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The 12th World Cup season began in December 1977 and concluded in March 1978. Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won his third consecutive overall title. Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein won the women's overall title.
A break in the schedule was for the 1978 World Championships, held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, West Germany, between 29 January and 5 February 1978.
During this season, no combined races were included in the World Cup. Combined was resumed in the following season 1978/79. A demonstration parallel slalom race was run as the last race of the season, in Arosa, Switzerland on 19 March 1978, but it did not count in the official standings for either men or women. However, it became the model for a season-ending team parallel slalom race to be run as a part of the season-ending events.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
In men's overall World Cup 1977/78 the best 3 results of each discipline count; best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms. The parallel slalom only counts for the Nationscup (or was a show-event). 24 racers had a point deduction. Ingemar Stenmark won his third Overall World Cup in a row.
Downhill
see complete table
In men's downhill World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). For the very first time there was a shared win, when Josef Walcher and Sepp Ferstl tied in the second race at Kitzbühel. Franz Klammer won his fourth Downhill World Cup in a row.
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Ingemar Stenmark regained his Giant slalom World Cup title after losing the previous year on a tiebreak.
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Two racers had point a deduction, which are given in (). Ingemar Stenmark won his fourth Slalom World Cup in a row.
Ladies
Overall
In women's overall World Cup 1977/78 the best 3 results of each discipline count; best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms. The parallel slalom only counts for the Nationscup (or was a show-event). 17 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Moser-Pröll won 5 races and won the cup with maximum points. She won her sixth Downhill World Cup.
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Lise-Marie Morerod won her third Giant slalom World Cup in a row! This record is still unbeaten!
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1977/78 the best 5 results count. Two racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
All points were shown including individual deduction. But without parallel slalom, because result ? (Also possible, that the parallel slalom was only a show-event.)
Ladies
All points were shown including individual deduction but without parallel slalom, because parallel slalom was only an exhibition event.
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 1978
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
Alpine skiing
Alpine skiing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
WCWW-LD (channel 25) is a low-power television station in South Bend, Indiana, United States, affiliated with The CW. It is owned by Weigel Broadcasting alongside two other low-power stations: ABC affiliate WBND-LD (channel 57) and MyNetworkTV affiliate WMYS-LD (channel 69). The stations share studios on Generations Drive (near the Indiana Toll Road) in northeastern South Bend, while WCWW-LD's transmitter is located just off the St. Joseph Valley Parkway on the city's south side.
Due to its low-power status, its broadcasting radius only covers the immediate South Bend area. Therefore, Weigel relies on paid television subscription carriage for all three of its South Bend television stations to reach the entire market.
WCWW-LD is one of two CW affiliates owned by Weigel, the other being company flagship WCIU-TV in Chicago.
History
The station was founded on August 31, 1990 as W25BM, operating as an affiliate of the Three Angels Broadcasting Network; it later changed its callsign to WYGN-LP in October 1995. On March 14, 2002, the station was transferred to its current owner, Weigel Broadcasting, who had been previously broadcasting general entertainment programming on what is now WYGN-LD; it also dropped 3ABN which went to WYGN-LD, changed its callsign to WRDY-LP, and began simulcasting ABC programming from sister station WBND-LP; that fall, the station dropped the WBND-LP simulcast and affiliated with The WB, which moved to WRDY-LP from the original WMWB-LP (now WMYS-LD), and it adopted the WMWB-LP callsign previously held by channel 69 to reflect its new affiliation with the network.
On March 1, 2006, Weigel officials announced that WMWB would affiliate with The CW, a network formed out of the struggling WB and UPN networks in partnership with the two networks' owners Time Warner and CBS Corporation, when it premiered in September; channel 25 changed its call letters to WCWW-LP upon the network's launch on September 18, 2006. The WCWW calls had belonged to sister station WMYS, which took an affiliation with CW competitor MyNetworkTV (which launched two weeks earlier); the two stations both have borne the WRDY and WYGN calls.
In early August 2008, Weigel Broadcasting agreed to sell all three of its South Bend stations, including WCWW, to Schurz Communications, the longtime owner of the local CBS affiliate WSBT-TV (channel 22), for undisclosed terms. However, in the absence of action by the Federal Communications Commission, the deal was called off in August 2009.
With Weigel flagship WCIU-TV's assumption of the CW affiliation in Chicago on September 1, 2019, Weigel now owns both of the network's affiliates on the southern shore of Lake Michigan.
Programming
Syndicated programming
Syndicated programming seen on WCWW-LD includes talk shows such as The Steve Wilkos Show, The Kelly Clarkson Show, The Maury Povich Show, and The Jerry Springer Show, court shows such as The People's Court, Judge Mathis, Hot Bench, and Judge Jerry, and several syndicated sit-coms.
Newscasts
On March 19, 2012, WCWW-LD debuted a nightly half-hour prime time newscast at 10 p.m. that is produced by WBND-LD (entitled ABC 57 News at 10 on CW 25). WBND also produces two hours of morning news on WCWW from 7–9 a.m. weekday mornings.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
In July 2010, WCWW-LD launched a second digital subchannel on 25.2 as an affiliate of This TV.
In September 2018, WCWW-LD's digital subchannel 25.2 replaced This TV with Start TV. This TV moved to a newly launched third subchannel.
In February 2019, WCWW-LD added a high-definition simulcast of sister station WBND-LD on digital subchannel 25.4.
In September 2021, WCWW-LD replaced a simulcast of WBND-LD on digital subchannel 25.4 with MeTV's expansion network, MeTV Plus.
In March 2022, WCWW-LD launched a fifth digital subchannel on 25.5 as an affiliate of Story Television.
Analog-to-digital conversion
On September 14, 2007, WCWW and its sister stations began broadcasting low-power digital signals. WCWW-LD broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 25 kW on channel 25. On December 28, 2010, WCWW-LP turned off its analog signal on channel 25 because of equipment failure. On April 16, 2012, the FCC granted WCWW-LP a construction permit to move its digital frequency from channel 27 to its former analog allotment, UHF channel 25.
References
External links
WCWW-LD "The CW 25 Michiana"
Weigel Broadcasting
The CW affiliates
This TV affiliates
Start TV affiliates
CWW-LD
Television channels and stations established in 1990
CWW-LD
1990 establishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCWW-LD |
The Unexpected Man () is a play written in 1995 by Yasmina Reza. The play is set in a train from Paris to Frankfurt, with two people sharing a compartment. One is a famous author, and the other is a woman who admires his work.
Plot
A man and a woman sit opposite each other in the detached intimacy of a train compartment on a journey from Paris to Frankfurt. He is a world-famous author, she carries his latest novel in her bag and ponders the dilemma of reading it in front of him. As both the woman and man ponder their situation in the compartment, they bring past events and philosophies up in separate monologues. Finally in the ending of the play, they speak conversationally, and in the last line of the show the woman calls the author by his name, revealing to him that she did indeed know who he was.
Characters
Parsky: A well-known author, travelling to Frankfurt to meet his daughter's significantly older fiancé.
Martha: A middle-aged woman, a fan of Parsky's oeuvre.
References
French plays
1995 plays | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Unexpected%20Man |
The following is a list of notable artists that have been described as gothic rock by reliable sources. "Gothic rock" is a term typically used to describe a musical subgenre of post-punk and alternative rock that formed during the late 1970s. Gothic rock bands grew from the strong ties they had to the English punk rock and emerging post-punk scenes. According to both Pitchfork and NME, proto-goth bands included Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure. The term was first used by critic John Stickney in 1967 to describe the music and accompanying performances by the Doors. The Doors' lyrics and their "audience-antagonizing performances" have even been seen as the beginning of gothic rock.
0–9
1919
45 Grave
The 69 Eyes
A
AFI
Alien Sex Fiend
All About Eve
And Also the Trees
Andi Sexgang
ASP
Asylum Party
Ausgang
The Awakening
B
Balaam and the Angel
The Batfish Boys
Bauhaus
Big Electric Cat
The Birthday Party
The Breath of Life
Buck-Tick
Burning Image
C
The Chameleons
Children on Stun
Christian Death
The Church
Clan of Xymox
Closterkeller
Cocteau Twins
Corpus Delicti
Cradle of Thorns
The Crüxshadows
The Cult
The Cure
D
The Damned
The Danse Society
Dead Can Dance
Death in June
Depeche Mode
Diva Destruction
Drab Majesty
E
The Eden House
The Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster
Eva O
F
Faith and the Muse
Fall of the Leafe
Fields of the Nephilim
Flesh for Lulu
G
Gene Loves Jezebel
Ghost Dance
Gitane Demone
H
HIM
I
Ikon
Inkubus Sukkubus
J
Joy Division
K
Kommunity FK
Komu Vnyz
L
Lacrimosa
L'Âme Immortelle
The Last Days of Jesus
London After Midnight
The Lords of the New Church
Love Like Blood
Lycia
M
Malice Mizer
Mandragora Scream
The March Violets
Mephisto Walz
The Merry Thoughts
Miranda Sex Garden
The Mission
Mono Inc.
Mors Syphilitica
N
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
Nic Nassuet
Nightingale
Nightmare
Nosferatu
P
Palm Ghosts
Paralysed Age
Party Day
Peter Murphy
Pink Turns Blue
Play Dead
Q
R
Razed in Black
Red Lorry Yellow Lorry
Rhea's Obsession
Rome Burns
Rosetta Stone
S
Samhain
Saviour Machine
Scarling
Screams for Tina
Sex Gang Children
Shadow Project
She Wants Revenge
Siiiii
Sinnergod
Siouxsie and the Banshees
The Sisters of Mercy
Skeletal Family
Soul Merchants
Southern Death Cult
Specimen
Strange Boutique
Super Heroines
Switchblade Symphony
T
Theatre of Hate
Theatre of Ice
These New Puritans
This Mortal Coil
Two Witches
Type O Negative
U
UK Decay
V
The Veils
Virgin Prunes
Voltaire
W
The Wake
X
Xmal Deutschland
Y
You Shriek
Z
Zeraphine
See also
List of gothic metal bands
References
Gothic rock
Goth subculture
Gothic rock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gothic%20rock%20artists |
Lucien Baker (June 8, 1846June 21, 1907) was a United States senator from Kansas.
Baker was born near Cleveland, Ohio and moved with his parents to Morenci, Michigan. There he attended public schools and graduated from Adrian College and from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
He was admitted to the bar in 1868 and commenced practice in Leavenworth, Kansas in 1869. From 1872 to 1874, he was a city attorney of Leavenworth.
From 1893 to 1895, he was a member of the State Senate and was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate. He served from March 4, 1895 to March 3, 1901 but was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination. He was the chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment (Fifty-sixth Congress)
Afterward his term in the Senate, he resumed the practice of law in Leavenworth, where he died on June 21, 1907; he is interred in Mount Muncie Cemetery.
He was the brother of John Baker.
Sources
1846 births
1907 deaths
Politicians from Cleveland
Politicians from Leavenworth, Kansas
Republican Party Kansas state senators
Republican Party United States senators from Kansas
Kansas Republicans
Adrian College alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
People from Lenawee County, Michigan
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien%20Baker |
Larry Hays is a US college baseball, basketball, women's basketball, and softball coach. He was the head baseball coach at Lubbock Christian University (LCU) (1971–1986) and Texas Tech University (1987–2008). He was the head coach of the LCU Chaparrals basketball (1969–1975, 1978–1980), LCU Lady Chaps basketball (1982–83), LCU Lady Chaps softball (2010) and LCU athletic director (1979–1987).
Under the leadership of Hays, the LCU Chaparrals baseball team won the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Baseball World Series in 1983.
Early life
Hays was born in Elida, New Mexico, but went to school in Dora, where he played basketball and baseball in high school. He attended Lubbock Christian College and played for the men's basketball team while earning an Associates of Arts degree in 1964. He then attended Eastern New Mexico University (ENMU), in Portales, New Mexico, where he earned a Bachelors (1966) and master's degree (1969). As Hays put it, "I've always liked to say when I was at Eastern, that I averaged 30 a game. When I said that, people looked at me, and I would say '30 seconds, not 30 points."
Coaching career
Lubbock Christian
Hays began his coaching career when he was hired as the assistant coach of the Lubbock Christian Chaparrals basketball team. He was promoted to head coach in 1969. When Lubbock Christian added baseball in 1971, Hays became the program's second head coach (he played on teams for LCC in the 1960s which were coached by Lester Perrin, the head basketball coach at the school at that time). He led the Chaparrals baseball team to an NAIA national championship in 1983. In the same season, he was, for a single season, the head women's basketball coach of the Lady Chaps. From 1979 until 1987, he was the university's athletic director.
Hays was the softball program's second head coach after his son, Shanon Hays, resigned to take the same position with the Texas Tech Red Raiders softball team. He was succeeded by his son Daren Hays, after a single season as the Lady Chaps' head coach in 2010.
Texas Tech
Hays became the head baseball coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders in 1987. He led the Red Raiders to two SWC championships, two Big 12 championships and nine NCAA tournament appearances and posted a winning season in every year but his first and last. In 2005, he became the fourth coach ever to gain 1,400 wins. On April 2, 2008, Hays became just the fourth coach in NCAA baseball history to win 1,500 games, 805 with the Red Raiders, with a 10–5 win over Texas A&M-Corpus Christi in his 22nd year as Texas Tech's head coach. On June 2, 2008, Hays retired from coaching after 38 years, 22 of which were spent at Texas Tech. His final record stands at 1,509 wins and 860 losses, fourth all-time in NCAA history. He will remain on the Tech staff in a developmental role. Hays's No. 27 jersey was retired on March 23, 2009. Ceremonies were held at Dan Law Field before the Texas Tech Red Raiders game against the Lubbock Christian Chaparrals. Texas Tech won the game 4–3.
Head coaching record
Baseball
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Reference:
Softball
See also
List of college baseball coaches with 1,100 wins
References
External links
Bio at Texas Tech Athletics
Living people
Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds men's basketball players
Junior college baseball players in the United States
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Lubbock Christian Chaparrals and Lady Chaps athletic directors
Lubbock Christian Chaparrals baseball coaches
Lubbock Christian Chaparrals baseball players
Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball coaches
People from Roosevelt County, New Mexico
Lubbock Christian Lady Chaps basketball coaches
Lubbock Christian Chaparrals basketball coaches
American softball coaches
Lubbock Christian Lady Chaps softball coaches
American women's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from New Mexico
Junior college women's basketball coaches in the United States
American men's basketball players
Year of birth missing (living people)
National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Hays |
The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) is an American 501(c)6 industry trade association, founded in 1953.
The NFPA's mission is to serve as a forum where all fluid power channel partners work together to advance fluid power technology, strengthen the fluid power industry, and foster members' success. NFPA members include more than 315 manufacturers of fluid power systems and components, fluid power distributors, suppliers to the fluid power industry, educators and researchers.
References
External links
National Fluid Power Association
Fluid Power Distributors Association
Fluid Power Education Foundation
Fluid Power Society
Hydraulic engineering organizations
Trade associations based in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Fluid%20Power%20Association |
The 10th World Cup season began in December 1975 in France and concluded in March 1976 in Canada. Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won the first of his three consecutive overall titles. Defending women's overall champion Annemarie Moser-Pröll, who had won five straight overall titles, missed the entire season so that she could care for her father, who was terminally ill with lung cancer. In her absence, Rosi Mittermaier of West Germany, a double gold medalist at the 1976 Winter Olympics, won the women's overall title.
This was also the first year that a season champion was recognized in the Combined discipline, which was added the previous year. After this year, the World Cup would not award a season championship trophy in Combined again until 1980. Additionally, individual parallel slalom was made a permanent fixture at the season-ending Nations Cup championships; however, it only counted for the team competition. After 1992, it was replaced by a team parallel slalom event, which again only counted for the Nations Cup team competition.
A break in the schedule in February was for the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
The Men's overall World Cup 1975/76 was divided into two periods. From the first 14 races the best 8 results count and from the last 11 races the best 6 results count. In this season only Piero Gros has a point deduction! Only the 4 points for his 7th place in the giant slalom in Copper Mountain were deducted.
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Franz Klammer won 5 races and won the cup with maximum points. He won 4 downhill races in a row. Together with the first 5 downhill races in the next season 1976/77, he won 9 downhill races in a row!!
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Two racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Ingemar Stenmark won the cup with only 1 win. In 7 races there were 6 different winners.
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Two racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Ingemar Stenmark won 5 races and won the cup with maximum points. He won 4 slalom races in a row.
Combined
In men's Combined World Cup 1975/76 all results count. This was the first ever Combined World Cup.
Ladies
Overall
The Women's overall World Cup 1975/76 was divided into two periods. From the first 14 races the best 8 results count and from the last 12 races the best 6 results count. Four racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Two racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1975/76 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Combined
In women's Combined World Cup 1975/76 all results count. This was the first ever Combined World Cup!
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1976
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Isla Cristina is a city and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain, close to the Portuguese border. According to the 2009 census, the city has a population of 21,324 inhabitants.
Isla Cristina remains one of the most important fishing ports in Andalusia, its catch being highly prized throughout Spain.
It is a popular summer holiday resort, particularly with the Spaniards themselves. Sevillanos flock to the area in July and August, much of the attraction being the kilometers of 'Blue Flag' standard beaches.
Toponymy
Isla Cristina was given its current name on April 12, 1834 in honor of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
and her service to the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura during the cholera epidemic of 1833–34. The city was originally called La Higuerita (English: The Little Fig Tree), also La Figarilla or La Figuerta (depending on the language) when it was founded in 1755. The name was christened as Real Isla de La Higuerita (English: Royal Island of the Little Fig Tree) in 1802.
Symbols
The city's main symbols are the water well, the fig tree and the sea, which reflect the culture and history of the city.
Environment
The marismas de Isla Cristina, next to the towns of Ayamonte and Isla Cristina, are a protected nature reserve.
See also
Port of Isla Cristina
References
External links
Isla Cristina - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Isla Cristina - Traditional Isla Cristina
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla%20Cristina |
Roger Nimier (31 October 1925 – 28 September 1962) was a French novelist.
Life
Nimier was born in Paris, and served in the French Army, specifically in the 2nd Hussard Regiment in the Second World War (until 1945).
He began to write quite early in his life. His first novel, Les Épées (The Swords) was published in 1948, when he was only 23.
Nimier was the recognized leader of the Hussards, a literary group which included notably Antoine Blondin, Michel Déon and Jacques Laurent, opposed to existentialism. He was opposed to the figure of the "engaged writer" symbolized by Jean-Paul Sartre.
Nimier most famous work is considered to be The Blue Hussar published in 1950. Nimier also wrote in monarchist review La Nation française. He also worked with director Louis Malle on the screenplay for Malle's 1958 film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud.
The Roger Nimier Prize was established in 1963 and goes to "a young author whose spirit is in line with the literary works of Roger Nimier".
Published works
Les Épées (1948)
Perfide (1950)
The Blue Hussar (Le hussard bleu) (1950)
Les Enfants tristes (1951)
Nothing to Make a Fuss About (Histoire d'un amour) (1953)
D'Artagnan amoureux (1962)
L' Etrangere (1968)
See also
Hussards (literary movement)
References
1925 births
1962 deaths
Novelists from Paris
French Army personnel of World War II
People affiliated with Action Française
Road incident deaths in France
20th-century French novelists
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Nimier |
t Kabel is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies just southeast of Nieuw-Vennep and about 6 km southwest of Hoofddorp.
Kabel has a population of around 100.
References
Haarlemmermeer
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t%20Kabel |
The 9th World Cup season began in December 1974 in France and concluded in March 1975 in Italy. Gustav Thöni of Italy would regain the overall title, his fourth overall title in five seasons. Annemarie Moser-Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her fifth consecutive.
Three major changes took place on the World Cup circuit this season. First, Alpine combined races were recognized as World Cup events for the first time; both the men's and women's seasons included three combined races, all of which were won by the overall winners (Thöni and Moser-Pröll); in fact, Thöni's three combined wins were directly responsible for his edging out Ingemar Stenmark for the title. Second, a parallel slalom race was held at the end of the season, as parallel slalom had become popular on the professional skiing tour due to the visible head-to-head competition. Although parallel slalom skiing was used a few more times in World Cup competition, beginning in 1976 it became a permanent part of the season-ending Nations Cup events.
Third, and more importantly, the new head of the International Olympic Committee, Lord Killanin, reached a compromise to preserve the "amateur" status of skiers receiving endorsements, manufacturer's fees, and other payments, as long as the payments were made to the skier's national association or Olympic committee and not directly to the skier, that also eliminated the prohibition on year-round training and competition in a sport. While further criticism of this rule, known as Olympics Rule 26, would continue and would lead to future problems, such as the banning of World Cup champions Stenmark and Hanni Wenzel from the 1984 Winter Olympics, the immediate impact of this change was to check the steady migration of World Cup skiers to the professional circuit. Partially as a result, World Cup races this season took place in Europe, North America, and Asia.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
The Men's overall World Cup 1974/75 was also divided into three periods with only a part of the results from each period being retained for the Overall standings.
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Franz Klammer won 6 races in a row and won the cup with maximum points. He won 8 races out of 9, but at the downhill of Megève one of his bindings opened and he did not finish the race; this meant also that he could not score the 15 points for a third place in the combined of Megève (which he would have gained easily after a decent slalom result in Chamonix two days earlier), and in the end he missed the first place in the men's overall World Cup by just 10 points.
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. One racer had a point deduction, which is given in ().
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Combined
There was no special discipline world cup for Combined awarded. All three results only count for the Overall World Cup. Gustav Thöni won all three competitions. This was the important key that enabled Thöni to defeat Ingemar Stenmark in the Overall World Cup standings.
Ladies
Overall
The Women's overall World Cup 1974/75 was divided into two periods. From the first 14 races the best 7 results count and from the last 12 races the best 6 results count. Eight racers had a point deduction. Annemarie Moser-Pröll had a total deduction of 106 points. She won ten competitions and was unable to score points only in three events. This was her fifth overall win in a row.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Moser-Pröll won her fifth Downhill World Cup in a row. This record is still unbeaten.
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Moser-Pröll won five races in a row and won the cup with maximum points.
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1974/75 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Lise-Marie Morerod won the cup with only four results.
Combined
There was no special discipline world cup for Combined awarded. All three results only count for the Overall World Cup. Annemarie Moser-Pröll won all three competitions.
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1975
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Carl Winberg, (born 6 July 1867 in Karlstad, died 22 February 1954 in Stockholm) was a Swedish communist politician and newspaper editor.
Biography
Winberg was worked as a locomotive cleaner from 1891 to 1906 and belonged to the Kilboms faction in the Swedish Communist Party. He was a member of the Swedish Rail Workers’ Union from 1906 to 1909, a faction in the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, and in 1909 became an editor for the union's newspaper Signalen.
He was from 1911 to 1914 an Member of Parliament (social democrat) in the Swedish Riksdag's lower house (also known as Andra kammaren or Second Chamber) for the Stockholm City constituency and from 1912 till 1914 for Stockholm City second constituency. He wasn't reelected at the March general elections but returned in the September general election and served from 1914Sep till 1917 (social democrat) for the same constituency. Together with the left-socialist opposition inside the social democrats, he left the party in 1917 and formed Sweden's Social Democratic Left Party, with the Social Democratic Left-Group as their parliament party. From the early Riksdag from 1919 to 1930 (communist) Winberg belonged to the upper house of the Riksdag (första kammaren or First Chamber) for the constituency of Norrbotten County until 1921 and from 1922 onwards, he served the constituency of Västerbotten and Norrbotten County.
Winberg belonged to the faction inside the Social Democratic Left Party that changed the name from Social Democratic Left Party (SSV) to Sweden's Communist Party in 1921. During the 1924 split in the communist party, he joined the Moscow-friendly faction, and when there was another split in the Moscow-friendly faction in 1929, Winberg joined the Kilboms-faction that later became the Socialist Party. Together with Ture Nerman, they were the only two communists in the First Chamber.
Later in 1929, Winberg was expelled together with the majority of the Communist Party's members as the Party followed the Stalinist course. In the 1930s, Winberg was active in the Communist opposition led by Karl Kilbom, independent from Moscow and opposing Stalinism.
Winberg's memoir titled From Kvarnberget to Helgeandsholmen: the fate of a crofter's boy's fate (Från Kvarnberget till Helgeandsholmen : en torparpojkes livsöden) was published in 1945.
Revolutionary committee
In 1917 during the Russian Revolution, and the (Swedish July riots), Winberg had assembled a secret revolutionary committee with the purpose of appointing a revolutionary government. It was decided to pause the development of the committee and to wait for a signal.
References
Tvåkammarriksdagen 1867-1970 (Almqvist & Wiksell International 1992), volume 5, page 446
More literature
1867 births
1954 deaths
People from Karlstad
Swedish Social Democratic Party politicians
Members of the Riksdag from the Left Party (Sweden)
Socialist Party (Sweden, 1929) politicians
Members of the Andra kammaren
Members of the Första kammaren | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Winberg |
Suai is a city in East Timor, in Suai Subdistrict. It has a population of 9,866 and is located to the southwest of Dili, the national capital. Suai is the capital of the Cova Lima District, which is in the southwest of the country. It is located just a few kilometers from the Timor Sea, on the south side of the island.
Suai was the location of the Suai Church Massacre in September 1999. It was one of a number of massacres perpetrated by a pro-Indonesia militia in the time of the Indonesian withdrawal of East Timor.
Following the events of 1999, Suai entered into a friendship program with the City of Port Phillip, a bayside municipality south of Melbourne, Australia. Together they are working towards assisting the community of Suai recover.
Suai is served by Suai Airport which was expanded in 2017.
References
External links
Populated places in East Timor
Cova Lima Municipality
Timor Sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suai%2C%20East%20Timor |
James Hendry (born July 27, 1955) is an American baseball coach and executive. He is a special assistant for New York Yankees general manager Brian Cashman, and is a former general manager of the Chicago Cubs.
Hendry was promoted to Cubs general manager on July 5, 2002, by former Cubs president/CEO Andy MacPhail. He worked for the Cubs from 1995 to 2011. Prior to his promotion to GM, he was named assistant GM and player personnel director on October 12, 2001, and previously the director of player development, in charge of both scouting and minor league operations. He was a coach for the Creighton Bluejays of Creighton University from 1984 to 1991.
Early life
Hendry graduated from Spring Hill College, where he majored in communications and journalism. He could not find a job in broadcasting and took a job as a high school teacher and baseball coach in Miami. This led to a job at Creighton University in 1983, and he was promoted to head coach in the middle of the 1984 season. Following Creighton's 1991 College World Series appearance, Hendry was named National Coach of the Year. He left Creighton later that year to become special assistant to then Florida Marlins GM Dave Dombrowski, and also coached minor league teams in 1993 and 1994. Jim has two kids, Lauren and John.
Tenure with Cubs
Hendry's tenure as general manager produced mixed results. In 2003, the Cubs made their first playoff appearance in the Hendry era, but just three years later, Hendry's Cubs had the worst record in the National League. One of his first moves provided fodder for critics and boosters alike: late in spring training 2002, he dealt Julián Tavárez and Dontrelle Willis to the Florida Marlins for pitchers Matt Clement and Antonio Alfonseca. The deal produced mixed results; Clement was the Cubs' most consistent pitcher in 2002 and continued to be valuable in 2003, while Tavarez's volatile behavior was a distraction to the Cubs in 2001. On the downside, Alfonseca struggled while a Cub, and the minor league pitcher traded to the Marlins was Dontrelle Willis, the 2003 Rookie of the Year.
The Cubs did not contend in 2002, and Hendry fired manager Don Baylor in July, replacing him with Iowa Cubs manager Bruce Kimm on an interim basis. The Cubs staggered to the end of the season in 2002, and Hendry purged several veterans from the roster. One veteran, Todd Hundley, a free agent acquisition before the 2001 season, struggled on the field, feuded with fans, and had even begun to tarnish the image of his father Randy Hundley, a member of the Cubs teams of the 1960s and 1970s. Hundley's large contract would have made trading him difficult, so the only way that he could leave the team would be if Hendry released him. Nevertheless, former Los Angeles Dodgers general manager Dan Evans, offered second baseman Mark Grudzielanek and first baseman Eric Karros. Grudzielanek and Karros were also high-priced veterans with their careers waning. But the two players managed productive seasons in 2003, also providing veteran leadership.
Hendry made his biggest splash in the 2002–03 offseason when he hired former San Francisco Giants manager Dusty Baker to manage the club just days after Baker's Giants lost in seven games to the Anaheim Angels in the World Series.
2003 Cubs: Only five outs away
The Cubs started 2003 well but stumbled after center fielder Corey Patterson injured his knee in June. A little more than two weeks after his injury, Hendry sent prospect Bobby Hill and veteran José Hernández to the Pittsburgh Pirates for a center fielder who could replace Patterson for the remainder of the season, Kenny Lofton. The Cubs also received third baseman Aramis Ramírez in the trade, ending the revolving door that had been at 3B ever since Ron Santo was traded to the White Sox. Ramirez blossomed into a star with the Cubs, and Lofton provided the spark at the top of the lineup that the Cubs needed.
The Cubs won the National League Central Division title in 2003, and beat Atlanta in the National League Division Series, their first postseason series victory since 1908. They then came within five outs from their first World Series appearance since 1945. They were up three games to one on the Florida Marlins in the NLCS and ended up losing the last three games, including the infamous Game 6 involving fan Steve Bartman followed by an error by Alex Gonzalez on a routine double play ball that would have ended the inning with the score 3-1 in favor of the Cubs.
The disappointment of 2004
After failing to close out the 2003 NLCS against the Florida Marlins, Hendry made several acquisitions, picking up first baseman Derrek Lee for Hee-seop Choi in a trade with the Marlins, acquiring catcher Michael Barrett in a three-way trade with the Oakland Athletics, giving up Damian Miller in the process and Montreal Expos, signing free agents LaTroy Hawkins, Todd Walker and Greg Maddux. On March 25, 2004, he sent prospect pitchers Juan Cruz and Steve Smyth to the Atlanta Braves for two minor leaguers, pitcher Andy Pratt and infielder Richard Lewis.
The Cubs were Sports Illustrated's preseason choice to win the World Series in 2004. Injuries to key players like Mark Prior, Sammy Sosa, Kerry Wood, Joe Borowski, and Alex Gonzalez hindered the Cubs during the early part of the season. On July 31, Hendry made a four-team deal with the Montreal Expos, Minnesota Twins and Boston Red Sox, sending Gonzalez and prospects Brendan Harris and Francis Beltrán to the Expos and prospect Justin Jones to the Minnesota Twins. In return, the Cubs received All-Star shortstop Nomar Garciaparra from Boston, along with prospect Matt Murton.
Garciaparra missed several games down the stretch because of an injury to his groin, forcing Hendry to sign Neifi Pérez off of waivers. Meanwhile, the Cubs' bullpen became a bigger and bigger source of concern. With Borowski out for the season, the Cubs made Hawkins the closer, and Hawkins struggled down the stretch, blowing two key games the last week of the season. The Cubs led the Wild Card race by games with nine to go before fading to three games behind the eventual Wild Card winner, the Houston Astros.
As the Cubs saw their lead in the Wild Card race disintegrate, the Cubs became mired in controversy regarding the treatment of the team by television announcers Chip Caray and Steve Stone. After the 2004 season, Chip Caray signed a deal to broadcast Atlanta Braves games (with his father, Skip Caray) while Stone eventually decided not to return as Cubs' color commentator. Meanwhile, slugger Sammy Sosa walked out on his team twice at the end of the season. The first time came during an extra-inning loss to the Montreal Expos at Wrigley Field when Sosa, who did not start because of back spasms, decided to leave the ballpark in the seventh inning to beat traffic on Lake Shore Drive back to his condominium at Lake Point Towers. With Sosa not on the bench available to pinch-hit, Baker called on Ramón Martínez to pinch-hit with the tying run on base in the 12th inning of a 7–6 loss. The second time came in the last game of the season when Sosa left the park moments after learning he wasn't in the starting lineup. When Sosa claimed he stayed until the seventh inning of the game, Hendry released a surveillance tape showing Sosa leaving the park shortly after the 1:20 first pitch.
As a result, the first priority of the 2004–2005 offseason was unloading Sosa. After in-depth talks with the New York Mets and Washington Nationals, the Cubs sent Sosa to the Baltimore Orioles, getting utility player Jerry Hairston Jr., second baseman Mike Fontenot and pitcher David Crouthers. Hendry then signed veteran Jeromy Burnitz to replace Sosa in right field. He signed middle reliever Chad Fox and traded Kyle Farnsworth to the Detroit Tigers for Roberto Novoa and minor-leaguers Scott Moore and Bo Flowers.
2006 Cubs: A season of disarray
After a sub-.500 season marred by injuries in 2005, the Cubs made few major moves going into the 2006 season.
Before the 2006 season, Hendry received a two-year contract extension from the Tribune Company. The biggest move was trading three young pitchers, Ricky Nolasco, Sergio Mitre, and Renyel Pinto to the Marlins for center fielder Juan Pierre. In November 2005, Hendry attempted to shore up his bullpen with relievers Scott Eyre and Bob Howry. The Cubs also signed free agent Jacque Jones to play right field. He signed injured free agent starter Wade Miller to a one-year, $1 million contract with $1 million in incentives. Hendry also re-signed journeymen players like Glendon Rusch and Neifi Pérez to multi-year deals. Again, injuries marred the 2006 season with Lee going down with a broken wrist just 14 games into the season. Mark Prior and Kerry Wood again went down with frequent injuries. Another factor in the Cubs' poor performance in 2006 was their finishing last in the major leagues in walks.
As the Cubs struggled into July, Hendry announced that he was going to evaluate the coaching staff's performance at the All-Star Break, causing many pundits to speculate that Baker, as well as coaches Gene Clines, Gary Matthews, Larry Rothschild and Dick Pole, were in jeopardy of losing their jobs. Hendry responded that he was not necessarily firing anyone and that he would not necessarily finish his evaluation over the four-day break. On July 26, Hendry announced manager Dusty Baker would stay on for the rest of the season. At the end of July Hendry traded Maddux to the Los Angeles Dodgers for shortstop César Izturis, and Walker to the San Diego Padres for pitching prospect José Ceda, both of which were announced after the deadline had actually passed, but were completed before the deadline. Wade Miller made his first start of the season on September 9, 2006, making five starts total and finishing the season 0–2 with a 4.57 ERA. He filed for free agency after the season and has subsequently re-signed with a contract extension.
On October 2, 2006, Hendry announced that the Cubs would not offer manager Dusty Baker a contract extension. The Cubs finished the 2006 season with 66 wins and 96 losses, finishing games behind division winner and eventual 2006 World Series Champions St. Louis Cardinals and last place in the National League Central Division. It was the first time the Cubs finished in last place during Hendry's tenure as general manager and the first time as a team since 2000.
Preparing for 2007
Hendry began a huge offseason spending spree starting on October 17, 2006, when Hendry hired veteran manager Lou Piniella to replace Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager for at least the next three seasons with a club option for a fourth season. On November 19, Hendry signed former Washington Nationals superstar Alfonso Soriano to an 8-year, $136 million contract to play outfield for the Cubs. Third baseman Aramis Ramírez opted out of his current contract and filed for free agency, but subsequently signed a new contract with the Cubs, a five-year $73 million deal.
In other moves, Hendry inked Wade Miller to an incentive-laden, one-year $1.5 million extension to stay with the Cubs. He also signed free agent second baseman and utility player Mark DeRosa (previously of the Texas Rangers) to a three-year, $13 million deal on November 14, 2006. On November 16, 2006. he completed a trade sending relievers David Aardsma and prospect Carlos Vásquez to the cross-town rival Chicago White Sox for left-handed setup man Neal Cotts. On December 6, 2006, the Cubs agreed to a four-year, $40 million deal with free agent pitcher Ted Lilly, who played the previous season for the Toronto Blue Jays, beating out the New York Yankees, while Hendry was being hospitalized for chest pains. On December 9, it was reported that Hendry signed free agent Jason Marquis to a three-year, $20 million contract. Marquis had last pitched for St. Louis. On December 15, the Cubs also announced their signing of backup first baseman and outfielder Daryle Ward. Hendry also signed outfielder/1B veteran Cliff Floyd, a Chicago native, to a one-year, $3 million deal on January 24, 2007. Hendry inked Mark Prior to a one-year, $3.575 million contract for 2007 as well.
The Cubs sent utility outfielder prospect Freddie Bynum to the Baltimore Orioles for a player to be named later (right-handed pitcher Kevin Hart). They selected former number-one Rule 5 draft pick Josh Hamilton from the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and immediately traded him to the Cincinnati Reds for cash considerations. In the draft, the Cubs also selected right-handed pitcher James Henderson from Washington, and lost: left-handed pitcher Edward Campusano to the Milwaukee Brewers, right-handed pitcher Lincoln Holdzkom to the Houston Astros, infielder Richard Lewis to the Kansas City Royals, and shortstop Jason Smith to Toronto.
By the start of Spring Training, Hendry spent $300 million in new contracts.
2007 season
With new ownership coming at the end of the 2007 season and with the Cubs falling in the standings in May and June, Hendry's chances of staying as the general manager remained an open question at midseason.
On May 28, 2007, Jim Hendry stated that his team was underachieving. At the time, the Cub had a 22–26 record and were five games behind division-leading Milwaukee.
After June 2, the Chicago Cubs went on to put up the best record in baseball as they chased after a playoff spot. Help arrived when Jim Hendry made it clear that the team was a buyer and not a seller with the acquisitions of Jason Kendall, Craig Monroe, and Steve Trachsel. On September 28, 2007, the Cubs clinched the National League Central for the first time since 2003 with an 84–76 record.
The Cubs were swept by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the first round of the 2007 NLDS. In October 2008, the Cubs extended Hendry's contract for an additional four years.
2008 season
Japanese superstar Kosuke Fukudome made his arrival to the U.S. and was signed by Hendry to a 4-year $48 Million contract to play right field. Fukudome began the season with strong play, but cooled down and left fans disappointed as the season wore on. Rich Harden was acquired from Oakland midway through the 2008 season and proved to be a key trade in their success. The Cubs led the Central Division nearly the entire year and ended with the best record in the National League (97 wins). However, against the Los Angeles Dodgers, they were once again swept in the NLDS.
Final years with the Cubs (2009–11)
Despite consistently having a team with one of the highest payrolls in baseball, the Cubs struggled in Hendry's final seasons with the club. From 2009 through 2011, the Cubs have had the 2nd, 1st, and 2nd highest payrolls in the National League respectively. Prior to 2009, Hendry signed enigmatic OF Milton Bradley to a 3-year/$30 million contract. The Cubs finished 2009 barely above .500 at 83-78 and Bradley was a major bust. He finished the year suspended by the team. In 2010, for most of the season they were one of the worst teams in baseball. Despite finishing the season strongly, they ended up at 75-87. In 2011, the Cubs once again possessed one of the worst records in baseball, finishing at 71-91, 25 games behind the first-place Cardinals.
Under Hendry's leadership, the Cubs drafted Javier Baez. Cubs chairman Tom Ricketts notified Hendry on July 22, 2011, that he wouldn't be retained as general manager. Hendry was allowed to remain with the team to help get the Cubs’ draft picks signed. He was relieved of his duties on August 19, 2011, and replaced on an interim basis by assistant general manager Randy Bush.
Hendry was the first general manager in Cubs history to oversee three postseason clubs (2003, 2007, 2008) and was the first Cubs general manager to lead the franchise to consecutive postseason berths since the 1930s. Under his tenure, the Cubs were 749-748. He was the third longest-serving general manager in the history of the club.
New York Yankees (2012–present)
On January 31, 2012, Hendry agreed to a multi-year deal to become a special assistant to Yankees GM Brian Cashman and is also listed as a special assignment scout.
References
External links
Jim Hendry Interview at Baseball Digest Daily
Jim Hendry on Baseball America's Executive Database
1955 births
Living people
Chicago Cubs executives
Creighton Bluejays baseball coaches
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
New York Yankees scouts
Spring Hill College alumni
People from Dunedin, Florida
Sportspeople from Park Ridge, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Hendry |
Partick () is an interchange station in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland. Along with the adjacent bus station, it forms one of the main transport hubs in Glasgow. As of 2022, it is the fifth-busiest station in Scotland. The station is served by Glasgow Subway and ScotRail services and was one of the first to receive bilingual English and Gaelic signs, due to the significant Gaelic-speaking population in the surrounding Partick area.
History
The first station in the area was the North British Railway's , opened in 1887 slightly to the north of the existing site on the opposite side of the Dumbarton Road. Soon after, the Glasgow Subway opened and its Merkland Street station, slightly to the south of the existing station site, opened in December 1896. Neither was independently known as "Partick station" as there were two other railway stations in Partick between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries: (later renamed Kelvin Hall station) to the east with and to the west.
Argyle Line opening
The Beeching Axe of the 1960s closed and , both on the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway link to the Stobcross Railway and Glasgow Central Railway, leaving just the two stations in Partick, with Partickhill station - which escaped closure owing to being on the newly electrified (1960) North Clyde line from Queen Street Low Level, served by the 'Blue Trains', with a major pre-electrification refurbishment in 1958. It stood a few hundred yards north of Merkland Street. The amalgamation of the two stations to a single site came in 1979, as a major refurbishment of the Glasgow Subway coincided with the Greater Glasgow Passenger Transport Executive's decision to reopen part of the Glasgow Central Railway, which had been axed by Beeching, as the Argyle Line and connecting it to the North Clyde system just east of Partick. Both stations were closed (Merkland Street had been since the Subway works began in May 1977, whilst Partickhill remained in service for several months after the Argyle Line opened, until replaced by the current Partick station) and replaced by British Rail with a new combined Partick station in the middle. The platforms at Partickhill are still visible from the North Clyde/Argyle Line, although access to Dumbarton Road is now blocked. The Merkland Street station buildings are no longer visible.
The station is one of the primary stations on the Argyle Line and North Clyde Line of the Glasgow suburban rail network. These lines primarily provide services to the east and west although the station itself is orientated north–south with two platforms. Statistically, it is the tenth busiest railway station in Scotland and the fifth busiest passenger interchange when subway and bus journeys from the site are included.
National Rail
Partick station is on a busy section of the Strathclyde rail network, served by all services on the Argyle Line and North Clyde Line.
Eastbound Argyle Line trains serve and , before continuing to , , via or , as well as . Eastbound North Clyde Line trains operate to , , eastbound, via . Westbound services operate to and via , and to .
Many journeys that interchange between the Argyle and North Clyde lines require passengers to change at Partick, as it is the closest station to central Glasgow with direct services to both and main line stations.
November 1979 (from opening of Argyle Line)
There were 15 trains per hour at opening of the Argyle Line in November 1979.
2 tph to , via and
1 tph to , via and
2 tph to , via and
1 tph to , via and
1 tph to , limited stop via
2 tph to
2 tph to , limited stop
2 tph to via
2 tph High Street to
2010/2011 (From 12 December 2010)
There are a total of 14 trains per hour, off-peak, in each direction.
2 tph to , via
2 tph to , via
2 tph to (limited stop)
2 tph to (limited stop)
2 tph to , via Singer (limited stop)
1 tph to , via and
1 tph to , via and
1 tph to , via
1 tph to , via
2016
The basic frequency still remains 14tph each way, but following a major timetable recast in December 2014 some routes have been changed. The main alteration has been the incorporation of the Whifflet Line into the Argyle Line timetable and the consequent removal of trains to Lanark via Belshill (passengers for those stations now have to change at or Glasgow Central, as they run to/from Central High Level). Springburn line services have now also been extended to Cumbernauld eastbound and Dumbarton Central westbound on weekdays, with an hourly service to Cumbernauld via Springburn starting/terminating here on Sundays.
Glasgow Subway
Partick subway station is one of the largest stations on the Glasgow Subway network, and has around 1.01 million boardings per year. This is due in part to its situation within the city and also the National Rail network. Partick is a relatively large population centre of Glasgow housing around 100,000 people, a significant number of whom use the subway to commute to the city centre.
Furthermore, Partick station is an interchange for two lines on the National Rail network. People commuting from outside Glasgow to one of the areas covered by the underground network may choose to continue their journey from Partick to allow for ease of transfer between the services and to avoid a lengthy walk between (for example) Glasgow Central and St Enoch.
It is one of only three with a dual side platform layout (the others being Govan and St Enoch). The rest have either a single central platform covering both circles or two platforms with a track running at the same side of each. The new Partick station replaced Merkland Street, which was located to the south, after modernisation. It should not be confused with the old Partick Cross station which is now known as Kelvinhall and is the next station clockwise from Partick.
It is the only station on the Subway that interchanges directly with a railway station, although Buchanan Street is linked to Queen Street by a length of moving walkway. St Enoch once shared this distinction, before its parent St Enoch railway station was closed in the 1960s and demolished in 1977.
Partick is one of three subway stations on the SPT Subway line to benefit from mobile telephone service nodes, the others being Buchanan Street and Hillhead. These nodes allow users of the O2 cellular network to use their mobile telephones while waiting on a subway train. The idea was to trial the technology at the busiest stations and, if successful, to put similar devices at each station eventually extending service across the entire network. As yet, the trial is incomplete.
The Partick subway station is not wheelchair accessible. The only two Glasgow Subway stations with wheelchair access are Govan and St Enoch, both of which feature a lift and escalator. Aside from Govan and St Enoch, Partick is the only Glasgow Subway station that includes an escalator.
Past passenger numbers
2011/2012: 1.032 million annually
Bus station
The bus station is situated above ground, adjacent to the National Rail platforms. It has six stances. It was closed from October 2017 to September 2018 for a £2.5 million refurbishment. Routes include the M4 Anniesland–Partick.
Modernisation
2005–2009 project
Strathclyde Passenger Transport Authority began planning an extensive modernisation of the Partick station site – which had remained largely unchanged since its opening in 1979 – as early as 1998. Work began in late 2005 and was originally scheduled for completion in January 2007. However, delays to the project resulted in this date being put back on a number of occasions. The demolition and construction work was carried out while the site remained open to avoid any disruption in rail and underground services, arguably one of the most ambitious attributes of the project.
The total cost of the project was estimated to be around £12.3 million with professional fees and third-party costs accounting for £2.6 million of this. However, due to delays in the progression of the works and unforeseen difficulties – such as ground conditions on the land the station occupies, only discovered after the commencement of work – the company in charge of the development, C Spencer Construction, made a claim for a further £6.3 million.
In early 2009, the project finally reached its conclusion and on 31 March, the new station was officially opened to the public. The work done includes the construction of a completely new and modern station building which incorporates a brand new ticket office (which has been in use since 2008). The station concourse has been completely renovated and new signs have been posted similar to those seen in and Queen Street stations. Both railway platforms have been refurbished and now have their own indoor waiting rooms. Lifts linking the concourse to the National Rail platforms were installed.
2012–2013 project
The Subway platforms were renovated between summer 2012 and spring 2013 at a cost of £1.2 million. All floor, wall, and ceiling finishes were replaced with new contemporary designs. Improved lighting, signage, and facilities for disabled people were introduced.
Lifts linking the concourse to the Subway platforms were to be installed as part of this project because the necessary land is not owned by SPT. The future provision of lifts has, however, been safeguarded.
References
Notes
Sources
Location of Partick station on navigable OS map
External links
Video footage of Partick Station
Railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Partick
Glasgow Subway stations
Railway stations located underground in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partick%20station |
The 8th World Cup season began in December 1973 and concluded in March 1974. Piero Gros of Italy won the overall title, denying the runner-up, countryman Gustav Thöni, a fourth straight overall title. Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her fourth of five consecutive.
The break in the schedule was for the 1974 World Championships, held February 3–10 at St. Moritz, Switzerland.
Due to the growth of the professional skiing tour (especially in the United States), which now featured World Cup winning stars such as Jean-Claude Killy, Karl Schranz, Patrick Russel, and Jean-Noël Augert, no World Cup races were held in North America for the first time in its history; the next time this happened was during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2020-21 season. Instead, the entire 1973–74 season took place in Europe.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
The Men's overall World Cup 1973/74 was divided into three periods. From the first 6 races the best 4 results count, from the next 10 races (Race No 7 to No 16) the best 6 results count and from the last 5 races the best 3 results count. Four racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1973/74 the best 5 results count. Three racer had a point deduction, which are given in (). Roland Collombin won four races in a row.
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1973/74 the best 5 results count. Four racers a had point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1973/74 the best 5 results count. No racer had a point deduction. Gustav Thöni won the cup with only four results.
Ladies
Overall
The Women's overall World Cup 1973/74 was most likely also divided into periods.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1973/74 all 5 results count. No racer had a point deduction. After her 8 victories of the previous season Annemarie Pröll reached a total of 11 downhill victories in a row, still records for female single discipline serial winner and downhill serial winner (Ingemar Stenmark later won 14 giant slaloms in a row).
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1973/74 the best 5 results count. One racer had a point deduction, which is given in (). Hanni Wenzel won the cup with only four results. In 6 races there were 5 different winners.
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1973/74 the best 5 results count. One racer a had point deduction, which is given in (). Christa Zechmeister won four races in a row. All 6 races were won by athletes from West Germany!
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1974
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1974
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution. The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congress that was convened by President Alberto Fujimori during the Peruvian Constitutional Crisis of 1992 that followed his 1992 dissolution of Congress, was promulgated on 29 December 1993. A Democratic Constitutional Congress (CCD) was elected in 1992, and the final text was approved in a 1993 referendum. The Constitution was primarily created by Fujimori and supporters without the participation of any opposing entities.
The current Constitution of Peru differs from the 1979 Constitution in that it gives greater power to the president. For example, it allowed for reelection, reduced the bicameral 240-member congress to a unicameral 120 Congress of the Republic, not only affirmed the president's power to veto found in the 1979 Constitution, but also gave him the power to use a line item veto, and mandated that all tax laws receive prior approval by the Ministry of Economics and Finance. While the Constitution of 1979 allowed the president to dissolve congress after congress censured cabinet members three times, the current constitution allows the president to do so after only two censures. The Constitution allows the president to decree laws as long as they first informs the Congress of their intent to do so. If the president dissolves Congress, the Constitution gives them the power to rule until the election of a new Congress within a four-month timeline, during which time the Standing Committee of the dissolved Congress will remain functioning. Following the ouster of President Alberto Fujimori, the Constitution was amended to bar the president from immediate re-election, a status quo that had prevailed for most of the time since the Great Depression.
Since the 2020 Peruvian protests, calls for the creation of a constituent assembly have been made in Peru, with the majority of Peruvians showing approval of a new constitution in 2023.
History
Peru has had twelve constitutions (1823, 1826, 1828, 1834, 1839, 1856, 1860, 1867, 1920, 1933, 1979 and 1993), four provisional statutes (1821, 1855, 1879 and 1883) and one confederate constitution during Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1837).
1823 Constitution
The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic () was written by the first Constituent Congress of Peru and promulgated by President José Bernardo de Tagle on November 12, 1823. It was almost completely suspended in order to allow Simón Bolívar's campaign to be planned carefully. It was re-established on June 11, 1827, and abolished the next year.
1826 Constitution
The Constitution for the Peruvian Republic (), also known as the Lifetime Constitution () was written by Simón Bolívar and promulgated by a government council led by Andrés de Santa Cruz. It was similar to the Bolivian constitution, and a planned Colombian constitution, with the three countries being part of Bolívar's intent to establish a Federation in South America. The anti-Bolivarian sentiment that erupted in Peru at the time suspended the constitution after 49 days, with the 1823 constitution being re-established the next year.
1828 Constitution
The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic () was promulgated on March 18, 1828, by President José de la Mar. Despite its short duration, its importance lies in the fact that it laid the constitutional foundations of Peru, serving as a model for the following constitutions, for almost a century.
1834 Constitution
The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic () was approved by the National Convention in Lima and promulgated on June 10, 1834, by provisional president Luis José de Orbegoso. This document legally paved the way for the federation of Peru with Bolivia, and was soon abolished due to the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, which itself established two constitutions for its constituent countries of North Peru and South Peru.
1836 Constitutions
After political instability in Peru and a coup d'état in 1835, a civil war broke out between newly self-declared president Felipe Santiago Salaverry and constitutional president Luis José de Orbegoso, who allowed Bolivian president Andrés de Santa Cruz to send his troops through the Peruvian border. After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation, an idea that had been floating around since the era of independence.
In Peru, two assemblies were convened: the Sicuani Assembly, which established South Peru, and the Huaura Assembly, which established North Peru. Both states' constitutions prepared the countries' union with Bolivia to create the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, first after its proclamation by decree, and then after an assembly that met in Tacna, which authored the constitution of the state.
1839 Constitution
The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic () was approved by a General Congress in Huancayo, leading to it being also known as the Huancayo Constitution (). It was promulgated on November 10, 1839, by provisional president Agustín Gamarra, and was of conservative nature, unlike its predecessors.
1856 Constitution
The Political Constitution of the Peruvian Republic () was approved by the National Convention in Lima after the successful liberal revolution carried out against then president José Rufino Echenique. It was promulgated on October 19, 1856, by provisional president Ramón Castilla, and was of a very liberal character, leading to the Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858.
1860 Constitution
The Political Constitution of Peru () was approved by the Congress of the Republic and promulgated on November 13, 1860, by president Ramón Castilla. Due to the nature of the civil war of 1856–1858, it was a moderate constitution, agreed upon by both liberals and conservatives. It was replaced by an unpopular constitution in 1867 and then re-established on the same year.
1867 Constitution
The Political Constitution of Peru () was approved by the Constituent Assembly on August 29, 1867, and promulgated on the same day by provisional president Mariano Ignacio Prado. Its extremely liberal nature led to a civil war which ended Prado's presidency and re-established the 1860 constitution.
1920 Constitution
The Constitution for the Republic of Peru () was approved on December 27, 1919, and promulgated by president Augusto B. Leguía on January 18, 1920. Of progressive nature, many of its contents were not enforced up until its replacement in 1933.
1933 Constitution
The Political Constitution of Peru () was promulgated on April 9, 1933, by president Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro. The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru established in 1968 after a successful coup d'état was the last to follow the constitution until its second phase, where president Francisco Morales Bermúdez called for a new constitution to be established and for general elections to be held.
1979 Constitution
The Constitution for the Republic of Peru () was promulgated on 12 July 1979 by a Constituent Assembly elected in June 1978 following 10 years of military rule and replaced the suspended 1933 Constitution. It became effective in 1980 with the re-election of deposed President Fernando Belaúnde Terry. It limited the president to a single five-year term and established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 60-member Senate (upper house) and a 180-member Chamber of Deputies (lower house). It also eliminated the literacy requirement for voting and extended suffrage to all adults 18 or older.
Proposed reform
Fujimorism has held power over much of Peruvian society through maintaining control of institutions and legislation created in the 1993 constitution, which was written by Alberto Fujimori and his supporters without opposition participation. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress can impeach the President of Peru without cause, effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch. Beginning with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, the Fujimorist Congress used this impeachment procedure liberally, also impeaching Martín Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo.
Notable public support for a constituent assembly and a new constitution began during the 2020 Peruvian protests. Support for a new constitution increased even further following the self-coup attempt by President Castillo and the subsequent 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests. According to IEP polling from January 2023, when asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly, 69% of respondents approved. Popular proposals for the new constitution include mandatory military service and legalizing the death penalty.
See also
Constitutional economics
Constitutionalism
Rule according to higher law
References
Bibliography
External links
The Constitution of Peru
Former constitutions of Peru
English translation of the Political Constitution of Peru - translated by staff of the Translation Bureau of the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
*
Peruvian legislation
1823 establishments in Peru
1826 establishments in Peru
1828 establishments in Peru
1834 establishments in Peru
1839 establishments in Peru
1856 establishments in Peru
1860 establishments in Peru
1867 establishments in Peru
1920 establishments in Peru
1933 establishments in Peru
1979 establishments in Peru
1993 establishments in Peru | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20of%20Peru |
Alexander Nikolayevich Afanasyev (Afanasief, Afanasiev or Afanas'ev, ) ( — ) was a Russian Slavist and ethnographer who published nearly 600 Russian fairy and folk tales, one of the largest collections of folklore in the world. This collection was not strictly Russian, but included folk tales from Ukraine and Belarus alongside Russian folk tales. The first edition of his collection was published in eight volumes from 1855 to 1867, earning him the reputation of being the Russian counterpart to the Brothers Grimm.
Life
Alexander Afanasyev was born in the town of Boguchar in the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire (modern-day Voronezh Oblast of Russia) into a family of modest means. His mother Varvara Mikhailovna Afanasyeva came from common people. Alexander was her seventh child; she became very ill after giving birth and died by the end of the year. The children were raised by their father Nikolai Ivanovich Afanasyev, a Titular councillor who served as a prosecutor's assistant on probable causes and whom Alexander described as a man of high intellectual and moral qualities, "deservedly known as the smartest person in the whole uyezd".
In three years the family moved to Bobrov, Voronezh where Alexander spent his childhood. He became addicted to reading early in his life, having access to the well-stocked library left by his grandfather (a member of the Russian Bible Society), as well as to various magazines.
In 1837 he was sent to the Voronezh male gymnasium, and in 1844 he entered the Law Faculty of the University of Moscow which he finished in 1848. There he attended the lectures of Konstantin Kavelin, Timofey Granovsky, Sergey Solovyov, Stepan Shevyryov, Osip Bodyansky and Fyodor Buslaev. He published a series of articles on government economy during the times of Peter the Great, on the Pskov Judicial Charter and other topics in the Sovremennik and Otechestvennye Zapiski magazines. Despite being one of the most promising students, he failed to become a professor. The conservative Minister of National Enlightenment, Count Sergey Uvarov, who oversaw the final exams, attacked Afanasyev's essay which discussed the role of autocracy in the development of Russian criminal law during the 16th and 17th centuries.
In 1849 Konstantin Kavelin helped him to get a place at the Moscow's Main Archive Directorate under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, and here Afanasyev worked for the next 13 years. During that time he met many people of science and culture, collected a lot of ancient books and manuscripts that formed a huge library. His articles, reviews, ethnographical and historical works regularly appeared in the leading Russian magazines, newspapers, almanacs and scientific periodicals. His essays on Russian satire of the 18th century and on the works of prominent writers and publishers resulted in an 1859 monograph "Русские сатирические журналы 1769–1774 г." ("Russian Satirical Magazines of 1769—1774"), published in 'Otechestvennye Zapiski' (Nos.3, 4 of 1855; No.6 of 1859).
In 1855 he headed the state commission responsible for publication of legislative, historical and literary works. From 1858 to 1861 he also worked as the main editor of the short-lived magazine "" which actually served as a cover for collecting materials, censored and revolutionary literature for the socialist in exile Alexander Herzen. In 1862 the authorities arrested the Narodnik Nikolay Chernyshevsky, while other people associated with Herzen, including Afanasiev, came under suspicion. His flat was searched, and while nothing was revealed, he still lost his place at the Moscow Archives.
After his dismissal he could not find a stable job for several years and had to sell his library to feed his family. After that he worked as a secretary at the Moscow City Duma and at the Moscow Congress of Justices of the Peace while continuing his ethnographical research. He wrote a large theoretical work (three tomes of 700 pages each) – "" – which came out between 1865 and 1869. In 1870 his Русские детские сказки (Russian Children's Fairy Tales) were published.
Afanasyev spent his last years living in penury. He died in Moscow aged 45, suffering from tuberculosis. He was buried at the Pyatnitskoye cemetery.
Work
Afanasyev became interested in old Russian and Slav traditions and stories in the 1850s ("folklore" as an area of study did not exist at the time). His early scholarly articles, including – "Ведун и ведьма" ("Wizard and Witch", published in "Комета", 1851); "Языческие предания об острове Буяне" ("Pagan legends of Buyan Island", published in "Временнике общ. ист. и древ. росс." of 1858 No. 9) – drew upon the so-called Mythological school that treated legends and tales as a mine of information for the study of more ancient pagan mythology (see his definitive work on the subject "Поэтические воззрения славян на природу" ("", 1865–1869). In such an interpretation, he regarded the fairy tale Vasilisa the Beautiful as depicting the conflict between the sunlight (Vasilisa), the storm (her stepmother), and dark clouds (her stepsisters). A great archivist, his works provide copious information, evidence, documents, and passages of the old chronicles relating to Old Russian culture, history and tradition, as well as other Indo-European languages, folklore and legends, in particular German traditions (he knew to perfection German as well as all Slav languages and ancient ones).
In the early 1850s, being already known for his articles, Afanasyev began to think about a collection of folk tales. He was then asked by the Russian Geographical Society (ethnography section) of Saint Petersburg to publish the folktales archives that the Society had been in possession of for about ten years. These archives are at the start of his Collection. Afanasyev chose 74 tales out of these. He added to them the enormous collection of Vladimir Dal (about 1000 texts), from which he kept 148 numbers, finding the other ones too distorted, his own collection (of about 10 folktales from the Voronezh region), and a few other collections. He added already published tales (such as Maria Marievna, The Firebird, The Grey Wolf, etc.), a few tales coming from epic songs, stories about the dead, a few medieval satirical texts (such as The Shemiaka Sentence), and anecdotes.
He owes his prominent place in the history of Slavonic philology chiefly to these Russian Fairy Tales (Народные русские сказки), published between 1855 and 1863, and inspired by the famous collection of the Brothers Grimm. From the scientific point of view, his collection goes further. He had at his disposal a lot of contributors, he tried to give the source and place where the tale was told, he never tried to give any definitive version of a folktale: so, if he gathered seven versions of one folk type, he edited them all (this is the case for The Firebird for instance).
In 1860 a scandal was provoked following the publication of the "Русские народные легенды" ("Russian Folk Legends", 1860), a collection of folk tales from all over the country based on the lives of Jesus and Christian saints. The result was a unique blend of Christianity with paganism and social undertones. Some of them were labeled unorthodox by the Most Holy Synod and the book was officially banned. He also prepared Заветные сказки ("Treasured Tales"), an assortment of redacted tales from "Русские народные легенды" plus other potential controversial stories – published as Russian Forbidden Tales in Switzerland anonymously because of their obscene and anticlerical subject matter.
Publications
, alt link
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, 3 vols, (first edition 1859)
alt links vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3
Translations
, 70+ fairy tales
, 43 fairy tales
, 178 fairy tales + commentary by Roman Jakobson, translated by Norbert Guterman, illustrated by Alexander Alexeieff
Significance
Prior to Afanasyev's works in the 1850s, only a few attempts had ever been made to record or study the folk beliefs of peasant Russia. Though written Church Slavonic had existed since the 10th century, it was used almost solely by the church and only for parochial written works. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that a sizable body of secular literature developed in vernacular Russian. Thus, Afanasyev's collections made a highly valuable contribution to the dissemination and legitimization of Russian culture and folk belief. The influence of these folk tales can be seen in the works of many writers and composers, notably Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (Sadko, The Snow Maiden) and Igor Stravinsky (The Firebird, Petrushka, and L'Histoire du soldat).
In popular culture
In the 2019 film John Wick: Chapter 3, John Wick visits the New York Public Library and requests "Russian Folk Tale, Aleksandr Afanasyev, 1864."
See also
Charles Perrault
Giambattista Basile
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
1826 births
1871 deaths
Fairy tales collected by Alexander Afanasyev
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
19th-century historians from the Russian Empire
19th-century male writers from the Russian Empire
19th-century journalists from the Russian Empire
19th-century philologists
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery
Collectors of fairy tales
Folklore writers
Fairy tale scholars
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Researchers of Slavic religion
Russian ethnographers
Russian folklorists
Russian philologists
Russian literary critics
Russian male journalists
Imperial Moscow University alumni
Tuberculosis deaths in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Afanasyev |
Zwanenburg () is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 11 km west of Amsterdam.
Zwanenburg has a population of around 7,670.
History
Zwanenburg takes its name from Gemeenlandshuis Zwanenburg, the former headquarters of the Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland, a water board that used to have its headquarters in Halfweg, on the other side of the canal known today as the Ringvaart. Up until the 19th century, Zwanenburg was under water. When the pumping station at Halfweg had succeeded in making the land ripe for building, the workers who had settled at Halfweg purchased this cheap land below the dike for their homes. The infrastructure linking Halfweg to Haarlem and Amsterdam was already quite good, so Zwanenburg became a true commuter town. Halfweg was also the site of the Halfweg sugar factory, first opened in 1863, that served as an employer for Zwanenburg residents for more than a century. For this reason, the history of Zwanenburg cannot be seen separately from the history of Halfweg.
Halfweg buildings important to Zwanenburg history
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwanenburg |
Tistedalen is a part of Halden in Østfold, Norway. Originally located four kilometers from the city center, the area started growing up around the sawmill industry and has now been engulfed by Halden, although it still maintains some separate identity.
Traditionally, Norway's largest sawmill industry was located in Tistedalen. In the 20th century, Tistedalen became a classic working class community, surrounded by small factories. There is some presence of different religious groups.
In 1991 and 1992 Tistedalen had four brutal murders. Tistedalen suddenly got into the focus of the media, due to one of the worst murder cases in Norwegian history. In 1994, a local man, Roger Haglund, was sentenced for the Tistedalen Murders.
The name Tistedal comes from the river "Tista" and "dal" meaning the valley. It is also called Tistdærn by the locals.
References
Populated places in Østfold
Halden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tistedalen |
The 7th World Cup season began in December 1972 in France and concluded in March 1973 in the United States. Gustav Thöni of Italy won his third consecutive overall title and Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her third of five consecutive.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
The Men's overall World Cup 1972/73 was divided into three periods. From the first 5 races the best 3 results count, from the next 9 races (Race No 6 to No 14) the best 5 results count and from the last 10 races the best 6 results count. Two racers had a point deduction. Gustav Thöni won his third Overall World Cup in a row!
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results count. One racers had a point deduction, which is given in (). In every race there was a different winner!
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Ladies
Overall
The Women's overall World Cup 1972/73 was most likely also divided into periods.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results counted. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Pröll won all competitions and won the cup with maximum points. She won her third Downhill World Cup in a row. The Austrians won 21 out of 24 available podium-places. Only Jacqueline Rouvier from France was able to climb on the podium with them three times.
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1972/73 the best 5 results count. Three racers a had point deduction, which are given in ().
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1973
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Higuera de la Sierra is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. , it has a population of 1,437 inhabitants.
References
External links
Higuera de la Sierra - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higuera%20de%20la%20Sierra |
Jinpyeong (; 567? – 632, reign 579 – 632) was the 26th king of the Silla dynasty, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Jinpyeong followed in the footsteps of his predecessor, King Jinji, by reorganizing the central ruling system of Silla. Upon the onset of a multitude of conflicts between Baekje and Goguryeo, he sent emissaries to improve relations and strengthen ties between Silla and the Chinese dynasties Sui and Tang. He is also known for his promotion of Buddhism as a spiritual guide for the kingdom and encouraging Buddhist teachings.
Life
King Jinpyeong was born as Kim Baek-Jeong. His father, Crown Prince Dongryun, was the first son of King Jinheung. And his mother, Lady Mano, was the daughter of Galmunwang, Kim Reep Jong. Samguk Sagi described King Jinpyeong as someone: big in stature, has a notable face and possessed great determination and sharp intellect as a youth. His father, Prince Dongryun, died before being able to ascend the throne. Four years later, King Jinheung died, his second son, King Jinji ascended the throne and became the 25th King of Silla. After 3 years, King Jinji was overthrown and eventually died a year after, King Jinpyeong was then proclaimed as Silla's 26th ruler.
He married Queen Maya, the daughter of Galmunwang Bokseung, they had three daughters: Princess Cheonmyeong, Princess Deokman and Princess Seonhwa. He also had children with his concubines. Samguk Yusa says that he had another wife after Queen Maya, she's called Lady Seungnam who later on became his second Queen. According to Hwarang Segi, after Princess Deokman was nominated as King Jinpyeong's successor, Queen Seungnam gave birth to a son which put Princess Deokman's status as a successor at stake. However, her son died shortly for unknown reason. Queen Seungnam blamed Princess Deokman and Kim Yongchun for the death of her child. It is said that she was forced to leave the palace because of her severe jealousy which caused disturbance to the palace. Princess Deokman became the 27thruler of Silla after him. Princess Cheonmyeong's son, became the 29th ruler of Silla.
According to Samguk Yusa, his third daughter Princess Seonhwa, married King Mu of Baekje. (Historians considered this unlikely, given the hostilities between the rival kingdoms.)
Reign
Since King Jinpyeong was only 13 years old when he ascended the throne, Queen Dowager Sado, served as a regent until he reached the legal age. However, Queen Sado still refused to give him full control of Silla even after he reached the legal age. She appointed Noribu, as the Sangdaedeung and Hujik as the head of the Military. Noribu died on December of 588, Sueulbu became the next Sangdaedeung after him. King Jinpyeong relied heavily on these two chief officials to solidify his kingdom in both internal affairs and international relations. He also gave the rank of Galmunwang to his brothers Baekban and Gukban, to solidify his power in the court.
King Jinpyeong's achievement was the way he strengthened the Kingdom and improved the political system. He named himself, his wife and his younger siblings as people related to the Buddha which eventually made the entire royal family being seen as an especial household for the throne, completely different compared to the rest of the royal nobles.
He also built different departments for different political purposes, such as: The Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Ministry of Education.
Buddhism was embraced during this era, as King Jinpyeong actively sent envoys and monks to China to study and help in diplomatic relations. Buddhism in Silla developed as a strong, nation-protecting religion.
Year 594, King Jinpyeong sent a diplomat to Sui dynasty of China in order to establish a diplomatic relationship between their countries. Two years later, he sent Monk Damyook to Sui in order to study Chinese Buddhism.
Year 602, Amak Fortress was invaded by Baekje forces led by General Hae Su. As a result, King Jinpyeong sent thousands of soldiers to fight them back and built fortresses in Cheonsan, Sota and Wae Seok. However, King Mu of Baekje fought back by sending 40,000 troops to attack the said fortresses. Silla sent General Gunpoom and Mu Eun to fight them back. During the battle, Mu Eun fell into Hae Su's ambush and almost got killed but was saved by his son Gwisan and Chu Hang, however the two were both killed in the battle. The bravery they have shown in their death raised the morale of Silla's army as a result, Baekje forces had no other choice but to retreat.
Year 603, King Yeongyang of Goguryeo sent his General, Go Seung to attack the north side of Han Fortress. And so, King Jinpyeong retaliated by leading the army himself with 10,000 troops and succeeded.
Year 605, Silla attacked Baekje. However, Goguryeo attacked them as a result.
Year 608, King Jinpyeong ordered Monk Won-Gwang to write a letter to the Sui dynasty, asking them for assistance to attack Goguryeo, knowing that the Emperor of Sui wasn't happy about Goguryeo's refusal of paying tributes. When King Yeongyang heard of it, he attacked Silla and took over Woo Myeong fortress and captured 8,000 people of Silla.
Year 611, King Jinpyeong asked Sui again to attack Goguryeo again. July of the same year, Kajam fortress was invaded by the Baekje. The next year, Emperor Yang of Sui decided to attack Goguryeo with more than 1 million troops. However, Sui lost and retreated just few months after the attack. The Emperor of the Sui dynasty continued to attack Goguryeo for the next 3 years out embarrassment for their lost, but still ended up in failure.
Year 616, Baekje attacked Mosan Fortress but retreated right away.
Year 618, the Sui dynasty has fallen and was succeeded by the Tang dynasty . That same year, King Jinpyeong ordered Byeon Poom to take back Kajam fortress from the Baekje but failed to do so. After that loss, King Jinpyeong sent a diplomat to the new dynasty of Tang, in order to establish a diplomatic relationship between their countries.
Year 623, Baekje attacked Neuk Noh of Silla.
Year 624, Baekje surrounded 6 fortresses of Silla. General Nool Choi fought back bravely but was only able to take back 3 of those fortresses.
Year 625, King Jipyeong sent a messenger to Tang and told them that Goguryeo was blocking Silla's route from paying tributes to Tang. Emperor Taizong of Tang, asked Goguryeo to stop attacking Silla, which the King of Goguryeo heed to.
Year 626, Baekje conquered Jujae fortress of Silla and killed the official of Dong So. Silla decided to build Go Hyeo fortress to prepare for the future attack.
Year 627, General Sa Gyeol of Baekje, took 2 fortresses from the western part of Silla and capture its residence.
Year 628, Silla succeeded in taking Kajam fortress back.
Year 629, Kim Yongsu and Kim Seo Hyun, conquered Nangbi fortress of Goguryeo.
Because of non-stop wars against the Baekje and Gogurye, Silla became very poor and resulted to famine. Many families sold their children and lands.
May of 631, Chilseok and Seokpum planned a rebellion but their plan was discovered early and, as a result, Chilseok was beheaded in the marketplace along with his entire family. Seokpum was able to escape and run all the way to the Baekje border but the thought of his wife made him come back after exchanging clothes with a woodcutter, he was then arrested by the soldiers that were waiting for him at his house and was executed later on. On that same year, King Jinpyeong sent two beautiful women from Silla to the emperor of Tang, but they were sent back to Silla.
Year 632, King Jinpyeong died aged 66 after reigning Silla for 53 years. He was succeeded by his daughter Kim Deokman, who became Queen Seondeok later on, the first female ruler of Korea.
Reforms
King Jinpyeong continued to restructure and reorganize during his reign; in 581 he set up Wihwabu (hangul:위화부, hanja:位和府), an administrative department for managing government officials and personnel, and in 583 Seonbuseo (hangul:선부서, hanja:船府署), a department for the management of the country's navy. He established an independent era reign name in 584, the department Jobu (hangul:조부, hanja:調府) to oversee taxes and obligatory labor, and Seungbu (hangul:승부, hanja:乘府) to manage transport wagons and coaches. Three officials were appointed to manage the major three palaces in 585, and in 586 the department Yebu (hangul:예부, hanja:禮部) was established to oversee rituals and ceremonies. In 588, he placed Ichan Sueulbu (hangul:이찬 수을부, hanja 伊飡 首乙夫) as the highest government official of Sangdaedeung, and a special department that looked after foreign diplomats, Younggaekbu (hangul:영객부, hanja:領客府), was set up in 591.
The King also made reforms in the regional counties and prefecture system. A new district, Bukhansanju (hangul:북한산주, hanja:北漢山州), was created in preparation against attacks from Goguryeo in 604, and in 614 Ilseonju (hangul:일선주, hanja:一善州) was formed in preparation against Baekje.
In 622, King Jinji's son Kim Yong Chun was appointed as the first Naeseongsasin (hangul:내성사신, hanja:內省私臣), the official who managed the three major palaces. The reforms continued with the department of the Palace Guards Siwibu (hangul:시위부, hanja:侍衛府); the department Sangsaseo (hangul:상사서, hanja:賞賜署), which looked after national heroes and their families; and Daedoseo (hangul:대도서, hanja:大道署) which oversaw affairs regarding Buddhism.
Buddhism and relations with China
King Jinpyeong was a fervent advocate for Buddhism, and many monks made travels to China during his rule while serving diplomatic roles. The monk Jimyeong (hangul:지명, hanja:智明) who went to China's Chen dynasty in 585 to study Buddhism returned in 602 with emissaries, and the monk Wongwang (hangul:원광, hanja:圓光), who had gone to study in China in 589, also returned with emissaries in 600. The monk Damyuk (hangul:담육, hanja:曇育) also went to study under the Sui dynasty in 596, with emissaries and gifts sent from King Jinpyeong.
These emissaries to China including Buddhist monks were continuously sent during King Jinpyeong's reign, and the two countries remained on amicable terms. In 608, when Silla was under attack from Baekje and Goguryeo, King Jinpyeong asked for the Sui's aid, with requests written by the monk Wongwang. Sui complied and joined forces with Silla in their attacks of Goguryeo, and in 613 Emperor Yang of Sui sent emissaries to Silla who participated in Buddhist ceremonies held by Monk Wongwang at Hwangnyong Temple.
Diplomatic relations with China continued throughout the Sui dynasty and the following Tang dynasty. Gifts were sent with emissaries to Tang in 621 and the Emperor Gaozu sent silks, folding screens of art with an official statement in return. These diplomatic relations continued in the following years and Silla used this relation for asking for Tang's assistance against Goguryeo. Emperor Gaozu of Tang sent governors to both Silla and Goguryeo in 626 to bring about a truce between the two countries, albeit briefly.
Conflicts with Baekje and Goguryeo
Although King Jinpyeong focused on reinforcing defense by building forts and fortresses and strengthening the military system, Silla was in constant conflict with its two neighbors, Baekje and Goguryeo. In 602, Baekje troops attacked the fortress Amak (hangul:아막성, hanja:阿莫城) but were turned back, and in 603 Gogguryeo attacked the fortress at Bukhansan (hangul:북한산성, hanja:北漢山城) but were defeated when King Jinpyeong himself joined the battle.
Baekje continued with their attacks in 605, as did Goguryeo. King Jinpyeong sent the monk Wongwang to Sui with a request for aid against these attacks in 608. The aid from Sui came after Silla had lost many people and fortresses, and ultimately the joined forces failed in deterring Goguryeo attacks.
Conflicts with Baekje escalated in 611, when they attacked the fortress of Gajam (hangul:가잠성, hanja:椵岑城) and claimed it after a brutal battle of 100 days. Ongoing attacks included one on the fortress of Mosan (hangul:모산성, hanja:母山城) in 616, Neuknohyeon (hangul:늑노현, hanja:勒弩縣) in 623, and the three fortresses of Sokham (hangul:속함성, hanja:速含城), Gijam (hangul:기잠성, hanja:歧暫城), and Hyeolchaek (hangul:혈책성, hanja:穴柵城)in 624.
In 626 Baekje attacked the fortress of Jujae (hangul:주재성, hanja:主在城), and two additional fortresses were taken with many people taken hostage in 627. In 628, Silla defeated Baekje at the fortress of Gajam and in 629 generals Kim Yong Chun (김용춘), Kim Seo Hyeon (김서현), and Kim Yushin (김유신) conquered Goguryeo's fortress Nangbi (hangul:낭비성, hanja:娘臂城).
Later reign
The continuous battles with Baekje and Goguryeo took its toll on Silla and its people. Drought, famine, and disquiet spread through the country. The ruling nobility frequently held conflicting political views; when King Jinpyeong designated his daughter Princess Deokman as his heir the division grew even deeper, as many nobles were opposed to the idea of having a queen.
Political dissension reached its peak in May 631, when Ichan Chilsuk (이찬 칠숙) and Achan Seokpum (아찬 석품) plotted an uprising based on their opposition to having Princess Deokman as their next ruler. The revolt was discovered in advance and was stopped by Alcheon and Bidam; Chilsuk was beheaded in public and his relatives executed. Although Seokpum was able to escape, he later returned and was eventually captured and killed. With the rebellion put down, power was left mainly in the hands of the King's supporters (the most important of them was Kim Yushin, Commander in Chief of the Royal Army from 629), and it was in this political atmosphere that Princess Deokman was able to become Queen.
King Jinpyeong died in January 632, in the 54th year of his reign. He is buried in Bomun-dong, Gyeongju. His tomb was designated a historical landmark by the Korean government in 1969.
Legends
The King's Jade Belt
There is a story about King Jinpyeong's jade belt in the history Samguk Yusa, in which the belt is said to have been given by the heavens. In 579, when King Jinpyeong ascended to the throne, angels landed on the palace gardens and gave King Jinpyeong a gift from the Jade Emperor. King Jinpyeong always wore this belt in rituals and ceremonies in honor of the heavens. Along with the 9 story pagoda and statue of Buddha at Hwangnyong Temple, the jade belt is considered one of the three main treasures of Silla. After the fall of Silla, King Gyeongsun gave the belt to Goryeo's Taejo.
The Fire of Mojiak
The first record of coal in Korea is in the Samguk Sagi, where there is a description of a "fire burning under the ground of Mojiak (hangul:모지악, hanja:毛只嶽) for 9 months during the reign of King Jinpyeong in the year 609". It is assumed that Mojiak is the present region of Youngil, Gyeongsangbukdo, where brown coal is excavated.
Family
Father: Crown Prince Dongryun (동륜태자), son of King Jinheung
Mother: Lady Mano, family name Kim (만호부인 김씨)
Brother: Galmunwang Baekban (백반 갈문왕)
Brother: Galmunwang Gukban (국반 갈문왕)
Niece: Princess Seungman (승만공주), later Queen Jindeok
Wives and issue
Queen: Queen Maya (Hangul:마야부인, Hanja:摩耶夫人). Family name Kim, daughter of Galmunwang Bokseung (Hangul:복승갈문왕, Hanja:福勝葛文王) and Princess Songhwa (Hangul: 송화공주, Hanja: 松華公主) (daughter of Queen Dowager Jiso and Park Yeong-sil)
Daughter: Princess Deokman (Hangul:덕만공주, Hanja: 德曼公主). Becomes Queen Seondeok in 632.
Daughter: Princess Cheonmyeong (Hangul:천명공주, Hanja:天明公主). Future Queen Mother Munjeong (문정태후), wife of Kim Yongsu, mother of King Muyeol
Daughter: Princess Seonhwa (Hangul:선화공주, Hanja:善花公主 or 善化公主). Married of King Mu of Baekje, mother of King Uija of Baekje (There is constant debate over her identity.)
Second Queen: Queen Seungman, family name Sohn (hangul: 승만부인)
Daughter: Princess Yeonhwa (Hangul: 연화 공주 , Hanja: 姸花公主)
Concubine: Lady Mishil
Daughter: Princess Bohwa (Hangul: 보화공주 , Hanja: 寶華公主)
Concubine: Lady Boryang of the Seol clan (보량궁주 설씨; 604 – 670)
Son: Prince Borojeon (Hangul: 보로전군, Hanja: 寶路殿君)
Concubine: Princess Bomyeong (보명궁주), daughter of Queen Jiso and Gu Jin
In popular culture
Portrayed by Park Woong in the 1992 KBS TV series Samgukgi.
Portrayed by Choi Dong-joon in the 2005–2006 SBS TV series Ballad of Seodong.
Portrayed by Cha Du-ok in the 2006 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun.
Portrayed by Jo Min-ki, Baek Jong-min and Kang San in the 2009 MBC TV series Queen Seondeok.
Portrayed by Kim Ha-kyun in the 2012 KBS TV series Dream of the Emperor.
Notes
References
Park Eunbong (박은봉), Correcting Korean History Facts (한국사 상식 바로잡기) p23, Cum Libro Publishing Company, Seoul, 2007.
Lee Jeok (이적), Queen Seondeok(선덕여왕), AMH Book Linguistics & Literature, Seoul, 2009.
Park Young-gyu (박영규), Chronicles of the Silla Dynasty (신라왕조실록), Woongjin.com, Seoul, 2004. . p265-p287.
Lee Jongwook (이종욱), Hwarang Segi (화랑세기), Sonamu Publishing, Seoul, 2005.
Lee Jongwook (이종욱), Hwarang (화랑), Humanist, Seoul, 2003.
King Jinpyeong at Daum Culture Encyclopedia
Ilyon translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz, Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea. Yonsei University Press, 1997.
삼국사기 신라 진평왕조 King Jinpyeong in Samguk Sagi (original text)
삼국사기 귀산 열전 Gwisan in Samguk Sagi (original text)
삼국사기 해론 열전 Haeron in Samguk Sagi (original text)
삼국사기 눌최 열전 Nulchoi in Samguk Sagi (original text)
Kings of Silla
Silla Buddhists
Korean Buddhist monarchs
6th-century monarchs in Asia
Queen Seondeok of Silla
6th-century Korean people
7th-century Korean monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinpyeong%20of%20Silla |
The 6th World Cup season began in December 1971 in Switzerland and concluded in March 1972 in France. Gustav Thöni of Italy won his second of three consecutive overall titles. Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her second of five consecutive.
A break in the schedule in February was for the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan. Prior to the Olympics, International Olympic Committee head Avery Brundage succeeded in having two-time men's overall World Cup champion Karl Schranz reclassified as a professional and therefore ineligible for the Olympics. Schranz retired from amateur competition immediately thereafter and joined the professional skiing tour in 1973.
The controversy over "professionalism" (based on endorsements, manufacturers' fees, et cetera) continued for two more seasons, and served to limit both participation and the number of events on the World Cup circuit. Prior to the 1975 season, Brundage's successor Lord Killanin led an effort that changed the rule to permit such payments to be made to national associations, which generally eliminated such disputes.
Calendar
Men
Note:For the first time, the Olympic events no longer counted in the World Cup standings.
Ladies
Note: for the first time, the Olympic events no longer counted in the World Cup standings.
Men
Overall
In men's overall World Cup 1971/72 the best five downhills, best five giant slaloms and best five slaloms count. Four racers had a point deduction. Gustav Thöni won the cup with only one win!
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1971/72 the best 5 results count. One racer had a point deduction, which is given in ().
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1970/71 the best 5 results count. One racer had a point deduction, which is given in (). Gustav Thöni won the cup with only one win. He won his third Giant slalom World Cup in a row!
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1971/72 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Ladies
Overall
In women's overall World Cup 1971/72 the best five downhills, best five giant slaloms and best five slaloms count. Three racers had a point deduction. Annemarie Pröll won eight races and was only unable to score points in four slaloms.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1971/72 the best 5 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Pröll won the cup with maximum points.
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1971/72 the best 5 results count. Only Annemarie Pröll had a point deduction, which is given in (). She won the cup by winning three races. All other events were won by French athletes.
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1971/72 the best 5 results count. No racer had a point deduction. Britt Lafforgue won the cup with only four results.
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
Medal table
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1972
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1972
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Lijnden is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 10 km west of Amsterdam.
History
Lijnden or 'de Lijnden' is named after one of the three pumping stations, who reclaimed the municipality of Haarlemmermeer between 1848 and 1852. The village was first mentioned in 1867. Lijnden refers to who outlined the plan for the poldering of the Haarlemmermeer lake. Lijnden developed shortly after 1852 at the intersection of the Hoofdvaart with the Ringdijk.
The Catholic St Franciscus van Sales Church is a three aisled church with wooden tower which was built between 1858 and 1860 in neoclassic style. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church with ridge turret which was built in 1936 and is connected to the clergy house.
Lijnden located the oldest (primary) school of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer: School 1. This school, established in 1861, was closed again in 1994 because of a lack of pupils.
Corendon Dutch Airlines has its head office in Lijnden. Lijnden also has the Amsterdam branch office of Corendon Airlines.
Gallery
References
External links
Rural Council Lijnden
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijnden |
Michel Déon (; 4 August 1919 – 28 December 2016) was a French novelist and literary columnist. He published over 50 works and was the recipient of numerous awards, including the Prix Interallié for his 1970 novel, Les Poneys sauvages (The Wild Ponies). Déon's 1973 novel Un taxi mauve received the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française. His novels have been translated into numerous languages.
He is considered to have been one of the most innovative French writers of the 20th century. In 1978, Déon was elected to the Académie française.
Early years
Michel Déon was born in Paris on 4 August 1919, the only child of a civil servant and his wife. His father took his family along on the many foreign trips his work required, stimulating his son's interest in travel and cross-cultural relations that came to define his writings. Déon's father died in 1933 while on assignment in Monaco serving as advisor to Prince Louis. He and his mother returned to Paris, where Déon attended the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly. Although he was passionate about literature and journalism, Déon acquiesced to familial pressure and studied law in college.
Born a year after the end of World War I, he adopted the pacifism popular with many others of his generation. When drafted into the French military, he was assigned to the 152nd regiment under General de Lattre. Back to civil life, he was secretary to Charles Maurras, an elderly writer and poet, member of the Académie française since 1938, and the main inspiration behind Action Française, a counter-revolutionary, monarchist political movement who embraced collaboration. In Lyon, Deon mostly helped Maurras in editing the quality newspaper of the same name. Maurras, a fatherly figure, instilled in the young Déon a distaste for both demagogy and fascism. Déon said that freedom is his highest value, both in life and for the individual. This crucial experience is related in Déon's book of memories, "les Vingt ans du jeune homme vert" ( or Green young man, see below.)
Career
At the end of World War II, Déon returned to Paris to dedicate himself to a literary career. He first worked for a series of small-press French newspapers to support himself while drafting a novel and short stories. His first collection of short stories, Adieux à Sheila, was published in 1944.
Shortly after his first publication, Déon received a Rockefeller Foundation grant that supported his travels through the United States. While there, Déon worked alongside William Faulkner and Saul Bellow. Their collaboration proved beneficial for all three of them and Déon assisted Bellow in translating his works into French.
Alongside such contemporary French writers as Jacques Laurent, Antoine Blondin, and Roger Nimier, Déon staunchly opposed the existentialism of Sartre and other prominent cultural figures. Déon and his fellow authors became known as Les Hussards, named after Nimier's novel The Blue Hussar. They were recognized for their innovative unconventionality, sympathy for the bizarre underdog, and pervasive refusal to adopt fashionable themes and tone.
In 1944, Roland Laudenbach and Jean Cocteau founded Éditions de la Table ronde (Round Table Publishing), a publishing enterprise that published works by many members of Les Hussards. Table ronde published several of Déon's novels, including Les Gens de la Nuit, La Carotte et le Bâton, and Tout L'Amour du Monde II. After Table ronde became a subsidiary of Éditions Gallimard around 1970, Gallimard published more than twenty of Déon's works.
In 1970, Déon's novel Les Poneys sauvages (The Wild Ponies) was awarded the Prix Interallié, given annually since 1930 to the best novel written by a journalist.
Déon wrote his critical masterpiece Un taxi mauve (A Purple Taxi) in 1973. It became an immediate literary sensation and won the Grand Prix du Roman de l'Académie française. Un Taxi Mauve was made into a film in 1977. The following year, 1978, Déon was elected to the Académie française.
In addition to his numerous individual works and awards, Déon has collaborated with several public figures. In 1953, he assisted Coco Chanel in writing her autobiography, though she refused to have it published. Déon destroyed the only existing copy for the sake of his friendship with her. In 1966, Déon worked with Salvador Dalí on the artist's memoirs, Diary of a Genius.
Personal life
Much of Déon's work engages his experience via travel to such locations as Switzerland, Italy, Canada, and Portugal. During the 1940s, he explored the United States by Greyhound Bus.
Déon was an affiliate member of the Portuguese Academy of Science and Letters. He is a doctor honoris causa at the universities of Athens and Ireland. He is also an honorary citizen of Nice, Aix-en-Provence, and Antibes. His works have been translated into many languages.
Déon and his wife Chantal raised their two children, Alice and Alexandre, on the small Greek island of Spetsai. When the children reached school age in 1968, France was in a state of upheaval. The Déon family settled in Ireland. For over forty years, Déon and his family made Ireland their home, raising Chantal's fifty horses. There Déon wrote on his Louis XVI desk. He visited France frequently.
Déon died from a pulmonary embolism at the age of 97 on 28 December 2016 in Galway, Ireland.
Novels
Les Poneys Sauvages (1970) is a story of murder, intrigue, and revenge. It begins in 1937, as George, Barry, Cyril, and Horace, students of varying backgrounds, complete their educations at the University of Cambridge. As the decade ends, the group becomes tangled in the Second World War. Those who survive the war take the reader on a journey that spans three decades and covers all of Europe, from Italy to Poland and back to Paris. As the friends age, they learn that the past is not forgotten quickly. In 1981, it was the basis of a six-part television series that starred Hélène Vincent.
Un Taxi Mauve (1973) follows a group of troubled European and American expatriates who have settled in rural Ireland – each for his own reason. Living in a self-punishing exile, their interactions create a tangle of love and deceit. An English-language film based on the novel, released in 1977 and called The Purple Taxi in English, starred Fred Astaire, Charlotte Rampling, and Philippe Noiret.
In The Foundling Boy (Le Jeune Homme Vert) (1975), the infant Jean, born in 1919, is adopted by a rural couple who help maintain a wealthy family's estate. The novel follows his adventures and those of several others, notably the owner of the estate on which he is raised, until he joins the French army at the start of World War II. Diane Johnson compared Jean to Fielding's Tom Jones, noting how "his picaresque adventures unfold in cheerful profusion, in and out of foreign countries and strange beds". She also recommended the novel for its depiction of the European political climate in the years between the world wars. A sequel, The Foundling's War (Les Vingt Ans du Jeune Homme Vert), appeared in 1977.
In Un Souvenir (1990), Edward has just passed his sixtieth year and is beginning to consider himself an old man. He finds an old photo from 1936. It shows him hugging a beautiful girl named Sheila, an obscure yet unforgettable woman he met in England during the war. Despite his age, he returns to England to find her and come to terms with the regret and guilt at having lost her.
In Pages Grecques (1993), Déon explores the multi-layered mythical and actual history of Greek culture. Employing the gods, muses, and legendary Greek figures, alongside historical events and characters, Déon weaves Greece's dual histories together to create a beautiful and inspiring picture of the culture.
The Great and the Good (La Cour Des Grands, 1996) follows the life of Arthur Morgan, the son of an impoverished French widow. He is offered a first class boat ticket to the United States in 1950 and there experiences all the classic elements of the American dream, graduating college and moving to New York City where he becomes a successful stockbroker. When he returns to France in the face of family tragedy, he is forced to reconcile his American life with a past life and is shocked to discover what has become of the friends of his youth.
Horseman, Pass By! (Cavalier, passe ton chemin!, 2005) offers a social history of the Irish people that combines fact and fiction. Exploring the country's extraordinary folklore and cultural legends, Déon examines the nation's collective identity.
English translations
An English translation of Un déjeuner de soleil appeared in 1983 (UK) and 1989 (US) as Where Are You Dying Tonight?. Le Jeune Homme vert appeared as The Foundling Boy in 2013, and the publisher, Gallic Books, published a translation of the sequel, Les Vingt Ans du Jeune Homme Vert as The Foundling's War in 2014. La cour des grands was published as The Great and the Good in 2016 and La chambre de ton père as Your Father's Room in 2017.
Films / documentaries
1977 : The Purple Taxi (Un taxi mauve), movie adaptation from Michel Déon's novel, directed by Yves Boisset starring Charlotte Rampling, Fred Astaire, Peter Ustinov, etc.
1979 : Le jeune homme vert, television adaptation (Antenne 2), directed by Roger Pigaut with Philippe Deplanche.
1982 : Michel Déon (la Part de vérité TF1 collection), documentary directed by Christian Giudicelli and Michèle Armand.
1983 : Les Poneys sauvages, TV adaptation from Michel Déon's novel, directed by Robert Mazoyer with Jacques Weber, Michel Duchaussoy, etc.
1995 : Michel Déon (Un siècle d'écrivains documentary collection France 3), directed by Pierre Dupouey.
2008 : Un souvenir, television adaptation from Michel Déon's novel, directed by Jacques Renard with Daniel Prévost, Valérie Mairesse, etc.
2018 : Michel Déon ou la force de l'amitié, documentary directed by Jérémie Carboni with Michel Déon, Jean d'Ormesson, Xavier Darcos, Emmanuel Carrère, Yves Boisset, Milan Kundera, Eric Neuhoff, Antoine Gallimard, Frédéric Vitoux, Nicolas Briançon, Belinda Cannone, Thierry Laurent, etc.
Bibliography
1944 Adieux à Sheila (Robert Laffont)
1946 Amours perdues (Bordas)
1950 Je ne veux jamais l'oublier (Plon)
1952 La Corrida (Plon)
1954 Le Dieu pâle (Plon)
1955 Tout l'amour du monde I, récits (Plon)
1955 Plaisirs (Editions de Paris) sous le nom de Michel Férou
1956 Lettre à un jeune Rastignac, libelle (Fasquelle)
1956 Les Trompeuses Espérances (Plon)
1958 Les Gens de la nuit (La Table ronde)
1960 La Carotte et le Bâton (La Table ronde)
1960 Tout l'amour du monde II, récits (La Table ronde)
1964 Louis XIV par lui-même (Gallimard)
1965 Le Rendez-vous de Patmos, récits (Gallimard)
1967 Un parfum de jasmin (Gallimard)
1967 Mégalonose (La Table ronde)
1970 Les Poneys sauvages (Gallimard), Prix Interallié
1973 Un taxi mauve (Gallimard), (Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française)
1975 The Foundling Boy (Le Jeune Homme vert) (Gallimard)
1975 Thomas et l'infini, récit pour enfants, illustrated by Étienne Delessert (Gallimard)
1977 The Foundling's War (Les Vingt Ans du jeune homme vert) (Gallimard)
1981 Where Are You Dying Tonight? (Un déjeuner de soleil) (Gallimard)
1984 Je vous écris d'Italie (Gallimard)
1987 La Montée du soir (Gallimard)
1987 Ma vie n'est plus un roman (Gallimard)
1990 Un souvenir (Gallimard)
1992 Le Prix de l'amour (Gallimard)
1992 Ariane ou l'oubli (Gallimard)
1993 Pages grecques, récits (Le Balcon de Spetsai, Le Rendez-vous de Patmos, Spetsai revisité) (Gallimard)
1993 Parlons-en… (in collaboration with Alice Déon) (Gallimard)
1995 Je me suis beaucoup promené… (La Table ronde)
1995 Une longue amitié, lettres d'André Fraigneau et Michel Déon (La Table ronde)
1995 Le Flâneur de Londres (Robert Laffont)
1996 The Great and the Good (La Cour des grands) (Gallimard)
1998 Madame Rose (Albin Michel)
1999 Pages françaises, récits (Mes arches de Noé, Bagages pour Vancouver, Post-Scriptum) (Gallimard)
2001 Taisez-vous… j'entends venir un ange (Gallimard)
2002 Une affiche bleue et blanche (Gallimard)
2002 Mentir est tout un art (Le Rocher)
2004 Your Father's Room (La Chambre de ton père) (Gallimard)
2005 Horseman, Pass By! (Cavalier, passe ton chemin!) (Gallimard)
2006 Œuvres (Gallimard)
2009 Lettres de château (Gallimard)
2009 Cahier Déon (L'Herne). Previously unpublished documents, essays and letters.
2009 Journal (L'Herne)
2011 Nouvelles complètes (Gallimard)
2011 Tout l'amour du monde
2013 À la légère (Finitude)
Notes
External links
Académie française
Micheldeon.com
1919 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Writers from Paris
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
French literary critics
Members of the Académie Française
Prix Interallié winners
Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française winners
Prix Maison de la Presse winners
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
French male novelists
Grand prix Jean Giono recipients
Roman Catholic writers
French children's writers
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
French emigrants to Ireland
People affiliated with Action Française | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20D%C3%A9on |
Hyndland railway station serves Hyndland in Glasgow, Scotland. The station is west of and west of Glasgow Queen Street on the Argyle and North Clyde Lines. It is managed by ScotRail.
The station was opened by British Railways as part of the electrification of the North Clyde Lines on 5 November 1960, replacing a nearby Hyndland (Stobcross Railway) railway station which was located at the end of a short branch line from Partickhill. This was subsequently adapted for use as an EMU maintenance depot, but eventually closed in 1987. The branch has since been lifted and the site redeveloped.
The lines of the old Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway (now closed) passed under the east end of the station in a tunnel adjacent to their station. Immediately to the west of the station is Hyndland East Junction where the Yoker and Singer (including the Milngavie branch) lines diverge.
Hyndland station is accessible from the surrounding areas of Hyndland, Broomhill and Hughenden and also serves the nearby Gartnavel General Hospital, Gartnavel Royal Hospital and Glasgow Homoeopathic Hospital.
A ceramic mural called "Wonderful Trains" by the children of Hyndland Secondary School marks the station's entrance tunnel. It was commissioned to celebrate Glasgow's year as European City of Culture in 1990.
In 2017, a local domestic cat became associated with the station.
Services
Hyndland station is on a busy section of the Strathclyde rail network, served by all services on the Argyle Line and North Clyde Line.
2014/15 (From 9 December 2014)
There are a total of 14 trains per hour, off-peak (daytime), in each direction.
2 tph to and from , via
2 tph to and from , via
2 tph Edinburgh Waverley to and from (limited stop)
2 tph Edinburgh Waverley to and from (limited stop)
2 tph to , via Singer
2 tph Dalmuir to Larkhall, via Yoker
2 tph to Dalmuir, via and Yoker (one of which starts back from Cumbernauld and runs via )
2 tph Milngavie to Motherwell, via Hamilton (alternate trains continuing to Cumbernauld)
2 tph Whifflet to Milngavie (alternate trains starting back from Motherwell)
2 tph Dalmuir to Whifflet, via Singer (alternate trains continuing to Motherwell)
In the evenings, services on the Argyle line continue to run as above, but the North Clyde line is reduced to:
2 tph Cumbernauld to and from Balloch, via Singer
2 tph Edinburgh Waverley to and from Helensburgh Central, via Yoker
On Sundays, there is a simplified service pattern in operation with half-hourly services on the following routes:
Helensburgh Central to and from Edinburgh Waverley via Singer
Balloch to and from Rutherglen via Yoker (services on this route then proceed alternately to Motherwell via Whifflet or to Larkhall)
Milngavie to and from Motherwell via Hamilton.
There is no direct service to Springburn or Cumbernauld, but connections are available (once per hour) at Partick.
2016
Minor alterations were made to the weekday service pattern at the December 2015 timetable change, notably extending 2 of the Dalmuir via Yoker trains (those from Cumbernauld via Springburn) each way to and maintaining the daytime timetable on the North Clyde routes through the evening until end of service (though the Milngavie to Edinburgh service still does not run after 7pm)
References
Bibliography
External links
Railscot - Hyndland
Railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1960
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyndland%20railway%20station |
The East Bay Electric Lines were a unit of the Southern Pacific Railroad that operated electric interurban-type trains in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Beginning in 1862, the SP and its predecessors operated local steam-drawn ferry-train passenger service in the East Bay on an expanding system of lines, but in 1902 the Key System started a competing system of electric lines and ferries. The SP then drew up plans to expand and electrify its system of lines and this new service began in 1911. The trains served the cities of Berkeley, Albany, Emeryville, Oakland, Alameda, and San Leandro transporting commuters to and from the large Oakland Pier (the "mole") and SP Alameda Pier. A fleet of ferry boats ran between these piers and the docks of the Ferry Building on the San Francisco Embarcadero.
The East Bay Electric Lines became the Interurban Electric Railway (IER) in anticipation of the opening of the Bay Bridge Railway in January of 1939. This railway consisted of two tracks on the southern side of the lower deck of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, running from the East Bay to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal. SP IER transbay commuter train service ended in July 1941.
History
Before Electrification (1863–1911)
Prior to the formation of the East Bay Electric Lines (and later Interurban Electric Railway), commuter services by the Southern Pacific Railroad and predecessor Central Pacific Railroad were run entirely by steam traction. The first railroad to operate suburban services in the East Bay was the San Francisco & Alameda Railroad, which was formed on March 25, 1863.
Through a series of mergers with the San Francisco, Alameda, & Stockton Railroad Company and the prior San Francisco & Alameda Railroad, the San Francisco, Oakland, & Alameda Railroad (SFO&A) was formed in June of 1871. The SFO&A would be absorbed by the Central Pacific Railroad in August. With the merger with the Central Pacific, trains would terminate at the Oakland Mole (a long ferry pier into the San Francisco Bay), starting in January of 1882. Suburban commuter services by the Central Pacific would be operated in the same manner after Southern Pacific took over.
In 1902 the San Francisco, Oakland, & San Jose Railway (SFO&SJ) would build a three and a quarter long mile pier from Emeryville into the San Francisco Bay. The "Key Mole" as referred to by patrons would rival the Southern Pacific's Oakland Mole for speed and general service. The SFO&SJ interurban line was faster, quicker, cleaner, and quieter than the Southern Pacific's steam operations, which paled in comparison. Between 1902 and 1911, the appeal of the SFO&SJ, and later companies San Francisco, Oakland, & San Jose Consolidated Railway and Key System, would rival the Southern Pacific's steam operated commuter operations. After management changed hands in the Southern Pacific between Collis P. Huntington and Edward H. Harriman, the decline of revenue by the rivalry would force the Southern Pacific to electrify their lines in competition in 1911.
Electrification to Reorganization (1911–1934)
In 1911 Southern Pacific embarked on a task to double track and electrify its commuter lines. When the construction of catenary over the new lines was complete, Southern Pacific received a new fleet of 72 foot long steel interurbans from the American Car & Foundry Company in the later months of 1911. When the electrification of the lines was completed, a passenger could board an East Bay Electric Lines interurban from either the Oakland or Alameda Moles, and travel to Dutton Avenue, Thousand Oaks, Albany, Berkeley, and Downtown Oakland. Long term plans called for extensions to Richmond and San Jose (to presumably link up with Southern Pacific's other interurban subsidiary, the Peninsular Railway), which never materialized.
In addition to interurban service, streetcar service began in 1912 through various sections of the cities it served. A series of smaller streetcars by the Pullman Car Company also served these lines, until 1930. Between 1912 and 1930 there was little change to the services of the East Bay Electric Lines. However, in 1930 all streetcar services ceased in Oakland and Berkeley as they had failed to turn a profit due to the onset of the automobile and Great Depression. In 1934, the East Bay Electric Lines reorganized as the Interurban Electric Railway (IER), in anticipation of the completion of the San Francisco Bay Bridge.
Due to the advent of automobile service and the Great Depression, the IER was rapidly losing both money and patronage, so a franchise was granted to them for operation on the lower deck of the Bay Bridge to the new Transbay Terminal, in order to entice new patrons.
Bay Bridge Operation to Abandonment (1934–1941)
From the reorganization of the East Bay Electric Lines into the Interurban Electric Railway in 1934, the new IER had already begun plans to reroute service and maintenance facilities well before the Bay Bridge had been completed. The location of the approach to the Bay Bridge was located directly next to the Key System's trackage that led to the Key Mole. So, the Interurban Electric Railway began construction of a trestle over the Southern Pacific and Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad tracks in order to access this new area. Additionally, it was agreed that the IER and Key System should share a maintenance facility in the new Bridge Yard, so work began on a new facility and yard storage area for the two lines.
When completed, the new Bridge Yard would replace existing Key System tracks with a joint Sacramento Northern, Interurban Electric Railway, and Key System maintenance yard. Extra trains for Bay Bridge usage could also be stored here, but this practice was not used by the Sacramento Northern Railroad who preferred to utilize an existing yard.
The Interurban Electric Railway's new route also featured a fly-over bridge over Key System / Sacramento Northern tracks. From the Bridge Yard to the new Transbay Terminal, the three interurban lines would share two tracks. This required an extensive signaling system, so all trains were retrofitted with special signaling devices that warned of speed limit and the automatic block signaling. Electrification on the bridge would be at 1300 volts for the Sacramento Northern and Interurban Electric Railway, so all trains were also retrofitted to run on this voltage.
Beginning January of 1938, IER trains could now run across the Bay Bridge. Routes now terminated at the Transbay Terminal, but with a central stop at the 26th Street Station for transferring, instead of the usual Oakland and Alameda Moles. With the new addition of interurban service to San Francisco, patrons from Berkeley, Oakland, Alameda, and upper San Leandro could now ride into San Francisco. The IER saw a brief increase of patronage, but due to automobile competition and the fact that cars had been allowed to use the Bay Bridge since 1936, the IER could not compete. Between 1938 and 1940 the IER reduced services drastically in order to try and stay afloat, but could not.
On February 26, 1940, the IER applied to the Public Utilities Commission to abandon services. Interurban commuter services were no longer making money. On July 26, 1941, the Interurban Electric Railway ran its last interurban, and was shut down the following day.
Lines
The East Bay Electric Lines were originally designated mainly by the names of their principal streets. They received numbers for Bay Bridge service. The most significant changes occurred as the result of the removal of the Harrison St. bridge between Oakland and Alameda in December 1923, and the agreement with the Key System in March 1933, with the Bay Bridge plans in view, to abandon duplicating lines, on the basis of which company first served each area.
The Oakland 7th Street Line carried the most passengers, with the Berkeley Shattuck Avenue Line being second. Patronage was at a maximum about 1920 and had declined by about half by the time of Bay Bridge operation.
The SP seemed to prefer to have groups of their lines terminate at the same place. Three lines originally terminated at Thousand Oaks in Berkeley, two at 14th and Franklin in Oakland, and two at High St S. in Alameda. The IER had two lines terminate at Thousand Oaks and two lines at West Alameda.
Berkeley, California St Line - Thousand Oaks station at the intersection of Solano and Colusa Avenues (Colusa Wye) in Berkeley, via Colusa, Monterey, private right-of-way, California, Stanford to the upper platform of the Oakland 16th St Station, thence to Oakland Pier. Terminated March 1933.
Berkeley, Shattuck Ave Line (originally Berkeley Branch Railroad steam line) - Thousand Oaks station (Colusa Wye) in Berkeley, via Solano, private right-of-way, Northbrae Tunnel, Sutter, Henry, Shattuck (stopping at Berkeley Station), Adeline, Stanford to the upper platform of the Oakland 16th St Station, thence to Oakland Pier. Designated Line # 3 (local) and # 9 (express) for Bay Bridge service, re-routed direct to the bridge with no stop at Oakland 16th St Station. During Bay Bridge operation, the last train of the day (early morning) to leave San Francisco was extended from Thousand Oaks along the outer 9th St Line to Albany (San Pablo Ave) because there was no 9th St Line service at this time; this was the last IER service when terminated in July 1941.
Berkeley, 9th Street Line - Thousand Oaks station (Colusa Wye) in Berkeley, via Solano, Jackson, private right-of-way, 9th Street to private right-of-way to Stanford to the upper platform of the 16th Street Station in Oakland, thence to Oakland Pier. Designated Line # 5 for Bay Bridge service, re-routed direct to the bridge with no stop at Oakland 16th St Station. Terminated July 1941.
Berkeley, Ellsworth St Line - Ellsworth and Allston Way in Berkeley, via Ellsworth to Woolsey, Adeline, Stanford to the upper platform of the Oakland 16th St Station, thence to Oakland Pier. Line shortened one block to Bancroft Way in 1931. Terminated March 1933.
Oakland, 7th St, Dutton Ave Line (originally San Francisco and Oakland Railroad steam line) - Dutton Ave and Bancroft in San Leandro, through the neighborhoods of Eastmont (with freight service to the Chevrolet plant that became Eastmont Town Center decades later), Havenscourt, and Seminary, via Bancroft, Almond St, then private right-of-way to 90th Ave, then Blanche St to 82nd Ave, then private right-of-way to Ritchie Ave, then Beck St to 73rd Ave, then private right-of-way to Church St, then Beck St to 64th Ave, then private right-of-way to Seminary Ave, then Bond St to private right-of-way leading through Melrose and along the SP main line tracks through Fruitvale to 7th St, then 7th to Oakland Pier. Almond, Blanche, Beck, Bond (as far as Fremont Way) and the private rights-of-ways connecting them are all now part of Bancroft Ave, while the next private right-of-way is now Bancroft Way. Originally, regular trains operated only as far as Havenscourt and Beck, with a Suburban Connection train meeting every other train and operating to Dutton Ave. Starting in February 1924 all trains operated to Dutton Ave., but the last few cars of each outbound train were removed at Seminary Ave, then added to the front of the next inbound train. During rush hour an additional express train operated via Alameda Pier and the Lincoln Avenue line, stopping only at Park St N. (Alameda), crossing the Fruitvale Bridge, joining the 7th St line east of Fruitvale Station, and making limited stops to the end of the line. Designated Line # 2 (local) and # 7 (express) for Bay Bridge service, and re-routed via the upper platform of the Oakland 16th St Station. Starting in March 1939, all cars operated through to Dutton Ave. Terminated March 1941.
Alameda, Encinal Ave Line (originally South Pacific Coast Railroad steam line) - High St South, via Encinal, Central, Main, private right-of-way to Alameda Pier. Outbound trains arriving at High St South became inbound Lincoln Ave trains. Designated Line # 4 eastbound and # 6 westbound for Bay Bridge service, starting at West Alameda, via private right-of-way, Main, Central, Encinal, Fernside, private right-of-way, Fruitvale Bridge, private right-of-way alongside Fruitvale Ave to junction with 7th St line at Fruitvale Station. Terminated, January 1941.
Alameda, Lincoln Ave Line (originally San Francisco and Alameda Railroad steam line) - High St South, via Fernside, private right-of-way to Alameda Station at Park St, then Lincoln to 5th St, then private right-of-way to 4th St, Pacific, Main, private right-of-way to Alameda Pier. Outbound trains arriving at High St South became inbound Encinal Ave trains. Designated Line # 6 eastbound and # 4 westbound for Bay Bridge service, starting at West Alameda, via private right-of-way to Main, then Pacific to 4th St, then private right-of-way to 5th St., Lincoln to Alameda Station, private right-of-way, Fruitvale Bridge, private right-of-way alongside Fruitvale Ave to junction with 7th St line at Fruitvale Station. Terminated, January 1941.
Alameda via Fruitvale (Horseshoe) Line (originally Central Pacific Railroad steam line) - Alameda Pier (or other Alameda location on Lincoln Ave line) to Oakland Pier via Fruitvale Bridge. An important purpose of this line was to give Alameda residents access to main-line trains at Oakland Pier. Terminated, January 1939.
Oakland, 18th Street Line - 14th and Franklin Station, via Franklin to 20th, 20th (alternating with 21st) to West Street, then via diagonal private right-of-way to 18th Street, 18th to the upper platform of the Oakland 16th St Station, thence to Oakland Pier. In 1926, starting at Webster and 2nd St via Webster to 20th to Franklin and as before. Terminated March 1933.
Oakland via Alameda Pier Line (originally South Pacific Coast Railroad - steam line) - 14th and Franklin Station, via Webster, Harrison St bridge, to private right-of-way to Alameda Pier. Terminated December 1923.
Crosstown Streetcar Line - Oakland 16th St Station, via 18th St, then via diagonal private right-of-way to West St to 20th (alternating with 21st) to Franklin, through 14th and Franklin Station to Webster St to Harrison St bridge to private right-of-way to Mastick (Alameda) to 8th to Central to Encinal to Fernside to private right-of-way to Lincoln to Mastick and back. Alternate cars went around the Alameda loop in the opposite direction. Some service was to 14th and Franklin only. In December 1923, all service was cut back to the 14th and Franklin station. Terminated March 1926.
Mail trains - Starting in December 1923, mail trains, usually consisting of one box motor, loaded sacked mail several times a day at Oakland Pier and delivered it to Oakland 16th St Station and to Berkeley Station. Mail from Oakland Pier was also delivered to Alameda Station, using trains of cars being sent from Oakland Pier to the Alameda Shops for maintenance and repair. Terminated November 1938.
Equipment
Catenary Equipment and Substations
Electrification of the 52 or so miles of trackage began in early 1911, using No. 0000 grooved copper trolley wire, 7/16 inch messenger wires, and hanging loop catenary. Electrification was at 1200 volts direct-current, which allowed for higher speeds, faster acceleration, and less power loss. Substations located at the Tidal Canal (along Fruitvale Ave), Thousand Oaks, and West Oakland converted 1320 volt Alternating-Current into 1200 volts direct current. Catenary cross-arms were of a simple construction, using a center iron pole (painted black) and trolley cross-arms at either 60 or 120 feet of length to hold the catenary wiring.
There were different methods of the application of the towers to hold the catenary in certain settings on the lines. The East Bay Electric Lines had trackage over a series of estuaries and rivers, including the San Francisco Bay, which meant that due to the limitations of the infrastructure over these bodies of water the usual method of center-pole and cross-arm located in-between the double-track was given up, in favor of 65 feet tall iron poles in a lattice formation, that held up the catenary. Additionally, this style of catenary construction was applied on the four track segment of track that paralleled the Southern Pacific's mainline via Oakland.
Car-shops
In order to maintain its fleet of electric locomotives, the East Bay Electric Lines and later Interurban Electric Railway had two shops, the Alameda Shops and the Bridge Yard. The Alameda Shops were located at West Alameda, on the Oakland Estuary, and the Bridge Yard was the general maintenance yard for the Interurban Electric Railway and Key System just before the Bay Bridge.
Interurbans
American Car & Foundry Company Interurbans
To provide faster transportation on its commuter lines, Southern Pacific purchased steel interurbans from the American Car & Foundry Company (AC&FC). The first group of cars arrived in 1911 from the AC&FC and consisted of 40 powered passenger coaches (motors), 25 powered combination baggage-passenger cars (combos), and 50 unpowered passenger coaches (trailers), some with train controls and some without. They had large rectangular end windows, which proved to be a liability for train crews in accidents. Eventually, these rectangular end windows would be replaced with circular windows, reminiscent of portholes and similar to the Pennsylvania Railroad's MP54 electric suburbans. The circular windows however would not be applied to trailers, or trains that lacked train controls.
The first steel cars were 73 feet long, and were moderately heavy as they weighed 1562 pounds per running foot. However, they were light when measuring weight per passenger due to their high capacity of seating. The large seating of the interurbans (which sat 2 - 3 people per seat) allowed for a general capacity of 116 patrons.
When first acquired by the AC&FC, the interurbans were painted an olive green, which was standard among most passenger cars of the time. Eventually the interurbans were repainted a bright red, which led to many patrons calling the interurbans the "Big Red Cars". The color remained until abandonment.
After abandonment of electric service in the East Bay, most of the interurban cars went to the Pacific Electric, though some were deeded by the California Toll Booth Authority and used in Utah and Nevada during World War 2. Most were retired when Pacific Electric ceased service in 1961, though some remain preserved in museums such as the Western Railway Museum, Southern California Railway Museum, and Travel Town Museum.
Pullman Company Interurbans
Beginning in 1913, East Bay Electric commissioned the famous Pullman Car Company to produce a series of interurbans, similar to that of the American Car & Foundry Company's style construction. The style consisted of 10 motors, 4 combination cars, and 2 powered express-baggage cars (commonly known as box motors). These differed from the AC&FC's style because these new interurbans all featured the safer rounded windows in the front and backs in the original construction, and seated only 111 passengers.
After the abandonment of the East Bay Electric, all of these interurbans were sent to the Pacific Electric for conversion into the famous "Blimps" or "Red Cars". All were retired by 1953.
St Louis Car Company Interurbans
In addition to the AC&FC and Pullman built interurbans, the Southern Pacific commissioned the St Louis Car Company to produce more interurbans. These cars were identical to their predecessors, bearing the rounded windows at the front and backs. Only six motors were produced. These cars seated only 108 patrons.
All were scrapped.
Streetcars
The East Bay Electric Lines also operated a series of more suburban local services, which were served by a series of streetcars, smaller and slower than the interurbans.
Pullman Company Streetcars
The only company to manufacture streetcars for the East Bay Electric Lines was the Pullman car company. Twenty were manufactured, all featuring center-bay doors for boarding on low-platforms. The streetcars were meant for more local service, which also means they had a lower passenger seating limit, only 86 patrons.
In 1913 it was found that they had too many streetcars for the low demand of the line, so ten cars were sent to the Pacific Electric for operation there. However, two cars were brought back in 1919 due to a need for more streetcar services. In 1926, because of declining patronage, the streetcars were sent to rival Key System for operation on the subsidiary East Bay Street Railways (EBSR).
However, the EBSR was converting to one-man operation, which means that the motorman acts as the conductor too, and the streetcars were built for the traditional two man operation (meaning there would have been a motorman and a conductor). This led to their downfall, and in 1933 all were scrapped.
Operating Practices and Improvements
The usual operating practice was that the number of powered cars in a train was at least one more than the number of trailers. Trailers, with or without train controls, were always placed in the middle of trains; train controls on trailers were mainly used in assembling or disassembling trains. As ridership declined and trains became shorter, trailers were primarily used only during rush hour. Combos were used to carry checked baggage to and from main-line trains at Oakland Pier and to deliver bundled newspapers. They were usually put on the end of the train toward Oakland Pier, and most commonly on the 7th St Line as far as Havenscourt or Seminary Avenue. When plans for longer routes were not implemented, 21 of the ACF combos were changed to motors at the time they received their round end windows in the 1920s. Due to the heavy grades on the Bay Bridge, 10 trailers were changed to motors in 1938 when all the passenger-carrying cars were modified with automatic train control and other safety equipment for bridge operation. The California Toll Bridge Authority (TBA) funded these changes and received title to 58 cars in return. All cars carried the name "Southern Pacific Lines" until Bay Bridge service began, when the IER-owned cars were repainted with "Interurban Electric Railway Company".
Aftermath
Lines
Revival of Lines for Key System
The rival Key System assumed rights to some of the trackage and overhead wires of abandoned IER/SP routes. This had first occurred due to the 1933 consolidation. In March 1933, the abandoned California St line in Berkeley from about Ada and California Sts, up Monterey Avenue to Colusa Ave, was used for the Key's Sacramento St Line (H line) until abandonment in July 1941. In April 1941, a portion of the abandoned 7th St, Dutton Ave Line in East Oakland, from East 14th St to Havenscourt Boulevard, was used to extend the Key's 12th St Line (A Line) until October 1950, when this line was cut back to 12th and Oak Sts. In August 1941, a portion of the Shattuck Ave line in Berkeley, from about Dwight Way to the south end of the Northbrae Tunnel was used to extend the Key's Shattuck Ave Line (F Line). In December 1942, the F Line was extended through the tunnel to the intersection of Solano Ave and The Alameda. The F Line was abandoned in April 1958.
Key System streetcars also used the IER Shattuck Avenue tracks from Parker St to University Ave until abandonment in November 1948. During World War II the Key System used a portion of the 7th St, Dutton Ave Line tracks in Oakland on 7th St, from Broadway to Pine St, for streetcar service to a shipyard and most of the 9th St track of the 9th St Line for the Richmond Shipyard Railway.
Freight Service
SP freight service continued over parts of the 9th St, Shattuck Ave, 7th St and Lincoln Ave Lines. An excursion train pulled by a steam locomotive was operated over this track in April 1954, by the Bay Area Electric Railroad Association. By 1960, all except the part from the 9th St Line had been abandoned.
Infrastructure remnants
Although not a lot remains infrastructure wise of the old East Bay Electric, there are some very noticeable remains. The Northbrae Tunnel, which runs between Sutter St and Solano Avenue underneath the Fountain Roundabout, is one of the most physical remains of the SP/IER. The tunnel once was a main artery for the SP interurbans into Thousand Oaks, and was used by Key System well after abandonment of SP electric service.
Additionally, the elevated platforms of the IER still exist at Southern Pacific's 16th Street Station in Oakland. Although interurban service ceased to the elevated platforms in 1941, the platforms were never torn down and still remain today as a visible reminder of former IER service. However, both approach trestles to the elevated platform were demolished during abandonment. The trestle that crosses the Southern Pacific mainline however still exists, partially. The northbound portion of the trestle was formerly in use by the Oakland Terminal Railway, a Key System subsidiary meant to handle freight. Sections of the trestle have been cut down, such as large sections of the former double-tracked bridge, which was downgraded to single-track during the sixties and seventies, after switching motions were no longer required on the bridge. The southbound portion of the trestle was converted to a road after abandonment, and does not exist anymore aside from a 280 foot long section. Since 2011, the Oakland Terminal Railway has no longer used the trestle for a variety of reasons, most notably being a 4% grade and weight limits. A lack of customers caused the line to cease using the trestle. Since then there is no track access on either side, leaving it isolated from the national rail network.
Aside from the Northbrae Tunnel, 16th Street Station, and trestle, nothing else too visible remains. The Emeryville Greenway between 9th street and Stanford Ave is a section of former IER right of way that serviced the interurban line to Thousand Oaks.
Equipment
After the SP streetcar line was abandoned in 1926, all 12 cars were sold to the Key System.
After IER service ended, the TBA separated its 58 cars from the SP's 89 cars. In 1942, the TBA sold 6 motors for scrap in January and the remaining 52 cars to the Houston Shop Corp., which shipped them via the SP to Houston. One of the TBA trailers was wrecked in transit, so the SP replaced it with one of its trailers. The SP sent the 2 box motors to the PE, in March and April used 5 trailers for buildings in West Oakland, and stored their remaining 81 cars until they were requisitioned in July and September by the United States Maritime Commission for use in transporting workers to World War II shipyards: 20 trailers to a line in the Portland, Oregon, area and 61 cars to the PE in Southern California where some of them were in use until that system ceased operations in 1961. A few of the cars have been preserved:
See also
The Key System; another transbay commuter rail system that served the East Bay during the same era.
Footnotes
References
Issue No. 318. Reissued, combined with Issue No. 199, as
Reprinted as Issue No. 199.
External links
1927 Map of East Bay Electric Lines (almost maximum extent of lines: no Harrison St. Bridge or streetcar tracks on 8th St., Alameda)
Photos and maps of the red trains in the East Bay
"Electrification of Oakland Suburban Lines", Railway Age Gazette, September 13, 1912, pp.460-3
List of California street railroads
List of interurban railways
Defunct California railroads
Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiaries
Passenger rail transportation in California
Electric railways in California
Interurban railways in California
Public transportation in Alameda County, California
Rail transportation in Oakland, California
History of Oakland, California
1911 establishments in California
1941 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Bay%20Electric%20Lines |
The 5th World Cup season began in December 1970 in Italy and concluded in March 1971 in Sweden. Gustav Thöni of Italy won the first of his three consecutive overall titles. Annemarie Pröll of Austria won the women's overall title, her first of five consecutive.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Men
Overall
In men's overall World Cup 1970/71 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 22 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
In men's downhill World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. Seven racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. 12 racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
In men's slalom World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. 11 racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Jean-Noël Augert won five races and won the cup with maximum points
Ladies
Overall
In women's overall World Cup 1970/71 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 18 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
In women's downhill World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. Eight racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. 11 racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Annemarie Pröll won the cup with maximum points by winning the last three competitions.
Slalom
In women's slalom World Cup 1970/71 the best 3 results count. Ten racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Ladies
Medal table
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings - 1971
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1971
Alpine Skiing World Cup, 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
The Skirball Cultural Center, founded in 1996, is a Jewish educational institution in Los Angeles, California. The center, named after philanthropist-couple Jack H. Skirball and Audrey Skirball-Kenis, has a museum with regularly changing exhibitions, film events, music and theater performances, comedy, family, literary and cultural programs. The campus includes a museum, a performing arts center, conference halls, classrooms, libraries, courtyards, gardens, and a café. Although the center has its roots in Jewish culture, it is open to individuals of all ages and cultures.
Skirball Museum
The Skirball Museum predates the Skirball Cultural Center, having been established in 1972 at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in L.A. The museum moved into the Skirball Cultural Center after the center's completion. The Skirball's core exhibition, Visions and Values: Jewish Life from Antiquity to America, traces the history, experiences and values of Jews over 4,000 years. Featuring changing displays of works from the Skirball's museum collection, the exhibition's galleries contain multimedia installations, rare artifacts, historical documents and photographs, works of fine art, interactive computer stations and sound recordings that lead visitors on the Jewish people's journey, culminating with their experiences in the United States.
Comprising more than 30,000 objects, the Skirball's museum collection includes archaeological artifacts from biblical and later historical periods; Jewish ceremonial objects from countries around the world; an extensive group of Old World Jewish objects; the Project Americana collection, comprising objects that document the “everyday life of ordinary people” in the United States since the 1850s; and works of fine art in a variety of media.
Architecture
Designed by Israeli-born architect Moshe Safdie, the campus of the Skirball Cultural Center is in the Santa Monica Mountains near the Sepulveda Pass.
Noah's Ark
The Noah's Ark galleries were designed by Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects of Seattle. Partner Jim Olson was the lead designer of the ark and Principal Alan Maskin designed the interactive exhibits and provided art direction for the project, including the design of nearly 300 animals. Brooklyn-based designer/puppeteer Chris M. Green created additional life-sized animals, many of them puppets to be operated by gallery staff. Outdoors, the Noah's Ark experience includes a rainbow mist installation developed by Moshe Safdie, the architect of the Skirball Cultural Center, in partnership with environmental artist Ned Kahn.
Public programs
The Skirball presents a range of music, theater, poetry, literary, film and other performing arts.
Education
The Skirball annually serves approximately 60,000 schoolchildren and teachers representing virtually every religious and ethnic background in Southern California. The family-oriented discovery center includes a simulated dig site and field tent and informs visitors about the archaeology of ancient Israel and the Near East.
References
Further reading
Cinema's Legacy at the Skirball, AFI
About the Skirball
Philosophy of the Skirball
External links
Official website of the Skirball Cultural Center
Museums in Los Angeles
Arts centers in California
Art museums and galleries in Los Angeles
Jewish museums in California
Santa Monica Mountains
Sepulveda Boulevard
Jews and Judaism in Los Angeles
Jewish organizations based in the United States
National Performance Network Partners
Organizations established in 1996
Cultural centers in the United States
1996 establishments in California
Brentwood, Los Angeles
Moshe Safdie buildings
Postmodern architecture in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirball%20Cultural%20Center |
The 4th World Cup season began in December 1969 in France and concluded in March 1970 in Norway. Karl Schranz of Austria won his second consecutive overall title. Michèle Jacot of France won the women's overall title.
For the final time, the results of the World Championships, held in 1970 in Val Gardena, Italy, were included in the World Cup standings (except for the Alpine Combined results, because that discipline was not recognized in the World Cup until the 1974/75 season). Future Olympic and World Championship results were not included as World Cup races.
Malcolm Milne of Australia won the season's first downhill at Val d'Isère in December to become the first alpine racer from the Southern Hemisphere to win a World Cup event.
Calendar
Men
Note: Races 18, 19, and 20 were the events from the Alpine World Ski Championships in Val Gardena.This was the final time that the World Championships (or Olympics) were counted in the World Cup standings.
Women
Note: Races 18, 19, and 20 were the events from the Alpine World Ski Championships in Val Gardena.This was the final time that the World Championships (or Olympics) were counted in the World Cup standings.
Men
Overall
see complete table
In men's overall World Cup 1969/70 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 18 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In men's downhill World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
see complete table
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. Ten racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Gustav Thöni won the cup with maximum points.
Slalom
see complete table
In men's slalom World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. 11 racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Patrick Russel and Alain Penz won the cup with maximum points. French athletes won 10 races out of 11!
Women
Overall
see complete table
In women's overall World Cup 1969/70 the best three results from each discipline (downhill, giant slalom, and slalom) counted. Nineteen racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In women's downhill World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Isabelle Mir won the cup with maximum points.
Giant slalom
see complete table
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. 14 racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
see complete table
In women's slalom World Cup 1969/70 the best 3 results count. 14 racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Ingrid Lafforgue won the cup with maximum points. She won five races and four of them in a row.
Nations cup
Overall
Men
Women
Medal table
Notes
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 1970
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%E2%80%9370%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Boesingheliede () is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 12 km west of Amsterdam.
Boesingheliede has a population of around 140.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boesingheliede |
Encinasola is a village and municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Huelva, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. According to the 2005 census, the municipality has a population of 1,686 inhabitants.
The municipality shares a border with the Portuguese municipality of Barrancos. The details of the Spanish–Portuguese border concerning Moura, Barrancos, Encinasola and Aroche were officially settled in the 1926 Convention of Limits. By the 2010s, the demographic situation in the municipality was dire, with the 2014 population being around a 30% of the 1970 population.
The village lies at about 431 metres above sea level. The municipality spans across a total area of 177.76 km2.
People of Encinasola
Abel Moreno: Music
, Minister of Grace and Justice with Fernando VII
References
External links
Encinasola - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encinasola |
The third World Cup season began in December 1968 and concluded in March 1969. This was the first season in which the races began prior to January 1, and that change immediately became permanent. Karl Schranz of Austria won the first of two consecutive overall titles. Gertrude Gabl of Austria won the women's overall title. For the first and only (as of 2016) time in World Cup history, a discipline trophy was shared by more than two people, as four men (three French, one Austrian) tied for the men's slalom trophy.
The race footage for the film Downhill Racer was shot during this season, primarily in January 1969.
Calendar
Men
Note: Race 12 and 13 were held on the same day.
Women
Men
Overall
In men's overall World Cup 1968/69 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 17 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In men's downhill World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results count. Karl Schranz won the cup with maximum points.
Giant slalom
see complete table
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Slalom
see complete table
In men's slalom World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results count. The one and only World Cup ever shared by more than two racers. Three French athletes tied with one Austrian.
Women
Overall
In women's overall World Cup 1968/69 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 15 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In women's downhill World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results count. Three racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
see complete table
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results counted. Eight racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Marilyn Cochran won the cup without a win, but was runner-up in the final five races.
Slalom
see complete table
In women's slalom World Cup 1968/69 the best 3 results count. 11 racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Gertrude Gabl won the cup with maximum points.
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Women
Medal table
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 1969
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Jakob Herzog (1892 – 1931) was a Swiss Socialist. Originally a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Herzog was expelled in 1918 for supporting the October Revolution.
Herzog was one of the founding members of the Swiss Communist Movement (Forderung) in 1918 and leader of the Communist Party of Switzerland (Altkommunisten) in the 1920s.
1892 births
1931 deaths
Swiss communists
Former Roman Catholics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob%20Herzog |
The Ibanez MTM series was a series of signature guitars created by Slipknot's Mick Thomson, and produced by Ibanez. Some of the MTMs had the Ibanez RG shape and some had the Ibanez Glaive shape. They have two humbucking pickups (H-H configuration), and the fixed Edge FX bridge, which is based on Ibanez Edge tremolo but fixed, providing more tuning stability than a standard hard-tail. Contrary to popular belief, the MTM series guitars do not have a tremolo bar or system. They came factory tuned to Drop B (B, F#, B, E, G#, C# [low to high]), a very low tuning that Slipknot used frequently. The MTM series was discontinued in 2016, when Mick Thomson switched to Jackson Guitars.
Models
RG shape (2006–2011) (2014–2016)
MTM1
The MTM1 is constructed with the neck-through method, has a mahogany body, and a five-piece maple/walnut neck. The neck is the wizard II neck and the newer generations of the MTM1 do not have the thumbstop behind the headstock. When the MTM1 was first released, it came out of the factory with active EMG pickups: the 81 and 60. The second generation MTM1s came with Seymour Duncan AHB-1 Blackouts and came in two colors: black with white binding, or the traditional blood red with black binding. The third generation MTM1s were released with a few modifications from their predecessors. They featured a volute behind the headstock, the AHB-1 Blackouts were changed to Thomson's signature EMTY Blackouts, and the output jack was mounted on the side of the guitar, like that of an Ibanez JEM. The MTM1 is the more expensive model. The MTM1 also featured the "seven" inlay across the first five frets.
MTM2
The Ibanez MTM2 is the more affordable sister guitar of the MTM1; it has a mahogany body, bolt-on five-piece maple and walnut neck, locking nut, EDGE III Fixed bridge, and Duncan designed active pickups (earlier models shipped with Ibanez V7 and V8 pickups). The MTM2 was offered in black with white binding, and later white with black binding. The "seven" inlays were removed, and it is now written on the truss rod cover.
MTM20
Similar to the MTM2, the MTM20 has a mahogany body, five-piece maple and walnut bolt-on neck, locking nut, FX Edge III bridge, and the Duncan Designed active pickups. However the 'seven' inlays normally featured on higher-end models was present. The MTM20 comes only in white with black binding. The MTM20 also featured a volute on the headstock.
Glaive shape (2012–2014)
For 2012, Ibanez released new MTM models based on tests Mick had been using for the various tours since All Hope Is Gone. Based on Ibanez' Glaive shape, there are again two models, a high-grade expensive model, and a medium-grade model.
MTM100
The higher grade MTM100 comes only in black finish. It features the new Seymour Duncan EMTY active pickups. The five-piece Wizard III maple/walnut neck-through is squeezed between mahogany wings. The FX Edge III fixed bridge returns from the previous MTMs. This top-of-the-line version returns the "seven" inlay at the first five frets.
MTM10
The MTM10, the lower grade of the new two, comes only in blood red finish. It also drops the "seven" inlay. Like the MTM2, it features a bolt-on three-piece maple/mahogany Wizard III neck. As for the pickups, the EMTYs are dropped in favor of a less expensive model, the Duncan HB-105MT active humbuckers in neck, and bridge positions.
References
MTM | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibanez%20MTM |
Hinojos is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 3,726 inhabitants.
References
External links
Hinojos - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinojos |
Barbara Randall Kesel (born October 2, 1960) is an American writer and editor of comic books. Her bibliography includes work for Crossgen, Dark Horse Comics, DC Comics, IDW Publishing, Image Comics, and Marvel Comics.
Biography
Barbara Kesel initially entered the comics industry as college student after writing a 10-page letter to editor Dick Giordano regarding the portrayal of female comic book characters and Giordano offered her a writing job. Her first published comics story (credited as "Barbara J. Randall") was "He with Secrets Fears the Sound...", a Batgirl backup feature, in Detective Comics #518 (Sept. 1982). After receiving her college degree in drama studies in 1983, she became an associate editor at DC Comics in 1984 and was promoted to editor the following year. In 1988, she wrote a Batgirl Special and then co-wrote, with her then-husband Karl Kesel, a Hawk and Dove miniseries, followed by an ongoing series that ran from 1989 until 1991. As a solo writer, Barbara Kesel scripted the licensed Dungeons & Dragons series Spelljammer in 1990–1991 and an adaptation of the D&D novel trilogy Avatar in 1991.
She became an editor at Dark Horse Comics in 1991 and later was part of Team CGW, responsible for most of the design and creation of the setting and characters in the Golden City location. In the second half of the 1990s, she also wrote for Image Comics, scripting all seven issues of Savant Garde, the miniseries Shattered Image with fellow writer Kurt Busiek, and issues of Stormwatch and WildC.A.T.s. For Marvel Comics, Kesel wrote the limited series Ultragirl (1996–1997) and (with Karl Kesel) the Captain America/Citizen V Annual '98. Kesel also returned to DC and wrote the Alpha Centurion Special (1996), several Superboy issues (1997), and the 'Girlfrenzy!'-oneshot Superman: Lois Lane as well as the Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl one-shot in 1998.
She worked as both a writer and an editor at CrossGen from 2000 to 2004 where she scripted the series Meridian, The First, Sigil and Solus as well as issues of CrossGen Chronicles. In 2007, Tokopop released the first volume of Legends of the Dark Crystal, an OEL manga based on Jim Henson's film The Dark Crystal, written by Kesel. Volume 2 was published in 2010.
As of 2008, she was part of the packaging company "The Pack" with Lee Nordling, Brian Augustyn, Gordon Kent, and Dave Olbrich. The same year, Barbara Kesel began to work for IDW Publishing, writing a four-part Ghostwhisperer comic miniseries, another miniseries based on the adventure novel series Rogue Angel and the comic adaptation of the animated film Igor.
In 2015, she wrote a Wonder Woman story for DC's digital series Sensation Comics, later published in print as Sensation Comics #13. When fellow comic book writer Kurt Busiek put together creative teams for the eight standalone, oversized issues of his Marvels Snapshots series, he hired Barbara Kesel to write the first issue starring the 1980s Avengers which was published in 2021.
Currently (in 2022), she's working for tech-startup Urus Entertainment, creating a forthcoming new twist on comics.
Kesel is an outspoken opponent of sexism in the comic book industry. She is known for her strong female characters and created Grace, the ruler of the Golden City location in Comics' Greatest World.
Personal life
She was married to fellow comic book writer Karl Kesel but they have since divorced.
Awards
Kesel has been nominated for the 1991 "Best Editor" Eisner Award for Badlands, Aliens: Genocide and Star Wars. In 1995, she was nominated for "Best Anthology" and "Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Material" Harvey Awards for, respectively, Instant Piano and Hellboy: Seed of Destruction. She won the 1996 "Best Graphic Album of Previously Published Work" Harvey Award, for Hellboy: The Wolves of St. August. Received a Comic-Con International Inkpot Award on July 22, 2022, for "Achievement in Comic Arts".
Bibliography
Archaia
The Dark Crystal: Creation Myths OGN (among others) (2011)
ComicMix
Mine! OGN (among others) (2018)
CrossGen
CrossGen Chronicles #1, 3, 6 (2000–2002)
CrossGenesis #1 (2000)
The First #1–37 (2000–2003)
Meridian (2000–2004)
Sigil #1–11, 20 (2000–2002)
Solus (2003)
Dark Horse Comics
Aliens vs. Predator: Booty #1 (1996)
Comics' Greatest World: Catalyst: Agents of Change (#8) (1993)
Comics' Greatest World: Mecha (#6) (1993)
Comics' Greatest World: Rebel (#5) (1993)
Comics' Greatest World: Titan (#7) (1993)
Dark Horse Presents vol. 3 #18–20 (2016)
Hard Looks #1 (with Andrew Vachss) (1992)
Real Adventures of Jonny Quest #9–10 (1997)
Will to Power #7–9 (1994)
DC Comics
Action Comics #574 (1985)
Adventures of Superman #557 (1998)
Alpha Centurion Special #1 (1996)
Avatar #1–3 (1991)
Batgirl Special #1 (1988)
Batgirl: The Bronze Age Omnibus #2 (foreword) (2019)
Batman #401 (1986)
DC Comics Presents #94 (1986)
Detective Comics #518–519 (Batgirl backup stories) (1982)
Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl #1 (1998)
Elvira's House of Mystery Special #1 (1987)
The Fury of Firestorm #57 (1987)
Hawk and Dove vol. 2 #1–5 (1988)
Hawk and Dove vol. 3 #1–28, Annual #1–2 (1989–1991)
Hawkman vol. 2 #10 (1987)
Heroes Against Hunger #1 (1986)
Invasion! Special: Daily Planet #1 (1989)
New Talent Showcase #15 (1985)
The New Titans #68–69 (1990)
Secret Origins vol. 2 #20 (Batgirl); #43 (Hawk and Dove) (1987–1989)
Sensation Comics Featuring Wonder Woman #13 (2015)
Spelljammer #1–8, 11 (1990–1991)
Superboy vol. 3 #43–44, 48–49, Annual #2 (1995–1998)
Supergirl Annual #1 (1996)
Superman: Lois Lane #1 (1998)
Team Superman Secret Files #1 (1998)
Teen Titans Spotlight #19 (1988)
TSR Worlds #1 (1990)
Who's Who in the DC Universe #1–2, 4, 6–7 (1990–1991)
Who's Who in the Legion of Super-Heroes #1–6 (1988)
Amalgam Comics
Exciting X-Patrol #1 (1997)
X-Patrol #1 (1996)
Flux
Black is for Beginnings OGN (with Laurie Faria Stolarz) (2009)
IDW Publishing
Ghost Whisperer: The Muse #1–4 (2008–2009)
Igor: Movie Adaptation #1–4 (2008)
My Little Pony: Friends Forever #12, 25 (2014, 2016)
My Little Pony Micro-Series #4 (2013)
Rogue Angel: Teller of Tall Tales #1–5 (2008)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Micro-Series #7 (2012)
Womanthology: Heroic OGN (among others) (2011)
Womanthology: Space #5 (2013)
Image Comics
Gen¹³ Bootleg #19 (1998)
Savant Garde #1–7 (1997)
Savant Garde Fan Edition #1–3 (1997)
Shattered Image #1–4 (with Kurt Busiek) (1996)
Stormwatch #29–30 (1995)
WildC.A.T.s #35–36 (1997)
Lion Forge Comics
Airwolf: Airstrikes #4 (2015)
Marvel Comics
Captain America/Citizen V '98 #1 (1998)
Marvels Snapshots: Avengers #1 (2021)
Ultragirl #1–3 (1996–1997)
Silver Dragon Books
Animal Planet: The World's Most Dangerous Animals (among others) (2012)
Tokyopop
Aqua volume 1–2 (English adaptation) (2007–2008)
Arcana volume 1–5 (English adaptation) (2005–2007)
Legends of the Dark Crystal volume 1–2 (2007–2010)
Characters created
Bloody Mary
Catalyst: Agents of Change
Enson
Grace
Ilahn of Cadador
Lindy Karsten
Malice Vundabar
Sephie of Meridian
Solusandra
Speed Queen
Titan
Ultra Girl
Wyture
References
External links
Barbara J. Kesel (Randall) at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
1960 births
American comics writers
American feminist writers
Comic book editors
Female comics writers
Living people
Inkpot Award winners
DC Comics people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Kesel |
Audrey Skirball-Kenis (December 19, 1914 – June 19, 2002) was an American philanthropist.
Early years
Audrey Skirball-Kenis was born Audrey Marx in Birmingham, Alabama, the daughter of Otto Marx Sr., and Agnes Mosler Marx. Her father's banking business was an early tenant of the eponymous Brown Marx Building in downtown Birmingham, Alabama.
Raised in New York City, as the daughter of a Paris-born mother, she spoke French at home until she began school. In 1941, the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, Audrey moved to California to join the Signal Corps.
Audrey had two brief marriages that ended in divorce before, marrying film producer and real estate developer Jack Skirball. The couple were deeply involved in philanthropy, largely in support of Reform Judaism. They planned and funded the construction of the Skirball Cultural Center. Jack died in 1985, shortly before the center opened.
In 1987 Audrey married wine importer Charles Kenis. Together they established the Audrey Skirball-Kenis Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, as well as being involved in a variety of other philanthropic projects.
A long-time horse racing fan, Audrey Skirball had joined with friends in 1972 to purchase a thoroughbred, then established the 3 Plus U Stable, which became quite successful. Charles Kenis joined his new wife in this pursuit and became a founder and eventually director emeritus of the Thoroughbred Owners of California.
ASK
Audrey and Charles founded the non-profit Audrey Skirball-Kenis Theater Projects (ASK) in West Los Angeles. Audrey did not actively manage ASK, but Charles served as president of ASK's board of trustees.
In 1990, Audrey and Charles, through ASK, made a highly publicized donation of $500,000 to the Los Angeles Arts Festival's theater and performance programs. The donation saved the festival from closing, and was ceremonially accepted in the Los Angeles mayor's office by Peter Sellers, the festival's director.
Soon, ASK emerged with a reputation as Los Angeles' primary funder of small new theatrical projects. In 2000, ASK spent and gave a total of $1.8 million to charitable activities.
Death
Audrey Skirball-Kenis died on June 19, 2002, at age 87 in Los Angeles. She had two daughters, and two stepchildren. Charles Kenis died in Los Angeles on July 21, 2006.
References
Sources
Audrey Skirball-Kenis, Philanthropist, 87, Dies (Associated Press, June 25, 2002)
Turmoil and uncertainty rock an L.A. art mainstay, L.A. Weekly, June 14–20, 2002
1914 births
2002 deaths
American people of French-Jewish descent
People from New York City
Military personnel from Birmingham, Alabama
People from Los Angeles
United States Army soldiers
American Reform Jews
Women in the United States Army
American women in World War II
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Skirball-Kenis |
10199 Chariklo is the largest confirmed centaur (small body of the outer Solar System). It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus, grazing the orbit of Uranus. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two rings (nicknamed Oiapoque and Chuí after the rivers that define Brazil's borders) around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation, making it the first minor planet known to have rings.
A photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation. Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice, which may in fact be located in its rings. It is possibly a dwarf planet.
Discovery and naming
Chariklo was discovered by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch program on February 15, 1997. Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo (), the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo.
A symbol derived from that for 2060 Chiron, , was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a C for Chariklo.
Size and shape
Chariklo is currently the largest known centaur, with a volume-equivalent diameter of about 250 km. Its shape is probably elongated with dimensions 287.6 × 270.4 × 198.2 km. is likely to be the second largest with and 2060 Chiron is likely to be the third largest with .
Orbit
Centaurs originated in the Kuiper belt and are in dynamically unstable orbits that will lead to ejection from the Solar System, an impact with a planet or the Sun, or transition into a short-period comet.
The orbit of Chariklo is more stable than those of Nessus, Chiron, and Pholus. Chariklo lies within 0.09 AU of the 4:3 resonance of Uranus and is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 10.3 Myr. Orbital simulations of twenty clones of Chariklo suggest that Chariklo will not start to regularly come within 3 AU (450 Gm) of Uranus for about thirty thousand years.
During the perihelic oppositions of 2003–04, Chariklo had an apparent magnitude of +17.7. , Chariklo was 14.8 AU from the Sun.
Rings
A stellar occultation in 2013 revealed that Chariklo has two rings with radii 386 and 400 km and widths of about 6.9 km and 0.12 km respectively. The rings are approximately 14 km apart. This makes Chariklo the smallest known object to have rings. These rings are consistent with an edge-on orientation in 2008, which can explain Chariklo's dimming before 2008 and brightening since. Nonetheless, the elongated shape of Chariklo explains most of the brightness variability resulting in darker rings than previously determined. Furthermore, the rings can explain the gradual disappearance of the water-ice features in Chariklo's spectrum before 2008 and their reappearance thereafter if the water ice is in Chariklo's rings.
The existence of a ring system around a minor planet was unexpected because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies. Ring systems around minor bodies had not previously been discovered despite the search for them through direct imaging and stellar occultation techniques. Chariklo's rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings. However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in an equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea.
The team nicknamed the rings Oiapoque (the inner, more substantial ring) and Chuí (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern coastal borders of Brazil. A request for formal names will be submitted to the IAU at a later date.
It has been speculated that 2060 Chiron may have a similar pair of rings.
Exploration
Camilla is a mission concept published in June 2018 that would launch a robotic probe to perform a single flyby of Chariklo and drop off a impactor made of tungsten to excavate a crater approximately deep for remote compositional analysis during the flyby. The mission would be designed to fit under the cost cap of NASA New Frontiers program, although it has not been formally proposed to compete for funding. The spacecraft would be launched in September 2026, using one gravity assist from Venus in February 2027 and Earth in December 2027 and 2029 to accelerate it out toward Jupiter.
See also
References
External links
37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects
Chariklo Photo (February 1999)
Chariklo's orbit between Saturn and Uranus.
Demonstration of how centaur 10199 Chariklo is currently controlled by Uranus (Solex 10)
Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)
Discoveries by James V. Scotti
010199
Named minor planets
010199
010199
19970215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10199%20Chariklo |
The 2nd World Cup season began in January in West Germany and concluded in April in the US Jean-Claude Killy of France repeated as the overall champion, and announced his retirement from World Cup competition. Nancy Greene of Canada repeated as the women's World Cup overall champion, and announced her retirement from World Cup competition.
For the only time, the results of the Winter Olympics were included in the season standings. Future Olympic results were not included as World Cup races, nor were World Championship results after 1970. However, the inclusion of the Olympics was irrelevant to the final outcome, as both Killy and Greene would have won the season titles had the Olympics been excluded.
Calendar
Men
Note: Race 7, 8 and 9 were the Olympic events at Grenoble, which count also for the World Cup. See also 1968 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics.Race 10 and 11 were held on the same day.
Women
Note: Race 9, 10 and 11 were the Olympic events at Grenoble, which count also for the World Cup. See also 1968 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
Men
Overall
see complete table
In men's overall World Cup 1967/68 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 12 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In men's downhill World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Gerhard Nenning won the cup with maximum points.
Giant slalom
see complete table
In men's giant slalom World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Jean-Claude Killy won the cup with maximum points.
Slalom
see complete table
In men's slalom World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Five racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Women
Overall
see complete table
In women's overall World Cup 1967/68 the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. 13 racers had a point deduction.
Downhill
see complete table
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Four racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Giant slalom
see complete table
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Nine racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Nancy Greene won the cup with maximum points.
Slalom
see complete table
In women's slalom World Cup 1967/68 the best 3 results count. Ten racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Marielle Goitschel won the cup with maximum points.
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
Women
Medal table
Notes
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 1968
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
"Purgatory" is Iron Maiden's fifth single, released on 15 June 1981, and would be their last with singer Paul Di'Anno. It served as the second single from Killers. The single was reissued in 1990, on the same CD and 12" vinyl as the EP Maiden Japan, in the First Ten Years box set.
History
According to drummer Nicko McBrain, the track is a remake of one of the band's earlier songs, entitled "Floating", of which "Purgatory" is a faster re-arrangement. It was the group's least successful single as it failed to break into the Top 50 in the UK charts, although the group's manager, Rod Smallwood, states that this was because "it wasn't really a single, it was just lifted off the album which the fans already had."
Most notably, the single's original cover artwork was withdrawn for use on the band's next studio album, The Number of the Beast. Smallwood recalls that, on being presented with the original cover, "we said, 'No, that's much too good,' so we kept it for the album. We had the artwork months before we had the music." This meant that the band's artist, Derek Riggs, had to come up with a replacement, this time illustrating the Devil's face rotting away to reveal the band's mascot, Eddie's, face underneath.
Track listing
7" single
Personnel
Production credits are adapted from the 7 inch vinyl cover.
Iron Maiden
Paul Di'Anno – lead vocals
Dave Murray – guitar
Adrian Smith – guitar
Steve Harris – bass guitar
Clive Burr – drums
Production
Martin Birch – producer
Derek Riggs – cover illustration
Charts
Purgatory
Purgatory / Maiden Japan
References
1981 singles
Iron Maiden songs
Songs written by Steve Harris (musician)
1980 songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory%20%28song%29 |
A Ghost in Monte Carlo is a 1951 novel by Barbara Cartland.
It was the gayest season Monte Carlo had ever known, Mademoiselle Fantôme was causing a sensation. Who was the exquisite "ghost", with her shining golden hair and dreaming dark eyes? Why did her formidable aunt guard her so carefully? Even Mademoiselle herself did not understand the seductive role she was playing. But her troubled young heart knew that evil was drawing close to her, that she was a pawn in a mysterious plot to avenge an old wrong. Too late, she discovered that jealousy and bitterness were threatening to destroy her new-found love.
Film
The book was adapted for made-for-television film in 1990 starring Lysette Anthony, Marcus Gilbert, Sarah Miles and Oliver Reed.
Synopsis
Eighteen-year-old Mistral is an innocent abroad in the sophisticated Côte D'Azur, Monte Carlo, where princes and millionaires mingle in the casinos and sumptuous hotels. Accompanied only by her embittered and domineering Aunt Emilie and kindly servant Jeanne, Mistral appears dressed all in grey like a ghost in the salons and ballrooms of Monte Carlo and sets Society's tongues wagging. It's not long before the whole of Monte Carlo are trying to find out who she really is, her waif-like beauty has men bewitched and falling in love – gentlemen such as Sir Robert Stanford. But on her aunt's bewildering but strict instructions, she must not converse with any but the Russian Prince Nikolai. Something about Mistral touches Sir Robert's heart – and he cannot understand why Mistral appears afraid to be with him. Yet both of them crave love. Only if Mistral's innocent eyes are finally opened to the truth – that Aunt Emilie's motives are borne not of concern for her niece but of bitterness and a hatred for men.
Ghost in Monte Carlo, A
Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios
British drama films
Novels set in Monaco
British novels adapted into films
Rich & Cowan books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Ghost%20in%20Monte%20Carlo |
Sir Richard Baggallay PC (1816 – 1888) was a British barrister, politician, and judge. After serving as Attorney-General under Benjamin Disraeli from 1874 to 1875, Baggallay was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal in Chancery (Lord Justice of Appeal from 1877), serving until his resignation in 1885.
Background and education
Baggallay was one of the sons of Richard Baggallay, of Stockwell, a member of the Merchant Taylors' Company and a significant warehouseman of the City of London (d.1870, will sworn at under £30,000). He attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge where he graduated with a BA in 1839 followed by an MA in 1842. He was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, in 1843.
Political and legal career
Bagallay sat as a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Hereford from 1865 to 1868. He was knighted on 14 December 1868 after losing his seat, but was re-elected in 1870 as MP for Mid Surrey, holding the seat until 1875. He served briefly as Solicitor-General under Benjamin Disraeli in 1868 and again in 1874, and as Attorney-General under Disraeli from 1874 to 1875. In 1875, he was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed to the newly established Court of Appeal, where he served until his resignation in 1885. He thereafter occasionally sat in the Privy Council until his death in 1888.
Judgments
Parker v South Eastern Railway [1877] 2 CPD 416 - English contract law on exclusion clauses holding that an individual cannot escape a contractual term by failing to read the contract, but that a party wanting to rely on an exclusion clause must take reasonable steps to bring it to the attention of the customer.
The Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company (Limited) v Grant (1878–79) 4 Ex D 216 - Contract law concerning the "postal rule", and containing an important dissent by Bramwell LJ, who wished to dispose of it.
Tamplin v James (1880) 15 Ch D 215 (CA), upholding a decision of Baggallay in the first instance; contract law concerning the availability of specific performance for a breach of contract induced by mistake.
Re Hallett's Estate (1880) 13 Ch D 696 - English trusts law concerning asset tracing, Baggallay LJ concurring with Fry LJ.
Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 - Contract law - misrepresentation, holding that a contract can be rescinded for innocent misrepresentation, even where the represent(ee) had the chance to verify the false statement; Baggallay concurring with Jessel MR.
Hutton v West Cork Rly Co (1883) 23 Ch D 654 - UK company law case concerning the limits of a director's discretion to spend company funds for the (clear) benefit of non-shareholders without a shareholder vote; Baggallay dissenting from the decision of Cotton LJ and Bowen LJ.
Smith v Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7 - Contract law case - misrepresentation, holding that a statement of opinion can represent that one knows certain facts, and can amount to misrepresentation; Baggallay LJ concurring with Bowen LJ
Personal life
He married, on 25 February 1847, Marianne, youngest daughter of Henry Charles Lacy of Withdean Hall, Sussex, by whom he left children.
In later years Baggallay suffered from poor health and died while convalescing at 10 Brunswick Square, Hove, Sussex. He was buried at South Metropolitan Cemetery at Norwood.
Legacy
Aside from certain of his judicial co-decisions and occasional dissents which proved to be of long importance - decisions of the Court of Appeal have binding authority unless and until reshaped at that level, above or by statute - his probate was re-sworn in 1890 leaving assets of . He left executors as his widow at 55 Queens Gate, South Kensington and three sons, who lived at their houses in Elm Park Road, Chelsea and Onslow Square.
References
Attribution
Sources
Obituary, The Times, 14 November 1888
External links
1816 births
1888 deaths
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
Attorneys General for England and Wales
Solicitors General for England and Wales
Lords Justices of Appeal
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
People from Lambeth
Lawyers from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Baggallay |
Badhoevedorp is a town in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It lies next to the Ringvaart around Haarlemmermeer, the canal around the former Lake Haarlem, at the side of the polder bordering Amsterdam and Amstelveen.
Badhoevedorp has a population of around 11,370.
Notable residents include Björn Ottenheim of the band zZz, former Dutch national team footballer Marco van Basten, Jack van Gelder, Tonny Eyk and Toon van Driel. The Rijksweg 9 passes next to the town, from 8 August 1967 to 10 April 2017, the motorway passed through the town, however it was diverted, with the original section being closed and demolished to make place for new development in the area.
Notable people from Badhoevedorp
Jan Buis (1933), Dutch road cyclist
Rick van der Linden (1946), Dutch composer and keyboardist, member of Ekseption, Trace, as well as solo
George Boeree (1952), psychologist and creator of Lingua Franca Nova
Sven Botman (2000), footballer for Premier League Club Newcastle United
Economy
MGA Entertainment's Benelux division has its headquarters in Badhoevedorp. Sony Corporation's Benelux and European divisions also had their headquarters in Badhoevedorp until its European division was split between two new headquarters in Berlin (Sony Center Potsdamer Platz) and London in the early-2000s, while its Benelux division moved its headquarters to Hoofddorp in 2016. The former Sony Badhoevedorp building was converted into a hotel in 2019.
Sports
The town has an amateur sports club called SC Badhoevedorp that houses futsal, baseball and softball division's.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badhoevedorp |
George Rockingham Gilmer (April 11, 1790 – November 16, 1859) was an American politician. He served two non-consecutive terms as the 34th Governor of Georgia, the first from 1829 to 1831 and the second from 1837 to 1839. He also served multiple terms in the United States House of Representatives.
Early life
Gilmer was born near Lexington, Georgia, in what is present day Oglethorpe County (Wilkes County at the time of his birth). He attended a variety of backwood schools, including Moses Waddell's famous Willington Academy. He served as first lieutenant in the Forty-third Infantry Regiment from 1813 to 1815 in the campaign against the Creek during the War of 1812. He practiced law as a profession.
Political career
Gilmer's career consisted of multiple, alternating, elected positions at the state and federal level. Of the two great Georgia political factions known as the Crawford men and the Clarke men, he favored Crawford.
He was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1818, 1819, and 1824.
Gilmer was also elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1820, 1826, 1828 and 1832. Due to an oversight, he did not serve after the election in 1828, because he failed to accept the position within the legal time frame and the governor ordered a new election.
As governor of Georgia, Gilmer aggressively pursued Indian removal, laying claim to Federal assistance promised by the Compact of 1802.
He initiated the prosecution of Cherokee missionary Samuel Austin Worcester for violation of a law requiring all white persons residing within the Cherokee nation to obtain a license from the governor and to swear to uphold the laws of Georgia. Worcester was arrested in 1831 and sentenced to four years' hard labor. The Cherokee Nation hired a lawyer, William Wirt, and sued the state of Georgia in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. This led to the United States Supreme Court decision Worcester v. Georgia, which struck down the Georgia statute imposing its laws on the Cherokees as violating the Treaty of Hopewell.
Backed by the Georgia militia and Governor Gilmer, the General Assembly dissolved the Cherokee government, annulled its laws, and passed an act authorizing Gilmer to take possession of the Cherokee lands in north Georgia.
The Cherokee issue was hotly debated in the gubernatorial campaign of 1831. Gilmer lost the election to Wilson Lumpkin. The state seized Cherokee gold mines and set up a land lottery system in 1832 to distribute Cherokee lands.
During his second term as Governor of Georgia, beginning in 1837, Gilmer supported and expedited the Federal government in the final removal of Indians from Georgia. This process came to be termed the Trail of Tears.
Gilmer was a presidential elector in 1836 for Hugh Lawson White and in 1840 for William Henry Harrison.
Death and legacy
Gilmer died in 1859 in Lexington and is buried in the Presbyterian Church Cemetery in the same city.
Gilmer County, Georgia is named for him.
Notes
External links
Retrieved on 2008-04-28
This Day in Georgia History:November 15, Ed Jackson and Charly Pou, Carl Vinson Institute of Government, The University of Georgia
Portrait and Bio at New Georgia Encyclopedia
1790 births
1859 deaths
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
United States Army officers
People of the Creek War
Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers
People from Oglethorpe County, Georgia
University of Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state) Whigs
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States
Whig Party state governors of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)
1836 United States presidential electors
1840 United States presidential electors
Members of the United States House of Representatives who owned slaves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20R.%20Gilmer |
Ray Cillien (June 26, 1939 – September 22, 1991) was a boxer from Luxembourg. He was born in Esch-sur-Alzette. Cillien was member of the Luxembourgish Olympic team at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. After a bye in the first round of the light-heavyweight division, he was eliminated in the second round by Soviet Gennadiy Shatkov.
1960 Olympic record
Below are the results of Ray Cillien, a light heavyweight boxer who competed for Luxembourg at the 1960 Rome Olympics:
Round of 32: bye
Round of 16: lost to Gennadiy Shatkov (Soviet Union) by decision, 0-5.
Professional boxing record
|-
|align="center" colspan=8|7 Wins (1 knockout, 6 decisions), 13 Losses (8 knockouts, 5 decisions)
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|
|align=left| Vittorio Saraudi
|TKO
|4
|13/08/1966
|align=left| Rimini, Emilia-Romagna
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Bjarne Lingaas
|PTS
|6
|10/12/1965
|align=left| Masshallen, Gothenburg
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Wim Snoek
|TKO
|2
|04/10/1965
|align=left| Luxembourg City
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Valere Mahau
|PTS
|8
|28/06/1965
|align=left| Luxembourg City
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Robert Jacobs
|KO
|7
|03/05/1965
|align=left| Esch-sur-Alzette
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Karl Hermann Troche
|PTS
|8
|15/03/1965
|align=left| Esch-sur-Alzette
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Buddy Turman
|KO
|2
|13/02/1965
|align=left| Ernst Merck Halle, Hamburg
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Henri Corack
|RTD
|5
|21/11/1964
|align=left| Lannion, Cotes-D'armor
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Henri Ferjules
|PTS
|8
|02/10/1964
|align=left| Esch-sur-Alzette
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Lennart Risberg
|PTS
|8
|09/05/1964
|align=left| Royal Tennis Hall, Stockholm
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Pekka Kokkonen
|KO
|2
|09/12/1963
|align=left| Helsinki
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Bas van Duivenbode
|PTS
|8
|04/11/1963
|align=left| Riviera-hal, Rotterdam
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Wim Snoek
|PTS
|10
|16/09/1963
|align=left| Riviera-hal, Rotterdam
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Joe Erskine
|TKO
|4
|29/07/1963
|align=left| Cardiff Drill Hall, Cardiff
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Giuseppe Migliari
|KO
|4
|22/02/1963
|align=left| Milan, Lombardy
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Yao Kouame
|PTS
|10
|09/12/1962
|align=left| Abidjan
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Albert Duscha
|PTS
|8
|30/09/1962
|align=left| Luxembourg City
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|
|align=left| Mariano Echevarria
|KO
|5
|13/07/1962
|align=left| Madrid
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Guenter Huber
|PTS
|6
|28/01/1962
|align=left| Limpertsberg
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|
|align=left| Ivan Prebeg
|PTS
|8
|06/12/1961
|align=left| Bonnevoie
|align=left|
|}
External links
Association Luxembourgeoise des Olympiens
Ray Cillien's profile at Sports Reference.com
1939 births
1991 deaths
Light-heavyweight boxers
Luxembourgian male boxers
Boxers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Luxembourg
Sportspeople from Esch-sur-Alzette | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Cillien |
The 1st World Cup races began in early January in West Germany and concluded in late March in the United States. Jean-Claude Killy of France dominated the men's competition, winning each of the three disciplines and the overall title. Nancy Greene of Canada edged out Marielle Goitschel of France for the women's overall title, her first of two consecutive titles, defending successfully in 1968.
Killy's 12 race wins for the season (amazingly, out of only 17 races during the season) stood as the record for wins in a season by a skier (male or female) until Ingemar Stenmark won 13 races in 1978-79.
Calendar
Men
Women
Men
For the overall title and in each discipline standings in 1967, the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms count. Point deduction is given in ().
Overall
see complete table
Downhill
see complete table
Giant slalom
see complete table
Slalom
see complete table
Women
Overall
see complete table
For the overall title in 1967, the best three downhills, best three giant slaloms and best three slaloms counted. 11 racers had a point deduction. The championship was decided in the last race of the season.
Downhill
see complete table
In women's downhill World Cup 1966/67 the best 3 results count. Two racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). For the very first time there was a shared win, when Marielle Goitschel and Giustina Demetz tied at Sestriere.
Giant slalom
see complete table
In women's giant slalom World Cup 1966/67 the best 3 results count. Eight racers had a point deduction, which are given in (). Nancy Greene won four races. She won the cup with maximum points.
Slalom
see complete table
In women's slalom World Cup 1966/67 the best 3 results count. Six racers had a point deduction, which are given in ().
Nations Cup
Overall
Men
French racers won 15 races out of 17 – Austrian races were only able to win the first and the last event.
Women
Medal table
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 1967
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Carl Josef Bayer (also Karl Bayer, 4 March 1847 – 4 October 1904) was an Austrian chemist who invented the Bayer process of extracting alumina from bauxite, essential to this day to the economical production of aluminium.
Bayer had been working in Saint Petersburg to develop a method to provide alumina to the textile industry that used it as a fixing agent in the dyeing of cotton. In 1887, he discovered that aluminium hydroxide precipitated from an alkaline solution which is crystalline and can be filtered and washed more easily than that precipitated from an acid medium by neutralization. In 1888, Bayer developed and patented his four-stage process of extracting alumina from bauxite ore.
In the mid-19th-century, aluminium was so precious that a bar of the metal was exhibited alongside the French Crown Jewels at the Exposition Universelle in Paris 1855. Along with the Hall–Héroult process, Bayer's solution caused the price of aluminium to drop about 80% in 1890 from what it had been in 1854.
Personal life and education
Carl Bayer was born on 4 March 1847 in the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia in the Austrian Empire, which is now Poland. He attended Heidelberg University in Germany where he studied chemistry under Robert Bunsen from 1869-1871, the namesake of the Bunsen burner. At Heidelberg, Bayer received his doctorate degree in 1871 with a dissertation on the chemistry of indium which was discovered recently in 1863. After obtaining his doctorate, Bayer lectured for two years at Technische Hochschule in Brno, and then left to establish his own research company. Bayer then moved to St. Petersburg in 1885 where he flourished as an inventor. At age 45 he married the daughter of a Russian politician, Alma Von Witte and settled in Rietzdorf (modern day Rečica ob Paki, Slovenia). Together they had six children, and in 1904 at the age of 57, Bayer died. His wife would survive him until 1962, when she died at the age of 94.
Aluminum ore processing prior to Bayer
Bauxite was discovered in 1821 by Pierre Berthier who named it after a village named Les Beaux where he found it. To obtain the alumina from the bauxite ore, a process was developed that used acid to dissolve aluminium but resulted in a product that contained large amounts of iron and titanium dissolved within which were difficult to remove. Due to these impurities, the process was not employed for use, but was an approach that was explored. Louis Le Chatelier, in 1855, created a process that produced aluminium hydroxide by heating in sodium carbonate and then leaching. Bubbling through the solution with carbon dioxide precipitated aluminium hydroxide, which when dried, allowed for the recovery of alumina.
Bayer's contribution to aluminium ore processing
Bayer worked in the textile industry in Saint Petersburg, where aluminium hydroxide was used to help affix dye to the cotton. While working he made two important discoveries regarding processing steps that helped separate the Bayer process from that of Le Chatelier. In 1887, Bayer found that by using a pure seed of aluminium hydroxide, a crystalline precipitate formed that was more economical than that obtained by Le Chatelier. He later patented his discovery in Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1887. In 1892, Bayer discovered that by using an autoclave, or a pressure leaching vessel, in combination with a sodium hydroxide leachant the process resulted in a very pure sodium aluminate solution that could be used for his precipitation step that he discovered previously. Both steps are widely used today but have been improved upon as technology has evolved. After discovery, Bayer worked as a startup consultant for alumina manufacturing around Europe. Bayer returned to Austria in 1894 to start an alumina factory but was unable to secure enough capital to fully fund the project.
Importance to the aluminium industry
Alumina and aluminium production underwent significant changes in processing due to discoveries made by Karl Bayer, Charles Martin Hall, and Paul Héroult. Hall and Heroult share credit for inventing aluminium electrolysis. The Hall–Heroult method is the primary method of producing modern aluminium and requires high purity alumina to produce aluminium. The Bayer process produces high purity alumina which is then used in the Hall–Heroult process as the main raw material. In 1900, aluminium was valued at the equivalent of 100 current US dollars, but over the next 50 years decreased in price to approximately 20 current US dollars. This decrease is attributed to the increase in the ease of manufacturing associated with aluminium after Bayer, Hall, and Heroult’s discoveries.
Sources
United States Patent Application 20050238571: Process and apparatus for the production of alumina
See also
Electrometallurgy
History of aluminium
Hydrometallurgy
References
1847 births
1904 deaths
19th-century Austrian scientists
20th-century Austrian scientists
Austrian chemists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Josef%20Bayer |
Mason Durell Betha (born August 27, 1975), better known by his mononym Mase (formerly Murda Mase and stylized as Ma$e), is an American rapper. In the late 1990s, he recorded on the Bad Boy Records label alongside its founder Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs to significant mainstream success. In 1997 and 1998, Mase had a total of five platinum singles, five Hot Rap Songs number one singles, and six Billboard Hot 100 top ten singles, stemming from his guest features on Sean Combs' singles "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" and "Been Around the World", the Notorious B.I.G.'s "Mo Money Mo Problems", as well as his singles as a lead artist: "Feel So Good" (featuring Kelly Price), "What You Want" (featuring Total) and "Lookin' at Me" (featuring Sean Combs). Both "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" and "Mo Money Mo Problems" topped the Billboard Hot 100.
Mase's 1997 debut album Harlem World was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA. His subsequent two albums, Double Up (1999) and Welcome Back (2004), have been certified gold.
Early life
Mase was born Mason Durell Betha in Jacksonville, Florida, on August 27, 1975, as a fraternal twin born almost two months premature, to P. K. Betha and Mason Betha. He grew up with two brothers and three sisters, including his twin sister, Stason, born a few minutes after him. Their father left the family when Mase was just three years old. In 1980, his mother moved with her children to Harlem, New York, where Mase spent the majority of his childhood. During his early teenage years, Betha began getting into trouble on the streets of Harlem, and when he was 13 his mother sent him back to Jacksonville to live with relatives. It was while living in Jacksonville that Betha first began attending church. After returning to live in Harlem at age 15, Betha began showing promise as a basketball player, becoming the leading point guard for his team at Manhattan Center High School during the 1993 season, where he played alongside Cameron Giles, who went on to be known as the rapper Cam'ron. He had hopes of joining the National Basketball Association (NBA), but was unable to make it into a Division I College due to his poor academic scores. He attended State University of New York at Purchase, where he grew to realize he was unlikely to make the NBA and instead began focusing more on writing music, producing demo tapes, and regularly performing at local nightclubs. Betha eventually dropped out of college and focused on his music career full-time.
Career
1993-97: Children of the Corn and Bad Boy record deal
After Betha returned to Harlem, he and his childhood friend Cam'ron began rapping as a hobby under the names Murda Mase and Killa Cam, briefly forming a group known as the Children of the Corn ("corn" short for "corner") with fellow Harlem rappers Big L, Herb McGruff, Six Figga Digga and Bloodshed. Damon Dash, a fellow Manhattan Center student, was the group's manager for a while. In 1996, Mase's sister Stason introduced him to Cudda Love, a road manager for the Notorious B.I.G. Cudda took then 20-year-old Mase to Atlanta, Georgia, where Jermaine Dupri and Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs were attending a rap convention. Shortly after meeting and rapping for Puff Daddy at the Hard Rock Café, Mase signed a $250,000 deal with Bad Boy Records. Within a week of signing to the label, Betha had his stage name shortened from Murda Mase to simply Mase to make him more marketable and was featured on and in the video for 112's "Only You" with the Notorious B.I.G. He also appeared on numerous hit songs with other Bad Boy artists, including Puff Daddy's "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" and "Been Around the World" and the Notorious B.I.G.'s "Mo' Money, Mo' Problems", which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
1997-98: Harlem World
Mase's first studio album, Harlem World, debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Pop and R&B LP charts, selling over 270,000 copies in the U.S. during its first week of release. It has since achieved 4× Platinum status in the United States. The album spawned hit singles such as "Feel So Good" and "Lookin' at Me", which both reached No. 1 on the Rap Billboard charts, as well as "What You Want", which peaked at No. 3 on both the Rap and R&B Billboard charts. During 1997, Mase also appeared on more songs with Puff Daddy, Mariah Carey's "Honey", Brian McKnight's "You Should Be Mine (Don't Waste Your Time)", and Brandy's "Top of the World".
In 1998, Mase formed his own record label, All Out Records. He signed his group Harlem World, which included his twin sister, Stason, to the label while they were also under So So Def Recordings. He and Harlem World member Blinky Blink were featured on Blackstreet & Mýa's song "Take Me There", which appeared on the soundtrack of The Rugrats Movie.
1999: Double Up and retirement
Mase's second album, Double Up, was released in 1999 on Bad Boy and sold 107,000 copies in its first week, debuting at No. 11 on the US Top 200 chart. In Double Up Mase's lyrics became more aggressive.
On April 20, 1999, during an interview with Funkmaster Flex on New York radio station Hot 97, Mase announced his retirement from music to pursue a "calling from God". He claimed he was "leading people, friends, kids and others down a path to hell", stating that he left to find God in his heart and follow him. He said it was time for him to serve God in "his" way, saying rap was not real, and that he wanted to deal with reality and had become unhappy with what he did, no matter how much money it had made him. The same year, Mase enrolled as a freshman at Clark Atlanta University, a historically black college, and began taking classes on August 19. Unlike other freshmen, Mase was permitted to live off campus and commute, but he is said to have downplayed his past as a rapper and stayed fairly low-key while on campus.
2004: Return to music
After a five-year hiatus from music, during which he became an ordained minister, Mase made his return to music with Welcome Back in summer 2004. Welcome Back was accompanied by a single of the same name and was released on August 24, 2004, through Bad Boy Records and distributed by Universal Music Group. It debuted at No. 4 in the US, selling 188,000 copies in its first week of release, and eventually went gold, selling 559,000 copies in the United States. The album portrayed Mase's new Christian lifestyle and "cleaner" image. Mase dubbed himself "a Bad Boy gone clean" on the lead single (which samples the Welcome Back Kotter theme song). This new approach had a mixed reception. Although the album was not as big a commercial success as Harlem World, the singles "Welcome Back" and "Breathe, Stretch, Shake" received moderate radio airplay and video play on BET and MTV, with the latter single reaching No. 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Both singles were also certified gold by the RIAA.
In the mid-2000s, Mase spent time touring and recording with New York hip-hop group G-Unit, and became a mainstay of 50 Cent's public image during that time, appearing with him on magazine covers, on stage, and in music videos. He has since said that working with the group was not something he regrets, but that the message he was sending was a mistake. He joined G-Unit to appeal to a different audience so they could see that they could change just as he did, thinking that "in order to get people where I'm at, I have to go back to where I once was". Under G-Unit, he released Crucified 4 The Hood: 10 Years of Hate, a mixtape from the DJ Whoo Kid series, but an official album was never released.
2009: Second comeback
Following the formula that worked for him years earlier, Mase has begun to appear on R&B artists' remixes. In early June 2009, he was featured on the last verse of "Uptown Boy" by Harry O, signed to The Inc. Records, which also features Ron Browz. Weeks later, Mase appeared on a street remix for Drake's "Best I Ever Had". Mase stated that Michael Jackson's death influenced him to make a comeback. He appeared on Power 105.1 to discuss his comeback with "The Prince of New York" DJ Self. Mase used that radio show as his outlet to release new music throughout the rest of the summer, with a new song or feature premiere every Friday on DJ Self's show.
The first new track featuring Mase was released on July 10, featuring the first verse on "Get It," which was produced by Big Ran and also featured Cam'ron. Mase released the Ron Browz produced "Thinkin' 'Bout You" on July 17, then followed that up by adding a verse to the street remix of Teairra Marí and Kanye West's "Diamonds", on July 24. Mase used the last Friday in July to "Shut the City Down," which was the title of his second solo release since his comeback began. The song primarily discusses the rapper's legacy and makes reference to the ways in which rap, as a business, has changed since his heyday. He also makes reference to his new Batman-esque logo, and hints at himself as hip-hop's superhero. Mase released the song "Radio" on August 21 as a prelude to his upcoming mixtape "I Bleed Money." On September 11, Mase was one of the featured artists who appeared on the remix to Ron Browz's "Gimme 20 Dollars." This was the third time since his comeback that he worked with Browz and his first collaboration with Jim Jones since their falling out years before.
In October 2009, Mase made an impromptu appearance on a live radio interview with Diddy-Dirty Money on V-103. He told the studio staff he brought documentation that would release him from the Bad Boy label and gave the forms to Diddy during the interview. Diddy signed the forms and announced "[Mase] has the freedom to go do whatever he wants to do." It was later revealed the forms did not end Mase's contractual obligations to the record label, but rather allowed him to appear on songs with artists from different labels.
2010–present: Now We Even
In 2010, Diddy offered Mase a one-year release from Bad Boy to settle all their differences, with which Mase decided to retire from rap for good although he was to be re-signed to Bad Boy after the year was up. On April 17, 2012, Spiff TV Films – a production company best known for videos made for Rick Ross's Maybach Music releases – tweeted a photo of Mase, Ross and French Montana, as well as Omarion and Rico Love, together in the studio. The picture sparked speculation that Mase would be making his third return to music since his announced retirement to become a pastor in April 1999 and leaving again in 2007. A week after the photo appeared, DJ Funkmaster Flex debuted a remix of Wale's "Slight Work" on radio show.
Speaking during an on-air call following the remix's debut, Mase didn't address rumors about him possibly signing with Warner Bros. imprint Maybach Music, rather revealing that French Montana was the reason Mase was making his third comeback. Mase is served as an A&R representative on Montana's forthcoming Bad Boy debut, Excuse My French, as well as appearing on the remix of Montana's "Everything's a Go". "I'm not sure what kind of decisions he's going to make," Montana says, "[but] I would love to see him in my camp." In September 2012, Mase appeared on Kanye West's album Cruel Summer, on the track "Higher" with The-Dream, Pusha T, and Cocaine 80s.
In December 2012, Mase announced that he was no longer signed to Bad Boy, saying he would not likely sign with a major label anytime soon. He told MTV the only two labels he would consider signing with were Kanye West's GOOD Music or Drake's OVO Sound. On October 18, 2013, Mase announced his next album would be titled Now We Even. He also said his wish list for guest appearances would include Jay-Z, Diddy, Beyoncé, Drake, 2 Chainz, Lauryn Hill, Meek Mill, Fabolous, Ariana Grande, Dipset, Eric Bellinger, Seal and CeeLo Green.
On November 24, 2017, Mase released "The Oracle", a diss track at friend-turned-rival Cam'ron in response to the lyrical jabs Cam'ron aimed at him on his mixtape The Program.
Legacy and influence
Mase's melodic rap style has had an enduring influence on hip hop. Many rappers, such as Pusha T, Fabolous and Kanye West, have adopted Mase's lazy, yet melodic flow on several occasions. Jay-Z and Drake among other rappers have borrowed Mase lines in their songs. Kanye West has described Mase as his favorite rapper ever.
Writings
Revelations: There's a Light After the Lime (2001)
Discography
Studio albums
Harlem World (1997)
Double Up (1999)
Welcome Back (2004)
Filmography
References
External links
El Elyon International Church
1975 births
African-American Christians
African-American male actors
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American male film actors
Bad Boy Records artists
Clark Atlanta University alumni
Living people
Male actors from New York City
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Musicians from Harlem
Rappers from Florida
Rappers from Manhattan
Songwriters from New York (state)
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
Songwriters from Florida
American male writers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
East Coast hip hop musicians
African-American songwriters
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
American male songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase |
Naphtali Luccock (1853–1916) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1912.
He was born on 28 September 1853 in Kimbolton, Ohio. He entered the traveling ministry of the Pittsburgh Annual Conference of the M.E. Church (which at that time included eastern Ohio) in 1874. Later he was transferred to the St. Louis conference.
Before his election to the episcopacy, Luccock was a pastor. His was a brief episcopal incumbency, for he died within his first four years, on 1 April 1916 in La Crosse, Wisconsin. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.
He is the author of The Illustrated History of Methodism (1901), with J. W. Lee and J. M. Dixon, and The Royalty of Jesus (1905), sermons.
References
Other sources
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops. Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
Methodism: Ohio Area (1812-1962), edited by John M. Versteeg, Litt.D., D.D. (Ohio Area Sesquicentennial Committee, 1962).
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
1853 births
1916 deaths
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
People from Guernsey County, Ohio
Burials at Bellefontaine Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphtali%20Luccock |
Stratonicea – () also transliterated as Stratoniceia and Stratonikeia, earlier Indi, and later for a time Hadrianapolis – was an ancient city in the valley of the Caicus river, between Germe and Acrasus, in Lydia, Anatolia; its site is currently near the village of Siledik, in the district of Kırkağaç, Manisa Province, in the Aegean Region of Turkey.
Description
The foundation of the city dates from the Hellenistic period, probably on the site of an older settlement, Indi. One source names Eumenes II as the founder, who named the city after his wife, Stratonice. However, as several Seleucid leaders also had wives named "Stratonice", the identification of the actual founder is not unchallenged.
In antiquity, Stratonicea minted its own coins from the late 2nd century BC irregularly until the reign of Gallienus, in the mid-3rd century AD. By 130 BC, Thyatira had annexed the city which had become merely a village. Stratonicea regained importance during Trajan's reign. Emperor Hadrian renamed the city Hadrianopolis after himself. Archaeological finds from the site are preserved in a museum in Manisa.
Bishopric
The ancient bishopric of Stratonicea in Lydia is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. The only titular bishop of the see was Alphonse Bermyn, who was appointed on 15 April 1901 and died on 16 February 1915.
Known Bishops
Eutherius of Stratonicea, signed Council of Ephesus.
Alphonse Bermyn, (15 Apr 1901 Appointed - 16 Feb 1915)
References
Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Populated places in ancient Lydia
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Ruins in Turkey
Catholic titular sees in Asia
Former populated places in Turkey
Attalid colonies
Geography of Manisa Province
History of Manisa Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratonicea%20%28Lydia%29 |
Pedro Gómez Labrador, 1st Marquess of Labrador (1755–June 18, 1850) was a Spanish diplomat who served as Spain's representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815). Labrador did not successfully advance his country's diplomatic goals at the conference. These goals included restoring the Bourbons (who had been deposed by Napoleon) to the thrones of Spain's old Italian possessions, and reestablishing control over Spanish American colonies, which had risen for independence from Spain during the failed Napoleonic invasion of Spain, and for which the Congress had no such jurisdiction over.
The Marquess of Labrador is almost universally condemned by historians for his incompetence at the Congress. One standard Spanish history textbook condemns him for "...his mediocrity, his haughty character, and his total subordination to the whims of the king's inner circle, by which he achieved nothing favorable." Paul Johnson calls him "a caricature Spaniard who specialized in frantic rages, haughty silences and maladroit demarches."
Life and career
Labrador was born in Valencia de Alcántara, and studied at the traditionally conservative University of Salamanca. He received a bachelor's degree in law at the age of twenty-seven and an advanced degree four years later, and was named a judge on the Audiencia of Seville in 1793. In August 1798, Labrador was sent as chargé d'affaires in Florence by Charles IV of Spain to accompany Pius VI (r.1775–1799) in exile, when this pontiff was forced to become a prisoner of the French, following his refusal to surrender his temporal sovereignty to the French armies commanded by General Louis Alexandre Berthier.
At the death of Pius VI, Labrador was named Minister Plenipotentiary to the Papal States, and later served at Florence, capital of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Etruria.
The liberal deputies of the national assembly based in Cádiz (1810–1813) took him to be one of their own, and gave him the vital post of Minister of State, a decision they would quickly regret: "Labrador was dim, prolix, of pride and arrogance that trod the limits of fatuity, and of peculiar pedantry." But he was no liberal. He assisted Ferdinand VII in abolishing the liberal constitution of 1812, and was awarded with the duty of representing Spain at the peace conferences of Paris and Vienna, with the full rank and title of Ambassador.
At the start of the Congress, Spain was still one of the largest empires in the world, though most of its American colonies were in open rebellion and seeking independence, though Spain was able to recover from France Santo Domingo in 1814 for the Spanish victory in the Peninsular War with the Treaty of Paris 1814, Spain was on the clear decline. Labrador's entreaties on behalf of the devolution of the former Spanish possession of Louisiana from the United States were roundly ignored. The Austrians blocked plans that would have made Spain a special ally of the Holy See; the British likewise rejected Spain's territorial claims against Portugal. The British particularly were exasperated with their Spanish ally and her representative. "It is somewhat singular in itself," Castlereagh would write, "that the only two Courts with which we find it difficult to do business are those of the Peninsula." In his opinion of Labrador, the Duke of Wellington, Castlereagh's replacement at Vienna and an experienced judge of truculent hidalgos, was more direct: "The most stupid man I ever came across." Labrador was a man, according to the Spanish Minister of State José García de León y Pizarro "...of little amiability [and of] few or no dinners or gatherings." And in this apogee of drawing-room diplomacy, this was fatal.
Labrador could in fact rely neither on his choleric personality to repair any relations, personal or diplomatic, nor on a salary that the Spanish government never paid him, to arrange any social gatherings at his residence on the Minoritten Platz, the Palais Pálffy. "He did not even figure," his biographer assures us, "as a protagonist in any of the many amorous adventures [that occurred during the Congress]"; the most exciting social event Labrador seems to have attended was a wax figures production in the Christmastide of 1814.
Spain did not sign the Final Act of the Congress of June 9, 1815, for Labrador's proposal to attach reservations to the act concerning the rights of the Italian Bourbons was soundly disregarded. Labrador registered a protest against several of the Congress resolutions, including that concerning the restitution of Olivenza.
With the only European restoration of picayune Lucca as a Bourbon-Parma duchy to show for her efforts, and represented by a man overwhelmed with his charge ("I must have the face of a favorite aunt [for] everyone is coming to me with their troubles"), Spain's status as a second-rate power with colonial independence movements overseas was confirmed. Spain finally accepted the treaty on 7 May 1817.
Labrador's long life ended tragically: he would eventually lose his position in the diplomatic service, his wife, his sight, his judgment, and his fortune.
High street fashion designer Hannah Sharpe has named a clothing range after Labrador. The range has a 19th-century Spanish influence called simply el Marqués de Labrador.
Notes
Ernesto Jimenez Navarro, La Historia de España (Madrid: Compañia Bibliografica Española, S.A., 1946), 506.
Paul Johnson, The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830 (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), 99.
Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa-Urrutia, Marqués de Villa-Urrutia, España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marqués de Labrador. Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada (Madrid: Francisco Beltrán, 1928), 28.
Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822 (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946), 208-9.
Johnson, Birth of the Modern, 99.
Vicente Palacio Atard, Manual de Historia de España, vol. 4. Edad Contemporánea I: 1808-1898 (Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1978), 106.
Villa-Urrutia, España en el Congreso de Viena, 124. His biographer is also of the opinion that Labrador was jealous of Talleyrand and Metternich for their well-known aptitude for womanizing.
Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino (ed.), Cartas Políticas (Badajoz: Imprenta Provincial, 1959), 31 (Letter XIII, September 23, 1814).
Sources
Alsop, Susan Mary. The Congress Dances. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1984.
Palacio Atard, Vicente. Manual de Historia de España, vol. 4. Edad Contemporánea I: 1808-1898. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1978.
Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons. The History of a Tenacious Dynasty. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974.
Bernard, J. F. Talleyrand: A Biography. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1973.
Carr, Raymond. Spain 1808-1939. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Cortada, James W. (editor). Spain in the Nineteenth-Century World. Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789-1898. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Espronceda, José de. Poesías Líricas y Fragmentos Épicos. Edición, introducción y notas de Robert Marrast. Madrid: Clásicos Castalia, 1970.
Tuñón de Lara, Manuel. La España del Siglo XIX- 1808-1914. París: Club del Libro Español, 1961.
Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, Wenceslao, Marqués de Villa-Urrutia. España en el Congreso de Viena según la correspondencia de D. Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marqués de Labrador. Segunda Edición Corregida y Aumentada. Madrid: Francisco Beltrán, 1928.
Freksa, Frederick (compiler). A Peace Conference of Intrigue: A Vivid, Intimate Account of the Congress of Vienna Composed of the Personal Memoirs of its Important Participants. Translated and With an Introduction and Notes by Harry Hansen. New York: The Century Co., 1919.
Gaya Nuño, Juan Antonio. Historia del Museo del Prado (1819-1969). León: Editorial Everest, 1969.
Herold, J. Christopher. The Age of Napoleon. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1963.
Jimenez Navarro, Ernesto. La Historia de España. Madrid: Compañia Bibliografica Española, S.A., 1946.
Johnson, Paul. The Birth of the Modern: World Society 1815-1830. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.
Lockhart, J. G. The Peacemakers 1814-1815. London: Duckworth, 1932.
Lovett, Gabriel H. Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain. The Challenge to the Old Order. Two Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 1965.
Marin Correa, Manuel (editor). Historia de España. Ultimos Austrias y primeros Borbones. De Carlos IV a Isabel II. Barcelona: Editorial Marin, S.A., 1975.
Muir, Rory. Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon 1807-1815. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996.
Nicolson, Harold. The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946.
Regla, Juan (editor). Historia de España Ilustrada. Barcelona: Editorial Ramon Sopena, S.A., 1978.
Rodríguez-Moñino, Antonio (editor). Cartas Políticas del Marqués de Labrador, París-Viena, 1814. Badajoz: Imprenta Provincial, 1959.
Spiel, Hilde (editor). The Congress of Vienna: An Eyewitness Account. Translated from the German by Richard H. Weber. New York: Chilton Book Company, 1968.
Webster, Sir Charles. The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969.
1755 births
1852 deaths
People from the Province of Cáceres
Spanish diplomats
Marquesses of Labrador
Politicians from Extremadura
Knights of the Golden Fleece
University of Salamanca alumni
L | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro%20G%C3%B3mez%20Labrador |
Nieuwe Meer is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 8 km southwest of Amsterdam.
Nieuwe Meer has a population of around 410.
Nieuwe Meer is originally the name of the adjacent small lake which lies within Amsterdam city borders.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe%20Meer |
The Idaho Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Idaho.
While the party has been in the minority for most of the state's history, it has produced several notable public figures, including former U.S. senator Frank Church and former governor and secretary of the interior Cecil Andrus. Trade union support has traditionally been a key component of Democratic success in Idaho.
History
Created in 1863 after the discovery of new mining territory, the early Idaho Territory was heavily populated by settlers from western Oregon, California and Nevada who supported a radical Republican agenda. However, towards the end of the war, Idaho became flooded with Confederate refugees from states like Missouri who voted, like the miners in Idaho, heavily Democratic. The state became a Democratic stronghold for the next two decades.
At the dawn of statehood, despite ceding Idaho almost entirely four years earlier to the Populists and Republicans (Cleveland won only 2 popular votes in 1892), a fusion Populist/Democratic ticket behind William Jennings Bryan's candidacy won the state with 78.1% of the vote with the support from Silver Republicans. Nevertheless, the three– man congressional delegation remained two-part Populist, one-part Republican.
It was not until the turn of the century that Idaho saw its first Democratic representation in Congress, Senator Fred Dubois, U.S. Marshal of the Idaho Territory and a former Republican. He successfully campaigned on the disenfranchisement of Mormons on the grounds that they broke the law by practicing polygamy, already having barred them form holding office while he held office in the state legislature. Ironically, while his anti– Mormonism as a Republican kept Democrats out of office after 1882, his anti-Mormonism as a Democrat had the same result after 1902.
Though Democrats and Jewish governor Moses Alexander were able to implement a radically progressive agenda with the backing of the Nonpartisan League while in control during Woodrow Wilson's presidency, they quickly ceded power and it was not until Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1932 landslide that they began to turn out state and local (as well as national) Republican office holders for a sustained period of time. That year, all three congressional Republicans up for re– election were defeated by Democratic challengers by at least 11 percent. All three challengers, like their state party, were stalwart supporters of FDR's New Deal. Despite a turn of opinion against the federal government's programs years later, Democrats retained two of their three newly attained seats for at least 15 years and managed to control the legislature for eight until the chambers evened themselves out during and immediately after the war.
Decline
In the post-war decades, as state politics was professionalized, Republicans dominated the state legislature and the governor's mansion, but Democrats maintained a steadfast presence across all other executive offices. A platform of environmental concerns gave Idaho its last Democratic governor to date even as it became more conservative in its congressional delegation and state legislature. However, in the 1970s and 1980s, Democrats lost two key voting groups. After the national party adopted a host of liberal social issues like abortion rights and feminism, Idaho's Mormons left the party in droves. Meanwhile, unions lost influence in already declining mining and timber industries.
Since 1994, when four-term Democratic governor Cecil Andrus retired and Representative Larry LaRocco was defeated, only one member of the party, Walt Minnick, has won either statewide office or election to Congress; after winning election to the latter capacity in 2008, Minnick was subsequently defeated for re-election by Republican Raúl Labrador two years later. Idaho Democrats currently seat only twelve members of the state House and six members of the state Senate, slightly worse than the ~20% they held in each chamber in 1996 when the party first collapsed. Unlike with other Mountain West states, such as Nevada and Colorado, immigration has not shifted Idaho leftward. Rather, Californians and other West Coast residents who have moved there have done so largely for cultural instead of economic reasons.
Elected officials
Members of Congress
None
Statewide offices
None
Legislative leadership
Senate Minority Leader: Melissa Wintrow
Assistant Senate Minority Leader: James Ruchti
Senate Minority Caucus Chair: Janie Ward– Engelking
House Minority Leader: Ilana Rubel
Assistant House Minority Leader: Lauren Necochea
House Minority Caucus Chair: Ned Burns
Other
Mayor of Boise: Lauren McLean
Chairs
Lauren Necochea
Deborah Silver
Fred Cornworth
Evangeline "Van" Beechler
Bert Marley
Larry Kenck
R. Keith Roark
Larry Grant
Richard H. Stallings
Carolyn Boyce
Kathie Garrett
Bill Mauk
Mel Morgan
A. K. Lienhart– Minnick
Conley Ward, 1988– 1991
George Klein 1978
John F. Greenfield 1976– 77
A. W. "Bill" Brunt 1952– 1954
John G. Walters 1958
John Glasby
George A. Greenfield 1954– 1955
Gilbert Larsen ?– 1952
Ed P. Brennan 1949
Dan J. Cavanagh 1947– 1948
David L. Bush 1944– 1946
Ben W. Davis 1939
Ira H. Taylor 1937
T. A. Walters 1931
Edwin M. Holden 1930
L. E. Dillingham 1925– 1929
Dr. W. R. Hamilton ?– 1918
Joseph T. Pence 1914
Ben R. Gray 1912
John F. Nugent
Kirtland I. Perky 1900– 1902
George Ainslie 1890– 1891
Wayne P. Fuller 1979-1980
Election results
Presidential
Gubernatorial
See also
Political party strength in Idaho
Idaho Democratic caucuses, 2016
Idaho Democratic caucuses, 2012
Idaho Democratic caucuses, 2008
References
External links
Idaho Democratic Party
Democratic Party
Democratic Party (United States) by state | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho%20Democratic%20Party |
The 41st World Cup season was scheduled to begin on 28 October 2006, but cancellation of the opening races in Sölden delayed the season's start by two weeks. A very poor snowpack in the Alps, along with stormy weather in January, caused numerous races to be moved and rescheduled throughout the winter. The schedule included a mid-season break during the first 3 weeks of February for the World Championships in Åre, Sweden. The season concluded on 18 March 2007, at the World Cup Finals in Lenzerheide, Switzerland.
Summary
The top two finishers from last season, Benjamin Raich of Austria and Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway, at the top of the standings for most of the season. With consistent podium performances in the speed races, which won him the Cup title in downhill, Didier Cuche of Switzerland finished a solid third overall. The 2005 overall champion and last year's third-place finisher, American Bode Miller, won four speed events but struggled in the technical events, keeping him from the top spots in the overall standings throughout the season. Before the final four individual races of the season, these four athletes still had a mathematical chance to win the overall World Cup title. The strongest newcomer was Jens Byggmark of Sweden, who won the first two races of his career on consecutive days in late January to vault temporarily into the top ranks in the slalom standings. Also in slalom, Mario Matt of Austria came back to win three races in 2007, regaining his top form from the 2000 and 2001 seasons. Matt ultimately lost the slalom title to Raich by just 5 points.
The early season on the women's side was led by Marlies Schild of Austria, who won six slaloms and a super combined, clinching both of these Cups early. But the biggest story of the season's first half was the resurgence of Austria's Renate Götschl, who was coming off a difficult 2006 season which saw her drop to 19th in the overall standings, her worst finish since 1994. She rebounded to dominate the speed events, winning four races in Super-G and three in downhill, securing the trophies in both of these events. American Julia Mancuso, 2006 Olympic gold medalist, had a very strong season, scoring the first four World Cup wins of her career. Nicole Hosp of Austria had a solid season with several podium positions, but few victories. Lindsey Kildow of the US celebrated three victories before she had to drop out after the World Championships due to a knee injury. Entering the World Cup Finals, four women – Hosp, Götschl, Mancuso, and Schild – were within a 102-point range, and each of them had a realistic chance of winning the overall World Cup title.
At the World Cup Finals in Lenzerheide, Switzerland, both the men's and women's overall titles came down to the technical events.
On the men's side, the race came down to Raich and Svindal. Going into the technical events, Raich looked unbeatable but a DNF for him in GS meant that Svindal would have an opportunity to clinch the title on the final day in slalom, his weakest event. Svindal needed only to finish in the top fifteen and score points in order to win the title, and he achieved it in hair-raising fashion – by finishing 15th.
Marlies Schild seemed a sure bet for the women's overall title after uncharacteristically strong performances in the speed events. But she skied disastrously in the slalom, the event that she had dominated all season long, and failed to score any points. That meant she needed both a strong performance in the GS and a weak one from her lone remaining rival, Nicole Hosp. But Hosp won the race while Schild managed just sixth place, ensuring the Cup title (and the GS globe) for Hosp.
Calendar
Men
Ladies
Nations team event
Men's standings
Overall
see complete table
Downhill
see complete table
Slalom
see complete table
Giant slalom
see complete table
Super G
see complete table
Super combined
see complete table
Ladies' standings
Overall
Downhill
Slalom
Giant slalom
Super G
Super combined
Nations Cup
Overall
Ladies
Men
See also
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007
Footnotes
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – World Cup standings – 2007
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
World Cup
World Cup | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307%20FIS%20Alpine%20Ski%20World%20Cup |
Yangquan ( ) is a prefecture-level city in the east of Shanxi province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the east. Situated at the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau and the west side of the Taihang Mountains, known as "Rippling Spring" in ancient times. Yangquan occupies a total area of . According to the 2020 Census, Yangquan had a population of 1,318,505 inhabitants whom 1,037,456 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 3 urban Districts plus Pingding County now being conurbated. Yangquan is a new industrial city of Shanxi province. It belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate zone. Yangquan City has jurisdiction over two counties and three districts.
Yangquan is the gateway of the Shanxi province, located in the middle of Taiyuan and Shijiazhuang, 100 kilometers apart. Yangquan is also located in the eastern developed areas and the central and western regions of the combination zone, and also located in the reasonable transport sector through Tianjin, Qingdao, Huanghua. There are the ninth pass and Niangzi pass of the Great Wall, the Cangshan tourist Scenic spot, the Guanshan Academy, the former residence of Shi Pingmei, the Liangjiazhai Hot Spring, and the Shinaoshan Forest Park.
In 2017, Yangquan achieved a regional gross domestic product of 67.2 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3 percent at comparable prices. Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 1.04 billion yuan, up 3.0 percent, the added value of the secondary industry was 32.04 billion yuan, an increase of 5.6 percent, and that of the tertiary industry was 34.12 billion yuan, an increase of 7.1 percent. The composition of the three industries was adjusted from 1.7 to 48.0 50.3 in 2016 to 1.5 to 47.7 50.8. The per capita regional GDP was 47790 yuan, or US$7078 at the average exchange rate in 2017.
Administrative divisions
Geography and climate
Yangquan has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate /semi-arid climate (Köppen Dwa/BSk), with cold and very dry winters, and hot, somewhat humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is . The diurnal temperature variation, not exceeding in any month, is not large for provincial standards. More than 70% of the annual precipitation, which ranges from in the entire prefecture-level city (PLC), occurs from June to September; throughout the PLC, sunshine totals 2700–2900 hours annually, and the frost-free period lasts 130–180 days.
Location domain
Yangquan City is located in the east wing of central Shanxi Province, with geographical coordinates of 112 °5 °114 °4 east longitude and 37 °40 °40 °38 °31 °north latitude. It is located in the west of the middle of Taihang Mountain, north of Dingxiang County and Wutai County of Xinzhou, and east of Pingshan County and Jingxing County of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province.
Southern Jinzhong Xiyang County, Jinzhong Shouyang County, Taiyuan Yangqu County;
It is about 106 kilometers long from north to south and about 42 kilometers from east to west.
the city has a total land area of 4559 square kilometers.
Geomorphology
Yangquan City is located on the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau and belongs to the eastern mountainous area of Shanxi Province.
The landforms in the territory are mainly mountainous areas, while the rest are hills and plains.
The mountains include nine mountains.
On the northern city boundary is the Niudaoling Mountains, which is located at the junction of Zhoushan and Taihang Mountains.
There are two mountains on the northwest boundary, which is the branch of Zhoushan.
The rest of the mountains are arranged in two rows, east and west.
The eastern train consists of four mountains, from north to south are the Baima Mountains, the Qiulin Mountains, the Mianshan Mountains and the Aishan Mountains. They belong to the middle of the Taihang Mountains, with peaks ranging from 700 to 1700 meters above sea level.
Taihang Mountain is the boundary mountain of Hebei and Jin provinces, its eastern slope is steep, the foothills meet with the North China Plain, which is less than 100 meters above sea level; the western slope is gently inclined, and the mountains and hills are undulating.
The western column consists of three mountains, namely, the Northern Mountains, the Southern Mountains and the Qiling Mountains.
They have gone deep into the interior of the Shanxi Plateau, although the altitude is higher, but the ground fluctuation is slower than that in the east.
Among the mountains, there are some intermountain basins, mainly Xiyan basin in the west, Yucheng basin in the middle and Pingding basin in the south.
Hydrology
Yangquan City, with the exception of 22 square meters in the west belongs to the Yellow River Basin, the rest belong to the Haihe River Basin.
There are more than 60 rivers in the territory, of which 34 have a watershed area of more than 10 square kilometers, and seven have a watershed area of more than 300 square kilometers and a river length of more than 30 kilometers, all of which belong to the Haihe River system.
Hutuo River and Mianhe River are the main rivers in the territory.
Hutuo River flows through the northern part of the city, is the Haihe River system of the five major rivers of the north source of the Ziya River, in the territory of the main tributaries are Wuhe, Longhua River, Shitang River and so on.
The Mianhe River is formed by the confluence of the Wenhe River and the Taohe River, distributed in the middle and south of the city; after leaving the country, it converges with the Gantao River (Songxi River) and flows into the Hutuo River.
There are also a number of rivers that leave the country directly.
History
Yangquan City has a long history, according to the 1950s from Pingding northwest jujube smoke, Daliangding and other places unearthed cultural relics, the Middle Paleolithic Age, there will be human survival and reproduction here.
During the Tang, Yu, Xia and Shang dynasties, Yangquan City was handed down to be the place of ancient Jizhou.
During the Spring and Autumn period, there was a hatred of Judah in Yuxian County.
Zhou Zhending king twelve years (457 years ago), Jinqing Zhibo extermination of feud; sixteen years (453 years ago), Han Zhao Wei three Jin, the city belongs to Zhao. Qin belongs to Taiyuan County.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Shangai County was located in the city, and the county governance was in Xincheng Village, Pingding County, which belongs to Taiyuan County.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangai County belongs to Changshan State of Jizhou.
When the three Kingdoms, the north and south belong to Wei and state Leping County, Xinxing County.
The old system of Cao and Wei was used in the Western Jin Dynasty.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it belonged to Qian Zhao, Hou Zhao, ran Wei, Qian Yan, Qian Qin, Hou Yan, Northern Wei and other countries. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the north and south belonged to Shiai County, Leping County, and Dingxiang County, Xinxing County, Wangzhou. After the whole territory belongs to the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty. Sui in this Niangzi Wei Ze County, is Jingzhou, after the waste; in this county to buy the original Qiu County (later renamed Yu County), and Shiai County belong to Liaozhou.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the city belonged to the state, and later abandoned by the state. Shiai and Yuxian successively belonged to both prefectures and Taiyuan prefectures. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Shiai changed its name to Guangyang and moved to Guangyang Village.
The five dynasties belong to the late Tang Dynasty, the Post-Jin Dynasty, the Post-Han Dynasty and the Northern Han Dynasty.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Taiping Xingguo four years (979), changed Guangyang County to Pingding County, the county administration moved back to Pingding Shangcheng, Li Ping Dingjun; Yu County belongs to the state; after that, Pingding County and Yu County both belong to Hedong Road.
Jin Shengping Dingzhou, Yuzhou, is Hedong Road, he Northeast Road.
Yuan belongs to Jining Road.
In the Ming Dynasty, Yuzhou was reduced to a county, and Pingding Prefecture belonged to Taiyuan House in Shanxi Province.
Qing Yongzheng two years (1724), pacified as Zhili Prefecture, the addition of Yu County, Shouyang County, is Shanxi Province.
At the beginning of the Republic of China, it was Pingding County and Yu County, which belonged to Jining Road in Shanxi Province and was directly under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Province. During the War of Resistance against Japan, Ping (Lubei) County, Ping (Ding) East County and Ping (Ding) West County, Yu County divided into Pen (County) Ping (Shan) County, Pen (County) Yang (qu) County, Pen (County) Shou (Yang) County; To the south of Zhengtai Railway, Ping (Ding) East and Ping (Ding) West two counties belong to the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border region, and the northern counties belong to the Shanxi-Cr-Hebei Border region. During the War of Liberation, peace, Yu County gradually restored to the original establishment.
On May 4, 1947, Yangquan City was established as part of the original Pingding County, which was later renamed Yangquan Industrial and Mining area. Yangquan City (industrial and mining area) has been under the jurisdiction of the North China Joint Administrative Commission, the North China people's Government and Shanxi Province.
After the founding of New China, Yangquan City (initially industrial and mining area, resumed in 1952) several times by Jinzhong (Yuci) area (special agency), Pingding County, Yu County is Jinzhong (Yuci) area (special agency). It has set up urban areas, suburbs and mining areas.
In September 1983, the city administered the county system, and Pingding County and Yu County were assigned to Yangquan City. Yangquan City became a city with three districts (city, mine and suburb) under the jurisdiction of two counties (Pingding and Yu County) directly under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Province.
Natural resources
Water
The total amount of water resources in Yangquan City is 1.584 billion cubic meters per year.
Among them, the river runoff is 1.382 billion cubic meters per year (including 490 million cubic meters per year in this river and 892 million cubic meters per year in the outer area).
The amount of groundwater resources is 543 million cubic meters per year (including 435 million cubic meters per year for local groundwater resources and 108 million cubic meters per year for incoming groundwater resources in the outer area),
The repeated amount of river runoff and groundwater is 341 million cubic meters per year.
The per capita share of local water resources in Yangquan City is only 562 cubic meters per year, which is slightly higher than that of Shanxi Province, which is 546 cubic meters per year, less than 1 to 4 of the national per capita water resources of 2400 cubic meters per year.
It is only 1 to 8% of the world's per capita water resources.
Flora
Yangquan City has complex habitats and a wide variety of plants.
According to the Engler-Gilger classification system, there are 93 families and 437 species of common plants in China, including 5 families and 5 species of fungi and 4 families and 6 species of ferns.
There are 4 families and 11 species of gymnosperms, 80 families and 415 species of angiosperms (including 72 families and 360 species of dicotyledons and 8 families and 55 species of monocotyledons).
Among the families, the most species are Compositae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae and Gramineae, followed by Liliaceae, Umbelina, Labiatae, Chenopodiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae and so on.
Among the plant variety resources, there are more than 160 species of medicinal plants, as well as a variety of food crops, oil crops and vegetable crops.
Yangquan City has 941000 mu of forest, accounting for 13.74% of the total area of Yangquan City, with another 22.05 million trees on the four sides, with a total wood volume of 550000 cubic meters.
In the forestland, the economic forest is 48000 mu.
There are 1.821 million mu of pastoral slope grassland, of which more than 90% are available, and the total output of grass is more than 100m kg.
Fauna
Due to the lack of forests and serious environmental pollution, there are few wild animals in Yangquan.
For example, "Pingding Zhou Zhi" recorded that in the Qing Dynasty, there were tigers and deer nearby. Nowadays, tigers have disappeared and deer can be found only at the Yao Ling Temple Forest Farm and other places with a small amount of artificial breeding.
In addition to wild animals, Yangquan City contains a large number of domesticated animals, such as pigs, cattle, sheep, horses, donkeys, mules, chickens, and rabbits.
Mineral resources
Yangquan City is rich in mineral resources, and as many as 52 kinds of mineral deposits have been proved, especially anthracite, pyrite and bauxite, which are famous for their large reserves, high grade and easy exploitation.
It is one of the largest anthracite production bases in China, one of the three bauxite production bases and one of the five pyrite production bases in China.
The territory contains a coal area of 1051 square kilometers, coal geological reserves of 10.4 billion tons, pyrite 250 million tons, bauxite 227 million tons.
The annual output of raw coal is 35 million tons, the annual production of pyrite is 2 million tons, and the annual output of bauxite clinker is 1.8 million tons.
There are also ceramic raw materials, kaolin, plastic clay, hard clay reserves of 177.409 million tons; feldspar reserves of 43.17 million tons; quartz reserves of 43.2 million tons; diopside reserves of 500 million tons.
Economy
In 2017, Yangquan achieved a regional gross domestic product of 67.2 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3 percent at comparable prices.
Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 1.04 billion yuan, up 3.0 percent, the added value of the secondary industry was 32.04 billion yuan, an increase of 5.6 percent, and that of the tertiary industry was 34.12 billion yuan, an increase of 7.1 percent.
The composition of the three industries was adjusted from 1.7 to 48.0 50.3 in 2016 to 1.5 to 47.7 50.8.
The per capita regional GDP was 47790 yuan, or US$7078 at the average exchange rate in 2017.
Consumer prices rose 1.4% year-on-year, with food prices falling 0.9%.
Retail prices rose 0.8%.
The ex-factory prices of industrial producers rose 8.1%, of which the prices of means of production and means of living rose by 7.7% and 7.7%, respectively.
The purchase price of industrial producers rose 14.8 percent.
25326 new jobs were created in cities and towns throughout the year.
11626 rural workers were transferred.
At the end of the year, the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was 3.11%, below the provincial control target of 4.2%.
In 2017, investment in fixed assets in Yangquan City totaled 24.57 billion yuan, an increase of 6.6 percent over the same caliber.
Of this total, investment in the primary industry was 300 million yuan, down 88.8 percent; investment in the secondary industry was 14.97 billion yuan, up 51.3 percent; and investment in the tertiary industry was 9.3 billion yuan, down 11 percent.
According to the type of registration, the holding investment of the state-owned economy was 14.79 billion yuan, an increase of 29.4 percent.
By major sectors, industrial investment was 14.97 billion yuan, up 51.3 percent; infrastructure investment was 3.61 billion yuan, down 24.9 percent; and other investment was 5.99 billion yuan, down 28.2 percent.
In the whole year, 193 projects with investment in fixed assets (excluding real estate) were completed and put into production, with an investment rate of 53.0%, with a new fixed assets of 10.66 billion yuan and a utilization rate of 49.5%.
In 2017, the general public budget revenue of Yangquan City reached 5 billion yuan, an increase of 21.1 percent.
Of this total, tax revenue was 3.79 billion yuan, an increase of 38.5 percent. Domestic value-added tax, business tax, enterprise income tax, personal income tax, resource tax and urban construction tax totaled 3.09 billion yuan.
They increased by 76.9%, decreased by 99.0%, increased by 175.8%, increased by 56.0%, increased by 65.7% and increased by 19.3%.
The general public budget expenditure was 10.58 billion yuan, an increase of 10.5 per cent.
Of these, expenditure on agriculture, forestry and water services decreased by 1.2%, expenditure on education increased by 4.6%, expenditure on social security and employment increased by 18.8%, expenditure on health and family planning increased by 1.3%, and expenditure on energy conservation and environmental protection increased by 21.4%.
Spending on culture, sports and media increased by 1.8%, spending on urban and rural communities increased by 8.9%, and expenditure on public security increased by 1.0%.
In 2017, the per capita disposable income of urban permanent residents in Yangquan City was 29581 yuan, an increase of 6.4 per cent.
The per capita disposable income of rural permanent residents was 12963 yuan, an increase of 6.5 per cent.
The per capita disposable income of low-income households in cities and towns accounted for 20 per cent of the total households surveyed, up 8.2 per cent, while that in rural areas accounted for 20 per cent of the total households surveyed, accounting for 5553 yuan, an increase of 14.8 per cent.
Primary sector
In 2017, the planting area of crops in Yangquan City decreased by 1.5 per cent to 55000 hectares.
Of this total, grain planting area was 53000 hectares, down 2.5 percent, and oil planting area was 123.5 hectares, an increase of 32.4 percent.
Among the grain acreage, the corn acreage was 45000 hectares, down 3.4 per cent.
The total grain output for the whole year was 260000 tons, an increase of 0.4 percent.
Of this total, corn was 239000 tons, an increase of 0.2 per cent.
In 2017, Yangquan's total meat output was 21000 tons, an increase of 5.1 per cent.
Of this total, pork production was 16000 tons, up 4.7 per cent; beef production was 400 tons, up 70.2 per cent; and mutton production was 1000 tons, up 17.4 per cent.
Milk production was 6000 tons, down 18.2 per cent.
Egg production was 33000 tons, down 2.2 per cent.
The output of aquatic products was 701 tons, an increase of 12.8 percent.
In 2017, Yangquan City completed afforestation area of 3.7 thousand hectares, an increase of 21.1 percent, of which the artificial afforestation area was 3.3 thousand hectares, an increase of 18.8 percent.
Barren mountains and wasteland afforested an area of 3.3 thousand hectares.
By the end of 2017, the total power of agricultural machinery in Yangquan City was 331000 kilowatts, down 21.5 percent.
The area of mechanical cultivated land was 42000 hectares, down 0.7 percent, the mechanical sown area was 44000 hectares, and the mechanical harvest area was 17000 hectares, up 1.1 percent and 0.8 percent respectively over the previous year.
The total income of agricultural mechanization in the city reached 210 million yuan, an increase of 5.0 per cent.
Huayang New Material Technology Group (Chinese: 华阳新材料科技集团), until 2021 was known as Yangquan Coal Industry Group Company Limited, is a coal mining and energy company. Founded in 1950, transformed into a joint-stock company in 1999, headquartered in Yangquan.
Secondary sector
In 2017, the number of industrial enterprises above the scale of Yangquan reached 123, with an industrial added value of 21.7 billion yuan, an increase of 5.5 percent.
The raw coal output of industrial enterprises above scale was 51.326 million tons, an increase of 1.1 per cent.
Coal washing was 23.881 million tons, down 29.9 percent, and electricity was 12.55 billion kilowatt hours, up 27.7 percent.
In 2017, industrial enterprises above the scale of Yangquan achieved 73.91 billion yuan in main business income, an increase of 21.3 percent, and 4.01 billion yuan in profits and taxes, an increase of 91 percent. Of these, the total profits were-1.64 billion yuan, 180 million yuan more than the same period last year.
The tax reached 5.65 billion yuan, an increase of 44.1 per cent.
The "two funds" of enterprises occupied 14.47 billion yuan, down 9.7 percent, of which accounts receivable totaled 11.81 billion yuan, down 14.3 percent, and finished goods totaled 2.66 billion yuan, an increase of 18.8 percent.
There were 54 loss-making enterprises, with a loss of 43.9 percent, and a loss of 3.41 billion yuan, an increase of 30.7 percent.
In 2017, the added value of the construction industry in Yangquan reached 5.08 billion yuan, an increase of 6.2 per cent.
The total profits of general contracting and professional contracting enterprises with construction qualifications were 30 million yuan, down 83.9 percent, and the tax paid was 460 million yuan, an increase of 96.7 percent.
Tertiary sector
In 2017, investment in real estate development in Yangquan City totaled 3.03 billion yuan, down 52.7 percent.
According to the purpose of the project,
Society
Science
In 2017, the number of patent applications in Yangquan City was 1107, a decrease of 21.6 percent, of which the number of invention patent applications was 439, an increase of 7.6 percent.
The number of patents granted in the city was 360, a decrease of 5.7 percent, of which the number of patents granted for invention was 18, a decrease of 21.7 percent.
A total of 41 scientific research achievements at or above the municipal level were achieved in the whole year, including 37 at the municipal level and 4 at the provincial level.
In the whole year, a total of 154technical contracts were signed, with a total transaction value of 250 million yuan.
In 2001, 26 scientific and technological achievements were newly registered.
Won 4 provincial science and technology awards.
There are 1 enterprise technology center, 10 provincial enterprise technology center and 30 municipal enterprise technology center.
There are 42 high-tech enterprises in the city.
By the end of 2017, there were 2 ordinary colleges and universities in Yangquan City, with 67000 people trained in practical skills for farmers in the whole year.
Culture
By the end of 2017, there were 6 mass art centers, 6 cultural centers, 6 art performing groups and 6 public libraries in Yangquan City.
At the end of the year, there were 332000 cable TV subscribers.
A total of 6.21 million copies of Yangquan Daily were distributed throughout the year.
Medical and health
By the end of 2017, there were 1548 health institutions (including clinics and village clinics) in Yangquan City, with a total of 6957 beds.
There are 6 Maternal and Child Health Hospitals (stations and stations).
There are a total of 10162 health technical personnel in health institutions in the city.
Sports cause.
In 2017, Yangquan athletes won 36 gold, 33 silver and 53 bronze medals (including non-Olympic events) in major competitions at home and abroad.
The city sold 118 million yuan in sports lottery tickets, nearly double the previous year.
Infrastructure
In 2017, the total energy consumption of Yangquan City was 8.5951 million tons of standard coal, an increase of 2.87 percent over the previous year, and the gross domestic product of 10,000 yuan consumed 1.3130 tons of standard coal, down 3.21 percent.
For the whole year, industrial comprehensive energy consumption was reduced by 5.6588 million tons of standard coal, an increase of 0.7 per cent.
The energy consumption per unit product of the main energy-consuming industrial enterprises is as follows: the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of raw coal production is 6.27 kg standard coal / ton, down 10.6%, and the unit energy consumption of coking process is 147.74 kg standard coal / ton, down 3.6%.
The standard coal consumption of thermal power plant is 300.47 g standard coal / kWh, up 0.4%, and the comprehensive energy consumption per unit alumina is 422.14 kg standard coal / ton, up 3.0%.
In 2017, the total amount of electricity used by the whole society in Yangquan City was 8.29 billion kilowatt hours, an increase of 16.5 per cent.
Among them, electricity consumption in the primary industry was 60 million kilowatt hours, up 8.3 percent, and that in the secondary industry was 6.69 billion kilowatt hours, up 18.1 percent, of which industrial power consumption was 6.64 billion kilowatt hours, an increase of 18.0 percent.
Electricity consumption in the tertiary industry was 930 million kWh, an increase of 14.3 per cent, and that of urban and rural residents was 610 million kWh, an increase of 4.4 per cent.
The proportion of electricity consumption of primary, secondary, tertiary industry and urban and rural residents in the whole society was 0.8%, 79.6%, 11.4% and 8.2%, respectively.
Social security
By the end of 2017, 310900 people in Yangquan City had participated in basic old-age insurance for urban workers, an increase of 22300 over the previous year, and 440900 had participated in old-age insurance for urban and rural residents, an increase of 300 over the previous year.
386000 urban workers participated in basic medical insurance, 815600 urban and rural residents participated in basic medical insurance, 260000 participated in industrial injury insurance, an increase of 2200 over the previous year, and 251200 participated in unemployment insurance, the same as the previous year.
246700 people participated in maternity insurance, an increase of 900 over the previous year.
The minimum wage for three districts and two counties in the city is 1700 yuan in urban areas, mining areas and suburbs, and 1500 yuan in Pingding County and Yu County, an increase of 80 yuan over the previous year.
In 2017, Yangquan City had a total of 34300 urban minimum living security objects, a decrease of 999 over the previous year, and 40800 rural minimum living security objects, an increase of 217 over the previous year, and 6300 people were included in the five guarantees in rural areas.
A total of 245 million yuan of minimum guaranteed funds were disbursed throughout the year, an increase of 24 million yuan over the previous year.
By the end of 2017, there were three rescue stations in Yangquan.
A total of 28 social service institutions provide accommodation, the number of beds in old-age service institutions is 1995, the number of beds in various welfare homes is 350, and the number of adoptions is 102.
There are 576 community service facilities in cities and towns, including 90 comprehensive community service centers.
In the whole year, 199 million yuan of welfare lottery tickets were sold and 100000 yuan of donations were received from the community.
Transportation
In 2017, the added value of transportation, warehousing and postal services in Yangquan reached 5 billion yuan, an increase of 12.1 per cent. The mileage of highway lines is 5660.4 km at the end of the year, an increase of 2.2 km over the end of last year. For the whole year, the railway freight volume was 44.971 million tons, an increase of 3.7 percent, and the railway passenger volume was 2.64 million, an increase of 1.3 percent. The number of civilian vehicles in the city reached 217000 (including three-wheeled vehicles and low-speed trucks), an increase of 9.9 percent, of which 190000 were private cars, an increase of 11.3 percent. The number of cars was 134000, an increase of 10.9 percent, of which 126000 were private cars, an increase of 11.7 percent.
Aviation
Yangquan City is located between Taiyuan and Shijiazhuang, the urban area is about 140 kilometers away from Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in the east, and about 100 kilometers away from Taiyuan Wusu International Airport in the west. There are a number of air ticket outlets in the city, quick and convenient to inquire and book flights. In 2016, the Yangquan City Terminal of Taiyuan Wusu International Airport officially opened, providing ticket purchase and airport shuttle services. In 2017, the Yangquan Terminal of Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport officially opened, providing ticket purchase and airport pick-up services.
Railway
China's first electrified railway double line, the Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan railway, runs through the urban area.
In 2009, Yangquan North railway station was opened on the Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway. Most services to the older station were canceled leading to complaints from residents as it took 90 minutes by road to reach Yangquan North railway station from downtown Yangquan, and that journeys were less convenient.
Construction started in 2016 on the Yangquan–Dazhai railway. As well as carrying freight, it will allow faster journeys from downtown Yingquan to Yingquan North railway station as well as south to Dazhai. The first section, from Yangquan North to Yangquan East, opened in 2020.
Highway
The highway traffic has formed the highway network which runs through the east and the west, longitudinally through the north and south, the trunk and branch crisscross, the layout is reasonable, take the city as the center to radiate to two counties and three districts. East to Hebei, west to Taiyuan, south to Changzhi, north to five, extending in all directions. The first high-grade highway in Shanxi Province, Taijiu Expressway, passes through the border and runs through the Beijing-Shenzhen Expressway and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tang Expressway, which has greatly improved the investment environment in Yangquan and made it very convenient to go east and west. In 2013, Yangquan City, county and county access asphalt road, township access road, village access motor vehicles. Highway traffic is developing in the direction of wide roadbed, large tonnage and high speed. Yangquan Expressway is more developed. The Beijing-Shenzhen high-speed and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan high-speed all connect with its main line too old high-speed. It is only an hour's drive from Taijiao Expressway across Yangquan to Shijiazhuang Airport or Taiyuan Airport, while it takes only more than three hours to get to Beijing via Taijiu Expressway and Jingshi Expressway. The 207 National Highway and 307 National Highway also pass through Yangquan, making the traffic of Yangquan Highway easy to reach all directions. Yangquan City bus terminal every day to Zhengzhou, Taiyuan, Shijiazhuang, Beijing, Jinzhong and other places of the bus.
Specialty
Walnut and their oil, pepper, dried cucumber, coal carving, casserole and vinegar is the specialty goods of Yangquan.
Tourism
Park
Nanshan Park, Taohe Park, Beishan Park, Yangquan Botanical Garden, City Central Park are the main park and tourist attractions.
Historical Site
Yangquan contains the ruins of the ancient city of Zhao Jianzi at the end of the Spring and Autumn period, the site of the garrison of Han Xin in the Han, Huaiyin, and Hou, and the site where the princess of Pingyang led the army to garrison Niangziguan in the Tang Dynasty.
In Dongfu Mountain, in the south of Pingding, Nu WA is said to have built a stove here to make up the sky, making the whole stone of Dongfu Mountain brown and red, floating but not sinking after it has been thrown into the water. Up to now, the cooker still exists, as well as the inscription of Lu Shen in the Ming Dynasty.
The Cang mountain, 60 kilometers north of the city, is said to have been hidden here by Zhao orphans in the Spring and Autumn period. There is a legend of the Canggu cave, and the name of the Cang mountain is interpreted here.
In addition, Yangquan also preserves many ancient cultural sites, such as the Northern Wei Grottoes, the cliff stone carvings of the Southern and Northern dynasties, the main hall of Lin Li Guandi Temple rebuilt in the Song Dynasty, and the ancient architectural groups since the Jin and Yuan dynasty.
Memorial site
The site of the pacified armed uprising led by the Chinese Communist Party in 1931 and the site of Shinao Mountain, the main battlefield of the "hundred League War" in 1940.
(100 Patriotic Education bases).
The Monument to the "hundred League War" (the main monument) is 40 meters high and is shaped like a sharp bayonet.
Peng Zhen inscribed on the front of the inscription: "brilliant achievements, forever in the annals of history";
On both sides are Xu Qian's inscriptions: "the martyrs who took part in the hundred League War are immortal." Bo Yibo wrote: "the hundred League War, the most brilliant page in the War of Resistance against Japan, will certainly go down in the annals of history and shine forever."
Cultural relics and monuments
In addition, there are many ancient temples and temples, stele inscriptions, ancient tombs and other cultural footprints.
Liangjiazhai Hot Spring, Yaolin Temple and Niangziguan Falls with medical value, and the rare wonders of large stalactite cave in the north, such as Lianhua Cave, Wuhuadong and so on.
Yao Lin Temple is located in Pingding County, Yangquan City, 20 kilometers south of the city, is a provincial forest park in Pingding County.
Notable people
Co-founder of Baidu; Robin Li (李彦宏) was born and raised in Yangquan.
Author of The Three-Body Problem; Liu Cixin (刘慈欣) was born and raised in Yangquan.
Twinned cities
Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England, United Kingdom
Mount Vernon, New York, United States
References
External links
Travel China Guide: Yangquan (English Version) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangquan |
"Coconut" is a novelty song written and first recorded by American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, released as the third single from his 1971 album, Nilsson Schmilsson. It was on the U.S. Billboard charts for 14 weeks, reaching #8, and was ranked by Billboard as the #66 song for 1972. It charted in a minor way in the UK, reaching #42. "Coconut" did best in Canada, where it peaked at #5.
In 1998, a cover version was released by Australian singer Dannii Minogue as a single, peaking at #62 on the ARIA singles chart.
Lyrics
The lyrics feature Nilsson singing three characters (a narrator, a woman, and a doctor), each in a different voice. The woman drinks a mixture of lime juice and coconut milk, becomes sick, and calls the doctor. The doctor, annoyed at being woken up, tells her to drink the same thing again and call in the morning.
Music
An arpeggiated C7 chord accompanies the song throughout.
Personnel
According to the 1971 LP credits:
Harry Nilsson – vocals
Caleb Quaye – guitar
Ian Duck – acoustic guitar
Herbie Flowers – bass
Jim Gordon – drums, percussion
Roger Pope – drums
Chart history
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Dannii Minogue version
Dannii Minogue recorded the song in 1994 with UK dance producers DNA. When Minogue parted ways with Mushroom Records in 1995 and signed to Eternal Records in 1996, she had the track remixed by producers Flexifinger.
The track was originally used as a hidden bonus track on her third album Girl. It was subsequently released in Australia on 16 November 1998 as the fourth and final single from that album, peaking at number 62 on the ARIA singles chart upon its debut, on the chart dated week commencing 23 November 1998.
In 2009, the original version of "Coconut" was made available on the compilation The 1995 Sessions.
Charts
References
1971 songs
1971 singles
1998 singles
Calypso songs
Harry Nilsson songs
Dannii Minogue songs
Novelty songs
Songs written by Harry Nilsson
Song recordings produced by Richard Perry
Songs about physicians
Coconuts
RCA Victor singles
Warner Music Group singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut%20%28song%29 |
Denis Rodier is a comic book illustrator; he has worked for multiple companies including DC Comics, Milestone Media, and Marvel Comics.
In 1986, Denis Rodier began a career as an illustrator which would transform him, two years later, into a comic book artist. Among his first work for DC Comics was a Batman story published as a Bonus Book in Detective Comics #589 (August 1988). Rodier has worked on such world-famous characters as Batman, Captain America and Wonder Woman. It was his work on Superman that garnered Rodier his greatest acclaim, especially on the award-winning "The Death of Superman" story arc.
As a painter, his work has been seen in such publications as the illustration compilation ARZACH MADE IN U.S.A.; Shoes for Amelie a picture book which received the McNally Robinson Book for Young People Award; and covers for The Demon (another comic title), Newstime Magazine and many others. Rodier made frequent contributions to SAFARIR as well as freelance work for such clients as Tony Levin (Peter Gabriel's band), Pat Mastelotto (King Crimson) and Suzanne Vega.
He lives in Quebec's Laurentian region, where he paints, draws comics for the French market and plays music.
References
External links
http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artistInfo/msgId=824
http://www.rodierstudio.com/
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian comics artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis%20Rodier |
The Nantes–Brest canal (, ; ) is a French canal which links the two seaports of Nantes and Brest through inland Brittany. It was built in the early 19th century, and its total length as built was 385 km with 238 locks.
History
Brittany started developing its waterway network in 1538 when it decided to improve navigation on the River Vilaine. The project for a canal throughout the province was conceived by an 'inland navigation commission' convened in 1783. When Brest was blockaded by the English fleet, Napoleon decided to build the canal to provide a safe inland link between the two largest military ports of the French Atlantic front. Building started in 1811, and Napoleon III presided over the canal's opening in 1858.
This was the most ambitious canal project ever completed in France, 360km long with 238 locks. The canal was closed as a through route in 1920, when a section was submerged by Guerlédan dam (PK 227), a short distance west of the junction with the canalised river Blavet at Pontivy. The dam was supposed to be equipped with ladder of locks, receiving for this a significant subsidy from the state but this was never done. The entire length of waterway west of Guerlédan was officially closed in 1957, and the 21km length from Pontivy to Guerlédan also subsequently fell into disuse. At the same time, the disappearance of all commercial traffic (in 26m long barges carrying up to 140 tonnes) resulted in the gradual silting up of the canal section between Rohan and Pontivy.
The canal has been revived and ownership has been transferred from the State to Brittany Region, except for the short length in Pays de la Loire region.
Navigation
Navigation is no longer possible between Pontivy and Goariva. Guerlédan reservoir flooded the canal over a length of 10 km including 17 locks. However, a length of 15 km with 10 locks has been restored upstream of Guerlédan reservoir to the heritage site of La Pitié Chapel, creating a navigation 25 km long, and a public consultation was held in 2017 with a view to lifting the ban on thermal engines on this section.
Three separate navigable sections are thus presented in the route below.
En Route
Canal de Nantes à Brest (East)
Pontivy to Nantes 206 km via 107 locks (using successively the rivers Erdre, Isac, Vilaine and Oust)
PK 2 Nantes
PK 15 Sucé-sur-Erdre
PK 21 Left turn onto the Erdre River at Nort-sur-Erdre
PK 42.5 La Chevallerais
PK 50 Blain
PK 95 Redon
PK 132 Malestroit
PK 157.5 Josselin
PK 182 Rohan
PK 191.3 Saint-Gonnery begins the 5 km summit level
PK 205.9 Pontivy, junction with the river Blavet.
Navigation interrupted from Pontivy to Guerlédan dam
Guerlédan–La Pitié section
PK 226.8 Guerlédan dam
PK 252.4 La Pitié
Finistère or western section
PK 81 Goariva
PK 73 Port-de-Carhaix, end of canal section, navigation enters canalized river Hyères
PK 63 Maison du Canal at confluence of Hyères and Aulne rivers
PK 43.5 Châteauneuf-du-Faou
PK 0 Châteaulin
Tidal river Aulne and roadstead of port of Brest
PK 0 Châteaulin
PK 29 Landévennec.
PK 32.5 Mouth of Aulne River
PK 51 Roadstead of Brest Brest Harbor, Brest Bay
See also
List of canals in France
References
External links
Canal de Nantes à Brest with information on places, ports and moorings on the canal, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray
Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section)
Transport in Brittany
Transport in Brest, France
Transport in Nantes
Nantes-Brest
Buildings and structures in Brest, France
Buildings and structures in Nantes
Canals opened in 1858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes%E2%80%93Brest%20canal |
Antoine Blondin (11 April 1922 – 7 June 1991) was a French writer.
He belonged to the literary group called the Hussards. He was also a sports columnist in L'Équipe. Blondin also wrote under the name Tenorio.
Biography
Blondin was the son of a poet, Germaine Blondin, whose name he took, and of a printer's proof-reader. He earned a degree in philosophy the Sorbonne after studying at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris and the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.
He became very close to Roland Laudenbach during World War II.
He was sent to Germany in 1942 for compulsory war work during the German occupation of World War II. The experience inspired his first novel, L'Europe buissonnière, which appeared in 1949. It won the Prix des Deux Magots, named after a literary café in Paris, and brought him the friendship of authors such as Marcel Aymé and Roger Nimier and the philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1953, the young critic Bernard Frank dubbed the novelists Roger Nimier, Jacques Laurent, and Blondin as "les Hussards," a title which stuck. The Hussars were characterized by their shared right-wing literary heritage, youthful irreverence towards leftist intellectuals, and a commitment to "art for art's sake." Blondin's right-wing leanings did not, however, prevent a friendship with the socialist François Mitterrand, for whom he later came to vote.
His next novels, Les Enfants du bon Dieu and L'Humeur vagabonde confirmed a distinctive style which critics placed between Stendhal and Jules Renard. Turns of phrase such as "After the second world war, the trains started moving again. I profited from that by leaving my wife and children" and "I have stayed very thin, and so has my body of work," are exemplary of Blondin's affinity for wordplay and humor. The themes of friendship, bohemianism, and the historical shock of World War II also held a prominent place in his fiction. After publishing the well-received novel Un Singe en hiver, Blondin remained an active journalist, but the death of his best friend Roger Nimier prompted him to largely abandon writing fiction for over a decade. Nonetheless, he won the 1977 Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle for the short story collection Quat'saisons.
Blondin wrote press columns supporting the right in politics. He was a monarchist and wrote for monarchist publications such as Aspects de la France, La Nation Française and Rivarol. Although he was associated with Action Française intellectuals and the Maurrassian right during the beginning of his career, he distanced himself from politics later in his life. He also wrote sports features for L'Équipe, for which he covered 27 editions of the Tour de France and seven Olympic Games. The Tour de France winner, Bernard Hinault, said:
He never interviews anybody but just records his impressions of what he's seen and what he feels. Sometimes René Fallet was with him. They both love the Tour and, in simple language, they turn it into a modern epic, a troubador's song, a crusade, as they describe its beauty. The most banal event becomes significant to Blondin; he has only to see it and write about it. He raised the status of the Tour by giving it his own cachet; it became a myth to be renewed every year. No matter how predictable the race, he could maintain the interest in it.
Blondin was a bon vivant known for heavy drinking in the Parisian district of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, playing at bull-fighting with passing cars and racking up numerous arrests for drunkenness. He chronicled this aspect of his life in the autofictional novel, Monsieur Jadis ou L'École du Soir. He was frequently pursued for unpaid taxes. Pierre Chany said:
He really did owe a lot and, frankly, his situation was becoming serious; we even wondered if he wasn't going to prison. Faced with that, his friends called Maître Bertrand to the rescue. Bertrand managed to organise a summit meeting with the general inspector of taxes - the highest man in his profession, the equivalent of a minister. Full of good will, this man said:
"Alors, M. Blondin, I understand that you want to come to terms..."
"Let's come to terms!" Antoine said coldly.
"How much would you be able to put into your account?"
"A tear, monsieur..." Naturally, the man threw him out. It was poor Françoise who had to make another interview to sort it out.
A literary prize, for the best sports article, is awarded in his name.
References
1922 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Paris
People affiliated with Action Française
Cycling journalists
Tour de France journalists
Cycling in France
Prix des Deux Magots winners
Prix Goncourt de la nouvelle recipients
Prix Interallié winners
Lycée Pierre-Corneille alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
French male novelists
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French journalists
French World War II forced labourers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Blondin |
Oude Meer is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 7 km east of Hoofddorp.
Oude Meer has a population of around 230.
Before its disestablishment, Air Holland's head office was in Oude Meer. Several large firms benefit from the close proximity to Schiphol Airport, including FedEx and Ushio Europe B.V., which chose Oude Meer as the location for its headquarters by occupying offices at Sky Park. The adjoining Fokker Logistics Park houses several hubs for logistical companies such as DSV
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude%20Meer |
Lake Sherwood is an unincorporated community in the Santa Monica Mountains, in Ventura County, California overlooking Lake Sherwood reservoir. It is a body contact lake, swimming, fishing, SUP and boating allowed, located south of the Conejo Valley and city of Thousand Oaks, and west of Westlake Village. The lake is naturally fed by thousand of acres of open-space, watershed mountains and natural springs.
While homes have been around the lake since the reservoir was created by the construction of Sherwood Dam in 1901, the community expanded with the development of the Sherwood Country Club golf course surrounded by luxury homes.
The ZIP Code is 91361, and the community is inside area code 805. The population was 1,759 at the 2020 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Lake Sherwood as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 3.3 square miles (8.6 km2), 3.1 square miles (8.1 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2) of it (5.65%) is water.
Physical character
Lake Sherwood has approximately 660 residences and consists of a guard-gated golf-club community, three electronic-gated communities, and lake-view homes along Lake Sherwood Drive. The area is almost completely residential, most residents using neighboring Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, or Agoura Hills for commercial needs.
Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Lake Sherwood had a population of 1,527. The population density was . The racial makeup of Lake Sherwood was 1,368 (89.6%) White, 5 (0.3%) African American, 1 (0.1%) Native American, 101 (6.6%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 9 (0.6%) from other races, and 43 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52 persons (3.4%).
The Census reported that all residents lived in single-family households. There were 558 households, out of which 194 (34.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 429 (76.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 25 (4.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18 (3.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12 (2.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 72 households (12.9%) were made up of individuals, and 32 (5.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74. There were 472 families (84.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.96.
The population is spread out, with 368 people (24.1%) under the age of 18, 92 people (6.0%) aged 18 to 24, 198 people (13.0%) aged 25 to 44, 623 people (40.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 246 people (16.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.
There were 593 housing units at an average density of , of which 520 (93.2%) were owner-occupied, and 38 (6.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.3%. 1,418 people (92.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 109 people (7.1%) lived in rental housing units.
Education
The area is served by the Conejo Valley Unified School District. Students attend Westlake Elementary, Colina Middle School, and Westlake High School.
Notable people
Among the notable residents are hockey great Wayne Gretzky, who lived in a Georgian-style estate designed by fellow Canadian, Richard Landry. Gretzky sold the estate in 2007 for 18.5 million to another sports-star, baseball's Lenny Dykstra and moved to a slightly less extravagant mansion in the community. Since then, Dykstra's financial and legal problems forced him to sell the estate to a private individual and move away from the community. Dykstra declared bankruptcy, causing him to lose the property to foreclosure and in 2018 Gretzky repurchased the same property that he previously sold to Dykstra. Singer Paul Anka moved to Lake Sherwood in 2007 and owns multiple properties in the exclusive neighborhood. Tom Petty lived in a lakefront retreat that was originally built in 1931. Producer/Author/Journalist Larry Garrison resides with his wife. The tennis legend Pete Sampras and his wife, actress Bridgette Wilson, built a very large, modern, hilltop estate they have since moved from the house. Britney Spears moved to the community in 2011 but recently moved into nearby Hidden Valley. Many other famous inhabitants own property in the community, however, they are only part-time residents and use their estates as a second home or as a retreat. Sylvester Stallone owned a lakefront hideaway that was featured in the film American Pie. Also, William Randolph Hearst, who was one of the first famous residents in the area and owned property around the lake, used his estate as a vacation getaway during the 1920s and 1930s.
Motion picture and television location
Lake Sherwood lies just west of several major movie ranches and has frequently been used as a filming location for television shows like The Dukes of Hazzard, The Rockford Files, and Little House on the Prairie.
Lake Sherwood was named from being the location for Sherwood Forest in the 1922 film, Robin Hood, starring Douglas Fairbanks. The 1938 film, The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn, also had a single scene shot on location at "Sherwood Forest".
A mock cliff was constructed for several film serials, the lake was often used for motorboat chases and bordering forests were used for Tarzan and Jungle Jim films, and The Tiger Woman. A full scale Tibetan village was built for Lost Horizon, an Italian village for Blake Edwards's What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966) and an alien village for Jonathan Frakes's Star Trek: Insurrection (1998).
The film Bridesmaids (2011) was filmed in the community. The Sherwood Country Club was prominently featured in the pre-wedding scenes.
Filmography
Films shot in Lake Sherwood include:
Robin Hood (1922)
The Long, Long Trail (1929)
The Apache Kid's Escape (1930)
The Fighting Legion (1930)
The Great Meadow (1931)
The Nevada Buckaroo (1931)
The Squaw Man (1931)
Tarzan the Ape Man (1932)
The Boiling Point (1932)
Destry Rides Again (1932)
The Gay Buckaroo (1932)
Honor of the Mounted (1932)
The Last of the Mohicans (1932)
The Man from Hell's Edges (1932)
Crossfire (1933)
Deadwood Pass (1933)
Tarzan the Fearless (1933)
Galloping Romeo (1933)
The Red Rider (1934)
Tarzan and His Mate (1934)
Thunder Mountain (1935)
The Cowboy and the Kid (1936)
The Last of the Mohicans (1936)
Lost Horizon (1937)
The Devil's Saddle Legion (1937)
Way Out West (1937)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
Billy the Kid Returns (1938)
The Last Stand (1938)
The Painted Trail (1938)
Allegheny Uprising (1939)
Tarzan Finds a Son! (1939)
Desperate Trails (1939)
Adventures of Red Ryder (1940)
Dark Command (1940)
Hidden Gold (1940)
The Man from Dakota (1940)
The Ranger and the Lady (1940)
Virginia City (1940)
Belle Starr (1941)
Jungle Girl (1941)
King of the Texas Rangers (1941)
Romance on the Range (1942)
The Jungle Book (1942)
Silver Spurs (1943)
Wagon Tracks West (1943)
Tarzan Triumphs (1943)
The Tiger Woman (1944)
The Cisco Kid Returns (1945)
Red River Renegades (1946)
The Man from Texas (1947)
On the Spanish Trail (1947)
Redwood Forest Trail (1950)
Three Hours to Kill (1954)
Old Yeller (1958)
What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? (1966)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here (1970)
Another Man, Another Woman (1977)
Doctor Dolittle (1998)
Star Trek: Insurrection (1998)
Bridesmaids (2011)
See also
Sherwood Dam
Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Census-designated places in Ventura County, California
Populated places in the Santa Monica Mountains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Sherwood%2C%20California |
Wisconsin Lutheran College (WLC) is a private liberal arts college affiliated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod and located on the border of Milwaukee and Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. It has an enrollment of about 1,200 students and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.
History
Wisconsin Lutheran College opened in the fall of 1973 with a part-time faculty and two dozen students. The school had its first full-time president two years later. In 1977 the school purchased five buildings on an campus, and had a set of plans that allowed for growth and development. In 1982, the college purchased the academic library from Milton College. Volunteers moved and installed this 60,000 volume library. In 1983, the college purchased and installed the science laboratory furnishings of the University of Wisconsin Center at Medford. These major additions helped the college pursue its dream of becoming a four-year college.
In 1984, the Board of Regents approved the four-year program to start in the fall of 1985. The evaluation team from North Central Association of Colleges and Schools agreed that the necessary planning and resources existed to enable Wisconsin Lutheran College to move toward accreditation as a baccalaureate degree-granting institution. In May 1987 the first 12 students graduated with baccalaureate degrees. In June 1987 the Executive Commissioners of the North Central Association granted Wisconsin Lutheran College initial accreditation as a baccalaureate degree-granting institution.
Gary Greenfield, who served as the college's first full-time president for 28 years, retired in June 2003. Timothy Kriewall was inaugurated as the second president on Sept. 7, 2003, and retired in June 2008. Daniel Johnson accepted the call to be the third full-time president of Wisconsin Lutheran College in July 2008 and was inaugurated on April 24, 2009.
Campus
The Wisconsin Lutheran College campus consists of the Gary J. Greenfield Administration Building, the Campus Center, the Center for Arts and Performance, the Marvin M. Schwan Library building, the Science Hall (renamed Generac Hall in May 2011), a recreational center, two dormitories, and several apartment buildings near campus owned by the school.
The Gary J. Greenfield Administration Building was built in the 1880s under the supervision of Milwaukee architect, Alexander Eschweiler. It served as the home of a Catholic boys', then girls' school for many years until it was bought by Wisconsin Lutheran College in the early 1970s.
Campus construction
In September, 1987, construction began on the first building erected on campus. One year later, on Sept. 10, 1988, the Marvin M. Schwan Library was completed and dedicated. In July 1991, after two years of negotiation with the city of Wauwatosa, construction began on the college's second building, the Recreation Complex, which was dedicated on September 12, 1992. A third building, the Center for Arts and Performance, was completed in 1996, and the Campus Center was finished and dedicated in 1998. Two residence halls were constructed and dedicated on September 9, 2000. After two years of additional negotiation with the city of Wauwatosa and neighbors, construction began on Science Hall, which was dedicated on September 11, 2004. In February 2004 the college purchased of land in the northwest quadrant of the Milwaukee County Grounds as a site for its new outdoor athletic complex. Warrior Fields was dedicated on September 10, 2005.
Rankings
WLC was ranked 12th in the U.S. on Washington Monthly's 2013 Best Bang for the Buck Rankings for liberal arts colleges. In 2013, WLC ranked 12th in the nation on CBS MoneyWatch's list of U.S. colleges with the best professors.
Athletics
Wisconsin Lutheran teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Warriors are a member of the Northern Athletics Conference (NAC). Wisconsin Lutheran was also a member of the Lake Michigan Conference until the spring of 2006. Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.
Extra-curricular activities
Intramural and club sports
Concert band and six ensembles
Two choirs
30 + clubs and organizations
Ministry, outreach, and volunteer opportunities
References
External links
Official athletics website
Private universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Universities and colleges in Milwaukee
Lutheran universities and colleges in the United States
Lutheranism in Wisconsin
Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference schools
Universities and colleges established in 1973
Education in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
1973 establishments in Wisconsin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%20Lutheran%20College |
James Hogarth Pringle (born 26 January 1863 in Parramatta, Australia – died 24 April 1941 in Killearn, Scotland) was an Australian-born British surgeon in Glasgow, who made a number of important contributions to surgical practice. He is most famous for the development of the Pringle manoeuvre, a technique still used in surgery today.
Early life
He was the only son of George Hogarth Pringle (1830–1871) a well known surgeon in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. Before emigrating to Australia George Hogarth Pringle had worked in Edinburgh with Joseph Lister and had been responsible for the introduction of antiseptic surgical practice into Australia. After his father died in 1872, James returned to Britain to school at Sedbergh in Cumberland and from there entered the University of Edinburgh Medical School to study medicine, graduating in 1885.
After graduation he was able travel to Europe to study surgical practice at Hamburg, Berlin and Vienna. This visit to European centres was to prove important because he maintained links particularly with German, Austrian and Swiss surgeons, keeping up to date with their literature. He had training in ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London before becoming house surgeon under Professor Thomas Annandale (1838–1907) in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and then house surgeon under Sir William Macewen (1848–1924) in Glasgow Royal Infirmary. In 1892, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCSEng) and was appointed Surgeon to Glasgow Royal Infirmary in 1896. He became a Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow in 1899.
Supporter of women in medicine
Pringle and Sir William Macewen were among the few senior figures in medicine at that time who were sympathetic to women in medicine, readily accepting women students into their clinics. Some of these were to become well known figures in later life including Louise McIlroy (1874–1968), Elsie Inglis (1864–1917), and Helen Wingate (1895–1985). In 1899, Pringle was appointed Lecturer in Surgery and Demonstrator in Anatomy to Queen Margaret College which had been established for women students and opened in 1868 and began to teach women medical students in 1890–91.
Fracture treatment
Pringle made a particular study of the treatment of fractures, where he was at an advantage because X-rays had been introduced very early into clinical practice in Glasgow Royal Infirmary, an innovation that allowed Pringle to gain wide personal experience of fractures and their management. His colleague John Macintyre (1857–1928) had established the world's first x-ray service for patients in Glasgow Royal Infirmary in March 1896. This allowed James Hogarth Pringle an early, perhaps unique experience in fracture diagnosis and management using x-rays, and formed the basis for his book on fractures and their treatment.
He had the added advantage of working in the hospital where Joseph Lister had first introduced antisepsis and would surely have been aware of his own father's work on antisepsis in introducing Listerian antisepsis into Australia. He was, like Sir William Macewen, an early exponent of aseptic technique in surgery. Both of these factors undoubtedly contributed to his expertise and success with fracture management.
He was a pioneer of treating fractures by fixation and had impressive results with an amputation rate for sepsis of only 2.6%, a dramatic reduction on the norm for the time.
“There are few cases," he wrote, " which afford a better test of aseptic methods." But it was his policy of fixation of long fractures in an age when treatment by traction was the norm that marked him out as a pioneer. "... In every case," he wrote, "I have employed some form of 'fixation' of the bone fragments; the 'fixation' being effected in some instances by wiring the main fragments, in others by the use of 'plates' and in others generally in the case of a small fragment (e.g. a portion of an articular surface) which has been fractured off and the use of a screw to fix the small to the large segment of the bone."
In 1910, he published Fractures and their Treatment, a textbook which became a standard and authoritative work on fracture treatment for more than a generation.
Hindquarter amputation
He was also a pioneer of hindquarter amputation, a radical operation involving division of the pubic symphysis and the sacroiliac joint, performing the first successful such amputation in Britain in 1900 for tuberculosis of the hip which had spread to the pelvis. He was the first in the world to perform the one stage procedure for sarcoma of the thigh. The size and relative success of Pringle's series may be judged by comparison with the subsequent experience of Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor, widely regarded as a pioneer of the technique, who was generous in his praise of Pringle's technique and results.
Head injury
Pringle developed expertise in head injury, working as assistant to Macewen, a pioneer of neurosurgery. Pringle's casebooks demonstrate the standard skull charts he devised for the recording of head injuries and the precise site and extent of skull fractures. In these casebooks he recorded the levels of consciousness, meticulous neurological examinations and fundoscopy which he had performed in such cases. These casebooks, neatly written and with meticulous coloured illustrations, offer an insight into the mind of a surgeon who was both painstaking and methodical.
Malignant melanoma
In 1908, Pringle published the first description of en-bloc excision for malignant melanoma, reporting the procedure in two patients. Some thirty years later he was able to publish a follow-up reporting two of these cases alive and well, 30 and 38 years on. His description of en-block excision is much as is practised today and appears to be the first description of what was to become an accepted surgical treatment.
Reconstructive arterial surgery
Pringle was the first surgeon in Britain to carry out a free vein graft. He did this using a saphenous vein graft to restore continuity after excision of a syphilitic aneurysm of the popliteal artery and characteristically in this paper he duly acknowledged the "splendid work of Carrel". Alexis Carrel had been the first surgeon to make an arterial anastomosis, work which led to his being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912. The technical quality of Pringle's operative technique is demonstrated by the fact that in this pioneering operation "not one drop of blood escaped at either of the lines of suture and distal pulses were instantly restored".
The Pringle manoeuvre
It is for the Pringle manoeuvre that his name remains known throughout the surgical world. The technique of occluding the portal triad to control haemorrhage in liver trauma which he described in the Annals of Surgery in 1908 is still widely used in modern hepatic surgery to minimise blood loss. Pringle's paper attests to the originality and logic of his thinking, often flying in the face of mainstream opinion. In describing his experience in dealing with liver injury he observed that portal triad occlusion controlled the bleeding from the liver sufficient to allow suturing or packing. "An assistant," he wrote, "held the portal vein and the hepatic artery between a finger and thumb and completely arrested all bleeding.”
Later life
Pringle served in the First World War as a major in the RAMC at number 4 General Hospital at Stobhill, Glasgow. He retired from surgical practice in 1923 at the age of 60 and was elected Visitor (Vice-President) of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow in that year. He was a founder member of the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland and of the Moynihan Chirurgical Club. He died at his home in Killearn, Scotland, on 24 April 1941 at the age of 78
References
Further reading
1863 births
1941 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Scottish surgeons
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Medical School
20th-century surgeons
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Hogarth%20Pringle |
Melbury Down is an area of downland in northern Dorset, England.
It is owned by the National Trust.
The chalk grassland here supports large butterfly populations, including very large numbers of Chalkhill Blue, and a colony of Silver-spotted Skipper.
External links
Fontmell and Melbury Downs - National Trust
Nature reserves in Dorset
National Trust properties in Dorset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbury%20Down |
Aalsmeerderbrug () is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about southeast of Hoofddorp.
Aalsmeerderbrug has a population of around 500.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalsmeerderbrug |
Paymogo is a town and municipality located in the Andévalo comarca, province of Huelva, Spain.
According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 1,218 inhabitants.
The municipality borders with Portugal on its western side.
See also
Municipal elections in Paymogo
References
External links
Paymogo - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymogo |
Paterna del Campo is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 3,729 inhabitants.
References
External links
Paterna del Campo - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna%20del%20Campo |
La Palma del Condado is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 9,925 inhabitants. Circuito Monteblanco (Monteblanco race circuit) is situated here, hosting motorsport and corporate events.
Notable people
Alejandro Alfaro, footballer
References
External links
La Palma del Condado - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Palma%20del%20Condado |
Niebla is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, in Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies on the banks of the Rio Tinto, 30 km from Huelva and 60 km from Seville.
According to the 2008 census, it has a population of 4,200 inhabitants. A 2-km town wall surrounds the perimeter of the town. The Alcazar or castle dates mostly from the 15th century. Just outside the town a Roman bridge, still in use today, crosses the Rio Tinto.
History
Niebla's history dates back 3,000 years. The town's early importance was due to the silver industry, exploited by Phoenician traders by the 8th century B.C. The town was a commercial and political centre known as Ilipla in Roman times.
By 713 the town of Ilipla was under Muslim control. The town became part of the emirate of Cordoba in 756 and further fortifications were constructed. From 1023 Niebla became the capital of the Taifa of Niebla, whose army fought the Taifa of Seville. The battle was lost and Niebla fell under the control of Seville in 1053. Islamic rule began to weaken after 1212, and the town was conquered in 1262 by Alfonso X of Castile.
Descriptions of the siege suggest that this town was the place where gunpowder was first used in Spain.
Ecclesiastical history
Niebla has once been a Catholic bishopric, suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Sevilla in the Visigothic Kingdom, founded probably around 400.
It survived the Muslim conquest of Iberia, until the arrival of the most intolerant Almohads in the 12th century, when its last (name lost) bishop fled to Seville.
Its former territory is now entirely comprised in the Diocese of Huelva.
''Suffragan Bishops of Elepla/Niebla
incomplete
Vincomalos (466–509)
Basilio (circa 585 – 590)
Juan (John) (mentioned between 633 and 646)
Servando (between 653 and 656)
Geta (between 681 and 688)
Pápulo (in 693)
(anonymous) (?–1154)
Titular see
In 1969 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin Titular bishopric under the names of Elepla (also Curiate Italian) / Eleplen(sis) (Latin adjective).
It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
Luis Almarcha Hernández (1970.04.04 – resigned 1970.12.11) on emeritate as former Bishop of León (Spain) (1944.07.10 – retired 1970.04.04), died 1974
Ciro Alfonso Gómez Serrano (1972.07.24 – 1975.10.25) as Coadjutor Bishop of Socorro y San Gil (Colombia) (1972.07.24 – 1975.10.25), later succeeding as Bishop of Socorro y San Gil (1975.10.25 – death 1980.01.19); previously Bishop of Girardot (Colombia) (1961.04.08 – 1972.07.24)
Pablo Ervin Schmitz Simon, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1984.06.22 – ...), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Bluefields (Nicaragua) (1984.06.22 – 1994.07.28), then having succeeded as Apostolic Vicar of Bluefields.
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Spain, Andorra, Ceuta and Gibraltar
References
Sources and external links
Niebla - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
https://web.archive.org/web/20050123145022/http://www.spain.info/TourSpain/Destinos/TipoIII/Datos+Generales/A/JP/0/niebla?language=en
GCatholic - Elepla (titular) bishopric
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niebla%2C%20Spain |
Nerva is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, southern Spain.
References
External links
Nerva - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Twin towns — Sister cities
Nerva is twinned with:
Narva, Estonia
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva%2C%20Spain |
Moguer is a municipality and small city located in the province of Huelva, Andalusia, Spain. According to the 2022 census, it has a population of 22,623. Its surface area is , and its population density is .
The present site of Moguer had been home to many human settlements since antiquity. Nonetheless, the founding of the present municipality is generally dated from the establishment of the Señorío de Moguer ("Seigneury of Moguer") in 1333. The Santa Clara Monastery and a Franciscan convent that later became the Corpus Christi Hospital were founded four years later. From the 1330s, the population grew rapidly, turning Moguer into an important town with a strong, economy based in agriculture, fishing, and trade through the town's river port. Moguer played an important role in the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, with Columbus receiving important support from the abbess of the Santa Clara Monastery, Inés Enríquez, the cleric Martín Sánchez and the landowner Juan Rodríguez Cabezudo. The Niño brothers played an important role in the voyage, including providing the caravel Niña. Upon the returning from the Americas, the first of Columbus's vows was fulfilled by spending a night in the church of the Santa Clara Monastery. Today, Moguer and nearby Palos de la Frontera are home to the lugares colombinos, a tourist route of places associated with undertaking that voyage.
Moguer's river port continued to be an important site for seafaring and trade, exporting the local wines and other merchandise to the Americas, Russia and other European countries. Viticulture remained the economic engine into the early 20th century, when the chemical plant at Huelva and, above all, the development of the cultivation of the garden strawberry drove a new period of economic development and demographic growth. As of 2008, in the municipality are devoted to growing strawberries, 27.5 percent of the national total of , making Moguer Spain's leading municipality in this crop.
The municipality of Moguer is formed by the urban centres of Moguer and Mazagón, the agricultural zones with both irrigated and rain-fed crops, and forest areas composed of the Monte Público of the municipality of Moguer and of protected natural areas.
Besides being one of the lugares colombinos, Moguer is also known as the birthplace of poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature and author of Platero y yo.
Geography
Location
Moguer is in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula, in the so-called Tierra Llana ("Flatland") of the province of Huelva. On the north it is bounded by the Río Tinto, the municipalities of Huelva, Niebla and San Juan del Puerto; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and Palos de la Frontera; on the west by the Río Tinto and Palos de la Frontera; and on the east by Almonte and Lucena del Puerto.
The urban centre of Moguer is located at 37° 16′ N, 6° 50′ W, at an altitude of , from the provincial capital Huelva, and from the Andalusian capital Seville. It is very close to Palos de la Frontera, and from the beaches of Mazagón; all of these are within the mancomunidad Moguer-Palos de la Frontera and the larger Comarca Metropolitana de Huelva. Its surface area is .
Road access
The main access to Moguer is from the north by means of the Autovía A-49/E-1 by way of the autonomic route. It can also be reached by the national N-422 and the provincial from Palos de la Frontera, the autonomic A-494 from the municipality of Almonte, and the autonomic A-486 from Lucena del Puerto.
The urban centre of Moguer is accessed from the A-494 by the avenues Hermanos Niño, Quinto Centenario, de la Virgen, and de América and from the Carretera de la Marisma by the Calle de la Ribera. The urban centre of Mazagón is accessed from the A-494 by the Avenida de los Conquistadores (west), and the Calle El Dorado, Avenida del Arroyo de la Miel, and Avenida de los Conquistadores (east).
Terrain
Moguer is located in sandy clay Pliocene–Quaternary land. It can be divided into three regions: countryside, wetlands or marsh, and coast. The Río Tinto and its marsh make up the predominant landscape of the northern part of the municipality. On the south are of virgin beaches and the sand hills and gullies of the Arenas Gordas. The rest of the territory is the countryside, cut by the streams Galarín and Montemayor, tributaries of the Río Tinto; other streams are the Arroyo de Angorrilla, Arroyo de la Monjas, Cañada del Peral and Arroys de la Grulla in the Domingo Rubio estuary, and the Arroyo de las Madres in the Las Madres lagoon. In some places, lower strata have worn away, leaving curved outcroppings known as cabezos (from the Spanish cabeza, head).
Climate
Being located near the coast of the province of Huelva, Moguer has a Mediterranean climate (transitional between subtropical and temperate) with an Atlantic influence. Moguer is among the warmest and sunniest cities in Europe. The temperature regime is maritime, with an annual average of , and the city receives 2,984 hours of sun annually.
July is the hottest month with some temperatures exceeding . January is the coolest, with lows of and highs of .
Demography
Prior to 1333, the population was distributed among several different places within the current municipality. With the establishment of the seigneury in 1333, the population began to concentrate in the current urban center, rising to 5,000 and fluctuating around that number until the 20th century.
Between 1900 and 1970 the population of Moguer remained around 7,000–8,000. Since 1970 there has been a growth to the current 22.061 (2021, INE), the largest population in Moguer's history. Of the 22.061 habitantes, 11.059 are male (50,13%) and 11.002 female (49,87%).
A detailed analysis of the demographics of Moguer can be found in the Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía (S.I.M.A.).
History
Origins
The origin of human settlement in Moguer is lost in the remoteness of history and is surrounded by legend, as is the case for all the lands near the mouth of the Río Tinto. The current municipality of Moguer was a focus of attraction for the people of the Iberian interior and of the eastern Mediterranean since ancient times, as evidenced by Neolithic, Phoenician and Roman archaeological remains. Between the years 150 BCE – 114 BCE Hispano-Romans established industries along the river Urium (Tinto), a natural route for travel and commerce used by various cultures over the course of history. Originally Urium was a Roman town with a tower for defense, built roughly between the 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE. Remains of amphorae, coins, bricks, tegulae with potter's marks and a fragment of 2nd-century CE Terra sigillata (a type of decorated pottery) confirm the existence of several Roman settlements with the limits of the present-day municipality of Moguer.
Middle Ages
With the arrival of Muslims the farmstead of Mogauar or Mogur belonged to the Taifa of Niebla. Surviving buildings from this period include the Almohad Castle of Moguer, the underground reservoir which is under the parade ground, the fountain known as the Fuente de Pinete, the Fuente de Montemayor, and archaeological remains of Arab settlements in the rural zones of Rendón, las Cacerías, and Manzote.
During the Reconquista, Moguer was conquered by the Order of Santiago around 1239–1240, along with other enclaves of historic Algarve, and annexed to Castile.
Señorío de Moguer
In 1333, the village of Moguer became the first seigneury in the area, granted by Alfonso XI of Castile to Alonso Jofré Tenorio, Staff Admiral (Almirante Mayor) of Castile. Under this nobleman, Moguer became a prosperous town. Besides the existing Almohad castle, Moguer acquired the Monastery of Santa Clara and a Franciscan convent. On his death, the seigneury passed to his daughter María Tenorio, wife of Martín Femández Portocarrero, and later to their son Alonso Femández Portocarrero, to whose lineage it would remain connected. The Casa de Portocarrero enlarged the town with the construction of the 15th-century San Francisco Convent; the old Franciscan convent became the Corpus Christi Hospital, a hospital for the poor.
The House of Portocarrero were Grandees, wealthy upper nobility, with close connections to the royal court. In 1375 the Señorío de Moguer became a majorat (). Like any feudal lords, the lords of Moguer exercised control over the municipal government. Moguer soon became a prominent Andalusian fishing town, thanks mainly to the Portocarrero's policy of attracting additional settlement.
The town of Moguer gained distinction for various services provided to the Crown by its successive lords. In 1369, Henry II of Castile granted it the title of Muy Leal ("Very Loyal"); in 1642, Philip IV of Spain designated Moguer a city, and gave its council the right to use the coat of arms of the Portocarrero; and in 1779, Charles III distinguished it again with the titles of Muy Noble and Muy Leal ("Very Noble" and "Very Loyal"). Because of this, Moguer is known as the "Very Noble and twice Very Loyal City" of Moguer.
Moguer and Columbus's first voyage
The economy of Moguer in the 15th century was based in agriculture, fishing, and mercantile activities.
in 1489 the Catholic Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand granted a seguro (?) to ships arriving at the river port of Moguer from the Canary Islands, North Africa and Atlantic European countries. Beginning in the 15th century, Moguer had a loading wharf for loading and discharging merchandise, a carriageway, shipyards, and an alota that was, together with Huelva and Palos, among the most active on the Huelva coast.
Toward the end of the 15th century, the town had a population of about 5,000, and a city centre with several arterial roads, dominated by the Paris Church of Our Lady of Granada, the castle, the San Francisco convent and the Santa Clara monastery. There was much economic activity and the many ships visited the port. This was the situation of Moguer when it played a significant role in the first voyage of Christopher Columbus.
Moguer provided some of the sailors for the voyage, as well as the caravel, Niña, built in Moguer around 1488 and apparently owned by the Niño brothers of Moguer. On several occasions, Columbus came to Moguer seeking help. Ultimately, he gained the important support of the Niño brothers; the cleric Martín Sánchez; the landowner Juan Rodríguez Cabezudo (who took custody of Columbus's son Diego while Columbus went on his first voyage); and Inés Enríquez, abbess of the Santa Clara Monastery and aunt of King Ferdinand.
The Catholic Monarchs had ordered the towns of the Andalusian coasts to provide assistance to Columbus and by means of a commission directed the town of Moguer to comply with this provision. Columbus seized two boats in Moguer in the presence of the notary Moguer Alonso Pardo; these boats were later discarded as unsuitable on the advice of Martín Alonso Pinzón.
Later, upon his arrival from America, Columbus came promptly to the church of the Monastery of Santa Clara to fulfill a vow made when the Niña encountered a severe storm on the return voyage.
Early modern era
During the sixteenth century, the village went through an era of commercial prosperity centered on colonization of, and trade with, the Americas. Many moguereños participated in the discovery and evangelization of the new lands, among them Pedro Alonso Niño, discoverer of the coasts of Paria (Venezuela); Bartolome Ruiz, navigator, pilot on the "Famous Thirteen" expedition Francisco Pizarro and hence co-discoverer and of the Pacific; fray Antonio de Olivares, founder of the city of San Antonio, Texas; Alonso Vélez de Mendoza, leader of the group who repopulated the island of Santo Domingo (Hispaniola); the Franciscan Quintero, who accompanied the expedition of Hernán Cortés to Mexico; fray Andrés de Moguer, the first chronicler of Mexico; Diego García de Moguer, who took part with Ferdinand Magellan on the first trip around the world; and Juan Ladrillero, considered an independent discoverer of the Straits of Magellan.
The seventeenth century was a time of hardship for the Spanish monarchy, and Moguer could not escape this situation. The population decreased significantly. Nonetheless, the rise of Moguer in terms of relative importance was recognized in 1642 when Philip IV granted Moguer the title of a "city" (ciudad).
The eighteenth century was characterized by economic, political and technical stability. Land, controlled in large part by the local oligarchy, continued to be much in demand by moguereños, who purchased small tracts. As for commerce, the wine industry grew, supplying Cádiz and exporting to an expanding market in the Americas, Russia and other countries in Europe, as well as supplying the Spanish Royal Navy.
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused extensive damage in the city, leaving only the strongest buildings standing: part of the castle, the Santa Clara Monastery and the Chapel of the Hospital. Other buildings had to be rebuilt or restored—as was the Convent of San Francisco, rebuilt in the mannerist style—or built from scratch—as were the city hall, a masterpiece of civil Baroque, or the Parish Church of Our Lady of Granada, which retained only its original 14th-century tower. Because of the dramatic 18th-century increase in the population, this church was enlarged to cathedral proportions, with five naves, the highest and widest being the central nave. For wartime services to the Crown against England, in 1779 Charles III granted the City of Moguer the titles of Muy Noble and Muy Leal ("Very Noble" and "Very Loyal").
Contemporary history
The story of 19th-century Moguer is essentially that of 19th-century Spain. At the beginning of the century, Moguer was the most populous centre in its part of Spain (7,200 inhabitants) followed by Huelva. The French invasion during the Peninsular War left a general sense of provisionality and bewilderment. Briefly in the 1822 territorial division of Spain and then permanently in the 1833 division, a province was established with Huelva as its capital, despite a long and bitter verbal struggle to make Moguer the capital of the new politico-administrative unit. Moguer remained, however, as head of a new legal district (partido judicial) and notarial and registrational districts () having also comarcal courts, a court of first instance and an examining magistrates court (). Ecclesiastically, Moguer had been the seat of the vicarage of the same name since the mid-15th century and also core of a deanery (arciprestazgo) whose area was broader than the old parish, which only extended as far as Palos de la Frontera.
The end of noble and ecclesiastical territorial privileges had a strong effect on local economic structures, especially with respect to the Church. The First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) also left its mark with the construction of road and bridge over the Río Tinto, basic infrastructures for the development of the municipality. In 1899 Moguer had 8,523 inhabitants, of whom 99 percent were farmworkers. Wine remained Moguer's fundamental product and the river natural means to export that wine, although traffic to the river port had declined sharply due to silting that decreased the depth of the channel.
On 23 December 1881, poet Juan Ramón Jiménez—author of Platero y yo and winner of the 1956 Nobel Prize for Literature—was born in the house at number 1, Calle de la Ribera.
The centuries-old strategy of economic prosperity based on the wine industry was frustrated in the early 20th century by the infestation of phylloxera. The population began to decline unstoppably until the industrial development of Huelva in the 1960s and, most importantly, until the adoption of strawberries as a crop in the 1970s. Moguer is now Spain's principal producer of strawberries, which has led to great population growth in recent decades.
Now, in the early 21st century, the economy of Moguer is largely driven by the growth of strawberries and raspberries; the construction industry and service sectors are also strong.
Economy
In ancient times, the economy of Moguer and its region was based in fishing and seafaring. Moguer has been connected since ancient times to the principal ports of the Mediterranean and North African coasts. This activity continued through the Middle Ages.
In the Low Middle Ages, Moguer experienced economic growth through agricultural development (including the raising of livestock). Moguer thrived thanks to the cultivation of wheat, wine grapes, esparto, hemp, and other crops, as well as continued prosperity in fishing.
During the 15th century, this was supplemented by several industries relying on ovens: soap, bread, and bricks. This period also saw the growth of agricultural warehouses and mercantile enterprises for agricultural industries. Moguer also prospered through its role in discovery and trade with the Americas.
Nonetheless, Moguer was significantly affected by Spain's deep 17th-century economic crisis. In the 18th century economic activity began to grow again, especially the trade in wine. For decades, the largest customer for Moguer's wines was the Spanish Navy.
In the 19th century, wine continued to boom, with a considerable increase in land under cultivation and a spectacular development of vineyards. The arrival in the early 20th century of phylloxera, a disease affecting vinifera grapes, was very harmful to Moguer's vineyards, but the industry has since recovered to a significant degree through the use of resistant rootstock. Moguer now belongs to Denominación de Origen (DO) Condado de Huelva.
The loss of the vineyards was partially compensated by a growth in the chemical industry, but was only finally overcome with the cultivation of strawberries in recent decades, which has driven a new period of economic development and demographic growth. At the end of the 1970s the "Las Madres" estate of started growing Fragaria x ananassa—the garden strawberry—which spread rapidly through the municipality and the rest of the province. As noted above, Moguer is by far Spain's leading producer of strawberries. More recently, this has been supplemented by the cultivation of Rubus leucodermis (raspberries), and by a growth in construction, the service sector, and tourism.
The construction sector has benefited from the growth in agriculture, which has impelled a sharp increase in the number of construction companies and real estate firms in the town, which now constitute 15 and 19 percent of non-agricultural economic activity, respectively. The commercial sector has also greatly benefited from the agricultural growth, now constituting 43 percent of non-farm economic activity.
At the same time, recent development of the urban center of Mazagón for tourism has increased the number of hotels and other short-term accommodations to constitute 12 percent of the municipal economy.
Also noteworthy is the presence in the municipality of the aerospace sector, due to the activity of the National Institute of Aerospace Technology (I.N.T.A) in its facilities at the El Arenosillo Experimentation Center (CEDEA). This headquarters of the I.N.T.A. develops its activity in the investigation of renewable energies, experimentation of newly developed rockets, carrying out scientific experiments with sounding rockets and balloons, atmospheric investigations, development tests of different types of unmanned aircraft (Drones), up to 150 kg., from the platform, and carrying out R&D programs, durability studies and testing of components and solar energy systems. CEDEA is expanding its facilities with the construction of the Center for Testing, Training and Assembly of Unmanned Aircraft (CEUS) 33, with the specific function of scientific tests, technological development, training and assembly of large unmanned aircraft (Drones). tonnage (up to 15 tons), both air, sea and land, with high performance for exclusive R&D&i purposes, for civil uses. The CEDEA-CEUS group will become the best European Center of Excellence for Unmanned Systems (Drones), and an international reference for experimentation with unmanned vehicles.
Agriculture
The local economy has long been based in seafaring and fishing, but above all in agriculture: cereals and olives, then later wine grapes, strawberries, and raspberries have long been the basis of the economy. The strong current growth is based on crop irrigation, and primarily on strawberries and, secondarily, raspberries. These have been the economic engine underlying other activities. Other rain-fed farming continues in the traditional growing area near the town of Moguer, but is less profitable.
The irrigation has been made possible by community three groupings of growers: C.R. de Valdemar, C.R. de Palos and C.R. del Fresno.
The businessman Antonio Medina Lama began the first local experiments with growing strawberries on his "La Madre" farm in the late 1970s. Over the years, cultivation techniques were improved to the point of becoming the basis of the local economy. Berries are grown by intensive hydroponic methods in transparent plastic tunnels, on top of a black plastic base, using drip irrigation to supply water and nutrients.
As of 2008, in the municipality are devoted to growing strawberries, making Moguer Spain's leading municipality in this crop. Moguer's production is 27.5 percent of the national total of and 32.3 percent of the Andalusian total nearly all of which () is in the province of Huelva.
In the 2000s, production has diversified to include raspberries, Japanese persimmon and Northern highbush blueberry.
Administration and municipal infrastructure
Municipal buildings
The municipal hall (), known as the Casa Consistorial, is located in the Plaza del Cabildo, in the historic center of Moguer. Expansion of local government in recent years has been accommodated by new buildings, rather than by adding onto this small historic building. Social Affairs (Asuntos Sociales) is located on Calle Daniel Vázquez Díaz and Urban Planning (Urbanismo) on Calle Andalucía. The municipal archive also has a new facility, opened in 1994 in a portion of the San Francisco Convent. The most recent archives remain on the upper floor of the municipal hall.
Municipal politics
In the municipal and regional elections of 2019 the Gustavo Cuellar Cruz of left-of-centre Spanish Socialist Workers' Party-Andalusia (Partido Socialista Obrero Español-Andalucía, PSOE-A), was reelected to the mayoralty, which he has held since 2011.
The Municipal Corporation comprises 21 councillors. In the municipal elections of May 27, 2019, the left-of-centre Spanish Socialist Workers' Party-Andalusia (Partido Socialista Obrero Español-Andalucía, PSOE-A) won 12 council seats with 54.03 percent of the votes, while the People's Party (Partido Popular, PP) won 7 seats with 29.74 percent. The Asociación de Vecinos de Mazagón (AVEMA, the Neighborhood Association of Mazagón) won 2 seats and 12.3 percent of the votes.
The fourth Thursday of each month, at 20:00, the Council of Moguer holds its plenary sessions, open to the public at large. The sessions of the commission of government are on the first and third Friday of each month. The informative committees "Urban and Internal Regime", "Social Welfare", and "Economy and Development" are held on the first, second and third Thursday, respectively. Other components of local administration are the Municipal Culture Foundation, the Municipal Patronate of Sports and the company housing and land company "Envisur".
Security forces
The city of Moguer has three types of security forces:
The local police, headquartered in the Casa Consistorial, on the side facing Calle Obispo Infante, with about 30 officers.
The Civil Guard (Guardia Civil), with a barracks on the Avenida de la Constitución.
Civil defense (Protección Civil), in the Plaza 12 de Octubre, with a significant number of volunteers.
Judicial administration
Moguer is seat of legal district (partido judicial) number 6 of the province of Huelva, encompassing the towns of Moguer, Niebla, Bonares, Lucena del Puerto, and Palos de la Frontera. The court facilities are located on the Calle de San Francisco and consist of two courts of first instance and an examining magistrates court.
Health
Moguer has two health centres, both part of the Andalusian Health Service (Servicio Andaluz de Salud, SAS):
Health Centre of Moguer: Located on Calle Castillo, 6.
Health Centre of Mazagón: Located on Calle Buenos Aires, no number.
Education
The town has the following schools:
Nursery schools: Two municipal schools (C.A.S.E.I. Municipal El gato con botas ("Puss in Boots") in Moguer and C.A.S.E.I. Municipal El Farito (diminutive of Faro, "lighthouse") in Mazagón and the private El barquito de papel ("The Little Paper Boat") in Moguer.
Early childhood education and primary schools: Pedro Alonso Niño School, Virgin of Montemayor School, Zenobia Camprubí School (all in Moguer) and El Faro School in Mazagón.
Secondary schools: Juan Ramón Jiménez Institute of Secondary Education and Francisco Garfias Institute of Secondary Education in Moguer, El Faro Institute of Secondary Education in Mazagón.
Continuing education (Educación Permanente): Camarina Section in Moguer and El Vígia Section in Mazagón.
Sports
The municipality has two multi-sport centres (polideportivos):
Polideportivo de Moguer: Located on Avenida del V Centenario. It consists of two football (soccer) fields, one of albero (a type of soil also used in bullrings) and the other of artificial turf, with bleachers; a running track for athletics goes around the perimeter of the latter; four paddleball courts; an area of sand for beach volleyball; two covered pavilions with bleachers; two covered multi-sport facilities; six outdoor courts: two for futsal, two for tennis, and one each for basketball and volleyball; and an outdoor pool.
Polideportivo de Mazagón: Located on avenida de Santa Clara. It consists of one football (soccer) field of albero, with bleachers; a covered pavilion with bleachers; four outdoor courts: one for futsal, one for tennis, and two for basketball.
There are several teams that compete in these facilities. The most notable is the Club Balonmano Pedro Alonso Niño, which plays in the national first division for handball.
Natural areas
Over 60 percent of the Moguer municipality remains in a natural state. Only some of these natural areas have protected status. Among those that are unprotected are the Monte Público of the municipality of Moguer. The protected areas are:
Doñana Natural Park: Presents different coastal ecosystems: dunes, forests, lakes and wetland areas. of the park are within the municipality of Moguer. The park as a whole is considered the largest ecological reserve in Europe. Declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994. In 2006 the park received 376,287 visitors.
Paraje Natural Laguna de las Madres y Palos. Located in the municipalities of Moguer and Palos de la Frontera; has a wide variety of animal and plant species.
Dehesa del Estero Domingo Rubio and corridor. Located adjacent to Doñana Natural Park, this pine meadow along the Domingo Rubio estuary has been designated a Site of Community Importance, and is the head of the Paraje Natural Estero Domingo Rubio. Flora include stone pine, with an understory including rockrose, mastic, palmetto. Fauna include wild boar, otters, grey and purple herons, northern shoveler ducks, cattle egrets, and chameleons
Marismas y Riberas del Tinto ("Marshes and banks of the Río Tinto"): Site of Community Importance.
Playas de Mazagón ("Beaches of Mazagón"): A grouping of beaches and the sand hills and gullies of the Arenas Gordas. Part of this area is protected as a Site of Community Importance, but the urban center of Mazagón also falls within this area.
Main sights
Santa Clara Monastery. Founded in 1337 by Alonso Jofre Tenorio. Listed as a Monumento nacional since 1931. The most important of the lugares colombinos (associated with the first voyage of Christopher Columbus) in Moguer; site of the fulfillment of one of Columbus's vows.
Casa Consistorial (Town Hall, late 18th century)
Birthplace House of Nobel Prize Juan Ramón Jiménez
Zenobia and Juan Ramón Jiménez House Museum . This 18th-century house conserves belongings, books and personal belongings of Juan Ramón
Moguer Castle, an Almohad building renovated and enlarged in the 14th century. Origins date back to a Roman villa. In its interior is an interesting cistern (aljibe) of two bays, believed to be Almohad
San Fernando Castle
Moguer Parish Cemetery. Includes the Panteón Zenobia y Juan Ramón ("Zenobia and Juan Ramón Jiménez Pantheon") and the Hermitage of San Sebastián. The Baroque hermitage was built between the 16th and 18th centuries, and is commonly known as the Capilla de Jesús ("Chapel of Jesus").
Santa Cruz de Vista Alegre Estate. Rural residence of Juan Ramón Jiménez; provides a panoramic view of Moguer.
Parish Church of Our Lady of Granada. Built in the 18th century on the ruins of the former Mudéjar 14th-century parish church.
Pinete Fountain (Fuente de Pinete): 13th-century Mudéjar fountain and temple, with four sides, two of them open, located in the old Camino Real de Seville.
Chapel of the Hospital of Corpus Christi. This Gothic–Mudéjar building was erected in the 14th century, as part of the first male monastery erected in Moguer, the old San Francisco Convent, later Corpus Christi hospital.
Puerto de la Ribera. Old river port which had a loading dock, dry dock and shipyards. The caravel La Niña was built here between 1487 and 1490.
Convent of St. Francis, begun in the late 15th century, but the church was not completed until the 1570s and the cloister until the 17th century. It is now the seat of the Municipal Historical Archives and Library Iberoamericana.
Montemayor Hermitage. The current building is a mix of 15th-, 18th-, and 20th-century work, due to repeated renovation.
Notable people
Many moguereños have distinguished themselves as mariners; others have distinguished themselves in the Church, politics, and the arts.
The Niño brothers were members of a renowned family of moguereño mariners, who participated actively in Christopher Columbus's Voyages.
On December 23, 1881 Juan Ramón Jiménez was born in the house at number 2, Calle de la Ribera de Moguer. A few years later his parents moved to an 18th-century house located in the finest part of the city, on the Calle Nueva.
Alonso Jofre Tenorio (?–1340), Grand Admiral of the Sea and first Señor (lord) of Moguer.
The Portocarrero family, an important noble family settled in Andalusia after the Reconquista; Señores of Moguer 1356–1703.
Cristóbal García del Castillo (c. 1458–1539), captain of the Royal Brotherhood of Knights of Andalusia (Real Hermandad de Caballeros de Andalucía). Founded the city of Telde on Grand Canary island.
Luis de Torres, Juan de Jérez, Juan de Moguer, Francisco García Vallejos, Juan Quintero, Juan Vecano, Juan Arraez, Alonso de Morales, Maestre Alonso, Bartolomé Roldán, Diego Leal, and others sailed with Columbus and the Niño brothers on the first voyage to the Americas.
Alonso Vélez de Mendoza (?–c.1511), commander of the Order of Santiago and explorer of the Brazilian coast.
Diego García de Moguer (1484–1554), pilot, explored the South American coast as far as the Río de la Plata and discovered the Chagos Archipelago and the island of Diego Garcia.
Diego Rodríguez de Lucero, priest and inquisitor of the Kingdom of Castile based in Córdoba between 1499 and 1507
Juan Ladrillero (1505–1559), pilot, independent discoverer of the Straits of Magellan.
Bartolomé Ruiz, pilot for the Famous Thirteen who accompanied Francisco Pizarro in the discovery of Peru.
Fray Andrés de Moguer (c.1500–1577), Dominican friar and first chronicler of the work of the friars of Santo Domingo in the en el virreinato de Viceroyalty of New Spain.
Felipe Godínez Manrique (1585–1659), playwright of the Spanish Golden Age; his plays were performed at Court and in the Americas.
Fray Antonio de Olivares (1630–1722), priest who traveled extensively in the Americas. Founder of San Antonio, Texas; first priest to perform a mass in Texas.
Luis Hernández-Pinzón Álvarez (1816–1891), a direct descendant of the Pinzón brothers of Palos and Admiral of the Spanish Navy in the era of Isabel II of Spain; commanded the Pacific squadron in the war against Peru for the control of guano resources.
Ildefonso Joaquín Infante y Macías (1813–1888), bishop of Tenerife 1877–1886.
La Parrala (Dolores Parrales, 1845–1914), flamenco singer to whom Lorca dedicated one of the poems in his Poema del cante Jondo.
Manuel Gómez Contioso (1877–1936), Salesian priest shot in Málaga during the Spanish Civil War, beatified by Pope Benedict XVI October 28, 2007, along with 497 other religious figures executed in the war.
Rafael Romero Barros (1832–1895), painter. Father and teacher of Julio Romero de Torres.
Manuel de Burgos y Mazo (1862–1946), Restoration-era politician, leader of the Liberal-Conservative Party in the province of Huelva during that period. Minister of Grace in the government of 1917; Minister of Justice in the government of 1919.
Alejandro Rodríguez Gómez ("Xandro Valerio", 1896–1966), poet known for his copla (meter), including "La Parrala" and "Tatuaje" ("The Tattoo").
Eulalia Ruiz de Clavijo (1904–2000), first female prosecutor in the Spanish courts.
Francisco Garfias López (1921–), winner of the National Prize for Poetry in 1971 with his poetry collection La Duda ("Doubt"). Also known as a scholar of the work of Juan Ramón Jiménez and editor of his work.
José Manuel Sierra Méndez (1978–), handball player, currently (as of 2010) playing for BM Valladolid, and a fixture of the Spain men's national handball team since the 2005 Mediterranean Games, in which he won a gold medal.
Craftsmanship and gastronomy
Moguer is heir to a rich artisanal tradition: coopering, bobbin lace, embroidery, saddlemaking, and the making of traditional Andalusian costumes, among other things.
Moguer's cuisine features cuttlefish (chocos) with beans, skate in paprika, school shark marinated in adobo, , bean clams (coquinas) and other species of clam (almejas), wedge sole, true sole, and croakers. Its fruity white wines and a wine made from oranges are produced under the Denominación de Origen (DO) Condado de Huelva.
Other characteristic products are a pastry known as "La Victoria", vermouth from the Sáenz cellars, and, of course, strawberries.
Culture and traditions
In addition to its monuments and its streets, the history of Moguer is reflected today in various festivities and celebrations that occur throughout the year.
The evening in honor of Our Lady of Montemayor, known in Moguer as Days of Our Lady, has been held on or around September 8 without interruption since the Late Middle Ages to worship Moguer's patron saint. At the end of August, a solemn novena begins in her honor in the Parish Church of Our Lady of Granada, to culminate with the Principal Function of the Institute and the procession of the Señora through the city's streets for the day of the Nativity of Mary, September 8. Meanwhile, for about five days, the festival continues in a more playful for in town fairground, which has more than 250 booths.
The Pilgrimage of Our Lady of Montemayor takes place every second weekend of May in the pine forests surrounding the shrine of the patron. On this weekend, thousands of pilgrims come to the precinct to venerate the "Queen of the Pinares (Pine forests)". At present there are eight filial brotherhoods (hermandades) spread over the provinces of Huelva, Seville and Madrid dedicated to the patron saint of Moguer, who also participate in this celebration.
Easter in Moguer has a special significance, as is evidenced by the various brotherhoods that process from Palm Sunday until Holy Saturday. Currently eight confraternities (cofradías) conduct the stations of penance: Hermandad de la Borriquita ("Brotherhood of the little donkey") on Palm Sunday, Holy Monday the Hermandad del Cristo de los Remedios ("Brotherhood of Christ of the Remedies"), Holy Tuesday the Hermandad del Cristo de la Sangre ("Brotherhood of Christ of the Blood'), Holy Wednesday the Hermandad del Cristo de la Victoria ("Brotherhood of the Victory"), Holy Thursday the Hermandad de la Oración en el Huerto ("Brotherhood of the prayer in the orchard"), Good Friday in the dawn hours the Hermandad de Padre Jesus ("Brotherhood of Father Jesus) and in the evening the Hermandad de la Veracruz ("Brotherhood of the True Cross"), and on Holy Saturday the Hermandad del Santo Entierro ("Brotherhood of the Holy Tomb").
The Romería del Rocío is a pilgrimage to the village of El Rocío on Pentecost weekend. It has a deep association with this community. It is believed that the Hermandad filial de Nª Sª del Rocío de Moguer ("Filial brotherhood of Our Lady of El Rocío de Moguer) dates from the end of the 17th century; documents from the 18th century attest to the celebration of this pilgrimage by faithful moguereños. Juan Ramón Jiménez in Platero y yo wrote an entire chapter about the Romería del Rocío:
Corpus Christi. On this occasion the entire route of the procession is dressed out in sedges and is filled with pilgrims and altars.
There are, throughout the year, other cultural activities related to the discovery of the Americas and to Juan Ramón Jiménez. On March 16 is the celebration of Columbus's fulfillment of his vow and the Santa Clara Monastery; Columbus's departure is celebrated on August 3, and the discovery itself on October 12. Juan Ramón is commemorated in several ways by the Fundación Juan Ramón Jiménez. Their highest award, the "Perejil de plata" ("Silver Parsley"), is given out annually, as is the "Premio Hispanoamericano de poesía Juan Ramón Jiménez" ("Juan Ramón Jiménez Prize for Hispano-American Poetry")
There is also an annual Festival de Cante Flamenco de Moguer ("Moguer Festival of Flamenco Singing"), organized by the Peña de Cante Jondo de Moguer on the second weekend in July.
Twin towns and sister cities
Moguer is twinned with the following cities:
Jerez de los Caballeros, Spain
Malgrat de Mar, Spain
Telde, Spain
San Antonio, USA
See also
Lugares colombinos
Notes
Further reading
Works in English
Washington Irving, extract from Voyages and discoveries of the Companions of Columbus about his visit to Moguer, Available online on Google Books.
Works in Spanish
——, Moguer 500 Años. Catálogo de la Exposición. (Iglesia de San Francisco de Moguer, 3 agosto – 2 septiembre 1992). Ayuntamiento de Moguer, 1992.
Álvarez Josué, Aurelio, Moguer en la época de Carlos III. Edición, introducción, notas y transcripción de documentos de Diego Ropero-Regidor. Col. "Biblioteca Nueva Urium", n° 1. Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2002. ()
Borda Camacho, Germán, Visiones de Pero Alonso Niño, descubridor de America. Ed. Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2001.
Díaz Domínguez, Manuel: Religiosidad popular en la ciudad de Moguer (1400–1936). Col. "Biblioteca Nueva Urium", n° 4. Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal de Cultura, Moguer, 2005.
Díaz Roca, José Antonio: Vida y semblanza de Fray Joaquín Infantes Macías. Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2007.
Fernández Vial, Ignacio; Ollero Marín, Álvaro, Las tres carabelas. Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Huelva, 1998. ()
Fernández Vial, Ignacio, Los marinos descubridores onubenses. Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Huelva, 2004. ()
González Gómez, Antonio, Moguer en la Baja Edad Media. Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Huelva, 1976. ( )
González Gómez, Juan Miguel, El Monasterio de Santa Clara de Moguer. Diputación Provincial de Huelva, Huelva, 1978. ()
Moreno Orta, Juan Manuel, Eulalia Ruiz de Clavijo, primera mujer procuradora de los Tribunales en España. Col. "Biblioteca Nueva Urium", n° 3. Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2004. ()
Ropero Regidor, Diego. La "Niña II" Aventura transoceánica por la ruta del primer viaje colombino : historia y documentos Caja Provincial de Ahorros, 1987)
Ropero Regidor, Diego. Los lugares colombinos y su entorno. Fundación Ramón Areces, Madrid, 1992. ()
Ropero Regidor, Diego. Moguer y America en la era de los descubrimientos. Col. "Biblioteca Nueva Urium", n° 2. Archivo Histórico Municipal; Fundación Municipal Cultura, Moguer, 2003. ()
Vilaplana, María Asunción, La colección diplomática de Santa Clara de Moguer. Universidad de Sevilla. Secretariado de Publicaciones. Sevilla, 1975. ()
External links
Official website of the city council.
Moguer – S.I.M.A.
Foundation Juan Ramón Jiménez
Logbook. – Discovery of the site on Americas.
Web Doñana National Park – Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
Web Doñana National Park – Consejería de Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucía).
Brotherhoods and confraternities
Hdad. Ntro. Padre Jesús de Moguer
Hdad. Vera Cruz de Moguer
Hdad. Borriquita de Moguer
Agriculture
Saenz's Wineries (D.O. Condado de Huelva)
Freshuelva, producer of strawberries
Grufesa. Strawberry Cooperative Grufesa of Moguer.
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moguer |
Annbank is a village in South Ayrshire, Scotland. It is around five miles east of Ayr. Originally a mining settlement, it once had a rail link to Ayr via the Auchincruive Waggonway.
The village has a village hall, bakery, shop, bowling green, junior football club (Annbank United) and a pub. The pub is known as "Tap o'the Brae" which in May 2014 won Ayrshire pub of the year.
Weston Bridge Halt railway station was located at the bridge of that name near Annbank and stood close to Ayr Colliery No.9. It was used by miners travelling to their respective collieries.
Annbank House once overlooked the River Ayr and Gadgirth Holm however it was demolished after use as a hotel.
Gadgirth Old Ha' stood on the River Ayr close to Privick Mill and the old Gadgirth House.
The Castle and Barony of Gadgirth was once located beside the River Ayr to the east of Annbank.
Notable people
James Brown, Member of Parliament 1918-1939
Sam Donnelly, professional footballer
References
External links
Video footage of the old Gadgirth Estate and Annbank House
Villages in South Ayrshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annbank |
Arroyomolinos de León is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2010 census, the city has a population of 1,046 inhabitants (533 men and 513 women).
Demographics
Significant events
As a result of an explosion equivalent to 190 kilotonnes of TNT that occurred over the town on December 8, 1932. Arroyomolinos de León made it into the List of meteor air bursts. A meteoroid, connected to the δ-Arietids meteor shower, exploded 15.7 km (9.8 mi) overhead.
The authors of the conference paper making this claim provide no evidence that a meteor was seen by anyone outside the village.
And the authors also provide no evidence that this proposed massive explosion was seen or heard by anyone in any of the nearby villages.
References
External links
Arroyomolinos de León - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyomolinos%20de%20Le%C3%B3n |
James Trenton, nicknamed "the Poorman", is an American radio broadcaster. He is best known as the creator and host of Loveline on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles from 1983 to 1993. He currently hosts a morning radio program on KOCI 101.5 FM, a station located in south Orange County, California. "Poorman's Morning Rush" is also now in 4 markets. Three shows are taped daily M-F (KBSZ, KZFX, KLUK) and KOCI is live five days a week.
Career in radio
Trenton began his entertainment career in the mid-80s on then underground alternative radio station KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. During the following decade, he created and hosted the popular nighttime show Loveline, co-hosted the KROQ morning show, and appeared on Oprah as one of the most outrageous DJs in America.
Early years
Under "The Poorman" moniker, Trenton wrote and self-published two guidebooks about dining in the Los Angeles area on a budget. In May 1981, Trenton broadcast his first of several reviews of inexpensive restaurants on KROQ.
Trenton continued as the local surf reporter and went on to co-host the KROQ morning show with Richard Blade. From there, he became one of the station's most popular figures, when he created Loveline.
Loveline
Trenton created Loveline in 1983 as a Sunday night dating and relationships segment on Los Angeles radio station KROQ, hosted by Trenton, DJ Swedish Egil (Egil Aalvik), and Scott Mason. It began as a serious "public service" segment hosted by Mason, but Trenton revamped the format to a hybrid of advice and comedy. As Trenton found himself unable to answer serious medical questions related to sexual issues, he added a segment called "Ask a Surgeon," and later "On Call with Dr. Drew," hosted by his friend Drew Pinsky, who at the time, was a fourth-year medical student at the University of Southern California. This format became a fast hit for KROQ, catapulting Trenton and Drew to celebrity.
On August 20, 1993, Trenton was a victim of a prank played by morning DJ Gene "Bean" Baxter, where Bean had an assistant walk into Trenton's unlocked house—while he was sleeping—to "celebrate" Trenton's 40th birthday. In response, Trenton organized approximately 500 listeners to gather on the front lawn of Bean's house at midnight, to have their own celebration. Bean complained to the station's management, which responded by terminating Trenton's employment. That month, he was replaced on Loveline by former MTV VJ Riki Rachtman.
Loveline continued without Trenton, earning many millions of dollars, and becoming syndicated. It also had a televised run on MTV for a number of years.
In 1994, Trenton sued KROQ, and demanded a piece of the revenues from Loveline. The court ruled against Trenton, citing that Loveline was created as part of Trenton's employment at KROQ, thereby making it their property. Trenton unsuccessfully appealed the decision.
Other radio work
From 1994 through 2004, Trenton worked at several Los Angeles-area radio stations. After departing KROQ, Trenton hosted shows on GrooveRadio (103.1), KIIS-FM (102.7), KPWR-FM (105.9), and twice at KYSR-FM (98.7).
Later in 2001, Poorman joined the Rick Dees in the Morning Show on KIIS-FM Los Angeles as Rick Dees' sidekick through 2004, until Dees was replaced by Ryan Seacrest. Trenton became the only on-air talent in Los Angeles radio history to work at all three Los Angeles new music giants: KROQ, POWER 106, and KIIS.
KCAA and Poorman's Nation
In late 2010, Trenton began one of various stints on the pay-your-own-way broadcast station KCAA, based out of San Bernardino, California. While most hosts on the station pay hourly to host their own vanity programs, Poorman was given a free air slot, and had an agreement with station ownership to split the revenue from any advertising sold. The show "Poorman's Radio Invasion", ended after about a year, at which point he moved to New York to prepare for his new syndicated program.
On October 10, 2011, Trenton began his syndicated show, called Poorman's Nation. Despite originally being promoted as a live call-in show, Poorman's Nation instead consisted solely of taped interviews from Occupy Wall Street. The program was syndicated by the Genesis Communications Network, but had just one affiliate, KCAA, which carried his original Radio Invasion program earlier in the year. Trenton conducted his on-the-street interviews while wearing only a Depression-era-style barrel, which earned him some degree of media attention, including an appearance on The Young Turks. However, the show failed to pick up any additional affiliates or local sponsors, and was canceled by the syndicator on November 7, 2011.
Trenton returned to KCAA twice more between 2012 and 2015, with neither show lasting more than nine months.
Hosting
While working at KROQ in the mid-1980s, local Orange County TV station KDOC had a program called Adventures with the Poorman hosted by Trenton.
In the late 1980s, Trenton hosted a show on KDOC called Request Video. This was a live show featuring videos of primarily rock and independent bands. In addition, Trenton took live phone calls and interviewed bands. His show was the first to interview the then-unknown Gwen Stefani and her band No Doubt. He quit after 15 months, complaining that the show did not pay him.
The Love Channel and Poorman's Bikini Beach
In 1994 Trenton launched a live, late-night call-in TV advice show called The Love Channel on KDOC. He co-hosted the show with “Dr. Danielle” Ardolino, a UCLA Medical School graduate who was then completing her residency at the UC Irvine Medical Center. The show featured a mix of advice to callers, celebrity interviews and band performances. The show attempted to replicate the success of Loveline, but it was ultimately canceled when Trenton removed all of his clothing during a broadcast. In 1999, Trenton again returned to the television landscape, producing a program called Poorman's Bikini Beach. Like The Love Channel, Poorman owned and controlled the show, renting airtime from various television stations. It ran subsequent years, on various television stations including the Los Angeles station KJLA.
Trenton canceled the program on January 17, 2011 to pursue other career opportunities in New York.
KOCI
In 2019, Trenton began hosting a morning drive-time radio program, Poorman’s Morning Rush, on KOCI-FM 101.5, a low-frequency station broadcasting from Costa Mesa, California.
KLIE
Trenton also simulcasts his morning show, Poorman’s Morning Rush, on KLIE-LP 90.3 FM, another local low-power station based in Garden Grove, California and broadcasting out of Fountain Valley, California. The station is also known by its more popular name, Radio Suerte, where it is the first bilingual station run by both Maria Luisa Luna and Victor Mendez.
Appearances and stints
Trenton worked as a field reporter on KTTV's Good Day LA and the Los Angeles UPN station's news program.
He appeared as an extra on the program Boardwalk Empire, which aired in October 2012.
In 2014, Trenton appeared on episode two of Frankenfood on Spike TV. His creation, the Nuclear Torpedo, also called a "Poor Man's Giant Garbage Burrito" was panned by all three judges. Host Tony Luke, Jr. bet $100 that a dog would not eat Trenton's giant burrito, and, in fact, the dog refused to eat Trenton's creation.
Trenton has also appeared in four films, including the 1987 B movie North Shore as the opening surf contest announcer, the 1988 hit Heathers (as the 'Hot Probs' D.J.) and the 1990 film Men at Work (as the narrator). He also appeared alongside Nick Offerman in the music video for the song "The Greatest" by They Might Be Giants.
Trenton is a member of SAG/AFTRA.
Personal life
Trenton completed law school while in his 20s, but did not pass the California State Bar exam. This occurred before he got involved in radio.
Trenton is also a photographer, and has exhibited his work at various art galleries throughout California including The Gray Matter of Art Gallery.
Trenton is married to long time girlfriend, Aime McCrory.
References
Additional sources
archived site May 1, 2005
External links
Living people
American radio personalities
California Republicans
1953 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Trenton |
Olvera is a town in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 8,585 inhabitants.
Overview
At the tip of the "White towns route", the city of Olvera is in the province of Cadiz, in the northwest of the Serranía Gaditana area, near the borders of the provinces of Seville and Malaga, on 36º56' north and 5º16' west, at a height of above sea level and has a land surface of .
The distance between the capital and the Olvera is . The number of inhabitants, according to the INE of 2021, is 8,016, although the number of "Olvereños" is possibly greater as migration to the coast (specifically to the Costa de la Luz) in search of employment where individuals decided to change their address to their place of work.
The hills surrounding Olvera are full of olive groves that are said to provide the best extraction of olive oils in Andalusia. In fact, the town is said to be surrounded by over 2 million olive trees. In recent years it has received the award of the "Denominación de Origen de la Sierra de Cádiz", which is a standard that is recognised by participants including nearby towns of Setenil, Algodonales, Alcalá del Valle, Torre Alháquime etc. While olive groves are of great importance to the economy, the largest economic source of this colourful town is the "cooperative" and the prize "Arco Iris" of 1989 was won due to the town having the greatest number of cooperatives per inhabitant.
Of great interest within the municipality is a large colony of Andalusian griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) to be found within the natural reserve of the "Peñon de Zaframagón", a huge rock outcrop that is located 14 km to the northwest of the town centre.
History
There is a lack of specific data and studies into the true origin of the town. This means it is of conjecture to historians, some thinking that the present city was an establishment named Caricus, about the time of the Celts. Professor Ramos Santana posits that the legendary Cenosia, the original name of Olvera, located near the present city centre, was known as Vallehermoso (beautiful valley), existing at the time of the Visigoths.
In this area of the mountain range of Sierra de Lijar are numerous Roman camps and remains. The archaeologist Lorenzo Perdigones' report (1986) shows the existence of a Roman establishment in the area, dated the end of 3rd century B.C. Indeed, the foundations of the city castle were found to be Roman, during the removal of some of the rubble. The original name of Olvera could be "Ilipa", (established by geographically adjusting in a map of Roman Spain, published in 1879, between Morón and Ronda). Hippa and Hippo Nova are likely names of the original village.
But the first demonstrably reliable origin of Olvera is within Muslim documentation, in the mid 12th Century, when it is chronicled as an outpost in the mountains called "WUBIRA" or "URIWILA" (year 1327) when king Alfonso XI wrested it from the Arabs. As part of the Christian conquest plans emanating from Seville, Olvera formed part of the advance strategy towards the Straits of Gibraltar to prevent the reinsurgence of Muslims. In one first expedition the Christians lost the banner of Seville that flew in Olvera castle. After the negotiations that followed the surrender of the town, Ibrahim-ibn-Utmain secured concessions, in respect of the Moors of Olvera, that each one of the inhabitants could keep their houses and goods.
The village was repopulated through a decree, a 'Letter of Population', issued on the 1 of August 1327, in which all criminals and debtors could, and had to, remain a year within the borders of Nazarí (Granada province?) in order that their debt to society be removed. This new acquisition for the King of Castilla was named Olivera to commemorate the sea of olive trees that surround it. With time, the "i" was phonetically lost giving rise to the present name.
In the middle of the 14th century the town passed to Don Alfonso Perez de Guzman. It is known that in 1395 Perez de Guzman arranged the marriage of his daughter with the son of the Muslim, Zunigaga.
Olvera was host to a detachment of Napoleonic troops, who were constantly harassed by the activities of guerrillas from the town until the French retreated in 1812.
Subsequently, two stately houses had the dominion over Olvera, the last of which was Tellez Giron and the Dukes of Osuna. The later was the feudal lord until 1843, when the family went bankrupt.
Some of the advances and episodes of great importance in Spanish history during the 19th century were echoed in Olvera, for instance the revolution of September 1868, (known as 'The Glorious One'), when (after a brief period as a Republic) the Monarchy granted Olvera, by Royal Decree on 8 May 1877, the title of "City" by Alfonso XII, in gratitude for certain horses that sped him from the town of Olvera to one of the Carlist wars.
The years of the dictatorship of Franco provided opportunities for the Olvereños, who benefited from the building of the Jerez-Almargen railroad which terminated within the municipality. The project was never finished. This is now a well known "Via Verde" - a nature walk of some 40 km.
In 1983 Olvera was declared “A Protected Area of Artistic and Historical Importance”.
At the present time, Olvera is dedicated to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, activities that are complemented by the tourist activities and the cooperatives.starting in Olvera and reaching Puerto Serrano.
Nicholas de Ribera, El Viejo, 'the old one', was born in Olvera in 1487 and took part in the conquest of Peru. In 1535 he was named the first mayor of Lima.
Economy
Nowadays Olvera largely survives through family cooperatives, based on agriculture, tourism and the construction industry at the coast.
Monuments of interest
The main monument of this city is itself. A phrase that exemplifies this reality is "OLVERA is a street, a church and a castle, BUT what a street, what a church and what a castle!", for that reason Olvera was declared “A Protected Area of Artistic and Historical Importance” in 1983.
Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación church
Dominating the area, like the top of a pyramid, is Parroquia de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación (the Parish of Our Lady of the Incarnation) next to the Arabic Castle: it is the vertex of a white expanse of houses amongst olive groves. This church, in neoclassic style, was built by the orders of the Duke of Osuña in 1822 (which created a debt with the Olvera township by not investing the taxes in the improvement of the town) on the foundations of a small gothic- mudéjar (Andalucian Moorish) style church (conserving and incorporating a small baptismal room), which in turn was built on the foundations of an Arabic mosque. The work was finished in 1843, culminating in one of the greatest churches of the province, with dimensions worthy of cathedral. In 1936 republican revolutionaries burnt some of the icons and images along with the interior during the Spanish Civil War. In the interior are several frescos, stained glass windows of great value and images of the different phases of the death of Christ can be found, among them a Crucified Christ from the 16th century, discovered 15 years ago in the cellars of the building. The last restoration started in 1994 being closed to the congregation until the conclusion of works at the end of the 1999. At present the greater church of Olvera is again closed, due to a fire lasting 15 hours of an image/statue in September 2004, leaving the sacred place in lamentable condition. It is hoped that the necessary money will soon be obtained to reopen the church.
The Arab castle
As it stands, the castle was constructed at the end of the 12th century, mostly in the 13th, on a strategic rock, giving the ability to communicate with other nearby castles through signals (e.g. reflecting light with mirrors). Its structure was created deliberately to disadvantage enemy to the maximum.
The Moorish Wall
There exists seven buttresses that support the wall, demolition of some of the wall has emphasized the "Cilla", which served as a jail and a ducal barn, amongst other uses. Today it is a tourist office and a municipal museum, comprising four display rooms and a patio with a majestic view. In one of its rooms there is a permanent exhibition on "the Castles and Strengths of the Nazarí Kingdoms".
La Villa District
Near these other buildings, in the “Casco Antigüo” (the ancient town center) within the old town walls is la villa (the village). To walk its streets is to travel 700 years back, to when an older Olvera existed. This was where the Visigoth town called Wubira existed. The towns origins are evident here, (narrow streets, strategic corners, old cottages, etc.), exposing the visitor to the old architecture of the Muslim town entwined with the modern.
La plaza de Andalusia
The plaza, also called "La Alameda" (tree lined area), has a majestic stone fountain/waterfall constructed in 2004. Above this is el Peñón del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús (the Rock of the Sacred Heart of Jesus), a great rock garden full of ivy, flowers, birds and animals. The reason for its name is the Christ statue, with arms raised, on the highest part of the rock carved by Jose Even Navas, in 1929.
El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios
The Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Remedies is 2 km from the town centre. It was constructed in the 18th century, in Andalucian style on the foundations of a small hermitage. It venerates the patron of the locality, Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios, who is loved by the town of Olvera and many towns around, known collectively as “las cientos sierras” (the 100 mountain ranges). Unknown persons created an original statue to her during the 16th century, which was restored 10 years ago.
The head of the statue is in poor condition as the galleries became infested with termites for more than a century, however, the best possible restoration has been applied to it. The Archbishop of Seville, Don Good Jose Maria Monreal, was crowned here in 1966.
El Monasterio de Caño Santos
Located 7 km from Olvera, it was constructed in 1542. For many years it was the seat of the old patrona of the city, the Holy virgin of Caño, an image kept by the local Franciscan friars who inhabited the interior. In 1835 they were expelled and the monastery confiscated and abandoned. After many years, when the building was all but lost, the council of Andalusia decided to restore it. Although the monument is within the municipality of Olvera, this monastery is property of the city council of Alcala del Valle.
References
External links
Olvera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvera |
Wood Hall is a community in Clarendon, Jamaica.
References
Populated places in Jamaica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20Hall |
Jimena de la Frontera is a historic town and municipality located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to estimates made by the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE), the municipality has a population of 6,707 inhabitants as of 2020. The municipality contains three major towns, Jimena de la Frontera, Los Ángeles and San Pablo de Buceite. Other towns include Montenegral Alto and Marchenilla.
It is situated in the eastern part of the province, on the (San Roque-Ronda) road. It is located near Málaga, practically being the border between the provinces of Málaga and Cádiz. Its location between the Serranía de Ronda and the Bay of Algeciras preserves one of the most important Mediterranean forest spots in southern Europe: the Alcornocales Natural Park. Almost two thirds of the municipality belong to the park.
History
Origins
The existence of caves and natural shelters with abundant remains and cave paintings throughout the Campo de Gibraltar indicates the existence of human settlements that date back to the Palaeolithic. Jimena de la Frontera is no exception, with the paintings of Laja Alta, with unique maritime scenes from the Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula.
The ancient Phoenician city of Oba, known for its minting of coins in the Libyan-Phoenician alphabet, is usually identified with Jimena. In the castle, epigraphs have been found with the text: res publica Obensis. This name was used during Roman times. During this period, Jimena flourished as a commercial and strategic center. According to local tradition, the great-grandfather of Mark Antony was born here. The location of the town, sheltered by hills but reasonably close to the Strait of Gibraltar, meant that its strategic functionality was exploited by the different peoples that have populated it. Thus, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the site served as a defensive post over the Strait of Gibraltar for the Visigoths, who lost it to Byzantine hands in the 6th century. According to a local legend, the great-grandfather of Mark Antony was born here.
The arrival of the Muslims in the 8th century did not alter this situation. The conquerors carried out a series of actions to reinforce the enclave, already called Xemina (from which the Christian name of Ximena and later Jimena would derive), building a new fortification. The town was in the hands of the Marinids, until 1319, when Ismail I gave it, along with other cities, to the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in exchange for help against Christian advances.
After the Reconquista
It remained at the frontier position of the Nasrid kingdom (hence its name of de la Frontera) until 1431, when it was conquered during the Reconquista by Pedro García de Herrera, Marshal of Castile, under the reign of Juan II of Castile, who took the town on March 11. Its border situation was not stable, since it made it change hands between Muslims and Christians during the 15th century on some occasions. In 1451 it returned to Nasrid power, until in 1456, Enrique IV conquered it definitively, handing it over to Beltrán de la Cueva, beginning the rebuilding and repopulation of the town during the last third of the 15th century. Finally in 1510 it went to the Casa de Medina Sidonia, sold by its previous lords, the Dukes of Alburquerque. A few years later, the troops formed in this city participated in the taking of Granada under the command of Rodrigo Ponce de León, for which the Catholic Monarchs gave the town the title of Loyalty in 1493, and later, in 1498, Royal Charter.
The end of the conflicts makes the town lose its military condition in favor of other more productive activities such as agriculture, especially cereal and legumes, cattle ranching and the exploitation of forests, which report abundant amounts to the Duchy of Medina Sidonia. A consequence of the economic development is the growth of the population, which begins to settle outside the walled enclosure. In the seventeenth century, disputes began with the Duke of Medina Sidonia to obtain freedom from the manorial system, although without any result.
The loss of Gibraltar in the 18th century once again transformed Jimena into a military enclave, this time in a fight with the English. Felipe V granted him in 1717 the dictate of Faithful for his attitude during the War of the Spanish Succession. At the end of the century the second blast furnace began to be built, along the banks of the Hozgarganta River, which supplied the warlike needs of the area. The company was maintained as long as these circumstances persisted, but the high costs and the site of Gibraltar ended its existence.
Modern history
The Spanish War of Independence has Jimena as the scene of battles, with disastrous consequences, human losses and local historical heritage (such as the loss of municipal archives during the French invasion).
After this conflict, the 19th century passed between shocks, such as Riego's pronouncement in 1820, carried out in Jimena by the "Prince" Battalion, one of the first to rise up and based in the town. Apart from this, two events determined the development of the town: the decree of suppression of the manors in 1837, which led to the independence of the ducal power and the appointment of the city by King Alfonso XII of Spain in 1879.
The initial consideration of San Pablo de Buceite and San Martín del Tesorillo as towns must be specifically sought in 1869, when the estates of Buceite and Montenegral Bajo were sold, where these population centers were integrated, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia to the Marquis of Larios.
Between 1875 and 1879 the Rural Colonies of Buceite and Tesorillo were established. At the end of the last century, in 1887, the properties of the heirs of the Marquis de Larios became part of the Guadiaro Industrial and Agricultural Society, beginning to be called San Pablo de Buceite and San Martín del Tesorillo.
In the 1930s, the Sociedad Industrial y Agrícola de Guadiaro (Guadiaro Industrial and Agricultural Society) was bought by Juan March Ordinas, a Mallorcan businessman and banker (Banca March), who in 1944 decided to disintegrate the large estate to pass into the hands of small owners that remain to this day.
During the Civil War and the subsequent Francoism there was an important repression in the town, especially with the destruction of La Sauceda.
In 2018, after 20 years, the Junta de Andalucía approved the segregation of San Martín del Tesorillo. Today, Jimena's population of around 7,000 has been made up of an increasing number of British ex-pats.
The town is served by road and rail. The main road stretches north to Ronda, and south to San Roque. The railway station is situated just outside the town in nearby Los Ángeles. Several trains a day stop at Jimena on the line between Algeciras and Granada.
Castle
The castle was built on the hill by the Moors around 750 CE. as part of making Jimena a strategic military position, today it is known as Castle of Jimena de la Frontera. Views stretch as far Gibraltar to the south. It is believed that the castle was built on Roman ruins, constructed using locally sourced limestone.
It was declared an asset of cultural interest with the category of Monument in 1931, it is the emblematic building par excellence of the town. The fortress, probably built on the ruins of the ancient city of Oba and which, due to its easy defense and strategic location, especially in times of Muslim domination and above all, due to its border position, will reach its maximum splendor.
The castle was taken by the Jerezan people in 1430, reconquered by the Granadines in 1451 and definitively integrated into the Crown in 1456.
Inside there is a cemetery with two mass graves from the Civil War.
It consists of an elongated irregular wall to adapt to the terrain at the top. With watchtowers arranged in sections, the set of the Torre del Reloj (or Albarrán) stands out, with a bent entrance arch and cisterns from different periods.
The Alcázar also stands out, renovated after the Christian capture, with its airy and circular keep, which inside hides a previous one with a polygonal plan.
Monuments
Declared a historical artistic complex in 1983 by the State and ratified by the Junta de Andalucía's 84/2004 decree, the artistic and monumental heritage of Jimena de la Frontera is extensive:
Civil monuments
Cave paintings at the La Laja Alta Cave, where you can see a sample of prehistoric art.
La Laja Alta is a shelter at the bottom of the Garganta de Gamero, on a siliceous sandstone slope, with cave paintings of schematic art. Anthropomorphic figures, quadrupeds, geometric motifs, symbols and a complete naval scene in the lower part are situated on the walls: with red and black strokes made with the fingers, with eight ships whose shapes, varied in size and elements of navigation, dates it possibly prior to 4000 BCE. This cave is the only one where maritime scenes with groups of ships are represented.
Necropolis of Buceite:
There are archaeological remains of a Byzantine necropolis near San Pablo de Buceite, where funerary remains and coins have been found. In the 1950s a Byzantine tomb was found on the Los Zarzales hill and inside there was a clay pot and a bronze oil lamp, of Byzantine origin, which can be placed chronologically between the 6th and 7th centuries. The lamp is in the Municipal Museum of San Roque.
Baño de la Reina Mora (Bath of the Moorish Queen):
Behind the castle, there are remains on the ground, probably of a Mozarabic church carved out of living rock. The Baño de la Reina Mora is shaped like a bath, the reasoning behind its name. Most likely, it was a life-size font for a baptism by immersion, a very common practice among early Christians.
Royal Artillery Factory:
The Royal Artillery Factory built in the 18th century can be considered as the second Andalusian blast furnace, with the other one being located at Cartajima. They arise from the efforts made by Eduardo Boyetet who proposed the idea of smelting weapons in the area to King Charles III in 1761. An iron mine was near San Pablo de Buceite, whose production would supply raw material to the Royal Artillery Factory and wood (for fuel) would come from the existing forest masses. The bellows were moved by the water carried by the canal. Its foundry, which didn't prosper until 1777 and was abandoned in 1788, was designed to cover the supply to the Indies, took on the needs arising from Gibraltar, where most of its production was destined. There are remains of a factory that didn't operate on known as La Fábrica de las Bombas (the Bomb Factory) on the banks of the Guadiaro River. On the banks of the Hozgarganta, on La Pasada de Alcalá, there are more significant remains, such as the main wall. The absence of a continuous and sufficient flow from the river sentenced its abandonment. The channel, about long and wide, reaches a depth of in some areas. The canal is built with sturdy stonework, sometimes dug out of the rock itself. It became operational in April 1780, coinciding with the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
"La Sauceda" House of Memory, to commemorate the atrocities that occurred at El Marrufo during the Civil War.
Religious monuments
Sanctuary of Our Lady Queen of Angels:
The Sanctuary of Our Lady Queen of Angels (Spanish: Santuario de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Ángeles) is located two kilometers from the center of the municipality. It was built at the end of the 15th century and renovated during the 17th century. It housed a community of Franciscans and, after the taking of Gibraltar by the English, it served as a refuge for the Poor Claires that fled from the Rock. The church of the Sanctuary consists of a single barrel-vaulted nave with lunettes, which leads to the main chapel and is closed by a dome on horns and a high choir at the foot. The sacristy and the cloister are noteworthy, a square plan with arches and brick pillars, with a garden in the center. The Virgin's alcove is in the Baroque style and her icon, is made of painted stone and seems very primitive. As with most Marian icons, tradition tells that it was carved by Saint Luke and brought from Antioch to Spain in 190 CE.
Bell tower of the Church of Our Lady Crowned:
It's an isolated bell tower in the Plaza de la Constitución and is the only remaining part of the church of Nuestra Señora la Coronada (Our Lady Crowned). The first reference we have of La Coronada is in a book by Fray Jerónimo de la Concepción, published in the Spanish Netherlands in 1690. In 1736 the diocesan archives stated that the church already showed disrepair, and after its demolition in 1946 the bell tower remained as the only remaining piece of its existence. It is a prismatic tower with two bodies, the lower one a sturdy parallelepiped with an interior spiral staircase to access the upper body, with four openings.
Church of Our Lady of Victory:
The Church of Our Lady of Victory, or the old Convent of Saint Anne (Spanish: Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria) has two naves and is attached to the old Minim convent. The Minims settled in the place , taking over the previous chapel dedicated to Saint Anne. It is very modern, with an airy bell tower, a simple front and an outdoor patio. The two strangely articulated naves attached to the rectory seem to be part of the old structure. The church owes its current name to the patron saint of Málaga, Our Lady of Victory (during the Siege of Málaga by the Catholic Monarchs, they received a Marian icon from Emperor Maximilian of Austria, which they promptly gave the name "Victory").
Church of Mercy:
At the top the town and close to the Castle, there are remains of a Gothic church (the Iglesia de la Misericordia): the walls, the vault, with stone ribs and brickwork, as well as the central pointed arch. This church with a single nave was likely renovated during the 16th century, given the Renaissance details that it has, such as the Ionic capitals on the semi-columns of the interior, on which arches rest. It stands out due to the façade, with a straight lintel and recessed pilasters, and the pointed arches at the bottom. It now serves a tourist office.
Chapel of Solace:
The Ermita del Consuelo is an old chapel, in the center of Jimena. It is a deconsecrated building with a brick façade and a semicircular arch.
Geography
Jimena de la Frontera is located in the north of an expanse of fertile plains bordered on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Located in the heart of the Los Alcornocales Natural Park and perched on a hill, the Cerro de San Cristóbal, the municipality has a large variety of landscapes.
Jimena de la Frontera enjoys a moderate Mediterranean climate. There are 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, which contributes to average temperatures of between . However, the rainfall pattern differs significantly from the rest of southern Spain, due to the topography of the Strait of Gibraltar region, which is swept by east and west winds that bring humidity and, therefore, rainfall averaging .
For this reason, rivers that have a regular flow – in contrast to the discontinuous flow of many Andalusian rivers on the Mediterranean side – are of great importance. Three of such rivers flow through the municipality: the Guadiaro, a river from the province of Málaga, which ends its course in the province of Cádiz, and the Guadarranque, a river that rises in Jimena de la Frontera. The most important river, however, is the Hozgarganta, which flows into the Guadiaro shortly before its mouth. It flows through the urban centre of Jimena and is characterised by its unregulated wildness. The river has a well-preserved fauna and flora, and is covered in places by a gallery forest; and is one of the last untouched rivers in Spain.
Demographics
Festivals
Town Carnival - February (March in 2019)
Agricultural Fair - Second week of May
Annual Village Fair - Second week of August
Devotion to the Reina de los Angeles - First week of September
Festival de Música de Jimena de la Frontera- Second week of July
Gallery
References
External links
Jimena de la Frontera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimena%20de%20la%20Frontera |
El Gastor is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 1,948 inhabitants.
Demographics
References
External links
El Gastor - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
http://www.elgastor.es
Gastor, El | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Gastor |
Espera is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 3,909 inhabitants.
Demographics
References
External links
Espera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espera |
Casas Viejas is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 6,754 inhabitants.
Casas Viejas is located in the Ruta del Toro.
Main sights
Cueva del Tajo de las Figuras
Iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Socorro
Economy
Agriculture
Rural tourism
Benalup-Casas Viejas revolution
The anarchist movement which spread across Spain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was based on the ideas of Bakunin and propagated by Giuseppi Fanelli. It urged oppressed workers to unite and organize against their oppressors, namely the State, the latifundista landowners, and the Church. It quickly took a hold amongst the long-exploited agricultural workers in Andalusia, who joined the CNT union or the more radical FAI and had some limited success in improving wages and working conditions.
The establishment's attempts to stamp out such revolutionary zeal came to a tragic head in 1933 at Casas Viejas, now Benalup-Casas Viejas, in the Province of Cadiz. A small group of militants trying to resist arrest after a failed uprising barricaded themselves in a cottage, which was burned down with the anarchists and their families still inside. Soldiers and police then arrested anyone in the village who possessed a gun, marched them to the smoking ashes of the cottage and their dead colleagues, and shot them in the back. The massacre led to national outrage and there was considerable debate about whether the orders to kill had or had not been issued by the President of the Second Spanish Republic, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. This was never proven, but it is believed to have contributed to his defeat in the following general election.
Twin towns
Torrent, Spain
References
External links
Casas Viejas - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benalup-Casas%20Viejas |
Bornos is a town and municipality located in the province of Cádiz, Spain.
Demographics
References
External links
Bornos - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornos |
Leimuiderbrug is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 11 km west of Amsterdam.
Leimuiderbrug has a population of around 40.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimuiderbrug |
Barbate is a Spanish municipality in the Province of Cádiz, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. It is a coastal town located on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, close to the Strait of Gibraltar. Covering a total area of 142.17 km2, it has, as of 2019, a registered population of 22,518.
Geography
Barbate is at the mouth of the River Barbate, along the coast east of Cape Trafalgar and within the La Breña y Marismas del Barbate Natural Park.
The "Tómbolo de Trafalgar", a local point of interest, comprises a sandy isthmus joining Cape Trafalgar to the mainland.
It is ascribed to the comarca of La Janda.
History
Barbate has been traditionally identified as the Roman oppidum of although there are also recent tentative suggestions about a location of the aforementioned settlement in nearby Vejer de la Frontera.
From the 1930s the town was known as Barbate de Franco because General Francisco Franco spent leisure time there. It ceased to be called this in 1998 after a decree was passed by the Junta de Andalucia.
Barbate has a long history of fishing stretching back to Roman times when fish salting was at its peak. The town has a central square, "Plaza de la Inmaculada", flanked by the Town Hall and the Church of St. Paul. Barbate is popular with Spanish tourists in the summer, but attracts few foreign visitors.
Fiestas
Barbate celebrates several fiestas during the year:
"Carnival" is celebrated in February or March, usually the week after it is celebrated in Cádiz. A temporary building is erected by the river and during the appointed week there are various dramatic, satirical and musical events. The Six Taps Square (la Plaza de los Seis Grifos) is a particular centre of activity.
Holy Week is celebrated during the week before Easter with religious processions through the streets starting on Palm Sunday through to Good Friday and Easter Sunday.
Tuna Gastronomy week has been held since 2008 to celebrate the central role of tuna in the towns economy. It takes the form of a fair with temporary buildings, local trade stands and other attractions
St John's Night, traditionally on 23 June during the evening, artificial figures of local outstanding people, national celebrities or politicians are burned, it is customary to go down to the beach to cool down after the bonfires.
St. Carmen's Fair (Feria del Carmen) held on 16 July to celebrate the patron saint of fishermen and the town.
The Great Sardine Festival (La Gran Sardina) is held in the port area to enjoy the sardine season and its produce.
Nearby villages
Zahara de los Atunes
Los Caños de Meca
Zahora
Beaches
This part of the coast has a number of beaches, among them:
Mangueta
Zahora
Los Caños de Meca
Hierbabuena
Nuestra Señora del Carmen
Cañillos
Pajares
Zahara de los Atunes.
Demographics
Economy
The main industries of the economy are fishing, rural tourism and beaches.
Gallery
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Barbate
Barbate - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Panoramic walk 360° through Barbate
Costa de la Luz
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbate |
Algodonales is a city and a Municipality, located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2002 census, the city has a population of 5,607 inhabitants. The nearest cities are Zahara de la Sierra and Olvera. Algodonales is located in the Sierra de Lijar within the Sierra de Grazalema.
Demographics
From:INE Archiv
Economy
Agriculture
Rural tourism
Adventure travel
guitar manufacturers
Monuments
Ermita de la Concepción. (hermitage)
Ermita de la Virgencita. (hermitage)
Iglesia Parroquial de Santa Ana. (church)
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Algodonales
Algodonales on Andalucia.com
Algodonales on Turespaña
Algodonales on Cadiz Tourism
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algodonales |
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency ( - abbr. PBL) is a Dutch research institute that advises the Dutch government on environmental policy and regional planning issues. The research fields include sustainable development, energy and climate change, biodiversity, transport, land use, and air quality. It is one of three applied policy research institutes of the Dutch government, the other two being Centraal Planbureau (CPB), and The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP). Since January 2023 Marko Hekkert is director of the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
The PBL was created on May 15, 2008, by merging the Netherlands Environmental Agency () (MNP) with the Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research () (RPB). The English name for the new organization was borrowed from the MNP, which was part of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) until May 1, 2005. It is currently an agency of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (IenW, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat).
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency is located in The Hague and employs approximately 250 people.
References
External links
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Research institutes in the Netherlands
Environment of the Netherlands
Government agencies of the Netherlands
Environmental research institutes
Environmental agencies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands%20Environmental%20Assessment%20Agency |
Dalmarnock railway station, serving the Dalmarnock area of Glasgow, Scotland, lies on the Argyle Line, southeast of Glasgow Central. The northern ends of the side platforms are within a tunnel (refer image). Revamped for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, the station is a 15-minute walk from the Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, and Celtic football club's Celtic Park stadium at Parkhead.
History
1879–1964 overview
On the viaduct, at the north side of Dalmarnock Road, was the Caledonian Railway high-level station called Bridgeton. Opened on 1 April 1879, on what was then the London Road branch, it closed when the current station opened on 1 November 1895.
The siding from the nearby rail yard to the gas works passed under the viaduct, above the current platform area, and across the Swanston Street level crossing. All remnants have since been demolished.
The low-level station closed on 5 October 1964 as a result of the Beeching Axe, but the station and tunnel remained intact.
1979 reopening
At the opening of the Argyle Line in November 1979, the station was served by six trains per hour on Mondays to Saturdays. in the westerly direction all went to , with three via and three via . Two of these were extended to . In the easterly direction all trains travelled around the Hamilton Circle to three in the clockwise direction passing through prior to Motherwell and three passing through first. The limited stop to/from trains did not stop at Dalmarnock.
Station refurbishment
The station underwent a full revamp in time for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, being handy to the athletes' village and several venues. Lifts were installed and a new street-level entrance and ticket office constructed along with landscaping aimed at better connecting the station environs to the nearby River Clyde and Glasgow Green. The station was temporarily closed for renovation on 4 June 2012 and was scheduled to reopen in November 2012, but the closure was extended to spring 2013 because of major problems over groundworks. The station reopened to passengers on 20 May 2013.
Flooding
Record rainfalls have often led to flooding of the station and closure for a period of several hours in 1903, two days in 1907, several hours in 1935 with water reaching platform height, one day for the whole underground in 1938, several weeks in 2002, several hours in 2017 (images), several hours in 2019, and two days in 2020.
Services
Footnotes
References
External links
Record and images for Dalmarnock Station at Canmore.org.uk
Railway stations in Glasgow
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1895
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1895
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
Beeching closures in Scotland
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Bridgeton–Calton–Dalmarnock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmarnock%20railway%20station |
Bridgeton railway station serves the Bridgeton district of Glasgow, Scotland and is a station on the Argyle Line, south east of . The station is operated by ScotRail who also provide all train services.
History
Called Bridgeton Cross Station, it opened on 1 November 1895 when the line between Glasgow Green and Rutherglen was opened by the Glasgow Central Railway. The station became a junction with the opening of the line to Carmyle and on 1 February 1897. Westbound services ran to Stobcross, from where they could proceed to via , and points north via the connection to the Stobcross Railway or on to the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway to Dumbarton and Balloch Central via Partick Central & Dalmuir Riverside.
In 1956 the line was re-signalled with colour light signals controlled from the re-equipped signal boxes at Bridgeton Cross Junction and Stobcross Junction. However, the station was closed along with both lines on 5 October 1964 as a result of the Beeching Axe. The tracks were subsequently lifted, but the station and tunnels were left intact.
As part of the Argyle Line project, the Rutherglen line platforms reopened as Bridgeton Station on 5 November 1979, as offering regular commuter services into Central Station (low level) and on towards the western suburbs.
In preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, the station underwent substantial renovations in 2010.
Accidents and incidents
On 2 February 1929, a passenger train was diverted into the bay platform due to a signalman's error. Several people were injured when the train crashed through the buffers.
Services
1979
When the Argyle Line was opened in 1979, there were six trains an hour to the Hamilton Circle, from , with two services an hour going as far west as . The hourly service between and ran non-stop through Bridgeton station.
2008
Four trains per hour daily head westbound towards Glasgow Central and beyond (Milngavie and Dalmuir) and eastbound towards (with services onward to Lanark).
2015
The basic four trains per hour frequency remains unchanged, but since the December 2014 timetable recast southbound trains now run to either Motherwell via Hamilton Central or via (though alternate services on that route terminate at Whifflet). On Sundays, southbound trains also serve Larkhall every hour and every 30 minutes.
Routes
References
Sources
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1895
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Beeching closures in Scotland
Bridgeton–Calton–Dalmarnock | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton%20railway%20station |
Garscadden railway station serves Garscadden in Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Argyle Line.
History
The station is located on the former Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway, between and which opened in 1882 (though through services to Dalmuir did not start until 1897, when the company was also taken over by the North British Railway). The station here though wasn't opened until 5 November 1960 by British Railways, as part of the North Clyde Line modernisation and electrification scheme.
Services
The station is served by trains between , and , which then continue into both main Glasgow stations. There are also peak-hour-only services beginning and terminating at Garscadden, mostly on the Argyle Line (via Glasgow Central Low Level). These enter service (or leave service after terminating here) from the adjacent Yoker TMD reception sidings.
Trains operate 4 x hourly (Mondays to Saturdays) from Garscadden to Glasgow City Centre, with two going to Glasgow Central Low Level and two going to Glasgow Queen Street Low Level. Those to Central continue to and (alternate trains only), whilst the Queen St trains run to . In the opposite direction, trains originate from either Cumbernauld or Motherwell via the Hamilton Circle line.
The service on Sundays is provided by the to Larkhall (hourly) or Motherwell via Whifflet (hourly) trains.
References
External links
Railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1960
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garscadden%20railway%20station |
Dan II is one of the legendary Danish kings, the son of Offa of Angel, described in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum.
Text
See also
Dan (king)
Notes
References
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (ed.) and Peter Fisher (tr.) (1999). Saxo Grammaticus : The History of the Danes : Books I-IX. Bury St Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press. . First published 1979-1980.
Elton, Oliver (tr.) (1905). The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus. New York: Norroena Society. Available online
Olrik, J. and H. Ræder (1931). Saxo Grammaticus : Gesta Danorum. Available online
Mythological kings of Denmark
| https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20II%20of%20Denmark |
Bakersfield P.D. is an American television sitcom that aired on Fox from September 14, 1993 until August 18, 1994.
The show was based in the police department of the city of Bakersfield, California. It was shot with naturalistic lighting and without a laugh track. The show's theme song, "Busy Office Rhumba," was written by Mark Mothersbaugh and performed by Brave Combo.
Fox canceled the show after one season, citing low ratings. The cable channel Trio reran the show under its "Brilliant But Cancelled" umbrella.
Cast
Giancarlo Esposito as Det. Paul Gigante
Ron Eldard as Det. Wade Preston
Chris Mulkey as Denny Boyer
Tony Plana as Luke Ramirez
Jack Hallett as Capt. Aldo Stiles
Brian Doyle-Murray as Sgt. Phil Hampton
Ratings
1° Season: #104 – 4.26 rating
Episodes
References
External links
1990s American single-camera sitcoms
1993 American television series debuts
1994 American television series endings
Television series by ABC Studios
1990s American police comedy television series
Fox Broadcasting Company original programming
English-language television shows
Culture of Bakersfield, California
Television shows set in Bakersfield, California
Hispanic and Latino American sitcoms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield%20P.D. |
The Hyundai Terracan is a mid-size SUV produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai Motor Company from 2001 to 2007.
Overview
The design of the Hyundai Terracan was originally previewed by the Hyundai Highland concept and featured a chassis derived from the second generation Mitsubishi Pajero. It was powered by one of three engines: a 2.9 liter diesel inline-four Hyundai J engine, a 2.5 liter diesel inline-four licensed from Mitsubishi (4D56), and a 3.5 liter petrol V6 Hyundai Sigma engine. The car's name derives from Tarascan, a Mesoamerican empire state was located in west central Mexico. The Terracan was replaced by the Hyundai Veracruz.
Markets
Australia
Australian specification Terracans were available in three trim levels - base and Highlander. Highlander models came standard with leather seats, climate control airconditioning and an automatic 4wd differential that engaged 4wd on the fly. All models came with low range gearing and a separate ladder frame chassis.
China
The Terracan has also been built and sold in China from 2004 to 2011 under the Hawtai brand in a joint venture with Hyundai that lasted up to 2010. The facelifted version was only available and came with the 2.4 liter 4G64, a 2.5 liter diesel, 2.9 liter J-Series diesel and the 3.5 liter Sigma V6 as standard. Transmission choices were a 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic.
2001
In the first year of production (2001), the Terracan was offered with three engines: a 3.5 liter V6 gasoline, a 2.5 liter diesel licensed from Mitsubishi, and a more fuel-efficient 2.9 liter Diesel. Europe, Australia and New Zealand received the 2.9 Diesel.
2002
When the Terracan entered its second year the only changes were some additional colors.
2005
2005 brought a light facelift.
Gallery
See also
Mitsubishi Pajero
References
External links
Terracan
Mid-size sport utility vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2001
2010s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Terracan |
Paterna de Rivera is a small town located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it had a population of 5,354.
Demographics
References
External links
Paterna de Rivera - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna%20de%20Rivera |
Silver telluride (Ag2Te) is a chemical compound, a telluride of silver, also known as disilver telluride or silver(I) telluride. It forms a monoclinic crystal. In a wider sense, silver telluride can be used to denote AgTe (silver(II) telluride, a metastable compound) or Ag5Te3.
Silver(I) telluride occurs naturally as the mineral hessite, whereas silver(II) telluride is known as empressite.
Silver telluride is a semiconductor which can be doped both n-type and p-type. Stoichiometric Ag2Te has n-type conductivity. On heating silver is lost from the material.
Non-stoichiometric silver telluride has shown extraordinary magnetoresistance.
Synthesis
Porous silver telluride (AgTe) is synthesized by an electrochemical deposition method. The experiment can be performed using a potentiostat and a three-electrode cell with 200 mL of 0.5 M sulfuric acid electrolyte solution containing Ag nanoparticles at room temperature. Then a sliver paste used in the tungsten ditelluride (WTe2) attachment leach into the electrolyte which causes small amounts of Ag to dissolve in the electrolyte. The electrolyte was stirred by a magnetic bar to remove hydrogen bubbles. A sliver- sliver chloride electrode and a platinum wire can be used as reference and counter electrodes. All the potentials can be measured against the reference electrode, and it was calibrated using the equation ERHE = EAg/AgCl + .059 pH + .197. In order to grow the porous AgTe, the WTe2 was treated using multiple cyclic voltammetry between -1.2 and 0 volts with a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Glutathione coated Ag2Te Nanoparticles can be synthesized by preparing a 9 mL solution containing 10 mM AgNO3, 5mM Na2TeO3, and 30 mM glutathione. Place that solution in an ice bath. N2H4 was added to the solution and the reaction is allowed to proceed for 5 min under constant stirring. Then the nanoparticles are washed three times by a way of centrifugation, after the three washes the nanoparticles are suspended in PBS and washed again with that same method.
References
Hagyeong Kwon, Dongyeon Bae, Dongyeun Won, Heeju Kim, Gunn Kim, Jiung Cho, Hee Jung Park, Hionsuck Baik, Ah Reum Jeong, Chia-Hsien Lin, Ching-Yu Chiang, Ching-Shun Ku, Heejun Yang, and Suyeon Cho "Nanoporous Silver Telluride for active hydrogen evolution." (n.d.) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.0c09517
See also
Hessite
Empressite
Sylvanite
Related materials
Silver selenide
Silver sulfide
Silver compounds
Tellurides
Semiconductor materials
Non-stoichiometric compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20telluride |
George Gustav Heye (1874 – January 20, 1957) was an American collector of Native American artifacts in the Western Hemisphere, particularly in North America. He founded the Museum of the American Indian, and his collection became the core of the National Museum of the American Indian.
It is described as the largest and most comprehensive collection in the world. During his years of collecting and study, Heye funded numerous archeological expeditions and supported scholarly work of the time. He established the Heye Foundation in the early 20th century to support such work, as well as contributing independently.
Life and career
Heye was born in 1874, the son of Carl Friederich Gustav Heye and Marie Antoinette Lawrence of Hudson, New York. His father was a German immigrant who earned wealth in the new petroleum industry.
George Gustav Heye graduated from Columbia School of Mines (now Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science) in 1896 with a degree in electrical engineering. While superintending railroad construction in Kingman, Arizona in 1897, Heye acquired a Navajo deerskin shirt, his first Native American item. He continued to acquire individual items until 1903, then he began collecting material in larger numbers.
In 1901, Heye started a career in investment banking that lasted until 1909. His success gave him the financial means to fund archeological expeditions conducted by scholars in the field. For instance, he funded an expedition in 1907 to Ecuador and Colombia by Professor Saville of the Department of Anthropology of Columbia University, Heye's alma mater. Saville had already completed two expeditions to sites in those countries.
Heye continued with his interest in Native American culture, funding archeological surveys and excavations in the American Southeast. The field was young, but he supported some of the most professional work of the time. In 1915, Heye worked with Frederick W. Hodge and George H. Pepper on the Nacoochee Mound in White County, Georgia. The work on Nacoochee Mound was done through the Heye Foundation, the Museum of the American Indian (which opened in 1922), and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. It was some of the most complete work of the time, including numerous photographs. In 1918, Heye and his colleagues published a report entitled The Nacoochee Mound In Georgia.
Also from 1915 to 1919, the Heye Foundation sponsored a team excavating the James Plott Mound (later referred to as Mound#3) at the Garden Creek site west of Asheville, in Haywood County, North Carolina. The Foundation published a report on this in 1919. Other parts of the archeological site were excavated in 1965–1967, including two villages and two earthwork mounds.
Through the years, Heye accumulated the largest private collection of Native American objects in the world. They included both prehistoric and historic items. The collection was initially stored in Heye's Madison Avenue apartment in New York City, and later in a rented room.
By 1908, Heye was referring to the collection as "The Heye Museum." He began to lend materials for exhibit at the University of Pennsylvania, at what later became its Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia.
In 1916, he purchased the collection of Alaskan Native artifacts that had won the gold medal for ethnological collections at the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, from J. E. Standley of Ye Olde Curiosity Shop.<ref>{{Harvnb|Duncan|2001|p=85 et. seq.}}.</ref> Eventually, the Heye collection was moved to the Heye Foundation's Museum of the American Indian at 155th Street and Broadway, which broke ground in May 1916. He had been encouraged to build there by Archer Milton Huntington, who had already established The Hispanic Society of America in its own building and sponsored a complex of cultural institutions.
In 1919, Heye founded the journal Indian Notes and Monographs. The Museum of the American Indian opened to the public in 1922. It closed in 1994, after the collection had been moved in 1989 to the Smithsonian Institution. In 1994 the George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of the American Indian opened in the former Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House near Battery Park in Lower Manhattan.
Heye died on January 20, 1957, at his house in the Ritz Tower in New York City.. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.
Museum of the American Indian
Heye created the Museum of the American Indian in 1916 in New York City and was its director until 1956. His collection of Native American materials was gathered over a period of 45 years. This collection became the basis of the National Museum of the American Indian. The largest and most comprehensive in the world, the collection contains over one million objects, particularly from Native Americans, Inuit and Alaskan Natives, and also other indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere.
The collection was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in 1989, which established the National Museum of the American Indian. (It now has two locations, in New York City and in Washington, DC.)
About one-third of the original collection has been repatriated under the National Museum of the American Indian Act. This federal legislation recognized that grave goods and other sacred items had been taken from Native American tribes without permission through archeological and other collecting expeditions. Artifacts were once stored in the Bronx in a building along the Interstate 95 corridor. After the land and building were sold, the property was cleared for redevelopment as private housing.
After 1930, the library of the Museum formed the bulk of the Native American Collection at the Huntington Free Library. The 40,000+ books and archival artifacts were sold to Cornell University in 2004.
Membership
American Anthropological Association
American Museum of Natural History
American Geographical Society
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The Explorers Club; he served twice as president, from 1922 to 1925 and 1928 to 1930
Publications
George G. Heye, Frederick W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper, The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia''. New York: Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1918.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Biography: Gustav Heye, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian
1874 births
1957 deaths
American collectors
Native American culture
Columbia School of Mines alumni
American people of German descent
Museum founders
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gustav%20Heye |
Ocosingo is a city and its surrounding municipality of the same name in the Mexican state of Chiapas.
Overview
The northeastern boundary of the municipality is the Usumacinta River, along a portion where the river forms the international border with Guatemala.
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 198,877, up from 170,280 as of 2005.
As of 2010, the city of Ocosingo had a population of 41,878, up from 35,065 as of 2005. Other than the city of Ocosingo, the municipality had 1,387 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Nueva Palestina (10,588), Frontera Corozal (5,184), Tenango (4,436), Abasolo (2,884), classified as urban, and Damasco (2,380), Taniperla (2,106), San Quintín (1,732), Cristóbal Colón (1,623), Santo Domingo (1,584), Cintalapa (1,571), Perla de Acapulco (1,527), Santa Elena (1,508), El Censo (1,500), El Sibal (1,472), Nuevo Francisco León (1,420), El Zapotal (1,385), Las Tazas (1,381), Sibaca (1,359), Arroyo Granizo (1,349), Ubilio García (1,318), El Limonar (1,289), Patria Nueva (San José el Contento) (1,282), Zaragoza (1,163), Los Pinos (1,073), Ramón F. Balboa (1,065), Agua Azul (1,064), Lacandón (1,062), El Tumbo (1,044), and Lacanjá Tzeltal (1,030), classified as rural.
Several notable Maya archaeological sites are located in the municipality, including Bonampak, Yaxchilan, and Toniná.
The western portion of the municipality is in the Chiapas Highlands. The Lacandon Forest covers the central and eastern foothills and lowlands. Protected areas in the municipality include Montes Azules and Nahá–Metzabok biosphere reserves.
History
Ocosingo was given city status on 31 July 1979.
Ocosingo rose to national prominence during the Zapatista uprising of 1994. It was occupied by the EZLN along with several other towns in Chiapas (including San Cristóbal). The EZLN retreated from most towns before the arrival of the Mexican army but not so in Ocosingo. Thus, the town saw several days of intense fighting, leaving dozens of rebels, soldiers and civilians dead.
The body of a recently graduated doctor, Mariana Sánchez Dávalos, 24, was found in Nueva Palestina, Ocosingo, on January 29, 2021. Two months earlier she had denounced a sexual attack that had not been followed up by the state prosecutor (FGE). The lack of civil authority in the area made her job "high risk". Her death was classified a suicide, despite evidence of violence and the fact that she had been choked. Doctors and medical students throughout the state demanded an investigation, and #JusticiaparaMariana went viral on social media. Hundreds, mostly women, marched in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, San Cristóbal de las Casas, and Tapachula on January 31 to demand justice. On February 1, Olga Sánchez Cordero, Secretary of the Interior (SEGOB), said that Sánchez Dávalos′s death would be investigated as a femicide. Mariana′s body was cremated on February 2 without the family′s authorization, impeding a complete investigation into her death. The director of the health center where Mariana worked was arrested on February 6 for her possible participation in the case.
References
Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
Chiapas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Municipalities of Chiapas
Chiapas Highlands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocosingo |
Lisserbroek is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies about 10 km southwest of Hoofddorp. It is located along the Ringvaart opposite the town of Lisse in the area called the "Dune and Bulb Region" (Duin- en Bollenstreek).
The village was first mentioned between 1280 and 1287 as "lisse inden broke", and means "swampy land near Lisse.
Gallery
References
Populated places in North Holland
Haarlemmermeer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisserbroek |
Algar is a city in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has 1,644 inhabitants. Algar is in the White Towns of Andalusia to an altitude of 212 meters.
Demographics
Monuments
Iglesia Parroquial de Santa María de Guadalupe.
Plaza de Toros de Algar.
Puerta de Alcalá.
Economy
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Fur trade
Wood
Rural tourism
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Algar
Algar - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
- Spanish village seeks Unesco world heritage status for outdoor chats
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algar%2C%20Andalusia |
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