise (like on system inputs).
Modern microcontrollers may allow programming particular output pins to use open drain instead of push–pull output, the strength of the internal pull-up, and allow disabling internal pullups when not desired.
For pMOS open drain, the output instead connects to the positive power rail when the transistor is on, and is hi-Z when off. This is sometimes called "open drain, drives high".
Open source
Open source output exposes the MOSFET's source as the output.
For a nMOS open source output, the drain is internally connected to the positive voltage rail, so the source outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on and is hi-Z when off.
For a pMOS open source output, the drain is internally connected to the low voltage rail, so the output instead connects to the low voltage rail when the transistor is on, or is hi-Z when off.
Summary of configurations
Configurations that internally connect to a high voltage are source drivers. Configurations that internally connect to a low voltage are sink drivers.
Schematic symbol
Open output is indicated on schematics with these IEEE symbols:
⎐ - NPN open collector or similar output that can supply a relatively low-impedance low voltage when not turned off. Requires external pullup. Capable of positive-logic wired-AND connection.
⎒ - variant with internal pull-up resistor to provide a high voltage when off.
⎏ - NPN open emitter or similar output that can supply a relatively low-impedance high voltage when not turned off. Requires external pulldown. Capable of positive-logic wired-OR connection.
⎑ - variant with an internal pull-down resistor to provide a low voltage when off.
Applications
Note: this section primarily deals with npn open collectors, however nMOS open drain generally applies as well.
Logic-level conversion
Because the pull-up resistor is external and does not need to be connected to the chip supply voltage, a lower or higher voltage than the chip supply voltage can be used instead (provided it does not exceed the absolute maximum rating of the chip's output). Open outputs are therefore sometimes used to interface different families of devices that have different operating voltage levels. The open collector transistor can be rated to withstand a higher voltage than the chip supply voltage. This technique is commonly used by logic circuits operating at 5 V or lower to drive higher voltage devices such as electric motors, LEDs in series, 12 V relays, 50 V vacuum fluorescent displays, or Nixie tubes requiring more than 100 V.
Wired logic
Another advantage is that more than one open collector output can be connected to a single line. If all open collector outputs attached to a line are off (i.e. in the high-impedance state), the pull-up resistor will be the only device setting the line's voltage, and will pull the line voltage high. But if one or more open collector outputs attached to the line are on (i.e. conducting to ground), since any one of them are strong enough to overcome the pull-up resistor's limited ability to hold the voltage high, the line voltage will instead be pulled low. This wired logic connection has several uses.
By tying the output of several open collectors together and connecting to a pull-up resistor, the common line becomes a wired AND in active high logic. The output will be high (true) only when all gates are in the high impedance state and will be low (false) otherwise, like Boolean AND. When treated as active-low logic, this behaves like Boolean OR, since the output is low (true) when any input is low. See: .
Line sharing
Line sharing is used for interrupts and buses (such as I²C or 1-Wire). Open collector output enables one active device to drive the shared line without interference from the other inactive devices. If push–pull output was mistakenly used instead, the active device attempting to set the line voltage low would be in competition with the other devices attempting to set the line voltage high, which would result in unpredictable output and heat.
SCSI-1 devices use open collector for electrical signaling. SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 may use EIA-485.
Analog
Open collector outputs can also be useful for analog weighting, summing, limiting, digital-to-analog converters, etc., but such applications are not discussed here.
Disadvantages
One problem such open-collector and similar devices with a pull-up resistor is the resistor consumes power constantly while the output is low. Higher operating speeds require lower resistor values for faster pull-up, which consume even more power.
Also when driving a load, current through the pull-up resistor reduces the output high voltage by a voltage drop equal to the current times resistance, according to Ohm's law.
Pseudo open drain (POD)
Pseudo open drain (POD) drivers have a strong pull-down strength but a weaker pull-up strength. The purpose is to reduce the overall power demand compared to using both a strong pull-up and a strong pull-down. A pure open drain driver, by comparison, has no pull-up strength except for leakage current: all the pull-up action is on the external termination resistor. This is why the term "pseudo" has to be used here: there is some pull-up on the driver side when output is at high state, the remaining pull-up strength is provided by parallel-terminating the receiver at the far end to the HIGH voltage, often using a switchable, on-die terminator instead of a separate resistor.
JEDEC standardized the terms POD15, POD125, POD135, and POD12 for 1.5V, 1.25V, 1.35V, and 1.2V interface supply voltages, respectively.
DDR memory
DDR4 memory uses POD12 drivers but with the same driver strength (34 Ω/48 Ω) for pull-down (RonPd) and pull-up (RonPu). The term POD in DDR4 referring only for termination type that is only parallel pull-up without the pull-down termination at the far end. The reference point (VREF) for the input is not half-supply as was in DDR3 and may be higher. A comparison of both DDR3 and DDR4 termination schemes in terms of skew, eye aperture and power consumption was published in late 2011.
See also
Common collector and other common terminal transistor amplifiers: Used more for analog voltages than digital.
Push–pull output: Consists of transistors to source and sink current in both logic states, not just one.
Three-state logic: Consists of transistors to source and sink current in both logic states, as well as a control to turn off both transistors to isolate the output. This differs from open collector/drain output, which only use a single transistor that can only disconnect the output or connect it to ground.
References
External links
Digital circuits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20collector |
The Pacemakers may refer to:
The Pacemakers (funk band), a band led by Bootsy Collins
The Pacemakers Drum and Bugle Corps
Gerry and the Pacemakers
A series of five BBC2 programmes, transmitted February/March 1965, produced by Antony de Lotbiniere and written by Antony Jay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pacemakers |
The Journal of Conflict Resolution is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on international conflict and conflict resolution. It was established in 1957 and is published by SAGE Publications. The editor-in-chief is Paul Huth (University of Maryland, College Park).
History
The journal was established in 1957. In 1959, the journal was run by the Center for Research on Conflict Resolution at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. When the Center closed in 1971 due to lack of funding, the journal was run by a team at Yale University. Since 2009, the journal has been run by a team at the University of Maryland. Bruce Russett was a long-time editor-in-chief of the journal prior to Paul Huth's appointment as editor-in-chief in 2009.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, RePEc, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.491, ranking it 8th out of 69 journals in the category "Political Science" and 5th out of 85 journals in the category "International Relations".
References
External links
SAGE Publishing academic journals
English-language journals
International relations journals
Bimonthly journals
Academic journals established in 1957
Peace and conflict studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Conflict%20Resolution |
UFM100.3 is a Chinese-language radio station of SPH Media based in Singapore. UFM100.3 is a highly-charged Mandarin music station targeting at working professionals aged between 35 – 49 years old. The station plays popular and familiar mandarin hits, with engaging lifestyle content and current hot topics for the busy individual. The station is organised under the Chinese Media group, which also includes SPH Media's Chinese media publications such as broadsheet Lianhe Zaobao and Shin Min Daily News.
Accolades
The station is also recognized by the National Arts Council for its contribution towards Singapore's arts sector, being a recipient of the SG50 Arts Patron Award in 2015, a Distinguished Patron of the Arts Award recipient in 2010, 2011, 2014, a Patron of the Arts Award in 2013 and 2015 and a Friend of the Arts Award in 2012.
See also
List of radio stations in Singapore
References
External links
Radio stations in Singapore
Mandarin-language radio stations
SPH Media | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFM100.3 |
William Beatty may refer to:
Sir William Beatty (surgeon) (1773–1842), Irish surgeon in the Royal Navy
William Beatty (Ontario politician) (1835–1898), member of the 1st Parliament of Ontario
William Henry Beatty (1833–1912), Ontario lawyer and businessman
William Rabb Beatty (1851–1905), Ontario businessman
William H. Beatty (1838–1914), former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California
William Beatty (Pennsylvania politician) (1787–1851), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
Will Beatty (born 1985), American football offensive tackle
William L. Beatty (1925–2001), U.S. federal judge
See also
William Beattie (disambiguation)
William Beattie Nesbitt (1866–1913), Ontario physician and political figure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Beatty |
The zebra pleco (Hypancistrus zebra) is a species of catfish endemic to a small section of the Rio Xingu in Brazil. It occurs in the big bend area of the river, downstream from the town of Altamira, Para. It was first described in 1991. It gets its name from its black and white stripes, resembling the colouration of a zebra. This species grows to a length of SL. This species was exported from Brazil in for sale as aquarium fish. However, currently, the Brazilian government bans the export of certain fish species, including H. zebra.
H. zebra is threatened by the Belo Monte Dam in the Xingu river which has caused a severe reduction of the water flow of the entire known distribution range of the species. Due to this, the species has been classified as critically endangered and may soon become extinct in the wild. It is subject to several captive breeding programs. It is commercially bred in captivity for the aquarium trade.
Mature males have a wider head and longer interopercular spines than females. After spawning, the males will guard the eggs. The fry swim after seven days and absorb the yolk sac in two weeks.
In the aquarium
The minimum tank size for the species is said to be a minimum of 30 gallons (approximately 115 liters). Maintaining water parameters at certain levels is also of importance when keeping them in an aquarium.
The ideal water temperature for their tank is about 79 °F – 88 °F (26 °C – 31 °C). Reasonable water acidity levels are 6.5 pH to 7.0 pH with the water hardness ranging between 2 and 6 dKH.
Hypancistrus zebra can be referred to using the L-numbering convention often applied to Loricariidae, although, unlike most loricariids, H. zebra has two associated L-numbers: L-046 and L-098 both refer to the species. H. zebra is a predator and requires a high protein diet, typically including small invertebrates such as insect larvae. When in captivity, the species is often fed fresh or frozen bloodworms, brine shrimp and algae wafers. Occasionally, the species may be fed vegetables such as lettuce, cucumber, and squash.
This species should not be kept in the typical community aquarium, or with discus, despite advice to the contrary. These catfish thrive in biotopes with small dither fish which do not compete with H. zebra for food.
The tank should mimic their natural environment with a substrate of small smooth gravel and pebbles with smooth boulders, cobbles and rocks forming caves and crevices. The water must be highly oxygenated with a strong flow and surface agitation.
It is an expensive species because it can only be collected or reproduced in small numbers. It is a simple fish to keep but it needs clean, warm water and a fast-moving current. They are unlikely to survive in still water or a dirty environment. It is nocturnal, moderately territorial, and prefers plenty of hiding places.
In 2004, the zebra pleco was added to the IBAMA list of endangered species and exporting it from Brazil was made illegal. However, this law is only present in Brazil and black market fish traders smuggle them out of Brazil to then sell in other countries (primarily Colombia).
Breeding behaviour
Similarly to other Hypancistrus species, the male will trap the female in a cave where she will lay her eggs for the male to fertilise. This is usually done at around a pH of 6.5-7.2 and a water temp of 27°. This process can take between 1 and 5 days depending on the experience the female has in motherhood. The male will often bite the female to keep her in the cave, which is a natural behaviour for the species. Once the eggs are fertilised, the female will leave, although the male will guard the eggs until they hatch and may even stay to see them develop into fry. Once born, the fry will have a yolk sack attached to their underbelly, which is typically gone in a few days.
Conservation
The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade (including in captive bred specimens) is regulated by the CITES permitting system.
See also
List of freshwater aquarium fish species
References
External links
http://www.brianstropicals.com/pages/Zebra-plecos.html - export ban
http://www.zebrapleco.com/ - a web-site dedicated to zebra pleco husbandry and breeding
Ancistrini
Catfish of South America
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Fish of the Amazon basin
Taxa named by Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker
Taxa named by Han Nijssen
Fish described in 1991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra%20pleco |
Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (31 July 1808 – 8 February 1899) was a German orientalist, known as a literary historian of Arabic literature, born at Münden, Hanover.
He studied theology and oriental languages at Göttingen and Berlin. He taught at Göttingen, becoming a professor there (1842–90). He published many important Arabic texts and valuable works on Arabic history.
Writings and translations
Navavi, Liber concinnitatis nominum (1832)
(1833–34)
(1835)
Ibn Challikan, Vitae illustrium virorum (1835–50)
Geschichte der Arabischen Ärzte und Naturforscher (1840)
Navavi, Tahdhib al-Asma, Biographical dictionary of illustrious men (4 bd, 1842–47)
The biographical dictionary of illustrious men, chiefly at the beginning of Islamism; now first ed. from the collation of two mss. at Göttingen and Leiden (1842)
Makrizi, Geschichte der Kopten (1846)
Zakariya al-Qazwini, ‘Aja'ib al-makhluqat, Zakarija Ben Muhammed Ben Mahmud el-Cazwini's Kosmographie (2 vols, 1849)
Ibn Coteiba, Handbuch der Geschichte (1850)
Genealogische Tabellen der arabischen Stämme und Familien (1852)
Register zu den genealogischen Tabellen der arabischen Stämme und Familien (1853)
Ibn Dorejd, Kitab ul-Ishtiqaq, Genealogisch-etymologisches Handbuch (2 bd, 1854)
Vergleichungstabellen der mohammedanischen und christlichen Zeitrechnung (1854)
Ibn Hischam, Das Leben Mohammeds (4 bd. 1857-60)
Das Leben Muhammed's nach Muhammed Ibn Ishâk; (1858), Volume: v.01 pt.01
Das Leben Muhammed's nach Muhammed Ibn Ishâk; (1859), Volume: v.01 pt.02
Das Leben Muhammed's nach Muhammed Ibn Ishâk; (1860), Volume: 02
Geschichte der Stadt Medina (1860)
Chroniken der Stadt Mekka (4 bd, 1857–61)
Jakut, Geographisches Wörterbuch (6 bd, 1866–73)
Bahrein und Jemàma. Nach Arabischen Geographen beschrieben (1874)
Die Statthalter von Agypten (1876)
Das Heerwesen der Muhammedaner (1880)
Geschichte der Fatimiden-Chalifen. Nach arabischen Quellen (1881) reprinted 1976
Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke. (1882)
Die Çufiten in Süd-Arabien im XI. (XVII.) Jahrhundert (1882) (1883)
Der Imam el-Schäfii und seine Anhänger (1889–91)
References
1808 births
1899 deaths
Writers from Hanover
German orientalists
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20W%C3%BCstenfeld |
St. Elsewhere is the debut album by American soul duo Gnarls Barkley. It was released on April 24, 2006, in the United Kingdom, where it debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, and on May 9, 2006, in the United States, although it was available for purchase one week earlier as a digital download in the US iTunes Store. St. Elsewhere debuted at No. 20 on the US Billboard 200, and peaked at No. 4. It topped the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 39 non-consecutive weeks in 2006 and 2007.
The album's first single, "Crazy", was the first song to become a UK number-one single based solely on downloads. The album was certified Platinum in the US by the RIAA, for shipping 1,000,000 units. A limited edition deluxe package of St. Elsewhere was released on November 7, 2006. The CD + DVD package includes a 92-page booklet, four music videos, and bonus songs from live performances. It was also released on vinyl.
Background
The group created an elaborate backstory for the "Gnarls Barkley" persona, claiming to be close friends of Lester Bangs, Isaac Hayes, Gordon Gano, and lovers of Janet Jackson and Mariah Carey. The character taught the band Kraftwerk English, as well as set up a meeting between the group Wu-Tang Clan and members of the Stuckist art movement. In promotional photographs, the group wears costumes similar to the character Alex from A Clockwork Orange.
Composition
In an interview with New York, Gnarls Barkley were asked if they intended to make a contemporary psychedelic record with St. Elsewhere. Producer Danger Mouse agreed, wishing to fuse melody with experimentation like late-1960s music he admired. Indeed, Elsewhere sees Cee-lo Green's neo soul style set against Mouse's psychedelic rock / soul-infused music.
"Creepy-crawly" hip hop also features, yielding a "big [and] amorphous" take on the genre.
Critical reception and awards
The album received general acclaim from critics: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 81 out of 100, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 37 reviews. It was rated the best release of 2006 by PopMatters. In 2007, the album won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, with nominations for Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Crazy". St. Elsewhere placed on Slant Magazines list of best albums of the 2000s at number 92.
Track listing
All tracks are produced by Danger Mouse.
Sample credits
"Go-Go Gadget Gospel" contains samples from "Goin Down to Freedom's Land", written and performed by Nicolas Flagello.
"Crazy" incorporates elements and samples of "Last Man Standing", written and performed by Gian Franco Reverberi and Gian Piero Reverberi.
"St. Elsewhere" incorporates elements of "Geordie", arranged by Barry Clarke, David Costa, Celia Humphris, and Stephen Brown, and performed by Trees.
"The Boogie Monster" incorporates elements and samples of "Ku Klux Klan Sequence", written and performed by Armando Trovaioli and Angelo Francesco Lavagnino.
"Feng Shui" incorporates elements and samples of "Tropical", written and performed by Nino Nardini.
"Just a Thought" incorporates elements of "A Touch of Class", written and performed by Kevin Peek.
"Transformer" incorporates elements of "Rubber Solution", written by Marlene Moore and performed by Lee Mason.
"Who Cares?" incorporates elements of "Mono Ski", written and performed by Keith Mansfield.
"The Last Time" incorporates elements and samples of "Chicano Chaser", written and performed by Ian Langley.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Gnarls Barkley
Danger Mouse – production, mixing
Cee-Lo Green – vocals
Additional musicians
Ced Keys International – piano , synthesizers
Daniele Luppi – arrangements , organ , synth bass , Minimoog , orchestration
David Piltch – additional bass guitar , bass guitar
Ben H. Allen – guitar , bass guitar
Dr. President – keyboards , bass guitar , organs , guitars
Tomika Walden – background vocals
Menta Malone – background vocals
Eddie Reyes – acoustic guitar
Chris Tedesco – trumpets
Eric Bobo – drums
Technical
Ben H. Allen – mixing, engineering
Kennie Takahashi – mix engineering
Mike Lazer – mastering
Mark "Exit" Goodchild – additional engineering
Artwork
Tom Hingston – art direction
Kam Tang – illustration
Alex Kirzhner – design
Samples
Taken from the St. Elsewhere liner notes:
"Go-Go Gadget Gospel" contains samples from "Goin' Down to Freedom's Land" written and performed by Nicolas Flagello.
"Crazy" incorporates elements of "Last Man Standing" written and performed by Gian Franco Reverberi and co-written by Gian Piero Reverberi.
"St. Elsewhere" incorporates elements of "Geordie" performed by Trees and arranged by Barry Clarke, David Costa, Celia Humphris and Stephen Brown.
"The Boogie Monster" incorporates elements of "Ku Klux Klan Sequence" written and performed by Armando Trovaioli and Angelo Francesco Lavagnino.
"Feng Shui" incorporates elements of "Tropicola" written and performed by Nino Nardini.
"Just a Thought" incorporates elements of "A Touch of Class" written and performed by Kevin Peek.
"Transformer" incorporates elements of "Rubber Solution" written by Marlene Moore.
"Who Cares?" incorporates elements of "Mono Ski" written and performed by Keith Mansfield.
"Online" incorporates elements of "Welcome to the Rain" written by Flip Davis and performed by Mid Day Rain.
"The Last Time" incorporates elements of "Chicano Chaser" written and performed by Ian Langley.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
References
2006 debut albums
Albums produced by Danger Mouse (musician)
Gnarls Barkley albums
Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Elsewhere%20%28album%29 |
Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. The first hybrid tea roses were created in France in the mid-1800s, by cross-breeding the large, floriferous Hybrid Perpetuals with the tall, elegant Tea roses. The Hybrid tea is the oldest class of Modern garden roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between their parents, being hardier than the often delicate Tea roses, and with a better ability for repeat-flowering than the more robust Hybrid Perpetuals.
Hybrid tea flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, supported by long, straight and upright stems. Each flower can grow to 8–12.5 cm wide. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular group of rose, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. Their flowers are usually borne singly at the end of long stems which also makes them very popular as cut flowers.
Description
Hybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular rose class, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. They are known for their long, elegant pointed buds that open slowly. Hybrid teas have a high-centered bloom form and are carried singly or with several side buds. Each flower can grow to wide. Plants tend to grow quickly and will reach in height in just a few years. Hybrid teas are grown in a large variety of colors, except blue.
Hybrid tea propagation is usually done by budding, a technique that involves grafting buds from a parent plant onto hardy, disease-resistant rootstocks. One such rootstock is R. multiflora. Gardeners can propagate hybrid tea roses on their own roots by taking cuttings in spring, then rooting and growing them in a protected location for their first year. Plants grown from cuttings, are not as hardy as the mother plant, less disease-resistant and may not live as long as grafted plants.
History
Early hybrid teas
Hybrid teas became a new class of roses in 1879, when British rose breeder, Henry Bennett, introduced ten "Pedigree Hybrids of the Tea Rose" in Stapleford, Wiltshire. Bennett's first attempts at rose breeding on his Wiltshire farm in 1868 were unsuccessful. He visited prominent rose breeders in France from 1870 to 1872 to further his knowledge of rose breeding. Returning home, he constructed heated greenhouses on his farm and expanded his rose breeding program. When he introduced his ten new hybrid tea roses in 1879, they were an immediate success.
'La France', bred by Jean-Baptiste André Guillot and introduced in France in 1867, has been acknowledged by several rose historians as the first hybrid tea rose. Other rose historians have suggested that the earliest hybrid tea roses were developed a decade earlier. These early roses are: 'Elise Masson', 'Léonore d'Este' and 'Gigantique' in 1849 as well as 'Adèle Bougere' in 1852. 'Victor Verdier', bred by Frenchman François Lacharme and introduced in 1859, is a strong candidate for being the first hybrid tea. 'Victor Verdier' was the successful result of a cross between a Hybrid Perpetual and a Tea rose, and was classified as a Hybrid Perpetual when it was first introduced. According to British horticulturalist and rose expert, Graham Stuart Thomas, "In 1859 'Victor Verdier' appeared, and this has sometimes been called the first Hybrid Tea. From this and 'La France', raised in 1867, a small group of varieties were raised, carrying strong Tea influence into the Hybrid Perpetuals."
The modern hybrid tea
Hybrid tea roses did not become popular until the beginning of the 20th century, when French rose breeder, Joseph Pernet-Ducher, introduced the cultivar 'Soleil d'Or' in 1900. 'Soleil d'Or' is the first yellow rose introduced and the ancestor of the modern hybrid tea rose. Some of Pernet-Ducher's early successes are considered to be two of the most popular of all the 19th century Hybrid tea roses: 'Madame Caroline Testout' (1890) and 'Mme Abel Chatenay' (1895). The city of Lyons in France became at the time an epicenter of hybrid tea cultivation with rose growers such as Joseph Bonnaire, Alexandre and Pierre Bernaix, Jean-Baptiste André Guillot or Joseph Schwartz. The rose that made hybrid teas the most popular class of garden rose of the 20th century was the rose , introduced by Francis Meilland at the end of World War II, and is considered to be the most popular rose cultivar of the 20th century.
The most important modern hybrid tea rose breeders of the 20th century are: William Warriner, the Sam McGredy family, Tom Carruth, the Meilland family, Mathias Tantau, Wilhelm Kordes, Harkness Roses, Cants of Colchester, and Dickson Roses. Among the most popular of the 20th century hybrid teas include: 'George Dickson' (1912), 'Étoile de Hollande' (1919), 'Dainty Bess' (1925)', Crimson Glory (1935), 'Ena Harkness' (1946), 'Just Joey' (1972) 'Double Delight' (1977), 'Brigadoon' (1991) and 'Francis Meilland' (2006).
Selected hybrid tea roses
Red varieties
'Chrysler Imperial'
'Mister Lincoln'
'Precious Platinum'
'Double Delight'
'Olympiad'
'Black Bacarra'
'Papa Meilland'
'Oklahoma'
'Red Bacarra'
Pink varieties
'Royal Highness'
'Paul Transon'
'First Prize'
'Perfume Delight'
'Duet'
'Miss All-American Beauty'
Yellow varieties
'King's Ransom'
'Elina'
'Peace'
'Henry Fonda'
Orange varieties
'Voodoo'
'Fragrant Cloud'
'Just Joey'
'Tequila Sunrise'
White varieties
'Pascali'
'Pope John Paul II'
'Honor'
'Garden Party'
Gallery
Notes
Sources
External links
Roses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20tea%20rose |
The North Shore Cheetahs are a football club and a member of the Quebec Bantam Football League (QBFL). They were founded in 2006 after a proposal was accepted at the QBFL's AGM (Annual General Meeting). The proposed system has both the Cheetahs and the North Shore Lions holding a joint winter evaluation camp. Throughout the camp, the Lions take the more "polished" players and the Cheetahs (Competing in a lower division) take the rest. They are a developmental team and the next year, the players have the rights to try out for the Lions once again.
Canadian football teams in Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Shore%20Cheetahs |
John 20:19 is the nineteenth verse of the twentieth chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament. It describes what it says is the first appearance of Jesus to his disciples after Resurrection of Jesus, and in a locked room of a house.
Content
The original Koine Greek, according to the Textus Receptus, reads:
In the King James Version of the Bible it is translated as:
Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you.
The modern World English Bible translates the passage as:
When therefore it was evening, on that day, the first day of the week, and when the doors were locked where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and said to them, "Peace be to you."
For a collection of other versions see BibleHub John 20:19
Analysis
The account of Jesus' first appearance in the Gospel of John (20:19–23; ) shows similarity to the account in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 24:36), that it happened in Jerusalem in the evening of his resurrection from the dead.
Only John mentions that the door was locked, and its "reason" (fear of the Jews to persecute them after their leader was executed), but the "function" is to show the 'miraculous nature of Jesus' appearance', that the risen Jesus is 'no longer bound by normal space conditions'. The door was not merely shut but locked (Greek perfect verb: , ).
The words Peace be with you (, ) is a common traditional Jewish greeting (shalom alekem, or shalom lekom; cf. ) still in use today; repeated in John 20:21 & 26), but here Jesus conveys the peace he previously promised to his disciples (; ), causing the rapid switch of their emotion from "fear" (verse 19) to "joy" (verse 20).
The number of the disciples present is not certain, although Thomas' absence is singled out in verse 24, and Judas Iscariot left, but some other disciples less tightly connected could be present as well.
References
Sources
External links
Jesus Appears to His Disciples
20:19
John 20:19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%2020%3A19 |
The iliotibial tract or iliotibial band (ITB; also known as Maissiat's band or the IT band) is a longitudinal fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata. The action of the muscles associated with the ITB (tensor fasciae latae and some fibers of gluteus maximus) flex, extend, abduct, and laterally and medially rotate the hip. The ITB contributes to lateral knee stabilization. During knee extension the ITB moves anterior to the lateral condyle of the femur, while ~30 degrees knee flexion, the ITB moves posterior to the lateral condyle. However, it has been suggested that this is only an illusion due to the changing tension in the anterior and posterior fibers during movement. It originates at the anterolateral iliac tubercle portion of the external lip of the iliac crest and inserts at the lateral condyle of the tibia at Gerdy's tubercle. The figure shows only the proximal part of the iliotibial tract.
The part of the iliotibial band which lies beneath the tensor fasciae latae is prolonged upward to join the lateral part of the capsule of the hip-joint. The tensor fasciae latae effectively tightens the iliotibial band around the area of the knee. This allows for bracing of the knee especially in lifting the opposite foot.
The gluteus maximus muscle and the tensor fasciae latae insert upon the tract.
Clinical significance
The IT band stabilizes the knee both in extension and in partial flexion, and is therefore used constantly during walking and running. When a person is leaning forwards with a slightly flexed knee, the tract is the knee's main support against gravity.
Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS or ITBFS, for iliotibial band friction syndrome) is a common thigh injury generally associated with running. It can also be caused by cycling or hiking. The onset of iliotibial band syndrome occurs most commonly in cases of overuse. The iliotibial band itself becomes inflamed in response to repeated compression on the outside of the knee or swelling of the fat pad between the bone and the tendon on the side of the knee. ITB syndrome can also be caused by poor physical condition, lack of warming up before exercise, or drastic changes in activity levels. Until recent anatomical studies showed differently, the previously held belief was that the distal portion of the iliotibial band rubbed over a bursa, however this bursa was found not to exist. Additionally, the theory that the iliotibial band needs to stretch has been questioned as, in cadaveric studies under extreme load, the flexibility of the iliotibial band has been shown to be minimal with greater stiffness than capsular fibers.
Symptoms of iliotibial band syndrome may include pain on the outside of the knee at the beginning of exercise which persists through the exercise or specific movements like running downhill and having the knee bent for prolonged periods of time.
This syndrome is usually developed by people who suddenly increase their level of activity, such as runners who increase their mileage. Other risk factors for ITBS include gait abnormalities such as overpronation, leg length discrepancies, or bow-leggedness. ITB Syndrome is an overuse condition of the distal ITB near the lateral femoral condyle and at Gerdy's tubercle. The most vulnerable range of knee flexion for this condition is at 30-40 degrees; this is where the ITB crosses the lateral femoral epicondyle.
Postural function
The IT band is of critical importance to asymmetrical standing (pelvic slouch). The upward pull on the lower attachment of the IT band thrusts the knee back into hyperextension, thereby locking the knee and converting the limb into a rigid supportive pillar.
References
Lower limb anatomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliotibial%20tract |
Basso may refer to:
Basso (surname), an Italian surname
Basso & Brooke, a fashion label formed by Bruno Basso and Christopher Brooke
Campanile Basso, a mountain in the Brenta group
San Basso, a Baroque-style deconsecrated Roman Catholic church in central Venice, Italy
49501 Basso, a minor planet
Basso Bikes, an Italian bicycle manufacturer
Music
Bass (voice type), a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types
Basso continuo, parts provided the harmonic structure of the music by supplying a bassline and a chord progression
Basso profondo, the bass voice subtype with the lowest vocal range
See also
Baso (disambiguation)
Bass (disambiguation)
Bassa (disambiguation)
Bassi (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basso |
Amazorblades were one of the early British punk rock groups, as chronicled in Henrik Poulsen's book 77: The Year of Punk and New Wave, from Brighton, England. They released a single, "Common Truth" c/w "Mess Around" on Chiswick Records. It was later featured on the Long Shots, Dead Certs And Odds On Favourites (Chiswick Chartbusters Volume Two) compilation album (1978: Chiswick).
Band member Chopper went on to join the Oysterband. Fellow member Ben Mandelson (aka Hijaz Mustapha) was a founder member of 3 Mustaphas 3 with Chopper and is now a noted world music record producer. Rob Keyloch is currently running a successful recording studio.
Drummer Steve Harris died on 11 January 2008.
References
External links
Amazorblades Journal
Punk vinyls
English punk rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazorblades |
Wellesley Hastings "Wels" Eicke (27 September 1893 – 10 February 1980) was an Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Early life and career
Eicke was the younger son of George Augustus Eicke (died 28 March 1927) of St. Kilda, Victoria, and Jessie Forrester, eldest daughter of Thomas Thompson of Acheron, Victoria, grazier.
He was a talented young sportsman who was a champion swimmer at school level. In 1909, Eicke debuted with St Kilda at 15 years and 315 days old – becoming one of only six VFL/AFL footballers to have played at 15.
He married 11 March 1916 at Holy Trinity Church, Balaclava, to Alberta Maude, only daughter of A. E. Woodland of Caulfield, Victoria.
As of December 2022, Eicke holds the record for playing with the most teammates (at 299).
Football career
Eicke began his career playing as a rover, but became known as one of the VFL's greatest defenders. He was a fine kick, an expert place kick, and a great mark, despite being only 5 foot 9 inches (1.75 metres) tall.
St Kilda (VFL)
Eicke won the inaugural St. Kilda Best and Fairest in 1914, and he went on to win it another two times. He was captain-coach of St. Kilda in 1919 and 1924. In Round 12, 1924, Eicke was notably the first of only three captains in league history to have called for a headcount; the teams were even.
North Melbourne (VFL)
In 1925, he captained-coached North Melbourne in their first year in the VFL. The following year he resigned from that position citing business reasons but he would continue to play for them. After one additional game Eicke requested a clearance back to St. Kilda.
St Kilda
Having played in four of the 1926 season's first five matches for North Melbourne, he was cleared back to St Kilda, where he played another three games.
Prahran (VFA)
He was cleared from St Kilda to play with Prahran in May 1929. Eicke soon realised that at the age of 36 the game had past him so he retired.
Brighton (VFA)
Eicke was the coach of St. Kilda's 2nd XVIII in 1933, and then he was appointed coach of Brighton in 1934 and 1935.
St Kilda Football Club
Eicke was later a committeeman of the St Kilda Football Club. He resigned from the committee in 1964, due to his opposition to the club's move from the St Kilda Cricket Ground to Moorabbin Oval.
Death and posthumous honours
Eicke died in 1980 at the age of 86 in Prahran, Victoria. He was one of the inaugural inductees into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He was also inducted into the St Kilda Hall of Fame in 2007.
Footnotes
References
Wells, S.G., "Great Player", The (Melbourne) Herald, (Saturday, 28 July 1923), p.4.
Ross, J. (ed), 100 Years of Australian Football 1897–1996: The Complete Story of the AFL, All the Big Stories, All the Great Pictures, All the Champions, Every AFL Season Reported, Viking, (Ringwood), 1996.
External links
Wels Eicke, Boyles Football Photos
Profile at Saints Hall of Fame
Shinboner's Hall of Fame Wels Eike
Trevor Barker Award winners
1893 births
1980 deaths
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
St Kilda Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club coaches
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club coaches
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
People from Prahran, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels%20Eicke |
Clen Charles Denning (28 February 1911 – 9 November 2009) was an Australian rules footballer in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Family
The son of Thomas Clen Denning (1879-1917), and Agnes Caroline Denning (1880-1974), née Gunther, Clen Charles Denning was born at Collingwood, Victoria on 28 February 1911.
He married Winifred Adelaide Newman (1915-2002) in 1938.
Football
Soon after he turned 16, Denning played for Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Oakleigh. He got his start in the VFL after a long wait when Oakleigh coach Frank Maher moved to coach the Carlton Football Club. Denning debuted with Carlton in 1935.
Early in his career, Denning made a name for himself as a promising goalkicker; he scored six goals from his first six kicks—all in his first match—a record that stands to this day.
He only stayed with Carlton until the end of 1937, having played 18 games for 23 goals.
In 1938, he crossed over to the Fitzroy Football Club, as he was said to be unhappy at Carlton. He scored 37 goals in 1939 to be their leading goalkicker. From then on he focused more on a defensive role, becoming a back pocket. He represented Victoria at interstate football in 1941, and in 1944 he was back pocket in Fitzroy's premiership side.
After leaving Fitzroy, Denning played for and coached Ararat. In 1958, he was the inaugural VFA coach of the Dandenong Football Club.
Death
From the October 2009 death of Jimmy Bates until his own death, at Keysborough, Victoria on 9 November 2009, at 98 years old, he was the oldest living former VFL player.
References
External links
Clen Denning, at The VFA Project.
Clen Denning, at Blueseum.
Interview with Clen Denning in September 2007
1911 births
2009 deaths
Carlton Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club premiership players
Oakleigh Football Club players
Dandenong Football Club coaches
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
VFL/AFL premiership players
People from Collingwood, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clen%20Denning |
Knut Hjalmar Ferdinand Frænkel (14 February 1870 – c. 10 October 1897) was a Swedish engineer and arctic explorer who perished in the Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 of S. A. Andrée in 1897.
Biography
Frænkel was born in Karlstad, Sweden. He was a major in the Road and Waterway Construction Service Corps, and grew up in mountainous Jämtland in the eastern middle part of Sweden, where he acquired an interest in outdoor activities and sports. He later went to the Palmgren School in Stockholm and graduated with a civil engineering degree from the Royal Institute of Technology in 1896, and was preparing himself to enter the Army engineers when the chance came up in 1897 to join S. A. Andrée's planned balloon expedition to the North Pole. The third participant was Nils Strindberg. Frænkel replaced the meteorologist Nils Gustaf Ekholm, who had participated in the preparations but dropped out in the last moment, critical of the construction of the balloon.
During the balloon expedition, Frænkel was responsible for writing the detailed protocols of everything done by the participants. After the landing on the ice, he wrote the meteorological journal and was responsible for camp arrangements. Having drifted for weeks, they reached the southwest of Kvitøya Island and landed on 5 October 1897. They made a camp on a nearby height where they perished a few days later. Strindberg died first and was buried by the others, Andrée and Frænkel shortly afterwards.
The remains of the expedition were found by accident by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition on 6 August 1930. Andrée and Strindberg were found and brought home, while Frænkel's body was found only at a returning expedition in early September when more of the snow and ice had melted. Frænkel and the other two explorers received a funeral with great honors. After cremation, their ashes were interred together at the cemetery Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.
References
Other sources
1870 births
1897 deaths
Swedish explorers
Swedish engineers
Swedish balloonists
Explorers of the Arctic
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
People from Karlstad
Kvitøya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut%20Fr%C3%A6nkel |
This is a list of episodes from the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, as well as the OVA Endless Waltz. The series originally aired on TV Asahi in Japan from April 7, 1995, to March 29, 1996, and later aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami programming block in the United States from March 6 to May 11, 2000.
Mobile Suit Gundam Wing
Gundam Wing: Operation Meteor
Though set immediately after the end of Gundam Wing, the original video animation (OVA) features seven clips from each Gundam pilot's perspective during the series. Each segment is introduced and concluded with scenes depicting what has happened to the five pilots in the direct aftermath of the final battle.
Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz
References
Mobile Suit Gundam Wing
Wing
Episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mobile%20Suit%20Gundam%20Wing%20episodes |
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Chad (Front Populaire pour la Libération du Tchad or FPLT) was a small insurgent group active during the First Chadian Civil War. Founded in 1968 by Awad Mukhtar Nasser, it was based in Sudan and operated along the Chad-Sudan border. After the fall of François Tombalbaye's regime in 1975, it gave up armed struggle as its leadership reconciled with Félix Malloum's new government.
In 1979 the FPLT reemerged, always under the leadership of Nasser. With few or no roots in Chad, the group was formed mainly to participate to the peace conferences that were being held in Nigeria, where it was meant to represent Sudanese interests. But this plan failed since the FPLT played no part neither in the Kano Accord, nor in the Lagos Accord. All the same the FPLT remained Sudan's main agent in the country till 1982 when Sudan gave all its support to Hissène Habré's government, with the consequent decline of the FPLT.
References
Rebel groups in Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Front%20for%20the%20Liberation%20of%20Chad |
Fred Zollner (January 22, 1901 – June 21, 1982), nicknamed "Mr. Pro Basketball", was the founder and owner, along with his sister Janet, of the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (now the Detroit Pistons) and a key figure in the merger of National Basketball League (NBL) and Basketball Association of America (BAA) into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. He was inducted as a contributor into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
Zollner, an industrialist, was born in Little Falls, Minnesota and received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1927. Zollner Corporation, formed in 1912, was a Tier-1 supplier of pistons to companies such as Ford, General Motors, International Harvester (now Navistar), John Deere and Outboard Marine. At one time, he employed more than 1,200 people in his Fort Wayne, Indiana foundry. The company had 230 employees when it was acquired by Kolbenschmidt Pierburg AG in 1999.
Zollner Island in Lake Kabetogama in Voyageurs National Park, where he had a cabin, is named for him.
Pro basketball
The Zollner Pistons began playing in 1939 as an independent and in 1941 joined the National Basketball League, which was just shaking off its roots as an industrial league. In 1974, he recalled that, "Instead of making friends, we made enemies, because no one could beat us." He personally recruited his players, including later Hall of Famers Andy Phillip, Bob McDermott, Bob Houbregs, Buddy Jeannette and George Yardley. The Zollner Pistons were a very popular franchise, winning the world championship in 1944 and 1945, and reaching the NBA Finals in 1954 and 1955, losing both times. He was the first pro basketball team owner to hire a bench coach.
Zollner brought together leaders of the NBL and the BAA to meet at his house in 1949. Sitting around his kitchen table, they agreed to merge, forming the NBA.
In 1952, when he purchased a DC-3, Zollner was the first to fly his players to away games. Several years later, the Minneapolis Lakers were stranded in Milwaukee after playing a game against the Milwaukee Hawks; the temperature was , and the train was running well behind schedule. Zollner sent the plane to Milwaukee to meet the players and bring them to the game, but due to a mixup, coach John Kundla was left behind. He had gone to the dining car and didn't get word. As the train pulled out the station, he looked out the window and saw the other players waving to him.
The game started with Lakers player Jim Pollard acting as coach. Kundla arrived shortly before halftime, and tried to sneak to the bench, but the fans spotted him and roared. "I took quite a razzing from the guys for that," said John, "especially since we were ahead by eight when I arrived and we ended up losing by five."
It soon became apparent that the NBA had outgrown small cities like Fort Wayne. In 1957, Zollner moved the team to Detroit, a much larger city that had previously had an NBA franchise, the Detroit Falcons, which failed after the 1946–47 season, the NBA's (BAA's) first. Since Detroit was the center of the automobile industry, the name Pistons still fit. However, they were nowhere near as successful as they had been in Fort Wayne; they would only tally two winning seasons in the next 17 years.
By 1974, the Pistons' lackluster performance on the court was starting to hurt Zollner's bottom line; the team had never turned a profit since moving to Detroit. Even the best regular season in franchise history at the time was not enough to stop the bleeding. After the season, Zollner sold the Pistons to glass magnate William Davidson for $7 million (equal to $ million in ). Zollner and Davidson remained the only two majority owners in the history of the NBA's second-oldest team until the death of Davidson in March, 2009.
At the 1975 Silver Anniversary NBA All-Star Game, Zollner was named "Mr. Pro Basketball" for his status as a founder and longtime supporter of the NBA. He died in North Miami, Florida.
On October 1, 1999, Zollner was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor.
Remembrance
Concordia Lutheran High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana, uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Complex for their athletics.
The Zollner Foundation supports some charitable organizations in Indiana and in Florida.
Trine University uses the Fred Zollner Athletic Stadium, completed in 2010, a micro–stadium for football, lacrosse and soccer.
Indiana Tech in Fort Wayne, Indiana, named their engineering building the Zollner Engineering Center.
References
Further reading
1901 births
1982 deaths
People from Little Falls, Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Detroit Pistons owners
American industrialists
National Basketball League (United States) owners
Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Zollner |
Marsamxett Harbour (), historically also referred to as Marsamuscetto, is a natural harbour on the island of Malta. It is located to the north of the larger Grand Harbour. The harbour is generally more dedicated to leisure use than the Grand Harbour.
Description
The harbour mouth faces north east and is bounded to the north by Dragut Point and Tigné Point. Its northwest shore is made up of the towns of Sliema, Gżira and Ta' Xbiex. The harbour then extends inland to Pietà and Msida. Off Gżira lies Manoel Island, now connected to the mainland by a bridge. The south eastern shore of the harbour is formed by the Sciberras peninsula, which is largely covered by the town of Floriana and the city of Valletta. At its tip lies the 16th century Fort Saint Elmo. The Sciberras peninsula divides Marsamxett from the larger parallel natural harbour, Grand Harbour.
Along its partner the Grand Harbour, Marsamxett lies at the centre of gently rising ground. Development has grown up all around the twin harbours and up the slopes so that the whole bowl is effectively one large conurbation. Much of Malta's population lives within a three kilometer radius of Floriana. This is now one of the most densely populated areas in Europe. The harbours and the surrounding areas make up Malta's Northern and Southern Harbour Districts. Together, these districts contain 27 of 68 local councils. They have a population of 213,722 which make up over 47% of the total population of the Maltese islands.
History
In 1551, Ottomans landed at Marsamxett and marched upon the Grand Harbour, but did not attack as they found strong defences built by the Order of Saint John. This skirmish was followed by an unsuccessful attack against Mdina, and successful sacking of Gozo and conquest of Tripoli. After this attack, Fort Saint Elmo was built to guard both Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.
A much larger Ottoman invasion came in 1565, in the Great Siege of Malta. During the siege, the Ottoman fleet was based at Marsamxett, and cannons were stationed at Tigné Point in order to bombard Fort Saint Elmo. During the attack, the Ottoman admiral Dragut was killed by stray gunfire. The siege was eventually lifted and the Order and the Maltese emerged victorious. A new city was constructed on the Sciberras Peninsula, and was named Valletta after the Grandmaster who commissioned it. The suburb of Floriana was later built outside the city, and it has now developed into a town in its own right.
In 1592, a wooden quarantine hospital was built on Manoel Island, then known as l'Isola del Vescovo. It was dismantled a year later, but a permanent Lazzaretto was built in its place in 1643, which was improved a number of times until its closure in 1929. Between 1723-33, Fort Manoel was built on Manoel Island, while Fort Tigné was built on Tigné Point in 1793. British barracks were also built on Tigné Point, but these have since been demolished.
During World War II, the British used Marsamxett, particularly Manoel Island, as a submarine base. The island was a stone frigate, referred to as HMS Talbot or HMS Phœnicia. Fort Manoel saw use once again, and it was bombarded by Luftwaffe bombers causing much destruction.
In 1977, the 1st (Maritime) Battery of the Armed Forces of Malta moved its base to Hay Wharf in Marsamxett.
Sliema, Gżira, and Ta' Xbiex on the northern end of the harbour have seen a lot of development in recent years. Marsamxett Harbour is now mainly used for smaller watercraft when compared to Grand Harbour. There are a number of yacht marinas including at Msida and Manoel Island, a yacht yard, as well as tourist cruise boats which operate from Sliema.
On 10 September 2006, during the Maltese round of the Aero GP series, a mid-air collision between two planes above the harbour caused the death of one of the pilots, Gabor Varga.
Gallery
See also
Malta Freeport
References
Coordinates:
Geography of Malta
Ports and harbours of Malta
Bays of Malta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsamxett%20Harbour |
Ruthless Records was the name of a Chicago punk record label. Founded in 1981 by the Effigies, it was not a real business, but a name used by Chicago and Minneapolis punk bands from 1981 to 1990: Big Black, the Effigies, End Result, Naked Raygun, Rifle Sport and Urge Overkill. The Effigies operated the label from its creation in 1981 until 1984, when they found the label to be distracting from their priorities with the band. They handed the label over to Big Black founder Steve Albini, who ran the label until it dissolved in 1990.
Ruthless Records was an independent label run as a cooperative by Jon Babbin (later founder of Criminal IQ Records), The Effigies, Naked Raygun and Steve Albini of Big Black fame. After the release of The Effigies' Haunted Town EP, frontman John Kezdy was dissatisfied with the way Autumn Records handled their expenses and decided to start the label with Babbin. Naked Raygun and Big Black came on board shortly after and all three acts worked together to get their initial records released. It wasn't really a company or anything of that sort, just a way for these bands to get their records out. The bands themselves were pretty much responsible for the creation and costs of their own records; Ruthless was just a central name/address to give the appearance of a record company to join like-minded bands.
The latter half of Ruthless' existence (from about 1985 on) was run almost exclusively by Steve Albini and most of the releases were by bands outside Chicago. The label ended around 1990.
Roster
Appliances SFB
Big Black
Black Spot
Brick Layer Cake
Circle Seven
Dark Arts
Dig Dat Hole
The Effigies
End Result
Naked Raygun
Primos
Rifle Sport
Urge Overkill
Label discography
Effigies – "Bodybag"/"Security" 7", 1982
Big Black – Lungs EP, (RRBB02, December 1982)
Effigies – We're Da Machine EP, (E1003, 1983)
Circle Seven – Suburban Hope 12" (1000, 1983)
Naked Raygun – Basement Screams 12", (03, 1983)
Naked Raygun – Flammable Solid 7", (311057, 1983)
Big Black – Bulldozer EP, (RRBB07, December 1983)
Big Black – Live Cassette, (Recorded at 950, November 1983)
Effigies – For Ever Grounded LP, (1984)
Effigies – Haunted Town 12", (1984 Re-release)
Effigies – Fly on a Wire LP, (1985)
End Result – Ward EP, (1985)
Rifle Sport – "Plan 39"/"Dub" (RRRS-013, 1985)
Rifle Sport – "Complex EP" (RRRS-014, 1985)
Urge Overkill – Strange, I 12" (1986)
Dark Arts – Long Way From Brigadoon 12" (1986)
Appliances sfb – "Them"/"Green Door" (1987)
Rifle Sport – White (Made in France) LP (1987)
Black Spot – Burn LP (1989)
Rifle Sport – Live at the Entry, Dead at the Exit LP/CD (1989)
Brick Layer Cake – Eye For An Eye, Tooth For A Tooth 12" (1990)
Rifle Sport – Primo (Big Money-Ruthless BMI-011, 1991)
Rifle Sport – "Little Drummer Boy"/"Shanghaied" (Big Money-Ruthless BMI-012, 1991)
See also
List of record labels
Chicago Record Labels
References
External links
Official Effigies site
Ruthless Records on Discogs
American record labels
Record labels established in 1981
Record labels disestablished in 1990
Punk record labels
Companies based in Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthless%20Records%20%28Chicago%29 |
Tano North Municipal District is one of the six districts in Ahafo Region, Ghana. It was formerly part of the then-larger Tano District since 1988, until the western part of the district was split off to create Tano North District in December 2004; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Tano South District. It was later elevated to municipal district assembly status in April 2018 to become Tano North Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of Ahafo Region and has Duayaw-Nkwanta as its capital town.
List of settlements
External sources
District: Tano North District
References
Districts of Ahafo Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano%20North%20Municipal%20District |
Tano South Municipal District is one of the six districts in Ahafo Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Tano District in 1988, until the western part of the district was split off to create Tano North District in December 2004; thus the remaining part has been renamed as Tano South District. It was later elevated to municipal district assembly status in April 2018 to become Tano South Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of Ahafo Region and has Bechem as its capital town.
Background
In the district there are three health centres and one hospital. Educational facilities include pre-school facilities, schools and a college. The industry within the district focuses on processing wood and agricultural products.
List of settlements
Sources
District: Tano South District
References
Districts of Ahafo Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano%20South%20Municipal%20District |
Coot Club is the fifth book of Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons series of children's books, published in 1934. The book sees Dick and Dorothea Callum visiting the Norfolk Broads during the Easter holidays, eager to learn to sail and thus impress the Swallows and Amazons when they return to the Lake District later that year. Along with a cast of new characters, Dick and Dorothea explore the North and South Broads and become 'able seamen'.
Plot summary
The Callum children spend their Easter holidays on The Broads with family friend, Mrs Barrable, who is staying on the small yacht Teasel, moored near the village of Horning. There they encounter the Coot Club, a gang of local children comprising Tom Dudgeon, twin girls 'Port' and 'Starboard' (Bess and Nell Farland), and three younger boys — Joe, Bill and Pete (the "Death and Glories"). The Coot Club was formed to protect local birds and their nests from egg collectors and other disturbances. Protecting wild birds was a relatively new concept at the time.
A noisy and inconsiderate party of city-dwellers (dubbed the 'Hullabaloos' by the children) hire the motor cruiser Margoletta and threaten an important nesting site of a coot with a white feather (one of many monitored by the Coots) by mooring in front of it, and refuse to move when politely requested to do so. Despite warnings "not to mix with foreigners", Tom stealthily casts off the Margoletta'''s moorings to save the nest and then hides behind the Teasel. He hides for fear of disgracing his father, who is the local doctor. Casting off boats is considered unthinkable on The Broads, where the local economy is so dependent on boating. Mrs Barrable does not give Tom away to the Hullabaloos and instead asks him to teach the Callums to sail.
Tom, Port, and Starboard join the crew of the Teasel, and together with Mrs Barrable and her pug William, the children teach Dick and Dorothea the basics of sailing up and down the Broads. The women of the party sleep in Teasel and Tom and Dick share Tom's small sailing boat Titmouse. Dick shares the Coot Club's keen interest in local bird life, and Dorothea uses the voyage as fodder for her new story, "Outlaw Of The Broads", based on the Hullabaloos' vow to catch Tom. They chase the crew of the Teasel all over the Broads. Through a piece of imprudence on the part of Mrs Barrable, Teasel and Titmouse are caught on a falling tide on Breydon Water and go aground, just too far apart to be able to pass things between them. William the pug is encouraged to make a heroic journey across the mud towing a thread, by which a rope is hauled across to share food, without which some of the party would have had to go unfed for 12 hours.
They are still stranded on the mud when the Margoletta arrives. There is no escape, but the Hullabaloos, in their joy at running their quarry to earth, manage to crash the Margoletta into a wooden marker post, holing her hull and putting the crew in danger of drowning. At that moment the Death and Glories appear, having rowed all the way from Horning to warn Tom of the Hullabaloos' approach. They conduct a dramatic rescue, and are rewarded by the owners of the Margoletta with a salvage award which enables them to refurbish their vessel. The Hullabaloos depart without thanking their rescuers, and Tom can return home in the knowledge that the reputation of the doctor's family is intact. It turns out that the Hullabaloos were alerted to Tom's whereabouts by George Owdon, a Horning youth who makes money by selling birds' eggs to collectors, and who therefore has no love for the Coot Club. This rivalry is the subject of the sequel, The Big Six.
Other boats
The Norfolk wherry Sir Garnett gives the twins a lift when they need to catch up with the Teasel. They also get a lift from the fictional Thames barge, Welcome of Rochester. Ransome researched the book during the summer of 1933 and encountered of Rochester. He wrote to the owners, LRTC (London & Rochester Trading Company) for details of the cargoes Pudge carried, the routes the Pudge sailed, and which bridges she could pass under. The book describes the cabin and stateroom, and the newly fitted petrol auxiliary engine. Pudge was later fitted with the more powerful Kelvin K3 66HP engine that is present today. Ransome's description has been useful in the restoration of the Pudge.
Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The BBC produced a television series Swallows and Amazons Forever!, based on Coot Club and The Big Six'', in 1984.
References
External links
1934 British novels
Swallows and Amazons series
Novels set in Norfolk
Jonathan Cape books
1934 children's books
Children's books set in Norfolk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coot%20Club |
Ruthless Records was an American Independent record label founded by Eric "Eazy-E" Wright and Jerry Heller in Compton, California in 1987. All of the Ruthless trademarks have been owned by Comptown Records, Inc. since 1987. Several artists and groups on the label such as N.W.A, Eazy-E, MC Ren, The D.O.C., Michel'le, and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony have released RIAA certified albums.
History
N.W.A days
The label's first successful single was Eazy's "Boyz-n-the-Hood". The label's first album was N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton, which was eventually certified Triple Platinum by the RIAA. Immediately following this was the release of Eazy's solo debut, Eazy-Duz-It.
As the six members went on tour in support of their project, some began to voice their displeasure with the financial situation at Ruthless. According to group member MC Ren, it was a common opinion that N.W.A manager and Ruthless co-founder Jerry Heller was the one receiving their due:
Heller, in his 2006 memoir Ruthless, disputes any allegations of financial misconduct.
The label also experienced outside pressure due to the group. The success of their song "Fuck tha Police" led to a threatening FBI letter to distributor Priority Records. After coming off tour, group member Ice Cube voiced his opinions on the group's finances. Though Heller continually claimed that everything was in order, and even offered them to open the account books to prove his innocence, the ensuing confrontation ended in Ice Cube leaving Ruthless without signing on as a solo artist, which the remaining members proceeded to do.
1988 also saw the release of J.J. Fad's gold-certified album Supersonic, produced by founding N.W.A member Arabian Prince and in 1989, singer Michel'le's eponymous self-titled album, and The D.O.C.'s critically acclaimed No One Can Do It Better (all released through Atlantic), all produced by N.W.A beat-smiths Dr. Dre and DJ Yella; following these efforts, Dre returned to N.W.A, producing the 100 Miles and Runnin' E.P. and the group's sophomore effort, Niggaz4Life, which reached Platinum status. Above the Law's Livin' Like Hustlers was also released during this period (by way of Epic Records).
In 1989, Eazy signed hip-hop's first white female rapper Tairrie B to Ruthless' new Comptown label subsidiary. She released her debut album The Power of a Woman in 1990 (through MCA Records) featuring the single and video for "Murder She Wrote" which Eazy and Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D appeared in. The album also featured guest vocals by Dr. Dre, D.O.C. and future House of Pain frontman Everlast, and production by QDIII.
N.W.A breakup and other Ruthless artists
Though N.W.A was highly successful, Dr. Dre was advised by The D.O.C. and the rapper's friend, Suge Knight, that he should leave the label to avoid any possible financial meddling by Heller, offering to extricate Dre from his Ruthless contract. Eventually, Knight succeeded in procuring Dre, D.O.C. and Michel'le's contracts—through reportedly illicit means—and proceeded to set up Death Row Records with Dre.
Now short of Dre, Eazy-E signed various other acts that would assist him in a subsequent rivalry with Death Row. Gangsta Dresta and B.G. Knocc Out were among the most vocal of these rappers, with DJ Yella, 187 um and new producer Rhythum D producing. While MC Ren and DJ Yella stayed neutral, they remained with Ruthless, releasing several LPs. Eazy-E released several high-profile LPs dissing Dre, including most famously It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa. Producer Big Hutch/Cold 187 um alleges that during this time period, with Ruthless switching distributors from Priority to Relativity and Epic, even Wright began to feel as though Heller wasn't being honest with the label's finances:
However he added, "I can't knock Jerry Heller... because Jerry Heller gave us all an opportunity. He took us to the people to get massive exposure. We couldn't have walked through the doors as brothers like that. We needed a guy like Jerry Heller to do that. You need that face, you need that voice, you need that guy with a connect like that. Without him there wouldn't have been none of that."
Eazy-E allegedly fired Heller shortly before his death in 1995.
Eazy-E's death
On March 1, 1995, Eazy-E was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS; around this time he was beginning to work on his third LP. He had just signed the Cleveland, Ohio-based group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, whose 1994 extended play Creepin on ah Come Up was well received by critics and fans. Eazy-E executive produced Bone Thugs' second album, E 1999 Eternal, which was released shortly after his death on March 26, 1995, of HIV/AIDS in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. Their smash 1996 single "Tha Crossroads" was dedicated to Eazy-E and helped push the album to multi-platinum success.
The label has had several distributors simultaneously. Early Ruthless releases were distributed by Macola (including certain material from JJ Fad which was made prior to the completion of the Supersonic album, which were at first released on Ruthless' short-lived Dream Team subsidiary), but that deal was short-lived and the rights reverted to Ruthless. All of N.W.A's releases and Eazy-E's debut solo album on Ruthless Records were distributed by Priority, and the rights to these releases are now held by Priority's new owner, Capitol. Releases by The D.O.C, Michel'le, Yomo & Maulkie and JJ Fad were marketed through Atlantic or its subsidiary Atco. These master rights are still held by Atlantic's parent company, Warner, while Above The Law's releases were marketed through Epic and Giant. In 1994, Ruthless found exclusive distribution through Relativity, a former heavy metal label. Relativity was later folded into its parent company, Sony.
Roster
Former artists
Former producers
Notes
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
References
Works cited
Billboard
External links
Biography of Eazy-E
Hip hop record labels
American record labels
Record labels established in 1987
Record labels disestablished in 2009
Epic Records
Compton, California
Gangsta rap record labels
Eazy-E
Atlantic Records | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthless%20Records |
Saint Eunan ( ) may refer to Adomnán, abbot of Iona.
The name may also refer to:
St Eunan's Cathedral (disambiguation), Christian churches
St Eunan's College, a school
St Eunan's GAA, a Gaelic football and hurling club | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Eunan |
Graziella Magherini (; born 23 August 1927 in Florence) is an Italian psychiatrist at the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence, Italy.
Stendhal syndrome
Graziella Magherini is best known for her 1989 book La sindrome di Stendhal (The Stendhal syndrome), which introduced this term to indicate a psychosomatic illness affecting individuals when exposed to art. After nearly 20 years of experience with patients at Santa Maria Nuova Hospital in Florence, Italy, Magherini began to note certain pathological abnormalities in a select group of her patients. Foreign visitors who had arrived in droves to indulge in the sumptuous beauty and art of the city were stricken by sudden and mysterious psychosomatic episodes that were induced by their identification with select and "personalized" art. "The Stendhal Syndrome occurs most frequently in Florence, because we have the greatest concentration of Renaissance art in the world."
Her study The Stendhal Syndrome (La Sindrome di Stendhal), published in 1989, is a description of her statistical methodology and, most importantly, a detailed description of some of her most interesting cases. Many of the case histories describe a foreigner who arrives in Florence, Italy and is overwhelmed by unrelenting depictions of Renaissance art and culture.
In the 'Inge Case,' Inge arrives from a Scandinavian country where she teaches Italian to children. Her marriage is unsatisfactory and she is filled with the guilt of leaving her failing father, for whom she is a caregiver. Her Florence trip is the first she has taken in many years. Upon arrival she immediately feels 'out of sorts' and when she attends an Italian class for a second day, she notices someone has taken her seat from the day before. Inge takes this as a sign that no one wants her in Florence. Suddenly, she is afflicted with an overwhelming sense of paranoia. Later, she visits one of Florence's famous cathedrals. She is drawn to one version of The Last Supper. Inge has palpitations and sees flashes of lights. In between flashes she sees herself in the painting, as one of the women carrying a fruit basket to the table of Jesus. After steady decline in her mental condition she is admitted to the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital for observation.
From these cases, Magherini has some startling conclusions about the effects of artwork on the psyche. During the mirroring between art and subject, a sublime, aesthetic, and uncanny event occurs. The art experience hooks a repressed trauma beneath the conscious sea of the subject rapidly pulling the trauma to the surface. The subject acts much like a distressed fish out of water. Magherini's job was to unhook the patient from this episode while under observation and gently place the patient back into the society.
A related condition is the Jerusalem syndrome.
See also
Stendhal syndrome
Stendhal
The Stendhal Syndrome, a psychological thriller film based on Magherini's book
Culture shock
Paris syndrome
Published works
- Total pages: 219
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Italian psychiatrists
21st-century Italian women writers
Italian women psychiatrists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graziella%20Magherini |
In mathematics, binary splitting is a technique for speeding up numerical evaluation of many types of series with rational terms. In particular, it can be used to evaluate hypergeometric series at rational points.
Method
Given a series
where pn and qn are integers, the goal of binary splitting is to compute integers P(a, b) and Q(a, b) such that
The splitting consists of setting m = [(a + b)/2] and recursively computing P(a, b) and Q(a, b) from P(a, m), P(m, b), Q(a, m), and Q(m, b). When a and b are sufficiently close, P(a, b) and Q(a, b) can be computed directly from pa...pb and qa...qb.
Comparison with other methods
Binary splitting requires more memory than direct term-by-term summation, but is asymptotically faster since the sizes of all occurring subproducts are reduced. Additionally, whereas the most naive evaluation scheme for a rational series uses a full-precision division for each term in the series, binary splitting requires only one final division at the target precision; this is not only faster, but conveniently eliminates rounding errors. To take full advantage of the scheme, fast multiplication algorithms such as Toom–Cook and Schönhage–Strassen must be used; with ordinary O(n2) multiplication, binary splitting may render no speedup at all or be slower.
Since all subdivisions of the series can be computed independently of each other, binary splitting lends well to parallelization and checkpointing.
In a less specific sense, binary splitting may also refer to any divide and conquer algorithm that always divides the problem in two halves.
References
Xavier Gourdon & Pascal Sebah. Binary splitting method
David V. Chudnovsky & Gregory V. Chudnovsky. Computer algebra in the service of mathematical physics and number theory. In Computers and Mathematics (Stanford, CA, 1986), pp. 09–232, Dekker, New York, 1990.
Bruno Haible, Thomas Papanikolaou. Fast multiprecision evaluation of series of rational numbers. Paper distributed with the CLN library source code.
Lozier, D.W. and Olver, F.W.J. Numerical Evaluation of Special Functions. Mathematics of Computation 1943–1993: A Half-Century of Computational Mathematics, W.Gautschi, eds., Proc. Sympos. Applied Mathematics, AMS, v.48, pp. 79–125 (1994).
Bach, E. The complexity of number-theoretic constants. Info. Proc. Letters, N 62, pp. 145–152 (1997).
Borwein, J.M., Bradley, D.M. and Crandall, R.E. Computational strategies for the Riemann zeta function. J. of Comput. Appl. Math., v.121, N 1-2, pp. 247–296 (2000).
Karatsuba, E.A. Fast evaluation of transcendental functions. (English. Russian original) Probl. Inf. Transm. 27, No.4, 339-360 (1991); translation from Probl. Peredachi Inf. 27, No.4, 76–99 (1991).
Ekatherina Karatsuba. Fast Algorithms and the FEE method
Computer arithmetic algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20splitting |
The ARP Little Brother, produced from 1975 to 1977, is a keyboardless monophonic expander module, sold as an add-on for another ARP synthesizer. It was controlled by connecting the control voltage (CV) output of an ARP synthesizer's keyboard to the Little Brother's CV input.
The Little Brother had a single voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with selectable waveforms, and a sub-octave divider that could produce up to three additional tones simultaneously at -1, -2 and -3 octave intervals. It also had an LFO, and a pitch bend/master tuning knob. However, it had no voltage controlled filter (VCF), voltage controlled amplifier (VCA) or envelope generator (EG or ADSR). When used with other ARP synths to "fatten up" their sounds, the Little Brother's audio output had to be patched into the external audio input of its companion synthesizer, essentially adding an extra VCO and LFO to the system.
It was commonly sold with the ARP Axxe, and was given away for free with the purchase of an ARP Odyssey during a summer 1976 promotion. However, it could be used with any analog synthesizer that had the necessary 1v/octave CV output and external audio input connections.
References
External links
ARP Little Brother at VintageSynth.com
ARP Little Brother at SynthMuseum.com
ARP synthesizers
Monophonic synthesizers
Analog synthesizers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP%20Little%20Brother |
The Royal Wardrobe (also known as the King's Wardrobe) was a building located between Carter Lane and St Andrew's Church, just to the north of what is now Queen Victoria Street in the City of London, near Blackfriars. It was used as a storehouse for royal accoutrements, housing arms and clothing among other personal items of the Crown.
History
The Royal Wardrobe was not, first and foremost, a building, but a department of the Royal Household (and later a Department of State) in medieval and early modern England.
The building in Blackfriars was a 14th-century house sold to King Edward III shortly after the death of its owner in 1359. It served primarily as a storehouse for the king's state and ceremonial robes, as well as those pertaining to members of the Royal Family and Household, to ambassadors, ministers, Knights of the Garter and various other office-holders. Cloths and hangings, as used at coronations, funerals and other occasions of state, were also kept here; as were items such as beds and other furnishings for royal and official use. These items had previously been kept in the Tower of London, but space there was increasingly in demand for storage of arms, armour and ammunition (all of which was also in the keeping of the Wardrobe). The Wardrobe was also responsible for keeping the accounts of the Royal Household; this work too was undertaken at Blackfriars, and it was there that the books were kept.
The Wardrobe was used to house orphans during the Commonwealth of England. Samuel Pepys records that a party of children sang to Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich when he was appointed as Master of the Royal Wardrobe during the Restoration but he was unmoved, the orphans were evicted, and the Wardrobe resumed its usual function.
The Royal Wardrobe was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and was not rebuilt on the same site, but relocated, first to Buckingham Street in the Savoy, and later, again, to Great Queen Street.
The building's legacy survives in the street names Wardrobe Terrace and Wardrobe Place, built on the site of the Wardrobe, and in the curious designation of the nearby church, St. Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe (also destroyed in the fire, but built anew by Sir Christopher Wren).
References
Former buildings and structures in the City of London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Wardrobe |
Eunan ( ) is a common name:
Adomnán ( 679–704), abbot of Iona
Eunan O'Halpin, Irish academic
Eunan O'Kane (born 1990), Irish professional footballer
Eunan O'Neill (born 1982), Irish television presenter
Eunan may also refer to:
St Eunan's Cathedral (disambiguation), Christian churches
St Eunan's College, a school
St Eunan's GAA, a Gaelic football and hurling club
English-language masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunan |
The 4th Visual Effects Society Awards, given in Los Angeles on February 15, 2006, at the Hollywood Palladium, honored the best visual effects in film and television of 2005. An edited version of the ceremony was broadcast on HDNet.
Winners and nominees
(Winners in bold)
Honorary Awards
George Melies Award for Pioneering:
John Lasseter
Board of Directors Award:
Jim Morris
Film
Television
Other categories
References
External links
Visual Effects Society
2005
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Visual%20Effects%20Society%20Awards |
Fluorine-18 (18F) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons. It has a mass of 18.0009380(6) u and its half-life is 109.771(20) minutes. It decays by positron emission 96% of the time and electron capture 4% of the time. Both modes of decay yield stable oxygen-18.
Natural occurrence
is a natural trace radioisotope produced by cosmic ray spallation of atmospheric argon as well as by reaction of protons with natural oxygen: 18O + p → 18F + n.
Synthesis
In the radiopharmaceutical industry, fluorine-18 is made using either a cyclotron or linear particle accelerator to bombard a target, usually of natural or enriched [18O]water with high energy protons (typically ~18 MeV). The fluorine produced is in the form of a water solution of [18F]fluoride, which is then used in a rapid chemical synthesis of various radio pharmaceuticals. The organic oxygen-18 pharmaceutical molecule is not made before the production of the radiopharmaceutical, as high energy protons destroy such molecules (radiolysis). Radiopharmaceuticals using fluorine must therefore be synthesized after the fluorine-18 has been produced.
History
First published synthesis and report of properties of fluorine-18 were in 1937 by Arthur H. Snell, produced by the nuclear reaction of 20Ne(d,α)18F in the cyclotron laboratories of Ernest O. Lawrence.
Chemistry
Fluorine-18 is often substituted for a hydroxyl group in a radiotracer parent molecule, due to similar steric and electrostatic properties. This may however be problematic in certain applications due to possible changes in the molecule polarity.
Applications
Fluorine-18 is one of the early tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s.
Its significance is due to both its short half-life and the emission of positrons when decaying.
A major medical use of fluorine-18 is: in positron emission tomography (PET) to image the brain and heart; to image the thyroid gland; as a radiotracer to image bones and seeking cancers that have metastasized from other locations in the body and in radiation therapy treating internal tumors.
Tracers include sodium fluoride which can be useful for skeletal imaging as it displays high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time and
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), where the 18F substitutes a hydroxyl.
New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive fluoride (18F) labeling of antibodies, which allows for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancer. A Human-Derived, Genetic, Positron-emitting and Fluorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system uses a human protein, PSMA and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (18F) and fluorescent for dual modality PET and fluorescence imaging of genome modified cells, e.g. cancer, CRISPR/Cas9, or CAR T-cells, in an entire mouse. The dual-modality small molecule targeting PSMA was tested in humans and found the location of primary and metastatic prostate cancer, fluorescence-guided removal of cancer, and detects single cancer cells in tissue margins.
References
Isotopes of fluorine
Medicinal radiochemistry
Positron emitters
Medical isotopes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18 |
Yvonne Feyerick Nèvejean (1900 - 1987) was one of the leaders of an organisation that helped hide Jewish children in Nazi-occupied Belgium during World War II. She was instrumental in hiding about 4000 children, many with Catholic families and institutions. After the war she was honoured inside and outside Belgium. In 1965, she was designated as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, and in 1996 a stamp was issued in Belgium bearing her image.
Born on November 15, 1900, in Gentbrugge, Nèvejean studied at the University of Ghent (Gand) and then in the USA where she was awarded a Master of Arts in Social and Political sciences at New York State University. After her return to Belgium in 1928, she started to work at the National Agency for Children (Oeuvre Nationale de l'Enfance; ONE), an organization that operated a network of children's homes throughout Belgium. She subsequently rose to head this organisation.
The Nazis began to deport Belgian Jews in the summer of 1942. At that time Nèvejean was approached by the Comité de Défence des Juifs en Belgique, Belgium's main Jewish underground organization (founded in 1942 by :fr:Hertz Jospa), and asked to rescue Jewish children separated from their parents. Acting essentially on her own, Nèvejean agreed to have ONE place children with families and in institutions in order to protect them. Ultimately, she saved the lives of some 4,000 Jewish children.
The Jewish underground financed Nèvejean's extensive rescue operation, but when their funds were not sufficient, Nèvejean found funding from banks and from the London-based Belgian government in exile and the Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee). The Gestapo tried to stop Nevejean's operations, and arrested some rescuers and rescuees, but they were generally unsuccessful due to the brave stand made by
Nèvejean and other Belgians, such as the Queen Mother Elizabeth and Leon Platteau of the Belgian Ministry of Justice, also designated "Righteous Among The Nations" by Yad Vashem.
A Belgian priest, Father Joseph André, of Namur was also prominent in this movement.
References
Mordechai Paldiel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, New York: Macmillan, vol. 3, pp. 1059–1060. Photo
Maxime Steinberg, L'Etoile et le Fusil, (1986) Bruxelles: Vie Ouvrière, tome 3, pp. 103–105
External links
Yvonne Nèvejean – her activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website
1987 deaths
Belgian Righteous Among the Nations
1900 births
People from Ghent
Belgian women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne%20N%C3%A8vejean |
Miķelis Valters (born May 7, 1874, April 24 O.S., died March 25, 1968) was the first Latvian Minister of the Interior (1918—1919), member of the New Current intellectual movement, lawyer, politician, diplomat, social activist, and one of the authors of the Latvian Constitution. He was the first social activist who publicly advocated for a sovereign Latvian state. In the 1903 journal "Proletārietis" (The Proletarian) he wrote the article "Patvaldību nost! Krieviju nost!" (Off with the Monarchy! Off with Russia!) Recipient of the Order of the Three Stars Commander Grand Cross (1st class).
Early life and education
Valters was born May 7, 1874, in Liepāja into the family of dockworker Pēteris Valters and wife Zane. He received his basic education at Liepāja's Church of St. Anne elementary school, subsequently at the Liepāja City School, while working as a typesetter's apprentice. In 1889 he began working at the Jaunliepāja railroad workshops, and graduated the Liepāja Realschule.
Early career
Taken with the concepts of socialism, Valters landed a position at the "Dienas Lapa" (Daily Sheet) editorial office in Rīga. In May 1897 he was sent to jail for 15 months for his participation in the Jaunā Strāva (New Current) movement. While imprisoned, he entertained his first thoughts about a Latvian nation as a sovereign state. At the same time, he distanced himself from the Marxist generalizations and simplifications he felt had come to characterize Jaunā Strāva, and dedicated himself while in jail to more serious philosophical and political studies.
In 1898, a large number of Jaunā Strāva participants were released from jail and dispersed to various of Russia's gubernias. Valters luckily managed to cross the border with the German Empire at Palanga, subsequently settling in Switzerland. He studied at the University of Berne, and in 1907 completed his doctorate in political science at the University of Zurich. He then continued studies at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Political activism
In 1900, along with his associates Ernests Rolavs and Emīls Skubiķis, he founded Vakareiropas latviešu sociāldemokrātu savienība (the Western European Latvian Social-Democratic Union). From 1903 through 1904, Valters published the Union's newspaper, "Proletārietis" (The Proletarian).
Valters returned to Latvia during the 1905 Revolution to become the editor of the journal "Revolucionārā Baltija" (Revolutionary Baltics). Contrary to socialist revolutionary parties in Russia, Valters, Rolavs and Skubiķis lead the party wing which pushed national interests to the forefront, with proletarian-related interests relegated to a secondary role.
In 1906, Valters fled into exile through Finland back to Switzerland, then on to London. Along with his revolutionary oriented activities, he also busied himself with writing, publishing several collections of poetry: "Tantris" (1908), "Ēnas uz akmeņiem" (1910, Shadows on Stones) and "Mūžība" (1914, Eternity).
After the February Revolution, he returned to Latvia in May 1917 and was elected to the Vidzeme Land Council, and was one of the founders of the Latvian Farmers' Union (LZS). At this time, he cut himself off from the social-democrats and formed a closed friendship with Kārlis Ulmanis. (According to legend, he was the only Latvian politician who, after the Ulmanis coup, had the temerity to address Ulmanis as "Tu", the familiar "you.") During the German occupation (after WWI, during the War of Independence), Valters was one of the organizers and leaders of the Democratic Bloc in Rīga. On October 19, 1918m Valters and Esvards Traubergs submitted their petition to Germany's Chancellor Maximilian, requesting he support the aspirations to achieve independence for their nation.
Shortly thereafter, in November 1918, Valters was one of the founders and members of the People's Council, and participated in the proclamation of the Latvian State on November 18, 1918. After the establishment of the Latvian Provisional Council he was appointed the first Minister of the Interior of the Republic of Latvia. He also became co-publisher of the newspaper "Latvijas Sargs" (Latvia's Guardian) (1919—1922).
During the German's April putsch (1919), Valters was briefly arrested on April 16.
Diplomatic career
In September 1818, Valters began working at the newly founded University of Latvia. However, the following month, October, he was appointed to head the Latvian diplomatic delegation in Rome, then subsequently in Paris. He was one of the closest assistants to the first Foreign Minister of Latvia, Zigfrīds Anna Meierovics, working on Latvia's de jure recognition internationally and its admission to the League of Nations.
Valters is also credited with formulating the clause in Article I of the Latvian Constitution (the Satversme, adopted in 1922) stating that "the sovereign power of the State of Latvia is vested in the people of Latvia" (Latvijas tauta) rather than the Latvian people (latviešu tauta), and is thus responsible for laying part of the legal groundwork for a multi-ethnic nation-state and political nation. Baltic-German journalist and political activist Paul Schiemann (Pauls Šīmanis) subsequently made this the cornerstone of his revolutionary concept of separation of nation (Volksgemeinschaft—national community) and of state (Staatsgemeinschaft—state community), which formed the cornerstones of his pioneering Latvian model for implementing minority participation and rights.
Valters left the Farmer's Union Party in 1925.
In the latter half of the 1930s, in the press but mainly in personal correspondence with Kārlis Ulmanis and the Minister of Foreign Affairs Vilhelms Munters, Valters expressed criticism for the foreign policies which both were pursuing. In Valter's opinion, the deepest failure and tragedy of Latvia's diplomacy was their pursuit of a policy of neutrality which included a cleavage from France and Great Britain, for which he held Munters chiefly responsible, under whose leadership "neutralism became a German-Russian expediency, uninvolved in anyone's, even one's own, affairs". Since Valters had already reached retirement age, Munters repeatedly urged Ulmanis to grant Valters his pension and appoint some younger diplomat in his place. Ulmanis finally relented, that after envoy J. Lazdiņš in Belgium retired, Valters should be transferred from Warsaw to the less important posting of Brussels. Valters was appointed envoy in Brussels, in which position he remained until the Nazi occupation in May, 1940. Belgium was among the nations which never recognized the USSR's annexation of Latvia.
Toward the end of WWII, on January 27, 1945, envoys still representing Latvia's sovereign interests Jūlijs Feldmanis (Switzerland), Miķelis Valters (Belgium), and Vilis Šūmans (Estonia) sent a telegram to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prior to the meeting of the Great Powers, emphatically protesting against the occupation and annexation of Latvia by the USSR.
After 1940, Valters lived in Switzerland and France, practiced law and journalism, and continued to serve Latvia's sovereign interests in his diplomatic capacity until his death, on March 26, 1968, in Nice, France. His remains were buried in Nice's East Cemetery and subsequently exhumed on August 11, 2020, returned to Latvia, and his ashes reburied in Rīga's I Forest Cemetery.
Commemoration
The Liepāja library is named for Valters.
On May 21, 2009, the Latvian Ministry of the Interior held Dr. Miķelis Valters' 135th anniversary observation and unveiled his memorial plaque.
On May 7, 2021, Valters' birthday, Miķelis Valters Street (Miķeļa Valtera iela) was unveiled in Liepāja, the city of his birth, along with a memorial plaque.
References
External links
Valters Miķelis - Vēstures terminu skaidrojošā vārdnīca, Historical Terminology Dictionary (in Latvian)
Latviešu mākslas teorija 1900-1940: ideju un ietekmju kartējums, Latvian arts theory (at archive.org, in Latvian)
Liepājā svinīgi atklāta Miķeļa Valtera iela, Miķeļis Valters street, including a memorial plaque, is unveiled (in Latvian)
1874 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Liepāja
People from Courland Governorate
Revolutionary Socialist Party of Latvia politicians
Latvian Farmers' Union politicians
Ministers of the Interior of Latvia
Members of the People's Council of Latvia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%B7elis%20Valters |
Tian Hu is a fictional character and antagonist in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. He is one of the three rebel leaders in the Song dynasty along with Fang La and Wang Qing, that the Liangshan heroes have to defeat in the final chapters of the novel. He only appears in the longest versions of the stories which include these extra chapters.
Life
Tian Hu was originally a hunter from Qinyuan County, Weisheng Prefecture (威胜府), Shanxi. He possesses great physical strength and excels in martial arts. The government of the Song dynasty is corrupt and people are suffering from extreme poverty and natural disasters. Tian Hu uses the opportunity to spread rumours and incite people to follow him in rebelling against the government.
As the local government is weak and lacks a capable military force to suppress Tian Hu's rebels, Tian conquers and overrun five prefectures and 56 counties in a short time. Tian Hu establishes for himself a domain in the Hebei and Shanxi region and proclaims himself "King of Jin". He also builds a palace for himself in Fenyang.
After the Liangshan outlaws have been granted amnesty by Emperor Huizong, the emperor sends them on military campaigns to drive away the Liao invaders in the north and suppress the rebel forces on Song territory as a form of service to the Song Empire. The Liangshan heroes successfully defeated the Liao invaders, followed by Tian Hu and Wang Qing's rebel forces, without suffering much casualties. Tian Hu is captured by Liangshan's "Featherless Arrow" Zhang Qing after his defeat.
References
Further reading
Water Margin characters
Fictional characters from Shanxi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian%20Hu |
Wang Qing is a fictional character and antagonist in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. He is one of the three rebel leaders in the Song dynasty along with Fang La and Tian Hu, that the Liangshan heroes have to defeat in the final chapters of the novel. He only appears in the longest versions of the stories which include these extra chapters.
Life
The novel describes Wang Qing as a seven chi tall muscular and handsome man with eyes like a phoenix's, thick brows and a high forehead. He comes from a wealthy family in the Song Empire's capital, Dongjing (東京; present-day Kaifeng, Henan). The young Wang Qing was a street rascal who indulged in gambling, prostitution and drinking. When his parents scolded him about his behaviour, he would turn violent and hurl abuse at them, such that they did not dare to bother about him anymore. After leading an extravagant lifestyle for six to seven years, Wang Qing squandered his family's fortune and becomes a military officer in Dongjing.
Wang Qing started his rebellion against the Song Empire in Fangzhou (房州; present-day Fang County, Hubei) after resisting arrest and killing government soldiers. He robs Fangzhou's treasury and granary with his followers and split the money and grain at different locations near Fangzhou. Within a short period of time, Wang Qing builds up his own military force by raiding nearby villages and towns.
With help from his adviser Li Zhu, Wang Qing seizes control of Jingnan (荊南; present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) and declares himself the "King of Chu" (). After learning of Wang Qing's rebellion, many other bandits and outlaws in the Hubei region pledge their support to him and become part of his Chu kingdom. Within three to four years, Wang Qing has seized control of six prefectures of the Song Empire. He builds himself a palace in Nanfeng (南豐; around present-day Danjiangkou, Hubei). Wang Qing's Chu kingdom expands to eight prefectures later, covering parts of present-day Hubei, Chongqing and Sichuan.
After the Liangshan outlaws receive amnesty from Emperor Huizong, they go on military campaigns to drive back invaders from the Liao Empire in the north and suppress rebel forces on Song territory as a form of service to the Song Empire. After defeating the Liao invaders and Jin kingdom (established by Tian Hu), the Liangshan heroes turn their attention to the Chu kingdom and ultimately emerge victorious. Wang Qing is captured by Liangshan's Li Jun, charged with treason by the Song Empire, and eventually executed by lingchi.
References
Water Margin characters
Fictional characters from Henan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Qing%20%28Water%20Margin%29 |
JTCC may refer to:
Japanese Touring Car Championship
Junior Tennis Champions Center - tennis training center in College Park, Maryland
John Tyler Community College
Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTCC |
Demre is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. Its area is 329 km2, and its population is 27,691 (2022). It was named after the river Demre.
Demre is the Lycian town of Myra, the home of Saint Nicholas of Myra. The district was known as Kale until it was renamed in 2005. Until the 1920s the majority of people who lived in Demre (Myra) were Christian Greeks. At that time this majority migrated to Greece as part of the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The abandoned Greek villages in the region are a striking reminder of this exodus. Abandoned Greek houses can still be seen at Demre and the regions of Kalkan, Kaş and Kayaköy, a Greek ghost town. A small population of Turkish farmers moved into the region when the Greeks migrated. The region is popular with tourists today, particularly Christian pilgrims who visit the tomb of Saint Nicholas.
Geography
Demre is on the coast of the Teke peninsula, west of the bay of Antalya, with the Taurus Mountains behind. The mountains are forested and the coastal strip is made of good soil brought down by the mountain rivers. The climate is the typical Mediterranean pattern of hot dry summers and warm wet winters.
Before the tourism boom began in the 1980s the local economy depended on agriculture, which is still important today. The villages of Demre grow pomegranates and citrus fruits and now a large quantity of fruits and vegetables all year round in greenhouses. Also with its rich history, attractions like the island of Kekova, the sea and warm weather, this coast is very popular with holidaymakers from Turkey and all over Europe, although Demre still does not have the high volume of tourists enjoyed by districts nearer Antalya Airport. Some local handicrafts like rug making, and events such as the annual camel wrestling festival bring in extra income.
The local cuisine includes fish and other seafood from the Mediterranean.
Composition
There are 17 neighbourhoods in Demre District:
Alakent
Belören
Beymelek
Büyükkum
Çağman
Çevreli
Davazlar
Gökyazı
Gürses
Kaleüçağız
Kapaklı
Karabucak
Kayaaltı
Köşkerler
Küçükkum
Yavu
Yaylakaya
Demographics
The district has a population of 27,691 (2022). The town itself has 18,268 inhabitants.
History
See Myra for details of the history and archaeology of the city of Myra (today's Demre) and the history of Saint Nicholas of Myra (Santa Claus).
Myra was one of the most important cities in ancient Lycia. Coins have been found dating back to 300 BC, but logically the city must have been founded centuries earlier. The city thrived as part of the Roman Empire and many public buildings were built.
In February 2021, Akdeniz University researchers led by Nevzat Çevik announced the discovery of dozens of 2,200-year-old terracotta sculptures with inscriptions in Myra. Archaeologists also revealed some material remains of the Hellenistic theater made of ceramic, bronze, lead, and silver. The figurines with partly preserved paint contained the appearances of men, women, cavalry, animals, some Greek deities and the names of artists.
Places of interest
A number of tombs with a particular local style.
The Roman theatre and other remains of Roman Myra, in the town of Demre.
Tombs carved into the rocks.
The church of St Nicholas of Myra, honoring the bishop of Myra and the man popularly known as Santa Claus.
The antique cities of Andriake and Simena
A boat trip to the islands and sunken ruins of Kekova.
See also
References
External links
Demre municipality
Photos from Demre
Turkish Riviera
Antalya
Former Greek towns in Turkey
Populated places in Antalya Province
Districts of Antalya Province
Lycia
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demre |
Julia Carolyn Margaret Morris (born 20 April 1968) is an Australian comedian, television presenter and actress who has worked extensively in Australian television and radio, touring the country with her solo comedy shows. She relocated to the United Kingdom in 2000, appearing on British television, then returned to Australia in 2007. She lived on the Central Coast for her childhood. She currently co-hosts Network 10's I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Australia and also narrates Dogs Behaving (Very) Badly Australia.
Personal life
Morris was educated at St Patrick's Catholic Primary School, St Joseph's Catholic College, East Gosford, Santa Sabina College, Strathfield, and the Ensemble Theatre School. She later attended acting school for two years in Los Angeles.
Morris married British comedian Dan Thomas in Las Vegas on 31 December 2005. They divorced in 2022.
Career
Television
Morris's first television appearance was in 1985, aged 17, as a contestant on the talent show New Faces. She performed "Holding Out for a Hero", a Jim Steinman song made famous by Bonnie Tyler, and tied for first place.
After several years in variety and stand-up, Morris's her big break came when she joined the ensemble cast of the hit Australian sketch comedy series Full Frontal in 1995. This led to hosting roles on Great Aussie Bloopers and "The Morris Report" on the live variety series In Melbourne Tonight, as well as regular appearances on The Midday Show, Good Morning Australia, Beauty and the Beast and Who Dares Wins as well as the action series Gladiators.
Morris relocated to the United Kingdom in 2000. As well as stand-up, she made appearances on the TV quiz QI, an episode of the sitcom Not Going Out playing a successful beautician, and in the sixth episode of season three of Kathy Griffin's My Life on the D-List, offering advice on the British audiences. Morris also had a stint presenting the BBC's Liquid News show in 2002.
Since her return to Australia in 2007, Morris has made appearances on Thank God You're Here, Good News Week, Spicks and Specks, Rove Live, The Singing Office, It Takes Two, Sleuth 101, Studio 10, The Project, The Living Room, Have You Been Paying Attention? and Hughesy, We Have a Problem. She won the third season of the reality singing series It Takes Two, in which she was partnered with opera singer David Hobson. Her winnings were donated to the Emily Tapp Foundation, a charity dedicated to melanoma awareness and prevention. She has also appeared in a series of commercials for All-Bran cereal, which also featured fellow actress and comedian Helen Dallimore.
Morris was the winning contestant on the 2011 series of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia, beating teammate Jason Coleman, model Jesinta Campbell and AFL footballer Shane Crawford.
In 2012, Morris has starred as Gemma Crabb in the Nine Network's Melbourne-made drama series House Husbands. The show commenced a second season on 8 April 2013.
In April 2013, Morris was announced as the new host of television talent show Australia's Got Talent, which has switched from the Seven Network to the Nine Network.
On 1 February 2015, Morris began co-hosting the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! with Chris Brown on Network 10.
In 2018, Morris hosted an updated version of dating show Blind Date on Network 10.
On 24 February 2019, she also began co-hosting Chris & Julia's Sunday Night Takeaway with Chris Brown on Network 10.
At the 61st TV Week Logie Awards in 2019, Morris was nominated for the Gold Logie for the two aforementioned shows as well as I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here!. She was again nominated for the Gold Logie in 2022 and then again in 2023.
In 2020, Morris appeared as "Kitten" on the second season of The Masked Singer Australia and was eliminated in the semi-final, placing 5th overall.
In early 2023, Morris appeared as a celebrity contestant on the Australian adaption of the British comedy panel game show Taskmaster, titled Taskmaster Australia. She competed alongside fellow entertainers Jimmy Rees, Danielle Walker, Luke McGregor and Nina Oyama.
In July 2023, Morris began narrating a brand new show on Network 10 called Dogs Behaving (Very) Badly Australia.
Live performance
Morris tours international comedy festivals, appearing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, South Africa's Vodacom Funny Festival, Montreal's Just For Laughs and the Melbourne International Comedy Festival. She won a Herald Angel Award at the 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and Time Out magazine's Comedy Performer of the Year Award in 2004. She is a former manager of Sydney's Comedy Store venue.
In 1999 Morris toured in the critically acclaimed Australian production of the Off-Broadway musical I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change.
Television-Film
As actor
As herself
References
External links
Official website
BBC News article discussing the Liquid News presenter lineup, August 2002
Review at chortle.co.uk
Review of 2003 Edinburgh Festival show Will You Kids Get Out Of That Pool Please!
Review of 2004 Brighton Comedy Festival show Lady Julia Morris Live
Julia Morris biography – It Takes Two website
Australian women comedians
Australian expatriates in England
Living people
1968 births
Australian people of Welsh descent
The Apprentice Australia candidates
The Apprentice (franchise) winners
Australia's Got Talent
Helpmann Award winners
Comedians from Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Morris |
The 1977 NBA draft was the 31st annual draft of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The draft was held on June 10, 1977, before the 1977–78 season. In this draft, 22 NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The first two picks in the draft belonged to the teams that finished last in each conference, with the order determined by a coin flip. The Milwaukee Bucks won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick, while the Kansas City Kings, who obtained the New York Nets first-round pick in a trade, were awarded the second pick. The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win–loss record in the previous season. A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection. If a player left college early, he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated. Before the draft, six college underclassmen were declared eligible for selection under the "hardship" rule. These players had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier. Four former American Basketball Association (ABA) franchises who joined the NBA when both leagues merged, the Denver Nuggets, the Indiana Pacers, the New York Nets and the San Antonio Spurs, took part in the NBA Draft for the first time. Prior to the start of the season, the Nets relocated to New Jersey and became the New Jersey Nets. The draft consisted of 8 rounds comprising the selection of 170 players.
Draft selections and draftee career notes
Kent Benson from Indiana University was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks. Walter Davis from the University of North Carolina, who went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in his first season, was selected fifth by the Phoenix Suns. Davis was also selected to both the All-NBA Team and the All-Star Game in his first season. He collected a total of six All-NBA Team selections and two All-Star Game selections. Three other players from this draft, second pick Otis Birdsong, third pick Marques Johnson and seventh pick Bernard King, were also selected to both the All-NBA Team and the All-Star Game. Birdsong was selected to four All-NBA Teams and one All-Star Game; Johnson was selected to five All-NBA Teams and three All-Star Games; and King was selected to four All-NBA Teams and four All-Star Games. Jack Sikma, the eighth pick, won the NBA championship with the Seattle SuperSonics in 1979 and was selected to seven consecutive All-Star Games. Rickey Green, the 16th pick, Norm Nixon, the 22nd pick, and Eddie Johnson, the 49th pick, are the only other players from this draft who were selected to an All-Star Game. Two players drafted went on to have coaching careers in the NBA: 33rd pick Eddie Jordan and 53rd pick John Kuester. Jordan has coached three teams in nine seasons, including five seasons with the Washington Wizards.
In the seventh round, the New Orleans Jazz selected Lusia Harris, a female college basketball star from Delta State University, with the 137th pick. She became the second woman ever drafted by an NBA team, after Denise Long, who was selected by the San Francisco Warriors in the 1969 Draft. However, the league voided the Warriors' selection, thus Harris became the first and only woman to ever be officially drafted. Harris did not express an interest to play in the NBA and declined to try out for the Jazz. It was later revealed that she was pregnant at the time, which made her unable to attend the Jazz's training camp, even if she had wanted to. She never played in the NBA but she later played briefly in the Women's Professional Basketball League. In 1992, she was inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame and became the first woman ever inducted to the Hall of Fame. She was also part of the inaugural class of inductees of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 1999.
Also in the seventh round, the Kansas City Kings selected track and field athlete Caitlyn Jenner (then known as Bruce) with the 139th pick (needling the cross-town Kansas City Chiefs, who would often claim to select the "best athlete available" in the NFL Draft). Jenner had just won the gold medal for decathlon at the 1976 Olympic Games, but had not actually played basketball since high school. Jenner was presented with a Kings jersey bearing the number 8618 (her Olympics decathlon score), but she never appeared in a game. (The closest Jenner would come to a basketball career was a few years later in the film Can't Stop The Music, in a sequence where she shot hoops with her co-stars The Village People.)
Key
Draft
Other picks
The following list includes other draft picks who have appeared in at least one NBA game.
Trades
On September 10, 1976, the Kansas City Kings acquired Jim Eakins, Brian Taylor, 1977 and 1978 first-round picks from the New York Nets in exchange for Nate Archibald. The Kings used the pick to draft Otis Birdsong.
On the draft-day, the Chicago Bulls re-acquired their first-round pick from the Buffalo Braves, while the Braves re-acquired their second-round pick from the Bulls. Previously, the Braves acquired Swen Nater and the Bulls' pick on June 7, 1977, from the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for the Braves' first-round pick. Previously, the Bucks acquired the Bulls' pick on November 2, 1976, from the Braves in exchange for Jim Price. Previously, the Braves acquired the Bulls' pick on November 27, 1975, from the Bulls in exchange for Jack Marin. Previously, the Bulls acquired Matt Guokas, the Braves' pick and a second-round pick on September 4, 1974, from the Braves in exchange for Bob Weiss. The Bucks used the Braves' first-round pick to draft Marques Johnson.
On January 20, 1977, the Washington Bullets acquired Tom Henderson and a first-round pick from the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Truck Robinson and a first-round pick. Previously, the Bullets acquired Dave Bing and the pick on August 28, 1975, from the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Kevin Porter. The Bullets used the pick to draft Greg Ballard. The Hawks used the pick to draft Tree Rollins.
On August 5, 1976, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired 1977, 1978 and 1979 first-round picks, and a 1980 second-round pick from the New Orleans Jazz in exchange for a 1978 first-round pick and a 1977 second-round pick. This trade was arranged as compensation when the Jazz signed Gail Goodrich on July 19, 1976. The Lakers used the pick to draft Kenny Carr. The Jazz used the pick to draft Essie Hollis.
On February 1, 1977, the New York Nets acquired Darnell Hillman and a first-round pick from the Indiana Pacers in exchange for John Williamson. The Nets used the pick to draft Bernard King.
On May 25, 1977, the Denver Nuggets acquired Brian Taylor and the ninth pick from the Kansas City Kings in exchange for Tommy Burleson and a second-round pick. Previously, the Nuggets acquired Tommy Burleson, Bob Wilkerson and the second-round pick from the Seattle SuperSonics on May 24, 1977, in exchange for Paul Silas, Marvin Webster and Willie Wise. Previously, the Chicago Bulls acquired the second-round pick and a 1976 third-round pick from the Kings on December 8, 1975, in exchange for Matt Guokas. The Nuggets used the pick to draft Tom LaGarde. The Bulls used the pick to draft Steve Sheppard.
On January 13, 1977, the Milwaukee Bucks acquired Rowland Garrett, 1977 and 1978 first-round picks from the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Elmore Smith and Gary Brokaw. The Bucks used the pick to draft Ernie Grunfeld.
On November 16, 1976, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired a first-round pick from the San Antonio Spurs in exchange for Mack Calvin. The Lakers used the pick to draft Brad Davis.
On January 18, 1977, the Golden State Warriors acquired a first-round pick from the Buffalo Braves in exchange for George Johnson. Previously, the Braves acquired the pick and a 1978 first-round pick from the Houston Rockets on October 24, 1976, in exchange for Moses Malone. The Warriors used the pick to draft Wesley Cox.
On November 30, 1976, the Chicago Bulls acquired a second-round pick from the New York Nets in exchange for Bob Love. The Bulls used the pick to draft Mike Glenn.
On December 8, 1976, the Philadelphia 76ers acquired 1977 and 1978 second-round picks from the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Fred Carter. The 76ers used the pick to draft Wilson Washington.
On October 1, 1976, the New York Knicks acquired a second-round pick from the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Randy Denton. The Knicks used the pick to draft Glen Gondrezick.
On August 5, 1976, the Milwaukee Bucks acquired a second-round pick from the Buffalo Braves in exchange for the seventh pick in the ABA dispersal draft. Previously, the Braves acquired the pick the Phoenix Suns on August 25, 1976, in exchange for Tom Van Arsdale. The Bucks used the pick to draft Glenn Williams.
On June 3, 1976, the Portland Trail Blazers acquired a 1977 second-round pick from the New Orleans Jazz in exchange for a 1976 second-round pick. The Blazers used the pick to draft Kim Anderson.
On June 9, 1977, the Houston Rockets acquired 1977 and 1978 second-round picks from the Boston Celtics in exchange for John Johnson. The Rockets used the pick to draft Larry Moffett.
On August 5, 1976, the Philadelphia 76ers acquired a second-round pick from the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Roland Taylor. The 76ers used the pick to draft Herm Harris.
On August 5, 1976, the Los Angeles Lakers acquired a third-round pick from the Buffalo Braves in exchange for Johnny Neumann. The Lakers used the pick to draft James Edwards.
On October 8, 1973, the Atlanta Hawks acquired a 1976 second-round pick and a 1977 third-round pick from the Phoenix Suns in exchange for Bob Christian. The Hawks used the pick to draft Eddie Johnson.
On November 27, 1974, the Phoenix Suns acquired a 1976 second-round pick and a 1977 third-round pick from the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Corky Calhoun. The Suns used the pick to draft Mike Bratz.
Early entrants
College underclassmen
The following college basketball players successfully applied for early draft entrance.
Kenny Carr – F, NC State (junior)
Brad Davis – G, Maryland (junior)
Ray Epps – F, Norfolk State (junior)
Bernard King – F, Tennessee (junior)
Larry Moffett – F, UNLV (junior)
James Redwine – G, Eastern Washington (freshman)
Ray Tatum – F, Malone (junior)
Notes
See also
List of first overall NBA draft picks
References
General
Specific
External links
NBA.com
NBA.com: NBA Draft History
Draft
National Basketball Association draft
NBA draft
NBA draft
1970s in Manhattan
Basketball in New York City
Sporting events in New York City
Sports in Manhattan
Madison Square Garden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20NBA%20draft |
The Visual Effects Society (VES) is an entertainment industry organization representing visual effects practitioners including artists, animators, technologists, model makers, educators, studio leaders, supervisors, PR/marketing specialists and producers in film, television, commercials, music videos, and video games. It has about 4,000 members in 42 countries. Since 2002 it has produced the Visual Effects Society Awards which honor the best work of the previous year in various categories.
The VES List of the Most Influential Visual Effects films
In 2007, the Visual Effects Society unveiled their list of the 50 most influential films in visual effects. Due to ties, there were actually 51 films in the list. The films were:
1. Star Wars (1977)
2. Blade Runner (1982)
3. 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
(tie) The Matrix (1999)
5. Jurassic Park (1993)
6. Tron (1982)
7. King Kong (1933)
8. Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
9. Alien (1979)
10. The Abyss (1989)
11. The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
12. Metropolis (1927)
13. A Trip to the Moon (1902)
14. Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
15. The Wizard of Oz (1939)
16. Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
17. Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
18. Titanic (1997)
19. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
20. Jason and the Argonauts (1963)
(tie) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
22. Toy Story (1995)
23. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
24. The Ten Commandments (1956)
25. The War of the Worlds (1953)
(tie) Forrest Gump (1994)
(tie) Citizen Kane (1941)
(tie) The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958)
(tie) 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)
30. The Terminator (1984)
31. Aliens (1986)
32. Mary Poppins (1964)
33. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
34. Forbidden Planet (1956)
35. Babe (1995)
36. The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
(tie) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
38. King Kong (2005)
39. Planet of the Apes (1968)
40. Fantastic Voyage (1966)
41. Jaws (1975)
42. Ghostbusters (1984)
43. Sin City (2005)
44. Superman (1978)
45. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
46. The Lost World (1925)
(tie) Return of the Jedi (1983)
48. What Dreams May Come (1998)
49. An American Werewolf in London (1981)
50. Darby O'Gill and the Little People (1958)
(tie) The Fifth Element (1997)
In 2017, an additional 21 films were added to the list:
300 (2007)
Apollo 13 (1995)
Avatar (2009)
Back to the Future (1985)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
District 9 (2009)
Ex Machina (2015)
Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)
Godzilla (1954)
Gravity (2013)
Inception (2010)
Independence Day (1996)
Life of Pi (2012)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
The Mask (1994)
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
Starship Troopers (1997)
The Thing (1982)
Total Recall (1990)
Transformers (2007)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
See also
VFX Union
References
External links
VES Awards
Entertainment industry societies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20Effects%20Society |
Walter E. Meanwell (26 January 1884 – 2 December 1953) was an English college men's basketball coach in the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s. The Leeds, England native coached in the U.S. for the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1911–1917, 1920–1934) and the University of Missouri (1918–1920) to an overall record of 290–101.
Meanwell became the fourth basketball coach in University of Wisconsin–Madison history in 1911. After earning a doctorate degree in 1915, he was nicknamed "Doc" or "Little Doc" (due to his 5'6" frame). During World War I era, he served in the United States Army Medical Corps and became a captain. After a two-year stint at University of Missouri, Meanwell was back at Wisconsin. The Badgers won or shared four Big Ten titles under his guidance (1921, 1923–24, 1929). His 1912, 1914, and 1916 Wisconsin teams were retroactively named national champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. Meanwell taught a style of game that featured short passing, crisscross dribbles and a tight zone defense. In 1934 he retired from coaching and practiced medicine in Madison, Wisconsin, until his death. He was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1959.
Head coaching record
References
External links
1884 births
1953 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
English basketball coaches
Missouri Tigers athletic directors
Missouri Tigers men's basketball coaches
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Leeds
United States Army officers
University of Missouri faculty
Wisconsin Badgers athletic directors
Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Meanwell |
The waiting period (,Tkufat HaHamtana) was a 3-week interval in the history of Israel, May 15 – June 5, 1967, between the Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal into the Sinai Peninsula and the outbreak of the Six-Day War.
History
On 13 May 1967, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser received a Soviet intelligence report which claimed that Israel was massing troops on Syria's border. According to Israeli historian Benny Morris, Nasser verified that the report was false, but still told his people that Israel troops were placed on Syria's border. Subsequently, he took three successive steps that made war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli bound shipping, although he knew that it would be considered a casus belli by Israel. 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran. Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.
When the UN forces evacuated its troops, Israel military commentators and political officials still believed that Egypt would not open a front against Israel, due to its involvement in the North Yemen Civil War. However, when Nasser declared that his forces were withdrawing from Yemen and making their way to Sinai, Israel drafted every fit man, which led to an economic paralyzation.
No emergency was felt on the Jordanian border. Tourists kept crossing the Mandelbaum Gate, although there were reports of Jordanian Legion forces moving from Amman towards the West Bank.
Nasser's move was supported by Moscow, while the United States warned both Israel and Egypt not to take military action.
On 27 May Egypt canceled a planned attack on Israel at the last minute, and on May 30, Jordan and Egypt signed a defense pact. The following day, at Jordan's invitation, the Iraqi army began deploying troops and armored units in Jordan. Any military analyst should have recognized that the arrival of large numbers of Arab troops and Iraqi planes in Jordan would inevitably make Israel anxious to swiftly act against Jordan before these new forces were fully deployed. Israel continued to prepare for war.
Israeli scholar Avner Cohen has argued that this period was also crucial to Israel's nuclear policy, and that the anxiety led Israel to advance towards "operational readiness" of its nuclear option.
Views of Arab leadership
On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel."
At the end of May 1967, Nasser claimed in a public speech to have been aware of the Straits of Tiran closure implications: "Taking over Sharm El Sheikh meant confrontation with Israel. It also means that we are ready to enter a general war with Israel. It was not a separate operation."
President Abdul Rahman Arif of Iraq said that "the existence of Israel is an error which must be rectified. This is an opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since 1948." The Iraqi Prime Minister predicted that "there will be practically no Jewish survivors".
In May 1967, Hafez al-Assad, then Syria's Defense Minister declared: "Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression, but to initiate the act of liberation itself, and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland. The Syrian Army, with its finger on the trigger, is united... I, as a military man, believe that the time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation."
Political moves
Speaking before the Knesset, Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol tried to calm the situation by assuring the Arab states that Israel was not seeking war.
On May 23, chief of general staff Yitzhak Rabin met with former prime minister David Ben-Gurion to ask for reassurance. Ben-Gurion, however, accused him of putting the country in mortal jeopardy by mobilizing the reserves and openly preparing for war against a coalition of Arab states, saying that at the very least, Rabin should have obtained the support of a foreign power as he himself had done during the Sinai Campaign 11 years earlier. Rabin was shaken by the meeting and took to his bed for 36 hours, in what became known as the 'nicotine poisoning' incident. Rabin turned to Ezer Weizman and asked him to replace him as Chief of Staff. Weizman refused, saying that it would be a severe blow to the IDF.
Meanwhile, Abba Eban went to the United States and met three times with Secretary of State Dean Rusk. However, Washington announced that it would intervene on Israel's behalf only if the USSR joined the fighting. President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson asked Israel not to start a military operation, promising to provide Israel with oil.
Calls were growing in Jerusalem for unity government, with the National Religious Party calling for an emergency government. Old rivals David Ben-Gurion and Menachem Begin met in Sde Boker, where Begin asked Ben-Gurion to join Eshkol's government. Although Eshkol's Mapai party initially opposed the widening of its government, it eventually changed its mind.
National unity government
On the evening of May 28, Eshkol gave a radio address to the nation. During the preparation of the speech several versions were drafted after Eshkol had proofread it. When he reached the paragraph in which a correction was made, and the words "withdrawing forces" were changed to "moving forces," Eshkol began to hesitate, not understanding that a correction was made. The entire country heard him stammer in front of the live microphone. This address became known as the "stammer address".
On May 29, Haaretz newspaper wrote in its editorial that "Mr. Eshkol is not built to be the prime minister and the security minister in the current situation". Eshkol spoke in the Knesset and tried to calm the public that "it is reasonable to expect that the states that support in the principle of the freedom of sailing, will do and will coordinate an efficient action in order to ensure that the straits and the bay will be open to the passage of the ships of all the nations without discrimination". But the internal pressure continued. On June 1, Eshkol handed over the security portfolio to Moshe Dayan. Gahal representatives Menachem Begin and Yosef Sapir joined the government and were appointed ministers without portfolio. It was the first unity government established in Israel, and in this time was called Memshelet Likud Leumi. Meanwhile, in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, people began digging trenches and filling sandbags.
On June 2, Eshkol convened the security cabinet along with the IDF's General Staff at the Tel Aviv headquarters. Opposition to an attack came from Mapai's Zalman Aran and the NRP's Haim-Moshe Shapira, who said "I am ready to fight but not to commit suicide." Major-General Motti Hod tried to convince them that an Israeli Air Force attack was necessary. Major-General Matti Peled wondered why Israel was waiting, while Major-General Ariel Sharon said "IDF forces are more prepared than they ever were" to "totally destroy the Egyptian forces". Eshkol remained unconvinced.
On June 4, a cabinet session now led by Dayan, decided to embark on a war. On June 5, at 7:45 AM, the war erupted.
References
External links
Six-Day War
he:ישראל במלחמת ששת הימים#תקופת ההמתנה | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting%20period%20%28Six-Day%20War%29 |
Mary Adela Martin (née Balmford) (1907–1969) was a British artist best known for geometric abstract painting and for her collaborations with her husband Kenneth Martin.
Biography
Martin née Balmford was born on 16 November 1907 in Folkestone, United Kingdom. She studied at Goldsmiths' College, London from 1925 to 1929 and at the Royal College of Art from 1929 to 1932 where she met and married Kenneth Martin in 1930. She exhibited at the A.I.A. from 1934, mainly as a still-life and landscape painter, using her maiden name. During the war Mary taught drawing, design and weaving at Chelmsford School of Art from 1941 to 1944 but gave this up when she became pregnant with her first child.
Martin moved towards pure abstraction in the late 1940s painting her first abstract picture in 1950, made her first reliefs in 1951 and her first free-standing construction in 1956. Martin and her husband collaborated on the Environment section of the seminal exhibition This Is Tomorrow. Martin participated in group exhibitions of constructed art in England and abroad, notably Konkrete Kunst, Zürich 1960, and Experiment in Constructie, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 1962. Martin designed a screen for the Musgrave Park Hospital in Belfast (1957), reliefs for the Orient Line's S.S. Oriana (1960) and a wall construction for the University of Stirling.
Martin was the joint winner of the 1969 John Moores Painting Prize along with Richard Hamilton. She was the first woman to receive that prize.
Martin died on 9 October 1969 in London.
In 1984 the Tate Gallery held retrospective of her work. In 2007 the Camden Arts Centre held an exhibition of Mary and Kenneth Martin's work.
References
1907 births
1969 deaths
20th-century British sculptors
20th-century English women artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
English women sculptors
People from Folkestone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Martin%20%28artist%29 |
The hairy-footed flying squirrel (Belomys pearsonii) is a flying squirrel found in the mountains of the eastern Himalaya, Southeast Asia, southern China, and the island of Taiwan. It lives at elevations of above sea level.
The fur is red-brown on the top and white at the bottom. Characteristic are the long hair at the feet, which even covers the claws to protect against the cold in the higher altitudes. The body has a length of about 22 cm; the tail is another 13 cm long.
Taxonomy and systematics
As hairy-footed flying squirrel is related to the complex-toothed flying squirrel, some taxonomists have included the species to the genus Trogopterus. However, its status as distinct genus is now generally accepted. The species is named after John Thomas Pearson.
There are four subspecies: Belomys pearsonii pearsonii, B. m. blandus, B. m. kaleensis, and B. m. trichotis. B. m. kaleensis is endemic to Taiwan. It appears to be genetically distinct from Vietnamese specimens, which themselves represented two distinct lineages (of unknown subspecies). All three lineages are distinct enough to be recognized as separate species.
References
Flying squirrels
Rodents of Asia
Mammals of Bhutan
Rodents of China
Rodents of India
Rodents of Laos
Rodents of Myanmar
Mammals of Nepal
Mammals of Taiwan
Rodents of Thailand
Rodents of Vietnam
Mammals described in 1842
Taxa named by John Edward Gray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy-footed%20flying%20squirrel |
The Confiscation Act of 1862, or Second Confiscation Act, was a law passed by the United States Congress during the American Civil War. Section 11 of the act formed the legal basis for President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation.
Nature of the law
The Confiscation Act was enacted on July 17, 1862. The defining characteristic of the act was that it called for court proceedings for seizure of land and property from disloyal citizens (supporters of the Confederacy) in the South as well as the emancipation of their slaves that came under Union control. Under this act, conviction of treason against the U.S. could be punishable by death or carry a minimum prison sentence of five years and a minimum fine of $10,000. This law also stated that any citizen convicted of aiding and abetting any person known to have committed treason against the United States could be imprisoned for up to 10 years and face a maximum fine of $200,000, if convicted. This law specifically targeted the seizure of property of any Confederate military officer, Confederate public office holder, persons who have taken an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy or any citizen of a loyal Union state who has given aid or support to any of the aforementioned traitors to the United States of America. This act helped the Union military because freed slaves could supply the forces with information to gain a strategic advantage over the Confederates.
Section 1 of the Act targeted treason, Section 2 more broadly targeted insurrection and rebellion, and Section 3 disqualified anyone who commits these offenses from serving in any federal office. These provisions regarding insurrection, rebellion, and disqualification remain substantially the same in the United States Code today. Neither the Act nor the federal Constitution define "insurrection" or "rebellion," but Supreme Court precedent understands the former term to mean any uprising against the lawful authority of the government, and the latter to mean such an uprising that has organized itself within a particular territory.
The most significant change over the first confiscation act was the final status on escaped slaves. While the first act did not make any determination on the final status of slaves after the war was over, the Second Act explicitly said that all slaves covered under it would be permanently freed. The Second Confiscation Act also prohibited anyone in the military from returning escaped slaves, even slaves that had escaped from Union states that still had legal slavery.
One slave, March Haynes, began smuggling slaves to the freedom of the Union lines with the help of Union General Quincy Adams Gilmore. In return for his help, Haynes provided Gilmore with "exact and valuable information" on the location of Confederate defenses and the strength of their forces.
Text of the Act
CHAP. CXCV.–An Act to suppress Insurrection, to punish Treason and Rebellion, to seize and confiscate the Property of Rebels, and for other Purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That every person who shall hereafter commit the crime of treason against the United States, and shall be adjudged guilty thereof, shall suffer death, and all his slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free; or, at the discretion of the court, he shall be imprisoned for not less than five years and fined not less than ten thousand dollars, and all his slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free; said fine shall be levied and collected on any or all of the property, real and personal, excluding slaves, of which the said person so convicted was the owner at the time of committing the said crime, any sale or conveyance to the contrary notwithstanding.
Section 2
And be it further enacted, That if any person shall hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage in, or give aid and comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insurrection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, or by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, and by the liberation of all his slaves, if any he have; or by both of said punishments, at the discretion of the court.
Section 3
And be it further enacted, That every person guilty of either of the offences described in this act shall be forever incapable and disqualified to hold any office under the United States.
Section 4
And be it further enacted, That this act shall not be construed in any way to affect or alter the prosecution, conviction, or punishment of any person or persons guilty of treason against the United States before the passage of this act, unless such person is convicted under this act.
Section 5
And be it further enacted, That, to insure the speedy termination of the present rebellion, it shall be the duty of the President of the United States to cause the seizure of all the estate and property, money, stocks, credits, and effects of the persons hereinafter named in this section, and to apply and use the same and the proceeds thereof for the support of the army of the United States, that is to say:
First. Of any person hereafter acting as an officer of the army or navy of the rebels in arms against the government of the United States.
Secondly. Of any person hereafter acting as President, Vice-President, member of Congress, judge of any court, cabinet officer, foreign minister, commissioner or consul of the so-called confederate states of America.
Thirdly. Of any person acting as governor of a state, member of a convention or legislature, or judge of any court of any of the so-called confederate states of America.
Fourthly. Of any person who, having held an office of honor, trust, or profit in the United States, shall hereafter hold an office in the so-called confederate states of America.
Fifthly. Of any person hereafter holding any office or agency under the government of the so-called confederate states of America, or under any of the several states of the said confederacy, or the laws thereof, whether such office or agency be national, state, or municipal in its name or character: Provided, That the persons, thirdly, fourthly, and fifthly above described shall have accepted their appointment or election since the date of the pretended ordinance of secession of the state, or shall have taken an oath of allegiance to, or to support the constitution of the so-called confederate states.
Sixthly. Of any person who, owning property in any loyal State or Territory of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, shall hereafter assist and give aid and comfort to such rebellion; and all sales, transfers, or conveyances of any such property shall be null and void; and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought by such person for the possession or the use of such property, or any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons described in this section.
Section 6
And be it further enacted, That if any person within any State or Territory of the United States, other than those named as aforesaid, after the passage of this act, being engaged in armed rebellion against the government of the United States, or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty days after public warning and proclamation duly given and made by the President of the United States, cease to aid, countenance, and abet such rebellion, and return to his allegiance to the United States, all the estate and property, moneys, stocks, and credits of such person shall be liable to seizure as aforesaid, and it shall be the duty of the President to seize and use them as aforesaid or the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers, or conveyances, of any such property after the expiration of the said sixty days from the date of such warning and proclamation shall be null and void; and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought by such person for the possession or the use of such property, or any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons described in this section.
Section 7
And be it further enacted, That to secure the condemnation and sale of any of such property, after the same shall have been seized, so that it may be made available for the purpose aforesaid, proceedings in rem shall be instituted in the name of the United States in any district court thereof, or in any territorial court, or in the United States district court for the District of Columbia, within which the property above described, or any part thereof, may be found, or into which the same, if movable, may first be brought, which proceedings shall conform as nearly as may be to proceedings in admiralty or revenue cases, and if said property, whether real or personal, shall be found to have belonged to a person engaged in rebellion, or who has given aid or comfort thereto, the same shall be condemned as enemies' property and become the property of the United States, and may be disposed of as the court shall decree and the proceeds thereof paid into the treasury of the United States for the purposes aforesaid.
Section 8
And be it further enacted, That the several courts aforesaid shall have power to make such orders, establish such forms of decree and sale, and direct such deeds and conveyances to be executed and delivered by the marshals thereof where real estate shall be the subject of sale, as shall fitly and efficiently effect the purposes of this act, and vest in the purchasers of such property good and valid titles thereto. And the said courts shall have power to allow such fees and charges of their officers as shall be reasonable and proper in the premises.
Section 9
And be it further enacted, That all slaves of persons who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the government of the United States, or who shall in any way give aid or comfort thereto, escaping from such persons and taking refuge within the lines of the army; and all slaves captured from such persons or deserted by them and coming under the control of the government of the United States; and all slaves of such person found on [or] being within any place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces of the United States, shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves.
Section 10
And be it further enacted, That no slave escaping into any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, from any other State, shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or hindered of his liberty, except for crime, or some offence against the laws, unless the person claiming said fugitive shall first make oath that the person to whom the labor or service of such fugitive is alleged to be due is his lawful owner, and has not borne arms against the United States in the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid and comfort thereto; and no person engaged in the military or naval service of the United States shall, under any pretence whatever, assume to decide on the validity of the claim of any person to the service or labor of any other person, or surrender up any such person to the claimant, on pain of being dismissed from the service.
Section 11
And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States is authorized to employ as many persons of African descent as he may deem necessary and proper for the suppression of this rebellion, and for this purpose he may organize and use them in such manner as he may judge best for the public welfare.
Section 12
And be it further enacted, That the President of the United States is hereby authorized to make provision for the transportation, colonization, and settlement, in some tropical country beyond the limits of the United States, of such persons of the African race, made free by the provisions of this act, as may be willing to emigrate, having first obtained the consent of the government of said country to their protection and settlement within the same, with all the rights and privileges of freemen.
Section 13
And be it further enacted, That the President is hereby authorized, at any time hereafter, by proclamation, to extend to persons who may have participated in the existing rebellion in any State or part thereof, pardon and amnesty, with such exceptions and at such time and on such conditions as he may deem expedient for the public welfare.
Section 14
And be it further enacted, That the courts of the United States shall have full power to institute proceedings, make orders and decrees, issue process, and do all other things necessary to carry this act into effect.
APPROVED, July 17, 1862.
See also
Confiscation Act of 1861
Crimes Act of 1790
Citations
External links
Politics of the American Civil War
Asset forfeiture
1862 in American law
Military emancipation in the American Civil War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation%20Act%20of%201862 |
Salomon Munk (14 May 1803 – 5 February 1867) was a German-born Jewish-French Orientalist.
Biography
Munk was born in Gross Glogau in the Kingdom of Prussia. He received his first instruction in Hebrew from his father, an official of the Jewish community; and on the latter's death he joined the Talmud class of R. Jacob Joseph Oettinger. At the age of fourteen he was able to officiate as "ba'al ḳoreh" (reader of the Torah) in the synagogue of the Malbish 'Arummim society at Gross Glogau.
In 1820 he went to Berlin, where he came into friendly relations with Leopold Zunz and with the philologist A. W. Zumpt, studying Latin and Greek with E. Gans. Two years later he entered the Joachimsthaler Gymnasium, supporting himself at the same time by tutoring. In 1824 he entered the University of Berlin, attending the lectures of Böckh, Hegel, and especially of Bopp.
As no Jews were at that time eligible for government positions in Prussia, Munk left the university without taking a degree, deciding to go to France. However, he first spent one term at the University of Bonn, studying Arabic with Freytag and Sanskrit with Lassen. On passing through Weimar he visited Goethe, who notes that fact in his journal.
In 1828 he went to Paris with the assistance of the young poet Michael Beer, the brother of Meyerbeer. Here also, as in Berlin, he at first supported himself by tutoring, among his pupils being the young brothers Alphonse and Gustave de Rothschild. In 1838 he was appointed cataloguer of Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, and Arabic manuscripts in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.
Munk now devoted himself to the study of the Judæo-Arabic literature of the Middle Ages and to the works of Maimonides, more especially the latter's Moreh Nebukim. He went direct to the Arabic original, supplementing the texts he found at the Bibliothèque from texts he had copied at Oxford. At the same time he made a thorough study of Aristotle, who is constantly quoted by Maimonides. In this way he gathered the necessary material for his edition of the Arabic text of the Moreh, with translation and annotations, which he published in three large volumes, long after he had become blind (1856, 1861, 1866). He had lost his eyesight in 1850 while in the course of cataloguing the Sanskrit and Hebrew manuscripts in the possession of the library.
Journey to Egypt
Munk accompanied Montefiore and Crémieux to Egypt in connection with the Damascus affair; and it was due to his knowledge of Arabic (although some claim that the credit is due to Louis Loewe) that the word "justice" was substituted for "mercy" in the firman of Mohammed Ali which exculpated the accused from the charge of ritual murder. It was also largely due to his efforts that schools modeled on European methods of instruction were established by the Egyptian Jews.
At Cairo he purchased a considerable number of Arabic and Hebrew manuscripts on behalf of the Bibliothèque Nationale. On his return Munk was elected secretary of the Consistoire Central des Israélites de France; on December 3, 1858, he was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and a few years later he was appointed professor of Hebrew at the Collège de France, in succession to Renan. He died in Paris.
Quotes
1845: Palestine, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique," in "L'Univers Pittoresque ;Under the name Palestine, we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 . Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 . He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery, "".
Works
Munk's works, apart from his edition of the Moreh, include the following:
"Reflexions sur le Culte des Anciens Hébreux," in vol. iv. of the Bible of S. Cahen
"Notice sur R. Saadia Gaon et sur une Version Persane d'Isaie" (ib. vol. ix)
"Palestine, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique," in "L'Univers Pittoresque," 1845 (translated into German by M. A. Levy, 1871–72) (Volume 4 of "L'Univers pittoresque ou histoire et description de tous les peuples, de leurs religions, moeurs, coutumes, industries: Asie")
"Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe," 1859
"Notice sur Abul Walid Merwan ibn Djanah et d'Autres Grammairiens Hébreux du X. et du XI. Siècle," 1850-51 (crowned by the Institut with the "Prix Volney")
"Rapport sur les Progrès des Etudes Sémitiques en France de 1840-1866," in the "Recueil de Rapports" of the Exposition of 1867.
Between 1834 and 1838 he contributed to the Temps articles on Biblical, Hebrew, and Sanskrit literature. Mention must also be made of his interpretations of Phoenician inscriptions at Marseilles and on the sarcophagus of Eshmun'azar, King of Sidon, which he deciphered after losing his sight; of his discovery of the Arabic manuscript of Al-Biruni's description of India, written in the first part of the eleventh century; and of his letter to F. Arago, of the Academy of Sciences, relating to a question on the history of astronomy, which gave rise to a controversy between Biot and Sédillot.
References
External links
Digitized works by Salomon Munk at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York
1803 births
1867 deaths
French orientalists
German orientalists
Jewish orientalists
19th-century German Jews
People from Głogów
People from the Province of Silesia
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Academic staff of the Collège de France
German male non-fiction writers
Judeo-Arabic literature
Historical geographers
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%20Munk |
Belomys is a genus of squirrels that contains a single extant species, the hairy-footed flying squirrel (Belomys pearsonii).
Fossil species include the Pleistocene Belomys thamkaewi and the Late Pliocene Belomys parapearsoni, both from Southeast Asia.
References
Rodent genera
Flying squirrels
Mammal genera with one living species
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belomys |
Vestal High School is a public high school that operates as part of the Vestal Central School District which encompasses just west of Binghamton in the Southern Tier of New York. It is a four-year comprehensive school which annually receives both national and state recognition for excellence in education. The high school offers Varsity and Junior Varsity sports as well as musical opportunities in orchestra, band, and chorus. Clubs and student organizations accommodate a wide range of interests, from the physical sciences to martial arts. The mascot of Vestal High School is the Golden Bear named Bruin. Vestal High School holds an annual dance named after the mascot called the King Bruin dance, or KB. Unlike most high schools, Vestal High School does not have a Homecoming dance, but instead a football game and later in the year the King Bruin dance.
Academics
Vestal High School is one of the only two schools in the Binghamton area to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) program. It has been an IB World School since January 1998. Advanced Placement (AP) courses are also offered. In general, there are over 225 courses that are offered to students. Vestal High School was ranked #494 on the 2007 Newsweek list of the top 1,200 high schools in the United States based on participation of students in AP and IB programs. Many students have qualified for the National Merit Scholarship Program with a total of six finalists in 2006. A significant number of graduates have attended Ivy League universities.
Languages taught include: French, German, Mandarin Chinese, and Spanish.
Diplomas
International Baccalaureate
The IB Program began during the 1999–2000 school year.
The program has become increasingly popular at Vestal High School with the majority of the students taking at least one AP, IB, or Honors course. In 2005, 259 students took 327 AP exams with 200 IB exams also administered.
Scholar Certificate
VHS has introduced a new honor titled The Vestal Scholar Certificate. It offers special recognition to students who successfully complete a rigorous program of study. To be eligible, a student must take and pass a minimum of six IB, AP, or Excelsior College courses. This is to replace the Honors diploma, as it is the same thing, minus several requirements.
Regents
The Regents Diploma is the standard high school diploma received by students in New York State. It involves passing a series of Regents Examinations given by the New York State Department of Education. There is also a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation for students who are willing to take additional courses.
News
Vestal Facilities Project
The Vestal Central School District upgraded the deteriorating conditions of all the buildings within the district through a $54,841,000 project. Work began in the summer of 2006 and has since been completed.
As of December 2006, both the auditorium and gymnasium were completed and open for public use. Over the 2007 summer vacation, the gymnasium floor was re-done due to improper installation.
Work was completed on the school's track and football stadium partially through the fall season. As a result, the Homecoming game was the first game played in the new stadium.
A new wing was added during the course of the 07–08 school year and was opened for students to tour during the last week of that school year. It featured many new classrooms, each with its own Smartboard and a whole-wall white board.
Renovations on the pool and its associated locker room areas began in April 2007.
Reason For The Facilities Project
All of the buildings required replacing and upgrading, especially the high school, which was built in 1960 with only minor renovations.
More classroom space was needed to meet changing academic programs and graduation requirements
The facilities were not designed to meet current security requirements.
All of the athletic fields, tracks, and playgrounds needed improvement
Auditorium space was insufficient, with only two auditoriums out of the seven buildings in the district.
Key Components of the Plan
Renovations and building improvements at all district facilities.
Additional classroom space at the high school and middle school.
Construction of a 1,200 seat auditorium at the middle school
Replacement and renovation of elementary school playgrounds.
Construction of an eight lane track and artificial turf at high school
New athletic fields at the high school and middle school
Major improvements to the football stadium at the high school
Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Vestal Boys' Soccer completed a 20-0 season by winning the State Class A Championship over Queensbury at Middletown High School on November 12, 2017. Vestal won 4-0 with Head Coach Dave Barr. On November 18, 2007, the Vestal Boys' Soccer team captured the Class AA New York State Championship. Despite being the second-smallest AA-classification school in New York State, the Golden Bears finished the season 21-2-1. Coach Jim Murphy was named New York State AA Soccer Coach of the Year. It was Vestal's second solo soccer state championship since 1982 and the school's second athletic state championship of any kind since the 1997 football team, the first being a men's individual swimming title captured in March 2007.
The first Vestal Boys' Soccer team to capture a New York State title and be ranked # 1 in New York State was coached by George Herrick in Fall 1982. Vestal Won 2–1 in over time against Arlington. In 1985 the Boys' soccer team was Co-Champs with - North Babylon-11. At the pinnacle of the school's football program, the 1975 team was ranked #6 in the nation.
Vestal Women's Volleyball is of the leading teams in the state, as well as very strong Field Hockey, Golf, and Men's Baseball teams, as of 2009.
Vestal's Men's Varsity Golf Team won the Southern Tier Athletic Conference title three years in a row from 2010 until 2012, with one College signing to St. Bonaventure. The golf team had a 16–0 record in the 2010 season, 13–2 in 2011, and 14–1 in 2012. They are one of the State's leading golf teams.
Sports Include: Football, Tennis, Golf, Cross Country, Volleyball, Field Hockey, Cheerleading, Soccer, Swimming, Bowling, Basketball, Indoor track, Wrestling, Baseball, Softball, Lacrosse, Track and Field, and club Ice Hockey.
Notable Clubs
Mathletes
The Mathletes are a competitive group of mathematicians who participate in local meets at Johnson City High School and in the New York State Mathematics League (NYSML) Contest. Many members of Mathletes also qualify to participate in the New York State Mathletes Competition. In 2006, Vestal High School scored the third highest in Broome County. The Mathletes also sponsor the annual American Mathematics Competition (AMC), which is the first in the series of competitions to determine the United States Math Team who competes in the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO). A 2004 graduate of Vestal High School, Aaron Pixton scored a perfect score on the AMC three times from 2002-2004. He went on to the IMO in 2003 and 2004 to win a gold medal.
Mock Trial
The Mock Trial team consists of a competitive group of students who participate in imitated trials. The Vestal High School team was a semi-finalist in the 2005 statewide Mock Trial Tournament. The 2007 Mock Trial team won County Finals and Regionals and advanced to the state tournament in Albany. They placed 5th in the state at the competition under Thomas Bolton Walls. The mock trial team at Vestal is currently coached by Mrs. Teal Yajko who is also a Pre-IB English teacher.
Science Olympiad
There are two competitive Science Olympiad teams at Vestal (A/B). Team A has often placed in the top five at the state competition in previous few years; The New York State Science Olympiad competition is traditionally held at West Point. In the 2005-2006 school year, Team A placed first at the Goshen Invitational competition. At the Southern Tier Regional Competition, Team A came in first place, while Team B earned a fourth place finish. Team A competed in the New York State competition at West Point Military Academy on March 11, 2006. Vestal earned a fifth place finish for the second consecutive year.
Talent Fest
Vestal High School is locally noted for its highly regarded annual Talent Show, or "Talent Fest". The production is one of the major highlights of Vestal student life, and has had an annual attendance of over 800 over the last few years. Vestal's Talent Fest is known for the high quality of the student acts, the charisma and professional nature of the emcees, and the traditional talent fest emcee videos featured during the introduction and intermission of the program.
In 2011, Talent Fest was further highlighted by a professional video affirmation created by drummer Abe Laboriel Jr.
Other Clubs Include
Odyssey of the Mind, Science Club, Science Olympiad, Chemistry Magic Show, Peace Club, Gender and Sexuality Alliance, Environmental Club, Interact Club, Ski Club, Mock Trial, Yearbook Club, Spanish Club, German Club, French Club, SADD, National Honor Society, Student Government, Ice Hockey, Bible Club, Marching Band, School Musical, Winterguard, Art Club. There is also a German and French Exchange program.
Music
Vestal High School has a strong music program. Many students have auditioned successfully in the New York State Schools Music Association (NYSSMA), with a few selected into All-State Festival ensembles, and a nationwide honors orchestra at the Festival of Gold conducted by Keith Lockhart, the conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Many also participate in the Broome County Music Educators Association (BCMEA) Festival and the Binghamton Youth Symphony Orchestra (BYSO).
Band
There are several band groups in Vestal High School including a Concert Band, Freshman Band, Jazz Band, and Marching Band. The Concert Band consists of students in grades 10-12 who participate in yearly adjudications at the NYSSMA major organizations festival and has obtained consistent high marks there. Jazz Band is a unique group of students in grades 9-12 because nearly all the musicians in the organization are playing a second instrument.
Chorus
In addition to women's and men's choirs, Vestal High School has select vocal groups: Madrigal Choir, Jazz Choir, and Vestal Voices. The Vestal Voices is a highly selective chorus of students in grades 10-12 who often earns high marks at NYSSMA and perform at renowned concert halls such as Carnegie Hall in New York City. Members of the Orchestra and Vestal Voices take a trip every other year to be adjudicated at the Heritage Festival. The top groups at the Heritage Festival are invited back for the Heritage Festival of Gold the following year to perform at an exclusive concert venue. In the spring of 2006, the Vestal Voices attended the Heritage Festival in Virginia Beach and won the gold award. For the Heritage Festival in the spring of 2014 in Washington DC the Vestal Voices won 3rd Gold.
Orchestra
The Vestal High School Orchestra is a string group consisting of players in grades 9-12, under the direction of Marissa Crabb. This ensemble gets the least attention despite being the most successful in music competitions. The orchestra has performed at Symphony Hall in Boston. The group consistently earns the gold with distinction award at NYSSMA and plays either level 5 or level 6 repertoire. The orchestra also attended the Heritage Festival in Washington DC and won First Gold.
Art
The art department at Vestal High School has produced some of the best student artists in the area. In 2011, many students were named finalists and runners-up at the 2011 Arnot Art Museum ceremony, including a Gold Key Award by Dillon Utter, class of 2011.
Notable alumni
Linda Swartz Taglialatela, US Ambassador
Laurence Leamer
Best-selling author and journalist who graduated in 1959 from Vestal Central High School. Attended Antioch College and the Columbia University School of Journalism. Renowned expert on the Kennedy family and author of three best-selling books about the Kennedys.
Tom Mitchell
Tom Mitchell is a 1969 graduate of Vestal High School. Mitchell is a professor at Carnegie Mellon University, and is regarded as an expert in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience.
Daniel Bursch
Daniel Bursch is a 1975 graduate of Vestal High School. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics and the Naval Postgraduate School with a Master of Science Degree in engineering science. He is a former NASA astronaut who participated in many space walks and has stayed aboard the International Space Station. He was also aboard the final NASA shuttle expedition.
Cal Harris
A star lacrosse player at Hobart College who returned to the Southern Tier after graduation to run the family's car dealerships. After his wife disappeared on the night of September 11, 2001, while the two were in finishing a bitter divorce, Harris was tried for her murder four times in ten years before ultimately being acquitted.
Peter Robinson
Peter Mark Robinson graduated from Vestal in 1975, and is an author, research fellow, television host and former speechwriter for then-Vice President George H.W. Bush and President Ronald Reagan. He is most famous for authoring the now-famous Reagan quote "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"
Steve Perry
Steve Perry is a 1981 graduate of Vestal High School. Lead vocalist, songwriter and founding member of multi-platinum rock/ska/swing band the Cherry Poppin' Daddies, best known for the song "Zoot Suit Riot". Perry later graduated from the University of Oregon.
Stacey Campfield
Stacey Campfield is a 1986 graduate of Vestal High School. He is a state senator in the Knoxville area in Tennessee, who has made controversial comments regarding the transmission of HIV/AIDS.
Brian L. DeMarco
Brian L. DeMarco is a 1992 graduate of Vestal High School. Graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from State University of New York at Geneseo in 1996. DeMarco worked with Deborah S. Jin to create the first true Fermionic condensate.
References
External links
Vestal High School Website
1960 establishments in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1960
International Baccalaureate schools in New York (state)
Public high schools in Broome County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestal%20High%20School |
is a Latin phrase meaning "through adversity to the stars" or "through struggle to the stars" that is the official motto of the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces such as the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force, as well as the Royal Indian Air Force until 1947. The Royal Canadian Air Force used it until 1968, when it adopted the motto , a similar phrase meaning "such is the pathway to the stars". It dates from 1912, when it was adopted by the newly formed Royal Flying Corps.
Origin
The first Commanding Officer of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing) was Colonel Frederick Sykes. He asked his officers to come up with a motto for the new service; one which would produce a strong esprit de corps.
Not long after this, two junior officers were walking from the Officers' Mess at Farnborough to Cody's Shed on Laffan Plain. As they walked they discussed the problem of the motto and one of them, Lieutenant J. S. Yule, mentioned the phrase Sic itur ad Astra, from Virgil. He then expanded on this with the phrase Per Ardua ad Astra, which he translated as, "Through Struggles to the Stars." Colonel Sykes approved of this as the motto and forwarded it to the War Office. It was then submitted to King George V, who approved its adoption.
Yule is believed to have borrowed the phrase from Sir Henry Rider Haggard's fantasy novel The People of the Mist (1894). The first chapter includes the sentence: "To his right were two stately gates of iron fantastically wrought, supported by stone pillars on whose summit stood griffins of black marble embracing coats of arms and banners inscribed with the device 'Per Ardua ad Astra. It is possible that Rider Haggard had taken it from the Irish family of Mulvany, who had used it as their family motto for centuries, translating it as "Through Struggles to the Stars".
There is no single definitive translation, as both "ardua" and "astra" can carry a range of associations. The Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces most often translate it as "Through Adversity to the Stars".
Variants
The motto of the Royal Air Force Regiment omits the ad astra part, becoming simply per ardua. Conversely, the name of the building that originally housed the Air Ministry, became Adastral House, based only on 'ad astra. The Royal Canadian Air Force and other entities including the Colombian Air Force use the similar motto , and the South African Air Force uses per aspera ad astra.
See also
Per aspera ad astra, a motto with a similar translation
Ad astra (phrase), other similar phrases
References
Latin mottos
Military mottos
Royal Air Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20ardua%20ad%20astra |
Bury Knowsley Street is a former railway station in Bury.
History
The station was first opened by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway on 1 May 1848 (as the eastern terminus of the Liverpool and Bury Railway) originally being named simply Bury. Services ran east to and and west to and (and also towards Chorley, Liverpool and Preston). There was also a connection from here northwards to neighbouring Bolton Street station on the East Lancashire Railway line from Clifton Junction to Bacup and Accrington. The station was renamed twice: to Bury Market Place in February 1866, and to Bury Knowsley Street in 1888. The line and station were closed on 5 October 1970 as part of continuing cutbacks in British Rail services and the line west to Bolton subsequently dismantled.
Accident
On 19 January 1952, the station footbridge collapsed under the weight of a large crowd entering the station following a football match. Two people were killed and 173 injured when the metal struts supporting the bridge's footway failed. No trains were in the station at the time.
The accident report determined that while the bridge's design was adequate, it had been inadequately maintained and the metal struts which failed had almost certainly required replacement for 10 or 15 years prior to the accident.
Current
There is no physical trace of the station buildings (which were demolished soon after passenger services ended) or the disused platforms (these survived until the early 1990s). The line from Bury Bolton Street to Heywood through the station site was reopened in 2003 by the East Lancashire Railway. This had stayed open to freight (along with the old ELR route to Rawtenstall) until December 1980 and had previously (from March 1980 until final closure) crossed what is now the Manchester Metrolink line to Bury Interchange (though it was still BR-operated at that time) on the level. In order to reopen the route, a bridge (with steep approach gradients on either side known locally as the ski-jump) was constructed in the early 1990s and opened to traffic in July 2003 to carry the ELR line over the Metrolink and this now occupies the old station site.
The route towards Bolton is now overgrown and derelict and has been blocked at Bradley Fold by a housing development.
References
External links
Railscot - Photos of Bury Knowsley Street
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1970
Buildings and structures in Bury, Greater Manchester
1952 disasters in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury%20Knowsley%20Street%20railway%20station |
Everett F. Shelton (May 12, 1898 – April 16, 1974) was an American basketball coach in the 1940s and 1950s. Shelton played quarterback for the Phillips University football team. The Cunningham, Kansas native coached 46 years at the high school, college and Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) levels and compiled an 850–437 record. He is mostly known for coaching the Wyoming Cowboys men's basketball team from 1939 to 1959. While at Wyoming, Shelton had a record of 328 wins and 201 losses for a .620 winning percentage. He guided the Cowboys to eight Mountain States / Skyline Conference championships and seven NCAA Tournament appearances. During his career, he was President of the National Association of Basketball Coaches. He was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1980.
Shelton's 1942–43 Wyoming Cowboys basketball team won the fifth NCAA basketball tournament. Shelton nearly won the national championship at Sacramento State College, where his Hornets lost in overtime to Mount St. Mary's in the 1962 NCAA College Division basketball tournament.
Head coaching record
Basketball
Football
See also
List of NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by coach
References
External links
1898 births
1974 deaths
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American football quarterbacks
Basketball coaches from Kansas
Basketball players from Kansas
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Kingman County, Kansas
Phillips Haymakers athletic directors
Phillips Haymakers football coaches
Phillips Haymakers football players
Phillips Haymakers men's basketball coaches
Phillips Haymakers men's basketball players
Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls athletic directors
Wyoming Cowboys baseball coaches
Wyoming Cowboys basketball coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett%20Shelton |
Professor Jamil is a municipality in south-central Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 3,203 (2020) in a total area of 347.4 km2.
Geographical information
Located 66 kilometers south of the state capital, Goiânia, on BR-153, Professor Jamil has boundaries with the following municipalities:
north: Hidrolândia;
south: Mairipotaba and Piracanjuba;
east: Piracanjuba;
west: Cromínia and Mairipotaba
In road connections there are two state highways and several local roads linking the rural area to the town. The most important interstate highway of the state—BR153—crosses the municipality from north to south, connecting Professor Jamil to all the regions of Brazil.
History
The origin of the town goes back to 1942 when a group of people got together and built a football field. Soon the first grocery store appeared. The first mass was prayed in 1952 when the settlement was called Campo Limpo. Soon it became a district of Piracanjuba and was emancipated in 1991 with the name, Professor Jamil, in homage to one of the first pioneers, Jamil Salim Safady, of Lebanese origin.
Demographics
Population density: 9.49 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 2,342(2007)
Rural population: 956 (2007)
Population growth or loss: -0.45% from 2000/2007
The Economy
The economy is based on agriculture, cattle raising, services, public administration, and small transformation industries. There is also a poultry industry, swine raising and extraction of sand.
Industrial units: 0 (2007)
Commercial units: 41 (2007)
Bank agencies: none (June 2005)
Dairies: - Indústria de Laticínios Boa Nova Ltda (22/05/2006)
Cattle herd: 40,290 head (2006)
Main crops (2006): rice and corn.
Number of agricultural establishments: 299
Area of agricultural establishments: 34,943 ha.
Area of crops: 2,335 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 28,310 ha.
Persons working in agriculture: 835
Farms with tractors. 54 IBGE
Education (2006)
Schools: 5 with 1,011 students
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 83.7% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Health (2007)
Hospitals: 0
Hospital beds: 0
Ambulatory clinics: 1
Infant mortality rate: 27.9 (2000) (national average was 33.0).
Municipal Human Development Index
MHDI: 0.736
State ranking: 123 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,229 (out of 5,507 municipalities) For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor%20Jamil |
The Dozo (also Donzo, Bambara for hunter, pl. donzow) are traditional hunters in northern Côte d'Ivoire, southeast Mali, and Burkina Faso, and members of a co-fraternity containing initiated hunters and sons of Dozo, called a Donzo Ton. Not an ethnic group, the Dozo are drawn mostly from Mandé-speaking groups, but are also found among Dyula-speaking communities, Dogon, and most other ethnic groups in Côte d'Ivoire. Dozo societies increased in the last decades of the twentieth century, and Dozo groups came into political prominence during the Ivorian Civil War.
Donzo Ton
The Donzo Ton (tɔn is a Manding word for age-group, religious, or vocational associations) are one of a number of hunting fraternities common in Mandé-speaking areas of West Africa. Similar, and in the case of West Africa closely related groups, exist as the Kamajor in Sierra Leone, Poro in Liberia, the Mayi-Mayi in Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Karamojong in Uganda. Sons of Dozos, as well as new adherents, are able to be initiated into the Ton and undergo a series of secret rituals. There has been a long history of these hunter collectives (the Segu Bambara empire is said to have grown from such a Ton) and hunters were often viewed by farming or pastoralist neighbours as possessing special power, wisdom, and strength. Collective organisations, as with many vocations in West Africa, existed in part to train and pass on needed skills. Hunters, though, are found in every community, and are not a strictly inherited role.
It is believed that the amulets (gris-gris) worn by Dozos possess magical properties protecting them from harm, and amplifying their vision and hearing. Such amulets, inherited brown hunting clothing, as well as special hats, are said to make them bulletproof. Each local Donzo Ton is led by an elder hunter, the donzokuntigi. Along with ritual and initiation, local Donzo Ton will meet to discuss their work, organise hunts, or settle internal grievances, often in the all-night tonsigi gathering. In this way, the Donzo Ton operates much like a western guild.
Part of the cultural and ritual tradition of the Donzo involves sacrifice and protection of the community. In traditional belief, wild animals killed by hunters released a nyama, a destructive spirit that afflicted the community benefiting from the kill. Donzo Ton trained to perform rituals, cleansing the nyama and enabling them to both share their bounty with the community of non-hunters, and act as spiritual guardians of settled communities from malevolent forces of the forest or bush.
In Ivorian society and politics
While there are records of hunter Tons going back to the Mali Empire, since the 1990s there has been a particular growth of local collectives of Donzo Ton in Côte d'Ivoire. It is believed that this growth first originated along the border with Mali, and spread into forested regions of Côte d'Ivoire. In Mali, hunter associations were organised into a national union (l'Association Nationale des Chasseurs). This is seen as the birth of the Benkadi, a network of Donzo Ton. By the year 2000 there were over 22,000 official members.
One explanation for the huge growth in the Benkadi network in the 1990s is the rapid increase in deforestation (and thus more scarce hunting land) in the north, economic hardship in other vocations, along with the growing insecurity across the country fed by fears of civil war spreading from Liberia and Sierra Leone. World Bank-mandated structural adjustment and a currency devaluation in 1994 helped spread an unprecedented crime wave. These hunter groups, then, were simultaneously respected (even feared) for their power by neighbours while growing in numbers and organisation while the government slid into ethnic conflict and civil war. In many places the Benkadi were hired or simply stepped in to fill this vacuum.
At the beginning of the 1990s, President Houphouët-Boigny had called on public-minded citizens to aid the police, and as crime increased, local officials drafted in hunters in Korhogo and Ferkessédougou. Not only were the hunter militias successful, but their fame spread far beyond the north. Donzow became a common sight in towns and on the roads. They were hired by locals and both sides in the Ivorian Civil War as soldiers, to guard vehicles, direct traffic, or patrol religious sites. This success fed into the growth of Benkadi groups in all parts of Côte d'Ivoire, as the civil war and fragile peace made local organisation of security much sought after. In Abidjan and Bouaké. Donzo Ton leaders opened security offices, trading not only on their northern successes, but on a public perception of special (even magical) abilities of Donzow. Unemployed men from around the country came to Korhogo and Odienné, home of Benkadi leadership, to be initiated into a Donzo Ton, and thus have access to work as well-paid security guards.
Civil War
While Donzow became guards for hire in the unstable years before the 2002–2005 Ivorian Civil War, their network became associated with northern groups who led the rebel forces. The Donzo Ton, viewed as saviours by some in the south, were also seen as unsophisticated throwbacks to a pre-modern era by many in cosmopolitan Abidjan. The transnational and northern source of the Donzo Ton were seen to conflict with the ethnic nationalism of Ivoirité which feared the presence of Burkinabé labourers and immigrants from Mali as not being "true" Ivorians. Politically, it was Rassemblement des Républicains (RDR) politicians from the north who first entrusted the Donzow with policing duties, and the Donzo Ton leadership became associated with the RDR. Nationalist Presidents Henri Konan Bédié, and later Laurent Gbagbo, condemned these armed Benkadi groups as regressive, divisive and dangerous. It was not surprising, then, when the September 2002 coup began the civil war, northern forces included many identifiable Donzow. One rebel group, the Mouvement populaire ivoirien du Grand Ouest (MPIGO) was thought to be one-fifth Donzow. This participation, while earning the enmity of many in the south, has made leaders of the Donzo Ton Benkadi network powerful figures whose support has been sought by Prime Minister (and former rebel leader) Guillaume Soro's Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire. Kuruma Lansine, public head of the Benkadi has become a political leader for standing by and speaking for "the dozos".
While most studies stress the stabilising nature the Donzo Ton had on the country both before and after the civil war, human rights organisations have documented a pattern of lawlessness, intimidation, and extrajudicial killings by Donzow groups beginning from at least 1997, through the 1999 coup (in which Donzo Ton set up checkpoints on roads across the north), and the 2002–2005 war.
In Mali society
In 2017, local civilians accused the Malian government of arming groups of Dozo, who had allegedly carried out a spate of killings of nomadic Fula populations.
In June 2018, Dozo surrounded a village in the Mopti Region, separated members of the Fula ethnic group from the other villagers and killed at least 32 of them. The Fula complain that they are being regularly targeted by the traditional hunters in the name of the fight against jihadists. They accuse the Malian military of supporting such incidents.
Music
The Dozo are also known for their praise singers (see Griot) and rituals, often accompanied by the dozo n’goni, a variant of n'goni West African lute said to have originated among the Senufo hunters of Burkina Faso.
Galerie
See also
Caste system in Africa
Kamajors
References
"The Ivory Coast: Country Profile". Travel Africa magazine. Edition 4: Summer 1998. URL accessed 2006-02-28.
Côte d'Ivoire. Human Rights Watch. August 2003, Volume 15, No. 14 (A).
Thomas J. Bassett. Dangerous Pursuits: Hunter Associations (Donzo ton) and National Politics in Côte d'Ivoire. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 73, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1–30.
Thomas J. Bassett. Containing the Donzow: The Politics of Scale in Côte d'Ivoire. Africa Today, Summer 2004, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 30–49.
Hans-U. Caspary Faune sauvage et la filière viande de brousse au Sud-est de la Côte d’Ivoire. WeißenseeVerlag, Berlin 2000.
Youssouf Diallo and István Sántha. Rituals, forms of behaviour, and solidarity among hunters’ groups in West Africa and South Siberia in Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Report 2004-2005, ISSN 1618-8683
Sten Hagberg. Political decentralization and traditional leadership in the Benkadi hunters' association in western Burkina Faso. Africa Today, June, 2004.
Joseph Hellweg. "Manimory and the Aesthetics of Mimesis: Forest, Islam, and the State in the Ivorian Hunter's Association", Africa Vol. 76, No. 1 (2006): pp. 461–484.
Joseph Hellweg. "Encompassing the State: Sacrifice and Security in the Hunters’ Movement of Côte d'Ivoire", Africa Today Vol. 50, No. 4 (2004): pp. 3–28.
Joseph Hellweg. "Dozo Ethics and the Spirit of Nationalism: Resistance, Civility, and Sacrifice in the Benkadi Security Movement". American Ethnologist, (2003).
François Wandji. Les dozos, guérisseurs et "chasseurs". L'Humanité: 24 July 2001.
COTE D’IVOIRE: THE GENERAL’S NEW CLOTHES. CDD Briefing on a fact-finding trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Centre for Democracy and Development (UK), April 2000.
External links
Dozo Hunters photographed in their traditional clothing and wearing charms: BBC, No date.
Dozo hunters in traditional garb: BBC, 19 September 2005 "pictures of the day".
History of Ivory Coast
Hunters
Ivorian culture
Society of Ivory Coast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozo |
3rd Visual Effects Society Awards
February 16, 2005
Best Visual Effects - Motion Picture:
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
The 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards, given on 16 February 2005 at the Hollywood Palladium, honored the best visual effects in film and television of 2004. An edited version of the ceremony was broadcast on HD Net.
Winners and nominees
(Winners in bold)
Honorary Awards
Lifetime Achievement Award:
Robert Zemeckis
George Melies Award for Pioneering:
Robert Abel
Board of Directors Award:
Don Shay
Film
Television
Other categories
References
External links
Visual Effects Society
2004
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards
Visual Effects Society Awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd%20Visual%20Effects%20Society%20Awards |
Bury Market is an open-air market in the town of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It consists of a large market hall, with extensive stalls outside, selling fruit, flowers, clothing, hardware and groceries.
A new fish and meat market hall was constructed in the 1990s on the site of a former National Westminster Bank. The market opens on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays, and attracts visitors from miles around. It is famed for its black pudding stalls and is near Bury's main shopping centre, Mill Gate. The open air market is only open on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday but the indoor market is open every day except Sunday.
References
External links
Official site
Buildings and structures in Bury, Greater Manchester
Retail markets in England
Tourist attractions in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury%20Market |
Saghir Akhtar is professor of pharmacology in the College of Medicine, Qatar University, and editor in chief of the Journal of Drug Targeting.
Early life and education
Akhtar obtained a First Class honours degree in Pharmacy from the Leicester School of Pharmacy and his PhD degree from the University of Bath.
Academic career
From 1990-1991, he held a post-doctoral fellowship at UNC Medical School at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He began his independent academic career at Aston University, firstly as lecturer from 1991–1997 and then as Reader in Pharmaceutical Sciences (1997–1999). He led a team studying DNA chip technology with a hope of combatting a form of brain cancer known as glioma. In 1997, he was a visiting fellow with Ed Southern in the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University. He later became professor of Drug Delivery in the Welsh School of Pharmacy and Director for the Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, Cardiff University, UK (2002–2006). More recently he was Professor of Pharmacology at Kuwait University Faculty of Medicine (2007-2017) where he also served as Director of the Graduate program.
He is the winner of the Lilly Prize (1996), the Pfizer Academic Award (1997), the British Pharmaceutical Conference Science Medal (1998), the Controlled Release Society (USA) Young Investigator Research Achievement Award (2001) and the Kappa Society Science Award (2005).
His current research interests include studying molecular pharmacology and signal transduction pathways involved in diabetes and/or hypertension-induced cardiovascular dysfunction, and understanding the biological and pharmaceutical challenges associated with the development of gene silencing nucleic acids (RNA interference/ siRNA/ antisense oligonucleotides) as potential therapeutic agents; and c) studying the toxicogenomics of novel drugs and non-viral drug delivery systems. Akhtar has also provided health advice for fasting during Ramadan.
References
Alumni of the University of Bath
Academics of Aston University
Living people
Medical journal editors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Qatar University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saghir%20Akhtar |
Shuttarna is the name of several Mitanni rulers:
Shuttarna I, reigned in the early 15th century BCE
Shuttarna II, reigned in the early 14th century BCE
Shuttarna III, reigned for a short period in the 14th century BCE | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna |
Frederik's Church (), popularly known as The Marble Church () for its rococo architecture, is an Evangelical Lutheran church in Copenhagen, Denmark. The church forms the focal point of the Frederiksstaden district; it is located due west of Amalienborg Palace.
History and description
The church was designed by the architect Nicolai Eigtved in 1740 and was along with the rest of Frederiksstaden, a district of Copenhagen, intended to commemorate the 300 years jubilee of the first coronation of a member of the House of Oldenburg.
Frederick's Church has the largest church dome in Scandinavia with a span of 31 m. The dome rests on 12 columns. The inspiration was probably St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
The foundation stone was set by king Frederick V on October 31, 1749, but the construction was slowed by budget cuts and the death of Eigtved in 1754. In 1770, the original plans for the church were abandoned by Johann Friedrich Struensee. The church was left incomplete and, in spite of several initiatives to complete it, stood as a ruin for nearly 150 years.
In 1874, Andreas Frederik Krieger, Denmark's Finance Minister at the time, sold the ruins of the uncompleted church and the church square to Carl Frederik Tietgen for 100,000 Rigsdaler — none of which was to be paid in cash — on the condition that Tietgen would build a church in a style similar to the original plans and donate it to the state when complete, while in turn he acquired the rights to subdivide neighboring plots for development.
The deal was at the time highly controversial. On 25 January 1877, a case was brought by the Folketing at the Court of Impeachment (), Krieger being charged with corruption over this deal. He was, however, eventually acquitted.
Tietgen got Ferdinand Meldahl to design the church in its final form and financed its construction. Due to financial restrictions, the original plans for the church to be built almost entirely from marble were discarded, and instead Meldahl opted for construction to be done with limestone. The church was finally opened to the public on August 19, 1894.
Inscribed in gold lettering on the entablature of the front portico are the words: HERRENS ORD BLIVER EVINDELIG (Danish: the word of the Lord endureth for ever – 1 Peter 1:25, KJV).
A series of statues of prominent theologians and ecclesiastical figures, including one of the eminent Danish philosopher Kierkegaard (who, incidentally, had become very critical of the established church by the end of his life), encircles the grounds of the building.
Architecture and notable features
References
External links
Official website
Lutheran churches in Copenhagen
19th-century Church of Denmark churches
Church buildings with domes
Rococo architecture in Denmark
18th-century Lutheran churches
Tourist attractions in Copenhagen
Zinc sculptures in Denmark
Churches in the Diocese of Copenhagen
18th-century churches in Denmark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik%27s%20Church |
Shuttarna III was a Mitanni king who reigned for a short period in the 14th century BC. He was the son of Artatama II, a usurper to the throne of Tushratta.
At that time, Assyria, led by Ashur-uballit I, became more powerful. But also Babylon, led by Burnaburiash II, was a rival. The events of this period are reflected in the Amarna correspondence.
Shuttarna sought support from the Assyrians, but was defeated when a Hittite army marched towards the capital and installed Shattiwaza on the throne.
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
14th-century BC people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna%20III |
Maekawa's algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. The basis of this algorithm is a quorum-like approach where any one site needs only to seek permissions from a subset of other sites.
Algorithm
Terminology
A site is any computing device which runs the Maekawa's algorithm
For any one request of entering the critical section:
The requesting site is the site which is requesting to enter the critical section.
The receiving site is every other site which is receiving the request from the requesting site.
ts refers to the local time stamp of the system according to its logical clock
Algorithm
Requesting site:
A requesting site sends a message to all sites in its quorum set .
Receiving site:
Upon reception of a message, the receiving site will:
If site does not have an outstanding message (that is, a message that has not been released), then site sends a message to site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with higher priority than the request, then site sends a message to site and site queues the request from site .
If site has an outstanding message with a process with lower priority than the request, then site sends an message to the process which has currently been granted access to the critical section by site . (That is, the site with the outstanding message.)
Upon reception of a message, the site will:
Send a message to site if and only if site has received a message from some other site or if has sent a yield to some other site but have not received a new .
Upon reception of a message, site will:
Send a message to the request on the top of its own request queue. Note that the requests at the top are the highest priority.
Place into its request queue.
Upon reception of a message, site will:
Delete from its request queue.
Send a message to the request on the top of its request queue.
Critical section:
Site enters the critical section on receiving a message from all sites in .
Upon exiting the critical section, sends a message to all sites in .
Quorum set ():
A quorum set must abide by the following properties:
Site is contained in exactly request sets
Therefore:
Performance
Number of network messages; to
Synchronization delay: 2 message propagation delays
The algorithm can deadlock without protections in place.
See also
Lamport's bakery algorithm
Lamport's Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithm
Ricart–Agrawala algorithm
Raymond's algorithm
References
M. Maekawa, "A √N algorithm for mutual exclusion in decentralized systems”, ACM
Transactions in Computer Systems, vol. 3., no. 2., pp. 145–159, 1985.
Mamoru Maekawa, Arthur E. Oldehoeft, Rodney R. Oldehoeft (1987). Operating Systems: Advanced Concept. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
B. Sanders (1987). The Information Structure of Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithms. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 145–59.
Concurrency control algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maekawa%27s%20algorithm |
Shuttarna I was an early king of the Mitanni. His name is recorded on a seal found at Alalakh. The inscription reads "son of Kirta" and is the only reference about this king yet discovered. He would have reigned at the end of 16th century BC (middle chronology).
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
15th-century BC people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttarna%20I |
Patricio Noriega (born 22 October 1971, Argentina) is a former Argentine rugby union footballer who played prop. He started his career in local club Hindu and had his test debut for Los Pumas in 1991 against Paraguay. After playing two Rugby World Cup's (1991 and 1995) he then migrated to Australia to join Super 12 team the ACT Brumbies in 1996. After a couple of seasons, he was offered to play for the Wallabies and made his debut against France in 1998. However, he suffered a shoulder injury on the eve of the 1999 Rugby World Cup and was unable to play for his new national team in their victorious campaign. In 2000 he played for French team Stade Français before joining another Super 12 team, the New South Wales Waratahs in Sydney the following year. He played his final Wallabies test in 2003 against South Africa and in March 2004 he retired due to a chronic back injury.
He was capped 25 times for the Argentine Pumas and 24 times for the Australian Wallabies.
After returning to Argentina he became head coach of his former club Hindú, leading them to win the National Clubs Championship in 2005.
External links
Noriega to start for Waratahs
Noriega out of Wallabies squad
1971 births
Argentine rugby union players
Australian rugby union players
Australia international rugby union players
ACT Brumbies players
New South Wales Waratahs players
Rugby union props
Living people
Stade Français Paris players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentine emigrants to Australia
Rugby union players from Buenos Aires
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricio%20Noriega |
Muckhart () commonly refers to two small villages in Clackmannanshire, Scotland, Pool of Muckhart () and Yetts o' Muckhart. Muckhart is one of the Hillfoots Villages, situated on the A91 around northeast of Dollar. The Gaelic name, Muc-àird, comes from muc ("pig") + àird ("height"), and may derive from the fact that the surrounding fields may once have been used for pig farming.
Previously Muckhart, together with Glendevon, formed the southernmost tip of Perthshire. It was transferred to Clackmannanshire in a reorganisation of boundaries in 1971.
The parish boundary is somewhat eccentric and extends to the outer edge of Dollar, some west. Due to this fact, the primary school is somewhat oddly located (the 1876 Act required the school to be at the centre of the parish) and lies over west of the outer edge of the main village. It is also some considerable distance from the main road. This can be explained in that it lies on the old coach road to Dollar. This is now just a dirt track to the school (locally known as the Cinder Path). West of the school the old coach route is very hard to follow.
The famed, historic Rumbling Bridge across Rumbling Bridge Gorge of the River Devon in Kinrosshire is about south of the Muckhart Golf Course on the A823.
Pool of Muckhart
Pool of Muckhart () lies slightly east of the centre of the parish of Muckhart (see above). Pool of Muckhart lies in the strath of the River Devon, near the entrance to Glen Devon.
The village lies at the eastern end of the "Hillfoot towns" which skirt the southern edge of the Ochil Hills. The last in the range, standing as a backdrop to the village to its north side is "Seamab".
Of note in the village is the Muckhart Inn, an early 18th-century coaching inn, lying at the point where the old coach road and modern road unite. Whilst the building was always low, this effect has been emphasised due to the raising of the road level (normal when ancient routes were macadamed in the early 19th century).
The main mansion in the parish is Ballilisk, which lies north of the A91 between the Pool and the Yetts. In pre-Reformation times it served as a rectory to the adjacent chapel. It was birthplace and home of Bishop Paton in the 16th century. It was replaced by a new manse (to its west) around 1750 and then went into secular use. Rebuilt around 1800 it was home to the Izatt family for almost two centuries.
The war memorial, on the western edge of the village by the main road, is by local sculptor George Henry Paulin, son of Muckhart's then minister, Rev George Paulin.
A church in Muckhart is mentioned as early as 1470, when its "rector" is listed as John Andrew under the Diocese of St Andrews Cathedral.
The final pre-Reformation priest seems to have survived without replacement,
John Sempill being in place from 1555 to 1565, being then replaced by James Paton of Ballilisk who later went on to be Bishop of Dunkeld. Henry (Harry) Colville took over from Paton in 1579 and was
the first person termed "minister". Colville stayed less than a year before being translated to Orphir in Orkney.
Rev Robert Sharp served 1677 until 1697 and is noteworthy for having had his property robbed in 1679 and for being removed from his position in 1697 for "contumacy" (disobedience). He was succeeded by Rev John Gib (father of Adam Gib). Andrew Ure served 1703 to 1717 before translating to Fossoway. In 1734 Rev Archibald Rennie of Easter Ballilisk began a very controversial tenure during which he rarely appeared. He died in 1786 and was replaced by Rev Andrew Gibson who served until 1830. Rev James Thomson served the Church of Scotland 1832 to 1843 then served the Free Church of Scotland from 1843 to 1863. From 1843 to 1864 the Free Church was located at Shelterhall, midway between Muckhart and Dollar (possibly in a timber building) before moving to a permanent structure in Dollar.
The post Disruption church was served by Rev Alexander Moorhead 1843 to 1869 and was replaced by Rev George Paulin. He was replaced by Rev John Edgar Cairns of County Mayo in 1907.
The ruins of the pro-Reformation church lie to the north-east of the current church. The Post-Reformation church was run by the Presbytery of Auchterarder until 1856.
The current parish church dates from the 18th century but is a plain Scots box chapel in style. In the churchyard is the family monument to the Christies of Cowden (a large estate west, see below).
This estate was famed for its Japanese garden which has now returned to nature, having been abandoned c.1960. Its Japanese gardener, Mat Su, is buried at the end of the Christie lair. The Japanese garden is now under renovation.
Muckhart Golf Club
Muckhart Golf Club lies on the School Road (Drumbum Road) south of the village. Set on a series of low rocky hills it includes several challenging holes. There are three nine-hole courses, named Arndean, Cowden, and Naemoor. The nine-hole Cowden course was opened by Miss Ella Christie, who provided of land, on 28 May 1908. The course fell into disrepair during World War II, when it was used for the grazing of sheep. The course was restored after the war. A second nine-hole course, the Ardean course was added in the late 1960s on land leased from Colonel (later Sir) Robert Christie Stewart, then Lord-Lieutenant of the county. A third nine-hole course named Naemoor was opened on 25 July 1998.
Yetts o' Muckhart
This hamlet lies around further east of Pool of Muckhart. A tollhouse was established here in the early 19th century on a road used by cattle drovers and coaches. Yett is a Scots word for "gate", also used in reference to hill passes.
For various reasons, the name of this hamlet causes some amusement. Its name comes up in several comedy programmes, supposedly used for "comic effect", notably Channel 4's production Absolutely.
Lees of Muckhart
Not always recognised as the third and final part of the village group, this area is now in single use as a farm. It lies just west of Muckhart Primary School on the old coach road to Dollar (the southern section of this road is barely discernible).
Baldiesburn
Somewhat depleted in size, this small hamlet on the main road west of the Pool of Muckhart now has only two houses. It has lost several buildings but was previously a small industrial centre. Of interest, the sheds still attaching the eastern building were built as a blacksmith's c. 1700. The building to the west was a carpenter's, but most of its sheds are now gone. The buildings on the south side of the road were removed when the main road was straightened c.1970. Also obliterated by this roadworks, the village curling pond stood some further west.
Cowden estate
Early history
The Cowden estate lies just to the south of the higher ground known as the Ochil Hills, on the main road (A91) just over west of the Pool of Muckhart. The estate formerly focussed around Cowden Castle, a traditional Scottish stone-built castle of various dates, originating around 1500. This was demolished in 1950. Some of the early outbuildings, such as the sawmill range and bell-tower from the 17th century, still survive.
Archbishop Lambert built a house named "Castleton" on the property in 1320. The Bruces of Clackmannanshire owned the estate from 1758.
John Christie era
John Christie FRSE (b. 4 July 1822, d. 19 August 1902) was the only son of Alexander Christie (born 1789, died 1859) and Isabella Robertson (b. about 1792) of Struan and the nephew of Mrs Isabella Christie (Hill). Alexander Christie was laird of Milnwood in Lanarkshire, where he operated three coal mines, . and possessed of a considerable fortune from industry, which descended to John Christie. In addition, John Christie had two collieries in Edinburghshire.
John Christie purchased Cowden (then known as Castleton), which contained about , in 1865. Mrs. Bruce sold the Cowden estate, a property of about , which contained a large three-storey, rambling, sandstone house, to Mr. John Christie in 1866 who renamed the property "Cowden Castle". Traditionally the estate focused upon woodland management and the raising of deer and pheasants. Cowden Castle became the seat of the Christie family. Mr. Christie later had a coat-of-arms created and placed over the entrance door. John Christie was reported to own in 1873.
Mr. Christie collected a wide variety of artefacts during his many trips to the European continent. He filled Cowden Castle with many unrelated objects, which resulted in a very eclectic style.
John married Alison Philp (b. about 1817), daughter of Alison Coldwells and William Philp, of Stobsmills, Midlothian (the home of her uncle John Coldwells) on 27 April 1859. John and Alison Philp Christie had three children. The first, a boy, John Coldwells Christie, (born 1860) died before he was twelve. Isabella (Ella) Robertson Christie was born 21 April 1861 at Millbank, Cockpen, Edinburgh (John Christie's home near Edinburgh). The third-born child was Alice Margaret Christie (b. about 1863). The girls' mother, Alison Philp Christie, was in poor health and Isabella Thornburn, an elderly woman, was their nurse. Later Miss Townsend served as the governess of the two teenage girls. John Christie believed that travel was the best education for girls so he took the girls on many trips to Europe. Ella was taken to Paris at the age of twelve.
Alice Christie married Robert King Stewart, KBE, of Murdostoun in 1881, when she was seventeen and left to live at Murdostoun Castle in Lanarkshire. After Alice married, only Ella accompanied her father on trips.
Mr Christie had an attack of pernicious anæmia about 1887. Although he recovered his health, his illness caused him to become difficult, secretive, and eccentric for the remainder of his life.
In 1893 the castle was extended by the prodigious Glasgow architects Honeyman and Keppie, probably at the request of Ella, given her father's health.
Mr Christie founded Christie Homes (later Lothian Homes Trust) in 1889, a charity which opened several orphanages for girls in and around East Lothian. A Christie Home was opened at Portobello in 1892. Tenterfield, in Haddington, was opened in 1898. Mr Christie caused an orphanage to be created at Catlaw Head. He concealed his support of orphanages from his family.
Mrs Christie, who was a bit older than her husband, died in 1894 at the age of about 76. Mr Christie refused to purchase a casket for his wife's burial, so Ella had to use her funds to purchase a casket for her mother.
As Mr Christie's illness progressed he became increasing secretive and paranoid. In 1895, medical doctors advised Mr. Christie to take a trip to Egypt for health reasons. His daughter, Ella, as caretaker to her father, accompanied him on his trip. While in Egypt he suddenly decided to return home and abandoned his daughter in Egypt. When in his late seventies, Mr. Christie dyed his moustache and proposed marriage to a woman fifty years younger.
Ella Christie found Mr. Christie dead at the age of 80 years in his townhouse at 19 Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh on 19 August 1902. At the time of his death, he owned estates at Milnwood in Lanarkshire, Arndean now in Perth and Kinross, Glenfarg and Easterton in Perthshire, and Carnbo in the county of Kinross, in addition to his estate at Cowden.
Ella Christie era
The morning after John Christie died, a stranger arrived at 19 Buckingham Terrace and informed Miss Christie that her father had executed a will that left all his property to his orphanages and she and her sister were to get nothing. Miss Christie would have been homeless and penniless, however, Lady Stewart would have her husband on whom she could depend.
Miss Christie resolved to contest the will. She was told by solicitors that the "dead hand would prevail", however, she eventually located a firm which would take her case.
Miss Christie ordered a stained glass window erected in honour of her father removed from Muckhart Church and she moved to 19 Buckingham Terrace for the duration of the trial.
The trial was held in the Law Courts in Parliament Square in July 1903. Dr T. S. Clouston, president of the college of physicians and an expert in diseases of the brain, introduced medical evidence from the British Medical Journal and gave his expert opinion that pernicious anæmia adversely affected the brain. Several witnesses provided an abundance of testimony regarding Mr. Christie's bizarre behaviour in the years after his illness and the unfairness of the will. All of the evidence supported the conclusion that Mr. Christie was not of sound mind at the time of his execution of his will.
This evidence put the defendants in a state of despair and persuaded them to agree to an out-of-court compromise settlement in which the Christie daughters received the bulk of the estate, while the orphanages received a sum sufficient for their needs. The press gave a value of £250,000 as the value of the estate – a vast sum in the years before the currency inflation of World War I.
Miss Isabella (Ella) Robertson Christie (born 1861, died 1949), daughter of John (born 1822, died 1902) and Alison Philp Christie (died 1894), famed for her foreign travels and accounts thereof., succeeded her father as laird of the Cowden Castle estate. She then preferred to be known as "Miss Christie of Cowden". There were many times when Miss Christie was not in residence because of her extended travels abroad. Miss Christie travelled with a lady's maid and a bearer.
Miss Christie travelled in India, Ceylon, and Tibet in 1904. She arrived first in Bombay, where she was a guest of Lord and Lady Lamington, who provided her with a bungalow at Government House. Miss Christie visited many places, both on and off the beaten path, while in India.
Miss Christie, like other lady travellers, preferred to maintain her independence, by avoiding travelling with a companion. When Miss Christie encountered Miss Jane Ellen Duncan on the plain of Ladakh, they pitched their tents as far apart as possible and agreed to travel on different days so as to avoid travelling together. Nevertheless, Miss Christie and Miss Duncan were friends.
Miss Christie was a skilled photographer with the Kodak camera. She recorded her trips on film. She allowed Miss Duncan to use many of her photographs in her book about her travels.
Miss Christie travelled in China and Japan in 1907.
Cowden Castle received telephone service in 1910.
Miss Christie travelled in Central Asia in 1910 and 1912.
Miss Christie was elected a fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1911. She was elected vice-president of the Society in 1934. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1913.
Miss Christie toured America with a side trip to Havana, Cuba in 1914. She sailed on the Carmania in February. While in New York City, she met the Vanderbilts, and lunched with Mrs. Franklin Roosevelt. In Washington, D. C., she toured the White House and Arlington, the former home of Robert E. Lee. In the South, she visited Richmond, Virginia and Charleston, South Carolina before leaving for Havana and Camagüey in Cuba. She then returned to the United States and visited New Orleans before moving on to Baton Rouge, where she was the guest of her second cousin, Miss Katherine Marion Hill (b. 25 December 1856, d. 25 February 1949) at her mansion on Lafayette Street, and met her American cousins, the descendants of John Hill. Moving west, she visited the Grand Canyon, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara, California, where she met the widow of Robert Louis Stevenson. Starting back to the east, she stopped off at Yellowstone National Park before arriving in Chicago. After Chicago, she stopped at Niagara Falls, and then moved on to Massachusetts, where she visited Plymouth, a community of the Shakers, and the homes and graves of her favourite American authors. After a visit to Yale University, she returned to New York and went up to West Point on 22 June 1914 to attend the graduation of her Louisiana cousin, John Hill Carruth, a cadet who fainted while on parade during her visit. Miss Christie returned home on the Mauretania in June 1914, just in time for the World War.
Miss Christie did her part in the Great War. In 1916, she was offered the Directorship of a canteen in Bar-sur-Aube, France by the French Red Cross Committee, which she accepted. The canteen was called in French, Cantine des Dames Anglaises. She did this for a year and then returned to Cowden. In 1918, she once again went to France to direct a canteen at Mulhouse, Alsace until 1919, when the need for a canteen ended.
Miss Christie published a book about her travels in central Asia, Through Khiva to Golden Samarkand, in 1925.
Miss Christie and her sister, Lady Alice Christie King Stewart, published a reminiscence of their lives entitled A Long Look at Life by Two Victorians in 1940. Miss Christie's sister died at Claghorn House in South Lanarkshire on 5 September of that same year.
Miss Christie died of leucæmia in Edinburgh on 29 January 1949 at the age of 87 years. Funeral services were held at Muckhart Parish Church on Wednesday, 2 February. Miss Christie was the last surviving Christie. She is buried in the family plot, to the east of the church. The estate passed to her great-nephew, Colonel Stewart of Arndean.
Miss Christie's Japanese Garden
Miss Christie, after her visit to Japan in 1907, caused a Japanese garden, designed by Taki Handa, a student at Doshisha University, Japan who was studying at Studley College, around 1908, to be planted at Cowden on a site, which she named Shah-rak-uenor, meaning place of 'pleasure and delight'. Queen Mary visited the garden in 1932. The garden was maintained by a Japanese man named Matsuo until his death in 1936, after which Miss Christie maintained the garden until her death in 1949. The garden then fell into disrepair and was closed permanently in 1955.
Although the Japanese garden fell into ruin, it supported hundreds of rhododendrons, brought over from the Himalayas to brighten up the estate in the 19th century. In 2013, Christie's great-niece Sara Stewart began restoring the Japanese garden.
Recent history
Cowden Castle, burned in 1950 and was pulled down in 1952. Much of the valuables from the house survived and were removed to Arndean. Many items of furniture were distributed among the many estate houses. Thereafter the estate was merged into the Arndean Estate, the seat of the Stewart family. (Ardean lies about southwest of the Cowden estate.) Still surviving are Cowden's stables and the east and west lodges (the east lodge is now off the main road due to the straightening). A faded dollar sign painted on a wall near the lodge marks a humorous direction sign to the town of Dollar to the west, but due to the road moving now serves no function.
Of great interest, the estate sawmill buildings still survive amid the woods. These date from the mid 18th century. They had adjacent ponds to float larger logs into the saws to cleverly avoid weight problems. Several modern houses have been built within the estate, many hidden in its wooded grounds.
The Japanese Garden was rebuilt and reopened in 2019. It bears little resemblance to the original garden but is located around the same pond. It is open to the public.
Muckhart Mill
Slightly to the south-west of the Cowden estate, well off the current main road, lies Muckhart Mill at the confluence of Hole Burn, which powered the Mill, and the River Devon. In more recent years this was connected to the Elmhirst family who were directly linked to the Elmhirsts of Dartington Hall, Devon, and to the Haggard family by marriage. Rider Haggard was the author of the infamous novel "She".
Records of Muckhart Mill date back to 16 October 1560 on a deed. as witnessed by "Henry Douglas of Muckhart Mill" for Lady Margaret Douglas of Lochleven (née Lady Margaret Erskine), mistress of King James V of Scotland, widow of Sir Robert Douglas of Lochleven, mother of Sir William Douglas of Lochleven, to whose custody Queen Mary was committed in his castle at Lochleven on 17 June 1567.
Later on, the Douglas family sold the mill to Bishop James Paton text who subsequently passed ownership of the farm to Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll in about 1571.
The Mill is category B listed and described as a "complex building of several dates: M.I.M. 1666, 1717, 1727 (internally) 1770 and 19th-century alterations, including ashlar facing of wheel-pit. Comprises three blocks at different angles, all pantiled, disused 20' overshot wheel at N., wooden arms, cast-iron outer frame. Workings and kiln gutted, renovated as children's holiday home 1967."
It is believed to have one of Scotland's largest overshot waterwheels which was renovated into working condition by the current owner several years ago but is no longer in operation. It is even rarer a building as there is evidence of a smaller waterwheel, possibly on the same axle as the main one, but on the other side of the building. There you can find a second water channel running alongside the building which exits under a small bridge and into the River Devon
There is an inscription on the side wall of the Mill house "M.I.M. 1666" as identified by local postie and amateur historian, Alan Ritchie on 6/9/14.
A masonic mark is visible downstream of the bridge, facing the bridge.
Similar masonic markings (bottom right row) can be found on the records on 22/3/10 at Rosslyn Chapel, when the barrel vaulted ceiling renovated.
As featured by Lyndsay Cooper in her internship there in 2010
Robert Burns
It is believed that Robert Burns would have passed by Muckhart Mill on 27 August 1787 while staying at Harvieston as recorded in his diary:
"Monday.—Go to Harvieston. Go to see Caudron Linn, and Rumbling Brig, and Deil’s Mill Return in the evening."
While staying at Harviestoun Burns wrote two poems, "The Banks of the Devon" and "Fairest Maid on Devon Bank". Burns fell for the charm and beauty of Charlotte Hamilton but she was more attracted to Burns' friend, Adair whom she later married.
Muckhart Mill Farmhouse
Adjacent to the mill lies Muckhart Mill Farmhouse, a category B listed property described as a house of "single-storey and attic with swept dormers dated (17)80; later wooden porch: steading single-storey, partly with loft, pantiled and white-washed".
Muckhart Mill was a children's holiday home and the owners often get visitors who used to stay here over the summer, riding ponies and swimming in the river.
YouTube has some old film footage from the 1960s of the Forth Valley Pony club and other clips which contain shots of The Mill.
Muckhart Mill Lime Kiln
Further up the farm track lies a category B listed Limekiln. Described as "Mid 19th century. Very large, about 35' high, square plan, stone-built with battered walls, three arched fireholes; operated by the Carron Company." The Carron Company was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom and who built the Carron iron Works in 1759 that Burns attempted to visit on "Sunday, August 26.—Camelon, the ancient metropolis of the Picts, now a small village in the neighbourhood of Falkirk. Cross the Grand Canal to Carron." He attempted to visit the iron works but, being a Sunday, was refused entrance. Both travellers instead withdrew to the Carron Inn opposite. They dined on the second floor of the Inn and Burns later recorded the event briefly in his journal of the tour—Carron-breakfast. However, he also vented his anger, by scoring a few lines of prose on one of the Inn's windows. He used a diamond-tipped stylus which had earlier been presented to him in Edinburgh by James Cunningham, 14th Earl of Glencairn:
<blockquote><poem>
At Carron Ironworks
We cam na here to view your warks,In hopes to be mair wise,
But only, lest we gang to hell,It may be nae surprise:
But when we tirl'd at your doorYour porter dought na hear us;
Sae may, shou'd we to Hell's yetts come,Your billy Satan sair us!</poem></blockquote>
The Mill is listed as "Blairbane" in the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Fife and Kinross 1855, sheet xxi
Bridge at Muckhart Mill
The bridge has a masonic eye painted on the right hand side of the upstream facing part. It is head high, about 6" in width and is clearly visible to this day. It is painted in green.
The bridge is a listed building.
The Vicar's Bridge murder
In the same locale lies Vicar's Bridge. The historic bridge was replaced by a modern structure in the 1960s. Of note here, was a murder in the late 19th century by Joe Bell of a passer-by. A tree known as "Joe Bell's tree" had the letters JB carved on it and allegedly were carved whilst he waited for a victim. This could of course have been added after the event for dramatic purposes. Joe Bell had the unfortunate claim to fame of being the last man publicly hanged in Scotland (in Perth) for shooting a baker
Utterly destitute, with not a penny in the world to buy a piece of bread, poacher Joseph Bell, 29, borrowed a shotgun and next day turned highwayman, waylaying farmer Alexander McEwan, 40, on his horse and cart at Blairingone in Perthshire. He blasted the farmer to death and then relieved him of his wallet, containing £5 10s.
Bells footprints were found at the scene, and so was the murder weapon. When he was arrested he had exactly £5. 10s. on him. He strongly denied ever having been involved, but was tried at Perth on 24 April and hanged a month later on Tuesday, 22 May 1866, on a gallows brought from Aberdeen and placed outside Perth Prison.
A full account of the trial and execution can be found in an article in The Alloa Advertiser here:
Alloa Advertiser: walk past vicars bridge murder
Back on the main road to Dollar the small farm known as Shelterhall was bought in a derelict state by the Longmuir brothers of Bay City Rollers fame in the late 1970s and temporarily became a place of "pilgrimage" for some years during the period of "Rollermania", which was rife at that time. Alan Longmuir owned and ran the "Castle Campbell Hotel" in Dollar to the west.
Public rights-of-way
The Clackmannanshire Council has confirmed the recognition of public rights-of-way in the Muckhart area including the ancient coach road section known as the Cinder Path, linking the village to the primary school.
Transport
Muckhart is situated on the A91. Muckhart has never been served by rail, the nearest station is Rumbling Bridge. It was formerly served by the 23 Stirling–St Andrews bus route. Following the withdrawal of that route it was served by the X53 Stirling–Kinross, however this route has also been withdrawn..
Notable residents of Muckhart
Dr Grace Cadell (1855–1918), militant suffragette and Scotland's first female surgeon; lived her final years at Mosspark, Yetts of Muckhart
Isabella (Ella) Robertson Christie (1861–1949), Victorian lady traveller
John Christie (1822–1902), landowner
Sholto Johnstone Douglas (1871–1958), artist
Rev Adam Gib (1714–1788)
George Alexander Gibson (1854–1913), physician, medical author and amateur geologist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Chief Physician at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary
Alexander Izat and his son, James Rennie Izat, railway engineers in India
George Henry Paulin (1888–1962), sculptor and artist
Ministers of Muckhart
James Paton of Ballilisk, later Bishop of Dunkeld, post Reformation until 1580
Alexander Fotheringhame from 1615 to 1638
Rev John Govan (1660s)
Rev James Thomson of Ormiston (1800-1871) minister of the parish from 1832. Left the established church in the Disruption of 1843 and became minister of the Free Church of Dollar and Muckhart (sited in Dollar).
Rev Alexander M. Ferguson minister from 1843 to 1869.
Rev George Paulin (1870-1907)
See also
River Devon, Clackmannanshire
Rights of way in Scotland
List of listed buildings in Muckhart, Clackmannanshire
References
Further reading
Christie, Ella R. Khiva to Samarkand. Coventry: Trotamundas Press, Ltd., 2009 (Reprint of Christie, Ella. Through Khiva to Golden Samarkand. London: Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd., 1925)
Christie, Ella R. & Stewart, Alice Margaret Christie King. A Long Look at Life, by Two Victorians. London: Seeley, Service & Co. Ltd., 1940.
Stewart, Averil. Alicella. London: John Murray, 1955.
Birkett, Dea. Spinsters Abroad: Victorian Lady Explorers. New York: Dorset Press, 2001. .
Day, John Percival. Clackmannan and Kinross. Nabu Press, 2010 (Reproduction of a book published before 1925).
Barbieri, M. A Descriptive and Historical Gazetteer of the Counties of Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan: With Anecdotes, Narratives and Graphic Sketches, Moral, Political, Commercial and Agricultural''. Nabu Press, 2010.
External links
Clackmannanshire Council - Population Breakdown by Ward 2003
Google Maps - Muckhart
ClacksNet - Clackmannanshire's Community Network
Muckhart - Visit Scotland
Villages in Clackmannanshire
Hillfoots Villages
zh:杜拉 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckhart |
Franco Niell (born May 22, 1983, in Trelew, Chubut) is an Argentine football striker.
Career
Niell is of Scottish descent. Niell joined the Argentinos Juniors youth system in 2001, and debuted professionally on April 12, 2004. In his first match he came on as a substitute for Gustavo Oberman, and scored a goal in the 3–1 victory over Colón de Santa Fe.
On January 22, 2008, he signed on loan with D.C. United. His first appearance for United was against Harbour View FC in the 2008 CONCACAF Champions Cup. On June 26, 2008, he was waived by D.C. United.
On July 12, 2009, coming from the bench in the 18 m. of the ST, he scored arguably two of the most important goals of his career when he scored 2 goals with his team Gimnasia La Plata in the last minutes of the game (44 & 46 ST), goals that allowed Gimnasia to remain in the first division of the Argentinian League. Gimmnasia was playing with 9 men and needed 2 goals to keep the category against Atlético de Rafaela, team that did beat them 3–0 in the first match. The two goals were headers.
In 2009 Niell was loaned to Deportivo Quito of Ecuador, and in 2011 he was loaned back to Querétaro F.C. of Mexico.
References
External links
Guardian statistics
1983 births
Living people
People from Trelew
Footballers from Chubut Province
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentinos Juniors footballers
Argentine people of Scottish descent
D.C. United players
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
S.D. Quito footballers
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Guillermo Brown de Puerto Madryn footballers
Figueirense FC players
Rosario Central footballers
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Barracas Central players
Argentine Primera División players
Major League Soccer players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Liga MX players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%20Niell |
Marble Church may refer to:
Frederik's Church, Copenhagen, Denmark
Marble Church, Bodelwyddan, Wales
See also
Marble Collegiate Church, New York
Marble Community Church, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble%20Church |
Pronoian Made was an alternative rock/gothic metal band from Luxembourg which gained notoriety for being the first to play gothic influenced rock in the country, and also for being the first to succeed beyond national borders.
History
Founded in 1989 by Oliver Made (vocals and guitar) initially under the name The Escape and later Hegemonikon, before finally settling on Pronoian Made. The name changes reflected the natural evolution from punk music in the early days to a more mature and modern rock and metal sound with melancholic melodies and ethereal guitars, often compared to Sister of Mercy. The band released three official albums, earning them positive reviews from gothic music magazines (like Zillo, Orkus and Sonic Seducer) and putting "the new hope of the gothic-metal scene" on the radar of several European tour promoters.
Pronoian Made had already earned a solid reputation as live musicians by playing numerous concerts throughout Luxembourg and across the nearby borders, before the positive reviews of both "Welcome in Pronoia" and "EP1613" gave them the opportunity to play to larger, international audiences in France and Germany, including several major music festivals. In the wake of the EP1613 release, the band played Emergenza Festival, Rock um Knuedler and Eurorock Festival, opened for bigger bands, like HIM, The Crüxshadows, Clan of Xymox, and Zeraphine, which finally culminated in playing the legendary Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig - twice - as well as being featured on the official festival sampler (again, twice), achieving something no other rock band from Luxembourg has ever managed before them.
The first Wave Gotik Treffen performance of Pronoian Made marked the band's apex; in the following year, bassist Dan Gerous departed the band in the middle of recording of "Circus Made", the follow-up album to EP1613, citing personal reasons. While he retired from playing, his new projects are still music related, working as a concert photographer and launching The Black Angel online shop, which provides many musicians and artists with stage apparel (including Nathan "Joey" Jordison, Nik Page, November-7, Chris Angel & Cirque du Soleil and Universal Studios).
After a short hiatus, the band line-up was complemented by a new bassist (ex-Pale Obsession) Joe May and the return of Hegemonikon drummer Luc Hoffman. The songs from "Circus Made" were overhauled with a different sound and re-recorded, and the album later released under the name "Cherubim". Pronoian Made toured Europe for another year, leading to the second Wave Gotik Performance, but in the end the band could not regain the same momentum, and ultimately split. Neal Lisé and Luc Hoffmann retired from music, while Oliver Made and Joe May went on to form a new band together in 2009, Luceed, playing ethnic influenced keyboard and guitars music the band calls "Voodoo-Pop".
"Cherubim" was the last official output of the band, whose discography spans three official albums ("Welcome in Pronoia", "EP1613" and "Cherubim") and numerous samplers ("Künstler zum WGT vol.11 & 13", "Dark Awakenings vol.3", "Dark Horizons", "Zillo-Scope 06/2004", and more).
Members
Last known line-up
Oliver Made: vocals and guitars
Neal Lisé: guitars
Joe May: bass
Luc Hoffmann: drums (1991-1996 & 2002-2004)
Previous known band members
Dan Gerous: Bass (1999–2002)
Raoul Thomé: bass (unknown)
Beppo (bass, the Escape)
Mitch (drums, the Escape)
Releases
Official discography
1995 - Welcome in Pronoia This record is the debut album of Pronoian Made, recorded in the lapse of a few days at One World Studios during the summer of 1995. It contains some rock and metal songs as well as slower and sadder songs, already showing the direction future recordings would take. While most of the songs were written especially for this record, it also features three classic songs from the early debuts of the band (Land of the Night, War, The Solution). This album was originally released under the name "Hegemonikon". Recorded by the line-up Made/Lisé/Thomé.
The complete track list of the album:
1 - Rain in Pronoia
2 - Deadly Angel
3 - Land of the Night
4 - Let the Story begin
5 - Heavenly Hell
6 - To a Nation
7 - King of the Apocalypse
8 - Welcome in Pronoia
9 - War
10 - The Solution
1998 - Demos & Mixes This record is a multimedia disc containing two new songs ("Her Waltz" and "Ode / Do love my sin"), a new version of the "Land of the Night", a live track ("Child DC", also a new song) and "Welcome in Pronoia" from the debut album.
The multimedia part of the CD is made of pictures and artwork, as well as a presentation of the band itself. It works with both Macintosh and PC. Recorded by the line-up Made/Lisé.
The complete track list of the album:
1 - Her Waltz
2 - Ode
3 - Land of the Night
4 - Child D.C.
5 - Welcome in Pronoia
2001 - EP1613 This 5 track mini-record was highly acclaimed both by national and international press, and brought the band first international reviews and slots on international bills and festivals, including the famous Wave Gotik Treffen. This record is self-produced and was recorded by the trio Made/Gerous/Lisé in a mere few days in their regular rehearsal studio.
The complete track list of the album:
1 - The Pronoian Song
2 - She Walks in Beauty
3 - At His Request
4 - Child D.C.
5 - Disproportion
2003 - Cherubim Recorded by the line-up Made/Lisé/May/Hoffman. This album was originally planned to be released under the name "Circus Made", but both the title track and album name were dropped after bassist Dan Gerous left the band in the middle of the recording process in May 2001. The complete recordings were dropped, and recorded again two years later, with a new line-up, and released by Equinoxe Records.
The complete track list of the album:
1 - Appear and Laugh
2 - Koh-lanta part II
3 - Inner Circle
4 - The Storm
5 - The Secret
6 - Recurrence
7 - World Bizarre
8 - Last Respite
9 - A Wedding Song (fragment)
Samplers and other releases
2002 -
2003 - Dark Awakening Vol. 3
2004 -
2004 - Sonic Seducer Cold Hands Seduction Vol. 38
2004 - Zilloscope New Signs and Sounds 2004/06
References
External links
Luceed - new band of Oliver Made & Joe May launched after Pronoian Made
Pale Obsession - band of Joe May before joining Pronoian Made
Mister Denial - new project of Dan Gerous
The Black Angel - clothing company for musicians, launched by Dan Gerous
Luxembourgian rock music groups
Luxembourgian gothic rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoian%20Made |
Bury Bolton Street railway station is a heritage railway station in Bury, Greater Manchester, England. Located on the East Lancashire Railway.
History
It was formerly the main station serving the town, with links north to Ramsbottom, thence via Stubbins Junction either to Rawtenstall and Bacup or to Haslingden and Accrington; and south to Radcliffe Central, Whitefield, Prestwich and Manchester Victoria or via to Clifton Junction and the Bolton line. There was also a local branch to Holcombe Brook and a curve to connect with Bury Knowsley Street station.
The station was opened by the East Lancashire Railway (ELR), on 28 September 1846, as Bury station. The ELR was absorbed by the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway on 13 May 1859. The station was renamed Bury Bolton Street in February 1866. The building is situated in a cutting with a low level yard on the east side, approached by an incline from Bolton Street and a flight of steps from Bank Street. To the north is the Bolton Street Tunnel.
In its original incarnation, it boasted the headquarters of the East Lancashire Railway, situated on the up platform adjacent to the yard. This fine neo-classical structure in the Italianate style had the usual station accommodation on the ground floor and the company offices (including a boardroom) on the upper floors. The headquarters building supported an overall train shed roof in the Paxton style, supported on the other side by a row of iron columns on an island platform. The west side had through lines and a rope-hauled incline giving access to the wagon works, now the site of Bury Leisure Centre.
The station was rebuilt in the 1880s and the existing platform canopy dates from that time. Street frontage buildings were also provided.
The Manchester - Prestwich - Radcliffe Central - Bury line was electrified in 1916.
The station passed to the London Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. From 1 January 1948, the station was operated by British Railways.
The street level buildings were destroyed by fire on 14 May 1947 and were replaced with a new brick and concrete entrance and footbridge in 1952. The old headquarters building was demolished in January 1974.
BR closed the station on 17 March 1980, when it was replaced by a new bus/rail interchange; this has been the terminus of the Metrolink service from Manchester since 1991.
Station information
The station was extensively remodelled by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (the company absorbed the ELR in 1859) who gave it its present form. There are four platforms, viz:
Platform 1. A bay platform at the south east end.
Platform 2. The up platform on the east side.
Platform 3. The down platform, one side of the island platform.
Platform 4. A bidirectional platform, one side of the island platform and adjacent to the Western retaining walls which had a unique bidirectional signal mounted on a wall bracket.
The platforms were equipped with normal canopies and a new entrance was created on Bolton Street, with street frontage buildings across the tracks accessing a footbridge.
Since re-opening as part of the heritage railway operated by the East Lancashire Railway, a new platform building, incorporating a façade from the former Bury tram depot, has been erected on the up platform and the station is undergoing a comprehensive refurbishment and redevelopment plan. It is once again signalled and the old Bury South box is back in operation.
Original services
Passenger trains on the Holcombe Brook branch ended in 1952. Those on the lines to Accrington, Bacup & Clifton Junction were withdrawn in 1966, with the Rawtenstall trains following suit in 1972. That left only the link to Manchester Victoria which in turn was severed in 1980 with the opening of Bury Interchange. Bolton Street Station, with its original features, was rescued from demolition and placed in the care of the East Lancashire Railway, a preservation group. The line to Ramsbottom and Rawtenstall was re-opened as a heritage railway, under the name East Lancashire Railway in 1987 and has since been extended to Heywood. The line and station have since become a leading tourist attraction in the area.
Gallery
Present day services
References
Lost Railways of Lancashire by Gordon Suggitt ()
The Directory of Railway Stations, R.V.J. Butt, 1995, Patrick Stephens ()
Encyclopedia of British Railway Companies, Christopher Awdry, 1990, Guild Publishing (CN 8983)
Heritage railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Buildings and structures in Bury, Greater Manchester
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1980
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1987
1846 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury%20Bolton%20Street%20railway%20station |
The East Coast Angels were one of Ireland's early punk groups, forming in Dublin in the 1970s. Their output has been chronicled in Henrik Poulsen's book, 77: The Year of Punk and New Wave.
External links
East Coast Angels entry in The Irish Punk & New Wave Discography
Irish punk rock groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20East%20Coast%20Angels |
A grid cell is a type of neuron within the entorhinal cortex that fires at regular intervals as an animal navigates an open area, allowing it to understand its position in space by storing and integrating information about location, distance, and direction. Grid cells have been found in many animals, including rats, mice, bats, monkeys, and humans.
Grid cells were discovered in 2005 by Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, and their students Torkel Hafting, Marianne Fyhn, and Sturla Molden at the Centre for the Biology of Memory (CBM) in Norway. They were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with John O'Keefe for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. The arrangement of spatial firing fields, all at equal distances from their neighbors, led to a hypothesis that these cells encode a neural representation of Euclidean space. The discovery also suggested a mechanism for dynamic computation of self-position based on continuously updated information about position and direction.
To detect grid cell activity in a typical rat experiment, an electrode which can record single-neuron activity is implanted in the dorsomedial entorhinal cortex and collects recordings as the rat moves around freely in an open arena. The resulting data can be visualized by marking the rat's position on a map of the arena every time that neuron fires an action potential. These marks accumulate over time to form a set of small clusters, which in turn form the vertices of a grid of equilateral triangles. The regular triangle pattern distinguishes grid cells from other types of cells that show spatial firing. By contrast, if a place cell from the rat hippocampus is examined in the same way, then the marks will frequently only form one cluster (one "place field") in a given environment, and even when multiple clusters are seen, there is no perceptible regularity in their arrangement.
Background of discovery
In 1971 John O'Keefe and Jonathon Dostrovsky reported the discovery of place cells in the rat hippocampus—cells that fire action potentials when an animal passes through a specific small region of space, which is called the place field of the cell. This discovery, although controversial at first, led to a series of investigations that culminated in the 1978 publication of a book by O'Keefe and his colleague Lynn Nadel called The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map (a phrase that also appeared in the title of the 1971 paper)—the book argued that the hippocampal neural network instantiates cognitive maps as hypothesized by the psychologist Edward C. Tolman. This theory aroused a great deal of interest, and motivated hundreds of experimental studies aimed at clarifying the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory and spatial navigation.
Because the entorhinal cortex provides by far the largest input to the hippocampus, it was clearly important to understand the spatial firing properties of entorhinal neurons. The earliest studies, such as Quirk et al. (1992), described neurons in the entorhinal cortex as having relatively large and fuzzy place fields. But the Mosers thought it was possible that a different result would be obtained if recordings were made from a different part of the entorhinal cortex. The entorhinal cortex is a strip of tissue running along the back edge of the rat brain from the ventral to the dorsal sides. Anatomical studies had shown that different sectors of the entorhinal cortex project to different levels of the hippocampus: the dorsal end of the EC projects to the dorsal hippocampus, the ventral end to the ventral hippocampus. This was relevant because several studies had shown that place cells in the dorsal hippocampus have considerably sharper place fields than cells from more ventral levels. But every study of entorhinal spatial activity before 2004 had made use of electrodes implanted near the ventral end of the EC. Accordingly, together with Marianne Fyhn, Sturla Molden, and Menno Witter, the Mosers set out to examine spatial firing from the different dorsal-to-ventral levels of the entorhinal cortex. They found that in the dorsal part of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC), cells had sharply defined place fields like in the hippocampus but the cells fired at multiple locations. The arrangement of the firing fields showed hints of regularity, but the size of the environment was too small for spatial periodicity to be visible in this study.
The next set of experiments, reported in 2005, made use of a larger environment, which led to the recognition that the cells were actually firing in a hexagonal grid pattern. The study showed that cells at similar dorsal-to-ventral MEC levels had similar grid spacing and grid orientation, but that the phase of the grid (the offset of the grid vertices relative to the x and y axes) appeared to be randomly distributed between cells. The periodic firing pattern was expressed independently of the configuration of landmarks, in darkness as well as in the presence of visible landmarks and independently of changes in the animal’s speed and direction, leading the authors to suggest that grid cells expressed a path-integration-dependent dynamic computation of the animal’s location.
For their discovery of grid cells, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard Moser were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014, alongside John O'Keefe.
Properties
Grid cells are neurons that fire when a freely moving animal traverses a set of small regions (firing fields) which are roughly equal in size and arranged in a periodic triangular array that covers the entire available environment. Cells with this firing pattern have been found in all layers of the dorsocaudal medial entorhinal cortex (dMEC), but cells in different layers tend to differ in other respects. Layer II contains the largest density of pure grid cells, in the sense that they fire equally regardless of the direction in which an animal traverses a grid location. Grid cells from deeper layers are intermingled with conjunctive cells and head direction cells (i.e. in layers III, V and VI there are cells with a grid-like pattern that fire only when the animal is facing a particular direction).
Grid cells that lie next to one another (i.e., cells recorded from the same electrode) usually show the same grid spacing and orientation, but their grid vertices are displaced from one another by apparently random offsets. But cells recorded from separate electrodes at a distance from one another typically show different grid spacings. Cells located more ventrally (farther from the dorsal border of the MEC) generally have larger firing fields at each grid vertex, and correspondingly greater spacing between the grid vertices. The total range of grid spacings is not well established: the initial report described a roughly twofold range of grid spacings (from 39 cm to 73 cm) across the dorsalmost part (upper 25%) of the MEC, but there are indications of considerably larger grid scales in more ventral zones. Brun et al. (2008) recorded grid cells from multiple levels in rats running along an 18-meter track, and found that the grid spacing expanded from about 25 cm in their dorsalmost sites to about 3 m at the ventralmost sites. These recordings only extended 3/4 of the way to the ventral tip, so it is possible that even larger grids exist. Such multi-scale representations have been shown to be information theoretically desirable.
Grid-cell activity does not require visual input, since grid patterns remain unchanged when all the lights in an environment are turned off. But when visual cues are present they exert strong control over the alignment of the grids: rotating a cue card on the wall of a cylinder causes grid patterns to rotate by the same amount. Grid patterns appear on the first entrance of an animal into a novel environment, and then usually remain stable. When an animal is moved into a completely different environment, grid cells maintain their grid spacing, and the grids of neighboring cells maintain their relative offsets.
Interactions with hippocampal place cells
When a rat is moved to a different environment, the spatial activity patterns of hippocampal place cells usually show "complete remapping"—that is, the pattern of place fields reorganizes in a way that bears no detectable resemblance to the pattern in the original environment. If the features of an environment are altered less radically, however, the place field pattern may show a lesser degree of change, referred to as "rate remapping", in which many cells alter their firing rates but the majority of cells retain place fields in the same locations as before. This was examined using simultaneous recordings of hippocampal and entorhinal cells, and found that in situations where the hippocampus shows rate remapping, grid cells show unaltered firing patterns, whereas when the hippocampus shows complete remapping, grid cell firing patterns show unpredictable shifts and rotations.
Theta rhythmicity
Neural activity in nearly every part of the hippocampal system is modulated by the hippocampal theta rhythm, which has a frequency range of about 6–9 Hz in rats. The entorhinal cortex is no exception: like the hippocampus, it receives cholinergic and GABAergic input from the medial septal area, the central controller of theta. Grid cells, like hippocampal place cells, show strong theta modulation. Grid cells from layer II of the MEC also resemble hippocampal place cells in that they show phase precession—that is, their spike activity advances from late to early phases of the theta cycle as an animal passes through a grid vertex. A recent model of grid cell activity explained this phase precession by assuming the presence of 1-dimensional attractor network composed of stellate cells. Most grid cells from layer III do not precess, but their spike activity is largely confined to half of the theta cycle. The grid cell phase precession is not derived from the hippocampus, because it continues to appear in animals whose hippocampus has been inactivated by an agonist of GABA.
Possible functions
Many species of mammals can keep track of spatial location even in the absence of visual, auditory, olfactory, or tactile cues, by integrating their movements—the ability to do this is referred to in the literature as path integration. A number of theoretical models have explored mechanisms by which path integration could be performed by neural networks. In most models, such as those of Samsonovich and McNaughton (1997) or Burak and Fiete (2009), the principal ingredients are (1) an internal representation of position, (2) internal representations of the speed and direction of movement, and (3) a mechanism for shifting the encoded position by the right amount when the animal moves. Because cells in the MEC encode information about position (grid cells) and movement (head direction cells and conjunctive position-by-direction cells), this area is currently viewed as the most promising candidate for the place in the brain where path integration occurs. However, the question remains unresolved, as in humans the entorhinal cortex does not appear to be required for path integration. Burak and Fiete (2009) showed that a computational simulation of the grid cell system was capable of performing path integration to a high level of accuracy. However, more recent theoretical work has suggested that grid cells might perform a more general denoising process not necessarily related to spatial processing.
Hafting et al. (2005) suggested that a place code is computed in the entorhinal cortex and fed into the hippocampus, which may make the associations between place and events that are needed for the formation of memories.
In contrast to a hippocampal place cell, a grid cell has multiple firing fields, with regular spacing, which tessellate the environment in a hexagonal pattern. The unique properties of grid cells are as follows:
Grid cells have firing fields dispersed over the entire environment (in contrast to place fields which are restricted to certain specific regions of the environment)
The firing fields are organized into a hexagonal lattice
Firing fields are generally equally spaced apart, such that the distance from one firing field to all six adjacent firing fields is approximately the same (though when an environment is resized, the field spacing may shrink or expand differently in different directions; Barry et al. 2007)
Firing fields are equally positioned, such that the six neighboring fields are located at approximately 60 degree increments
The grid cells are anchored to external landmarks, but persist in darkness, suggesting that grid cells may be part of a self-motion–based map of the spatial environment.
See also
Boundary cell, discovered in 2008.
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
External links
Mosers Group
Movie of a grid cell
Neurons
Perception
Neurology
Brain
Spatial cognition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid%20cell |
Bury Interchange is a transport hub in the town of Bury, Greater Manchester, England. Opened in 1980, it is the northern terminus of the Manchester Metrolink's Bury Line, which prior to 1992 was a heavy-rail line. It also incorporates a bus station.
History
Bury Interchange was opened by British Rail in March 1980, integrating a new bus station with the northern terminus of the Bury-to-Manchester heavy railway line, a new short spur line was constructed to connect the new station. The railway had originally run into Bury Bolton Street which was further away from the town centre, and was closed by British Rail on the same day that Bury Interchange opened; Bury Bolton Street is now operated by the heritage East Lancashire Railway. The railway was redeveloped in the early-1990s to become part of the Manchester Metrolink network in 1992, forming the northern terminus. The interchange is managed by Transport for Greater Manchester and has recently been refurbished, improving facilities and security for passengers.
Metrolink services
Service pattern
Services mostly run every 12 minutes on 2 routes, forming a 6-minute service between Bury and Manchester at peak times.
Bus services
The majority of services are run by Go North West, Rosso and Diamond North West, with some services run by Vision Bus. Now-defunct operators which have run services to or from the interchange in the past have included Ribble Motor Services, Crosville Motor Services, Yelloway Motor Services, Bee Line Buzz Company, Burnley & Pendle, Bolton Coachways, Mayne Coaches, Citibus Tours, Shearings, Blue Bus & Coach Services, Maytree Travel, JPT and First Greater Manchester.
There are frequent buses running to Manchester, Rochdale, Bolton, Middleton and Rawtenstall plus several parts of the Bury area including Heywood, Radcliffe, Ramsbottom and Tottington. Buses also run from Bury to Salford, Blackburn and Burnley.
Gallery
References
External links
Metrolink Stop Information
Bury Metrolink area map
Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive
TheTrams.co.uk: Metrolink, Bury
First Manchester
Easyride Buses
Bus stations in Greater Manchester
Tram stops in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1980
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1991
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1992
Tram stops on the Altrincham to Bury line
Tram stops on the Bury to Ashton-under-Lyne line
Buildings and structures in Bury, Greater Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury%20Interchange |
West Layton is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England, close to the border with County Durham and a few miles west of Darlington.
History
The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to Count Alan, and as having 16 villagers, a meadow, one fishery and two churches. Formerly in the wapentake of Gilling West and the parish of Hutton Magna, the village is now in Richmondshire in North Yorkshire. The name of Layton is historically recorded as Laston, Lastun and Latton, and means the town where the leeks are grown.
The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was less than 100. Details are included with the parish of East Layton. In 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated that the population of the village was 40.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Layton |
East Layton is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England, close to the border with County Durham and a few miles west of Darlington.
The racehorse Crisp is interred there.
Demographics
East Layton, considered a parish, is situated a few miles west of the town of Darlington.
In the 1870s, East Layton was described as
"township, Stan wick and Melsonby pars., North-Riding Yorkshire, 5½ miles N. of Richmond, 1072 ac., pop. 156. " by John Bartholomew.
Today, East Layton has a population of 117, according to the 2011 census.
History
Church
The parish is home to a Grade II listed Church, believed to have been constructed in 1895. It was given its listed title in 1969, similar to that of East Layton Hall. Formerly named 'Chapel of Ease' has got a bell tower, but not a steeple.
East Layton Hall
East Layton Hall is a Grade II listed building. The manor house and attached garden date back to around 1623. The North Yorkshire Cleveland Vernacular Buildings study group report records have shown that in the late 19th century, the building was an inn, called the Layton Arms. Although the internal of the building has not been inspected, English Heritage have noted that there is a chamfered basket-arched fireplace with two chimneys at the north end of the building. East Layton Hall was registered as a Grade II listed building on 4 February 1969.
Location; 3 Forcett Close, East Layton, North Yorkshire, DL11 7PG.
Racehorse "Crisp"
In the history of horse racing, dubbed the 'most unlucky horse', "Crisp" was laid to rest in East Layton. He died after an accident hunting, and was buried at the entrance of the owner, Sir Chester Manifold's estate in East Layton. Sir Chester Manifold was an Australian politician and philanthropist. Crisp was in the running to win the 1973 Grand National, but tired out quickly in the last stretch, being beaten by a three quarters of a length. However, despite a defeat, Crisp had outrun the Grand National completion time, by a full 20 seconds, deservedly gaining a place in the history books.
Employment
The biggest employer within East Layton and for other surrounding areas, was the mineral extraction site which has been in East Layton since the 1800s and is now owned and managed by Hanson Aggregates. Forcett Quarry lies north-west of the village of East Layton, with residential properties situated from the quarry perimeter. It was originally owned by Tilcon (North) Ltd, and was acquired by Hanson Quarry Products Europe in September 2000. With an original extension of the site in 1993, to alter the entrance of the quarry to the west of East Layton village, to prevent disturbance to the village and its inhabitants. A further extension plan was submitted to the Richmondshire Planning Council in 2007, of which was declined by the council due to objections from local residents, with concerns of noise and property damage from blasts.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Layton |
LWD may refer to:
Large woody debris
Logging while drilling, on oil wells
Lotnicze Warsztaty Doświadczalne, a Polish aerospace manufacturer
Leigh Warren and Dancers, now Dance Hub SA, Australian contemporary dance company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWD |
Derby High School or "The Derby" as it is known locally, is a secondary school, located on Radcliffe Road, Bury, Greater Manchester, England. It opened in September 1959 as the Derby Grammar School, a new school that offered both a grammar and a technical education. Some of the pupils moved from Bury High School, a Grammar School on nearby Parliament Street, which closed when the Derby opened. They had gone there having passed the Eleven Plus examination. Other pupils came from Bury Junior Technical School having attended that school from the age of 13 years. The school was formed by merging those two schools into a grammar-technical school. In September 1979 it became a comprehensive school and its sixth form was closed. There are extensive playing fields to the front of the school and the school is easily recognised with its distinctive tower.
Uniform
The school uniform consists of a blazer with the school emblem on, dark trousers or a dark skirt for the girls, dark shoes and a school tie. The school tie is a navy blue background with diagonal smaller strips of gold and red, but the prefects wear a red tie. The boys wear sports shirts or joggers with white arms and a blue t-shirt and you can wear extras
History
The school's patron was the Earl of Derby, with the school's badge being based on the earl's coat of arms. Mr. G.A.C. Sawtell was the Headmaster from the opening until his retirement in 1977 when he was succeeded by Mr. Geoff Wolsternholme. The current Headmistress is Ms Helen Hubert who began leading Derby High School in 2016 after previous headteacher Ms Alison Byrne stepped down from teaching in the summer of 2015.
Buildings and grounds
The school is essentially a three storey building with a smaller single storey block at one end where Domestic Science and Practical Crafts such as woodwork and metalwork are taught. At the other end is the main entrance serving a large reception area, kitchen, offices and staff rooms. Above the reception area is the library and the school's distinctive tower. Behind the reception area is the school hall with a stage at the far end. Two gymnasiums run from the rear of the stage with one for boys at one side and opposite one for the girls.
There is also a small hut, originally used by the Sixth Form, behind the boys' gym. It was later used as a music room until it was recently converted to a dance and drama studio with its current name 'Inspire'. There is a caretaker's house at the side of the girls' gym. Extensive grounds lie at the front on the School; abutting the fields of Bury Church of England High School, Bury Rugby Union Football Club, Radcliffe Road and the grounds of Radcliffe Road Baptist Church, Bury, and the gardens of houses on Inglewhite Close. A recently constructed (2014) sports hall is situated at the "town end" of the main school building. To the rear of the school is a rough track and the embankment of the Manchester Metrolink Tram line. Access by car is via Radcliffe Road or by foot and bike via a path, off Manchester Old Road which passes Bury C of E High School, to the rear of the school.
Houses
The school promoted the house system for internal competitions and prefect duties. Originally the school houses were Wren (after Christopher Wren) (house colour yellow), Stephenson (after George Stephenson) (house colour red), Newton (after Sir Isaac Newton) (house colour blue) and Rutherford (after Ernest Rutherford) (house colour green).
This changed in September 1979 when, as part of a Borough-wide reorganisation, the school became a 'comprehensive' high school. The Sixth Form was moved to Peel Six Form College, now part of Bury College. No longer offering an 'A' level syllabus, many long-serving members of staff left.
Form identities remained (1C, 2B, 3C...and so on up to F, with the number denoting the year group), however, the houses became Coniston (house colour light blue), Derwent (house colour blue), Grasmere (house colour green), Keswick (house colour red), Langdale (house colour orange) and Rydal (house colour yellow) – named after towns, villages and lakes in the Lake District. The school now has no house system. Today, form names are made up of the letters of DERBY SCH. For example, a year 11 form could be 11D.
Lowfield
The school held a property near Coniston called Lowfield. The property was bought by the school in the early 1960s and was converted over a number of years from a run down old mill into an outdoor pursuits centre. This old house provided many pupils with a weekend holiday in the Lake District. One "highlight" of any visit was a trek up the Old Man of Coniston and for some of the older boys, an attempt to gain entry to the Ship Inn which was facing the property at Bowmanstead. Lowfield has recently been sold and has been renovated (pictures are on the school's alumni website).
As well as a holiday, many pupils including Head Boy Jim Metcalf and Head Master George Sawtell worked on the property and made it 'livable' in the year after purchase. During such early work a stash of gelignite was found in the grounds.
Notable alumni and faculty
Alumni
Susan Bassnett, Academic. Pro-Vice-Chancellor at the University of Warwick, Professor in the Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies and author of over 20 books.
David Crausby, Member of Parliament (Labour) for Bolton North East since 1997.
Peter Skellern, Musician and Singer/Songwriter. First hit was "You're a Lady", in 1972, which reached number three in the UK Singles Chart.
David Whittaker, Video Game Music Composer and Programmer, for most of the 1980s and early 1990s. Alumnus from 1968-1973.
Faculty
Dave Edmundson, P.E. teacher, went on to be Secretary of Lancashire County Cricket Club and then Chief Executive of Burnley Football Club. In 2007, he was appointed as general manager of a new body called the 'Football League Trust', to oversee Community and Youth Development activities at Football League clubs, arising from the Premier League's 'solidarity payments' to the League.
Warren Bradley taught at the school in the mid '60s. He had played football for Manchester United immediately after the Munich air disaster. He was also capped for England. He coached the school first eleven which for a time included Jimmy Kerr, a young Scottish footballer who had come to the town to play for Bury.
References
External links
Alumni webpage
2007 Ofsted report
Educational institutions established in 1959
Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
1959 establishments in England
Community schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury
Schools in Bury, Greater Manchester | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby%20High%20School%2C%20Bury |
Lol Mahamat Choua (; 15 June 1939 – 15 September 2019) was a Chadian politician who served as his country's head of state for four months in 1979. He was the President of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) political party.
An adherent of Islam and a member of the Kanembu ethnic group, Choua came into power during the First Chadian Civil War. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad (MPLT), a Kanembu rebel group backed by Nigeria, along with the central government, the Armed Forces of the North (FAN) and the People's Armed Forces (FAP) were the main combatants. When a peace conference was organized in Kano, Nigeria, the MPLT, which suffered from a lack of members, chose Lol to head its delegation to meeting.
Under Nigerian pressure, Lol was made head of the Transitional Government of National Unity (Gouvernement d'Union Nationale de Transition or GUNT) on 29 April 1979 by the four factions present at Kano I. The GUNT included 21 ministers, of whom 11 were northerners and 10 were southerners. Goukouni Oueddei, head of the FAP, became Interior Minister, Hissène Habré became Defence Minister, and Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, leader of the Chadian Armed Forces (FAT), became vice-president. But the transitional government excluded all the pro-Libyan forces; as a result, a rival government, backed by Muammar al-Gaddafi, was formed; it was called the Democratic Revolutionary Council, and it was headed by Ahmat Acyl, an Arab.
The problem of the rival government, and the transitional government's resistance to Nigerian influence, led to two new peace conferences, this time in Lagos, Nigeria. On 21 August an agreement between all factions, those of the CDR included, was signed; it became known as the Lagos Accord. The accord brought to the replacement of Choua with Goukouni as head of the transitional government, an act that was accomplished on 3 September.
Choua served as minister of transport in Habré's government, starting in 1982 to 1985, after returning from exile in Paris since 1979. Idriss Déby overthrew Habré in 1990, and when he legalized opposition parties in 1992, one of them was Choua's Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), based mainly in Kanem Region. From 15 January 1993 to 7 April 1993 the Sovereign National Conference, which initiated the transition to multiparty elections, was held. Among the decisions of the conference was to form a transitional legislative body, the Higher Transitional Council (Conseil supérieur de la transition, or CST), composed of 57 members, which had Choua as its president. Choua served as President of the CST until he came into conflict with Déby, and as a result the CST replaced him with Mahamat Bachir, a loyalist of Déby's Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), on 15 October 1994.
In June 1996, the first multiparty presidential election in Chad's history were held. Choua placed fifth, taking 5.93% of the vote, while Déby won in the second round, held in July. He was elected to the National Assembly as an RDP candidate in the first round of the 1997 parliamentary election.
In the 2001 presidential election, the RDP supported Déby, and the party, in alliance with Déby's Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), won 12 seats (out of 155) in the April 2002 parliamentary election. Choua himself was re-elected to the National Assembly as an RDP candidate from Mao constituency in Kanem Department. Choua is the President of the RDP Parliamentary Group in the National Assembly. In 2005, during the constitutional referendum on the elimination of presidential term limits, Choua and his party boycotted the vote.
Following an August 2007 agreement between political parties on preparations for a new parliamentary election in 2009, Choua headed a committee overseeing the implementation of the agreement.
According to the RDP, on 3 February 2008, during a battle between government forces and rebels for control of N'Djamena, Choua was arrested by members of the presidential guard, who "acted with incredible brutality", and taken away in the back of a truck. Following international expressions of concern regarding the fate of Choua and two other opposition politicians (Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh and Ngarlejy Yorongar) who were also reportedly arrested, Interior Minister Ahmat Mahamat Bachir said on 14 February that Choua had been "found" and that he was still alive. Also on 14 February the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the French ambassador to Chad had been allowed to visit Choua, who was being held in a military prison. On 16 February Minister of Communications, Hourmadji Moussa Doumgor, said that Choua was being held with prisoners of war. Foreign Minister Ahmad Allam-Mi said on 22 February that Choua had been found working with the rebels in flagrant délit and was being held for investigation. The RDP sharply denounced this claim.
On 26 February the government announced that Choua was being placed under house arrest.
References
Heads of state of Chad
20th-century Chadian politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Chad)
Rally for Democracy and Progress (Chad) politicians
1939 births
2019 deaths
People of the Chadian–Libyan War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol%20Mahamat%20Choua |
Wilson Lee Flores is a Philippine writer, real-estate entrepreneur, and economic and geopolitical analyst.
He has won 15 Catholic Mass Media Awards (CMMA) for his Philippine Star newspaper columns and three Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. He has also been honored with three CMMA Hall of Fame Awards, including CMMA Hall of Fame Awards for "Best Opinion Column" and "Best Business Column". He writes a Tagalog column "Kuwentong Panadero" for Philippine Star Group's mass-market Pilipino Star Ngayon tabloid.
In December 2013, he bought the Kamuning Bakery-Café of Quezon City. He is moderator of the café's non-partisan and tertulia-inspired "Pandesal Forum", where leaders dialog with media. Since 2015, Flores has led the Kamuning Bakery-Café in celebrating "World Pandesal Day" every October 16 (globally known as "World Bread Day" and "World Food Day"). "World Pandesal Day" is celebrated in order to honor the Philippines' most popular bread and as a reminder of the need to solve the age-old problem of hunger.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Filipino people of Chinese descent
Filipino columnists
Filipino activists
Geopoliticians
21st-century Filipino businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20Lee%20Flores |
Kenneth Neal Robinson (November 3, 1969 – February 28, 1999) was an American professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays (1995, 1997) and Kansas City Royals (1996). Listed at 5' 9", 175 lb., Robinson batted and threw right-handed.
A native of Barberton, Ohio, Robinson played college baseball for Florida State University. In 1991, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Robinson was selected by the Blue Jays in the 10th round (276th overall) of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft.
Over the course of Robinson’s three-season major league career, he posted a 2–2 record, with a 3.91 earned run average (ERA), while recording no saves (SV) in one save opportunity (SVO), across 29 pitching appearances, all in relief.
Robinson was signed by the Arizona Diamondbacks on February 17, 1998. He died in Tucson, Arizona in a traffic collision during spring training on February 28, 1999. Robinson was 29. A teammate, minor leaguer John Rosengren, had been driving the vehicle involved in the accident; he was charged with second-degree murder due to being under the influence of alcohol. Key evidence in the case was thrown out because police did not allow Rosengren to call his father (who was an attorney) after the collision, and he returned to playing baseball.
Sources
External links
Kenny Robinson at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1969 births
1999 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Ohio
Brewster Whitecaps players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Cleveland State Vikings baseball players
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Florida State Seminoles baseball players
FSC Jacksonville Blue Wave baseball players
Hagerstown Suns players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players
Omaha Royals players
People from Barberton, Ohio
Sportspeople from Summit County, Ohio
Road incident deaths in Arizona
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Robinson%20%28baseball%29 |
H-Blockx is a German rock band founded in Münster in 1991. After the success of their debut album in 1994, Time to Move, the band received a nomination for Best Breakthrough Artist at the 1995 MTV Europe Music Awards. In 1999, the World Wrestling Federation contacted them to record a song, "Oh Hell Yeah", for wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin, and their song "Countdown to Insanity" appears in the European version of the 2007 music video game Rock Band. Between 1994 and 2012, H-Blockx released seven studio albums.
History
The band rose to fame with their successful debut album, Time to Move, released in 1994 on Sing Sing Records, and produced by Ralph Quick and Chris Wagner. The music videos for "Risin' High" and "Move" received considerable airplay on MTV. The band earned a nomination for "Best Breakthrough Artist" at the following MTV Europe Music Awards, however, the award went to Dog Eat Dog. With the help of the singles "Risin' High", "Move", and "Little Girl", their debut spent 62 weeks in the German album chart, selling over 750,000 copies worldwide, and earning the band their first gold album. Their first major tour followed. In 1999, World Wrestling Federation contacted the band to record a song, "Oh Hell Yeah", for wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin. Although it was never used as his theme song, it became synonymous with Austin and was released on WWF The Music, Vol. 4. A reworked version of "Oh Hell Yeah" was featured on the 2002 WWE Anthology album The Attitude Era.
None of their following albums have been as successful as Time to Move was. However, with the release of Get in the Ring in 2002 on Supersonic Records in association with BMG they did have a minor hit with their cover of "The Power" featuring rapper Turbo B; Turbo B also performs the original version with Snap!
In 2004, the band's album No Excuses reached No. 14 on the German album charts. It was then supported by an extensive European tour. In early 2005 and 2006 in Malmö, Sweden, their 2007 album Open Letter To A Friend was recorded. They were accompanied by H-Blockx producer Andreas "Boogieman" Herbig who was with them in 1994 when Time To Move was completed. Their single "Countdown to Insanity" from the album is one of the playable tracks included on the European version of the game Rock Band, and is available to download with the US version. Ending a five-year absence from the recording studio, the band released their album HBLX in May 2012.
In 2013, the band's song "Gazoline" was used for the trailer and soundtrack for the video game Sunset Overdrive, along with several other rock and metal songs.
Band members
Current members
Henning Wehland – vocals (1990–present)
Tim "Humpe" Tenambergen – guitar (1990–present)
Stephan "Gudze" Hinz – bass (1990–2003, 2007–present)
Steffen Wilmking – drums (1999–2001, 2003–present)
Past members
Johann Christoph "Mason" Maass – drums (1990–1998)
Dave Gappa – vocals (1992–2001, 2003–2005)
Marco Minnemann – drums (1998–1999)
Martin "Dog" Kessler – drums (2001–2003)
Fabio Trentini – bass (2003–2007)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Guest appearances
2001 – Brennstoff by Das Department (V2 Records, "Tinitus")
Compilation appearances
1994 – White Magic – Soundtrack (BMG Ariola München GmbH, "Move")
1995 – Always Music '95 (BMG Ariola Special Projects, "Move (The Radio)")
1995 – De Afrekening Volume 9 (Columbia Records, "Move")
1995 – Internationale Hits 95 (Ariola Records, "Risin' High")
1995 – Just the Best Vol. 4 (Polystar Records, "Risin' High (Video Cut)")
1995 – Just the Best Vol. 6 cassette (Polystar Records, "Little Girl (Video Version)")
1995 – Just the Best Vol. 6 CD (Polystar Records, "Little Girl (Video Version)")
1995 – Popcorn – Hyper Dance Power (Ariola, BMG Ariola Media GmbH, "Risin' High")
1995 – Rockgarden Vol. 3 (EVA Belgium, "Risin' High")
1995 – Rockgarden Volume 3 (EVA Records, "Risin' High")
1995 – Stop Chirac (RCA Records, "Revolution")
1995 – Top of the Pops 1 (Columbia Records, "Move")
1995 – Wild CD 02 (Wild Magazine, "Move")
1995 – Crossing All Over! - Vol. 3 (GUN Records, BMG, "Revolution")
1996 – Fresh (Sonet, PolyGram Finland Oy, "Little Girl")
1996 – Jam – Vol. 3 (BMG Ariola Hamburg GmbH, "How Do You Feel?")
1996 – Quote 97 – Niemals Einer Meinung (Eastwest Records, "Little Girl")
1996 – Zoo Magazine CD Sampler 04 (Zoo Magazine (DK), "How Do You Feel?")
1997 – Bravo Super Show 1997 – Volume 4 (BMG Ariola Media GmbH, "Step Back")
1997 – Radio FM4 Soundselection (BMG Ariola Austria GmbH, "Step Back (Loop Version)")
1997 – Vivamania Volume 1 (Sony Music Entertainment (Germany), "Move")
1999 – Crossing All Over! - The Classix(Supersonic Records, BMG, "Risin' High")
1999 – Pop 2000–50 Jahre Popmusik Und Jugendkultur In Deutschland (Grönland Records,"Risin' High)
1999 – WWF the Music Vol.4 – Oh Hell Yeah (Stone Cold Steve Austin) 2000 – Bravo Hits 29 (Warner Special Marketing GmbH, Bertelsmann Club, "Ring of Fire")
2000 – Lords of the Boards 2000 (Modul Records, "Time Of My Life")
2000 – The Dome Vol. 14 (BMG Ariola, "Ring Of Fire")
2000 – Viva Hits 9 (Polystar Records, "Ring Of Fire (Video Version)")
2001 – Monsterhits (EMM (EMI Music Media), "Ring Of Fire (Video Version)")
2002 – Chart Boxx – Second Highlights (Top 13 Music-Club, "The Power (Single Version)")
2002 – Fetenhits – New Rock Party (Polystar Records, "The Power")
2002 – Pepsi Chart Album (Oy EMI Finland Ab, BMG Finland, Universal Music (Finland), "The Power")
2002 – Rock Zone Special (BMG Russia, "How Do You Feel?")
2004 – Off Road Tracks Vol. 80 (Metal Hammer (Germany), "Where's The Message?")
2006 – American Chopper (EMI Electrola, "Leave Me Alone")
2007 – Dynamit Vol. 57'' (RockHard Records, "I Don't Want You To Like Me")
Singles
See also
List of Sony BMG artists
References
External links
Official website
H-Blockx at MySpace
H-Blockx videography
1991 establishments in Germany
German alternative rock groups
German nu metal musical groups
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Musical groups established in 1991
German musical quartets
Rap metal musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-Blockx |
Manfield is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It is a parish in the wapentake of Gilling East. The closest major town is Darlington, which is east of Manfield. It is close to the River Tees and Darlington and is notable for its real ale pub, The Crown, which won the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s Yorkshire Pub of the Year in 2005, the All Saints Church and Manfield Village School.
History
The first part of Manfield is the British or Celtic word 'Maen', meaning a stone or pile of stones. In Saxons times, this word signified the open country. Manfield was once an oppidium characterised by fields, small hills and barrows. The parish includes the township of Cliffe, a hamlet situated on the River Tees. Cliffe had a population of 53 in the early 1820s. Manfield covers 3,455 acres of land, grounding 74 houses. The Catholic chapel run by Reverend William Hogarth.
Population
The population of Manfield has very much fluctuated over time. With the population in 1801 reported to be 275, this grew dramatically, almost doubling to 493 in 1821. This was due to a falling death rate, whilst birth rates remained the same. The famine in 1845 caused the UK's population as a whole to decrease, and such effects were seen in Manfield. In 1841, its population fell from 474 to 276 in 1881. Over the past 150 years, the population has clearly aged. However, mortality decline in the late 19th century was mainly due to the reduction of very high infant mortality rates. In 2001, the population was 297, 21.5% of this being economically active. The majority of the population here was aged between 30 and 59 years old. The population fell to 279 according to the 2011 census, however the percentage of economically active persons rose to 26.4%.
Occupational structure
In the 1820s, there was a farm house called Clowbeck in the parish. In 1831, 28 people worked on this farm. There were 16 professionals in the village and 100 people who worked as labourers and servants, most likely for the manor in Manfield, the Lord of which was R. B. Wilson. In 1881, 17% of the male population worked in agriculture, whilst the majority of women (37%) worked in 'unknown sectors', working in environments varying from manufacturing to services. Men worked in the hard labour sectors, whilst women worked in the more domestic industries. At this time there were only two professionals in the village, one male and one female.
Amenities
All Saints Church
The All Saints Church dates back to Saxon times. It is a vicarage located in the eastern end of Manfield. It is dedicated to All Saints, in the deanery of Richmond, diocese of Chester. Built in the 12th century, the ancient stone structure is made from sandstone, ashlar and rubble stone. Its square tower was built in the 16th century, contains a clock and three bells. Among the stained glass windows there is one representing the Raising of Jairus' Daughter by Meyer. More recently, windows of the Church have been replaced with other designs. The first marriage in this church was in 1848.
Manfield Village School
The Church of England village school was built in 1857, costing £800. and had a fee of £10 per annum. It is run by volunteer workers, who teach the 11 pupils that attend here, aged 4 to 11. The school has an annual fee of £30. The school was originally built with the genuine belief in the value of education and the diminishing need for child labour in Victorian industries and farming. Those children who passed the Eleven Plus went to Richmond Girls High School or Boys' Grammar School or to the Richmond Secondary Modern. Beside the school there is small reading room and a library where residents can reside.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfield |
The Outsiders were an English punk rock group, formed in 1975 in Wimbledon, England and consisting of singer-guitarist Adrian Borland, bass guitarist Bob Lawrence and drummer Adrian "Jan" Janes. In 1978 Graham "Green" Bailey replaced Lawrence at the bass and then he and Borland would go on to form the critically successful post-punk band the Sound. However, in sharp contrast with them, The Outsiders’ music received generally negative reviews.
History
The Outsiders formed in Wimbledon, London, England in 1975 . They were originally called "Syndrome" but changed their name to the Outsiders in 1976, inspired by Albert Camus' novel The Outsider.
Their debut studio album, Calling on Youth, was self-released on their Raw Edge label in May 1977, and won them unfavourable reviews: "Apple-cheeked Ade has a complexion that would turn a Devon milkmaid green with envy", reported Julie Burchill of the New Musical Express. It was the first self-released punk album in the UK.
The band released an EP in November 1977, One to Infinity. NME writer Tony Parsons commented: "tuneless, gormless, gutless... I like them a lot". The EP was praised in a less contradictory manner by other critics, including Mick Mercer.
A second album, Close Up, was released in 1979. This received better, but still cautious, reviews from the press. A NME review concluded that it was a patchy album, but from "a band with a future".
After this album, Lawrence and Janes left, and Borland went on to front the critically successful post-punk group the Sound.
Borland died 26 April 1999.
In 1993, Three Lines Records issued the Vital Years compilation.
Discography
Studio albums
Calling on Youth (1977, Raw Edge Records)
Close Up (1978, Raw Edge Records)
EPs
One to Infinity (1977, Raw Edge Records)
Compilation albums
Vital Years (1993, Three Lines Records)
References
Outsiders, The (British band)
Musical groups from the London Borough of Merton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Outsiders%20%28British%20band%29 |
Westbury-on-Severn is a rural village in England that is the centre of the large, rural parish, also called Westbury-on-Severn.
Location
The village is situated on the A48 road (between Minsterworth and Newnham on Severn) and bounded by the River Severn to the south and west. Westbury is also bounded to the West by the Newport to Gloucester railway line, although Westbury does not have a railway station, the closest stations being Gloucester and Lydney.
Westbury is just over a mile long and has one only housing estate to the south of the main A48 road which was constructed in the 1980s. The village also has a primary school, post office cum village store, a pub "The Lyon" and dentist surgery.
Geoff Sterry, a coal and solid fuel merchant, is also based in the village.
Westbury falls within the District of the Forest of Dean although the forest itself does not extend to the village.
The village has a large parish church, which is distinctive, as the steeple is not attached to the main building because of a fire which burned down the old wooden building soon after the new steeple was completed. Within the porch of the church are several markings of crosses and full crosses made during the English Civil War. The north porch and north aisle are the oldest parts of the church, having been built around 1290.
Just to the East of the village centre is the National Trust owned Westbury Court Garden.
Transport Links
The village is served by three regular bus services, operated by Stagecoach: the 22 service between Coleford in the Forest of Dean and Gloucester and by the 23 service between Lydney and Gloucester.
Notable people
See :Category:People from Westbury-on-Severn
See also
Westbury Court Garden
References
External links
photos of Westbury-on-Severn and surrounding area on geograph
Villages in Gloucestershire
Forest of Dean
Civil parishes in Gloucestershire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury-on-Severn |
The Gopal Krishna Gokhale Hall is a public hall situated in Armenian Street, Georgetown, Chennai. It was constructed by Annie Besant in 1915 as the headquarters of the Young Men's Indian Association.
History
The Gokhale Hall was founded as the Young Men's Indian Association Hall by theosophist and Indian independence activist Annie Besant, the Theosophist, social reformer and Indian nationalist. in 1915. Annie Besant announced the formation of the Home Rule League in 1916 at the hall. It was later renamed as Gopal Krishna Gokhale Hall after Indian leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, founder of the Servants of India Society, patriot, social reformer and a pioneer in education.
In later days, Gokhale Hall served as a venue for music concerts. The Tamil Isai Sangam functioned from Gokhale Hall from 1944 to 1953.
References
Buildings and structures in Chennai
City and town halls in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokhale%20Hall |
The 20th American Society of Cinematographers Awards were held on February 26, 2006, honoring the best cinematographers of film and television in 2005.
Winners and nominees
Film
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Dion Beebe – Memoirs of a Geisha
Robert Elswit – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Andrew Lesnie – King Kong
Wally Pfister – Batman Begins
Rodrigo Prieto – Brokeback Mountain
Television
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Miniseries, Pilot, or Television Film
Warm Springs – Robbie Greenberg
Code Breakers – Thomas Del Ruth
Faith of My Fathers – Bill Roe
Into the West (Episode: "Wheel to the Stars") – Alan Caso
Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical – Jan Kiesser
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Episodic TV Series
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (Episode: "Who Shot Sherlock?") – Nathan Hope
Carnivàle (Episode: "Los Moscos") – Jeffrey Jur
Las Vegas (Episode: "Everything Old Is You Again") – John Newby
Smallville (Episode: "Sacred") – Glen Winter
Without a Trace (Episode: "Freefall") – John B. Aronson
References
2005
2005 film awards
2005 guild awards
2005 television awards
American | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20American%20Society%20of%20Cinematographers%20Awards |
8th CDG Awards
February 26, 2006
Contemporary:
Transamerica
Fantasy:
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Period:
Memoirs of a Geisha
The 8th Costume Designers Guild Awards, given on February 26, 2006, honored the best costume designs in film and television for 2005. Winners highlighted in bold.
Winners and nominees
Film
Contemporary Film:
Danny Glicker – Transamerica
Paul Simmons – Hustle & Flow
Michael Kaplan – Mr. & Mrs. Smith
Nancy Steiner – Shopgirl
Louise Frogley – Syriana
Fantasy Film:
Isis Mussenden – The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Lindy Hemming – Batman Begins
Gabriella Pescucci – Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Trisha Biggar – Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith
Period Film:
Colleen Atwood – Memoirs of a Geisha
Kasia Walicka-Maimone – Capote
Louise Frogley – Good Night, and Good Luck.
Aggie Guerard Rodgers – Rent
Arianne Phillips – Walk the Line
Television
Contemporary Series:
Six Feet Under - Jill M. Ohanneson
Alias - Laura Goldsmith
Arrested Development - Katie Sparks
Desperate Housewives - Catherine Adair
Nip/Tuck - Lou Eyrich
Fantasy or Period Series:
Rome - April Ferry
Carnivàle - Chrisi Karvonides-Dushenko
Cold Case - Patia Prouty
Deadwood - Katherine Jane Bryant
That '70s Show - Melina Root
Miniseries or Television Film:
Elvis - Eduardo Castro
Empire Falls - Donna Zakowska
Lackawanna Blues - Hope Hanafin
Their Eyes Were Watching God - Eduardo Castro
Warm Springs - Hope Hanafin
External links
Costume Designers Guild 8th Annual Awards
Costume Designers Guild Awards
2005 film awards
2005 television awards
2005 guild awards
2005 in fashion
2006 in American cinema
2006 in American television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume%20Designers%20Guild%20Awards%202005 |
Blairlogie is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland, situated at the base of the great southern rock-face of Dumyat between Stirling and Menstrie.
Blairlogie, formerly Blair, forms part of Logie parish, formerly in Perthshire, and the ancient Logie Kirk lies to the west. It comprises mainly 17th-19th century cottages and was one of central Scotland's earliest Conservation areas, designated in 1969.
At the foot of Castle Law (and giving its name to the hill) stands Blairlogie Castle (also known as "The Blair"), built in 1543 by Alexander Spittal. The castle and surrounding estate was purchased by Lt Col Hare of Calder Hall in 1891 who modernised it.
An abandoned copper mine lies to the east of the village.
Between 1598 and 1609, the minister of Logie Kirk was the poet Alexander Hume.
In 1940 the actor and conservationist, Moultrie Kelsall, restored an eighteenth century building, Kirklea Cottage as a family home. This early conservation project is discussed in 'A future for the past' published jointly with Stuart Harris in 1961. Kelsall also was instrumental in saving nearby Menstrie Castle and his son Robin wrote of his youth in the village.
The Scottish International rugby player Kenny Logan used to live in the village and several of his relatives live in the area.
References
External links
Blairlogie Website
Blairlogie Archive
Hillfoots Villages
Villages in Stirling (council area) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blairlogie |
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