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Alcalá del Valle is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2006 census, the city has a population of 5,355.
It is the last village along the Route of the White Villages, it serves as a bridge between the provinces of Cádiz and Málaga and also between the two national coasts, the Costa de la Luz and the Costa del Sol. Located in a valley crossed by numerous creeks that supply its inhabitants with fresh water, the village of Alcalá del Valle has views of the local natural environment, including nature reserves such as Tomillos or Las Errizas.
It has an important historical heritage, thanks to its "Mannerist-style" buildings. Local restaurants offer a variety of Mediterranean cuisine.
Geography limits
To North: Sierra de Mollina, Cerro de la Atalaya and the Arroyo de Tomillo
To South: the town, Setenil de las Bodegas;
To East: the Serranía de Ronda;
To West: the Guadalporcún river and Torre Alháquime.
Monuments and sights
Iglesia de Santa María del Valle
It is a baroque-style church dedicated to the patron of Alcalá. It was built between 17th and 18th century. The interior is divided into three naves separated by large archways. The facade has a stepped design with a bell tower and a clock. The church possessed different pieces of work, like La Tabla del Milagro, which was brought there during the reconstruction of Caños Santos and El Cristo de la Buena Muerte.
Ermita del Cristo de la Misericordia
This chapel is dedicated to Lord of Mercy. It is home to one of the brotherhoods, the "coloraos". It is considered as a place of worship for locals.
Grupo dolménico de la Dehesa del Tomillo
The megalith deposit is located in the north of the Dehesa del Tomillo. It has been excavated in 1983 by the Museo Provincial de Cádiz and is confirmed to have served burials during the catholic period before 2000 a. C. The dolmenic group indicates an early population in this part of the sierra gaditana. It consists of a group of three dolmens arranged in a circle with a monolithic entrance and can be related to other similar groups in the regions of Sevilla and Malaga.
The most outstanding object in this deposit is a menhir, a huge rock of sharp end placed vertically on a small tumulus of stones. This menhir is the only example of this type in the province of Cádiz.
Cortijo de La Cacería
At the municipal border, a little separated from the village, the Cortijo de La Cacería arises majestically. Its ancient appearance of a palace or a retreat can be explained by its former existence as residence of the marquis of Benamejí. The construction dates back to the XVI century. High walls are an example of precious stonework with volcanic rocks and stout masonry. The main courtyard is dominated by an impressive arcade. Above its pillars a second unit of arcs and double stairs is rising up. Today the Cortijo is mainly used to provide accommodation for mountain hunters.
Fuente Grande (Great Fountain)
This spring is known from the beginning of the Moorish settlement. Nowadays it is embellished and completely restored. Water from this source is natural and it flows through five pipes.
In the area of the Fuente Grande, there have been found the archaeological remains of the Roman era, demonstrating the existence of population in antiquity. Excavations are being carried out to determine the type of site, which appears to be a villa with annexes agricultural production and ceramics.
Monasterio de Caños Santos:
Caños Santos is a Convent-Monastery dating back to 16th century. It is situated only 6 kilometres from Alcalá and it offers views of the landscape.
The origins of the monastery of Caňos Santos are connected to the Celtic village of Caricus, which was reduced to a Visigoth hamlet. After the Islamic invasion its inhabitants hid an image of the virgin in the nearby mountains which was discovered in 1512 in the rocky cavity of a spring. A small chapel consecrated to Our Lady of Caňos Santos was built soon after and in the middle of the 16th century a monumental complex was built and it was inhabited by Franciscan friars due to the great devotion of the parishioners. Therefore, in its architecture there is a mixture of the original building and the renovations from the 17th and 18th centuries.
This convent building, under restoration with state and European funds, consists of a church of Baroque and mannerism style, and a cloister around which there are other buildings. The church tower stands out, erected on one side of the facade, as the best-preserved element. The stoned carved baptismal font that came from the old sanctuary and the polychrome high relief that depicts the discovery of the virgin in this place are also worthy of mention.
Declared a Bien de Interes Cultural (BIC), with the category of Monumental in 2001, the monumental building of Caňos Santos is located on a natural balcony with a grove of chestnut, elms and olive trees, and in its surroundings there is the cave where, according to the popular belief, the virgin who gives the name to the convent appeared in the springs.
Celebrations
Semana Santa
Romería de la Virgen del Valle
Romería de San Isidro Labrador
Feria y Fiestas de San Roque
Procesión de la Virgen del Valle
Carnavales
Economy
Olive
Esparto
Animal husbandry
Flora and fauna
Flora
Oak
Portuguese oak
Cistaceae
Spanish broom
Asparagus
Daphne
Fauna
Common swift
Great tit
Blue tit
Bonelli's eagle
Griffon vulture
Demographics
References
External links
Portal sobre Alcalá del Valle
Portal de los pueblos de la Serranía de Ronda
Alcalá del Valle - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1%20del%20Valle |
Krzekotów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Głogów, within Głogów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
It lies approximately north-east of Głogów, and north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
References
Villages in Głogów County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzekot%C3%B3w |
Marion de Lorme is a play in five acts, written in 1828 by Victor Hugo. It is about the famous French courtesan of that name, who lived under the reign of Louis XIII. The play was first performed in 1831 at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, but was later prohibited by King Charles X.
Synopsis
Act I
The Rendezvous. The play opens in 1638, in Blois, in the bedchamber of Marion De Lorme. Marion, famous Parisian courtesan, left the capital two months prior, to the despair of her lovers and admirers, and took refuge in Blois. Pressed by Saverny, who found her, she confesses that she has an appointment with a man named Didier who does not know who she is, and she knows nothing of his identity. She urges Saverny to leave. Didier arrives and confesses his love to Marion; he pressures her to marry him, although he has no fortune and is a foundling without a family. To the despair of Didier, Marion hesitates, judging herself unworthy. But she seems ready to yield when Didier reveals what he thinks of Marion Delorme, the famous courtesan:
Do you know what Marion Delorme is?
A woman, of beautiful body and deformed heart!
At this moment, shouts erupt from the alley. Saverny is attacked, and Didier rushes to help him, thereby earning the Marquis' thanks.
Act II
The Encounter. The scene is the door of a cabaret, where a group of gentlemen are exchanging news from Paris. They discuss the merit of the last pieces of Corneille, voice their hatred of the omnipresent and all-powerful Cardinal Richelieu, and the disappearance of Marion De Lorme. One of them related that she was last seen in Blois, relating the events of the first act, but she has since disappeared. A crier appears who proclaims an order of the king: duels are henceforth forbidden under pain of death.
Didier arrives at the cabaret, and a quarrel sparks between him and Saverny (who did not recognize him). They begin a duel, quickly interrupted by the entry of Marion, who screams and alerts the guard. Saverny, to save himself, feigns death. Didier is arrested.
Act III
The Comedians. The scene is the château de Genlis. Saverny enters, incognito, who related to the judge Laffemas the story of his own death. But during the conversation, Saverny learns that the man he fought with was Didier and that it was Marion's lover who saved his life. Shortly afterwards, Laffemas receives a letter announcing the escape of Didier, probably accompanied by Marion. He goes after them.
Marion and Didier enter. They have hidden themselves among a troupe of traveling comedians and are given roles. Didier is desperate to flee with Marion, and asks her again to marry him. Marion is spotted by Savergny, who passes the information to Laffemas. He realizes that the fugitive he seeks must be among the actors. Didier discovers that the woman he loves is none other than Marion de Lorme, the courtesan. Revolted, he denounces himself to Laffemas, who arrests him. Saverny, in an attempt to save Didier, unmasks himself, but he is arrested too.
Act IV
The King. The scene opens in the guard room of Chambord Castle. Laffemas attempts to seduce Marion, but is refused. Marion determines to rely upon the king. Louis XIII enters, furious with Cardinal Richelieu who ousted him from power. Marion and the Marquis de Nangis (Saverny's uncle) plead for a royal pardon for the two convicts. But the king is intractable; he refuses to oppose the cardinal. Left alone with the king, L'Angély, his jester, tries to persuade the King by convincing him that the two convicts are falconers (the king is keen on hunting). At his insistence, the king, weak and undecided, relents to pardon the two men, and Marion departs with the pardon in hand.
Act V
The Cardinal. The scene is the dungeon of Beaugency. Marion, bearing royal pardon, arrives to have Dider released; but the royal pardon has been revoked by the cardinal. Confronted with Laffemas, she finally gives in, and agrees to prostitute herself to him in exchange for Didier's freedom. The thing done, she enters the courtyard where Didier and Saverny are awaiting death, but Didier, still angry and revolted because he guesses what she had to do to get there, refuses to follow her. The guards arrive to escort them away. At the last moment, Didier confesses his love to Marion, who forgives him and asks for forgiveness. The condemned march towards torture. Marion remains alone on stage, and sees the litter of the cardinal, who has just been present at the execution.
Film adaptations
In 1912 a short silent film was made directed by Albert Capellani. In 1918 a second feature-length film Marion Delorme was produced, directed by Henry Krauss and starring Pierre Renoir and Jean Worms.
References
1831 plays
Plays by Victor Hugo
Plays set in the 17th century
Cultural depictions of Louis XIII | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20de%20Lorme%20%28Hugo%29 |
Alcalá de los Gazules is a city and municipality located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2006 census, the town has a population of 5,633 inhabitants. Alcalá de los Gazules is situated in the Sierra de Cádiz.
Although not officially one of the pueblos blancos, Alcalá is still listed, since 1984, as having Artistic-Historic status.
History
Alcalá de los Gazules was first populated by the Romans in CE189 and supplied them with food, oil, wine, and metal. During Roman occupation, the city was known as Lascuta. As the Roman empire weakened, the Vandals moved in and renamed the area Valdalusia but they lasted only twenty years, 409–429. They were followed by the Visigoths who left behind the impressive tower, the Mesa de Esparragal.
For many years until the Catholic Ferdinand and Isabella took control, at the end of the 15th century of the last Muslim kingdom in the south of Spain, there was a demarcation line between the Islamic and Christian regions, along which sat towns that are now known as the pueblos blancos, the white towns, and Alcalá was on the border. Many of these towns were fortified and Alcalá has a number of towers around its perimeter, now fallen into disrepair.
Following the Catholic consolidation in Spain, many mosques were knocked down and in Alcalá, the famous church of San Jorge in the top square was built in the mid-16th century on top of the ruins of the old mosque.
Demographics
Monuments and sights
Yacimiento Laja de los Hierros.
Yacimiento romano de la Mesa del Esparragal.
Depósitos romanos de la Salada.
Casa del Cabildo.
Iglesia Mayor Parroquial de San Jorge
Convento de Santa Clara.
Iglesia de San Francisco (Iglesia de la Victoria).
Convento de Santo Domingo.
Ermita-Santuario de Ntra. Sra. de los Santos.
Los Pozos.
Fuente de la Salada.
Puente Romano.
Casas señoriales.
Las tres torres.
Ermita de Nuestra Señora de los Santos
Church of La Victoria
Celebrations
Carnaval de Alcalá de los Gazules (late February-early March).
Semana Santa (the week leading up to Easter).
Festividad de San Jorge (23 April).
Concurso de Cante Flamenco (July).
International Classical Music Festival "Al-Kalat" (mid-August).
Feria de agosto (late August).
Romería de Nuestra Señora de los Santos (early September).
Octava de Nuestra Señora de los Santos.
Economy
Cork production
Agriculture
Beef cattle
Goats' Cheese production
Tourism
Hunting
Native people
Alejandro Sanz
Bibiana Aído
Alfonso Perales
Gallery
See also
Los Alcornocales Natural Park
References
External links
Ayuntamiento de Alcalá de los Gazules
Alcalá de los Gazules – Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz
Populated places established in the 2nd century | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1%20de%20los%20Gazules |
Aljaraque is a city located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2016 census, the city has a population of 20,745 inhabitants. In ancient times it was referred to as "Kalathousa" () by the Greeks.
Demographics
Aljaraque has received a steady influx of new settlers in the past few years, due to the property price increase in Huelva, and the urban area's quality of life.
Districts
Aljaraque contains the districts of Corrales, Bellavista, Dehesa Golf, and La Monacilla, most areas of which are urbanized.
Main sights
Church of Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios
Hermitage of Nuestra Señora de Los Remedios
Church of Nuestra Señora Reina del Mundo
Church of Nuestra Señora de Bellavista
Hermitage of San Sebastián
Archaeological site of Papa Uvas
Gallery
See also
List of municipalities of Spain
References
External links
Aljaraque - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva
Greek colonies in Iberia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljaraque |
Robin Riggs is a British-born comic book artist. The majority of his published work has involved working as an inker for Marvel Comics and DC Comics.
Career
Riggs' first professional comics work was as a result of winning the "Marvel Try-out Book" in the 1980s for lettering; prior to that, he had already been working as a graphic artist for several years.
Early work consisted of inking a lot of the Marvel UK titles during their expansion into the American market, including both Genetix series
His 2008 projects include providing the art for a five-issue "Sir Apropos of Nothing" story written by Peter David and published by IDW Publishing.
Personal life
Riggs is married to Elayne Riggs, who has appeared with her husband at conventions.
Bibliography
Captain Planet and the Planeteers #6 (inks, with author Pat Kelleher and pencils by Dave Taylor, Marvel Comics, 1992)
Genetix (Marvel UK):
Codename: Genetix (1993)
Genetix (1993–1994)
Death's Head II #5, 14 (Marvel UK, 1993, 1994)
Super Soldiers #8 (Marvel UK, 1993)
Cyberspace 3000 #6 (Marvel UK, 1993)
Death Wreck #1 (Marvel UK, 1994)
X-Men Unlimited #5-7 (Marvel Comics, 1994)
The Incredible Hulk #425-432, 436–446 (Marvel Comics, 1995–1996)
Supergirl: Louder Than Words #65 (with Leonard Kirk DC Comics, 2002)
Suicide Squad: Raise the Flag (DC Comics, 2007–2008)
Tangent: Superman's Reign #2-5 (DC Comics, 2008)
Notes
References
External links
Robin Riggs' online portfolio
Robin Riggs' autobiography
People from Bexhill-on-Sea
Living people
1961 births
British comics artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Riggs |
Almonaster la Real is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city had a population of 1,805 inhabitants.
Demographics
Monuments
Mosque, 9th-10th century
As the Arab name Al-Munastir suggests, the Mosque was built on the site of a Christian monastery and incorporates some of the fabric of a visigothic basilica. It is one of the few surviving Spanish rural mosques of Umayyad date (10th century, possibly 9th).
It is an oddly-shaped building, made of brick and stone in a trapezoidal shape, probably because of the hilly terrain.
The prayer hall consists of a central nave and aisles divided by brick arcades, resting on rectangular stone pillars or reused Roman columns, with at least one re-employed Roman Corinthian capital. The central nave is wider than the two adjacent aisles, which are in turn wider than the outer aisles. The brick Mihrab projects into the southern flank. A small courtyard was cut out of the rock in the north-east corner, and contains a stone basin that was once used for ritual ablutions. The detached rectangular minaret on the north side has been converted into a bell tower. The eastern apse and sacristy and western porch were also added when the building was turned into a church. Sixteen undated graves were found under the floor.
What little light it would have had would have come in via the patio, the door and three narrow windows, two to the left of the Mihrab and two to the right.
See also
Tharsis-La Zarza mining basin
References
External links
Almonaster la Real - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonaster%20la%20Real |
Education in Turkey is governed by a national system which was established in accordance with the Atatürk's Reforms. It is a state-supervised system designed to produce a skillful professional class for the social and economic institutes of the nation.
Compulsory education lasts 12 years. Primary and secondary education is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between the ages of 6 and 19. Secondary or high school education is not mandatory but required in order to then progress to universities. Turkey has over 200 universities as of 2022. ÖSYS, after which high school graduates are assigned to university according to their performance.
Turkey has 97% of primary school enrollment among all eligible children as of 2019. This number has significantly dropped with the Syrian refugee crisis. Many Syrian children left school during the crisis.
In 2002, the total expenditure on education in Turkey amounted to $13.4 billion, including the state budget allocated through the National Ministry of Education and private and international funds. The share of national wealth invested in educational institutions is higher in Turkey than average among OECD countries. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey is the main national body of R&D in Turkey.
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that when taking into consideration Turkey's income level, the nation is achieving 61.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 86.1% for secondary education.
History
After the foundation of the Turkish Republic the organization of the Ministry of Education gradually developed and was reorganized with the Law no 2287 issued in 1933. The Ministry changed its names several times. It fell under the Ministry of Culture (1935–1941) and was named Ministry of National Education, Youth, and Sports (1983–1989). Since then it has been called the Ministry of National Education. Before the Republic, education institutions were far from having a national character. Schools were organized in three separate channels which were vertical institutions independent of each other. The first and the most common in this organization were the district schools and madrasas based on the teaching of the Quran the Arabian language and memorizing, the second were the Reform schools and high schools supporting innovation and the third were the colleges and minority schools with foreign language education.
The Law of Integration of Education, no 430 was issued on 3 March 1924. With this law, the three separate channels were combined, the first one was closed, the second was developed and the third one was taken under the inspection and monitoring of the Ministry of Education. One of its aims was to apply secularism in the area of education. By the law for the Education Organization no 789 issued on 22 March 1926 the Ministry of National Education was given responsibility for defining the degrees and equalities of the public and private schools already opened or to be opened by a ministry other than the Ministry of National Education. This Law brought new arrangements such as "no school can be opened in Turkey without the permission and agreement of the Ministry of National Education" or "curricula shall be prepared by the Ministry of National Education". The vocational-technical education institutions formerly directed by local governments were put under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education.
In 1923–24, there were in Turkey, slightly more than 7,000 secondary school students, almost 3,000 high school students, some 2,000 technical school students and officially 18,000 medrese students of whom 6,000 are claimed to be actual students and the rest who registered to be excluded from military service. The population of Turkey was at that moment some 13–14 million.
On 1 November 1928, Law no 1353 introducing a new Latin-based alphabet was accepted. In 1931, the Turkish Association of History, and in 1932, the Turkish Language Association were established to protect Turkish from influences of foreign languages, improve it as science suggests and prevent misuse of the Turkish language. The Republican Turkish authorities initially had twelve education districts headed by people appointed by the ministry, but later gave more power to local authorities, with education directors appointed by provincial authorities.
there were 5,100 schools in 1923, this figure increased to 58,800 in 2001
there were 361,500 students in 1923, this number increased to 16 million in 2001
in 1923 12,200 teachers were employed, this number increased to 578,800 in 2001.
in 1924 there were 479 medrese (Islamic schools); on average each one of them had approximately 1 or 1.5 hoca (teacher). All medrese were closed down that year by the law of Tevhid-i Tedrisat.
In 1938 mobile courses for women were organized in order to support the further education of the rural female population. Youths who finished primary school as well women to the age of 45 were admitted to take part in these courses. A course lastet for 8 months and then the teachers travelled on to a next village. Between 1940 and 1974 almost 305,000 women took part in 13,429 courses. About 240,000 graduated from the courses with success.
Until 1997 children in Turkey were obliged to take five years of education. The 1997 reforms introduced compulsory education for eight years. New legislation introduced in March 2012 prolonged compulsory education to 12 years ().
In July 2017, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government presented a new curriculum for schools, inter alia removing evolution theory and adding the concept of jihad as part of Islamic law in books.
Pre-primary education
Pre-primary education includes the optional education of children between 36 and 72 months who are under the age of compulsory primary education. Pre-primary education institutions, independent nurseries, are opened as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity. Services related to pre-primary education are given by nurseries, kindergartens, practical classes opened first and foremost by the Ministry of National Education and by day-centers, nursery schools, day care houses, child care houses and child care institutions opened by various ministries and institutions for care or education purposes based on the provisions of ten laws, two statutes and ten regulations. In the academic year 2001–2002, 256,400 children were being educated and 14,500 teachers were employed in 10,500 pre-primary education institutions.
Primary education
Primary school () lasts 8 years. Primary education covers the education and teaching directed to children between 6–14, is compulsory for all citizens, boys or girls, and is given free of charge in public schools. Primary education institutions are schools that provide eight years of uninterrupted education, at the end of which graduates receive a primary education diploma. The first four years of primary school is sometimes referred to as "First School, 1st Level" () but both are correct.
There are four core subjects at first, second and third grades which are Turkish, mathematics, (literally meaning "life knowledge"), and foreign language. At fourth grade, is replaced by science and social studies. The foreign language taught at schools changes from school to school. The most common one is English, while some schools teach German, French or Spanish instead of English. Some private schools teach two foreign languages at the same time.
Earlier the term "middle school" () was used for the three years education to follow the then compulsory five years at "First School" (). Now the second four years of primary education are sometimes referred to as "First School, 2nd Level" () but both are correct. Primary schools may be public or private. Public schools are free but private schools' admission fees change from school to school. Foreign languages taught at private schools are usually at a higher level than at public schools since most private schools prefer hiring native speakers as teachers.
There are five core subjects at sixth and seventh grades: Turkish, mathematics, science, social studies, and foreign language. At eighth grade, social studies is replaced by "Turkish History of Revolution and Kemalism" ().
In the academic year 2001–2002, 10.3 million students were being educated and 375,500 teachers were employed in 34,900 schools.
Secondary education
Secondary education includes all of the general, vocational and technical education institutions that provide at least three years of education after primary school. The system for being accepted to a high school changes almost every year. Sometimes private schools have different exams, sometimes there are 3 exams for 3 years, sometimes there's only one exam but it is calculated differently, sometimes they only look at your school grades. Secondary education aims to give students a good level of common knowledge, and to prepare them for higher education, for a vocation, for life and for business in line with their interests, skills and abilities. In the academic year 2001–2002 2.3 million students were being educated and 134,800 teachers were employed in 6,000 education institutions.
General secondary education covers the education of children between 15 and 17 for at least three years after primary education. General secondary education includes high schools, foreign language teaching high schools, Anatolian High Schools, high schools of science, Anatolia teacher training high schools, and Anatolia fine arts high schools.
Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas, prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education. Vocational and technical secondary education includes technical education schools for boys, technical education schools for girls, trade and tourism schools, religious education schools, multi-program high schools, special education schools, private education schools and health education schools.
Secondary education is often referred as high school education, since the schools are called lyceum (tr: lise).
In public high schools and vocational high schools, students attend six classes each day, which last for approximately 40 minutes each. In Anatolian high schools and private high schools, the daily programme is typically longer, up to eight classes each day, also including a lunch period. All 9th graders are taught the same classes nationwide, with minor differences in certain cases. These classes are: Turkish language, Turkish literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geometry, world history, geography, religion & ethics, physical education, a foreign language (in most cases English), a second foreign language (most commonly German but could be French, Italian, Japanese, Arabic, Russian, or Chinese).
When students enter the 11th grade, they typically choose one of four tracks: Turkish language–mathematics, science, social sciences, and foreign languages. In vocational high schools, no tracks are offered, while in science high schools only the science tracks are offered. Different schools may have different policies; some, but not many, schools offer electives instead of academic tracks, giving students a wider range of options. For the 10th, 11th and 12th grade, the compulsory courses are: Turkish language, Turkish literature and republican history. In addition to that, students may be taught the following classes, depending on the track they choose and/or the high school they attend: mathematics, geometry, statistics, physics, biology, chemistry, geography, philosophy, psychology, sociology, economy, logic, arts and music, traffic and health, computer, physical education, first and second foreign language.
The students used to be given a diploma for the academic track they had chosen, which gave them an advantage if they wanted to pursue their higher education in the corresponding fields, as the University Entrance Exam scores were weighted according to the student's track. (e.g. A science student would have an advantage over a Turkish-Mathematics student when applying for Medicine). As of the 2010–2011 educational year, all high school students are given the standard high school diploma.
At the end of high school, following the 12th grade, students take a high school finishing examination and they are required to pass this in order to take the University Entrance Exam and continue their studies at a university. There are four score types for different academic fields, including but not limited to:
Turkish language–mathematics: international relations, law, education, psychology, economy, business management, and similar.
Science: engineering, computer science, medicine, and other science-related professions.
Social sciences: history, geography, and education.
Foreign languages: language/linguistics and language teaching.
International education
The International Baccalaureate has been available in Turkey since 1994 when the first school was authorized by the IB and 53 schools now offer one or more of the IB programmes.
Vocational education
Vocational and technical secondary education involves the institutions that both raise students as manpower in business and other professional areas, prepare them for higher education and meet the objectives of general secondary education. Vocational and technical secondary education includes technical education schools for boys, technical education schools for girls, trade and tourism schools, religious education schools, multi-program high schools, special education schools, private education schools and health education schools. In the academic year 2001–2002, 821,900 students were being educated and 66,100 teachers were employed in 3,400 vocational and technical secondary education schools.
According to Article 37 of Vocational Education Law no 3308, the Ministry of National Education is organizing vocational courses in order to prepare the people who have left the formal education system and do not possess the qualifications required for employment for any vacant positions in the business sector. Based on apprenticeship training programs, the Ministry of National Education pays the insurance premiums against occupational accidents, sicknesses during the vocational period and other sicknesses of participants attending courses in relation to their occupation. These participants may take experienced apprenticeship exams after the education they have received and the work they have performed are evaluated according to the Regulations for Evaluating the Certificates and Diplomas in Apprenticeship and Vocational Training.
People who work in the 109 branches mentioned in Law no 3308, have finished primary education and are below the age of 14 may receive training as candidate apprentices or apprentices. Law no 4702 gives apprenticeship training opportunity to those over 19. The period of apprentice training changes between 2–4 years depending on the nature of vocations.
Adolescents who have not attended the formal education system or left the system at any stage may take the experienced apprenticeship exam after 1 year of adaptation training, provided they had reached the age of 16 at the date when the said profession was included in the coverage of law. Those at the age of 18 may directly take the experienced apprenticeship exam, if a certificate is provided to prove that he/she is working in the related profession.
Those who graduate from vocational and technical secondary education institutions or from vocational and technical schools and institutions may take proficiency exam in their own professions.
Graduates of technical high school or of 4-year programs in vocational and technical schools and institutions are given a certificate to start businesses with the privileges and responsibilities of a proficiency certificate. In 2001, 248,400 apprentices were being educated and 5,100 teachers were employed in 345 vocational training centers.
International students
In recent years, Turkey has become a popular destination for international students. The main reasons are the affordable tuition fees compared to destinations of similar reputation such as Eastern Europe and easier accessibility for international students. Applicants can take the YÖS exam, Turkish university entrance exam for foreign students, or apply with international university admissions such as SAT or high school diploma.
The new system: 4+4+4
In March 2012 the Grand National Assembly passed new legislation on primary and secondary education usually termed as "4+4+4" (4 years primary education, first level, 4 years primary education, second level and 4 years secondary education). Children will begin their primary education in the first month of September following their sixth birthdays and will come to a close during the school year in which students turn 14 years old.
The primary education stages, which includes the first two stages of four years' education each, will entail four years of mandatory elementary education, followed by an additional mandatory four years of middle school education, in which students will be able to choose whether they want to study at a general education middle school or a religious vocational middle school, which are referred to as Imam Hatip schools. The new legislation includes the reopening of Imam Hatip middle schools.
Primary education establishments will be set up separately as independent elementary schools and middle schools.
Universities
Higher education includes all levels of institutions giving education past the secondary school level for a period of at least 17 years.
Higher education institutions include:
Universities
Faculties
Institutes
Higher education schools
Vocational higher education schools
Conservatories
Application and research centers
In the 1930s, at the suggestion of Albert Einstein, the Atatürk government hired over a thousand established academics, including world renowned émigré professors escaping the Nazi takeover in Germany. Most were in medicine, mathematics, and natural science, plus a few in the faculties of law and the arts. Germany's exiled professors served as directors in eight of twelve Istanbul's basic science Institutes, as well as six directors of Istanbul's seventeen clinics at the Faculty of Medicine.
In the academic year 2001–2002 there were 76 universities, 53 of which belonged to the state and 23 to foundations. In these institutions 66,700 personnel were working, 63,000 in state universities and 3,700 in others.
After the national university entrance examination organized by the national examining body students, if they succeed, continue with their studies at a university. Foreign students take the Yös exam or provide equivalent credentials approved by the Higher Education Council (YÖK).
Universities provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies, while graduate programs last a minimum of two years. Some universities also ask for an additional year of English preparatory study to be completed before the start of studies, unless an exemption examination is passed.
There are around 820 higher education institutions including universities with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state for public institutions that make up the bulk of the tertiary education system. There are 167 universities in Turkey, which are classified as either public or foundational (private) and 373,353 students were graduated from these universities in 2006. Public universities typically charge very low fees while private foundation universities are highly expensive with fees that can reach $30,000 per annum. Since 1998, universities have been given greater autonomy and were encouraged to raise funds through partnerships with industry.
The quality of education at the Turkish universities varies greatly, some providing education and facilities on par with internationally renowned schools (the technical universities are often compared with universities in the United States, and are regularly visited by the US Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and their engineering programs deemed substantially equivalent to comparable programs in the US.
Turkish universities actively participate in the Socrates – Erasmus program of the European Commission, aiming to increase student and academician mobility within the European Union, the European Economic Area countries, and other EU candidate states. An increasing number of Turkish university students complete a part of their studies abroad at other participating countries' universities, and Turkish universities receive students of the same status from abroad.
With the passage of law 2547, the rectors of all the public universities are appointed jointly by the faculty, Higher Education Council and the President of Turkey. The former president, Abdullah Gül, suggested that the system might be changed to eliminate the Higher Education Council and political influence.
Research
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) coordinates basic and applied research and development, acting on proposed policies by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA). There are more than 60 research institutes and organizations. Turkey's R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, health, biotechnology, nuclear technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.
Private schools
In the Turkish education system, private schools may be grouped into four.
Private Turkish schools: In these schools, which are opened by real or corporate bodies of Turkish nationality, public education programs at pre-primary, primary and secondary education levels are given.
Private schools for minorities: These have been established in the Ottoman Empire period by Greek, Armenian and Jewish minorities and were placed under guarantee by the terms of the Lausanne Treaty. These schools are attended by students at pre-primary, primary and secondary education levels who belong to these minority classes and are of the Turkish nationality.
Private foreign schools: These are schools established during the Ottoman Empire by French, German, Italian, Austrian and American people who continue their activities under the terms of the Lausanne Treaty. Today these schools are attended by Turkish children.
Private international education institutions: They have been opened and are active as per the provisions in the amended article 5 of the Law no. 625.
There are many dershane in cities. They will transform into academic high schools in 2015, as the new law requires.
Religious education
De-establishment
In 1927, all courses concerning religion were excluded from the curriculum of primary, secondary, and high schools on the basis that non-Muslims also live in Turkey. Between 1927 and 1949, religious instruction was not permitted in schools. In 1949, the Ministry of Education allowed a course on religion in 4th and 5th grades of primary school.
Re-establishment
In 1956, as a result of multi-party democracy, a new government was established. Being more sympathetic towards the religious sentiments of society, this new government introduced a religion course into secondary schools. This time, if the parents wanted to exempt their children from the course, they had to apply to the school with a written request. After nearly ten years, in 1967, the religion course was introduced to the 1st and 2nd grades of high school. Students, however, were enrolled for the course with the written request of their parents. In 1975, the course was extended to the third (last) grade of the high schools. And, finally, following the military coup in 1980, the religion course became schools was also constitutionally secured. The exact title of the course was, "The Culture of Religion and Knowledge of Ethics."
In 1985, the Institute for Creation Research, a United States creationist group, helped advise Turkey's education minister Vehbi Dinçerler on how to introduce creationism in high schools. Turkish academics have stated that the resulting ignorance of evolution led to Turkey coming last in a survey that measured knowledge of evolution in 34 industrialised nations.
Currently, religious education courses begin at the 4th grade (age10) of primary school and continues throughout secondary and high schools. From the 4th to the 8th grade, classes consist of two hours per week. At the high school level, there is one hour of class per week Thus, a student who has graduated from high school receives 8 continuous years of religion courses. There are no fixed books for the course. Rather, each school decides which book to follow—provided that the book for each level is approved by the Ministry of Education. Nearly half of the content of these courses concerns religion and Islam (whom majority are Muslims) with remaining topics ranging from secularism to humanism and from ethical values to etiquette. The major world religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism are included in the content of the course.
Foreign languages
The most common foreign language is English, which in public schools is taught from 2nd grade (age 8) onwards through to the end of high school. In high school a second foreign language is introduced. However the number of lessons given in public schools is minimal compared to private schools, which begin teaching English in kindergarten, have two or three times as many English lessons in the timetable, and in many cases employ native speakers of English as teachers.
In 2011 the Ministry of Education, under pressure from the Prime Minister to improve the learning of English in Turkey, announced that the approach to language would be thoroughly revised, part of which would include a plan to hire 40,000 foreigners as language assistants in public schools. As a result of the poor standards achieved by the public system many students take an intensive English language "prep year" when entering university. These are offered by both state and private universities throughout Turkey.
In 2012, the Ministry of Education included Kurdish (based on both Kurmanji and Zazaki dialects) to the academic programme of the basic schools as optional classes from the fifth year on.
Later, the Ministry of Education also included Abkhaz, Adyghe, Standard Georgian, and Laz languages in 2013, and Albanian as well as Bosnian languages in February 2017.
In 2015, the Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016–17 academic year, Arabic courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning Arabic by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.
Indoctrination
Turkish education system requires students to be educated on the basis of Turkish nationalism in Atatürk's thought (Atatürk milliyetçiliği) and aims to create individuals who are committed to laique, democratic values of Turkey.During Atatürk's presidency, schools to Turkefy the Kurds such as the Elazig Girls' Institute were set up. In the late 1990s, the National Security Council, which at the time was dominated by a secular military, demanded the administration of the Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan to carry out regulations aiming to curb rising Islamic fundamentalism.
Every weekday early in the morning student oath was to be sung by students until it was abolished in 2013. In every classroom, a portrait of Atatürk, lyrics of the National Anthem and text of Atatürk's Address to Turkish Youth are hung high up at the wall. In history lessons, nationalistic values are promoted and denialism of Armenian genocide is taught.
Criticism
Education
Constant alterations of education system in Turkey has caused controversy. In 2005 preparatory classes for foreign languages were abolished with only a few high school being exempt from. The examination system for entrance to high schools and universities has been constantly changed since the early 2000s. 17 thousand students getting full scores in first session of TEOG ("transition [exam] from basic education to secondary education") has also caused controversy. Counselor of Ministry of National Education Yusuf Tekin answered this concern by stating students who get full scores in both sessions must be treated as people actually taking the first place which 665 such students exist. Reduction of topics about Atatürk, downgrading in positive sciences teaching and promotion of religious content has drawn reactions.
School meals
In late 2010, a group of students brought food to school from home and shared their meal with each other in order to boycott the school canteen due to the rising prices which resulted in 3 students being taken into police custody. In early 2012, another school canteen was boycotted in a similar manner which resulted in one student being expelled from the school due to him "giving information to the press and distributing leaflets without obtaining permission from the school principality". In 2018, school canteens were criticised for selling banned products such as chocolate-covered wafer, cakes, and plastic toys which were designated to be unhealthy for children.
Textbooks
Although the government distributes free textbooks, there is a high demand for private textbooks due to the low quality of state-approved textbooks. The purchase of private textbooks is not obligatory, nevertheless, families feel compelled to buy them so that their children receive a better education. As of 2019, the total cost of private textbooks for a student can be about . The usage of private textbooks in schools is officially prohibited.
See also
Nation's schools
References
External links
OECD Education Policy Outlook: Turkey
Guide For International Students
Ministry of National Education
Population and Development Indicators, by the Turkish Statistical Institute, Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish and English)
National Education Statistics Formal Education 2012– 2013
Information on education in Turkey, OECD - Contains indicators and information about Turkey and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
Diagram of Turkish education system, OECD - Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. Also in Turkish
Turkish Education: Same Old Religious Obsession, Only Worse Burak Bekdil, Gatestone Institute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20Turkey |
The following lists events that happened during 1960 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,403,600.
Increase since 31 December 1959: 43,900 (1.86%).
Males per 100 females: 101.0.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.
Government
The 32nd New Zealand Parliament continued. In power was the Second Labour government under Walter Nash. The general election saw the governing Labour Party defeated by a twelve-seat margin, and replaced by the Second National government.
Speaker of the House – Robert Macfarlane.
Prime Minister – Walter Nash then Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jerry Skinner then Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Arnold Nordmeyer then Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Walter Nash then Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Rex Mason, then Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Keith Holyoake (National) until 12 December, then Walter Nash (Labour)
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey
Events
Passing of the Waitangi Day Act 1960, first step towards a national day.
26 November: 1960 New Zealand general election
Arts and literature
Maurice Duggan wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1960 in art, 1960 in literature
Music
See: 1960 in music
Radio and television
1 June: At 7.30 pm New Zealand's first official television transmission begins. For the first six weeks programs are limited to two hours a night and two nights a week. In mid-July this is extended to four nights a week. A television licence fee of £4 per year is introduced in August.
Film
See: :Category:1960 film awards, 1960 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1960 films
Sport
See: 1960 in sports, :Category:1960 in sports
Athletics
Ray Puckett wins his third national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:23:12.6 on 8 March in Invercargill.
Chess
The 67th National Chess Championship was held in Dunedin, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland.
Cricket
The Australian team toured but games against the national side did not have Test status.
Plunket Shield was won by Canterbury (1959-1960 season)
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – False Step (3rd win)
Auckland Trotting Cup – Damian
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.
Men's singles champion – Stanley Snedden (Linwood Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – E.H. Taylor, Pete Skoglund (skip) (Carlton Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – H. Roy, J. Scott, B. Moore, Bill O'Neill (skip) (Carlton Bowling Club)
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
New Zealand enters 38 competitors in nine sports, winning two gold (Peter Snell – Athletics, Men's 800m, Murray Halberg – Athletics, Men's 5,000m) and one bronze (Barry Magee – Athletics, Men's Marathon) medals.
Winter Olympics
New Zealand enters the Winter Olympics for the second time, with a team of four competitors.
Rugby league
New Zealand national rugby league team
Rugby League World Cup
Rugby union
The All Blacks toured South Africa, losing the four-test series 2–1 with one game drawn.
25 June, Ellis Park, Johannesburg: New Zealand 0 – 13 South Africa
23 July, Newlands, Cape Town: New Zealand 11 – 3 South Africa
13 Aug, Free State Stadium, Blomfontein: New Zealand 11 – 11 South Africa
27 August, Boet Erasmus, Port Elizabeth: New Zealand 3 – 8 South
Ranfurly Shield: Auckland managed successful defences against Thames Valley (22-6) and Counties (14-3) before losing to North Auckland, 17–11. North Auckland managed to defend the shield against Poverty Bay, (24-3) before losing 3–6 to Auckland. Auckland held the shield for the remainder of the season, beating Manawatu (31-8), Bay of Plenty (9-6), Wellington (22-9), Taranaki (25-6) and Canterbury (19-18).
Soccer
The national men's team made a short tour to Tahiti.
5 September, Papeete: NZ 5 – 1 Tahiti
8 September, Papeete: NZ 8 – 0 Tahiti Juniors
12 September, Papeete: NZ 2 – 1 Tahiti
Chatham Cup won by North Shore United, who beat Technical Old Boys (of Christchurch) 5–3 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: North Shore United
Bay of Plenty: Kahukura
Buller: Waimangaroa United
Canterbury: Western
Franklin: Papatoetoe
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Athletic
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Thistle
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Hamilton Technical OB
Wairarapa: YMCA
Wanganui: Blue Rovers
Wellington: Railways
West Coast: Cobden-Kohinoor
Births
21 January: Phil Horne, cricketer
15 February: Michael James "Jock" Hobbs, rugby player and administrator
6 April: Richard Loe, rugby player
10 April – Rex Wilson, long-distance runner
2 May – Rhys Jones, New Zealand Army officer
14 May: Frank Nobilo, golfer
7 June: Lianne Dalziel, politician
15 July: Gary Robertson, cricketer
9 September: Chris White, rower
29 September: Tau Henare, politician
1 November: Jenny Bornholdt, poet
17 December: Steve Walsh, long jumper
26 December: Temuera Morrison, actor
Deaths
17 January Andrew Kennaway Henderson, illustrator, cartoonist and pacifist. (b. 1879)
1 June Alfred Murdoch, politician. (b. 1877)
25 July Edgar Neale, politician. (b. 1889)
10 September: Sir Harold Gillies, plastic surgery pioneer (b. 1882)
8 October Sir William Polson, politician. (b. 1875)
29 November Sir Andrew Hamilton Russell, soldier. (b. 1868)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
1960s decade study (NZHistory website)
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Russula emetica, commonly known as the sickener, emetic russula, or vomiting russula, is a basidiomycete mushroom, and the type species of the genus Russula. It has a red, convex to flat cap up to in diameter, with a cuticle that can be peeled off almost to the centre. The gills are white to pale cream, and closely spaced. A smooth white stem measures up to long and thick. First described in 1774, the mushroom has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on the ground in damp woodlands in a mycorrhizal association with conifers, especially pine.
The mushroom's common names refer to the gastrointestinal distress they cause when consumed raw. The flesh is extremely peppery, but this offensive taste, along with its toxicity, can be removed by parboiling or pickling. Although it used to be widely eaten in Russia and eastern European countries, it is generally not recommended for consumption. There are many similar Russula species that have a red cap with white stem and gills, some of which can be reliably distinguished from R. emetica only by microscopic characteristics.
Taxonomy
Russula emetica was first officially described as Agaricus emeticus by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones. Christian Hendrik Persoon placed it in its current genus Russula in 1796, where it remains. According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, Agaricus russula is a synonym of R. emetica that was published by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, two years earlier than Schaeffer's description. However, this name is unavailable as Persoon's name is sanctioned. Additional synonyms include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Amanita rubra (1783), and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's subsequent new combination Agaricus ruber (1805). The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek
emetikos/εμετικος 'emetic' or 'vomit-inducing'. Similarly, its common names of sickener, emetic russula, and vomiting russula also refer to this attribute.
Russula emetica is the type species of the genus Russula. According to Rolf Singer's infrageneric classification of Russula, it is also the type of the section Russula. In an alternative classification proposed by Henri Romagnesi, it is the type species of subsection Emeticinae. A molecular analysis of European Russula species determined that R. emetica groups in a clade with R. raoultii, R. betularum, and R. nana; a later analysis confirmed the close phylogenetic relationship between R. emetica and the latter two Russulas.
Description
The sticky cap of R. emetica is wide, with a shape ranging from convex (in young specimens) to flattened, sometimes with a central depression, and sometimes with a shallow umbo. It is a bright scarlet or cherry red, and in maturity, the margins have fine radial grooves extending towards the center of the cap. The cuticle can be readily peeled from the cap almost to the centre. The brittle flesh is white (or tinged with red directly under the cap cuticle), measures thick, and has a very sharp and peppery taste. Gills are closely spaced, white to creamy-white, and have an attachment to the stem ranging from adnate to adnexed or completely free. They are intervenose (containing cross-veins in the spaces between the gills) and occasionally forked near the cap margin. Fruit bodies have a slightly fruity or spicy smell.
The white stem measures long by thick, and is roughly the same width throughout its length, although it can be a bit thicker near the base. Its surface is dry and smooth, sometimes marked by faint longitudinal grooves. It is either stuffed (filled with a cottony pith) or partially hollow, and lacks a ring or partial veil.
Russula emetica produces a white to yellowish-white spore print. Spores are roughly elliptical to egg-shaped, with a strongly warted and partially reticulate (web-like) surface. They have dimensions of 8.8–11.0 by 6.6–8 μm, and are amyloid, meaning that they will stain blue, bluish-grey, to blackish in Melzer's reagent. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, hyaline (translucent), and measure 32.9–50 by 9.0–11.6 μm. Cystidia located on the gill face (pleurocystidia) are somewhat cylindrical to club-shaped or somewhat spindle-shaped, and measure 35–88 by 7.3–12.4 μm. They are yellowish, and contain granular contents. Cheilocystidia (found on the edges of the gills), which are similar in shape to the pleurocystidia, are thin-walled, hyaline, and measure 14–24 by 4.4–7.3 μm. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae.
The red pigments of this and other russulas are water-soluble to some degree, and fruit bodies will often bleach or fade with rain or sunlight; the cap colour of older specimens may fade to pink or orange, or develop white blotches. The main pigment responsible for the red colour of the fruit bodies is called russularhodin, but little is known of its chemical composition.
Toxicity
As its name implies, the sickener is inedible, though not as dangerous as sometimes described in older mushroom guides. The symptoms are mainly gastrointestinal in nature: nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, and colicky abdominal cramps. These symptoms typically begin half an hour to three hours after ingestion of the mushroom, and usually subside spontaneously, or shortly after the ingested material has been expelled from the intestinal tract. The active agents have not been identified but are thought to be sesquiterpenes, which have been isolated from the related genus Lactarius and from Russula sardonia. Sesquiterpenoids that have been identified from R. emetica include the previously known compounds lactarorufin A, furandiol, methoxyfuranalcohol, and an unnamed compound unique to this species.
The bitter taste does disappear on cooking and it is said to then be edible, though consumption is not recommended. The mushroom used to be widely eaten in eastern European countries and Russia after parboiling (which removes the toxins), and then salting or pickling. In some regions of Hungary and Slovakia, the cap cuticle is removed and used as a spice for goulash. Both the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) and the American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) are known to forage for, store and eat R. emetica. Other creatures that have been documented consuming the mushroom include the snail Mesodon thyroidus, several species of slugs (including Arion ater, A. subfuscus, A. intermedius, Limax maximus, L. cinereoniger, and Deroceras reticulatum), the fruit flies Drosophila falleni and D. quinaria, and the fungus gnat Allodia bipexa.
Similar species
Russula emetica is one of over 100 red-capped Russula species known worldwide. The related beechwood sickener (R. nobilis) is found under beech in Europe. Many, such as the bloody brittlegill (R. sanguinaria), are inedible; this species can be distinguished from R. emetica by the reddish flush in its stem. Among the edible lookalikes, there is R. padulosa, commonly found in Europe and North America. R. aurea has a yellow stem, gills and flesh under its red cap. The edible R. rugulosa—common in mixed woods in the eastern and northern United States—has a wrinkled and pimpled cap cuticle, cream spores, and mild taste. Another inedible species, R. fragilis, has notched gills, and its stem stains blue with naphthol. The uncommon European subspecies R. emetica longipes is distinguished by its longer stem and ochre gills. The paler European mushroom R. betularum, found in coniferous forests and moorland, is sometimes considered a subspecies of R. emetica. R. nana is restricted in distribution to arctic and subarctic highland meadows where dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) or alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) are abundant.
Distribution and habitat
Like all species of Russula, R. emetica is mycorrhizal, and forms mutually beneficial partnerships with roots of trees and certain herbaceous plants. Preferred host plants are conifers, especially pines. Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups in sphagnum moss near bogs, and in coniferous and mixed forests. The fungus occasionally fruits on humus or on very rotten wood. The mushroom is known from North Africa, Asia and Europe and can be locally very common. There is some doubt over the extent of its range in North America, as some sightings refer to the related R. silvicola; initially the name "Russula emetica" was often applied to any red-capped white Russula. Sightings in Australia are now referred to the similarly coloured R. persanguinea.
A multi-year field study of the growth of R. emetica production in a scots pine plantation in Scotland found that total productivity was 0.24–0.49 million mushrooms per hectare per year (roughly 0.1–0.2 million mushrooms/acre/year), corresponding to a fresh weight of 265–460 kg per hectare per year (49–85 lb/acre/year). Productivity was highest from August to October. The longevity of the mushrooms was estimated to be 4–7 days. In a study of the fungal diversity of ectomycorrhizal species in a Sitka spruce forest, R. emetica was one of the top five dominant fungi. Comparing the frequency of fruit body production between 10-, 20-, 30-, or 40-year-old forest stands, R. emetica was most prolific in the latter.
See also
List of Russula species
References
External links
emetica
Fungi of Africa
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Poisonous fungi
Fungi described in 1774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20emetica |
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,461,300.
Increase since 31 December 1960: 57,700 (2.40%).
Males per 100 females: 101.2.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD.
Government
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour)
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey
Events
January
The Ohakuri hydroelectric power plant starts operation.
February
March
April
June
July
August
September
October
12 October Ten National MPs voted with the Opposition to remove capital punishment for murder from the Crimes Bill that the Second National Government had introduced, by a vote of 41 to 30.
November
December
Arts and literature
John Caselburg wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1961 in art, 1961 in literature
Music
See: 1961 in music
Radio and television
Auckland television is extended to seven nights a week, two and a half hours a night. On 4 April, Auckland television went commercial.
Television transmission began in Christchurch (a year later than Auckland) on 1 June. Wellington followed four weeks later, on 1 July.
See: 1961 in New Zealand television, 1961 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Public broadcasting in New Zealand & :Category:Television in New Zealand.
Film
See: :Category:1961 film awards, 1961 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1961 films
Sport
Athletics
Barry Magee wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:18:54.2 on 4 March in Christchurch.
Chess
The 68th National Chess Championship was held in Auckland, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his 6th title).
Cricket
New Zealand tours South Africa (spanning December 1961 – February 1962) and drew the 5-Test series 2-2:
8–12 December 1961, Durban: 1st Test. SA won by 30 runs (SA 292 + 149, NZ 245 and 166)
26–29 December 1961, Johannesburg: 2nd Test Drawn (SA 322 + 178/6 decl, NZ 223 + 165/4)
1–4 January 1962, Cape Town: 3rd Test. NZ won by 72 runs (NZ 385 + 212/9 decl., SA 190 + 335)
2–5 February 1962, Johannesburg: 4th test. SA won by innings & 51 runs (NZ 164 + 249, SA 464)
16–20 February 1962, Port Elizabeth: 5th Test: NZ won by 40 runs (NZ 275 + 228, SA 190 + 273)
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Invicta
Auckland Trotting Cup – Cardigan Bay
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.
Men's singles champion – J.H. Rabone (Auckland Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – N. Posa, M. Vulinovich (skip) (Oratia Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – J. Hammersley, L.N. Harris, R.S. Eves, M.J. Squire (skip) (West End Bowling Club, New Plymouth)
Rugby union
France tour New Zealand, losing all three Test matches:
22 July, Eden Park, Auckland: New Zealand 13 – 6 France
5 August, Athletic Park, Wellington: New Zealand 5 – 3 France
19 August, lancaster Park, Christchurch: New Zealand 32 – 3 France
Soccer
An English FA XI tours New Zealand, handing out two heavy defeats to the national men's team.
5 June, Wellington: NZ 0 – 8 English FA XI
10 June, Auckland: NZ 1 – 6 English FA XI
The Chatham Cup was won by Dunedin team Northern who beat North Shore United 2 – 0 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: North Shore United
Bay of Plenty: Kawerau Town
Buller: Waimangaroa United
Canterbury: Technical OB
Franklin: Manurewa AFC
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Ohakea
Marlborough: Spartans
Nelson: Rangers
Northland: Kamo Swifts
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Thistle
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Hamilton Technical OB
Wairarapa: YMCA
Wanganui: New Settlers
Wellington: Northern
West Coast: Grey United
Births
10 May: Blyth Tait, equestrian.
26 June: David White, cricketer.
9 August: John Key, politician, 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
12 August: Mark Priest, cricketer.
5 October: David Kirk, rugby player and business executive.
5 October: Derek Stirling, cricketer.
10 October: Gary Hurring, swimmer.
31 October: Peter Jackson, filmmaker.
15 November: Hugh McGahan, rugby league footballer.
28 November: Bruce Derlin, tennis player.
9 December: Ian Wright, rower.
30 December: Bill English, politician, 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand (2016–2017)
Michael Hight, painter.
Willie Jackson, politician and broadcaster.
Grant Lingard, artist.
Anthony McCarten, playwright and novelist.
:Category:1961 births
Deaths
25 June: Jack Lamason, cricketer.
19 July: Mary Dreaver, politician.
5 August: Sidney Holland, 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand.
8 November: Frederick Vincent Ellis, artist.
14 December: William Duncan, rugby union player.
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
1960s in New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The following lists events that happened during 1962 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,515,800.
Increase since 31 December 1961: 54,500 (2.21%).
Males per 100 females: 101.0.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – The Viscount Cobham GCMG TD, followed by Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE.
Government
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour)
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey
Events
The Office of the Ombudsman was established
January
1 January: Samoa (then called Western Samoa) attains full independence, becoming the first independent Polynesian territory.
February
5 February: Dunedin lawyer James Patrick Ward was killed by a letter bomb sent to his office in what police described as "one of the most callous murders in the history of New Zealand crime".
March
April
June
July
August
11 August: New Zealand Railways's Cook Strait ferry service began, using the .
September
October
November
December
Arts and literature
R.A.K. Mason wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1962 in art, 1962 in literature, :Category:1962 books
Music
See: 1962 in music
Radio and television
New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS) is restructured on 1 April to form New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation.
An outside broadcast van is in use in Auckland, and similar vans are ordered for Wellington and Christchurch.
Dunedin gets television service with the launch of DNTV2 on 31 July.
There are 23,343 licensed television sets in New Zealand.
See: 1962 in New Zealand television, 1962 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1962 film awards, 1962 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1962 films
Sport
Athletics
27 January: Peter Snell sets a new world record for the mile of 3m 54.4s, running at Cook's Gardens, Wanganui.
Barry Magee wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:24:55.4 in Auckland.
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 69th National Chess Championship was held in Auckland, and was won by G.G. Haase of Dunedin.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Lordship defeats Cardigan Bay in a rain-affected race
Auckland Trotting Cup – Dandy Briar
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Christchurch.
Men's singles champion – Jeff Barron (Miramar Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – Frank Livingstone, Bob McDonald (skip) (Onehunga Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – W. Humphreys, S. Barlow, H.W. Todd, R. Brown (skip) (Marlborough Bowling Club)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Hamilton Technical Old Boys who beat Northern of Dunedin 4–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Eastern Suburbs AFC
Bay of Plenty: Rangers
Buller: Waimangaroa Utd
Canterbury: Western
Franklin: Manurewa AFC
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Thistle
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Rangers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Thistle
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Hamilton Technical OB
Wairarapa: Lansdowne United
Wanganui: Wanganui Athletic
Wellington: Northern
West Coast: Runanga
The inaugural Rothmans Cup was played between the champion clubs from Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury and Otago as a de facto national championship. The final was won by Northern AFC of Dunedin 3-2 on aggregate.
Births
12 January (in England): Terry Wiles, thalidomide survivor.
4 February: Frank Bunce, rugby union player.
17 February: Tony Blain, cricketer.
1 March: Russell Coutts, yachtsman.
4 March: John Young, composer.
15 March: Trevor Franklin, cricketer.
6 June: Grant Fox, rugby player.
8 June: John Cutler, yachtsman.
16 June Jonathan Temm, lawyer.
22 July: Rena Owen, actress.
5 August: Richard de Groen, cricketer.
13 September: Brian Fowler, cyclist.
21 September: Kelly Evernden, tennis player.
22 September: Martin Crowe, cricketer.
27 September: Gavin Larsen, cricketer.
9 October: Paul Radisich, racing driver.
12 October: Mark S. Olsen, painter.
7 November: Debbie Hockley, cricketer.
29 December: Wynton Rufer, soccer player.
Tim Chadwick, artist and writer.
Jon Stevens, singer.
:Category:1962 births
Deaths
26 April: Jerry Skinner, Labour politician.
20 June John Houston, historian and writer.
14 July: Janet Mackenzie, New Zealand teacher
18 July: G. H. Cunningham, mycologist and plant pathologist.
18 September: Clyde Carr, Labour politician.
8 October: Donald Charles Cameron, Mayor of Dunedin
20 October: Cora Louisa Burrell, politician (MLC).
28 October: Bill Schramm, Labour politician and 11th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Space Research Corporation was a corporation founded by Gerald Bull, after the budget for his research at Project HARP for the United States and Canadian federal governments was cut in 1967, in order to commercialize the technology of long-range artillery. Project HARP's assets were then given to the newly formed SRC.
SRC also focused on a range of artillery systems. Following the supply of arms to South Africa in 1977 in contravention of the UN embargo on the apartheid regime, Bull was jailed and the SRC was liquidated.
The main facility of SRC was , straddling the Canada–United States border between Highwater, Quebec, and Jay, Vermont. Affiliated companies included: SRCQ (SRC Quebec); Shefford Electronics Corp (SEC of Granby, Quebec); SRCI; Paragon; PRB (Belgian corporation); and SRCB (SRC Belgium).
Background
In the mid-1950s, Bull was working on Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) research at the Canadian Armaments and Research Development Establishment (CARDE) when he formulated the idea to launch satellites into orbit using an enormous cannon, which could be significantly more cost-effective at sending objects into space than a conventional rocket. These experiments soon caught the attention of the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory who would later support his projects. In 1961, Bull resigned from CARDE and McGill University hired him as a professor. Working together with Donald Mordell, the university's Dean of Engineering, Bull moved forward with his space gun project and requested funding from various sources. In October 1961, Bull met with Charles Murphy, the head of the Ballistic Research Laboratory, to pitch his project for a supergun and was met with overwhelming support. The U.S. Army provided Bull with substantial financial backing and two 16-inch naval gun barrels complete with a land mount and surplus powder charges, a heavy-duty crane, and a $750,000 radar tracking system. Bull and Mordell officially announced the HARP project as a program under McGill University's Space Research Institute at a press conference in March 1962. In 1965, McGill University sponsored the Aeroballistic Laboratory (alternately the McGill Aeroballistic Test Center) at Highwater, Quebec with Dr. Gerald Bull as Director.
However, in November 1966, the Canadian government announced that it would pull all Project HARP funding after June 30, 1967. Despite Bull's attempts to resuscitate the program, the Canadian government and U.S Army withdrew their support in 1967, leading to the program's complete termination. Gerald Bull created the Space Research Corporation to salvage his project and Project HARP's assets were given to the newly formed SRC.
He established an aerospace science program at Norwich University in Northfield, Vt., in the late 1960's.
Artillery exports
During the next decade, SRC worked for a number of governments including the People's Republic of China, Chile, Taiwan, and especially South Africa, and SRC contracted with the South African company Armscor. SRC's main product was a modification of the NATO- and U.S.-standard 155.4 mm (6") artillery cannon, the GC-45 howitzer ("GC" stood for "Gun, Canada", 45 for 45-calibre long), firing either NATO-standard 155 mm M107 rounds, or, more typically, a new shell of Bull's own design.
The new "pointy" shell, designated ERFB (for extended range full bore), offered considerably better aerodynamics than the original; its spin was moderated by fins on the shell rather than only by rifling in the barrel, and the round was supported in the gun barrel by four aerodynamic nubs allowing the middle of the shell to be elongated and thus reduce drag. The shell was initially spun in the same way as conventional artillery rounds with a driving band towards the base. The result was a gun that could out-range the original by as much as 30%, while at the same time being much more accurate. Standard NATO and US artillery of the time had a range of less than while the GC-45, ERFB combination had a range of . With the innovative base-bleed system developed in Sweden this range could be increased to without loss of accuracy.
South African connection
The GC-45 work was paid for by the South Africans, but it has been claimed that Bull did the work largely at the urging of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) who considered South Africa as a defence against Soviet operations in Angola. Used in South Africa as the G5 howitzer, the new guns were used near the Angolan border in 1986 when South Africa invaded the former Portuguese colony of Angola, in order to assist UNITA. Because the Marxist government of Angola was aided by Cuban troops and Soviet artillery, it was also suggested that the CIA had encouraged the South Africans to invade the country in 1975 at the beginning of the Angolan Civil War. The G5 howitzers were instrumental in securing success in Angola, although wider strategic considerations led to South Africa's eventual withdrawal.
Arms embargo
Although the 1977 United Nations mandatory arms embargo prohibited the export of arms to South Africa, Bull's SRC supplied the apartheid regime with gun barrels and 30,000 shells, worth more than $30 million. Due to the ANC support by the Soviet Union, the CIA were said to have encouraged the deal and the shipment on the MV Tugelaland was with the co-operation of Israeli Military Industries. U.S. Customs initially considered prosecuting as many as 15 people involved but decided to indict just Bull and his partner, Rogers Gregory. Bull pleaded guilty, expecting a fine, but was angered when during 1980 he was imprisoned for four months. The effect of his guilty plea meant that the court did not hear any evidence of the suspected U.S. government collusion concerning these arms exports to South Africa. As a result of the arms embargo violation, however, SRC was liquidated.
The company was subsequently re-incorporated in Brussels where Bull managed it for several years. He was murdered during 1990, it is commonly conjectured by MOSSAD.
Gun development
After the Canadian site was abandoned, a cannon was found there measuring in length, surmised to be the longest in the world.
Footnotes
References
Adams, James. Bull's Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull. New York: Times Books, 1992. .
Frontline: "Gerald Bull: The Man Who Made the Supergun"
Grant, Dale. Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull. Scarborough, Ont.; Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1991. .
Lowther, William. Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull, Iraq and the Supergun. Presidio Press, 1991.
Former defense companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Vermont
Troy, Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Research%20Corporation |
The following lists events that happened during 1963 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated Population as of 31 December: 2,566,900.
Increase since 31 December 1962: 51,100 (2.03%).
Males per 100 Females: 100.8.
Incumbents
Regal and Vice Regal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE.
Government
The 33rd New Zealand Parliament concluded and a general election was held on 30 November. This saw the National Party returned with the loss of one seat to have a majority of 10 seats.
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour) until 31 March, then Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey
Events
6 February – Elizabeth II arrives in New Zealand on the Royal Yacht Britannia for the 1963 Royal Tour of New Zealand.
7 February – 15 people killed in a bus crash due to brake failure in the Brynderwyn Hills in Northland.
4 April – BOAC launches New Zealand's first jet-powered air service between Auckland Whenuapai and London Heathrow using the De Havilland Comet. The route takes 37.5 hours, with stops in Sydney, Darwin, Singapore, Rangoon or Calcutta, Karachi, Beirut or Damascus, and Rome or Düsseldorf.
17 April – Tauranga becomes a city.
3 July – New Zealand National Airways Corporation Flight 441 crashes into the Kaimai Ranges, killing all 23 aboard.
7 December – Two people are killed in the Bassett Road machine gun murders.
Arts and literature
Maurice Shadbolt wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1963 in art, 1963 in literature
Music
See: 1963 in music
Radio and Television
There are 80,000 television licences issued, and an estimated 300,000 television viewers in New Zealand.
Broadcast relay stations at Mount Te Aroha, Wharite Peak and Otahoua are commissioned, extending television coverage to Waikato, Tauranga, Manawatu and Wairarapa.
See: 1963 in New Zealand television, 1963 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1963 film awards, 1963 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1963 films
Sport
Athletics
Jeff Julian wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:22:52 on 9 March in Hawera.
Chess
The 70th National Chess Championship is held in Christchurch. The title is shared by Ortvin Sarapu and R.J. Sutton, both of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Cardigan Bay
Auckland Trotting Cup – Cardigan Bay (2nd win)
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.
Men's singles champion – A. Govorko (Ngongotaha Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – S.W. Jolly, J.N.S. Flett (skip) (Point Chevalier Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – J.D. Scott, N. Cash, J. Coltman, Bill O'Neill (skip) (Carlton Bowling Club)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup was won by North Shore United who beat Nomads of Christchurch 3–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: North Shore United
Bay of Plenty: Kahukura
Buller: Millerton Rangers
Canterbury: Nomads
Franklin: Manurewa AFC
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Thistle
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Rangers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: King Edward Technical College OB
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: Northern Hearts
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa
Waikato: Hamilton Wanderers
Wairarapa: Lansdowne United
Wanganui: Wanganui United
Wellington: Diamond
West Coast: Cobden-Kohinoor
The second (and last) Rothmans Cup (see 1962) was won by North Shore United.
Births
10 January: Malcolm Dunford, footballer
21 February: Greg Turner, golfer.
16 March: Kevin Smith, actor.
4 June: Sean Fitzpatrick, rugby union player.
18 June: Paul Honiss, rugby referee.
20 July: Catherine Campbell, cricketer.
20 July: Mike Davidson, freestyle swimmer.
20 August: Ian Woodley, field hockey goalkeeper.
26 August: Christine Arthur, field hockey player.
9 September (in England): Sarah Illingworth, cricketer.
10 September: Jay Laga'aia, actor.
17 September: Warren Gatland, rugby player and coach.
11 December: Mark Greatbatch, cricketer.
24 December: David Grundy, field hockey player.
Joanna Bourke, historian.
Andrew Johnston, poet.
(in Poland): Ralph Talmont, photographer.
Deaths
7 January: Tapihana Paraire Paikea, politician.
19 March: Fred Hackett, politician.
4 April: Hercules Wright, rugby union player.
16 May: Fintan Patrick Walsh, trade unionist.
18 June Albert Samuel, politician
4 July: (in England) Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, soldier, Governor-General of New Zealand.
14 July: Maud Basham (Aunt Daisy), radio personality.
19 August: Rosemary Frances Rees, writer and theatre producer.
19 September: Sir David Low, cartoonist (in London).
Te Iki-o-te-rangi Pouwhare, tribal leader, historian and genealogist.
:Category:1963 deaths
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1963 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1963
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), was published in 2007 and is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation. The report is the largest and most detailed summary of the climate change situation ever undertaken, produced by thousands of authors, editors, and reviewers from dozens of countries, citing over 6,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies. People from over 130 countries contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which took six years to produce. Contributors to AR4 included more than 2,500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.
"Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include:
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
"Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks". Stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is discussed in climate change mitigation.
"Some planned adaptation (of human activities) is occurring now; more extensive adaptation is required to reduce vulnerability to climate change".
"Unmitigated climate change would, in the long term, be likely to exceed the capacity of natural, managed and human systems to adapt".
"Many impacts [of climate change] can be reduced, delayed or avoided by mitigation".
Overview
Like previous assessment reports, it consists of four reports:
Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Working Group III: Mitigation
Synthesis Report
Global warming projections from AR4 are shown below. The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–2099), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–1999). Add 0.7 °C to projections to make them relative to pre-industrial levels instead of 1980–1999. (UK Royal Society, 2010, p=10). Descriptions of the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios can be found in Special Report on Emissions Scenarios.
"Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.
Sections
The report was released in four principal sections:
Contribution of Working Group I (WGI): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.
Contribution of Working Group II (WGII): Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Contribution of Working Group III (WGIII): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change.
Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III: The Synthesis Report (SYR).
Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis
The full WGI report was published in March 2007, and last updated in September of that year. It includes a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), which was published in February 2007, and a Frequently Asked Questions section.
This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate. It looked at the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and made projections of future climate change.
It was produced by 676 authors (152 lead authors, 26 review editors, and 498 contributing authors) from 40 countries, then reviewed by over 625 expert reviewers. More than 6,000 peer-reviewed publications were cited.
Before being approved, the summary was reviewed line by line by representatives of 113 governments during the 10th session of WGI, in January to February 2007.
On the issue of global warming and its causes, the SPM states that:
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal."
"Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations."
Very likely and likely mean "the assessed likelihood, using expert judgment" are over 90% and over 66%, respectively.
Observations
The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes.
Changes in the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are all long-lived greenhouse gases.
"Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased markedly as a result of human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial values."
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 2005 (379 ppm) exceeds by far the natural range of the last 650,000 years (180 to 300 ppm).
The amount of methane in the atmosphere in 2005 (1774 ppb) exceeds by far the natural range of the last 650,000 years (320 to 790 ppb).
The primary source of the increase in carbon dioxide is fossil fuel use, but land-use changes also make a contribution.
The primary source of the increase in methane is very likely to be a combination of human agricultural activities and fossil fuel use. How much each contributes is not well determined.
Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen from a pre-industrial value of 270 ppb to a 2005 value of 319 ppb. More than a third of this rise is due to human activity, primarily agriculture.
Warming of the planet
Cold days, cold nights, and frost events have become less frequent. Hot days, hot nights, and heat waves have become more frequent. Additionally:
Eleven of the twelve years in the period (1995–2006) rank among the top 12 warmest years in the instrumental record (since 1880).
Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature. This is up from the 0.6 °C increase in the 100 years prior to the Third Assessment Report.
Urban heat island effects were determined to have negligible influence (less than 0.0006 °C per decade over land and zero over oceans) on these measurements.
Observations since 1961 show that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system, and that ocean temperatures have increased to depths of at least 3000 m (9800 ft).
"Average Arctic temperatures increased at almost twice the global average rate in the past 100 years."
It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols. See global dimming.
Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1300 years (including both the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age).
Ice, snow, permafrost, rain, and the oceans
The SPM documents increases in wind intensity, decline of permafrost coverage, and increases of both drought and heavy precipitation events. Additionally:
"Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres."
Losses from the land-based ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have very likely (>90%) contributed to sea level rise between 1993 and 2003.
Ocean warming causes seawater to expand, which contributes to sea level rising.
Sea level rose at an average rate of about 1.8 mm/year during the years 1961–2003. The rise in sea level during 1993–2003 was at an average rate of 3.1 mm/year. It is not clear whether this is a long-term trend or just variability.
Antarctic sea ice shows no significant overall trend, consistent with a lack of warming in that region.
Hurricanes
There has been an increase in hurricane intensity in the North Atlantic since the 1970s, and that increase correlates with increases in sea surface temperature.
The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
There is no clear trend in the number of hurricanes.
Other regions appear to have experienced increased hurricane intensity as well, but there are concerns about the quality of data in these other regions.
It is more likely than not (>50%) that there has been some human contribution to the increases in hurricane intensity.
It is likely (>66%) that we will see increases in hurricane intensity during the 21st century.
Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future. In relation to changes (including increased hurricane intensity) where the certainty of a human contribution is stated as "more likely than not" footnote f to table SPM-2 notes "Magnitude of anthropogenic contributions not assessed. Attribution for these phenomena based on expert judgment rather than formal attribution studies."
Factors that warm or cool the planet
AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing—the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m2). The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity. Also shown are the cooling effects (negative forcing) of aerosols, land-use changes, and other human activities. All values are shown as a change from pre-industrial conditions.
Total radiative forcing from the sum of all human activities is about +1.6 watts/m2
Radiative forcing from an increase of solar intensity since 1750 is about +0.12 watts/m2
Radiative forcing from carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide combined is very likely (>90%) increasing more quickly during the current era (1750–present) than at any other time in the last 10,000 years.
Climate sensitivity
Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations. It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C. This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.
Model-based projections for the future
Model projections are made based on an analysis of various computer climate models running within the different scenarios that were established in 2000 in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (the "SRES scenarios"). As a result, predictions for the 21st century are as shown below.
Surface air warming in the 21st century:
Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F)
Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F)
A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.
A temperature rise of about 0.2 °C per decade is projected for the next two decades for all SRES scenarios.
Confidence in these near-term projections is strengthened because of the agreement between past model projections and actual observed temperature increases.
Based on multiple models that all exclude ice sheet flow due to a lack of basis in published literature, it is estimated that sea level rise will be:
in a low scenario 18 to 38 cm (7 to 15 inches)
in a high scenario 26 to 59 cm (10 to 23 inches)
It is very likely that there will be an increase in frequency of warm spells, heat waves and events of heavy rainfall.
It is likely that there will be an increase in areas affected by droughts, intensity of tropical cyclones (which include hurricanes and typhoons) and the occurrence of extreme high tides.
"Sea ice is projected to shrink in both the Arctic and Antarctic ... In some projections, Arctic late-summer sea ice disappears almost entirely by the latter part of the 21st century."
Scenario-specific projections are based on analysis of multiple runs by multiple climate models, using the various SRES Scenarios. "Low scenario" refers to B1, the most optimistic scenario family. "High scenario" refers to A1FI, the most pessimistic scenario family.
Temperature and sea level rise in the various scenarios
There are six families of SRES scenarios, and AR4 provides projected temperature and sea level rises (excluding future rapid dynamical changes in ice flow) for each scenario family.
Scenario B1
Best estimate temperature rise of 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [18 to 38 cm] (7 to 15 inches)
Scenario A1T
Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [20 to 45 cm] (8 to 18 inches)
Scenario B2
Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [20 to 43 cm] (8 to 17 inches)
Scenario A1B
Best estimate temperature rise of 2.8 °C with a likely range of 1.7 to 4.4 °C (5.0 °F with a likely range of 3.1 to 7.9 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [21 to 48 cm] (8 to 19 inches)
Scenario A2
Best estimate temperature rise of 3.4 °C with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.4 °C (6.1 °F with a likely range of 3.6 to 9.7 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [23 to 51 cm] (9 to 20 inches)
Scenario A1FI
Best estimate temperature rise of 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F)
Sea level rise likely range [26 to 59 cm] (10 to 23 inches)
Selected quotes from the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers
"Both past and future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to warming and sea level rise for more than a millennium, due to the timescales required for removal of this gas from the atmosphere."
Reaction to Working Group I
In the weeks before publication of the first report, controversy broke out about the report's projections of sea-level change, which in the new report was estimated at less than previous estimates. The now-published text gives a warning that the new estimation of sea-level could be too low: "Dynamical processes related to ice flow not included in current models but suggested by recent observations could increase the vulnerability of the ice sheets to warming, increasing future sea level rise." The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.
Lord Rees, the president of the Royal Society, said, "This report makes it clear, more convincingly than ever before, that human actions are writ large on the changes we are seeing, and will see, to our climate. The IPCC strongly emphasises that substantial climate change is inevitable, and we will have to adapt to this. This should compel all of us—world leaders, businesses and individuals—towards action rather than the paralysis of fear. We need both to reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases and to prepare for the impacts of climate change. Those who would claim otherwise can no longer use science as a basis for their argument."
U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman told a news conference that the report was "sound science" and "As the president has said, and this report makes clear, human activity is contributing to changes in our earth's climate and that issue is no longer up for debate." Kurt Volker, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs, said, "We support the recent IPCC report, in which U.S. scientists played a leading role."
Based on the report, 46 countries in a "Paris Call for Action" read out by French President Chirac, have called for the creation of a United Nations Environment Organization (UNEO), which is to have more power than the current United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and is to be modelled after the more powerful World Health Organization. The 46 countries included the European Union nations, but notably did not include the United States, China, Russia, and India, the top four emitters of greenhouse gases.
Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Working Group II's Summary for Policymakers was released on 6 April 2007. The full report was released 18 September 2007.
WGII states that "evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases".
Observations
Some observed changes have been associated with climate change at varying levels of confidence.
With a high confidence (about an 8 in 10 chance to be correct) WGII asserts that climate change has resulted in:
More and larger glacial lakes.
Increasing ground instability in permafrost regions.
Increasing rock avalanches in mountain regions.
Changes in some Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems.
Increased run-off and earlier spring peak discharge in many glacier and snow-fed rivers.
Changes affecting algae, plankton, fish and zooplankton because rising water temperatures and changes in:
ice cover
salinity
oxygen levels
water circulation
With a very high confidence (about a 9 in 10 chance to be correct) WGII asserts that climate change is affecting terrestrial biological systems in that:
Spring events such as the unfolding of leaves, laying of eggs, and migration are happening earlier.
There are poleward and upward (to higher altitude) shifts in ranges of plant and animal species.
WGII also states that the ocean has become more acidic because it has absorbed human-caused carbon dioxide. Ocean pH has dropped by 0.1, but how this affects marine life is not documented.
Attribution of changes
WGII acknowledges some of the difficulties of attributing specific changes to human-caused global warming, stating that "Limitations and gaps prevent more complete attribution of the causes of observed system responses to anthropogenic warming." but found that the agreement between observed and projected changes was "Nevertheless ... sufficient to conclude with high confidence that anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems."
Projections
WGII describes some of what might be expected in the coming century, based on studies and model projections.
Fresh water
It is projected with high confidence that:
Dry regions are projected to get drier, and wet regions are projected to get wetter: "By mid-century, annual average river runoff and water availability are projected to increase by 10–40% at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, and decrease by 10–30% over some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in the dry tropics..."
Drought-affected areas will become larger.
Heavy precipitation events are very likely to become more common and will increase flood risk.
Water supplies stored in glaciers and snow cover will be reduced over the course of the century.
Ecosystems
It is projected with high confidence that:
The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by a combination of climate change and other stressors.
Carbon removal by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid-century and then weaken or reverse. This would amplify climate change.
Food
It is projected with medium confidence (about 5 in 10 chance to be correct) that globally, potential food production will increase for temperature rises of 1–3 °C, but decrease for higher temperature ranges.
Coastal systems
It is projected with very high confidence that:
Coasts will be exposed to increasing risks such as coastal erosion due to climate change and sea-level rise.
"Increases in sea-surface temperature of about 1–3 °C are projected to result in more frequent coral bleaching events and widespread mortality unless there is thermal adaptation or acclimatisation by corals."
"Many millions more people are projected to be flooded every year due to sea-level rise by the 2080s."
Objections to original WGII language
US negotiators managed to eliminate language calling for cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, according to Patricia Romero Lankao, a lead author from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The original draft read: "However, adaptation alone is not expected to cope with all the projected effects of climate change, and especially not over the long run as most impacts increase in magnitude. Mitigation measures will therefore also be required." The second sentence does not appear in the final version of the report.
China objected to wording that said "based on observed evidence, there is very high confidence that many natural systems, on all continents and in most oceans, are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases". When China asked that the word "very" be stricken, three scientific authors balked, and the deadlock was broken only by a compromise to delete any reference to confidence levels.
Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change
Working Group III's Summary for Policymakers (SPM) was published on 4 May 2007 at the 26th session of the IPCC. The full WG III report was published online in September 2007.
The IPCC convened in Bangkok on April 30 to start discussions on the draft Summary, with the participation of over 400 scientists and experts from about 120 countries. At the full IPCC meeting on May 4, agreement was reached by the larger gathering of some 2,000 delegates. One of the key debates concerned a proposal to limit concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to between 445 parts per million and 650 parts per million to avoid dangerous climate change, with pressure from developing countries to raise the lower limit. Despite this, the figures from the original proposal were incorporated into the Summary for Policymakers. The Summary concludes that stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations is possible at a reasonable cost, with stabilization between 445 ppm and 535 ppm costing less than 3% of global GDP.
The WG III report analyses mitigation options for the main sectors in the near-term, addressing also cross-sectorial matters such as synergies, co-benefits, and trade-offs. It also provides information on long-term mitigation strategies for various stabilization levels, paying special attention to implications of different short-term strategies for achieving long-term goals.
Mitigation in the short and medium term (until 2030)
The Summary for Policymakers concludes that there was a high level of agreement and much evidence that "there is substantial economic potential for the mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions over the coming decades, that could offset the projected growth of global emissions or reduce emissions below current levels", taking into account financial and social costs and benefits. The technologies with the largest economic potential within this timescale are considered to be:
The IPCC estimates that stabilizing atmospheric greenhouse gases at between 445–535 ppm equivalent would result in a reduction of average annual GDP growth rates of less than 0.12%. Stabilizing at 535 to 590 ppm would reduce average annual GDP growth rates by 0.1%, while stabilization at 590 to 710 ppm would reduce rates by 0.06%. There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.
The IPCC considered that achieving these reductions would require a "large shift in the pattern of investment, although the net additional investment required ranges from negligible to 5–10%".They also concluded that it is often more cost effective to invest in end-use energy efficiency improvement than in increasing energy supply.
In terms of electricity generation, the IPCC envisage that renewable energy can provide 30 to 35% of electricity by 2030 (up from 18% in 2005) at a carbon price of up to US$50/t, and that nuclear power can rise from 16% to 18%. They also warn that higher oil prices might lead to the exploitation of high-carbon alternatives such as oil sands, oil shales, heavy oils, and synthetic fuels from coal and gas, leading to increasing emissions, unless carbon capture and storage technologies are employed.
In the transport sector there was a medium level of agreement and evidence that the multiple mitigation options may be counteracted by increased use, and that there were many barriers and a lack of government policy frameworks.
There was high agreement and much evidence that, despite many barriers (particularly in the developing countries), new and existing buildings could reduce emissions considerably, and that this would also provide other benefits in terms of improved air quality, social welfare and energy security.
Mitigation in the long term (after 2030)
The IPCC reported that the effectiveness of mitigation efforts over the next two or three decades would have a large impact on the ability to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases at lower levels, and that the lower the ultimate stabilization levels, the more quickly emissions would need to peak and decline. For example, to stabilize at between 445 and 490 ppm (resulting in an estimate global temperature 2 to 2.4 °C above the pre-industrial average) emissions would need to peak before 2015, with 50 to 85% reductions on 2000 levels by 2050.
There was high agreement and much evidence that stabilization could be achieved by 2050 using currently available technologies, provided appropriate and effective incentives were put in place for their development, acquisition, deployment and diffusion, and that barriers were removed. For stabilization at lower levels the IPCC agreed that improvements of carbon intensity need to be made much faster than has been the case in the past, and that there would be a greater need for efficient public and private research, development and demonstration efforts and investment in new technologies during the next few decades. The IPCC points out that government funding in real absolute terms for most energy research programmes has been flat or declining for nearly 20 years, and is now about half the 1980 level. Delays in cutting emissions would lead to higher stabilization levels and increase the risk of more severe climate change impacts, as more of the current high-emission technologies would have been deployed.
Among the measures that might be used, there was high agreement and much evidence that policies that put a price on the cost of carbon emissions could provide incentives for consumers and producers. Carbon prices of 5 to 65 US$/t in 2030 and 15 to 130 US$/t by 2050 are envisaged for stabilization at around 550 ppm by 2100.
Synthesis Report
A draft version of the Synthesis Report, said to be subject to final copyedit, was published on 16 November 2007.
The six topics addressed in the Synthesis Report are:
Observed changes in climate and its effects (WGI and WGII).
Causes of change (WGI and WGIII).
Climate change and its impacts in the near and long term under different scenarios (WGI and WGIII).
Adaptation and mitigation options and responses, and the inter-relationship with sustainable development, at global and regional levels (WGII and WGIII).
The long term perspective: scientific and socio-economic aspects relevant to adaptation and mitigation, consistent with the objectives and provisions of the Convention [sic], and in the context of sustainable development (WGI and WGIII).
Robust findings, key uncertainties (WGI, WGII and WGIII).
The "Convention" mentioned in Topic 5 is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The key findings from the AR4 Synthesis Report will be discussed Wednesday 13 December 2007 at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 13—CMP 3) in Bali, Indonesia, which takes place 3–14 December (see UNFCCC home page).
Anthropogenic warming could lead to some impacts that are abrupt or irreversible
The SPM states that "Anthropogenic warming could lead to some impacts that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change."
"There is medium confidence that approximately 20–30% of species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if increases in global average warming exceed 1.5–2.5°C (relative to 1980–1999). As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe."
"Partial loss of ice sheets on polar land could imply metres of sea level rise, major changes in coastlines and inundation of low-lying areas, with greatest effects in river deltas and low-lying islands. Such changes are projected to occur over millennial time scales, but more rapid sea level rise on century time scales cannot be excluded."
Reception
The Fourth Assessment Report has been the subject of criticism. Skeptics of anthropogenic global warming contend that their claims are not sufficiently incorporated in the report. Others regard the IPCC as too conservative in its estimates of potential harm from climate change. The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.
Related to the subject of global warming in general, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report has been discussed by various bodies such as government officials, special interest groups and scientific organizations; see the article "Politics of global warming" for a thorough discussion of the politics surrounding the phenomenon, and the positions of the various parties involved.
The United Nations appointed an independent board of scientists to "review the workings of the world's top climate science panel" which reported in September 2010; see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change#InterAcademy Council review in 2010.
Response to AR4
Several science academies have referred to and/or reiterated some of the conclusions of AR4. These include:
Joint-statements made in 2007, 2008 and 2009 by the science academies of Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa and the G8 nations (the "G8+5").
Publications by the Australian Academy of Science.
A joint-statement made in 2007 by the Network of African Science Academies.
A statement made in 2010 by the Inter Academy Medical Panel This statement has been signed by 43 scientific academies.
The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL, et al., 2009; 2010) has carried out two reviews of AR4. These reviews are generally supportive of AR4's conclusions. PBL (2010) make some recommendations to improve the IPCC process. A literature assessment by the US National Research Council (US NRC, 2010) concludes:Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for—and in many cases is already affecting—a broad range of human and natural systems [emphasis in original text]. ... This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S. Global Change Research Program ..., the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report ..., and other assessments of the state of scientific knowledge on climate change.
Projected date of melting of Himalayan glaciers
Some errors have been found in the IPCC AR4 Working Group II report. Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.
A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035:Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate. Its total area will likely shrink from the present 500,000 to 100,000 km2 by the year 2035 (WWF, 2005).This projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers. The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust. They expressed regret for "the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance". The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".
Rajendra K. Pachauri responded in an interview with Science.
Overstatement of effects
Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II, said that "What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, which were "generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment".
Other
The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); as before, and had both been calibrated by newer studies. In addition, analysis of the Medieval Warm Period cited reconstructions by (as cited in the TAR) and . Ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer. Most reconstructions shared some data series, particularly tree ring data, but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area, using a variety of statistical methods. The section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data.
See also
Notes
References
Sources
The Fourth Assessment Report consists of the following reports from each of the three Working Groups, and a Synthesis Report. Additional reports and documents can be found at the IPCC's documents web page.
(Abbreviated as SPM-WG1, AR4)
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External links
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change home page
Ten-webpage summary of the Fourth Assessment Report SPMs by GreenFacts; the webpages as a self-contained
Commentary on the Working Group I Report:
The Guardian Article on US political pressure on WGI Report, 27 January 2007
UNEP.org Press release: Evidence of Human-caused Global Warming "Unequivocal", says IPCC, 2 February 2007
RealClimate blog — Commentary on Working Group I Summary for Policymakers, 2 February 2007
Videos:
From Science to Assessment: Overview of the IPCC AR4 Working Group I Report. A lecture given at Princeton University by Ronald Stouffer, Senior Research Meteorologist, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), 11 March 2008
Lessons from the Climate Wars: The Future of the IPCC. A lecture given at Princeton University by Gary Yohe, Woodhouse/Sysco Professor of economics at Wesleyan University and Director of the John E. Andrus Public Affairs Center at Wesleyan, 7 May 2008
Emissions Mitigation and Climate Stabilization. A lecture given at Princeton University by Jae Edmonds, Chief Scientist, Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 22 April 2008
How Would Climate Change Influence Society in the 21st Century? A lecture given at MIT by Rajendra Pachauri, 29 January 2008
2007 documents
Climate change assessment and attribution
Environmental reports
Report, 04
2007 in the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC%20Fourth%20Assessment%20Report |
Uki Goñi (born 17 October 1953) is an Argentine author. His research focuses on the role of the Vatican, Swiss authorities and the government of Argentina in organizing "ratlines"—escape routes for Nazi criminals and collaborators.
Personal life
Goñi was born on 17 October 1953 in Washington, D.C., and was raised in the United States, Argentina, Mexico, and Ireland.
In Ireland, he was educated at St Conleth's College, where one of his schoolteachers was Louis Feutren. Feutren was a former member of the Brezen Perrot and a "boastful, unrepentant and proud" former officer of the SS by Goñi's account. In 2023, Goñi and other past pupils sent a letter to the St Conleth's board of management stating that Feutren abused and humiliated the students he taught, with Goñi writing that "I was physically bashed by Feutren during my first days there. It was the start of many beatings I myself received and that I witnessed Feutren inflict upon others". The group of past pupils requested that the school's board of management acknowledge and apologize for Feutren's behaviour.
Goñi has lived in Buenos Aires since 1975.
Investigations
Drawing on investigations in Argentine, Swiss, American, British, and Belgian government archives, as well as numerous interviews and other sources, Goñi's conclusions are detailed extensively in The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina and several follow-up books. He also wrote an article for The Guardian in which scientific testing on a skull fragment put into question the authenticity of mainstream accounts of the death of Adolf Hitler.
Goñi is also well known for his reporting on the crimes of Argentina's 1976–1983 military dictatorship while he worked at the Buenos Aires Herald newspaper during those years, and as a witness in two of the trials against former officers of the dictatorship.
Repercussions
The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Perón's Argentina, originally published in London in 2002 and since then translated into Spanish, Italian, Slovenian, Portuguese, Polish and German, has had wide repercussions in those countries through which Nazi criminals and their collaborators passed in their escape, especially in Italy, the Netherlands, and Argentina. Following publication of the book in Italy, a group of parliamentarians in Rome demanded that Prime Minister Berlusconi open an investigation into the passage of Nazis through their country.
In Genoa, archbishop Tarcisio Bertone distributed 50,000 copies of a "Special Edition" of "Settimanale Cattolico" ("Catholic Weekly") announcing the creation of a special commission of inquiry to investigate Goñi's revelations regarding the role of the Genoese curia in aiding the flight of Nazi war criminals through the port city. In the Netherlands, KLM opened an internal investigation following the book's unearthing of documents regarding the use of the airline by Nazi officers after the war.
Other works
Goñi writes for The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, The Guardian, and Time. He has also written for various publications in Argentina.
He is also the author of two previous books in Spanish, El infiltrado, la verdadera historia de Alfredo Astiz, regarding crimes committed by Argentina's 1976–83 military dictatorship, and Perón y los alemanes, on wartime links between Berlin and Buenos Aires.
Music
Goñi is also a musician. He formed his first band, Space Age Serenity, while growing up in Dublin. In Argentina he has played and recorded with major artists such as folk musician Peteco Carabajal, the rock band Mancha de Rolando, blues guitarist Claudio Gabis, pop singer Adrián Dárgelos as well as with his own long-time band Los Helicópteros.
Books
The Real Odessa
El Infiltrado. La verdadera historia de Alfredo Astiz, Editorial Sudamericana, Buenos Aires, 1996
Perón y los Alemanes, Editorial Sudamericana, Buenos Aires, 1998
References
Footnotes
Citations
External links
1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
20th-century Argentine historians
Argentine male writers
People from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Buenos Aires
21st-century Argentine historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uki%20Go%C3%B1i |
In economics, a Swan Diagram, also known as the Australian model (because it was originally published by Australian economist Trevor Swan in 1956 to model the Australian economy during the Great Depression), represents the situation of a country with a currency peg.
Two lines represent a country's respective internal (employment vs. unemployment) and external (current account deficit vs. current account surplus) balance with the axes representing relative domestic costs and the country's fiscal deficit. The diagram is used to evaluate the changes to the economy that result from policies that either affect domestic expenditure or the relative demand for foreign and domestic goods.
Mechanism
When there is a BOP disequilibrium, either by the market forces or policy measures for readjustments, SWAN model is helpful. Internal Balance looks forward to acquiring full employment with lowest possible inflation, whereas External Balance looks towards a "No surplus - No deficit" position in the economy.
Any point above the internal balance line (or curve) would have inflation, and any point below it would have unemployment. Similarly, any point above the external balance line (or curve) would depict a surplus, and any point below it would depict a deficit scenario.
To cure the Inflation, we would use Contractionary monetary policy which would lower it down and bring the economy to an equilibrium point. To curtail Unemployment, we would use Expansionary monetary policy which would do the same as above. In order to cure the Current account deficit in the economy, we need to increase the exports by a devaluation, that would, in turn, help in increasing the employment by creating more jobs. For Current account surplus, we would overvalue the currency so that the exports are diminished.
The zone above the equilibrium point (the V - shaped) is called the "Critical Zone" because the problem there would be very close to equilibrium. So a policy measure might just worsen the condition by taking, the economy, past the equilibrium point.
References
Paul Krugman article on Latin American currency and the Swan diagram
Australian Treasury article on China which discusses the Swan diagram
International macroeconomics
Foreign exchange market
Currency
Open economy macroeconomics
Financial economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan%20diagram |
The following lists events that happened during 1964 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,617,000
Increase since 31 December 1963: 50,100 (1.95%)
Males per 100 females: 100.8
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE.
Government
The 34th New Zealand Parliament commenced, with the second National Government in power.
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie .
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Walter Nash (Labour) until 31 March, then Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey
Events
1 January – Massey University College of Manawatu becomes Massey University of Manawatu due to the Massey University of Manawatu Act 1963.
27 February – the Lyttelton road tunnel, at the time New Zealand's longest road tunnel, opens to traffic.
1 April – The Government unveils plans for the new executive wing of Parliament, demolishing Government House and constructing a "beehive"-shaped building in its place.
May – The last electric tramway system of New Zealand closes.
30 May – The Marsden Point Oil Refinery opens.
June – The New Zealand Army Detachment arrives in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
21–27 June – The Beatles tour New Zealand.
November – The Continental Shelf Act 1964 passes into law.
21 December – The last whale is caught for the whaling industry, off the Kaikōura coast, due to a low level of whales.
Arts and literature
Maurice Gee wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1964 in art, 1964 in literature
New books
Washday at the Pa
See :Category:1964 books
Music
See 1964 in music
21–27 June: The Beatles tour New Zealand.
Radio and television
Coronation Street was shown for the first time on New Zealand television on AKTV2 in the Auckland region on Thursday 14 May, running from 8.25 pm to 8.52 pm. As television was not then networked throughout New Zealand, Wellington (WNTV1), Christchurch (CHTV3) and Dunedin (DNTV2) followed in June and July; on Tuesday in Wellington and Christchurch and Thursday in Dunedin.
Television licences reach 168,000.
Broadcast relay stations at Mount Erin, Kuriwao Hill and Mount Hedgehope are commissioned, extending television coverage to Hawke's Bay, South Otago and Southland.
A Māori broadcasting section of NZBC is established.
NZBC begins plans for the Avalon studios.
New Zealand Television Workshop awards:
Best Factual: Focus
Best Light Entertainment: Music Hall
Best Documentary: The Distant Shore
See: 1964 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand.
Film
Runaway
See: :Category:1964 film awards, 1964 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1964 films
Sport
Athletics
Peter Snell – Olympic Gold Medal, Men's 800 metres
Peter Snell – Olympic Gold Medal, Men's 1500 metres
John Davies – Olympic Bronze Medal, Men's 1500 metres
Marise Chamberlain – Olympic Bronze Medal, Women's 800 metres
Ray Puckett wins his fourth national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:17:38.6 on 7 March in Lower Hutt.
Chess
The 71st National Chess Championship was held in Auckland, and was won by R.A. Court of Wellington.
Cricket
New Zealand cricket team
Plunket Shield was won by Auckland (1963-1964 season)
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Cairnbrae
Auckland Trotting Cup – Lordship
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.
Men's singles champion – Ron Buchan (Tui Park Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – W.D. Scott, G.P. Ogilvie (skip) (Cromwell Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – C.T. Bateman, J.M. Clarke, R.D. Barron, H. Deavoll (skip) (Sydenham Bowling Club)
Netball
Silver Ferns
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 64 competitors.
Winter Olympics
New Zealand does not participate in the 1964 Winter Olympics.
Rugby league
New Zealand national rugby league team
Rugby League World Cup
Rugby Union
:Category:All Blacks
Bledisloe Cup: New Zealand beat Australia by 2 tests to 1
Ranfurly Shield: Taranaki was successful in all defences, with 8 wins and 1 draw.
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Mount Roskill who beat King Edward Technical College Old Boys 3–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Auckland: Blockhouse Bay
Bay of Plenty: Kahukura
Buller: Waimangaroa United
Canterbury: Christchurch City
Franklin: Papatoetoe
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Thistle
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Rangers
Northland: Otangarei United
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa, Old Boys (shared)
Waikato: Hamilton
Wairarapa: YMCA
Wanganui: Wanganui United
Wellington: Diamond
West Coast: Grey United
Yachting
Helmer Pedersen, and Earle Wells – Olympic Gold Medal, Men's Flying Dutchman class
Births
10 February: John Campbell, broadcaster
22 February: Brad McGann, filmmaker (died 2007)
1 March: Anne Judkins, race walker
23 March: John Mitchell, rugby player and coach
7 April: Russell Crowe, actor
12 May: Matthew Palmer, legal academic
24 May: Aaron Craig,
27 May: Joel Hayward, strategic studies scholar and poet
10 June:
Andrew Niccol, film director
Tony Martin, comedian.
12 June: Lorraine Downes, beauty queen
18 June: Simon Dallow, newsreader
19 June: Michael Kenny, heavyweight boxer
20 June: Steve Braunias, journalist
July: Shayne Carter, musician
11 August: Grant Waite, golfer
27 August: Lynley Hannen, rower
3 October: Shane Cotton, painter
23 October: David Penfold, field hockey player
29 October: Anthony Mosse, swimmer.
3 November: Bryan Young, cricketer
5 December: Brent Todd, rugby league footballer
14 December: Rebecca Gibney, actress
16 December: John Kirwan, rugby footballer and coach
24 December: Nick Smith, politician
Unknown:
Martin Devlin, sports broadcaster
Glenn Colquhoun, poet
Deaths
10 June : Harold Caro, Mayor of Hamilton.
12 December: John Norman Massey, MP and politician.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Henry Wendell Jordan (January 26, 1935 – February 21, 1977) was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 13 seasons in the National Football League with the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers. He played in the NFL from 1957 to 1969 and is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Early years
Born in Emporia, Virginia, Jordan graduated in 1953 from Warwick High School, Newport News, VA in 1953. He played college football at the University of Virginia, where he was the captain of the football team as a senior. Jordan was also an All-American wrestler, the ACC champion and NCAA runner-up in 1957. He was a member of the Beta chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity at UVA.
NFL career
Jordan was selected in the fifth round of the 1957 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns, who traded him two years later to the Green Bay Packers in Vince Lombardi's first season for a fourth-round draft choice. At Green Bay, Jordan was elected to four Pro Bowls (1960, 1961, 1963, and 1966), and he was the Pro Bowl MVP in 1961. Jordan was All-NFL seven times, and he was a defensive leader on a Green Bay Packers team that won five of six NFL title games in eight seasons and won the first two Super Bowls.
A tenacious competitor on the field, Jordan was the vibrant and jovial wit among Lombardi's Packers, and was highly regarded by his teammates. Highly quotable, his outgoing personality put him in demand as an after-dinner speaker.
Most notably: “Lombardi treats us all the same, like dogs.”
After football
Jordan retired at age 35 in February 1970, after an injury-filled 1969 season. In 1970, Jordan relocated south to Milwaukee to create and oversee Summerfest.
In 1974 Jordan was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. In 1975 he was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.
In 1977, seven years after leaving Green Bay, Jordan died at age 42 of a heart attack after jogging on February 21, 1977.
In 1995, Henry Jordan was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
He was represented in the coin toss ceremony at Super Bowl XXIX by former teammate Ray Nitschke, who was also named to the NFL's 75th Anniversary team. The ceremony brought together former NFL stars of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, with surviving members of that year's Hall of Fame class representing the latter decade (one of them, then-Congressman Steve Largent flipped the coin on their behalf).
In 2000, the Warwick High School athletics field (Newport News, VA) was named in his honor.
In May 2009, he was named to the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, which honors athletes, coaches and administrators who contributed to sports in southeastern Virginia.
References
External links
Packers.com – Henry Jordan
Warwick High School – Henry Jordan Scholarship
1935 births
1977 deaths
American football defensive tackles
Cleveland Browns players
Green Bay Packers players
Players of American football from Newport News, Virginia
University of Virginia alumni
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Virginia Cavaliers football players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Jordan |
The following lists events that happened during 1965 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,663,800.
Increase since 31 December 1964: 46,800 (1.79%).
Males per 100 females: 100.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE.
Government
The 34th Parliament of New Zealand continued, with the 2nd National government in power.
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake.
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour) until 16 December, then Norman Kirk (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson then Roy McElroy
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Stuart Sidey then Russell Calvert
Events
27 March – A Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) Lockheed L-188 Electra on a training flight crashes and catches fire on landing at Whenuapai Airport. All occupants escape with only one minor injury.
1 April – TEAL is renamed Air New Zealand.
11 April – Qantas launches the first trans-Tasman jet service, between Christchurch and Sydney using Boeing 707 aircraft.
13 April – An explosion and fire at the General Plastics factory in Masterton kills four people and injures four others.
April – The HVDC Inter-Island link is completed, connecting the North Island's electricity network and the South Island's electricity network together.
15 May – Benmore Dam is officially opened by Prime Minister Keith Holyoake.
27 May – Vietnam War: Prime Minister Keith Holyoake announces New Zealand will send its first combat forces, an artillery battery, to South Vietnam.
20 July – A 33-hour prison riot breaks out at Mount Eden Prison, Auckland, with inmates setting fire to large parts of the prison.
31 August – New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement signed.
3 November – Riccarton Mall, the South Island's first indoor shopping mall, opens to shoppers.
Arts and literature
Janet Frame wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1965 in art, 1965 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Ray Columbus & The Invaders – Till We Kissed
See: 1965 in music
Radio and television
Television in the "four main centres" (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin) is now broadcast seven nights a week. Broadcasting now totals 50 hours a week.
There are 300,000 television licences.
28 August – Christchurch's CHTV-3 switches to the new Sugarloaf transmitter in the Port Hills.
The broadcast relay station at Mount Studholme is commissioned, extending television coverage to South Canterbury.
New Zealand Television Workshop awards:
Best Factual: Compass
Best Light Entertainment: In the Groove
Best Children's Series: Junior Magazine with Jasmine
See: 1965 in New Zealand television, 1965 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1965 film awards, 1965 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1965 films
Sport
Athletics
Ray Puckett wins his fifth national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:24:26.8 on 13 March in Dunedin.
Chess
The 72nd National Chess Championships are held in Wellington. The winner is J.R. Phillips of Wellington
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Gary Dillon
Auckland Trotting Cup – Robin Dundee
Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.
Men's singles champion – Ron Buchan (Tui Park Bowling Club)
Men's pair champions – Norm Lash, C.D. McGarry (skip) (Carlton Bowling Club)
Men's fours champions – J. Miller, G. MacRae, A. Cotton, P. Jones (skip) (Otahuhu Railway Bowling Club)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Eastern Suburbs of Auckland who beat Saint Kilda 4–1 in the final.
Provincial league champions:
Bay of Plenty: Rangers
Buller: Granity Athletic
Canterbury: Christchurch City
Hawke's Bay: Napier Rovers
Manawatu: Kiwi United
Marlborough: Woodbourne
Nelson: Rangers
Otago: St Kilda
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Taranaki: Moturoa
Wairarapa: Masterton Athletic
Wanganui: Wanganui Athletic
Wellington: Diamond
West Coast: Cobden-Kohinoor
The Northern League is formed, incorporating top teams from Northland, Auckland, Franklin and Waikato. The first League champions are Eastern Suburbs of Auckland.
Births
10 January: John Radovonich, field hockey player.
11 February: Eric Rush, rugby union and rugby sevens player.
14 February: Zinzan Brooke, rugby player.
15 February: Jamie Smith, field hockey player.
15 March: Robyn Malcolm actor
4 April: Gail Jonson, swimmer.
8 April: Michael Jones, rugby player.
22 April: Carmel Clark, swimmer.
28 May (in Britain): Alan Henderson, bobsleigh pilot
28 June: Duane Mann, rugby league player.
29 July: Paresh Patel, field hockey player.
31 August: Willie Watson, cricketer.
1 September: Tania Roxborogh, writer.
7 September: Tea Ropati, rugby league player.
21 September: Belinda Cordwell, tennis player.
26 October: Ken Rutherford, cricketer.
24 November: Nyla Carroll, long-distance runner.
18 December: Anna Doig, freestyle and butterfly swimmer.
John Leigh, actor.
Se'e Solomona, rugby league player.
Hilary Timmins, television presenter.
Deaths
21 June: Thomas Hislop, Jr., Mayor of Wellington 1931-45 (in Montreal, Canada).
10 September: John Weeks, painter.
10 September: Walter Broadfoot, politician.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%20in%20New%20Zealand |
In international relations (IR), constructivism is a social theory that asserts that significant aspects of international relations are shaped by ideational factors. The most important ideational factors are those that are collectively held; these collectively held beliefs construct the interests and identities of actors.
In contrast to other prominent IR approaches and theories (such as realism and rational choice), constructivists see identities and interests of actors as socially constructed and changeable; identities are not static and cannot be exogenously assumed. Similar to rational choice, constructivism does not make broad and specific predictions about international relations; it is an approach to studying international politics, not a substantive theory of international politics. Constructivist analyses can only provide substantive explanations or predictions once the relevant actors and their interests have been identified, as well as the content of social structures.
The main theories competing with constructivism are variants of realism, liberalism, and rational choice that emphasize materialism (the notion that the physical world determines political behavior on its own), and individualism (the notion that individual units can be studied apart from the broader systems that they are embedded in). Whereas other prominent approaches conceptualize power in material terms (e.g. military and economic capabilities), constructivist analyses also see power as the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social relations among actors.
Development
Nicholas Onuf has been credited with coining the term constructivism to describe theories that stress the socially constructed character of international relations. Since the late 1980s to early 1990s, constructivism has become one of the major schools of thought within international relations.
The earliest constructivist works focused on establishing that norms mattered in international politics. Peter J. Katzenstein's edited volume The Culture of National Security compiled works by numerous prominent and emerging constructivists, showing that constructivist insights were important in the field of security studies, an area of International Relations in which realists had been dominant.
After establishing that norms mattered in international politics, later veins of constructivism focused on explaining the circumstances under which some norms mattered and others did not. Swathes of constructivist research have focused on norm entrepreneurs: international organizations and law: epistemic communities; speech, argument, and persuasion; and structural configuration as mechanisms and processes for social construction.
Alexander Wendt is the most prominent advocate of social constructivism in the field of international relations. Wendt's 1992 article "Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics" laid the theoretical groundwork for challenging what he considered to be a flaw shared by both neorealists and neoliberal institutionalists, namely, a commitment to a (crude) form of materialism. By attempting to show that even such a core realist concept as "power politics" is socially constructed—that is, not given by nature and hence, capable of being transformed by human practice—Wendt opened the way for a generation of international relations scholars to pursue work on a wide range of issues from a constructivist perspective. Wendt further developed these ideas in his central work, Social Theory of International Politics (1999). Following up on Wendt, Martha Finnemore offered the first "sustained, systematic empirical argument in support of the constructivist claim that international normative structures matter in world politics" in her 1996 book National Interests in International Society.
There are several strands of constructivism. On the one hand, there are "conventional" constructivist scholars such as Kathryn Sikkink, Peter Katzenstein, Elizabeth Kier, Martha Finnemore, and Alexander Wendt, who use widely accepted methodologies and epistemologies, and whose work has been widely accepted within the mainstream IR community and generated vibrant scholarly discussions among realists, liberals, and constructivists. These scholars hold that research oriented around causal explanations and constitutive explanations is appropriate. Wendt refers to this form of constructivism as "thin" constructivism. On the other hand, there are "critical" radical constructivists who take discourse and linguistics more seriously, and adopt non-positivist methodologies and epistemologies.A third strand, known as critical constructivism, takes conventional constructivists to task for systematically downplaying or omitting class factors. All strands of constructivism agree that neorealism and neoliberalism pay insufficient attention to social construction in world politics.
Theory
Constructivism primarily seeks to demonstrate how core aspects of international relations are, contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism, socially constructed. This means that they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction. Alexander Wendt calls two increasingly accepted basic tenets of constructivism "that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature." This does not mean that constructivists believe international politics is "ideas all the way down", but rather is characterized both by material factors and ideational factors.
Central to constructivism are the notions that ideas matter, and that agents are socially constructed (rather than given).
Constructivist research is focused both on causal explanations for phenomena, as well as analyses of how things are constituted. In the study of national security, the emphasis is on the conditioning that culture and identity exert on security policies and related behaviors. Identities are necessary in order to ensure at least some minimal level of predictability and order. The object of the constructivist discourse can be conceived as the arrival, a fundamental factor in the field of international relations, of the recent debate on epistemology, the sociology of knowledge, the agent/structure relationship, and the ontological status of social facts.
The notion that international relations are not only affected by power politics, but also by ideas, is shared by writers who describe themselves as constructivist theorists. According to this view, the fundamental structures of international politics are social rather than strictly material. This leads to social constructivists to argue that changes in the nature of social interaction between states can bring a fundamental shift towards greater international security.
Challenging realism
During constructivism's formative period, neorealism was the dominant discourse of international relations. Much of constructivism's initial theoretical work challenged basic neorealist assumptions. Neorealists are fundamentally causal structuralists. They hold that the majority of important content to international politics is explained by the structure of the international system, a position first advanced in Kenneth Waltz's Man, the State, and War and fully elucidated in his core text of neorealism, Theory of International Politics. Specifically, international politics is primarily determined by the fact that the international system is anarchic – it lacks any overarching authority, instead it is composed of units (states) which are formally equal – they are all sovereign over their own territory. Such anarchy, neorealists argue, forces States to act in certain ways, specifically, they can only rely on themselves for security (they have to self-help). The way in which anarchy forces them to act in such ways, to defend their own self-interest in terms of power, neorealists argue, explains most of international politics. Because of this, neorealists tend to disregard explanations of international politics at the "unit" or "state" level. Kenneth Waltz attacked such a focus as being reductionist.
Constructivism, particularly in the formative work of Wendt, challenges this assumption by showing that the causal powers attributed to "structure" by neorealists are in fact not "given", but rest on the way in which structure is constructed by social practice. Removed from presumptions about the nature of the identities and interests of the actors in the system, and the meaning that social institutions (including anarchy) have for such actors, Wendt argues neorealism's "structure" reveals very little: "it does not predict whether two states will be friends or foes, will recognize each other's sovereignty, will have dynastic ties, will be revisionist or status quo powers, and so on". Because such features of behavior are not explained by anarchy, and require instead the incorporation of evidence about the interests and identities held by key actors, neorealism's focus on the material structure of the system (anarchy) is misplaced. Wendt goes further than this – arguing that because the way in which anarchy constrains states depends on the way in which states conceive of anarchy, and conceive of their own identities and interests, anarchy is not necessarily even a self-help system. It only forces states to self-help if they conform to neorealist assumptions about states as seeing security as a competitive, relative concept, where the gain of security for any one state means the loss of security for another. If states instead hold alternative conceptions of security, either "co-operative", where states can maximise their security without negatively affecting the security of another, or "collective" where states identify the security of other states as being valuable to themselves, anarchy will not lead to self-help at all. Neorealist conclusions, as such, depend entirely on unspoken and unquestioned assumptions about the way in which the meaning of social institutions are constructed by actors. Crucially, because neorealists fail to recognize this dependence, they falsely assume that such meanings are unchangeable, and exclude the study of the processes of social construction which actually do the key explanatory work behind neorealist observations.
As a criticism of neorealism and neoliberalism (which were the dominant strands of IR theory during the 1980s), constructivism tended to be lumped in with all approaches that criticized the so-called "neo-neo" debate. Constructivism has therefore often been conflated with critical theory. However, while constructivism may use aspects of critical theory and vice versa, the mainstream variants of constructivism are positivist.
In a response to constructivism, John Mearsheimer has argued that ideas and norms only matter on the margins, and that appeals by leaders to norms and morals often reflect self-interest.
Identities and interests
As constructivists reject neorealism's conclusions about the determining effect of anarchy on the behavior of international actors, and move away from neorealism's underlying materialism, they create the necessary room for the identities and interests of international actors to take a central place in theorising international relations. Now that actors are not simply governed by the imperatives of a self-help system, their identities and interests become important in analysing how they behave. Like the nature of the international system, constructivists see such identities and interests as not objectively grounded in material forces (such as dictates of the human nature that underpins classical realism) but the result of ideas and the social construction of such ideas. In other words, the meanings of ideas, objects, and actors are all given by social interaction. People give objects their meanings and can attach different meanings to different things.
Martha Finnemore has been influential in examining the way in which international organizations are involved in these processes of the social construction of actor's perceptions of their interests. In National Interests In International Society, Finnemore attempts to "develop a systemic approach to understanding state interests and state behavior by investigating an international structure, not of power, but of meaning and social value". "Interests", she explains, "are not just 'out there' waiting to be discovered; they are constructed through social interaction". Finnemore provides three case studies of such construction – the creation of Science Bureaucracies in states due to the influence of the UNESCO, the role of the Red Cross in the Geneva Conventions and the World Bank's influence of attitudes to poverty.
Studies of such processes are examples of the constructivist attitude towards state interests and identities. Such interests and identities are central determinants of state behaviour, as such studying their nature and their formation is integral in constructivist methodology to explaining the international system. But it is important to note that despite this refocus onto identities and interests—properties of states—constructivists are not necessarily wedded to focusing their analysis at the unit-level of international politics: the state. Constructivists such as Finnemore and Wendt both emphasize that while ideas and processes tend to explain the social construction of identities and interests, such ideas and processes form a structure of their own which impact upon international actors. Their central difference from neorealists is to see the structure of international politics in primarily ideational, rather than material, terms.
Norms
Constructivist scholars have explored in-depth the role of norms in world politics. Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes have defined “norms” as “a broad class of prescriptive statements – rules, standards, principles, and so forth – both procedural and substantive” that are “prescriptions for action in situations of choice, carrying a sense of obligation, a sense that they ought to be followed”.
Norm-based constructivist approaches generally assume that actors tend to adhere to a “logic of appropriateness”. That means that actors follow “internalized prescriptions of what is socially defined as normal, true, right, or good, without, or in spite of calculation of consequences and expected utility”. This logic of appropriateness stands in contrast to the rational choice “logic of consequences”, where actors are assumed to choose the most efficient means to reach their goals on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis.
Constructivist norm scholarship has investigated a wide range of issue areas in world politics. For example, Peter Katzenstein and the contributors to his edited volume, The Culture of National Security, have argued that states act on security choices not only in the context of their physical capabilities but also on the basis of normative understandings. Martha Finnemore has suggested that international organizations like the World Bank or UNESCO help diffuse norms which, in turn, influence how states define their national interests. Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink have explored how norms affect political change. In doing so, they have stressed the connections between norms and rationality, rather than their opposition to each other. They have also highlighted the importance of “norm entrepreneurs” in advocating and spreading certain norms.
Some scholars have investigated the role of individual norms in world politics. For instance, Audie Klotz has examined how the global norm against apartheid developed across different states (the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe) and institutions (the Commonwealth, the Organization of African Unity, and the United Nations). The emergence and institutionalization of this norm, she argued, has contributed to the end of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Nina Tannenwald has made the case that the non-use of nuclear weapons since 1945 can be attributed to the strength of a nuclear weapons taboo, i.e., a norm against the use of nuclear weapons. She has argued that this norm has become so deeply embedded in American political and social culture that nuclear weapons have not been employed, even in cases when their use would have made strategic or tactical sense. Michael Barnett has taken an evolutionary approach to trace how the norm of political humanitarianism emerged.
Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink distinguish between three types of norms:
Regulative norms: they "order and constrain behavior"
Constitutive norms: they "create new actors, interests, or categories of action"
Evaluative and prescriptive norms: they have an "oughtness" quality to them
Finnemore, Sikkink, Jeffrey W. Legro and others have argued that the robustness (or effectiveness) of norms can be measured by factors such as:
specificity: norms that are clear and specific are more likely to be effective
longevity: norms with a history are more likely to be effective
universality: norms that make general claims (rather than localized and particularistic claims) are more likely to be effective
prominence: norms that are widely accepted among powerful actors are more likely to be effective
Jeffrey Checkel argues that there are two common types of explanations for the efficacy of norms:
Rationalism: actors comply with norms due to coercion, cost-benefit calculations, and material incentives
Constructivism: actors comply with norms due to social learning and socialization
In terms of specific norms, constructivist scholars have shown how the following norms emerged:
Humanitarian intervention: Over time, conceptions of who was "human" changed, which led states to increasingly engage in humanitarian interventions in the 20th century.
Nuclear taboo: A norm against nuclear weapons developed since 1945.
Ban on landmines: Activism by transnational advocacy groups led to a norm prohibiting landmines.
Norms of sovereignty.
Norms against assassination.
Election monitoring.
Taboo against the weaponization of water.
Anti-whaling norm.
Anti-torture norm.
Research areas
Many constructivists analyse international relations by looking at goals, threats, fears, cultures, identities, and other elements of "social reality" as social facts. In an important edited volume, The Culture of National Security, constructivist scholars—including Elizabeth Kier, Jeffrey Legro, and Peter Katzenstein – challenged many realist assumptions about the dynamics of international politics, particularly in the context of military affairs. Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber applied constructivist approaches to understand the evolution of state sovereignty as a central theme in international relations, and works by Rodney Bruce Hall and Daniel Philpott (among others) developed constructivist theories of major transformations in the dynamics of international politics. In international political economy, the application of constructivism has been less frequent. Notable examples of constructivist work in this area include Kathleen R. McNamara's study of European Monetary Union and Mark Blyth's analysis of the rise of Reaganomics in the United States.
By focusing on how language and rhetoric are used to construct the social reality of the international system, constructivists are often seen as more optimistic about progress in international relations than versions of realism loyal to a purely materialist ontology, but a growing number of constructivists question the "liberal" character of constructivist thought and express greater sympathy for realist pessimism concerning the possibility of emancipation from power politics.
Constructivism is often presented as an alternative to the two leading theories of international relations, realism and liberalism, but some maintain that it is not necessarily inconsistent with one or both. Wendt shares some key assumptions with leading realist and neorealist scholars, such as the existence of anarchy and the centrality of states in the international system. However, Wendt renders anarchy in cultural rather than materialist terms; he also offers a sophisticated theoretical defense of the state-as-actor assumption in international relations theory. This is a contentious issue within segments of the IR community as some constructivists challenge Wendt on some of these assumptions (see, for example, exchanges in Review of International Studies, vol. 30, 2004). It has been argued that progress in IR theory will be achieved when Realism and Constructivism can be aligned or even synthesized. An early example of such synthesis was Jennifer Sterling-Folker's analysis of the United States’ international monetary policy following the Bretton Woods system. Sterling-Folker argued that the U.S. shift towards unilateralism is partially accounted for by realism's emphasis of an anarchic system, but constructivism helps to account for important factors from the domestic or second level of analysis.
Recent developments
A significant group of scholars who study processes of social construction self-consciously eschew the label "constructivist". They argue that "mainstream" constructivism has abandoned many of the most important insights from linguistic turn and social-constructionist theory in the pursuit of respectability as a "scientific" approach to international relations. Even some putatively "mainstream" constructivists, such as Jeffrey Checkel, have expressed concern that constructivists have gone too far in their efforts to build bridges with non-constructivist schools of thought.
A growing number of constructivists contend that current theories pay inadequate attention to the role of habitual and unreflective behavior in world politics, the centrality of relations and processes in constructing world politics, or both.
Advocates of the "practice turn" take inspiration from work in neuroscience, as well as that of social theorists such as Pierre Bourdieu, that stresses the significance of habit and practices in psychological and social life - essentially calling for greater attention and sensitivity towards the 'every day' and 'taken for granted' activities of international politics Some scholars have adopted the related sociological approach known as Actor-Network Theory (ANT), which extends the early focus of the Practice Turn on the work of Pierre Bourdieu towards that of Bruno Latour and others. Scholars have employed ANT in order to disrupt traditional world political binaries (civilised/barbarian, democratic/autocratic, etc.), consider the implications of a posthuman understanding of IR, explore the infrastructures of world politics, and consider the effects of technological agency.
Notable constructivists in international relations
Emanuel Adler
Michael Barnett
Thomas J. Biersteker
Mark Blyth
Jeffrey T. Checkel
Martha Finnemore
Ernst B. Haas
Peter M. Haas
Ian Hacking
Ted Hopf
Peter J. Katzenstein
Margaret Keck
Judith Kelley
Friedrich Kratochwil
Richard Ned Lebow
Daniel H. Nexon
Qin Yaqing
Nicholas Onuf
Erik Ringmar
Thomas Risse
John Ruggie
Chris Reus-Smit
Kathryn Sikkink
J. Ann Tickner
Ole Wæver
Alexander Wendt
See also
Constructivism (philosophy of science)
Constructivism (psychological school)
English school of international relations theory
International legal theories
Logic of appropriateness
References
External links
Read an Interview with Social Constructivist Alexander Wendt
Constructivism (international relations)
International relations theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism%20%28international%20relations%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,711,300.
Increase since 31 December 1965: 47,500 (1.78%).
Males per 100 females: 100.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Brigadier Sir Bernard Fergusson GCMG GCVO DSO OBE.
Government
The 34th Parliament of New Zealand concluded and a general election was held on 26 November. The National Party was returned with a majority of eight seats, having lost one seat to the Social Credit Party who entered parliament for the first time.
Speaker of the House – Ronald Algie.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Harry Lake.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Harold Barrowclough (until 17 January), Sir Richard Wild (starting 17 January)
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour).
Leader of Social Credit Party – Vernon Cracknell (after 26 November general election)
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Roy McElroy
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning
Mayor of Dunedin – Russell John Calvert
Events
1 January – New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement comes into force.
4 July – An Air New Zealand Douglas DC-8 on a training flight crashes on takeoff from Auckland Airport, killing two of the five crew members.
19–20 October – President of the United States of America Lyndon B. Johnson visits New Zealand, becoming the first serving US president to visit the country (see Visit).
November – The Grey River Argus ceases publication. The newspaper had been founded in 1865.
New Zealand appoints an ambassador to Italy and establishes an embassy in Rome.
Arts and literature
James K. Baxter wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1966 in art, 1966 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Maria Dallas – Tumbling Down
See: 1966 in music
Radio and television
Broadcast relay station at Hikurangi, Horokaka, Parahaki Hill and Mount Egmont are commissioned, extending television coverage to central Northland and Taranaki.
The program Country Calendar first appears on television.
The C'mon music program, hosted by Peter Sinclair, begins.
First broadcast of Radio Hauraki from a boat called the TIRI in the Hauraki Gulf outside of New Zealand waters in an attempt to break the Government Monopoly on the New Zealand radio airwaves.
See: 1966 in New Zealand television, 1966 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Don't Let It Get You
See: :Category:1966 film awards, 1966 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1966 films
Sport
Athletics
David McKenzie wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:16:59 on 12 March in Hamilton, New Zealand.
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 73rd National Chess Championship was held in Hamilton, and was won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his 8th title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Lordship – 2nd win
Auckland Trotting Cup: Waitaki Hanover
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Miramar Rangers who beat Western (Christchurch) 1–0 in the final.
Northern League champions: Eastern Suburbs AFC. Teams from Bay of Plenty join the league in its second year.
The Western League (a forerunner of the Central League) is formed, incorporating Wanganui Athletic, Wanganui United from Wanganui, Kiwi United, Massey University, St. Andrew's and Thistle from Manawatu, Napier Rovers from Hawke's Bay and Moturoa from Taranaki. The first champion is Kiwi United of Palmerston North.
Provincial league champions:
Buller: no competition
Canterbury: Christchurch City
Marlborough: Grosvenor Rovers
Nelson: Rangers
Otago: Northern AFC
Poverty Bay: Eastern Union
South Canterbury: West End
Southland: Invercargill Thistle
Wairarapa: Masterton Athletic
Wanganui: Western Suburbs
Wellington: Miramar Rangers
West Coast: Grey United
Births
8 January: Laila Harré, politician and trade unionist.
13 January (in Florida, USA): Campbell Cooley, actor.
2 February: Sean Wade, long-distance runner.
3 February: Danny Morrison, cricketer.
22 March: Glen Denham, basketballer.
20 April: Sarah Bradley, television presenter.
26 May: Grant Bradburn, cricketer.
29 May: Nándor Tánczos, politician.
30 June: Marton Csokas, actor.
26 July: Nikki Payne, rower.
30 July: Kerry Fox, actor.
30 August: Teddy Tahu Rhodes, operatic bass-baritone.
26 September: Shane Dye, jockey.
22 October: Blair Hartland, cricketer.
7 November: Murphy Su'a, cricketer.
1 December: Andrew Adamson, film director.
(in Sydney): Mick Watson, sports entrepreneur.
:Category:1966 births
Deaths
14 January: Beatrice Barth, piano teacher.
20 January: Bill Anderton, politician.
18 February: Mary Patricia Anderson, politician (MLC).
25 May: Fred Jones, politician.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Like other countries in the Soviet sphere of influence, Bulgaria strongly emphasized heavy industry and intensive agriculture but did not mitigate the environmental consequences of such a policy. As a result, in the early 1990s an estimated 60 percent of agricultural land was polluted by fertilizers and pesticides, two-thirds of rivers were polluted, and two-thirds of primary forests had been leveled.
Although environmental awareness improved in the post-communist era, the state’s lack of administrative strength and fears of unemployment prevented the curtailment of many dangerous practices. For example, the four reactors of Bulgaria’s only nuclear power plant, the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, were declared unsafe in the early 1990s, but the first reactor closure occurred only in 2003. All four of the original VVER-440/230 reactors have since been shut down, with only the two newer VVER-1000 units still in operation.
Because cleanup has been economically problematic in the post-communist era, in the mid-2000s Bulgaria still had grave environmental crises. Among them were air pollution from industrial emissions; the inability to filter effluents into rivers, leading to concentrations of untreated sewage, heavy metals, and detergents; severely depleted natural forest cover; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; and soil contamination by heavy metals resulting from improper industrial waste disposal.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, a rapid increase in motor vehicles using leaded fuel exacerbated urban air pollution. The agency responsible for protection against all forms of environmental pollution is the Ministry of Environment and Water. The prospect of membership in the European Union (EU) is expected to raise Bulgaria’s environmental standards.
Bulgaria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.09/10, ranking it 86th globally out of 172 countries.
References
Issues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Bulgaria |
Kořenov () is a municipality and village in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. It lies in the Jizera Mountains.
Administrative parts
The villages of Jizerka, Polubný, Příchovice and Rejdice are administrative parts of Kořenov.
Geography
Kořenov is located about east of Jablonec nad Nisou, on the border with Poland. It lies in the Jizera Mountains and in the eponymous protected landscape area. The highest point is the mountain Černý vrch at above sea level. The Jizera River forms here the entire Czech-Polish border and then shortly crosses the territory of Kořenov.
History
The first settlers came to the remote forested area in northern Bohemia in 1577 when Paul Schürer von Walthaimb established one of the oldest glassworks in the region at Rejdice. The glassworks operated until 1720. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, the lands were seized by Albrecht von Wallenstein, who sold them to the comital Desfours dynasty. In the 18th century, German colonists came to this region. The estates were acquired by the noble House of Rohan in 1824.
In 1902, the Tanvald–Kořenov cog railway connecting to the electrified Izera railway line running to Silesian Hirschberg (present-day Jelenia Góra) was put into operation. Until 1918, Bohemian Unter Wurzelsdorf belonged to the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary, in the Bezirk (district) of Gablonz (now Jablonec nad Nisou), one of 94 Bohemian Bezirkshauptmannschaften.
The German-speaking population was expelled after 1945.
The municipality was established in 1960 by the merger of the former market towns of Polubný and Příchovice with Rejdice and Jizerka. Kořenov was only an administrative part of Polubný, however the new municipality adopted its name.
Part of Kořenov, the former hamlet of Údolí Naděje (Hoffnungstal, ), belonged to Poland between 1945 and 1958. As part of the interstate agreement on territorial exchange, the territory then fell to Czechoslovakia.
Demographics
Transport
Kořenov lies on the railway line from Liberec to Szklarska Poręba.
Sights
Štěpánka is the oldest observation tower in the Jizera Mountains. It was built on Hvězda mountain () in 1847. The tower is high and belongs to the most popular tourist destinations in the mountain range.
Tesařov chapel is a protestant chapel, built according to plans of Otto Bartning in 1909. Today si is used by the Moravian Church.
The Church of Saint John in Polubný was built in 1789–1793. It is a Neoclassical building with Neoromanesque interiors.
The Tanvald–Harrachov cog railway passes through Kořenov. It was built in 1899–1902. It is known for the steepest gradient of a railway in the country (up to 58 ‰) and for the Polubenský Tunnel, which belongs to the longest in the country with a length of .
Notable people
Berthold Bartosch (1893–1968), film director
Rudolf Burkert (1904–1985), skier
Claus Josef Riedel (1925–2004), glassmaker
Ladislav Rygl Sr. (born 1947), skier
References
External links
Tanvald–Harrachov cog railway
Villages in Jablonec nad Nisou District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%99enov |
Russula xerampelina, also commonly known as the shrimp russula, crab brittlegill, or shrimp mushroom, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the brittlegill genus Russula. Two subspecies are recognised. The fruiting bodies appear in coniferous woodlands in autumn in northern Europe and North America. Their caps are coloured various shades of wine-red, purple to green. Mild tasting and edible, it is one of the most highly regarded brittlegills for the table. It is also notable for smelling of shellfish or crab when fresh.
Taxonomy
Russula xerampelina was originally described in 1770 as Agaricus xerampelina from a collection in Bavaria by the German mycologist Jacob Christian Schaeffer, who noted the colour as fusco-purpureus or "purple-brown". It was later given its present binomial name by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries. Its specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek meaning "colour of dried vine leaves", xeros meaning "dry", and ampělinos or "of the vine".
Two subspecies have been recognised, var. xerampelina and var. tenuicarnosa, with thinner flesh in the cap and the stipe. The name R. erythropoda is now considered a synonym, and former subspecies R. (xerampelina subsp.) amoenipes (originally named by Henri Romagnesi) now a separate species. A former variety with a greenish cap, R. xerampelina var. elaeodes, is now classified as R. clavipes.
As the first defined species, it gives its name to the section Xerampelinae, a group of related species within the genus Russula, occasionally all termed R. xerampelina in the past.
Common names include shrimp mushroom, shrimp Russula, crab brittlegill, and shellfish-scented Russula.
Description
Russula xerampelina has a characteristic odour of boiled crustacean. The cap is wide, domed, flat, or with a slightly depressed centre, and sticky. The colour is variable, most commonly purple to wine-red, or greenish, and darker towards the centre of the cap. There are fine grooves up to a centimetre long running perpendicular to the margin. The gills have a mild to rather bitter taste, narrowly spaced, and turn creamy-yellow on aging specimens. The spore print is creamy-yellow to ochre. The oval spores measure 8.8–9.9 by 6.7–7.8 µm and are covered with 1 µm spines. The stipe is long, wide, cylindrical, white or sometimes with a reddish blush, bruising brown.
This Russula has been divided into several similar species by some mycologists. However, they all have the singular dark green colour reaction to iron salts (iron(II) sulfate) when applied to the flesh, and all smell of shellfish. This aroma is quite distinct, and becomes stronger with age.
More reddish-capped forms could be confused with the sickener (Russula emetica), although the latter always has a white stipe and gills; greener-capped species may resemble the also edible Russula aeruginea.
Similar species
Russula graveolens
Distribution and habitat
Russula xerampelina is widely distributed; quite common in northern temperate zones, and often ranging into the Arctic Circle, it also ranges south to Costa Rica. Appearing in the autumn, it grows solitary, or in groups with conifers,
and seems to have a preference for Douglas Fir, or more rarely pine trees or larch. It is sometimes found in deciduous woods, such as beech and oak.
Variety tenuicarnosa has been found on sandy soils under pine in Slovakia and northern Italy in Trentino.
Edibility
The taste of Russula xerampelina is mild. This Russula is considered one of the best edible species of its genus, although the crab, or shrimp taste and smell will persist even when cooking. This is more pronounced and less pleasant in older specimens. The young caps are said to be superb stuffed with any suitable ingredients, and are rarely maggoty.
See also
List of Russula species
References
"Danske storsvampe. Basidiesvampe" [a key to Danish basidiomycetes] J.H. Petersen and J. Vesterholt eds. Gyldendal. Viborg, Denmark, 1990.
External links
Rogers Mushrooms - Russula xerampelina
xerampelina
Edible fungi
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1774
Taxa named by Jacob Christian Schäffer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20xerampelina |
Environmental issues in Australia describes a number of environmental issues which affect the environment of Australia. There are a range of such issues, some of the relating to conservation in Australia while others, for example the deteriorating state of Murray-Darling Basin, have a direct and serious effect on human land use and the economy.
Many human activities including the use of natural resources have a direct impact on the Australian environment.
These issues are the primary concern of the environmental movement in Australia.
Climate change
Climate change is now a major political talking point in Australia in the last two decades. Persistent drought, and resulting water restrictions during the first decade of the twenty-first century, are an example of natural events' tangible effect on economic and political realities .
Australia ranks within the top ten countries globally with respect to greenhouse gas emissions per capita.
The current federal and state governments have all publicly stated their belief that climate change is being caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Vocal minority groups within the population campaign against mining and coal-fired power stations in Australia, and such demonstrations are widely reported by the mainstream media. Similarly, vocal minority groups concurrently oppose wind energy schemes, despite being 'carbon neutral', on the grounds of local visual and noise impact and concern for the currently high cost and low reliability of wind energy.
Despite the publication of the Garnaut report and the Green Paper on the proposed Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, public belief in anthropogenic climate change has noticeably eroded following the leaking of e-mails from the University of East Anglia's Climate Research Unit.
There is claimed to be a net benefit to Australia in stabilising greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 450ppm CO2 eq in line with the prevailing political stance. Public disagreement with this opinion is generally dismissed as expression of vested interests, for example from the coal industry.
Energy use
Most of Australia's demand for electricity depends upon coal-fired thermal generation, owing to the plentiful indigenous coal supply, limited potential electric generation and political unwillingness to exploit indigenous uranium resources (although Australia accounted for the world's second highest production of uranium in 2005 to fuel a 'carbon neutral' domestic nuclear energy program.
Australia does not require its vehicles to meet any fuel efficiency standards, in spite of its emissions reduction target under the Paris Agreement.
Conservation
Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations.
A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high. Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact. Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch.
Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have risen from—unusual to say—lack of land clearing.
The Daintree Rainforest, a tropical rainforest near Daintree, Queensland covering around 1200 square kilometres, is threatened by logging, development, mining and the effects of the high tourist numbers.
There are some government programs in Australia which are the opposite of conservation (such as killing wildlife); an example of this is shark culling, which currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland.
Native fauna
Over a hundred species of fauna are currently under serious threat of extinction. The plight of some of these species receives more attention than others and recently the focus of many conservation organisations has been the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, the endangered Tasmanian devil, northern tiger quoll, south eastern red-tailed black cockatoo, southern cassowary, Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle, Leadbeater's possum and southern corroboree frog.
Australia has a poor record of conservation of native fauna. The extinction of Australian megafauna is attributed to the arrival of humans and since European settlement, 23 birds, 4 frogs, and 27 mammal species are also known to have become extinct.
Marine conservation
One of the notable issues with marine conservation in Australia is the protection of the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef's environmental pressures include water quality from runoff, climate change and mass coral bleaching, cyclic outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish, overfishing, and shipping accidents. The government of Queensland currently kills sharks in the Great Barrier Reef using drum lines, causing damage to the marine ecosystem.
In 2021 Australia announced the creation of 2 national marine parks in size of 740,000 square kilometers. With those parks 45% of the Australian marine territory will be protected.
Whaling
Whaling in Australia took place from colonisation in 1788. In 1979 Australia terminated whaling and committed to whale protection. The main varieties hunted were humpback, blue, right and sperm whales.
Shark culling
Western Australia culled sharks in 2014, killing dozens of tiger sharks and causing public protest. Later that year it was abandoned, and the government of Western Australia continued to shoot and kill sharks it believed to be an "imminent threat" to humans from 2014 to 2017; this policy was criticized by senator Rachel Siewart for being environmentally damaging.
From 1962 to the present, the government of Queensland has killed sharks on drum lines and shark nets, a process that also kills other animals such as dolphins and dugongs. From 1962 to 2018, Queensland's "shark control" program killed roughly 50,000 sharks, including sharks in the Great Barrier Reef. Queensland's shark-killing program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective".
New South Wales has a shark net program that kills sharks as well as other marine life. Between 1950 and 2008, 352 tiger sharks and 577 great white sharks were killed in the nets in New South Wales – also during this period, a total of 15,135 marine animals were killed in the nets, including whales and turtles. There has been a very large decrease in the number of sharks in eastern Australia in recent years, and the shark-killing programs in Queensland and New South Wales are partly responsible for this decrease.
Jessica Morris of Humane Society International calls shark culling a "knee-jerk reaction" and says, "sharks are top order predators that play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. We need them for healthy oceans."
Oil spills
While there have been no oil spill environmental disasters of the scale of the Exxon Valdez in the country, Australia has a large oil industry and there have been several large oil spills . Spills remain a serious threat to the marine environment and Australian coastline. The largest spill to date was the Kirki tanker in 1991 which dropped 17,280 tonnes of oil off the coast of Western Australia.
In March 2009, the 2009 southeast Queensland oil spill occurred, where 200,000 litres were spilled from the MV Pacific Adventurer spilling more than 250 tonnes of oil, 30 tonnes of fuel and other toxic chemicals on Brisbane's suburban beaches. Premier Anna Bligh described the spill as "worst environmental disaster Queensland has ever seen".
Ocean dumping
A serious issue to the Australian marine environment is the dumping of rubbish from ships. There have been a number of cases, particularly involving the navy of Australian and other countries polluting Australian waters including the dumping of chemical warfare agents. Recently documented cases include the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan in 2006 which was found to be dumping rubbish off the shores of Moreton Island. In Victoria, a large number of toxic drums containing 1,2-Dichlorobenzene xylenol, a substance very toxic to aquatic creatures washed up on beaches during May 2009 presumably fallen off a passing container ship.
Invasive species
Australia's geographical isolation has resulted in the evolution of many delicate ecological relationships that are sensitive to foreign invaders and in many instances provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. The introduction and prolific breeding of animal species such as the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) had greatly disrupted native species populations. Introduced species in Australia are problematic in that they may outcompete or, in the case of the can toad, red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral domestic cats (Felis catus), directly kill native species. Rabbits in Australia along with feral beasts of burden disrupt native species by destroying vulnerable habitat requiring drastic pest-exclusion measures such as the Rabbit-proof fence. The cane toad invasion is particularly concerning due to them having few predators and apart from extensively outcompeting native species their toxicity kills thousands of native apex predators each year. The threat of the ongoing cane toad invasion has seen the establishment of a national taskforce despite its potential range being limited to the north of the continent. Likewise Tasmania takes the threat of the species so seriously that it has a government sponsored taskforce to prevent fox populations from taking hold on the island. The species has single-handedly caused the extinction of several native species on the mainland.
Australia is also vulnerable to invasive weeds. Controlling the invasion of prickly pears in Australia is one of the success stories of invasive species control. The government maintains a Weeds of National Significance (WONS) list of problematic plant species.
Land degradation
According to Jared Diamond, "Australia's number-one environmental problem [is] land degradation". Land degradation results from nine types of damaging environmental impacts:
Clearance of native vegetation
Overgrazing by sheep
Rabbits
Soil nutrient exhaustion
Soil erosion
Man-made droughts
Weeds
Misguided governmental policies
Salinization
Logging and woodchopping
Clearcutting of old growth forests is continuing in parts of Australia. This often involves the destruction of natural ecosystems and the replacement with monoculture plantations.
Australia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.22/10, ranking it 46th globally out of 172 countries.
Land clearing
In the prehistory of Australia the Indigenous Australians used fire-stick farming which was an early form of land clearing which caused long term changes to the ecology. With European colonisation land clearing continued on a larger scale for agriculture – particularly for cattle, cotton and wheat production. Since European settlement a total of 13% of native vegetation cover has been lost. The extinction of 20 different mammals, 9 bird and 97 plant species have been partially attributed to land clearing. Land clearing is a major source of Australia's greenhouse gas emissions, and contributed to approximately 12 percent of Australia's total emissions in 1998.
The consequences of land clearing include dryland salinity and soil erosion. These are a major concern to the landcare movement in Australia.
The clearing of native vegetation is controlled by Federal laws (indirectly), State law and local planning instruments. The precise details of regulation of vegetation clearing differ according to the location where clearing is proposed.
Soil salinity
Soil salinity affects 50,000 km² of Australia and is predominantly due to land clearance.
Waterway health
The protection of waterways in Australia is a major concern for various reasons including habitat and biodiversity, but also due to use of the waterways by humans.
The Murray-Darling Basin is under threat due to irrigation in Australia, causing high levels of salinity which affect agriculture and biodiversity in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. These rivers are also affected by pesticide run-off and drought.
Australian waterways facing environmental issues
Rivers and creeks in urban areas also face environmental issues, particularly pollution.
Victoria
Port Phillip (contamination – silt; sediment; toxins; household chemicals; garden chemicals; E. coli; litter; flotsam and jetsam)
Yarra River (contamination – E. coli; litter – 13 traps; logging; erosion; salinity)
Maribyrnong River (contamination – arsenic and heavy metals; litter – 1 trap)
Mullum Mullum Creek (contamination – E. coli; litter)
Murray River (salinity, erosion)
New South Wales
Parramatta River (contamination – dioxins, arsenic, coal tars, chromium, lead and phthalates)
Darling River (salinity, erosion)
Murray River (salinity, erosion)
Cooks River (pollution, algal blooms)
Queensland
Bremer River (water grading F – lowest possible)
Brisbane River
Oxley Creek (water grading D)
Bulimba Creek (threatened species due to land degradation; pollution; litter)
South Australia
River Torrens (contaminants – E. coli; algal bloom)
Water use
Water use is a major sustainability issue in Australia. Water is becoming a very very big problem for not only Australia but worldwide as where there are droughts occurring more often and only having limited use of the water and then there are even places that don't have any water at all such as India etc, we need conserve our water for the future and get more access to the water since we only have roughly 5% access to it.
Urbanisation
Australia is one of the most urbanised countries in the world. Many Australian cities have large urban footprints and are characterised by an unsustainable low density urban sprawl. This places demand on infrastructure and services which contributes to the problems of land clearing, pollution, transport related emissions, energy consumption, invasive species, automobile dependency and urban heat islands.
The urban sprawl continues to increase at a rapid rate in most Australian cities, particularly the state capital cities, all of which (with the exception of Hobart) are metropoleis. In some centres, such as Sydney and Greater Western Sydney, Greater Melbourne and South East Queensland large metropolitan conurbations threaten to extend for hundreds of kilometres and based on current population growth rates are expected to become megacities in the 21st century. Most Australian cities population growth is a result of migration in contrast to the Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia, which is contributing to the ongoing trend of urbanisation.
In recent years, some cities have implemented transit-oriented development strategies to curb the urban sprawl. Notable examples include Melbourne 2030, South East Queensland Regional Plan and the Sydney Metropolitan Strategy. There are also population decentralisation programs at state and federal levels aimed at shifting populations out of the major centres and stemming the drivers to rapid urbanisation. Albury-Wodonga was part of the federal government's program of decentralisation begun in the 1970s, which has at times had relocation policies for immigration. The Victorian government has run a decentralisation program since the 1960s, having had a ministerial position appointed and ongoing promotional and investment programs for stimulating growth in Regional Victoria. However policy has swung over the decades, primarily due to local development priorities and agendas and a lack of federal co-ordination to the problem.
Issues include large quantities of e-waste and toxic waste going into landfill. Australia does not have restrictions on the dumping of toxic materials that are common in other countries, such as dumping Cathode Ray Tubes which leach heavy metals into water catchments. Due to the lack of sufficient sites for toxic waste disposal large quantities of toxic waste are trucked between states to remote dumping grounds or exported overseas in ships.
Mining issues
Australia has the largest reserves of uranium in the world and there has been a number of enquiries on uranium mining. The anti-nuclear movement in Australia actively opposes mining and seeks to prevent the construction of nuclear power plants.
At least 150 leaks, spills and licence breaches occurred at the Ranger uranium mine between 1981 and 2009.
Controversial land use projects
The following is a list of development projects that have been controversial due to concerns of environmental effects. This list includes projects required to submit an Environmental Effects Statement.
See also
Conservation in Australia
Flora of Australia
Invasive species in Australia
Land clearing in Australia
List of environmental issues
List of threatened flora of Australia
Litter in Australia
Recycling in Australia
Timbarra Gold Mine – a highly controversial gold mine
World Uranium Hearing
Notes and references
External links
Australian Environment Portal
Envirotalk – Australia's largest environmental discussion forum
Environment Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Australia |
Scotstounhill railway station serves Scotstounhill in Glasgow, Scotland. The station lies on the Argyle and North Clyde lines, serving the districts of Scotstoun and Knightswood, with trains to and from or Queen Street stations and on into the east end.
Services
2tph to Whifflet via Glasgow Central Low Level, with one through to Motherwell
2tph to Cumbernauld via Glasgow Queen Street Low Level
4tph to Dalmuir, with 2 continuing through to Dumbarton Central
Additional services to/from Garscadden stop at peak periods. On Sundays there are 2tph to Balloch and to Glasgow Central L.L (and thence alternately to Larkhall and Motherwell via the Hamilton Circle).
Notes
Sources
External links
Pictorial History of Scotstounhill Station
RAILSCOT on Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1883
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotstounhill%20railway%20station |
The following lists events that happened during 1968 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,773,000.
Increase since 31 December 1967: 28,000 (1.02%).
Males per 100 females: 99.8 – This was the first year (other than during a major war) in which the number of females exceeded the number of males.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE.
Government
The 35th Parliament of New Zealand continued, with the National government in power.
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour).
Leader of the Social Credit Party – Vernon Cracknell
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Roy McElroy then Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Denis Rogers then Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – George Manning then Ron Guthrey
Mayor of Dunedin – Russell John Calvert then Jim Barnes
Events
10 April – Inter-Island ferry foundered off Wellington with the loss of 53 lives.
24 May – 1968 Inangahua earthquake
14 October – NAC commences scheduled Boeing 737-200 operations between Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.
The Southland Daily News, which had been acquired by its rival The Southland Times in 1967, ceased publication and was replaced by an evening edition of The Times. The paper was first published as Southern News and Foveaux Strait's Herald in 1861.
The Longest Drink In Town starts being sold.
Arts and literature
Ruth Dallas wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1968 in art, 1968 in literature, :Category:1968 books
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Allison Durbin – I Have Loved Me A Man
See: 1968 in music
Radio and television
Wellington television crews win the World Newsfilm Award for their coverage of the Wahine disaster.
See 1968 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1968 film awards, 1968 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1968 films
Sport
Athletics
Jeff Julian wins his second national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:22:40 on 9 March in Whangārei.
Association football
The Chatham Cup is won by Eastern Suburbs of Auckland, who beat Christchurch Technical 2–0 in the final.
1968 was the first year in which all three regional leagues operated, with the formation of the Southern League.
Northern League premier division (Thompson Shield) won by Mt Wellington.
Central League won by Western Suburbs FC
Southern League First Division won by Christchurch City AFC
Chess
The 75th National Chess Championship was held in Dunedin, and was won by B.R. Anderson of Christchurch.
Cricket
Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68. The first Test was India's first win away from home, and the second Test was New Zealand's first victory over India.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Humphrey
Auckland Trotting Cup: Cardinal Garrison
Motorsport
The 1968 Tasman Series was won by Jim Clark
The 15th 1968 New Zealand Grand Prix was won by Chris Amon
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 52 competitors.
Winter Olympics
New Zealand competes at the Winter Olympics for only the third time, with a team of six athletes.
Paralympic Games
Summer Paralympics
New Zealand sends a team to the Paralympics for the first time.
Rugby league
New Zealand competed in the 1968 Rugby League World Cup, losing all its 3 games to finish in last place.
Rugby union
The national team of France toured New Zealand, losing all three tests and one of their nine provincial matches.
Births
26 January: Chris Pringle, cricketer.
January: Emma Paki, singer/songwriter.
29 February: Gareth Farr, composer and percussionist.
20 March: Lawrence Makoare, actor.
29 March: Lucy Lawless, actress and singer.
16 April (in England): Roger Twose, cricketer.
10 May: Craig Russ, field hockey player.
14 May (in Canada): Richard Tapper, swimmer.
25 May: Kevin Iro, rugby league player.
26 June: Scott Anderson, field hockey goalkeeper .
8 July: Shane Howarth, rugby player.
27 July: Cliff Curtis, actor.
31 July: Jenny Duck, field hockey player .
4 November: Lee Germon, cricketer.
21 August: Robbie Johnston, long-distance runner.
27 August: Matthew Ridge, rugby league player, rugby union player and television presenter.
24 October (in Papua New Guinea): Ross Anderson, swimmer.
18 November: Logan Edwards, rugby league player.
3 December: Toni Jeffs, swimmer.
15 December: Kirsa Jensen, missing person.
25 December: Jason Mackie, rugby league player.
Greg Johnson, musician.
Paul Moon, historian and biographer.
Michael Parekowhai, sculptor.
:Category:1968 births
Deaths
4 June: Walter Nash, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand.
19 September: Barrett Crumen, seaman and swagger.
19 November: Vivian Potter, politician.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Charles Steven Cox (born October 31, 1974) is an American former professional baseball first baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yokohama BayStars.
Career
Cox attended Monache High School in Porterville, California, graduating in 1992. was chosen in the fifth round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft by the Oakland Athletics. He played in their organization for six seasons without appearing in the major leagues. He was selected by the Devil Rays with the 46th pick in the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft.
Cox broke out in 1999, when he posted an impressive .341/.414/.588 batting line with 25 home runs and 107 runs scored for the Durham Bulls, earning International League MVP honors.
Cox was first called up to MLB on September 17, , along with Jim Morris. He made his Major League debut on September 19, 1999 as a pinch hitter in the seventh inning against the Texas Rangers, in which he also earned his first major league hit, a double off of Jeff Fassero. For the 1999 season, Cox appeared in 6 games, batting .211 in 19 at-bats.
Cox began the 2000 season on the major league roster, and spent the entire season with the Rays. In 116 games, Cox hit .283/.379/.453 with 11 home runs and 35 RBIs. Cox received a single vote in AL Rookie of the Year voting, tying him for sixth place with Adam Kennedy, Mark Redman and Barry Zito.
Cox spent the next two years as an near everyday player for the Rays, playing in 256 out of a possible 324 games. In 2001, he hit .257/.323/.427 with 12 home runs and 51 RBIs in 108 games. In 2002, he was a regular starter at first base and as a designated hitter appearing in 148 games, hitting .254/.330/.396 with 30 doubles, 16 home runs and 72 RBIs.
During the 2002 offseason, Cox who was coming off a career-best season, surprisingly, decided to leave the Rays and the MLB behind to play for the Yokohama BayStars of the
NPB. In his lone season in Japan, he only appeared in 15 games, batting .200/.298/.280 with 1 home run and 7 RBIs.
He returned briefly to the Devil Rays organization, playing 19 games for the Durham Bulls during the 2005 season, where he hit .210/.329/.436 with 3 home runs and 9 RBIs before retiring.
In 2007, Cox became the head coach for Porterville College, and coached the Pirates for two seasons.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Arizona League Athletics players
Durham Bulls players
Edmonton Trappers players
Huntsville Stars players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Modesto A's players
Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen
Orlando Rays players
People from Delano, California
Baseball players from Kern County, California
Southern Oregon A's players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
Yokohama BayStars players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Cox%20%28baseball%29 |
Robert Eugene Smith (born May 10, 1974) is an American former infielder for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays of Major League Baseball. He was drafted in the eleventh round of the 1992 amateur draft by the Atlanta Braves, and was subsequently selected 12th by the Devil Rays in the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft. Bobby is now the hitting instructor in the Arizona Diamondbacks organization.
Early life
Robert “Bobby” Eugene Smith was born on May 10, 1974, in Oakland, California. Bobby was a natural athlete, and he excelled in both basketball and baseball. He was often the best player on the field, and as a youth baseball player he was a six-time all-star and a Bambino League World Series champion. Bobby went to Fremont High School in Oakland, and was a three-year letterman in both Baseball and Basketball. In his Senior year, Bobby was recognized as the Oakland Athletic League’s “Player of the Year,” an award handed out annually to the best ballplayer in the Oakland Unified School district. Bobby was offered, and accepted a full scholarship offer to University of California, Berkeley, but was subsequently selected in the 11th round of the 1992 Major League Baseball Draft by the Atlanta Braves, who he signed with on June 5, 1992 .
Career
Atlanta Braves
Bobby spent 1993 with the Class-A Macon Braves before being brought up to the Class-A advanced Durham Bulls in 1994. It was here that Bobby started to show his potential hitting .266, but slugging 12 homeruns to go along with 18 steals. In 1995, Bobby hit .261 with the Class AA Greenville Braves, slugging 14 homers and swiping 12 bags. He was also regarded as a talented fielder who could play third base and shortstop, as well as outfield. After the season, Baseball America rated him 75th out of the top 100 prospects currently in the minor leagues. In 1996, Smith started the season with the AAA Richmond Braves, and seemed poised for a great season. His numbers dipped from the year before, as he was only able to manage a .256 batting average. His power numbers dipped as well, as he only hit 8 homeruns. However, he did steal 15 bases. After the season, he was removed from baseball America’s top 100. His 1997 season in Richmond did not show much improvement, as he was only able to hit .246. His power numbers, however, rebounded slightly, as he was able to hit 12 homeruns (in 24 less games than the previous season).
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Bobby was selected twelfth overall by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 expansion draft, and in 1998 he made his Major League debut. He was selected for the inaugural roster of the Devil Rays, with his role being defined as the 5th infielder, occasional outfielder, who would spell the aging legend, Wade Boggs at third base. Bobby’s major league debut came in the form of a bottom of the ninth, pinch-hit at-bat for starting center fielder, Quentin McCracken. Bobby singled off of Detroit Tigers reliever Bryce Florie. He would go on to have the best season of his professional career, (Majors or minors) hitting .276, with an on base percentage of .343, and a slugging percentage of .422. Bobby hit 11 homeruns in only 117 games. He was regarded as a player of the future, and a possible building block of the Franchise. After the season, Bobby was named (along with teammate Miguel Cairo) to the 1999 Topps Baseball All-Star Rookie Team.
In 1999 Smith spent as much time with AAA Durham as he did with the big club, hitting only .181 in the majors. In the minors however, Smith hit .333, and slugged .613. Smith hit .234, .105, and .175 in 2000, 2001, and 2002 respectively. In that same time frame, he hit .291, .301, and .239 in the minors, proving himself to be an outstanding Minor Leaguer. His last MLB appearance was May 6, 2002, where he went 0-3 against the Boston Red Sox. Shortly thereafter, Smith was designated for assignment by Tampa Bay.
Minor Leagues
He began his journey through the minors, playing for affiliates of the Milwaukee Brewers, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, and Oakland A’s. In 2006, after his second stint with the AAA White Sox affiliate in Charlotte, where he hit .259 with a meager 6 homeruns, Smith retired from baseball at the age of 32.
Smith’s playing days over, he joined the Arizona Diamondbacks as a hitting coach. As of July 18, 2016, he is no longer with their organization.
External links
1974 births
Living people
Major League Baseball infielders
Baseball players from Oakland, California
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Macon Braves players
Durham Bulls players
Greenville Braves players
Richmond Braves players
Indianapolis Indians players
Columbus Clippers players
Charlotte Knights players
Sacramento River Cats players
Fremont High School (Oakland, California) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Smith%20%28infielder%29 |
Jordanhill railway station is a side-platformed suburban railway station in the Jordanhill area in the West End of Glasgow, Scotland. The station, which is governed by Transport Scotland and managed by ScotRail, lies on the Argyle Line and the North Clyde Line. In operation since 1887, the station stemmed losses for an area that was in decline.
It is located near the Jordanhill Campus of the University of Strathclyde and sits atop Crow Road, an important western thoroughfare in Glasgow and the main route to the Clyde Tunnel. The station is five stops and eleven minutes' journey time from on the Argyle Line.
History
Early history
The station opened on 1 August 1887 as part of the Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway. Construction of the station structure was not completed until 1895, with modular-design wooden buildings, commonly seen on the new suburban railway lines, being built on both platforms. This is an important part of the station's history. The station is located on part of the former site of brick and tile works; Jordanhill being an area of artisans and miners until the close of the nineteenth century. The railway station arrived just as much of the local industry was declining, giving residents, who previously had to walk to Hillhead or Partick to find transport into Glasgow, proper access to the city centre.
The station's opening effectively filled a gap in provision, as lines in the area had already been constructed; the Whiteinch and Stobcross Railways both opened in 1874, but no station was constructed on these lines at Jordanhill. A new link allowed services to Whiteinch Victoria Park to begin in 1897, but they ceased in 1951 and the link was closed to freight in 1967. The route of the link has been converted into a nature walk from Victoria Park to Jordanhill station, running alongside the existing line for approximately half its length.
On 15 January 1898, J. Johnstone, a member of the Whiteinch Harriers running club, was killed while attempting to run across the line west of the station. A small lead memorial stood on the spot for many years. The freight line saw near-disaster on 28 December 1932, when seventeen wagons laden with coal ran away on a slight incline on the sidings operated by the Great Western Steam Laundry; they ran into other wagons, derailing nine and spilling coal over the line, seriously disrupting passenger traffic.
A serious accident occurred on 28 April 1980, when a three-coach train carrying 80 passengers from Dalmuir to Motherwell derailed at Hyndland West Junction, just after leaving Jordanhill. All the bogies on the leading coach left the rails, causing fifteen people (nine women and six men) to be injured seriously enough for them to be taken to the Western Infirmary.
Plans for rebuilding
In 1998, Strathclyde Passenger Transport (SPT) undertook a study into the possible relocation of the station west to Westbrae Drive. By 2004, SPT had identified this station as one of their top three priorities, and Glasgow City Council had identified it as a "main priority".
An alternative proposal would keep the existing station open but with many services calling only at a new Westbrae Drive station. This proposal was backed in August 2001 by Charlie Gordon, then leader of Glasgow City Council, who said that having a second station in Jordanhill would assist students at the nearby Jordanhill campus of the University of Strathclyde. The proposed new station would have been only roughly 500 yd (460 m) away.
The station at Jordanhill is to be rebuilt, one of six new stations in the west of Scotland, according to an announcement made on 19 May 2006 by SPT chief executive Ron Culley.
Jordanhill Station will be rebuilt for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, one of a number of stations that will be rebuilt for the Commonwealth Games through a £300 million transport legacy plan.
Services
As part of the Argyle Line, the station is used—along with Glasgow Central and Anderston—by those commuting to and from Central Glasgow, near the heart of its business and financial district. The typical hourly service from the station is four trains per hour to Dalmuir via Yoker (two extended to ), two trains to via Glasgow Central and two trains to Cumbernauld via Glasgow Queen Street.
In SRA's 2002/3 financial year, 85,861 people boarded trains at Jordanhill station, and 94,613 disembarked, making it the 1,029th busiest station in the United Kingdom, and twenty-fifth busiest on the Argyle Line in 2003.
In 2016, the Queen Street High Level tunnel closure saw restricted services for part of the year, with frequencies dropping to half-hourly from here.
Facilities
The station has a very small car park (eleven spaces) and is not permanently staffed, but it contains a ticket machine, one of an initial batch of ten installed by SPT in late 2003 and early 2004 as part of a drive to curb fare dodging, which was estimated to be costing the company £2 million a year. Both platforms are elevated and each has a wheelchair ramp. There is a connecting footbridge between the two platforms.
In the area
The Jordanhill Campus of the University of Strathclyde, which hosts the Faculty of Education, is located nearby. Several schools are also in the area, including Jordanhill School, Broomhill Primary, St Thomas Aquinas; as well as a Territorial Army centre. For the later part of the 1980s and the early part of the 1990s, a huge Jolly Giant toy centre lay just across Crow Road, and was a major local attraction. It closed in the 1990s and after housing a discount clothing store for a few years it is now a Volkswagen car dealership.
Backing onto platform 2 is a Scout hall, home to the 72nd Scout Troop.
There are two sports facilities accessible from the station:
New Anniesland, a rugby union and cricket playing field is home to the Glasgow Academicals Sports Club and The Glasgow Academy.
Old Anniesland, home to The High School of Glasgow and the GHK Sports club.
Rugby union team Glasgow Hawks RFC predominantly play at Old Anniesland, but occasionally play at New Anniesland.
Notes
References
External links
Station facilities from First ScotRail
RailScot: Glasgow, Yoker and Clydebank Railway
Map of rail area from Sustrans (UK)
Picture of the station in 1953
Railway station
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1887
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1887 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhill%20railway%20station |
The Tennessee Commissioner of Financial Institutions is the head of Tennessee's Department of Financial Institutions, which is responsible for regulating the bank system of that U.S. state. The Commissioner is appointed by the governor of Tennessee and is a member of the governor's Cabinet, which meets at least once per month, or more often to the governor's liking. Originally, a Banking Department had been created in 1913, led by a Superintendent of Banks, and then ten years later credit unions were added to the Department's responsibilities.
The first Commissioner of Banking, after the position was renamed in 1973, was Hugh F. Sinclair during the administration of Governor Winfield Dunn. The second Commissioner of Banking, under Ray Blanton, was Joe Hemphill. The last person to hold the title of Commissioner of Banking was Thomas C. Mottern, under Lamar Alexander. The first person to hold the title of Commissioner of Financial Institutions, also under Lamar Alexander, was W.C. Adams in 1983.
The Commissioner during the Ned Ray McWherter administration was Jeff H. Dyer. Don Sundquist's Commissioners, respectively, were Talmadge B. Gilley, Bill Houston, and Fred Lawson. Kevin Lavender was the Commissioner under governor Phil Bredesen, until Lavender resigned to become a senior vice president of the Fifth Third Bank corporation. Phil Bredesen appointed Greg Gonzales to serve as Acting Commissioner of Banking in his place on December 5, 2005.
External links
The website of the Tennessee Department of Financial Institutions
The Tennessee Blue Book's section on the Department
The Tennessee State Library and Archive's list of governor papers. Some contain lists of the governor's Cabinet members.
A news article about the appointment of Fred Lawson
An article from Governor Phil Bredesen's website on the appointment of Greg Gonzales
Financial Institutions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Commissioner%20of%20Financial%20Institutions |
Aaron David Ledesma (born June 3, 1971) is an American former professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an infielder.
Playing career
Ledesma was drafted in the second round of the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft by the New York Mets. Prior to the 1996 season, he was traded by the Mets to the California Angels for Kevin Flora. Ledesma spent the 1996 season in the minors, became a minor league free agent after the season, and signed with the Baltimore Orioles in 1997. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays from Orioles as the 62nd pick in the 1997 Major League Baseball expansion draft. After the 1999 season, the Devil Rays traded Ledesma with Rolando Arrojo to the Colorado Rockies for Vinny Castilla.
Coaching career
Ledesma served as the hitting coach for the Class-A Advanced Tampa Yankees in 2008, and served as the hitting coach for the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees in 2009 and 2010.
Post-playing career
Ledesma opened a yoga studio with his wife Karen in Clearwater, Florida, where they are instructors.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Alameda County, California
Baltimore Orioles players
Binghamton Mets players
Chabot Gladiators baseball players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Columbia Mets players
Durham Bulls players
Kingsport Mets players
Long Island Ducks players
Major League Baseball infielders
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Lucie Mets players
St. Petersburg Devil Rays players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Vancouver Canadians players
James Logan High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Ledesma |
Cellular architecture is a type of computer architecture prominent in parallel computing. Cellular architectures are relatively new, with IBM's Cell microprocessor being the first one to reach the market. Cellular architecture takes multi-core architecture design to its logical conclusion, by giving the programmer the ability to run large numbers of concurrent threads within a single processor. Each 'cell' is a compute node containing thread units, memory, and communication. Speed-up is achieved by exploiting thread-level parallelism inherent in many applications.
Cell, a cellular architecture containing 9 cores, is the processor used in the PlayStation 3. Another prominent cellular architecture is Cyclops64, a massively parallel architecture currently under development by IBM.
Cellular architectures follow the low-level programming paradigm, which exposes the programmer to much of the underlying hardware. This allows the programmer to greatly optimize their code for the platform, but at the same time makes it more difficult to develop software.
See also
Cellular automaton
External links
Cellular architecture builds next generation supercomputers
ORNL, IBM, and the Blue Gene Project
Energy, IBM are partners in biological supercomputing project
Cell-based Architecture
Parallel computing
Computer architecture
Classes of computers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20architecture |
Quinton Antoine McCracken (born August 16, 1970) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played all or parts of 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), and was the Tampa Bay Devil Rays franchise's first center fielder and batter on March 31, 1998.
High school years
McCracken attended South Brunswick High School and was the starting running back and the free safety in football, the starting point guard in basketball, in addition to being a baseball star and a track standout. As a senior in 1988 he led his baseball team to a 29–0 record and the state Championship. USA Today rated the team the fifth-best in the nation that year.
Professional career
After graduating from Duke University. McCracken was selected by the Colorado Rockies in their inaugural draft in 1992 in the 25th round. He made his major league debut as a September call up on September 17, 1995; in three games, he struck out in his only at bat. In 1996, he played mostly center field, batting .290 in 283 at-bats. In 1997, he stole a career-high 28 bases and increased his batting average to .292.
McCracken was drafted by the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays on November 18, 1997, as their 2nd pick in the 1997 Major League Baseball expansion draft, to be their starting center fielder for 1998. Playing in a career-high 155 games, McCracken had his best-ever season, batting .292 with 7 home runs, 59 RBI, and was named the Devil Rays first-ever most valuable player. After playing only 40 games in 1999, because of a torn ACL, he spent most of 2000 in the minors with Triple-A Durham. The Devil Rays released him on November 27, 2000, and he signed with the St. Louis Cardinals on December 22, he was released in spring training. On April 13, 2001, McCracken signed with the Minnesota Twins. He again spent most of the year in Triple-A, where he batted .338 for Edmonton.
He became a free agent after the season and on January 9, 2002, signed with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He spent the entire season with the major league club, hitting .309 as the Diamondbacks won the NL West. McCracken batted .364 in 11 at-bats against the St. Louis Cardinals in the NLDS, but the D-Backs were swept out of the playoffs by the Cardinals. His batting average dropped nearly 100 points in 2003 to .227. On December 15, 2003, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for first baseman Greg Colbrunn. McCracken did not get much playing time with Seattle, however, and on June 9 he was released. Two days later, he re-signed with the D-Backs and batted .288 in 55 games. He became a free agent after the season and re-signed with Arizona. McCracken struggled with a .237 batting average in 2005, becoming a free agent after the season.
On February 14, 2006, he signed with the Cincinnati Reds, but was released on July 6. The Minnesota Twins, after signing him to a minor league contract on July 21, announced at the end of the 2006 season that they would not re-sign McCracken after he had played for their Triple-A affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings. He was not picked up by another team, and signed on to play with the independent Bridgeport Bluefish of the Atlantic League. After one season in independent ball, McCracken played for the Dominican Winter Baseball League in late 2007 and retired.
Post-playing career
He joined the front office of the Diamondbacks in 2011, and moved to the Houston Astros in 2012. McCracken joined the Miami Marlins staff in a player development role in December 2017. In January 2019, he joined the Durham Bulls as a third-base coach in a return to the city where he attended college.
Personal life
Quinton married Maggie Moskal on January 29, 2005. The couple have a son Isaiah Cicero McCracken born July 7, 2009. Maggie McCracken is a cast member of VH1's Baseball Wives. The first episode aired November 30, 2011.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from North Carolina
Bend Rockies players
Bridgeport Bluefish players
Central Valley Rockies players
Cincinnati Reds players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Duke Blue Devils baseball players
Duke Blue Devils football players
Durham Bulls players
Edmonton Trappers players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Minnesota Twins players
New Haven Ravens players
People from Southport, North Carolina
Rochester Red Wings players
Seattle Mariners players
Sportspeople from Brunswick County, North Carolina
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinton%20McCracken |
Guillermo Hernández-Cartaya was a Cuban banker born sometime in 1932 (the New York Times described him in 1977 as in his "mid-fifties"); he spent 20 years as a banker in Cuba.
Bay of Pigs fiasco
He first became notable when in 1961, after having previously joined the Brigade 2506/Operation 40 organization and participating in the Bay of Pigs Invasion (possibly in revenge for Fidel Castro having destroyed his livelihood; Cartaya had been on very good terms with the former rulers of Cuba), he was sentenced to three years in jail for his part in the invasion. How he got out of jail is unclear.
World Finance Corporation
Back in the United States, he garnered infamy when his elaborate financial empire, centered around the World Finance Corporation which he founded in 1971, came crashing down in 1977 — the scandal was estimated to have cost depositors and taxpayers on three continents more than $50 million. He was captured using forged passports to leave Miami after escaping from the United Arab Emirates (despite the confiscation of his real passport). In 1982, he was charged in court with a number of crimes, mainly money laundering, drug and arms trafficking, and embezzlement. For some reason, all charges except income tax evasion were dropped, apparently at the insistence of the CIA (which had, incidentally, sponsored the Bay of Pigs invasion, and has long been said to covertly support the Colombian cocaine trade Cartaya facilitated). In the aftermath, Florida Attorney General Robert Shevin returned $7,600 in contributions from WFC-connected Latin businessmen. Dade County Democratic chairman Michael Abrams resigned from the board of a WFC-backed insurance company.
Acquittal and conviction
Cartaya and his former aide Salvador Aldereguia-Ors were acquitted in 1978 of a 1978 indictment charging them with conspiring to use a false passport to help Hernandez Cartaya escape from Ajman in the United Arab Emirates. Cartaya's passport had been confiscated in an attempt by the Ajmani to have him repay the more than 12 million missing $USD.
He, Francisco J. Fernandez, and Vicente Carrodeguas were only ever convicted of tax evasion (Henry Heitman, Jr., who was the only defendant to testify, was acquitted); they had not reported a number of large bonuses as salary. An appeal to the Supreme Court was denied.
After serving one year in prison, Cartaya was released on 6 June 1987. Kwitny records that there were rumors that Cartaya retired to Galveston, Texas.
Castro connection
There were multiple reports linking Cartaya with Fidel Castro. His aide Aldereguia-Ors was found by the FBI on his arrest on charges of preparing Cartaya a fake passport (in Miami International Airport en route to Kingston, Jamaica) to possess in his briefcase a letter 'from a Cuban secret police agent' addressed to a spy named "Samuel". Ors admitted fighting with Castro, and to helping Rebel Army friends find jobs at WFC, but he denied being the Cuban spy Samuel, and claimed the letter & his planned meetings with Cuban officials referred to 'an effort to bring refugees out of Cuba to the United States'. FBI agents would testify in court that besides the letter, the briefcase contained 'operational instructions from a foreign country'.
Rep. Lester L. Wolff stated on 60 Minutes that Cartaya's WFC arranged for Castro a 100 million USD loan to Colombia (the Colombian officials agreeing to aid cocaine smuggling).
The Metro Public Safety Department's Organized Crime Bureau earlier reported an informant's claim that Castro was an initial investor in WFC.
References
"Cuban Exile Banker Under Wide Inquiry", Jeff Gerth, 15 December 1977, A1, The New York Times
"People", 12 March 1978, section F7, The New York Times
The Miami Herald, March 19, 1978, Sunday; Section 4, Page 8, Column 1; written by Gloria Marina and Patrick Riordan.
American people convicted of tax crimes
American people of Cuban descent
1932 births
Living people
American businesspeople convicted of crimes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo%20Hern%C3%A1ndez-Cartaya |
Major environmental issues in Bolivia include managing its forests, preserving the country's levels of biodiversity, maintaining ecologically important protected areas, coping with the effects of climate change, and dealing with the environmental consequences of agriculture, mining, oil and gas development, and transportation infrastructure. Bolivia’s history of slash-and-burn agriculture, overgrazing, and industrial pollution has caused significant concern among environmentalists. Soil erosion, made worse by seasonal flooding, and contaminated water supplies are Bolivia’s most pressing environmental problems. The National Service for Protected Areas, established in 1998, currently manages 21 protected areas.
Deforestation
Bolivia holds an important share of global forest cover. , its primary forest cover was 36.2 million hectares, the 13th largest national area in the world and representing 2.8% of the worldwide total. It is the country with the seventh largest amount of tropical rainforest. Overall, forests made up 51.4 million hectares, 46.8% of the country's total area, in 2013. Both primary forest and overall forest cover have been declining in recent decades.
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.
Bolivia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.47/10, ranking it 21st globally out of 172 countries.
Annual deforestation averaged 173,994 hectares in net forest lost per year between 1990 and 2000, and 243,120 hectares per year between 2000 and 2010.
The final figure (2.8%) represents the percentage of worldwide total in 2015.
Source: MMAyA-OTCA, summarized by Andersen et al 2016:S1.
References
Environment of Bolivia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Bolivia |
The following lists events that happened during 1969 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,804,000.
Increase since 31 December 1968: 31,000 (1.12%).
Males per 100 females: 99.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE.
Government
The 35th parliament concluded and a general election was held on 26 November. It saw the Second National Government of New Zealand returned for a fourth term, with 45 of the 84 seats. The Social Credit Party lost its only seat. The overall vote was very close, with National only 1% ahead of Labour in total votes cast.
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack .
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Ralph Hanan until 24 July, then vacant until Jack Marshall appointed on 22 December.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour).
Leader of the Social Credit Party – Vernon Cracknell until 26 November
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Ron Guthrey
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
The voting age is lowered from 21 to 20.
A law change allows the number of seats in Parliament to increase in order to preserve the number of South Island seats. This increases the number of MPs from 80 to 84.
The trading banks computerise cheque handling and money transfer between banks with overnight processing, between February and November, see Databank Systems Limited.
The Maui gas field was discovered, 35 km off the coast of Taranaki.
The Save Manapouri campaign was launched at a public meeting in Invercargill in October.
The Auckland Harbour Bridge was widened from 4 to 8 lanes.
Blood and breath alcohol limits introduced for drivers.
Arts and literature
Warren Dibble wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1969 in art, 1969 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Shane – Saint Paul
See: 1969 in music
Radio and television
Coverage of the Apollo 11 Moon landing on videotape was flown from Sydney to Wellington by the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and a microwave link was put together to allow its simultaneous broadcast throughout the country.
5 November: the first Network News bulletin was read at 7.35 pm by Dougal Stevenson and received simultaneously around the country
See: 1969 in New Zealand television, 1969 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Public broadcasting in New Zealand :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows.
Film
See: :Category:1969 film awards, 1969 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1969 films
Performing arts
Grand Master of Magic Award established and presented to Edgar (The Great) Benyon.
Benny Award established by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand and presented to Edgar (The Great) Benyon.
Sport
Athletics
Track events within New Zealand switch from imperial to metric distances. Field events would switch later in 1972.
Jeff Julian wins his third national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:19:07.6 on 8 March in Christchurch.
Chess
The 76th National Chess Championship is held in Wellington, and the title is shared by B.R. Anderson of Christchurch and Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Spry
Auckland Trotting Cup: Leading Light
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Ian Ballinger (Sydenham)
Soccer
The Chatham Cup is won by Eastern Suburbs who beat New Brighton 2–0 in the final.
Teams in the Northern and Central leagues were playing for places in the planned 1970 National league, with the top three in each league being promoted. The Southern League would be represented by Christchurch United, a new club backed by Christchurch City, Shamrock, Rangers and Christchurch Technical, who would continue to play independently in the Southern League.
Northern League premier division (Thompson Shield) won by Mt Wellington.
Central League won by Western Suburbs FC
Southern League First Division won by Christchurch Technical
Births
5 January: David Dixon, American football player
20 January: Blair Larsen, rugby player
27 January: Shane Thomson, cricketer
23 February: Michael Campbell, golfer
24 April: Tony Tuimavave, rugby league player
3 May: Chris Zoricich, soccer player
25 June: Liza Hunter-Galvan, long-distance runner
3 July (in Florida, USA): Leonard King, basketball player
26 July: Tony Tatupu, rugby league player
27 July: Brendon Pongia, basketballer and television presenter
6 August: Simon Doull, cricketer
6 September: Doug Pirini, decathlete
9 September: Rachel Hunter, model
10 September: Craig Innes, rugby footballer
6 October: Kirsten Smith, javelin thrower
10 October: Scott Nelson, race walker
13 October: Hugh McCutcheon, volleyball player and coach
11 November: Michael Owens, cricketer
20 November: Chris Harris, cricketer
5 December (in Maine, USA): Eric Saindon, visual effects supervisor (film)
Deaths
9 January: Brigadier General Leslie Andrew, VC, DSO, soldier.
22 January: Sir Matthew Oram, politician and 13th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
8 May: Sir Sydney Smith, forensic expert.
15 June: Frank Langstone, politician.
24 July: Ralph Hanan, politician.
21 September: William Denham, politician.
23 October: Janie Searle, Salvation Army officer and community leader.
:Category:1969 deaths
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Michael William DiFelice (; born May 28, 1969) is an American former Major League Baseball journeyman catcher. He is a graduate from the University of Tennessee, and was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 11th round of the 1991 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut in with the Cards. On April 17, 1997, he recorded his first stolen base with a steal of home against pitcher Kevin Brown who threw a wild pitchout.
DiFelice was chosen by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays with the 20th selection of the 1997 MLB Expansion Draft. On July 25, , he was traded with Albie Lopez to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Jason Conti and Nick Bierbrodt. His time in Arizona was short and tumultuous. In a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 14, DiFelice got into a fight with Kevin Young at home plate. He was suspended for two games but appealed the suspension; Pirates' manager Lloyd McClendon said "That guy deliberately stood on Kevin and kneed him. There's absolutely no excuse for that." In 2002, he signed as a free agent to play with the St. Louis Cardinals. Later, he played for the Kansas City Royals, Detroit Tigers, was sent to the Chicago Cubs as part of a conditional deal, then signed with the Florida Marlins, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, and again with the Mets.
Over the first two seasons he spent with the Mets, (2005 and 2006), his batting averages were very bad, in 2005, he had a batting average of .118, (2-17), in 2006 he had only an .080 batting average, (2-25). However, in 2007, his final year with the Mets, his batting average improved to .250, (10-40). Even with that, the Mets still declined to offer salary arbitration to DiFelice.
On January 6, , he signed a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays. He saw his last action at the major league level in April of that season, appearing in seven games. At his request, he was released in early September and retired.
On February 5, , DiFelice was named the manager of the Rookie-level Kingsport Mets in the New York Mets organization. DiFelice's at-bat song was 'You've Got Another Thing Comin' by Judas Priest, which was recommended by former teammate Paul Ellis. He and Dan Wheeler are the only Tampa Bay players to suit up in all three of the franchise's uniforms. An interesting fact about DiFelice is that he was included on the Rays' 40-man roster in the baseball video game MLB 09: The Show, even though he had retired in September 2008, and when the game was released, he was the manager of the Kingsport Mets.
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Kansas City Royals players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago Cubs players
New York Mets players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Baseball players from Philadelphia
Major League Baseball catchers
Tennessee Volunteers baseball players
St. Petersburg Cardinals players
Springfield Cardinals players
Arkansas Travelers players
Louisville Redbirds players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Norfolk Tides players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Durham Bulls players
Minor league baseball managers
Binghamton Mets players
Hamilton Redbirds players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20DiFelice |
The Bega Canal or Begej Canal (; ) is a navigation canal of Romania and Serbia. It is the first navigation canal built on the present-day territory of Romania, and serves the city of Timișoara. Its name comes from the Bega river. It crosses the territory of Timiș County in western Romania and proceeds into the territory of Serbia, merging with Begej river near the village of Klek.
History
During the 18th-19th centuries it was the main means of transporting goods in the area as it connected the town to the country’s capitals: Budapest and Vienna. Nowadays it is used for amusement and sports.
Gallery
External links
Buildings and structures in Timișoara
Canals in Romania
Canals in Serbia
Geography of Vojvodina
Canals opened in 1754
1754 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy
CBega Canal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bega%20Canal |
Patrick Oliver Femerling (born 4 March 1975) is a German former professional basketball player who played as a center.
Professional career
Femerling was born in Hamburg. He played for ALBA Berlin in Germany and with them he won three German League championships (1999, 2000, 2008). From 2000 to 2002, he played for Olympiacos and with them he won the Greek Cup (2002). In 2003, Femerling won the EuroLeague championship while playing for FC Barcelona. He also won two Spanish League championships (2003, 2004), one Spanish King's Cup (2003), and one Spanish Supercup with FC Barcelona. He also played for Panathinaikos and with them he won two Greek League championships and two Greek Cups (2005, 2006).
German national team
Femerling won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship and the silver medal at the 2005 FIBA European Championship while playing with the German national team.
References
External links
Euroleague.net Profile
Career Insports.gr
1975 births
Living people
2002 FIBA World Championship players
2006 FIBA World Championship players
Alba Berlin players
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Centers (basketball)
FC Barcelona Bàsquet players
German expatriate basketball people in Spain
German expatriate basketball people in the United States
German expatriate sportspeople in Greece
German men's basketball players
Kepez Belediyesi S.K. players
Liga ACB players
Olympiacos B.C. players
Olympic basketball players for Germany
Panathinaikos B.C. players
Real Betis Baloncesto players
Sportspeople from Hamburg
Washington Huskies men's basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Femerling |
Richard Dwight Butler (born May 1, 1973) is a Canadian former outfielder in Major League Baseball for the Toronto Blue Jays and Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He is the brother of another former Blue Jay, Rob Butler.
Career
Butler was signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Toronto Blue Jays on September 24, 1990. After seven years in Minor League Baseball, he was called up to play for the major league club on September 6, 1997. He played seven games that season with the Blue Jays.
In the Major League Baseball expansion draft of 1997, Butler was selected 10th overall by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In Tampa Bay's inaugural season of 1998, Butler played in 72 games at the major league level and 38 games with the Triple-A Durham Bulls.
Butler remained at AAA Durham in 1999, where he played 90 games. He was called up to the Devil Rays again, but this time only for seven games.
On October 15, 1999, Butler was granted free agency. A month later, he was signed by the Seattle Mariners, although he never made it back to the big leagues.
After his MLB career Butler played for the minor league Toronto Maple Leafs from 2001 to 2002.
Highlights
1992 - A Ball Myrtle Beach Hurricanes, South Atlantic League Champions
1993 - Florida State League All Star, voted most exciting player of the year by Baseball America
1996 - Australian League MVP, Sydney Blues
1997 - First MLB hit, September 9
1998 - First MLB home run, April 1
Statistics
Batting
Fielding
minor league fielding statistics not available
References
External links
Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)
1973 births
Living people
Baseball outfielders
Baseball players from Toronto
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cardenales de Lara players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Dunedin Blue Jays players
Durham Bulls players
Gulf Coast Blue Jays players
Knoxville Smokies players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players
New Haven Ravens players
Niagara Stars players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Syracuse SkyChiefs players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Butler |
The Winnipeg Foundation is a registered charity and community foundation based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Established in 1921, it is the oldest community foundation in Canada.
The Foundation is dedicated primarily to the social improvement of Winnipeg. It pools and permanently invests gifts from donors to support the local charitable sector, through grants in a broad range of areas, including; community service, education and employment, health, environment, heritage, arts and culture, and recreation.
In 2021, the Winnipeg Foundation made $84.9 million in grants to charitable organizations in Winnipeg. In 2020, it received over $187 million in gifts and distributed $73 million to approximately 1,000 charitable organizations.
History
The Winnipeg Foundation was founded in 1921 with a gift of $100,000 from local businessman and banker, William Forbes Alloway. Founding board members included Justice Robert Maxwell Dennistoun, Chief Justice Thomas Graham Mathers, Archdeacon R.B. McElheran, and Hugh John MacDonald. In 2001, the Foundation experienced an unprecedented gift when it received a $100 million donation—at the time it was the largest gift ever made to a Canadian community foundation - from Randall Moffat and his family. Moffat is the former president of Moffat Communications.
In 2003, The Winnipeg Foundation made its largest grant to date ($6 million) to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights. In 2012, the Foundation surpassed $300 million in total cumulative grants. In 2014, the Foundation made $22.9 million in grants to 860 charitable organizations. In 2020, it received over $187 million in gifts and distributed $73 million to approximately 1,000 charitable organizations.
References
External links
The Winnipeg Foundation
Canada Revenue Agency registered charity information database: The Winnipeg Foundation
1921 establishments in Manitoba
Charities based in Canada
Foundations based in Canada
Organizations based in Winnipeg
Community foundations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Winnipeg%20Foundation |
In computer architecture, Gustafson's law (or Gustafson–Barsis's law) gives the speedup in the execution time of a task that theoretically gains from parallel computing, using a hypothetical run of the task on a single-core machine as the baseline. To put it another way, it is the theoretical "slowdown" of an already parallelized task if running on a serial machine. It is named after computer scientist John L. Gustafson and his colleague Edwin H. Barsis, and was presented in the article Reevaluating Amdahl's Law in 1988.
Definition
Gustafson estimated the speedup of a program gained by using parallel computing as follows:
where
is the theoretical speedup of the program with parallelism (scaled speedup);
is the number of processors;
and are the fractions of time spent executing the serial parts and the parallel parts of the program on the parallel system, where .
Alternatively, can be expressed using :
Gustafson's law addresses the shortcomings of Amdahl's law, which is based on the assumption of a fixed problem size, that is of an execution workload that does not change with respect to the improvement of the resources. Gustafson's law instead proposes that programmers tend to increase the size of problems to fully exploit the computing power that becomes available as the resources improve.
Gustafson and his colleagues further observed from their workloads that time for the serial part typically does not grow as the problem and the system scale, that is, is fixed. This gives a linear model between the processor count and the speedup with slope , as shown in the figure above (which uses different notations: for and for ). Also, scales linearly with rather than exponentially in the Amdahl's Law. With these observations, Gustafson "expect[ed] to extend [their] success [on parallel computing] to a broader range of applications and even larger values for ".
The impact of Gustafson's law was to shift research goals to select or reformulate problems so that solving a larger problem in the same amount of time would be possible. In a way the law redefines efficiency, due to the possibility that limitations imposed by the sequential part of a program may be countered by increasing the total amount of computation.
Derivation
The execution time of a program running on a parallel system can be split into two parts:
a part that does not benefit from the increasing number of processors (serial part);
a part that benefits from the increasing number of processors (parallel part).
Example. — A computer program that processes files from disk. A part of that program may scan the directory of the disk and create a list of files internally in memory. After that, another part of the program passes each file to a separate thread for processing. The part that scans the directory and creates the file list cannot be sped up on a parallel computer, but the part that processes the files can.
Without loss of generality, let the total execution time on the parallel system be . Denote the serial time as and the parallel time as , where . Denote the number of processors as .
Hypothetically, when running the program on a serial system (only one processor), the serial part still takes , while the parallel part now takes . The execution time on the serial system is:
Using as the baseline, the speedup for the parallel system is:
By substituting or , several forms in the previous section can be derived.
Applications
Application in research
Amdahl's law presupposes that the computing requirements will stay the same, given increased processing power. In other words, an analysis of the same data will take less time given more computing power.
Gustafson, on the other hand, argues that more computing power will cause the data to be more carefully and fully analyzed: pixel by pixel or unit by unit, rather than on a larger scale. Where it would not have been possible or practical to simulate the impact of nuclear detonation on every building, car, and their contents (including furniture, structure strength, etc.) because such a calculation would have taken more time than was available to provide an answer, the increase in computing power will prompt researchers to add more data to more fully simulate more variables, giving a more accurate result.
Application in everyday computer systems
Amdahl's Law reveals a limitation in, for example, the ability of multiple cores to reduce the time it takes for a computer to boot to its operating system and be ready for use. Assuming the boot process was mostly parallel, quadrupling computing power on a system that took one minute to load might reduce the boot time to just over fifteen seconds. But greater and greater parallelization would eventually fail to make bootup go any faster, if any part of the boot process were inherently sequential.
Gustafson's law argues that a fourfold increase in computing power would instead lead to a similar increase in expectations of what the system will be capable of. If the one-minute load time is acceptable to most users, then that is a starting point from which to increase the features and functions of the system. The time taken to boot to the operating system will be the same, i.e. one minute, but the new system would include more graphical or user-friendly features.
Limitations
Some problems do not have fundamentally larger datasets. As an example, processing one data point per world citizen gets larger at only a few percent per year. The principal point of Gustafson's law is that such problems are not likely to be the most fruitful applications of parallelism.
Algorithms with nonlinear runtimes may find it hard to take advantage of parallelism "exposed" by Gustafson's law. Snyder points out an algorithm means that double the concurrency gives only about a 26% increase in problem size. Thus, while it may be possible to occupy vast concurrency, doing so may bring little advantage over the original, less concurrent solution—however in practice there have still been considerable improvements.
Hill and Marty emphasize also that methods of speeding sequential execution are still needed, even for multicore machines. They point out that locally inefficient methods can be globally efficient when they reduce the sequential phase. Furthermore, Woo and Lee studied the implication of energy and power on future many-core processors based on Amdahl's law, showing that an asymmetric many-core processor can achieve the best possible energy efficiency by activating an optimal number of cores given the amount of parallelism is known prior to execution.
Al-hayanni, Rafiev et al have developed novel speedup and energy consumption models based on a general representation of core heterogeneity, referred to as the normal form heterogeneity, that support a wide range of heterogeneous many-core architectures. These modelling methods aim to predict system power efficiency and performance ranges, and facilitates research and development at the hardware and system software levels.
See also
Scalable parallelism
Parkinson's law
Jevons paradox
References
Analysis of parallel algorithms
Computer architecture statements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustafson%27s%20law |
The Uptown Theatre is one of the oldest surviving theaters in the Twin Cities area. It was in active use from 1916 to 2020. The theater is planning to reopen on May 5, 2023, as a music and event venue.
History
The theatre was originally opened as the Lagoon Theater on June 3, 1916. A name change to the Uptown on April 11, 1929, coincided with the installation of sound equipment and a screening of The Dummy. A fire broke out in the ventilation system during Trade Winds on April 25, 1939, but the cinema was rebuilt soon after by the firm of Liebenberg & Kaplan.
This new Uptown Theatre re-opened on November 16, 1939, with The Women. It was designed in streamline moderne, with two incised roundels on the exterior stone facade that portrayed themes of travel and adventure in cinema. Murals in the auditorium depict early explorers gazing at the future Minneapolis and the Father of the Waters presiding over water sprites that symbolize the lakes of the city.
The Uptown closed in 1975 but was purchased and re-opened by the Landmark Theatres chain in 1978. After years of classic double features, the theater began screening foreign and independent films starting with The Coca-Cola Kid in November 1985. The building was deemed a heritage site in 1990 and soon after remodeled their lobby to re-create art moderne and neo-baroque elements.
Landmark closed the theater on January 31, 2012, for renovation and upgrades. The theater re-opened September 14, 2012, showing Sleepwalk with Me. The new design added a full bar and replaced 35mm with digital projection.
The structure has a 60-foot tower that once featured a revolving beam of light marking the Uptown area of Minneapolis and could be seen for miles around. It was the first three-sided vertical tower sign in the country and had to be approved by civil aviation authorities.
The theater stands at one of the busiest intersections in the Uptown area (Hennepin-Lagoon) and has been a landmark in the area for decades. It is also one of the few cinemas in the midwest that offers balcony seating.
The Uptown screened mostly foreign and art films and ran cult films at midnight screenings. It ran The Rocky Horror Picture Show from May 19, 1978, through 1997. The film returned on a monthly basis in 2009.
The theater was known for its often clever and amusing marquees.
The theatre closed in March 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic; Landmark Theatres was evicted in June 2021 due to unpaid back rent.
The Uptown Theater was purchased by Swervo Development and it is planned to reopen as a music and event venue on May 5, 2023.
Footnotes
External links
Cinema Treasures
Twin Cities City Search
Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
Cinemas and movie theaters in Minnesota
Movie palaces
1916 establishments in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown%20Theater%20%28Minneapolis%29 |
Robert Andrew Witt Sr. (born May 11, 1964) is a former professional baseball pitcher who played all or parts of 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, Florida Marlins, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Cleveland Indians, and Arizona Diamondbacks.
Professional career
Witt attended the University of Oklahoma, and in 1983 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham A's of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected with the third pick of the first round by the Texas Rangers in 1985. His first MLB win came in 1986 with the Texas Rangers as he had failed to win a game in the minor leagues. He was known as a hard-throwing right-hander with control problems throughout his career and many in Arlington began to call him "Witt 'n Wild" as a play on the waterpark Wet 'n Wild, which was located next to Arlington Stadium. Witt led the league in walks three times and wild pitches twice.
Texas Rangers
Witt made his major league debut in 1986 and made 31 starts for the Rangers, finishing the season with an 11–9 record. Known for his control problems, he led the league with 143 walks in innings pitched. The following season he led the league again in walks, this time with 140 in 143 innings.
On August 2, 1987, Witt struck out four batters in one inning. In 1990, he set the Texas Rangers club record with his seventh consecutive road win of the season, a feat that was not matched by a Rangers pitcher until Scott Feldman did it in 2009.
In 1990, he had the best season of his career, going 17–10 with a 3.36 ERA, the lowest of his career. He also established dominance, striking out 221 batters in 222 innings. He pitched for the Rangers until the 1992 season, when he was traded along with Jeff Russell and Rubén Sierra to division rival Oakland for Jose Canseco.
Oakland Athletics
From 1992 to 1994, Witt compiled a 23–24 record with the Oakland Athletics.
On June 23, 1994, Witt lost his bid for a perfect game when first base umpire Gary Cederstrom called the Kansas City Royals' Greg Gagne safe in the 6th inning on a close bunt play at first base. Replays showed that Gagne was out. Witt completed the game with only that one hit allowed and no walks.
Florida Marlins
After the 1994 season, Witt signed a one-year deal with the Florida Marlins. During the 1995 season, Witt pitched half a season with the Marlins before being traded to Texas. He finished his tenure with Florida with a 2–7 record despite having an ERA of 3.90 and a WHIP of under 1.40.
Back to Texas
From 1995 to 1998, Witt had a 36–32 record with Texas. His best season during this timeframe was in 1996, when he finished with a 16–12 record despite having an ERA of 5.41.
On June 30, 1997, he became the first American League pitcher to hit a home run since Roric Harrison on October 3, 1972, and the first American League pitcher to hit a home run in a regular season interleague game. His home run was hit off of Ismael Valdez of the Los Angeles Dodgers in the top of the sixth inning. The bat with which he hit this home run is now in the Baseball Hall of Fame.
St. Louis Cardinals
During the 1998 season, Witt was traded to St. Louis. He pitched with the Cardinals in 17 games, only five as a starter.
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
In 1999, Witt had one of his worst seasons of his career, going 7–15 with a 5.82 ERA in 32 starts for the Devil Rays.
Cleveland Indians
Due to injury, Witt was limited to seven appearances with the Indians in 2000, having pitched only 15 innings for the Tribe.
Arizona Diamondbacks
In 2001, his last season in MLB, Witt pitched in 14 games for the Arizona Diamondbacks, seven as a starter, and finished with a 4–1 record. Witt appeared in Game 2 of the 2001 National League Championship Series against Atlanta, pitching in the eighth inning. He went a third of an inning while allowing three hits and a run. His next pitching appearance was his first ever World Series game, and also his final major league game. It came in Game 6 of the 2001 World Series. He pitched the eighth inning in relief of Randy Johnson, with the Diamondbacks leading 15–2 over the New York Yankees. He walked one batter and finished by striking out Shane Spencer, before Troy Brohawn took over for the ninth inning. The Diamondbacks won the following game to win the World Series. After the World Series, Witt retired from baseball.
Personal life
Witt grew up in Canton, Massachusetts, where his parents still reside, and attended Canton High School. , Witt lives in Colleyville, Texas, with his wife and four children and is now a player agent. His son, Bobby Witt Jr., was drafted with the second pick of the 2019 Major League Baseball draft and signed with the Kansas City Royals.
See also
List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Texas Rangers players
Oakland Athletics players
Florida Marlins players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Cleveland Indians players
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Tulsa Drillers players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Baseball players from Virginia
Chatham Anglers players
Oklahoma Sooners baseball players
1964 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in baseball
Sportspeople from Arlington County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Witt |
Environmentally, Colombia is a mega-diverse country from its natural land terrain to its biological wildlife. Its biodiversity is a result of its geographical location and elevation. It is the fourth largest South American country and only country in South America to have coasts on the Pacific and Caribbean Sea. Colombia's terrain can be divided into six main natural zones: The Caribbean, the Pacific (including Choco's Biogeographic rainforest), The Orinoco region, The Amazonia region, the Andean region, and the Insular region. 52.2% of the environment is predominately the Andes, Amazon, and Pacific Basins, followed by the Orinoco basin 13.9%, the Andes and the Caribbean. The Tropical Andes, Choco, and the Caribbean are considered biodiversity hotspots which puts these areas at high risk of concentration of colonizing activities. Colombia host over 1800 bird species and at least one new species are detected every year. Decades of civil war and political unrest have impeded biological and environmental research in Colombia. The political unrest in Colombia catalyzes the alteration of land patterns through the cultivation of coca and opium crops, the redirection of extractive activities, and land abandonment in some areas.
There are many environmental issues in Colombia. Issues include deforestation, soil erosion, illicit drug crops grown in national natural reserves by mafias (not peasants), pollution on major bodies of water by corporations (backed up by unregulated / unsupervised policies and by the corruption of local and federal authorities) among others.
There is soil and water quality damage from contamination by the use of chemicals in the coca-refining process, spillage of crude oil into the local rivers as a result of guerrilla sabotage of pipelines, overuse of pesticides, and air pollution (especially in Bogotá) from vehicle emissions. Natural hazards include highlands subject to volcanic eruptions, occasional earthquakes, and periodic droughts.
Deforestation
Colombia loses 2,000 km2 of forest annually to deforestation, according to the United Nations in 2003. Some suggest that this figure is as high as 3,000 km2 due to illegal logging in the region.
Deforestation results mainly from logging for timber, small-scale agricultural ranching, mining, development of energy resources such as hydro-electricity, infrastructure, cocaine production, and farming. Around one-third of the country's original forest has been removed as a result of deforestation.
Deforestation in Colombia is mainly targeted at primary rainforest which covers more than 80% of Colombia. This has a profound ecological impact in that Colombia is extremely rich in biodiversity, with 10% of the world's species, making it the second most biologically diverse country on Earth.
A national and regional deforestation study in Colombia found a total loss of 5,116,071 ha of forest between 1990 and 2005 which indicates an annual deforestation rate of 341,071 ha. This concludes the national rate of deforestation equals to 0.62%. Higher deforestation rates are found in flatter areas around rural locations where protected areas are more present. Even though majority of ecosystems in the Amazon, the Choco, and the Orinoco remain intact, 71% of original forest in the Andes has been wiped out. Forest conversion has the highest probability in the Andean and Caribbean territory, although tropical forest in the Pacific and Amazon lowlands continue to be exterminated. The ecosystems most vulnerable to deforestation ranked: the plains in northern Amazonia, the humid high, sub, and mid-altitude Andean forests, the tropical high and low land forests in the Caribbean and the Magdalena tropical forest plains. Deforestation is happening more frequently in flatter zones, where cattle density and rural population are low. Illicit crop cultivation has been recorded a main driver of deforestation in Colombia. The globalized economy has extended new engenders of deforestation, such as biofuel production, mining, and hydrocarbon extraction. At the national level, rate of rural population, protected areas, cattle practicing, and slope, are deforestation drivers. Forest eradication is a crucial environmental issue given the biodiversity and ecosystems these forests provide and all the life that can be potentially lost. The concurrent forested areas predominately exist on less fertile soil and are distant from roads.
Amazonian deforestation
In Colombia, majority of forests are contained within the Amazonia. The population of this region is sparsely populated engendering the zone to be concentrated by deforestation and high levels of extractive activities. In the Colombian Amazonia from 1990 to 2005 there was a forest loss of 1,886,769 ha (3.9%) with an annual rate of 0.49%. Deforestation in this region is accounted to population and land use. The Amazonia possess a low populated area with small scale agriculture (including illegal crops), and cattle ranching. Fires in the Amazon also remain as a catalyst of deforestation which is an indicator of slash and burn activities associated with exploitation of natural resources. Study results suggest deforestation in the Amazonia often takes place in unoccupied rural territory where an influx of “colonist population move freely and colonization hotspots using the river” are created.
Deforestation in the Orinoco
Majority of the Orinoco is composed by grasslands and pastures areas with small-scale agriculture, forest with extensive river networks and a small population. A major threat to this region is deforestation, and deforestation is a critical menace to biodiversity. From 1990 to 2005, 507,337 ha that is 3.2% of the Orinoco forest disappeared at an annual rate of 0.83%. Causes of deforestation in this region range from land use for agriculture, illicit crops, and mining to slope elevation. Like the Amazonia, the Orinoco is scarcely populated and has a small-scale agriculture (including illicit cropping), and cattle grazing. Deforestation is highly affected by both legal and illegal cropping, and by mining that negative impacts mountain forest at higher lands of the basin. Over the last 10 years the Orinoco along with the Amazonia has been subjected to greater pressures from bio-fuel companies.
Caribbean deforestation
The Caribbean forest significantly has been transformed into an area of fragments of dry forest with pastures scarce of vegetation. During the fifteen-year period (1990–2005) 753,893 ha of forest were lost that is 5% of the Caribbean forest at an annual rate of 1.92%. In Colombia, cattle grazing productivity is the highest in this region, this practice plus its use of slash and burn activities influence deforestation. Land tenure and illicit cropping also prompt deforestation in this area. When land becomes scarce highland areas provide opportunity for agriculture expansion and forest removal. Three deforestation hotspots were found in the Caribbean: the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, San Lucas, and Perija, where slopes are wetter and steeper and flat land is occupied by cattle grazing or agricultural operations indicating that wetter and steeper municipalities had higher forest loss.
Pacific deforestation
The Pacific is regarded as one of the wettest zones in the world holding an annual precipitation of 4,000 mm up to more than 10,000 mm in some areas, the climate ranges from humid to superhumid, the population is sparse, and this region is recognized as one of the world's most biologically and culturally diverse areas composed by various Afro-Colombians, and indigenous peoples. In a fifteen-year period, the Pacific experienced one of the highest deforestation rate loss of 472,863 ha about 6.32% of forest loss at an annual rate of 0.42%. Logging has occurred in the region for decades, but over the last ten years, pressures from bio-fuel companies have intensified.
Andean deforestation
The Andes is of particular interest because of its known importance as a biodiversity hot spot, as a provider of water to a grand human population, and its vulnerability to climate change and deforestation. The Andean forest stand as the second most fragmented natural habitat In Colombia. Recent causes of deforestation in this region has shifted to illicit crops and cattle grazing. From 2007–2010, 340,842 Ha of forest were lost, while 633 Ha of illicit crops and 225,279 Ha of pastures were added. The Deforestation rate of 0.67% found in the Colombian Andes is higher than the average deforestation rate reported for South American forests 0.38%. However, low lands in this region experience deforestation at higher rates than mountain lands because the population is mainly concentrated in mountain top areas. From 1990 to 2005 montane forests went from 7,335,125 ha to 6,405,591 ha (0.63%), and for lowland forest change from 3,671,768 ha to 3,123,369 ha (0.75%). Throughout the decades, deforestation in the Colombian Andean zone has only accelerated (Vina). By 1998, 69% of the Andean forest and 30% of the lowland Andean forests were cleared. In 2000 the remaining natural cover in Los Andes was 39%, that means that over 60% of its natural coverage has been lost and today this region continues to through natural resource extraction including exploitation, settlement and deforestation. Deforestation was mostly accounted to cropping 32% and cattle ranching activities for its remaining. In the montane forest deforestation was affected by land tenure of small parcels, road, water presence, and temperature. In the lowlands deforestation was associated with population, crops (licit and illicit), protected areas and temperature. The introduction of the oil industry in the 1990s and its promise of high wages has generated deforestation and migration of local farmers who abandoned their pasture maintenance to enter the extraction industry.
Colombia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.26/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.
Biodiversity loss
Birds loss in Los Andes
Colombia holds 18% of the world's bird species. The Andes alone is one of the most diverse areas in the world. However, bird species specifically in the San Lucas Andean mountain ranges are endangered. The absence of government protection from armed conflict in San Lucas has facilitated the cultivation of coca crops and deforestation, which has resulted in local biodiversity loss. In some areas in the Western Andes concentrations of endemic threatened birds reached 46 species in certain areas. Neotropical birds especially from higher elevations are more prone to extinction. A study done in a 3000 ha reserve in Los Andes that conserves an extensive amount of endemic and small ranged bird species found 227 species in the region nine that pronounced threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature four of these are endemic species to Colombia: the Munchique Wood-wren, the Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer, the Yellow-eared Parrot, the Magdalena Tapaculo, the Bicoloured Antvireo, the Tanager Finch, the Ruddy Pigeon, the White-capped Tanager, and Red-bellied Grackle.
Wildlife trafficking
The black market of animal trafficking is considered the second biggest threat to biodiversity in Colombia and the third most lucrative illegal enterprise. Colombia has a seventy-year history of animal smuggling, in some cases impoverished families from the country side amplify their income by selling mafia groups lizards, monkey, and parrots. International smuggling entities tend to be involved in the business of smuggling other trades because they are specialized in smuggling routes. Experts approximate that in 2003 6,000,000 animals were illegally exported from Colombia, 200,000 of these are primates destined for laboratories and research centers. Colombian drug lords are known to have private zoos with endangered species engendering a demand of exotic creatures. Colombia has an animal trafficking policy of six months to three years of jail but no one has served such sentence. During the first months of 2012, enforcement officers rescued more than 46,000 animals including birds and reptiles heading for the illegal international trade.
Sloths
The biggest threat to sloth's survival in Colombia is the destruction and fragmentation of their habitat. Three types of sloths’ species are distinguished in Colombia: the brown-throated three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus which inhabits the Pacific and Amazonian lowland rainforest and the Caribbean, the Hoffman's two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni prevails in the north along with the B. variegatus, in the Pacific rainforest and the Caribbean savanna dry forest, but it is also found in Andean montane forest, and the southern two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus who is native in the south with B. variegatus, sharing the lowland Amazonian rainforest, but this specific species has been studied little in Colombia. Habitat for these species is limited primarily by the ongoing deforestation with in natural forest. The continuous expansion of agriculture, ranching, and urbanization are a direct threat to sloths’ survival. Frequently, sloths die in large numbers in accidents related to the destruction of natural forests that go underreported by the media and lack attention from wildlife agencies and police. All three-different species have a different rate and specific threat to their survival but collectively habitat loss – deforestation is pivotal. Deforestation facilitates the illegal trade of sloths as they are usually caught by young children who take them from deforested areas and sell them to traffickers. Poachers also take hundreds of young two-and three-toed sloths from their mothers. The Colombian Ministry does not recognize the three-sloth species as being in threat of extinction mainly because there is no long-term study that represents the estimate of the total sloth population to demonstrate cause of concern.
Air pollution
In 2019, 37% of greenhouse gases generated in Colombia came from transportation, and only 1.2% of the quarter-million new vehicles registered that year were electric or hybrids.
Bogotá
Colombia's capital city, Bogotá, is the country's largest population center. With over 7 million people, it is also one of the biggest cities in Latin America. Bogotá also has the highest rate of air pollution in Colombia and it has surged most recently as a result of the expansion of cars in the city. Air pollution has been monitored in Bogotá since 1967, but it was not until 1990 that monitors were widely spread through the city. A study conducted by the Secretary of Health of the District in collaboration with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) concluded that 70% of air pollution is attributed to vehicles, it was also identified that bricks, battery plants and others were crucial pollution sources as well. This study concluded a nexus between air pollution and respiratory health by relating air pollutants with the number of daily respiratory admissions. Statistics from the Secretary of Health demonstrated that between 1998 and 1999 about 9.6% of visits to hospitals were related to respiratory issues this percentage was higher for infant visits to the doctor associated to Acute Respiratory Illnesses 24.3%. Monitoring stations reveal that half of the areas with monitoring stations are surpass emission limits considered safe by the WHO, Particulate Matter (PM10) and ozone levels are the leading problem.
Medellín
Medellín is the second city in Colombia with the worst air quality, and within the city, Downtown Medellin is one of the most contaminated areas by car emissions. Low quality gasoline and diesel are considered a main source of air pollutants. Medellin's shift toward urbanization, has increased the number of vehicles and thus extended the use of fossil fuels. Areas known for heavy traffic are monitored by meters that measure the amount of air pollution. Some of the sectors that have been recognized with the highest levels of pollution within the metropolitan area are: Itagüí-Ditaires, Politécnico Jaime Isaza-Cadavid, and Downtown Medellín (particularly the Miguel de Aguinaga building and San Antonio Park). Downtown Medellin's pollution rates exceed the norm established by the WHO of being a risk to human health.
Cali
Cali is the capital of Valle del Cauca municipality, and one of the city's of greatest concern in terms of air pollution in Colombia together with Bogotá and Medellin. City authorities launched the "Clean Air for Cali Program" to reduce atmospheric contamination; the program deals with emissions and their health impacts, improving air quality monitoring, implementation of measures to reduce contamination, and the cost-benefit evaluation those measures. Air quality reports are publicly available.
Water pollution
Colombia is well endowed with rich water resources with a national average fresh water supply of more than 2,100 cubic kilometers. This is several times larger when compared to other Latin American countries like Argentina and Mexico. But Colombia is facing a serious problem of water pollution. This is limiting their use of abundant water resources for water supply, recreation and ecological benefits.
Toxic and pathogenic pollution
Rivers such as Bogotá, Cali, Combeima, Otún, Medellín, de Oro, Pamplonita, and Pasto which are one of the important water resources of Colombia are highly contaminated due to direct discharge of untreated effluents, pathogens and various other toxic substances primarily discharged by the agricultural sector, industrial sector and the mining sectors. These contaminants may result in cumulative and persistent consequences. Crude oil spills due to the acts of sabotage by leftist guerrilla squads, have become another cause of water pollution in the country.
Mining sector
Colombia is one of the largest producers of gold in Latin America. It has recently increased its production, especially in the Departments of Antioquia, Chocó, Bolívar and Córdoba, which in 2014 produced 90% of Colombia's gold. Most of this production comes from artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM). The artisanal gold mining sector in Colombia has 200,000 miners officially producing 30 tons Au/a. The impact of gold mining on the environment mainly depends on the location of the metal and the methods used to extract it.
Gold mining activities require high volumes of water to obtain the metal and this leads to an alteration in surface and underground water bodies. Rivers are affected as many local mines discharge untreated waters and tailings directly to waterways. When rivers like Magdalena and Cauca reach Antioquia, they receive polluted loads caused by mining activity from tributaries from the Northeast and Bajo Cauca regions. In addition to the local mines, informal mining operations add to the water pollution by directly discharging many pollutants like suspended sediment, organic matter, acid drainage, metals, grease, oils and fuels into the waterways.
The major health risk from artisanal mining is mercury exposure.
Among the emissions from artisanal mining, two thirds are released locally into soil and water near mining operations, and a third is released into the atmosphere, where it can potentially attack people far from mining sites too. Artisanal mining is the largest single source of atmospheric mercury. Pollution due to Mercury can occur in two ways- a) through Air and b) through Water. Mercury vapors in the air around amalgam burning sites can be alarmingly high and almost always exceed the WHO limit for public exposure of 1,000 nanogram/cubic meter. This risks the health of workers but also those in the communities surrounding the processing centers. Exposure to levels of mercury vapors above 1,200,000 nanogram/cubic meter can be fatal.
Water pollution due to mercury has become one of the biggest concerns in recent years. Artisanal and small-scale gold miners use mercury to extract gold in developing nations worldwide, contributing an estimated 30% of global mercury emissions annually. Colombia is the world's highest per capita mercury polluter. The total mercury release/emissions to the Colombian environment can be as high as 150 tons/a. In the case of Antioquia, the total amount of mercury used in the Northeast and Bajo Cauca regions is around 93.4 tons/annum.
Water pollution due to mercury contamination
Studies conducted in the Department of Cordoba showed that mercury levels in fish species in the basin of San Jorge river exceed the specified threshold (200 ng/g) for populations at risk established by World Health Organization. Few other studies show mercury contamination in plants, fish and sediments in some water bodies in the region of Mojana. In the region of Ayapel, significant concentrations of mercury in water, plants, fish and sediments swamp was found. Sources suggest that all the metal contaminations can be attributed to the mining activities on the main gold zone of Colombia and San Jorge River basin.
Human exposure and risk assessment
In placer mining, mercury is added to the material extracted from the alluvial deposits. Excess mercury is discharged into adjacent waterways along with other residues of the ore which enters into the local ecosystem. Mercury grows into a greater threat to health as it moves through the aquatic food chain. In the aquatic environment, the elemental “quicksilver” form of mercury is taken by the bacteria and algae and is converted into the far more dangerous methylmercury. As methylmercury travels up the food chain, from algae to plankton to small fish to big fish, it becomes progressively more concentrated. When humans consume fish that contains methyl mercury, it is absorbed into the human body through gastrointestinal system. Mercury can enter the brain and cross the placenta. Once methylmercury enters the human body, it is relatively difficult to eliminate methylmercury from the body as it is bound to proteins. The effects of methylmercury on developing fetus were tragically demonstrated in Minimata, Japan. Children born to mothers who consumed mercury-contaminated fish suffered devastating birth defects, particularly those affecting the nervous system.
When humans consume contaminated fish, they suffer neurological damage and autoimmune disorders. In addition, methylmercury can cause IQ loss, delayed speech and other neuro-developmental deficits among children when exposed. Early life exposures are the most harmful as they can damage the whole brain. Later life exposures may result in localized damage to the cerebellum, visual cortex, and motor strip. In adults, these exposures can lead to visuospatial problems and effects on executive functioning, memory and mood.
Prevention
Colombian government has been putting effort to reduce mercury usage levels. The adoption in July 2013 of Law 1658 to reduce and eliminate mercury use is an important step. It aims to phase out the use of mercury in all production processes within ten years and in mining within five years.
Awareness has to be brought in miners regarding the risks involved in using mercury. In addition to the awareness, miners should be introduced to new techniques that minimize mercury use or provided with safer alternatives that can replace mercury amalgamation.
According to Sam Spiegel, a lecturer in international development at the University of Edinburgh, “efforts to lower mercury emissions should aim to support miners and their livelihoods by supplying access to better technology’’. This does not mean completely eliminating mercury but rather using it more efficiently.
A practical guide published by ASGM in 2011 on how to reduce mercury uses, UNEP recommends limiting mercury use with improved practices and moving towards mercury-free technologies that either boost or maintain miner income while protecting the health and the environment.
The economic interests of the miners should also be safeguarded while protecting health and environment.
Currently, the Government of Antioquia, Corantioquia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia and BioRedd are developing programs to help informal miners to improve their mining circuit and are introducing technologies that avoid mercury use in their process. They presented a proposed plant design that eliminates the use of mercury by replacing gravity concentration processes taking advantage of the characteristics of the treated material.
Recently, many companies have started re-evaluating gravity systems as they are relatively simple and that they produce little environmental pollution and also due to the increased costs of flotation reagents. They proved to be effective as they significantly reduce mercury use. They are proving to miners that with technical support and using alternatives to mercury they are able to recover more valuable material than they do at present.
Government response
New environmental protection legislation was enacted in 1991, including the creation of specially protected zones, of which more than 200 were created in the early 1990s, mostly in forest areas and national parks. As a result of this charter, the Ministry of the Environment was established in 1993, merging with the housing and drinking water division of the Ministry of Economic Development, Housing, and Potable Water in 2003.
As of April 5, 2018, Colombia's highest court has declared that the government of Colombia is responsible and must take urgent action to protect its Amazon Rainforest. This 4-3 ruling has also recognized the Amazon as an "entity subject of rights", which means the Amazon Rainforest has the same legal rights as a human being. The court ordered the local and national government, the environment and agriculture ministries and environmental authorities to come up with action plans within four months to combat deforestation in the Amazon. In 2019, however, the government spent 21% less on environmental protection than it had the previous year. This was one of the conclusions of a 333-page report, "Estado de los recursos naturales y del ambiente," released by the government's Contraloría General in 2020.
On November 24, 2016, FARC and the Colombian government signed a peace agreement. This was expected to give the government more control to regulate illegal logging and deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, allowing the government to avoid expenses caused by environmental degradation. The savings were estimated at about COP $7.1 billones annually (US $2.4 billion at the exchange rate at that time).
The government of Colombia has launched the Amazon Vision Project. The Project, with the financial backing of Norway, Germany, and the United Kingdom, aims to completely eradicate deforestation of Colombia's Amazon by 2020. In the Climate Summit of 2015, Colombia, Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom signed a Joint Declaration to strengthen collaboration on the climate and forests in Colombia. Norway has committed to a total of 1.8 billion Norwegian crones to Colombia within 2020. The project has been adopted as a national policy and priority in the new National Development Plan 2014-2018. The inclusion of the Program in this PND meant that for the first time in the country there is a framework for development policy that promotes green growth strategies with concrete goals of education of consequences of deforestation and goals of conservation and sustainable use for the Amazon region, offering the opportunity to influence national policies by inserting specificities of the Amazon region that help the region reduce deforestation. The project aims to improve forest governance, plan a sustainable sector development, begin environmental governance with indigenous people and enable conditions for the environment to thrive.
See also
Animal rights in Colombia
Illegal drug trade in Colombia
List of invasive species in Colombia
References
External links
Colombian Ministry of Environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Colombia |
Hoad Monument (officially called the Sir John Barrow Monument) is a tower at the top of the Hoad Hill, near Ulverston in Cumbria. England. It commemorates Sir John Barrow (1764-1848), who was born in Ulverston. It was built in 1850 at a cost of £1250, the cost being met mainly by public subscription.
Sir John Barrow was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society. He travelled to China and South Africa as a diplomat and held the post of Second Secretary to the Admiralty from 1804 until 1845.
Description
The monument is not a lighthouse: it has never had a functional light. However, it was designed to resemble one, and is similar to the Third Eddystone Lighthouse (Smeaton's Tower). It is a Grade II* listed building, meaning that it is of more than local interest, and the monument stands as one of the symbols of the northwest of England.
It is built of limestone quarried locally at Birkrigg Common. Due to its elevated and exposed position, it is one of the most prominent landmarks in Cumbria. The hollow tower can be ascended via a spiral stone staircase of 112 steps. At the top, eight apertures provide a 360-degree panorama of the Furness Peninsula, Morecambe Bay and the southern Lake District. In recent times the formerly open apertures have been glazed.
Sometimes simply known as "Hoad", the tower is also occasionally referred to as "the pepper pot". This epithet was famously used by Lord Haw-Haw in one of his propaganda broadcasts during World War II when he warned the residents of Ulverston that the German Air Force would bomb their pepper pot.
Hoad Monument is normally open on Sundays and Bank Holidays between April and October, when a flag is flying outside the monument. The monument itself is owned and maintained by Ulverston Town Council, while Hoad Hill is owned by Ulverston Towns Lands Trust.
Restoration
In 2009/2010 the monument underwent a £1.2 million restoration. The majority of funding came in the form of a £891,000 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, with the Friends of the Sir John Barrow Monument collecting grants and donations for the rest.
The restoration included a series of structural improvements to make the monument watertight, the most noticeable of these being the addition of a copper roof covering the stone dome, which was itself removed and rebuilt.
The official reopening was on Sunday 22 August 2010 and was marked by a gala at Ford Park, barn dance and firework display.
See also
Grade II* listed buildings in South Lakeland
Listed buildings in Ulverston
References
A Story of the Growth of Ulverston, by Dorothy Ashburner. Published 1993 (No ISBN available).
External links
Friends of the Sir John Barrow Monument
Ulverston
Grade II* listed buildings in Cumbria
Monuments and memorials in Cumbria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoad%20Monument |
This is a list of British television-related events in 2005.
Events
January
1 January
Sky takes over production of Five News from ITN. The first scheduled Sky produced news programme had been due to air on 3 January, but two shorter bulletins for 1 and 2 January are hastily added to provide updates following the 2004 Boxing Day Indian Ocean tsunami.
Fox Kids UK finally rebrands to Jetix, as part of a global rebranding package by ABC Cable Networks Group. The first programme shown is Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go!.
5 January – Desperate Housewives makes its initial UK debut. Overnight figures indicate it achieves an audience of 4.4 million viewers.
8 January – Jerry Springer: The Opera, featuring Jesus, Mary and God as guests on The Jerry Springer Show, airs on BBC Two, despite protests from Christian Voice and other groups.
10 January
Christian Voice confirms plans to launch a private blasphemy prosecution against the BBC for screening Jerry Springer: The Opera. The group subsequently attempts to prosecute BBC Director-General Mark Thompson, but their bid is rejected by the High Court. An attempt to overrule that decision is also rejected in December 2007.
Vote for Me, a contest to find an independent Parliamentary candidate, makes its debut on ITV.
11 January – Debut of the six-part BBC Two documentary series Auschwitz: The Nazis and 'The Final Solution' which tells the story of Auschwitz concentration camp. The final part is aired on 15 February.
14 January – ITV's Vote for Me contest is won by former lawyer and convicted fraudster Rodney Hylton-Potts, who presents a "cabbies manifesto" that includes halting immigration, scrapping the Human Rights Act and legalising all drugs. However, the programme is soon caught up in controversy because of the winning candidate's extreme political views. Hylton-Potts goes on to stand against Conservative leader Michael Howard as a candidate for Folkestone and Hythe at the general election, but comes in seventh place and loses his deposit.
21 January – The auction channel bid-up.tv is rebranded as bid.tv.
23 January – Happy Mondays dancer Mark Berry, known professionally as Bez wins the third series of Celebrity Big Brother.
26 January – Debut of The Rotters' Club on BBC Two, a three-part adaptation of Jonathan Coe's novel of the same name about growing up in 1970s Birmingham, and written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais.
27 January – Holocaust Memorial Day and the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp are observed in the UK. BBC Two and BBC News 24 air Auschwitz Remembered, a special news programme providing coverage of memorial events.
February
3 February – An audience member on the evening's edition of Question Time uses the show's final question to propose to his girlfriend, who says yes. It is the first time a marriage proposal has occurred on the programme in its 25-year history.
8 February – Teachers' TV, run by the Department for Education and Skills, launches on Sky Digital (channel 686) and Freeview.
9 February – The Africa-based BBC journalist and producer Kate Peyton is killed in a shooting incident in Mogadishu, Somalia while reporting on that country's nascent peace process.
16 February – The first series of the UK version of The Apprentice debuts on BBC Two.
18 February – Adele Silva will reprise her role as Emmerdale temptress Kelly Windsor five years after leaving the series, it is reported.
19 February – EastEnders celebrates its 20th anniversary on the air, airing a special episode in which Dirty Den Watts is killed by his new wife Chrissie. 14.34 million watch the episode (shown on 18 February). It is the UK's second highest rated programme of 2005 (the first is an episode of Coronation Street three days later).
21 February – MasterChef relaunches as MasterChef Goes Large.
22 February – Eamonn Holmes announces he will step down from his role as a GMTV presenter after twelve years.
23 February – UKTV Style Gardens, a channel dedicated to gardening programmes, launches.
24 February – ITV airs another episode of its police drama The Bill to feature a storyline in which characters are killed off in a fire at Sun Hill police station. Computer generated imagery is used because producing a real explosion and fireball ripping through the station corridors is not possible.
26 February – Sound TV, known pre-launch as The Great British Television Channel, launches on Sky Digital (588). It closes in the Autumn.
March
3 March – Irish Taoiseach Bertie Ahern opens RTÉ's new studios in London, based at Millbank opposite the Houses of Parliament.
4 March – Channel 4 signs a £1m deal with Appletiser to sponsor repeat episodes of Friends during 2005.
5 March – Cat Deeley presents her final edition of CD:UK, after 6 years.
10 March – BBC One airs an edition of Question Time from Changhai, China, as part of the BBC's China Week.
11 March – BBC One airs the tenth Comic Relief fundraiser. Highlights include a crossover between Antiques Roadshow and The Vicar of Dibley, as well as specials of Little Britain and Blind Date.
17 March – ITV signs up Jerry Springer to present a daytime talk show to replace Trisha.
19 March – Ahead of the return of Doctor Who later in the month, BBC Two airs a "Doctor Who Night", with three programmes celebrating the series. The Story of Doctor Who features cast and crew, including Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy discussing the original series. Some Things You Need to Know About Doctor Who provides a bitesize guide to the programme. Finally John Humphrys presents a Doctor Who special of Mastermind in which fans answer questions about the series.
20 March
BBC Director General Mark Thompson announces BBC staff of 27,000 will be cut by 3,780.
Actress Kim Medcalf, who plays Sam Mitchell in EastEnders speaks to the Sunday Mirror about her decision to leave the series, and her plans to focus on stage acting. Her final scenes will be filmed in May and her final onscreen appearance will be in November.
23 March – Five announce plans to move its Trisha Goddard show to a morning slot from April to rival ITV's forthcoming The Springer Show.
26 March –
Nine years after its last new episode and sixteen years since its last regular run, Doctor Who returns to BBC One for a new series, the twenty-seventh in total since 1963. Christopher Eccleston and Billie Piper star. An average 10.81 million viewers, over 40% of the watching audience, tune in, winning its timeslot and making it No. 3 BBC show and No. 7 across all channels for the week. The premiere episode of the revival, "Rose", written by Russell T Davies, goes on to become the UK's seventh highest rated programme of 2005.
Gordon Hendricks, performing as Elvis Presley wins the sixteenth and final series of Stars in Their Eyes. He is the second Elvis impersonator to win the contest. Stars in Their Eyes continues until the following year, with a final junior series and a number of celebrity specials.
30 March
As a test trial, the small Welsh towns of Ferryside and Llansteffan have their analogue television signals switched off. The trial proves a success and the digital switchover fully begins two and a half years later in Cumbria.
Only days after his having debuted as the Ninth Doctor, the BBC announces that Christopher Eccleston will be leaving Doctor Who after only one season.
April
1 April – Thomasina Miers wins the 2005 series of MasterChef Goes Large.
2 April – Digital channel BBC Four broadcasts a live re-make of the famous 1953 science-fiction drama The Quatermass Experiment. The production is the first live drama broadcast by the BBC for over twenty years, and draws BBC Four's second highest audience to date, with an average of 482,000 viewers.
4 April – BBC Four airs Speak No Evil – The Story of the Broadcast Ban, a documentary recalling the 1988 broadcasting restrictions imposed by the Government of Margaret Thatcher on organisations in Northern Ireland believed to support terrorism.
5 April – It is reported that Ofcom may fine ITV Central for broadcasting a pre-recorded late Central News bulletin for the East Midlands.
8 April – 13.03 million viewers watch Ken Barlow tie the knot with Deirdre Rachid on Coronation Street, one day before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla Parker Bowles (7.36 million viewers watch). The scheduling move echoes Ken and Deirdre's first wedding, which occurred two days before Charles's wedding to Diana in 1981, and which also beat the Royal wedding in the television ratings.
11 April – ITV Day launches on ITV1.
14 April – The BBC removes advice from its website warning that Doctor Who is too scary to be watched by children under the age of eight, describing the statement as "a mistake".
16 April – David Tennant is announced as the Tenth Doctor.
18 April – Launch of the teleshopping channel iBuy.
27 April – Eamonn Holmes presents his final edition of GMTV after twelve years with the broadcaster.
28 April – BBC One airs a special election edition of Question Time, featuring the leaders of the three main political parties. Tony Blair (Labour), Michael Howard (Conservative) and Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrats) are each questioned for 30 minutes by the audience.
May
3 May – The Sun reports that Labour Party chiefs are concerned that the 5 May episode of EastEnders in which Dot Cotton learns to drive could distract viewers from voting.
4 May – Tim Campbell, a 27-year-old transport manager with London Underground, wins the first series of The Apprentice. His prize is a £100,000 job with Sugar's firm, Amstrad.
5–6 May – Coverage of the 2005 general election is shown on British television. The Labour Party attains a third successive general election victory.
7 May – Family Affairs wins Best Storyline at the British Soap Awards for a story in which a couple discover a family friend has been abusing their daughter.
9 May – Corpus Christi College, Oxford wins the 2004–05 series of University Challenge, beating University College London 250–140.
13 May – To celebrate the 80th birthday of Queen Elizabeth II in 2006, Rolf Harris is to create an oil portrait of her as part of a special edition of his BBC One show Rolf on Art, it is announced. The programme airs on New Year's Day 2006.
16 May –
BBC Weather relaunches, changing from 2D to 3D graphics.
ITV launches Love Island, a rival to Big Brother. This appears to be a ratings flop.
19 May – Eammon Holmes has signed a deal with Sky News to present their early morning programme Sky News Sunrise, it is reported.
21 May – Greece's Helena Paparizou wins the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest with "My Number One".
23 May – Over one-third of BBC staff join a strike in response to proposed job cuts at the corporation.
26 May – BBC One airs a special edition of Question Time from Paris, France, ahead of the French referendum on the European Constitution.
29 May – BBC One airs the final edition of Breakfast with Frost after a twelve-year run.
30 May –
STV launches across Scotland replacing the previously separate services of Scottish and Grampian.
Fifi and the Flowertots a new stop motion animated series for children created by Keith Chapman the creator of Bob the Builder begins its screening on Five.
31 May – David Easter, who plays villain Pete Callan in Family Affairs, is to leave the series in September, it is announced.
June
18 June – Christopher Eccleston's final episode of the Ninth Doctor in Doctor Who, "The Parting of the Ways", is broadcast on BBC One. David Tennant becomes the Tenth Doctor in the same episode.
20 June – Former nightclub owner Fran Cosgrave and presenter Jayne Middlemiss win the first series of Love Island.
25 June – The Girl in the Café, a comedy-drama by Richard Curtis made as part of the global Make Poverty History campaign, is shown by both BBC One in the United Kingdom and HBO in the United States on the same day.
26 June
Countdown presenter Richard Whiteley dies at Leeds General Infirmary following a short illness. His final episodes air between 28 June and 1 July.
CBeebies airs the last ever episode of children's show Balamory.
July
1 July – Channel 4 broadcasts the last episode of Countdown hosted by Richard Whiteley.'
2 July – Broadcast of Live 8, a string of benefit concerts, in the G8 states and South Africa. They are timed to precede the 31st G8 summit being held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from 6–8 July; they also coincide with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid.
4 July – The BBC apologises to viewers after a computer malfunction causes its new 3D weather graphics to freeze.
7 July
Regular programming is suspended by major networks to provide ongoing news coverage after a series of co-ordinated terrorist bombings strike London's public transport system during the morning rush hour.
BBC One airs an edition of Question Time from Johannesburg, South Africa as world leaders convene for the 31st G8 summit in Scotland, and following the Live 8 concerts.
8 July – The Animals of Farthing Wood airs on CBBC for the very last time but continues to air on RTÉ2 in Ireland.
12 July – BBC One airs the 250th episode of Holby City.
17 July – After forty-one years broadcasting on BBC One, music show Top of the Pops is switched to BBC Two due to declining audiences. This is not enough to save it, and it is axed the following year.
19 July – Jessie Wallace confirms she will leave EastEnders at the end of the year, having played Kat Slater since 2000.
August
1 August – BBC Broadcast, formerly Broadcasting & Presentation, and responsible for the playout and branding of all BBC Channels, is sold to Creative Broadcast Services, owned by the Macquarie Capital Alliance Group and Macquarie Bank. It is renamed Red Bee Media on 31 October.
2 August – Five announces its soap, Family Affairs will be axed at the end of the year.
4 August – BBC One airs Sinatra: Dark Star, a documentary investigating rumours of Frank Sinatra's links to organised crime.
12 August – Anthony Hutton wins series six of Big Brother.
17 August – ITV announces plans to launch a children's channel to rival CBBC.
22 August – Peppa Pig makes its debut in the United States, on Cartoon Network's Tickle U programming block, re-dubbed with American voice actors. This turns out to be a flop, so Nick Jr airs the original British version.
September
3 September – After several revamps and presenting changes, BBC One airs the final edition of its children's entertainment series The Saturday Show.
5 September – Pitt & Kantrop debuts on BBC1
7 September –
The BBC and ITV announce plans to launch Freesat, a Free-to-air satellite television series to rival Sky.
Channel Five airs The Spy Who Stole My Life, a television documentary about conman and imposter Robert Hendy-Freegard, who masqueraded as an MI5 agent.
8 September – Faze TV, a British digital channel aimed at gay men, cancels its launch after failing to secure sufficient funding to deliver "sufficient quality."
11 September – BBC One launches Sunday AM, a Sunday morning current affairs programme presented by Andrew Marr.
12 September – In an interview with The Guardian, the BBC Director of News and Current Affairs Helen Boaden defends the broadcaster's decision to stick with initial reports of a power surge on the London Underground on the morning of 7 July until actual events could be corroborated, saying it was the right thing to do. "Some of our competitors talked immediately of 90 dead. They talked about three bus bombs. That was off a range of various wire services and it was complete speculation and we wouldn't go with that. We would be careful – we would try to check things out."
19 September – The most famous children's classic television character Muffin the Mule (who has disappeared from TV screens for a very long time) is back with a brand new 2D animated series on BBC Two.
20 September – After seven and a half years, Emmerdale sees a new sequence to the opening titles of the series, with the same 1998 theme music alongside another helicopter montage, this time marginally slower and without the actors and the closing credits are generic ITV Network style credits over a continuous shot of the village, again from a helicopter, but filmed from a different angle. On the same evening, BBC One airs Derailed, a docudrama dealing with the 1999 Ladbroke Grove rail crash.
22 September – ITV airs a second live episode of The Bill to mark the broadcaster's 50th year on air.
23 September – It is announced that Des Lynam will succeed Richard Whiteley as presenter of Channel 4's Countdown, with his first episode airing on 31 October.
25 September – ITV1 airs an episode of A Touch of Frost called "Near Death Experience" to mark the broadcaster's 50th year on air. On the same evening, BBC One airs the network premiere of the 2003 Christmas-themed romantic comedy film Love Actually starring Hugh Grant, Liam Neeson, Colin Firth, Laura Linney, Emma Thompson and Mr. Bean star Rowan Atkinson.
26 September – The BBC is censured by Ofcom for its coverage of the London bombings on 7 July. Of particular concern to them was an incident in which footage of a man being carried by stretcher into the Royal London Hospital was shown as a BBC News 24 presenter commentated "Let's just take a look at some of the pictures coming from the Royal London." Ofcom concludes that "the pictures were used generically and the commentary did not reflect the seriousness of the images being transmitted". Channel 4 News is also criticised for not "fully reflecting the enormity of the images being reflected", although it had not breached the Ofcom regulations as the images were not used casually. ITV News is not criticised, however, because it provided a "clear narrative context [with] sensitive accompanying reporting".
26–27 September – No Direction Home, Martin Scorsese's documentary on Bob Dylan, receives its broadcast premiere on BBC Two in the UK, under the Arena banner.
30 September – CBBC identity relaunched, with its second marketing campaign since the launch of the CBBC Channel.
September – ITV celebrates its 50th anniversary with a collection of special programmes, under the name ITV 50.
October
3 October
BBC Four airs Our Hidden Lives, a dramatisation of the novel of the same name by Simon Garfield that explores the lives of four people on 8 May 1945 as World War II comes to an end. The film stars Richard Briers, Sarah Parish, Ian McDiarmid and Lesley Sharp, and is the centrepiece of the BBC's Lost Decades season.
Live action Icelandic health and fitness based kids' TV show LazyTown makes it debut on both CBeebies & Nick Jr.
5 October – The 6am CBeebies programming block on BBC Two ends and is replaced by an hour of Pages from Ceefax.
8 October – BBC One airs the 500th episode of Casualty.
10 October – More4, a digital channel from Channel 4 offering factual content, launches.
24 October – Sky News moves to new studios, with a new schedule and on-air look.
25 October – The relaunched Doctor Who is the major winner at the annual National Television Awards in the UK, taking the Most Popular Drama award, with its stars Christopher Eccleston and Billie Piper winning Most Popular Actor and Most Popular actress.
27 October–16 December – Bleak House, a 15-episode adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel of the same name designed to capture a soap opera-style audience by using Dickens's original serial structure in half-hour episodes, is broadcast on BBC One.
28 October – Sheffield based rock band Arctic Monkeys make their first appearance on BBC Two's Later...with Jools Holland.
31 October
Sky3 is launched on British digital terrestrial and satellite platforms. On the same day Sky Mix is rebranded as Sky Two, and Sky Travel ceases transmission on Freeview.
The first episode of Countdown hosted by Des Lynam airs, as does the first episode of Deal Or No Deal, reviving Noel Edmonds's TV career on Channel 4.
November
1 November – ITV4, a digital channel aimed at men, is launched in the UK. It is launched on Sky Digital Channel 120 on 7 November.
3 November – A special edition of Question Time featuring David Cameron and David Davisthe two candidates in the forthcoming Conservative Party leadership election.
7–28 November – BBC One broadcasts ShakespeaRe-Told, a series of four adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays based in 21st century Britain. The plays in order are Much Ado About Nothing, Macbeth, The Taming of the Shrew, and A Midsummer Night's Dream.
11 November – EastEnders is the first British drama to feature a two-minute silence. This episode later goes on to win the British Soap Award for 'Best Single Episode'.
16 November – Lucy Ratcliffe wins the first cycle of Britain's Next Top Model, securing for herself a modelling contract among other prizes.
17 November – Little Britain moves to BBC1 due to it being a success on BBC3, kicking things off with the first episode of the third series. Tom Baker provides this evening's continuity announcements on BBC1.
18 November –
BBC One broadcasts this year's annual Children in Need appeal. It contains several highlights including Catherine Tate in EastEnders, the BBC Newsreaders performing Bohemian Rhapsody, and a brand new Doctor Who adventure. The first to fully star David Tennant as the Doctor, the 7-minute episode directly follows on from "The Parting of the Ways" and directly leads on to "The Christmas Invasion".
It is announced that Five has bought a stake in DTT's pay-TV operator, Top Up TV.
22 November – Producers of ITV's I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! confirm that contestant Elaine Lordan will not be returning to the show following a stay in hospital. She had twice collapsed on the set of the jungle-based reality show, but has been given a clean bill of health by doctors.
28 November – The actress and I'm a Celebrity contestant Kimberley Davies is taken to hospital with a suspected fractured rib after she is injured in a stunt that goes wrong. Davies had jumped from a helicopter as part of one of the series' "bush tucker trials" when the incident occurred. Responding to criticism that it had not taken the correct safety precautions, ITV says that Davies was given a full safety briefing before she performed the stunt.
29 November – Kimberley Davies withdraws from I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.
December
2 December – BBC Three's weeknight news bulletin The 7 O'Clock News is broadcast for the final time. It is axed following a report into the BBC's digital output claims that the show "achieves nothing and attracts tiny audiences".
3 December – ITV1 screens the British terrestrial television premiere of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the second film in the Harry Potter series. Overnight viewing figures indicate it is watched by an audience of eight million (a 37% audience share). The evening's edition of The X Factor, screened after Chamber of Secrets, is watched by 9.7 million viewers (a 42% audience share), giving ITV1 its best ratings since February 2002.
5 December – Carol Thatcher wins the fifth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.
7–16 December – Space Cadets is shown on Channel 4, a hoax reality TV show where the contestants believe they are in a Space Shuttle orbiting Earth, when in fact they are in a set in a disused aircraft hangar in Suffolk.
10 December – Westlife's version of "You Raise Me Up" is voted the 2005 Record of the Year by ITV viewers, the fourth time the Irish boy band have won the title.
11 December – Cricketer Andrew Flintoff is named as this year's BBC Sports Personality of the Year.
15 December – Sir Trevor McDonald makes his final ITN news broadcast after over 25 years. As a tribute, the closing theme tune for the News at Ten Thirty tonight is replaced with the News at Ten theme used from 1992 to 1999, McDonald having presented the show during that time.
17 December – Cricketer Darren Gough and dancing partner Lilia Kopylova win the third series of Strictly Come Dancing. Shayne Ward wins the second series of The X Factor on the same evening.
19 December – Rolf Harris unveils his portrait of the Queen at Buckingham Palace.
21 December – The BBC is to trial a three-month experiment in which its Saturday morning schedules for BBC One and BBC Two will be swapped. The changes, taking effect from January 2006, are being implemented because of frequent scheduling changes caused by big events and breaking news stories, and will mean children's programming will be absent from BBC One's Saturday morning lineup for the first time since 1968. This was not enough to save them and the Saturday morning children's programmes were axed six months later.
23 December – The ITV News Channel closes.
25 December –
BBC One airs the network television premiere of Toy Story 2.
BBC One airs the Doctor Who Christmas Special, "The Christmas Invasion"; this episode marks David Tennant's first full-length story as the Tenth Doctor.
Shane Richie and Jessie Wallace leave EastEnders when their characters Alfie and Kat Moon depart for America.
29 December – The last edition of Click Online broadcast under its original title before it is renamed Click.
30 December
Five airs the final episode of its soap Family Affairs.
BBC One airs the network television premiere of Insomnia.
Debuts
BBC One
1 January – Star Spell (2005)
3 January – BB3B (2005)
7 January – According to Bex (2005)
21 January – 29 Minutes of Fame (2005)
13 March – Supervolcano (2005)
26 March – Doctor Who (2005–present)
27 March – Fingersmith (2005)
6 June – Gordon the Garden Gnome (2005)
25 June – The Girl in the Café (2005)
5 September – Pitt & Kantrop (2005-2007)
6 September – Medium (2005–2011)
9 September – The Green Green Grass (2005–2009)
11 September – Sunday AM (2005–2021)
27 September – Love Soup (2005, 2008)
27 October – Bleak House (2005)
30 October – Rocket Man (2005)
7 November – Shakespeare Re-Told (4 eps – Much Ado about Nothing / Macbeth / The Taming of the Shrew / A Midsummer Night's Dream) (2005)
BBC Two
7 January – Bill Oddie's How to Watch Wildlife (2005–2006)
26 January – The Rotters' Club (2005)
16 February – The Apprentice (2005–present)
21 February – Around the World in 80 Treasures (2005)
27 February – Help (2005)
5 May – The Robinsons (2005)
10 May – The Monastery (2005)
30 May – Springwatch (2005–present)
5 June – Mock the Week (2005–present)
6 July – To the Ends of the Earth (2005)
21 July – Extras (2005–2007)
22 July – Coast (2005–2015)
3 October – LazyTown (also on Nick Jr) (2005–2020, UK broadcast)
22 October – American Dad! (2005–present)
8 November – Autumnwatch (2005–2022)
15 November – Rome (2005–2007)
13 December – Magnificent 7 (2005)
BBC Three
11 January – Ideal (2005–2011)
16 January – Twisted Tales (spin-off from Spine Chillers) (2005)
13 March – Casanova (2005)
20 September – Tittybangbang (2005–2007)
23 October – Funland (2005)
BBC Four
2 March – Kenneth Tynan: In Praise of Hardcore (2005)
19 April – Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky (2005)
19 May – The Thick of It (2005–2012)
ITV (1/2/3/4)
1 January – Scream! If You Want to Get Off (2005)
5 February – Toonattik (2005–2011)
12 February – New Captain Scarlet (2005)
27 February – The Walk (2005)
6 March – Falling (2005)
20 March – Diamond Geezer (2005; 2007)
27 March – Colditz (2005)
2 April – Hit Me Baby One More Time (2005)
10 April – Malice Aforethought (2005)
11 April –
ITV Day (2005–2006)
King Arthur's Disasters (2005–2006)
15 April – Splash Camp (2005)
23 April – Celebrity Wrestling (2005)
16 May – Love Island (2005–2006)
13 June – Cash Cab (2005–2006)
4 July – The Jeremy Kyle Show (2005–2019)
9 July – Grandma Jane's Garden Adventures (2005–2010)
5 September – Marian, Again (2005)
14 September – The Golden Hour (2005)
24 September – Afterlife (2005–2006)
29 September – Mike Bassett: Manager (2005)
10 October – Vincent (2005–2006)
19 October – Cold Blood (2005–2008)
12 December – Secret Smile (2005)
18 December – Wallis & Edward (2005)
Channel 4
5 January – Desperate Housewives (2004–2012)
10 January – Come Dine with Me (2005–present)
11 February – Nathan Barley (2005)
7 March – Coach Trip (2005–2006, 2009–2012, 2013–present)
10 May – Bring Back... (2005–2009)
27 May – 18 Stone of Idiot (2005)
3 June – 8 Out of 10 Cats (2005–present)
7 June – Sugar Rush (2005–2006)
1 August – The House of Obsessive Compulsives (2005)
31 August – It's Me or the Dog (2005–2008 Channel 4, 2008–2012 Sky)
29 September – Elizabeth I (2005)
30 September –
Spoons (2005)
Rock School (2005/6)
22 October – Power Rangers: SPD (2005)
31 October – Deal or No Deal (2005–2016)
8 November – Rajan and His Evil Hypnotists (2005)
15 November – The Ghost Squad (2005)
20 November – Not Forgotten (2005–2009)
27 November – The Queen's Sister (2005)
More4
10 October – Launch of More4 News on new digital channel More4 (2005—2009).
MBC 2 & MBC 4
2005-present – Scoop with Raya
Five
30 May – Fifi and the Flowertots (2005–2010)
9 June – House (2004–2012)
9 September – Swinging (2005–2006)
Cartoon Network UK
11 April – What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2002–2005)
9 May – Hi Hi Puffy Ami Yumi (2004–2006)
6 June – Battle B-Daman (2005–2006)
1 November – Robotboy (2005–2008)
Boomerang UK
1 November – Camp Lazlo (2005–2008)
Playhouse Disney UK
11 April – Higglytown Heroes (11 April 2005 – 7 January 2008)
3 October – Little Einsteins (2005–2010)
Nickelodeon UK
3 January – Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (2004–2007)
4 April –
Unfabulous (2005–2008)
Zoey 101 (2005–2008)
Nicktoons UK
14 January – My Life as a Teenage Robot (2005–2007)
Jetix UK
1 January – Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! (2005–2008)
Channels
New channels
Defunct channels
Rebranded channels
Television shows
signifies that this show has a related event in the Events section above.
Changes of network affiliation
All these WWE shows became exclusive to Sky Sports
Returning this year after a break of one year or longer
Muffin the Mule (1946–1955, 2005–2006)
Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–present)
Mr. Benn (1970–1972, 2005)
Roobarb and Custard Too premieres (1974 BBC, 2005–2013 Channel 5)
Willo the Wisp (1981–1984, 2005)
Fireman Sam (1987–1994, 2005–2013)
The Two Ronnies Sketchbook sequels to take over from The Two Ronnies (1971–1987, 1991, 1996, 2005)
Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present)
Continuing television shows
1920s
BBC Wimbledon (1927–1939, 1946–2019, 2021–present)
1930s
The Boat Race (1938–1939, 1946–2019)
1950s
Panorama (1953–present)
What the Papers Say (1956–2008)
The Sky at Night (1957–present)
Blue Peter (1958–present)
Grandstand (1958–2007)
1960s
Coronation Street (1960–present)
Songs of Praise (1961–present)
Top of the Pops (1964–2006)
Match of the Day (1964–present)
The Money Programme (1966–2010)
1970s
Emmerdale (1972–present)
Newsround (1972–present)
Last of the Summer Wine (1973–2010)
Arena (1975–present)
One Man and His Dog (1976–present)
Top Gear (1977–2001, 2002–present)
Grange Hill (1978–2008)
Ski Sunday (1978–present)
Antiques Roadshow (1979–present)
Question Time (1979–present)
1980s
Children in Need (1980–present)
Postman Pat (1981, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2004–2008)
Timewatch (1982–present)
Countdown (1982–present)
The Bill (1984–2010)
Thomas & Friends (1984–2021)
EastEnders (1985–present)
Comic Relief (1985–present)
Casualty (1986–present)
ChuckleVision (1987–2009)
This Morning (1988–present)
The Simpsons (1989–present)
1990s
Have I Got News for You (1990–present)
Room 101 (1994–2007, 2012–2018)
Stars in Their Eyes (1990–2006, 2015)
Heartbeat (1992–2010)
Time Team (1994–2013)
Top of the Pops 2 (1994–2017)
Hollyoaks (1995–present)
Arthur (1996–present)
Never Mind the Buzzcocks (1996–2015)
Silent Witness (1996–present)
Midsomer Murders (1997–present)
South Park (1997–present)
King of the Hill (1997–2010)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (1998–2014)
Bob the Builder (1998–present)
Bremner, Bird and Fortune (1999–2010)
British Soap Awards (1999–2019, 2022–present)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009)
SpongeBob SquarePants (1999–present)
Holby City (1999–2022)
My Parents Are Aliens (1999–2006)
2000s
Doctors (2000–present)
Big Brother (2000–2010, 2011–2018)
The Weakest Link (2000–2012, 2017–present)
The Kumars (2001–2006, 2014)
Popworld (2001–2007)
Real Crime (2001–2011)
Flog It! (2002–2020)
Foyle's War (2002–2015)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (2002–present)
Harry Hill's TV Burp (2002–2012)
Spooks (2002–2011)
Daily Politics (2003–2018)
Peep Show (2003–2015)
All Grown Up! (2003–2008)
Tiny Pop (2003–2008)
New Tricks (2003–2015)
Politics Show (2003–2011)
QI (2003–present)
The Royal (2003–2011)
PointlessBlog (2003–2007)
This Week (2003–2019)
Strictly Come Dancing (2004–present)
Doc Martin (2004–2022)
Sea of Souls (2004–2007)
Supernanny (2004–2008, 2010–2012)
Shameless (2004–2013)
The X Factor (2004–2018)
Ending this year
Births
Deaths
See also
2005 in British music
2005 in British radio
2005 in the United Kingdom
List of British films of 2005
References
External links
List of 2005 British television series at IMDb | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20in%20British%20television |
Jayski's Silly Season Site is a web site focusing primarily on NASCAR news and rumors. The website was founded by Jay "Jayski" Adamczyk (who was fan of Mark Donohue) in 1996 after he had difficulty finding news regarding the Melling Racing team, and subsequently worked to get all NASCAR news grouped together on the site. The site was purchased from Adamczyk by ESPN in 2007; after ESPN shut the site down in January 2019, Adamczyk reacquired the rights to Jayski-related properties in April 2019 and rolled out a limited version of the new website with a full launch occurring on May 13, 2019.
Website
The name for Jayski's Silly Season Site is a reference to the midpoint of the NASCAR season when rumors within the sport most often circulate. The main feature of the site is a "News and Rumors" page for the major three NASCAR series. The sites also hosts pictures of the paint schemes used by teams throughout that year, television schedules and tributes to deceased drivers. The site also lists series statistics and external links to teams and drivers.
History
Adamczyk created the site in 1996 and used his moniker from his time in the military, Jayski, to brand the site. On December 3, 1999, Adamczyk quit his job as a computer programmer for the Federal Aviation Administration to work on the site full-time. Two years later, Jayski's content began to be featured on Knight Ridder's racing website, That's Racin'. That freed Adamczyk from several business commitments (such as advertising), and enabled him to focus solely on creating content, and hosting external links to newspaper and magazine stories on the NASCAR world. In January 2004, sports network ESPN began to host Jayski.
In early April 2007, as part of its renewed interest in NASCAR following re-acquisition of broadcasting rights, ESPN purchased Jayski.com. Jayski underwent a stylistic overhaul in August 2009. The site was redesigned in early 2017, becoming part of ESPN.com, but Adamczyk continues to operate the site on a daily basis with a staff of two.
Jayski's Silly Season Site was featured in Time's The 50 Best Websites of 2011. Jayski ran a podcast until 2013. Adamzcyk had later expanded the Jayski staff to include two other employees to compile information about NASCAR.
On January 28, 2019, ESPN ceased operations of Jayski. The move was part of a wider exodus from NASCAR for ESPN, which also let go of reporters Ricky Craven and Bob Pockrass over the 2019 offseason. Many within the NASCAR community expressed gratitude for the two-plus decades that Jayski ran online.
The domain of jayski.com was acquired back from ESPN in April 2019, and a partial site was rolled out while the search for a new web host partner began. A full site, now hosted by NASCAR Digital Media, was revealed on May 12, 2019.
References
External links
NASCAR websites
Internet properties established in 1996
ESPN.com | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayski%27s%20Silly%20Season%20Site |
Wehrheim is a municipality in Hesse, Germany some 30 km (20 mi) north of Frankfurt am Main.
The town's nickname is "Apfeldorf Wehrheim" (Apple-village Wehrheim).
Geography
Location
Wehrheim lies from 300 to 600 m above sea level on the north slope of the crest of the Taunus between Bad Homburg and Usingen im Taunus.
Neighbouring communities
Wehrheim borders in the north on the town of Usingen and the community of Ober-Mörlen (Wetteraukreis), in the east on the towns of Friedberg and Rosbach (both in the Wetteraukreis), in the south on the towns of Friedrichsdorf and Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, and in the west on the town of Neu-Anspach.
Constituent communities
The community has four centres named Wehrheim, Obernhain, Pfaffenwiesbach and Friedrichsthal.
History
The first traces of settlement go back to the Bronze Age. In Wehrheim, a burying ground from the early to middle Urnfield culture (11th to 10th century BC) was discovered. Wehrheim im Taunus itself had its first documentary mention in 1046. In 1372, the village was granted town rights, which it however lost again in 1814. The town's overlords changed several times, from the Castle Counts of Friedberg to the Counts of Diez, the area then passing to Nassau-Dillenburg and finally to Prussia in 1866. In 1895 the railway line from Bad Homburg vor der Höhe – then still called Homberg – through Friedrichsdorf to Usingen came into operation, and was extended to Weilburg a few years later, linking the community a bit more closely with the Frankfurt area, a trend that would continue in the coming century.
As part of Hesse's municipal reforms, the communities of Wehrheim, Obernhain, Pfaffenwiesbach and Friedrichsthal merged into the new greater community of Wehrheim in 1972.
Politics
Municipal council
The municipal elections on 6 March 2016 resulted in the following division of seats on town council: compared to previous local elections:
Mayor
Gregor Sommer (CDU) has been mayor since 2002.
Sister cities
Pilisvörösvár near Budapest in Hungary, since 1989.
Meransen in the Puster Valley in Italy, since 2001.
Coat of arms
The community's current civic coat of arms was granted in 1953 and is based on seals known from the 15th century. The arms show the two lions of the Counts of Diez, and the letter is, of course, the community's initial.
Wehrheim once had another coat of arms after the original one was apparently forgotten. It appeared in the 19th century and featured a building with towers. This is believed to have been a canting symbol since it was a military structure (Wehr is a German word for "army"). These arms were used, without ever being officially approved, until the current arms were conferred in 1953.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Despite its idyllic location in the Taunus, Wehrheim is advantageously placed for transportation. With the Friedberg interchange on Autobahn A 5 6 km away, and the Oberursel-Nord interchange on Autobahn A 661 only 8 km away it is well connected to the long-distance road network.
The community has at its disposal two stops, Wehrheim and Saalburg, on the Taunusbahn railway (officially called line 15 by the RMV, or Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund).
Established businesses
Earplugs made by the firm Ohropax GmbHA are well-known product from Wehrheim, marketed under the name Ohropax. Heraeus Medical, a division of Heraeus, the manufacturer of Palacos® bone cement, is also located in Wehrheim.
Educational institutions
Wehrheim has one primary school, the Limes-Schule. There is also a special school, the Heinrich-Kielhorn-Schule, named after an early pioneer in special education.
The Taunusheim, an orphanage established in 1943 to house war orphans, was until 1998 a home for children and youths run by the city of Frankfurt. Before that, the building housed the Waldfriede Hotel.
In the last twenty years of its existence, the Taunusheim was home to up to 18 children and young people from 6 to 18 years old, looked after round the clock in two groups. In 1994, a day group also attended the home.
The home was closed in 1998 for reasons of economy. The school for children with learning difficulties that was attached to the home remained until 2001, when it was moved to Frankfurt-Höchst.
Moving part of the Wehrheim primary school into the now empty building is being considered as a way of alleviating the dearth of school space.
Culture and sightseeing
Museum
Inside the former town gate, a local landmark, is the Stadtormuseum Wehrheim ("Wehrheim Town Gate Museum"), where visitors can see the Bronze-Age archaeological finds from the Urnfield culture (see History).
Buildings
The Wehrheim municipal area contains 13 km of the Limes Germanicus which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2005 by UNESCO. One of Wehrheim's sights, near Pfaffenwiesbach, is an old Roman Limes Fort, the Kapersburg, on top of the Limes. There is another Roman fort in the main community, the Saalburg, which has been restored.
Other
The theme park Lochmühle is another one of Wehrheim's attractions, it features a combination of animals and theme park rides.
References
External links
Wehrheim
Lochmühle
Bronze-Age urn graveyard in Wehrheim
Live images of Wehrheim's town hall
Hochtaunuskreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrheim |
Puebla de Guzmán is a town and a municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 3,109 inhabitants.
Notable people
Pablo Oliveira, footballer
References
External links
Puebla de Guzmán - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla%20de%20Guzm%C3%A1n |
Portable Standard Lisp (PSL) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. PSL was inspired by its predecessor, Standard Lisp and the Portable Lisp Compiler. It is tail-recursive, late binding (or dynamically bound), and was developed by researchers at the University of Utah in 1980, which released PSL 3.1; development was handed over to developers at Hewlett-Packard in 1982 who released PSL 3.3 and up. Portable Standard Lisp was available as a kit containing a screen editor, a compiler, and an interpreter for several hardware and operating system computing platforms, including Motorola 68000 series, DECSYSTEM-20s, Cray-1s, VAX, and many others. Today, PSL is mainly developed by and available from Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin (ZIB). Its main modern use is as the underlying language for implementations of Reduce.
Like most older Lisps, in the first step, PSL compiles Lisp code to LAP code, which is another cross-platform language. However, where older lisps mostly compiled LAP directly to assembly language or some architecture dependent intermediate, PSL compiles the LAP to C code, which would run in a virtual machine language; so programs written in it are as portable as C in principle, which is very portable. The compiler was written in PSL or a more primitive dialect named System Lisp or SYSLISP as "... an experiment in writing a production-quality Lisp in Lisp itself as much as possible, with only minor amounts of code written by hand in assembly language or other systems languages." so the whole ensemble could bootstrap itself, and improvements to the compiler improved the compiler. Some later releases had a compatibility package for Common Lisp, but this is not sustained in the modern versions.
Criticism
Portable Standard Lisp has fewer features than other Lisps, such as Common Lisp, and some people found it unpleasant to use. Richard P. Gabriel wrote in his popular essay Lisp: Good News, Bad News, How to Win Big, "the third most standard Lisp was Portable Standard Lisp, which ran on many machines, but very few people wanted to use it;".
Timeline
References
External links
, Portable Utah Standard Lisp
Concurrent programming languages
Dynamically typed programming languages
Functional languages
Lisp programming language family
Multi-paradigm programming languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20Standard%20Lisp |
Bryan Robert Rekar (born June 3, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Colorado Rockies, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB) during an 8-year career.
Rekar attended Providence Catholic High School in New Lenox, Illinois and was All-State his Junior year with a 10-0 record and a 0.90 earned run average.
Playing career
Bradley University
Bryan received a scholarship to play baseball at Bradley University where he was a 1st Team All-Missouri Valley Conference his sophomore and junior years recording 16 wins to 6 loses and an earned run average of 2.39 those 2 years. Rekar was later voted to the All-Centennial Missouri Valley Conference for Baseball and was elected into the Bradley University Hall of Fame for his baseball career.
Colorado Rockies
Selected in the second round of the 1993 amateur draft by the Rockies, he would wind up called up to the majors by them in 1995, pitching in 15 games. He would spend the next two seasons with the club compiling a 7-10 record with a 6.54 ERA.
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
In 1998, he wound up being drafted by the expansion team Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2000, he set a career high in wins (7), ERA (4.41), innings pitched (173.1) and starts (27).
2001 would not be his best season. He went 13 straight starts without recording a win. He finished that season with a 3-13 record and a 5.89 ERA in 25 starts. After that he was released from the team.
Kansas City Royals
In 2002, he signed a deal with the Kansas City Royals. Rekar only made 2 starts with the Royals, allowing 12 runs in those starts. After that, he was traded his former club the Rockies, for which he pitched on for the rest of that 2002 season.
Independent league
Rekar pitched for the Long Island Ducks for 2 years, compiling an 11–8 record.
External links
1972 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Bend Rockies players
Bradley Braves baseball players
Central Valley Rockies players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Durham Bulls players
Kansas City Royals players
Long Island Ducks players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
New Haven Ravens players
Omaha Royals players
Orlando Rays players
People from Oak Lawn, Illinois
Baseball players from Cook County, Illinois
St. Petersburg Devil Rays players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Tigres de la Angelopolis players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Rekar |
Daybreaker is the third album by singer-songwriter Beth Orton released in 2002 on Heavenly Records and the Astralwerks Records label. The album reached #40 in US and #8 in UK. Mojo Magazine called the album "her best to date...". Q Magazine was not excited about the album: "Tortoise-pace strumming and a crippling shortage of choruses produce only torpor". The album earned Orton a nomination at the BRIT Awards for Best British Female Singer as well as Best Album at the Q Awards.
In an interview to Insound.com on 28 July 2002 she said about making the record:
As of 2003 it has sold 169,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
"Paris Train" (Ted Barnes, Orton)
"Concrete Sky" (Johnny Marr, Orton)
"Mount Washington" (Orton)
"Anywhere" (Orton)
"Daybreaker" (Orton)
"Carmella" (Orton)
"God Song" (Orton)
"This One's Gonna Bruise" (Ryan Adams, Orton)
"Ted's Waltz" (Barnes, Orton)
"Thinking About Tomorrow" (Ted Barnes, Orton, Sean Read, Sebastian Steinberg)
The Japanese version features two bonus tracks: "Ali's Waltz" and "Bobby Gentry", both also on the Concrete Sky EP.
Personnel
Producer - Victor Van Vugt
Additional production - Ben Watt
Acoustic Guitar - Ted Barnes
Drums - Will Blanchard
Engineer - Richard "Dread" Mann
Assistant Engineer - John McCormack
Bass Guitar - Ali Friend
Keyboards - Sean Read
Mastered By - Miles Showell
Mixer - Andy Bradfield, Ben Watt
Ryan Adams - acoustic guitar on 'This One's Gonna Bruise', bass and slide guitar on 'God Song', piano, bass, guitars and backing vocals on 'Carmella' and 'Concrete Sky'
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Beth Orton albums
2002 albums
Albums produced by Victor Van Vugt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daybreaker%20%28Beth%20Orton%20album%29 |
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,852,100.
Increase since 31 December 1969: 48,100 (1.72%).
Males per 100 females: 99.9.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE.
Government
The 36th Parliament of New Zealand commenced, with the second National government in power.
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Jack Marshall.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Ron Guthrey
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
15 January – Police and anti-Vietnam war protestors clash outside the Intercontinental Hotel in Auckland, where visiting U.S. Vice-president Spiro Agnew is staying.
20 July – Christchurch is awarded the hosting rights to the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.
The North Island natural gas network is commissioned following the completion of the Kapuni gas treatment plant. Natural gas is initially available in Auckland, Hamilton, New Plymouth, Hawera, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Levin and Wellington.
Arts and literature
Edward Middleton wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1970 in art, 1970 in literature, :Category:1970 books
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
The winners in the New Zealand Music Awards were
Loxene Golden Disc SOLOIST AWARD Craig Scott – Lets Get A Little Sentimental
Loxene Golden Disc GROUP AWARD Hogsnort Rupert – Pretty Girl
See: 1970 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Howard Morrison and Oswald Astley Cheesman.
Radio and Television
The Feltex Television Awards begin.
Best Arts: Green Gin Sunset
Best Light Entertainment: The Alpha Plan
Public Affairs: Gallery for Brian Edwards' interview with Christiaan Barnard.
Best Documentary: Three Score Years and Then
Professional (TVPDA award): David Gardner
Radio Hauraki granted the very first commercial licence in New Zealand breaking the government monopoly of the radio airwaves.
See: 1970 in New Zealand television, 1970 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1970 film awards, 1970 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1970 films
Sport
See: 1970 in sports, :Category:1970 in sports ,
Athletics
Jeff Julian wins his fourth national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:24:32 on 7 March in Napier.
British Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 77th National Chess Championship is held in Auckland, and is won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his 11th title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: James
Auckland Trotting Cup: Stella Frost
Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Maurie Gordon (Okawa)
Soccer
Establishment of the New Zealand National Soccer League
Blockhouse Bay are the first National Soccer Champions.
The Chatham Cup is won by Blockhouse Bay, who beat Western Suburbs FC (Wellington) 3–2 in a replay after the final ended at 2–2 after extra time.
Northern League premier division (Thompson Shield) – Mount Albert
Central League first division – Waterside
Southern League first division – Christchurch Technical
Promoted to NSL for 1971: Mount Albert-Ponsonby (following a merger) and Caversham (runners up in Southern League, as Christchurch Technical were connected to Christchurch United).
Births
10 January: Katherine Dienes, organist and composer
12 January: Brett Leaver, field hockey player
13 February: Metiria Turei, politician
8 April: Catherine Chidgey, novelist
4 May: Paul Wiseman, cricketer
12 May: Katrina Shanks, politician
20 May: David Smail, golfer
13 June: Chris Cairns, cricketer
20 June: Maia Lewis, cricketer
19 July: Christopher Luxon, politician
9 August: Deborah Morris, politician
13 August: Glenn Jonas, cricketer
21 August: Nanaia Mahuta, politician
7 September: Guy Callaghan, butterfly swimmer
22 September: Hitro Okesene, rugby league player
5 October: Cal Wilson, comedian and broadcaster (d. 2023)
19 October: Whetu Taewa, rugby league player
27 October (in Samoa): Alama Ieremia, rugby player
5 November: Andrew Hastie, field hockey player
3 December: Karen Smith, field hockey player
5 December:
Matthew Horne, cricketer
Simon Power, politician
26 December: Danielle Cormack, actress
Nicola Kawana, actress
Deaths
27 January: Rita Angus, painter.
28 February: Brian Hewat, politician.
2 June: Bruce McLaren, racing driver and car designer.
24 June: Tiaki Omana, politician.
1 October: Reginald Bedford Hammond, surveyor, architect, town planner and senior public servant
Philip Connolly, politician.
Sir Charles Cotton, geologist.
Hon. Jack Watts, politician.
:Category:1970 deaths
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1970 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1970
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Elements of art are stylistic features that are included within an art piece to help the artist communicate. The seven most common elements include line, shape, texture, form, space, color and value, with the additions of mark making, and materiality. When analyzing these intentionally utilized elements, the viewer is guided towards a deeper understanding of the work.
Line
Lines are marks moving in a space between two points whereby a viewer can visualize the stroke movement, direction, and intention based on how the line is oriented. Lines describe an outline, capable of producing texture according to their length and curve. There are different types of lines artists may use, including, actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal and contour lines, which all have different functions. Lines are also situational elements, requiring the viewer to have knowledge of the physical world in order to understand their flexibility, rigidity, synthetic nature, or life.
Shape
A shape is a two-dimensional design encased by lines to signify its height and width structure, and can have different values of color used within it to make it appear three-dimensional. In animation, shapes are used to give a character a distinct personality and features, with the animator manipulating the shapes to provide new life. There are different types of shapes an artist can use and fall under either geometrical shapes, defined by mathematics, or organic shapes, created by an artist. Simplistic, geometrical shapes include circles, triangles and squares, and provide a symbolic and synthetic feeling, whereas acute angled shapes with sharp points are perceived as dangerous shapes. Rectilinear shapes are viewed as dependable and more structurally sound, while curvilinear shapes are chaotic and adaptable.
Form
Form is a three-dimensional object with volume of height, width and depth. These objects include cubes, spheres and cylinders. Form is often used when referring to physical works of art, like sculptures, as form is connected most closely with those three-dimensional works.
Color
Color is an element consisting of hues, of which there are three properties: hue, chroma or intensity, and value. Color is present when light strikes an object and is reflected back into the eye, a reaction to a hue arising in the optic nerve. The first of the properties is hue, which is the distinguishable color, like red, blue or yellow. The next property is value, meaning the lightness or darkness of the hue. The last is chroma or intensity, distinguishing between strong and weak colors. A visual representation of chromatic scale is observable through the color wheel that uses the primary colors.
Space (positive and Negative space)
Space refers to the perspective (distance between and around) and proportion (size) between shapes and objects and how their relationship with the foreground or background is perceived. There are different types of spaces an artist can achieve for different effect. Positive space refers to the areas of the work with a subject, while negative space is the space without a subject. Open and closed space coincides with three-dimensional art, like sculptures, where open spaces are empty, and closed spaces contain physical sculptural elements.
Texture
Texture is used to describe the surface quality of the work, referencing the types of lines the artist created. The surface quality can either be tactile (real) or strictly visual (implied). Tactile surface quality is mainly seen through three-dimensional works, like sculptures, as the viewer can see and/or feel the different textures present, while visual surface quality describes how the eye perceives the texture based on visual cues.
Value
Value refers to the degree of perceivable lightness of tones within an image. The element of value is compatible with the term luminosity, and can be "measured in various units designating electromagnetic radiation". The difference in values is often called contrast, and references the lightest (white) and darkest (black) tones of a work of art, with an infinite number of grey variants in between. While it is most relative to the greyscale, though, it is also exemplified within colored images.
Mark making and materiality
Mark making is the interaction between the artist and the materials they are using. It provides the viewer of the work with an image of what the artist had done to create the mark, reliving what the artist had done at the time. Materiality is the choice of materials used and how it impacts the work of art and how the viewer perceives it.
See also
Style (visual arts)
Principles of art
Perspective (graphical)
Visual design elements and principles
References
Visual arts theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements%20of%20art |
The Elgin Theater is a former movie theater on the corner of 19th Street and Eighth Avenue in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The theater showed films from its opening in 1942 until 1978. Its longtime manager, Ben Barenholtz, invented midnight movie programming for the theater. Following a full renovation, the building reopened in 1982 as a 472-seat dance theater operated by the Joyce Theater.
History
Theater programming until 1977
The theater opened in 1942. The architect of the Art Moderne style structure was Simon Zelnik. Winold Reiss was the designer. When it opened, the theater had 600 seats.
The Elgin opened as a first-run cinema. In the 1950s through 1965 it presented Spanish-language cinema.
In 1968, Ben Barenholtz assumed management of the theater and converted it to a repertory and art film house. The Elgin soon became noted for the innovation and variety of its programming, which ranged from revivals of classic Hollywood films; experimental works by Jonas Mekas, Kenneth Anger, and Andy Warhol; and films by then-emerging directors such as Jonathan Demme and Martin Scorsese. Around 1975, Steve Gould and Chuck Zlatkin took over management of the theater in partnership with Barenholtz and continued similar programming.
With the midnight screening of Alejandro Jodorowsky's surrealist western El Topo on December 18, 1970, the Elgin became the first theater to show midnight movies. Barenholtz recalled, "I was told by the experts: 'Who's going to come see a film at midnight? You're out of your mind.' But within two years, there wasn't a city in the country that didn't have a midnight movie going." El Topo premiered at The Elgin on December 17, 1970 and ran continuously seven days a week until the end of June 1971. Author Gary Lachman claims that the film Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969) "inaugurat[ed] the midnight movie cult at the theater."
The theater was part of an efflorescence of revival cinema in New York City during this period. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby observed, "There is a heaven for movie buffs and it could be here and now thanks to The Elgin, The Thalia, The Symphony and all those other houses that occasionally recall the past."
In May 1977, while continuing to present film, the theater began to mount programs of rock music and allied acts. These two-set evenings were produced by Bleu Ocean. There were local objections to noise from the concerts.
Gay pornography controversy
On March 20, 1977, Roger Euster, the owner of the Elgin, evicted his tenants, Gould and Zlatkin, for non-payment of rent totaling $21,393. He immediately signed a lease with Tel-a-Gay, a producer and exhibitor of gay films, who launched an all-gay-pornography program on March 21. The change inspired immediate protests by local citizens groups and picketing in front of the theater. The theater shut its doors the following day. Later that week, Euster and Tel-a-Gay President William Perry met with the community groups. They agreed to return the theater to its previous programming format on a trial basis to see if the operation could be sustained on the income.
Conversion to a dance theater
By late 1978, the theater had stopped showing films and was for sale. It was purchased in early 1979 by the Eliot Feld Ballet with the intention of converting it to a theater for smaller dance companies. The building reopened in 1982 as the 472-seat Joyce Theater. Philanthropist LuEsther Mertz underwrote the purchase of the theater in 1979, at a cost of $225,000. The renovated facility was named for her daughter, Joyce, to honor this contribution.
See also
1942 in architecture
List of theaters in New York
References
Notes
External links
Joyce Theater site
New York Architecture
Illustrations of original design of theater
1942 establishments in New York City
1978 disestablishments in New York (state)
Chelsea, Manhattan
Cinemas and movie theaters in Manhattan
Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
Moderne architecture in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin%20Theater |
Gullringen is a locality situated in Vimmerby Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 541 inhabitants in 2010.
Gullringen is best known for its football team, Gullringens GoIF, and the house maker, Gullringshus.
References
External links
Populated places in Kalmar County
Populated places in Vimmerby Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullringen |
Karen Maruyama (born May 29, 1958) is an American actress and comedian.
Career
Maruyama has appeared on television in supporting roles in a number of sitcoms, including recurring characters on The Jamie Foxx Show, Strip Mall, Suddenly Susan, and Arrested Development. Maruyama is well known as an improv performer and instructor, and was a featured guest on the American and British versions of Whose Line Is It Anyway?, as well as being a member of The Groundlings. She also appeared as a parking lot attendant in an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm.
She played a nurse in The Bucket List (2007) and a housekeeper in the 2012 film The Campaign. She is part of the cast of The Jim Henson Company's live stage show "Puppet Up! - Uncensored" which has toured to Aspen, Las Vegas, Edinburgh, Sydney and Melbourne and is currently appearing monthly at Avalon Hollywood.
Maruyama was also featured as a fashion victim in an episode of the makeover show How Do I Look?. She also appeared as a non-celebrity contestant on the 1984 CBS game show, Body Language, under the name Karen Upshaw, saying she was from Perris, California. She was paired with celebrity players Ted Lange and Constance Towers. She was also on The New $25,000 Pyramid in 1983 with Audrey Landers and Michael McKean.
Filmography
References
External links
Karen Maruyama at the "Whose Line is it Anyway?" Encyclopedia
1958 births
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
American women comedians
American comedians of Asian descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
American actresses of Japanese descent
American film actors of Japanese descent
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
People from Perris, California
Comedians from California
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Maruyama |
Eritrea faces a wide variety of issues. Environmental issues include continued deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, overgrazing, and significant land loss as a result of the presence of hundreds of thousands of land mines. Additionally, there is heavy mining within the country for gold, copper, and zinc. For years, mining was the only major source of revenue for the country and so this was encouraged by the national government.
Significant strides towards sustainability and environmental recovery had originally been made by the Government of Eritrea. Although, the Eritrean Government had embarked on a program to reforest Eritrea (which in 1900 was 30% forested land, despite heavy logging) and prevent wood from being used as a fuel source, plans have been hampered in recent years because of a mass exodus of working Eritreans from the country.
The government of Eritrea, with the assistance of the UN Development Program had enacted a Coastal Marine and Island Biodiversity Conservation Project which was designed to protect the entire coastal zone of Eritrea. This is the first project of its kind in scope and magnitude in the world. This program is meant to create a sustainable environment for coming generations. In recent years, the project has been hampered by the Eritrean government's continual encouragement of mining within the country which has affected the environmental stability of both highland and coastal regions.
References
External links
Initial National Communication under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Issues
Eritrea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Eritrea |
Ksar Ouled Soltane () is a fortified granary, or ksar, located in the Tataouine district in southern Tunisia. The ksar is spread out over two courtyards, each of which has a perimeter of multi-story vaulted granary cellars, or ghorfas. Like other ksour (plural of ksar) built by Berber communities Ksar Ouled Soltane, is located on a hilltop, to help protect it from raiding parties in previous centuries.
Ksar Ouled Soltane is now a tourist destination, with visitors coming to see its well-preserved granary vaults. It was also featured in the film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace in some of the scenes used to represent the slave quarters of Mos Espa, where the character Anakin Skywalker lived as a boy.
References
Lonely Planet Tunisia, 3rd edition
See also
List of ksour in Tunisia
Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century
Ouled Soltane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar%20Ouled%20Soltane |
The Tennessee Department of Correction (TDOC) is a Cabinet-level agency within the Tennessee state government responsible for the oversight of more than 20,000 convicted offenders in Tennessee's fourteen prisons, three of which are privately managed by CoreCivic. The department is headed by the Tennessee Commissioner of Correction, who is currently Frank Strada. TDOC facilities' medical and mental health services are provided by Corizon. Juvenile offenders not sentenced as adults are supervised by the independent Tennessee Department of Children's Services, while inmates granted parole or sentenced to probation are overseen by the Department of Correction (TDOC)/Department of Parole. The agency is fully accredited by the American Correctional Association. The department has its headquarters on the sixth floor of the Rachel Jackson Building in Nashville.
the Tennessee Department of Corrections supervised sixteen prisons (counting two women's prisons as distinct from the men's prisons on the same site), including four private prisons operated by CoreCivic. These facilities have a total of 24,069 beds and an operating capacity to house 23,202 imprisoned individuals. On that date, 20,965 people were held in Tennessee prisons.
History
In 1923, the Administrative Reorganization Act created the Department of Institutions, charged with the management of the Tennessee prison system. In 1933 the General Assembly passed legislation that created an Industrial Division within the Department of Institutions.
In 1937, the name was changed to the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare, which had responsibility for a Confederate Soldier's Home, a School for the Blind, a School for the Deaf, a Tennessee Industrial School at the state penitentiary, the Blind Commission, the Clover Bottom Developmental Center, three regional psychiatric hospitals, and the Gailor Center.
In 1939, the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare was divided into a Department of Institutions and a separate Department of Public Welfare.
In 1953, the responsibility over mental health facilities was separated into the Department of Mental Health, and in 1955, the Department of Institutions arrived at its present name, the Department of Correction.
In 1961, the state legislature established the Division of Adult Probation and Parole within the department.
In 1963, an act created a Division of Youth Services and provided for an assistant commissioner.
In 1970, a Division of Rehabilitative Services was created by the General Assembly. In that same year, an act passed that relieved the Commissioner of the Department of Correction of the position of Chairman of the Board of Pardons and Paroles, with the position now being elected by Board members.
Central office
The Department of Corrections Central Office was moved to the Andrew Jackson State Office Building. In 1972 an act reformulated the Board of Pardons and Paroles, with the board now consisting of three full-time professional members appointed by the governor, including the chairman. In 1973 the Department of Corrections Central Office was moved to the First American Center. In 1974 the Tennessee Corrections Institute was create to train employees of the department. In 1978 the Board of Paroles expanded its membership to five. In 1979 the Department of Correction Central Office was again moved to the State Office Building, an act made the Board of Pardons and Paroles separate from the Department of Correction, the Board of Paroles became an autonomous unit, and the Department of Correction Supervision and Rehabilitation Fund was established.
In 1982 disbursement of funds for the fund was transferred from the Tennessee Department of Revenue to the Department of Correction. In the mid-1980s, the Department fell under federal oversight after a federal lawsuit was filed by inmates, who had complained of overcrowding and unfit conditions. In 1985, in a special session, the General Assembly funded over $320 million to improve the prison system as part of a Comprehensive Correction Improvement Act. In November 1994, Tennessee's prison systems were released from federal oversight.
Organization of the department
In 1989, Tennessee Department of Correction's facilities were organized into three regions, East, Middle, and West, with administrators appointed for each region. The Department of Youth Services was created, with all juvenile responsibilities and functions transferred from the Department of Correction. In March 1992 the operation of the South Central Correctional Center was contracted to the Corrections Corporation of America, with the facility being a test case of privatization of prison operations. In 1994 the department's final two institutions passed American Correctional Association accreditation audits, making the department the first adult correctional system in the country to have all its programs nationally accredited. In 1995, the department was reorganized, and the regional concept was abolished.
Recent legislation
In 1997 legislation created the Sex Offender Treatment Board and Provider Network. DNA testing of all sex offenders required by legislation was begun. Legislation established the Tennessee Internet Crime Information Center, which provides online registries of sex offenders, missing children, and out-of-state parole and probation supervision. The departmental management system was restructured, and a programming planning section was created. Educational programming in institutions was also restructured. During the 100th Tennessee General Assembly, legislation was introduced to expand privatization of prison operations, but was deferred until the following session, when it was withdrawn from consideration. The General Assembly also passed a bill that allowed members of a victim's immediate family to watch an execution through a closed television circuit in an area separate from other witnesses.
In 1998 the General Assembly established lethal injection as the method of execution for anyone that commits an offense on or after January 1, 1999. Legislation passed that transferred duties and responsibilities relating to probation services and community grant programs from the Department of Correction to the Board of Paroles, which had its name changed to the Board of Probation and Paroles. In 1999, the Department opened the first Security Threat Group in the Southeastern Tennessee State Regional Correctional Facility( Renamed Bledsoe County Correctional Complex ). In 2000, the Governor signed legislation making lethal injection, rather than electrocution, the standard method of execution for any person sentenced to death. Inmates sentenced to death for offenses committed prior to January 1, 1999 will be executed by lethal injection, or electrocution if the inmate requests it.
Also becoming law in the year 2000 was a law that added a list of authorized witnesses for an execution. Additions may include one member of the defense counsel of the condemned as well as the Attorney General and the Reporter, or his or her designee. A Tennessee Volunteer Resource Board was created by the state legislature, which expanded the functions of the prior volunteer advisory board to include parolees as well as inmates and probationers. In 2001 a Director of Pre-Release Transition was appointed by the Commissioner of Correction to coordinate statewide pre-release programming, and a statewide contact to provide health care for the state's inmate population was added.
On October 31, 2002, Tennessee's Felony Offender Information Lookup was launched, allowing the public to search for an inmate's location, inmate number, and early release date. In 2002 the state also launched the "Tennessee Bridges" program, with the Department of Correction and the Board of Probation and Parole receiving a 1 million dollar federal grant.
Facilities
see main List of Tennessee state prisons
Bledsoe County Correctional Complex serves as reception and classification center for male offenders. The Tennessee Prison for Women serves as the state reception and classification center for new female prisoners.
As of 2016, Tennessee houses state inmates in four private prisons, all run by Corrections Corporation of America. According to the state's Private Prison Contracting Act of 1986, which authorizes only one private prison for state inmates, Tennessee contracts directly with CCA for inmates held at South Central Correctional Facility. For the other three facilities the state circumvents the statute by contracting with the local county. In turn the county signs an agreement with CCA.
Death row
Male death row prisoners are housed in the Riverbend Maximum Security Institution. All female death row inmates are housed at the Tennessee Prison for Women. Men are housed in dedicated death row units, while women are not housed in special death row units because few women go on death row. Executions occur at the Riverbend Maximum Security Institution. From 1916 to 1960 executions occurred at the Tennessee State Prison.
Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Tennessee Department of Correction, 20 correctional employees have died in the line of duty.TDOC Fallen Officers
See also
List of United States state correction agencies
List of Tennessee state prisons
List of law enforcement agencies in Tennessee
List of U.S. state prisons
Tennessee Board of Parole
References
External links
Tennessee Department of Correction website
Tennessee Blue Book section on the Department (PDF)
Frank Lee and Robert Rogers, Tennessee Prison System, Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''
State corrections departments of the United States
State agencies of Tennessee
Prisons in Tennessee
Penal system in Tennessee
1923 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Department%20of%20Correction |
The following lists events that happened during 1971 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,898,500.
Increase since 31 December 1970: 46,400 (1.63%).
Males per 100 females: 99.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE.
Government
The 36th Parliament of New Zealand continued, with the second National government in power.
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake.
Attorney-General – Jack Marshall until 2 February, then Dan Riddiford.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Ron Guthrey then Neville Pickering
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
January
February
March
April
The Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter starts production.
June
July
August
18 August – The nation's first Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurant opens in Royal Oak, Auckland, beginning a decade of American fast food chains being established in New Zealand.
September
The Manapouri Power Station, the country's largest hydroelectric facility, is completed. It wouldn't export any electricity until April 1972 when transmission lines to Invercargill were completed.
October
25 October – The Christchurch to Dunedin overnight express becomes the last revenue steam locomotive-hauled train service, as the New Zealand Railways completes dieselisation.
November
December
Arts and literature
Noel Hilliard wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1971 in art, 1971 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Craig Scott – Smiley
Loxene Golden Disc Chapta – Say A Prayer
See: 1971 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Pat McMinn OBE.
Radio and television
In 1971 there was a major breakthrough for international news when the Warkworth Satellite station was opened.
The Melbourne Cup was the first live international broadcast, in November.
The radio licence fee was abolished, and the television fee set at NZ$20 per year.
Feltex Television Awards:
Best Programme: Gallery and In View of the Circumstances
Best Actor: Bruno Lawrence in Time Out
Best Performance as Frontman: Brian Edwards in Post Office Dispute
Best Entertainment: Dinah Lee
TVPDA Award for Allied Crafts: Waynne Williams
See: 1971 in New Zealand television, 1971 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1971 film awards, 1971 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1971 films
Sport
Athletics
David McKenzie wins his third national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:17:16.4 on 6 March in Invercargill.
Chess
The 78th National Chess Championship is held in Nelson, and is won by R.J. Sutton of Auckland (his second title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: True Averil
Auckland Trotting Cup: Garcon Roux
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League won by Eastern Suburbs AFC
The Chatham Cup is won by Western Suburbs FC of Wellington who beat Wellington City 3–2 in the final.
Births
23 January: Adam Parore, cricketer.
5 March: Cory Hutchings, surf livesaving and ironman competitor.
29 March: Julie Seymour, netball player.
11 April: Mark Cooksley, rugby union player.
12 April: Greg Russ, field hockey player.
28 April: Hamish Carter, triathlete.
2 June: Dion Gosling, field hockey player.
11 June: Mark Richardson, cricketer
18 June: Blair Pocock, cricketer.
20 June: Josh Kronfeld, rugby union player.
25 June: Paul Gibbons, pole vaulter.
9 August: Jon Toogood, musician, songwriter.
15 August: Umesh Parag, field hockey player.
18 August: Jonathan Winter, swimmer.
24 August: Heremaia Ngata, soccer player.
27 August: Glen Osborne, rugby union player.
15 September: Nathan Astle, cricketer.
18 September: Tom Larkin, musician.
20 September: Todd Blackadder, rugby union player.
8 October: Marc Ellis, rugby union and rugby league player, television personality.
20 October: Rachel House, actress and comedian
25 October: Martin Leslie, rugby union player.
31 October: Phil Tataurangi, golfer.
20 November: Dion Nash, cricketer.
30 November: Heath Davis, cricketer.
13 December: Vaughan Coveny, soccer player.
20 December: Simon O'Neill, opera singer.
24 December: Geoff Allott, cricketer.
:Category:1971 births
Deaths
16 January: Harold Abbott, rugby union player.
12 March: Robert Laidlaw, businessman.
28 March: Miriam Soljak, feminist and activist
24 June: Jack Dunning, cricketer.
13 July: R. A. K. Mason, poet.
19 September: Ted Badcock, cricketer.
10 October: John Cawte Beaglehole, historian and biographer.
15 December: Air Marshall Roderick Carr
22 December: Mary Grigg, politician.
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Nicola Jane Walker (born 15 May 1970) is an English actress, known for her starring roles in various British television programmes from the 1990s onwards, including that of Ruth Evershed in the spy drama Spooks (2003–2006 and 2009–2011) and DCI Cassie Stuart in Unforgotten (2015–2021). She has also worked in theatre, radio and film. She won the 2013 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress for the play The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time and was twice nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress for the BBC drama Last Tango in Halifax.
Her voice roles include Doctor Who companion Liv Chenka in various Big Finish audio plays (2011-present) and Eleanor Peck in The Lovecraft Investigations (2019-2020).
Early life
Walker was born in Stepney in the East End of London and has an elder brother. She attended Saint Nicholas School at Old Harlow in Essex, and Forest School, Walthamstow, and undertook acting classes from the age of 12 in order to speak to boys. Interviewed in 2014 by The Daily Telegraph, she said, "I was really encouraged by my mother. My dad thought it was a ridiculous thing to do."
Walker studied English at New Hall, Cambridge, becoming the first member of her family to go to university. She started her acting career with the Cambridge Footlights. Her contemporaries included Spooks writer David Wolstencroft and comedian Sue Perkins, who were all part of the 1990 national tour. Perkins, then an older undergraduate, was assigned to be her "college mother", although Walker later said: "She was the worst college mother I could have had. They're meant to hold your hand. She asked to borrow my bike, got drunk, and I never saw it again." Walker acted on stage as Perkins's stooge, and years later their partnership was resumed when Perkins cast Walker in her sitcom Heading Out.
Career
Offered a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art on graduation from Cambridge, Walker already had some roles and an agent, so she decided to pursue her acting career. Based in London, she shared a flat with Perkins, Sarah Phelps, and Emma Kennedy, and acted at the Edinburgh Festival and the London Festival Fringe.
Television
Walker's first major television roles were in 1997, as Gypsy Jones in Channel 4's adaptation of A Dance to the Music of Time, and as English teacher Suzy Travis in two series of Steven Moffat's school-based sitcom Chalk. She has also appeared in guest roles in episodes of series such as Dalziel and Pascoe, Jonathan Creek, Pie in the Sky, and Broken News.
She played the leading part of DI Susan Taylor in the ITV thriller serial Touching Evil in 1997, co-starring opposite Robson Green. She also appeared in its two sequel serials in 1998 and 1999. Also in 1999, she took the lead role in the post-apocalyptic drama serial The Last Train, also screened on ITV (and written by future Spooks writer Matthew Graham). Also in 2003, Walker played Molly Millions in the BBC Radio adaptation of Neuromancer by William Gibson.
In 2003, with the production team of Kudos Television looking to replace the character played by Jenny Agutter in Series 1 of Spooks, the part of Ruth Evershed was specially written for Walker from Series 2. She remained with the show until the fifth series, during the production of which it was announced she was expecting her first child and would be leaving. She returned in 2009 and continued until the series ended in 2011. Benji Wilson of The Daily Telegraph praised Walker's performance, stating: "an actress who has squeezed every drop out of TV’s greatest ever largely dumbstruck doormat for the best part of a decade. Her scenes with Peter Firth, another fine player, have become self-contained little bubbles of weltschmerz within every recent episode".
In 2007, Walker had a prominent supporting role as a child snatcher in the ITV1 drama serial Torn and appeared in the BBC adaptation of Oliver Twist.
In 2009, she appeared as a maid in a new BBC adaptation of Henry James' The Turn of the Screw, which also starred Michelle Dockery and Sue Johnston. In 2010, Walker appeared as a beleaguered wife (Linda Shand) of a murderer in an episode of the BBC1 crime thriller Luther.
In February 2011, she appeared as nervous social worker Wendy in the BBC TV series Being Human. In February 2012, she played a major character in the one off BBC crime drama Inside Men.
From 2012 to 2020, she appeared as Gillian Greenwood (née Buttershaw) alongside Derek Jacobi, Anne Reid and Sarah Lancashire in five series of the BBC original drama Last Tango in Halifax. Walker was twice nominated (2014, 2017) for a Television BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress for this role.
In February and March 2013, Walker reunited with her former Cambridge Footlights colleague Sue Perkins in the BBC comedy Heading Out. She then appeared in the second series of Prisoners' Wives and the third series of Scott & Bailey playing Helen Bartlett.
In 2015, she appeared as Jackie "Stevie" Stevenson, the colleague of DI John River played by Stellan Skarsgård, in the BBC drama series River.
Walker starred, alongside actor Sanjeev Bhaskar, in series one through four (2015–2021) of the ITV drama series Unforgotten as DCI Cassie Stuart.
From 2018 to 2022 Walker starred as Hannah Defoe Stern, a divorce lawyer, in all three series of the BBC drama series The Split. Also in 2018, she played Reverend Jane Oliver in the BBC2 serial Collateral.
Walker was number 10 on the "Radio Times TV 100" list for 2018, a list said to be determined by television executives and broadcasting veterans.
In 2021, she starred in the British crime drama television series Annika, based on the BBC Radio 4 drama Annika Stranded, with Walker reprising the title role. Produced by Black Camel Pictures for Alibi and All3Media, the first episode aired on 17 August 2021. This is the eighth different police officer or detective role she has played on British TV. In August 2022, it was announced that a second series of Annika had been commissioned. On 20 May 2023, the first series of Annika began airing on BBC One.
In 2022 Walker appeared in Stefan Golaszewski's drama, Marriage alongside Sean Bean. The series received mixed reviews from both critics and viewers.
Theatre
Walker won an Olivier Award in 2013 for Best Supporting Actress in her role as Judy, the main character Christopher's mother, in The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time. The play won seven Olivier Awards, equalling Matilda the Musical's record win in 2012.
In 2014, she starred alongside Mark Strong and Phoebe Fox in Arthur Miller's play A View from the Bridge, at the Young Vic theatre. The play received extremely positive reviews from critics and transferred to Wyndham's Theatre in London's West End in 2015 and to the Lyceum Theatre on Broadway.
In 2022 she starred as Miss Lily Moffat in the National Theatre revival in London of The Corn is Green, the 1938 autobiographical play by Emlyn Williams.
Film
In film, Walker's roles have tended to be smaller supporting parts. Her most prominent role was as one half of the folk duo in Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), who sing "Can't Smile Without You" during the first church service and "Stand By Your Man" at the reception. She also appeared in the feature film adaptation of the television series Thunderbirds (2004).
In 2005, she portrayed a British journalist caught up in the Rwandan genocide in Shooting Dogs.
Audio
In 2002, Walker co-starred in the BBC radio production of William Gibson's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer.
In July 2011, she played the significant supporting role of Medtech Liv Chenka in the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio drama Robophobia, opposite Sylvester McCoy as the Seventh Doctor. The Chenka character proved popular both with producers and listeners, and in February 2014 Walker returned to the role, this time as a foil for Paul McGann's Eighth Doctor in Dark Eyes 2. The character was sustained throughout Dark Eyes 3 and Dark Eyes 4, at the end of which it was revealed that Chenka was to continue as the Doctor's established travelling companion. Walker returned to the role in the follow-up four-volume Doom Coalition, Ravenous and Stranded. Walker reprised the role of Chenka in 2022 in The Eighth Doctor Adventures: What lies inside? and The Eighth Doctor Adventures: Connections. She also played the role in an 18-part series titled The Robots, starring alongside Claire Rushbrook. In 2017, she starred in the company's adaptation of the H. G. Wells novel The Shape of Things to Come.
Since 2013, Walker has voiced the Norwegian detective Annika Strandhed in six series of the BBC Radio 4 drama series Annika Stranded by Nick Walker and produced by Sweet Talk. From 2018 to 2020 she played the role of Dr. Eleanor Peck in the RedHookStories BBC Radio 4 production The Lovecraft Investigations of three H. P. Lovecraft stories, The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, The Whisperer in Darkness and The Shadow Over Innsmouth, alongside her husband Barnaby Kay.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Audio
Theatre credits
Relocated – Royal Court Theatre London (2008)
Gethsemane – National Theatre London (2008/9)
Season's Greetings – National Theatre London (2010/11)
Di and Viv and Rose – Hampstead Theatre (Downstairs) London (2011)
The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time – National Theatre London (2012) for which she won the 2013 Olivier Award in the category 'Best Actress in a Supporting Role'
A View from the Bridge – Young Vic/Wyndham's Theatre (West End) London (2014/15), Lyceum Theatre on Broadway (2015/16)
The Corn is Green – National Theatre London (2022)
Accolades
Here are the awards and nominations received by Nicola Walker.
Personal life
Walker is married to actor Barnaby Kay. The couple have a son Harry (born in October 2006), who is named after Harry Pearce, the character of her co-star Peter Firth in Spooks.
References
External links
Nicola Walker at UK Theatre Web
Nicola Walker profile on the Spooks website at BBC Online.
1970 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
Alumni of New Hall, Cambridge
English film actresses
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English video game actresses
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Living people
People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow
Actors from Stepney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola%20Walker |
As in many neighboring countries, most environmental issues in Ethiopia relate to deforestation and endangered species.
Geological issues
The Main Ethiopian Rift is geologically active and susceptible to earthquakes. Hot springs and active volcanoes are found in its extreme east close to the Red Sea. Elsewhere, the land is subject to erosion, overgrazing, deforestation, and frequent droughts. Water shortages are common in some areas during the dry season. The causes of degradation are primarily the demand for more land for agriculture, fuel and construction as well as for grazing grounds.
Endangered animals
Ethiopian wolf
The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canid species. The numerous names given to this species reflect previous uncertainties about its taxonomic position. However, the Ethiopian wolf is now thought to be related to the wolves of the genus Canis, rather that sold for about US$175 each to taxidermists who then retail the stuffed lions for US$400. "For the time being our immediate solution is to send them to the taxidermists, but the final and best solution is to extend the zoo into a wider area," Muhedin said.
The director of the wildlife division of Ethiopia's Ministry of Agriculture said he had no idea the lions were being culled.
Deforestation
Ethiopia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 50th globally out of 172 countries.
References
Haileselassie, A. (2004) “Ethiopia’s struggle over land reform,” World Press Review 51.4, 32(2). Expanded Academic ASAP.
Hillstrom, K. & Hillstrom, C. (2003). Africa and the Middle east; a continental Overview of Environmental Issues. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Maddox, G.H. (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An environmental history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
McCann.J.C.(1990). "A Great Agrarian cycle? Productivity in Highland Ethiopia, 1900–1987," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20:3, pp. 389–416. (Retrieved November 18, 2006 from JSTOR database)
McCann, J.C. (1999). Green land, Brown land, Black land: An environmental history of Africa 1800–1990. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Mongabay.com "Ethiopia statistics." (Retrieved November 18, 2006)
Parry, J (2003). "Tree choppers become tree planters," Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38–39. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341)
Parry, K (2003) "Perceptions of forest cover and tree planting and ownership in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia” unasylva, vol 54 Iss: 213 (2003), pp. 18(2).
Sucoff, E. (2003). "Deforestation", Environmental Encyclopedia, at pp. 358–359. Detroit: Gale.
Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the earth: From prehistory to global crisis: An Abridgment. Chicago: University Press.
External links
WildCRU – Conservation of Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) University of Oxford Department of Zoology website
Eco-Tourism and Wildlife in Oromo territory
Issues
Ethiopia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Ethiopia |
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazuhiro Fujita. It was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from January 1990 to October 1996, with its chapters collected in 33 tankōbon volumes. The series follows the adventures of a boy named Ushio Aotsuki, the son of a temple keeper, who after having reluctantly released the imprisoned powerful tiger-like monster, Tora, the two begin a journey together, fighting against supernatural beings threatening the world.
An 11-episode (including an additional episode) original video animation (OVA) adaptation, produced by Toho and animated by Pastel, was released from September 1992 to October 1993. The series was later adapted into a 39-episode anime television series by MAPPA and Studio VOLN, which aired from July 2015 to June 2016. In North America, the OVA was licensed by ADV Films in 1998, and re-released in 2003, while the anime television series was licensed by Sentai Filmworks in 2015.
Ushio & Tora won the 37th Shogakukan Manga Award in the shōnen category in 1992 and the Seiun Award in the Best Comic category in 1997. By 2015, the manga had over 30 million copies in circulation. The series has been overall well received by critics, highlighting the relationship between the two main characters and praising its comedy and action sequences. The series, however, has been criticized for the simplicity of the story and (specifically the OVA adaptation) for the "out of place" gory scenes.
Story
Ushio & Tora centers around the travels and battles of Ushio Aotsuki, who is constantly being stalked and aided by a gigantic, supernatural, and sometimes invisible tiger-like monster named Tora. Ushio's family maintains a temple in Japan, where 500 years ago, his samurai ancestor battled that same monster to a standstill, and eventually trapped him against a rock using a cursed spear called the "Beast Spear", which grants strength, speed, and endurance to the wielder in exchange for his soul. Ushio accidentally opened their basement door Tora was trapped in.
Initially, Ushio refuses to remove the spear pinning Tora down (as Tora made the strategic blunder of mentioning that the first thing he would do upon being freed would be to devour Ushio), but Tora's unsealed 500 years of demonic presence attracts various weak monsters to the temple that will soon take from and attack humans. Ushio is forced to free Tora, who would like to eat Ushio, but dares not since Ushio keeps the spear close by. The series focuses on their relationship, interspersed with battles against mythological foes, and with Tora's attempts to grapple with modern life. During the regular battles, Ushio slowly begins to notice that as much as Tora claims to be irredeemable, the demon takes to fighting evil and defending the innocent with more enthusiasm than he cares to admit.
Media
Manga
Ushio & Tora, written and illustrated by Kazuhiro Fujita, was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from January 24, 1990, to October 23, 1996. Shogakukan collected its 312 individual chapters in 33 tankōbon volumes, released from November 17, 1990, to December 10, 1996. An additional gaiden volume was released on May 17, 1997. Shogakukan re-published the series in a 19-volume bunkoban edition from September 15, 2004, to March 15, 2006. A 20-volume kazenban edition was published between May 18, 2015, and December 16, 2016.
Fujita drew a two-chapter short of the series to raise funds for areas devastated by the March 2011 earthquake. These chapters were published in Weekly Shōnen Sunday on December 26, 2012, and January 9, 2013.
Other print media
Four light novels written by Bunjūrō Nakayama (as Katsuyuki Shiroike) were published under Shogakukan's Super Quest Bunko imprint. They were released from December 18, 1992, to September 29, 1995.<ref></p></ref> Two light novels written by Nakayama were published under Shogakukan's Gagaga Bunko imprint on December 18, 2008, and January 21, 2009.
Two artbooks were published by Shogakukan on April 16 and July 16, 1997. Both artbooks were re-released in a new edition, including more illustrations and interviews, on April 15, 2015.
Original video animation
Ushio & Tora was adapted into a ten-episode original video animation (OVA) series produced by Toho and animated by studio Pastel, released from September 11, 1992, to August 1, 1993. A single parody OVA episode was released on October 1, 1993.
In North America, ADV Films released the first two episodes on VHS in 1998, but the project was abandoned. In 2003, ADV re-released the series on DVD, with a new dub, and including all the episodes.
Anime
An anime television adaptation was produced by MAPPA and Studio VOLN. It was directed by Satoshi Nishimura and written by Toshiki Inoue and Kazuhiro Fujita, featuring character designs by Tomoko Mori and music by Eishi Segawa. The anime consists of two parts: the first part (episodes 1–26) aired between July 3 and December 25, 2015, and the second part (episodes 27–39) aired between April 1 and June 24, 2016. For episodes 1 through 26, the opening theme is by Kinniku Shōjo Tai while the ending themes are "Hero" by Sonar Pocket and by Wakadanna. For season 2, episodes 1 through 13, the opening theme is by Kinniku Shōjo Tai while the ending theme is by Lunkhead. A complete box set, including the entire 39 episodes, was released on December 20, 2017.
In North America, both seasons were streamed on Crunchyroll. The series was licensed by Sentai Filmworks in 2015, and began streaming with an English dub on Hidive in 2017. After the acquisition of Crunchyroll by Sony Pictures Television, Ushio & Tora, among several Sentai Filmworks titles, was dropped from the Crunchyroll streaming service on March 31, 2022. It has also been licensed in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment.
Video games
Ushio to Tora game was released for the Super Famicom on January 22, 1993. The game is an action title created by Yutaka. Players can take the role of Ushio or Tora. was released for the Family Computer on July 9, 1993.
Ushio is also featured as a playable character in the Weekly Shōnen Sunday and Weekly Shōnen Magazine 2009 crossover game Sunday vs Magazine: Shūketsu! Chōjō Daikessen.
Stage play
In July 2022, it was announced that the series would receive a stage play adaptation, directed by Naoyuki Yoshihisa and starring Keita Tokushiro as Ushio and Takehiro Haruhira as Tora. It ran at the Theater Sun Mall in Tokyo from August 18–21, 2022.
Reception
Manga
By 2015, Ushio & Tora had over 30 million copies in circulation. The manga won the 37th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen category in 1992. It won the Seiun Award in the Best Comic category in 1997. On a 2020 poll conducted by the Goo website about the best Weekly Shōnen Sunday titles, Ushio & Tora ranked second. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, the series ranked 48th.
Original video animation
Charles McCarter of Ex.org wrote that "[t]he fun of this series stems entirely from the uneasy relationship with Ushio and Tora", praising as well Chikao Ohtsuka's performance as Tora "changing from frightening to hurt and offended in the blink of an eye." McCarter labeled the series as a "grown-up, supernaturally powered Calvin and Hobbes", and called the animation "relatively high", and the battle scenes "well-choreographed and executed." McCarter concluded: "while the fights are intense and entertaining, some of the best moments in this series are the quiet laughs that come from the giant Tora perched atop Ushio's shoulders, unseen and unheard by everyone but him." Kevin A. Pezzano of SciFi.com called the "amusingly antagonistic relationship" between Ushio and Tora the "highlight of the anime." Pezzano noted that the combination of action scenes and comedic scenes may turn off fans of either genres, but concluded: "[o]n the whole, though, if you don't mind the odd combination, Ushio and Tora is worth picking up." Andrew Tei of AnimeOnDVD praised the series for its comedy and the relationships between the characters, concluding: "[t]his is one of those great old budget titles that should find its way easily onto your shelf."
Mike Toole of Anime Jump called the series "just about the most shounen show I've ever seen", adding that despite its "formulaic premise, sloppy character design, and fairly lackluster animation", the series is "quite charming", praising as well its "fast-paced" action scenes and slapstick comedy, and the new English dub made for the OVA. Toole, however, criticized its gory scenes, commenting that while "it doesn't match Violence Jack or Fist of the North Star in terms of sheer bloodletting", the sheer level of it is out of place, concluding: "I rather highly recommend Ushio and Tora, but only for those not easily shocked by graphic violence." Brian Hanson of the same website commented that the series "definitely has the feel of being like a "best of" album from a much longer manga series", adding that "[s]ome of the characters introduced feel like they should have a larger impact on the progression of the story than they actually do […] but are cast aside in the very next episode in favor of the new monster-of-the-week, never to be heard from again." Hanson concluded: "Ushio and Tora is nothing particularly noteworthy, aside from a few clever bits of animation smattered here and there, and some admittedly funny extras."
Barb Lien-Cooper of Sequential Tart called the series "Japan's answer to Stanley and His Monster." Lien-Cooper remarked that the series "starts out like it's only going to be your standard cute anime with only slight hints of supernatural doings", and later it "changes into something BETTER than before. The episodes start working as credible horror anime, as well as above-average teen comedy anime." Lien-Cooper lamented that due to its "disturbing" violence and sexual references the series cannot be recommended to small children, but stated that "bigger kids through adults" should like it. Stephen D. Grant of THEM Anime Reviews called the concept of the series "amazingly cheap and contrived when you read about it, but manages to blow you away in just about every way." Grant stated that the comedy of the series is well handled, but pointed out that its gory scenes "bordered on the gratuitous level" and that they are "definitely not for the weak of heart at times." Grant added: "Ushio and Tora is an awesome series that lets plot take a back seat to character development to great effect." Jonathan Mays of Anime News Network commented: "Ushio & Tora fits all of the stereotypes of bad shonen anime: ugly character designs, lots of fighting, and a "save the female love interest" plot line. However, get past all of that and you have a genuinely funny OAV series", adding as well that it is "worth watching once." Bamboo Dong of the same website called it "one of those shows that so stupid it's cute", and compared it to Inuyasha, recommending to watch said series instead of Ushio & Tora. Dong commented that despite its violence, the series is able to remain funny, but that the jokes "get re-hashed often and have a tendency to get old very quickly." Dong ultimately labeled the series as "mediocre" and that the story "would have done so much better had it been given the time and energy to develop further." Todd Ciolek of the same website called Ushio & Tora as a "not-unwatchable demon-hunting series."
Anime
In a review of the first episode, Miranda Sanchez of IGN praised the interaction between the characters and the comedic moments, also praising how MAPPA and Studio VOLN were able to transfer the look and essence of the original manga to anime. Sanchez concluded: "[t]his first episode not only flows well and establishes a good base, but also maintains the looks and feel of great ‘90s anime. Ushio and Tora are constantly underestimating each other, which not only provides for great comedy, but also sets up great theme that can carry through the series."
Reviewing the first season, Stig Høgset of THEM Anime Reviews commended its "raw, old-timer shounen energy", adding that it "oozes retro from every pore of its sharply designed body, and it's absolutely delightful." Høgset added that while some aspects feel "a bit basic and dated at times", "Ushio's cheerful idiocy and bursting enthusiasm is a nice break from the snarky anti-hero knowitalls and tellitnones of today." Reviewing the second season, Høgset noted that due to the cut down on its episode number, its pace "really picks up." Høgset called the conclusion a "bittersweet, but magnificent end", concluding: [Ushio & Tora is] still a classic with memorable characters, fun interactions and a heart as big as the sun." Gareth Evans of Starburst commented that the lighter tone of the series' first half switched to a more serious one in the second half seems "unbalancing when considering all of the episodes together, but it is a change that is earned", concluding: "[t]he series itself is an action-packed fantasy, with elements of classic Japanese horror. It can feel a bit overly complex at times, but the narrative ultimately comes together in a satisfying way that builds on earlier story threads."
Three critics of The Fandom Post reviewed the series' home video release. Chris Beveridge particularly highlighted the use of older designs through modern animation techniques, retaining the elements that make them identifiable from their period of origin, which "allows it to stand out well against everything else today and provide a nod to old school fans that see something familiar and nostalgic." Chris Homer commented that the "amount of love for this remake is obvious" and that despite compressing thirty-three volumes into thirty-nine episodes, the series "does get through the story as best as it can." Homer conclude: "[i]t is a high octane action show at heart, with lots of fighting and cool looking monsters, combined with the sometimes comic, sometimes serious dynamic between Ushio and Tora means that it is definitely worth going for the ride." Brandon Varnell commented that the series has a "convoluted plot with a number of twists that sometimes work and sometimes don’t", stating as well that while the relationship between Ushio and Tora is "easily the highlight of this series", the "half-assed romance" between Ushio and several other girls, including Asako, feels "forced", "inconclusive" and a waste of screen time, also criticizing Ushio's lack of development through the story. Varnell, however, ultimately called it "a series that shounen fans will enjoy."
Gabriella Ekens of Anime News Network commented that she enjoyed the series, calling it a "supernatural action series in the vein of Yū Yū Hakusho and Inuyasha", and particularly highlighted the producers' efforts to recreate its '90s aesthetic with modern-day techniques. Ekens commented that the plot is "remarkably well structured", the characters "very likable" and the monster designs are "metal as all hell." Ekens concluded: "[a]s a potent nostalgia bomb, Ushio & Tora will scratch – or perhaps awaken – a few itches in current anime fans who fondly remember another time."
References
Further reading
External links
1990 manga
1992 anime OVAs
1993 anime OVAs
2015 anime television series debuts
2016 anime television series debuts
ADV Films
Adventure anime and manga
Bunjūrō Nakayama
Comedy anime and manga
Dark fantasy anime and manga
Films with screenplays by Toshiki Inoue
Gagaga Bunko
MAPPA
Muse Communication
OVAs composed by Shirō Sagisu
Sentai Filmworks
Shogakukan franchises
Shogakukan manga
Shōnen manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Tokyo MX original programming
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushio%20%26%20Tora |
Kaseta is an album by the rock band Kult. It was originally released in 1989 on LP album through Arston and on music cassette through Bogdan Studio. It was rereleased in 1995 on compact disc and music cassette through S.P. Records.
Track listing
all tracks by Kult (music) and Kazik Staszewski (lyrics).
"Oni chcą ciebie" – 5:37 (They Want You)
"Londyn" – 5:01 (London)
"Kwaska" – 3:43
"Fali" – 7:39
"Dzieci wiedzą lepiej" – 3:06 (Children Know Better)
"Jaką cenę możesz zapłacić" – 3:29 (What Price Can You Pay)
"Tut" – 3:17
"Czekając na królestwo J.H.W.H." – 6:10 (Awaiting the Kingdom of Y.H.W.H.)
"Po co wolność" – 3:30 (Why Would You Need Freedom)
Bonus Track
"Lipcowy poranek" - 9:12 (July Morning)
Credits
Kazik Staszewski – lead vocals
Janusz Grudzinski – keyboard, lead guitar
Ireneusz Werenski – bass guitar
Rafal Kwasniewski – guitar
Piotr Falkowski – percussion, guitar, vocals
Krzysztof Banasik – horn
Pawel Jordan – soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
Roman Kozak – trombone
Robert Sadowski – guitar
References
1989 albums
Kult (band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaseta |
A ghorfa ( room) is a vaulted room used by Berbers for storing grain. They are often stacked as multistory structures, sometimes reaching four stories high. Traditionally, the rooms were grouped together as a ksar, a fortification used by Berber villages in the Maghreb to store large amounts of grain. A ghorfa in Malta could also mean a lonely room in a field, a bedroom, any kind of storage room, an animal shelter or other functional traditional rooms.
In popular culture
Ghorfas were featured prominently in the film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace as the slave quarters of Mos Espa, home to Anakin Skywalker. These scenes in the film show ghorfas from several locations in southern Tunisia, including Ksar Ouled Soltane and Ksar Hadada.
See also
Gasr Al-Hajj
Ksar Ouled Soltane
Chenini
Douiret
Menzel (Djerba)
References
Sources
Lonely Planet Tunisia, 3rd edition
Rooms
Berber architecture
Granaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorfa |
The following lists events that happened during 1972 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 2,959,700.
Increase since 31 December 1971: 61,200 (2.11%).
Males per 100 females: 99.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Arthur Porritt Bt GCMG GCVO CBE, followed by Sir Denis Blundell GCMG GCVO KBE QSO.
Government
The 36th Parliament of New Zealand concluded. A general election was held on 25 November and saw the second National government defeated by a large margin, with the Labour Party winning 55 of 87 seats in Parliament.
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack until 8 December, then Alfred Allen.
Prime Minister – Keith Holyoake then Jack Marshall then Norman Kirk
Deputy Prime Minister – Jack Marshall then Robert Muldoon then Hugh Watt.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon then Bill Rowling.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Keith Holyoake then Jack Marshall then Norman Kirk.
Attorney-General – Dan Riddiford until 9 February, then Roy Jack until 8 December, then Martyn Finlay.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Norman Kirk (Labour) until 8 December, then Jack Marshall (National).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Neville Pickering
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
7 February – Jack Marshall replaces Keith Holyoake as prime minister.
14 September – As a part of the Māori protest movement, activist group Ngā Tamatoa, the Te Reo Māori Society of Victoria University, and Te Huinga Rangatahi (the New Zealand Māori Students’ Association) presented a petition signed by over 33,000 people calling for te Reo Māori to be taught in schools, leading to the creation of te Wiki o te Reo Māori (Māori Language Week) in 1975, and a revitalisation of Māori language.
20 October – Restrictions on the manufacture and sale of margarine in New Zealand are removed.
25 November – The 1972 general election is held. The Labour Party, lead by Norman Kirk, wins 55 of the 87 seats and forms the third Labour government.
3 December – Qantas commences the first Boeing 747 service in New Zealand, between Christchurch and Sydney.
Chile and New Zealand establish embassies in each other's capitals.
The Values Party is formed.
Mount Ngauruhoe erupts.
Arts and literature
Ian Wedde wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1972 in art, 1972 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
Loxene Golden Disc Suzanne – Sunshine Through A Prism
Loxene Golden Disc Creation – Carolina
See: 1972 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Jon Zealando and Lou Clauson QSM.
Radio and Television
The Broadcasting Authority in March grants the right to broadcast a second television channel to the private consortium Independent Television Corporation. After the election of the Labour Government in November, Norman Kirk announces the second channel will be run by NZBC.
In September, the first live broadcast of an All Black match takes place. The All Blacks played against Australia.
Feltex Television Awards:
Best Programme: Charlie's Rock – Pukemanu
Outstanding Performance: Peter Sinclair in Golden Disc Award
Best Drama: Charlie's Rock – Pukemanu
See: 1972 in New Zealand television, 1972 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
To Love a Māori
See: 1972 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand
Sport
Athletics
Field events within New Zealand switch from imperial to metric measurements. Track events changed earlier in 1969.
David McKenzie wins his fourth and last national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:14:11.2 on 11 March in Dunedin.
Chess
The 79th National Chess Championship is held in Hamilton, and is won by R.J. Sutton of Auckland (his third title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Globe Bay
Auckland Trotting Cup: Royal Ascot
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 89 competitors.
Winter Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of two alpine skiers.
Paralympic Games
Summer Paralympics
New Zealand sends a team of 10 competitors.
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League won by Mt. Wellington AFC
The Chatham Cup is won by Christchurch United who met Mount Wellington.
Final 4-4 after extra time
First replay 1-1 after extra time
Second replay 2-1
Births
3 January: Shaun Longstaff, rugby player
9 January: Gary Stead, cricketer
3 March: Peter O'Leary, soccer referee
27 March: David Bain, originally served 12 years for murder of his family, conviction quashed by Privy Council and subsequently found not guilty at retrial.
29 March: Paul Kent, swimmer
12 April: Jenny Shepherd, field hockey player
17 April: Dylan Mika, All Black (died 20 March 2018)
16 May: Matthew Hart, cricketer
3 June: Robert Kennedy, cricketer
7 June: Karl Urban, actor
11 June: Stephen Kearney, rugby league player and coach
21 June (in South Africa): Irene van Dyk, netball player
3 July: Aleksei Kulashko, chess player
4 July: Craig Spearman, cricketer
12 August: Tony Marsh, rugby player
6 October: Brooke Howard-Smith, broadcaster.
27 October: John Steel, swimmer
16 December: Angela Bloomfield, actress
18 December: Julian Arahanga, actor
20 December: Jonathan Wyatt, long-distance runner
Veeshayne Armstrong, television presenter.
(in Britain): Warwick Murray, academic.
(in Hong Kong): Jack Yan, publisher, designer and businessman
Deaths
March
2 March – Billy Wallace, rugby player and All Black (born 1878)
4 March – Major-General Sir Harold Barrowclough, former chief justice (born 1894)
April
14 April – Bert Hawthorne, motor racing driver (born 1943)
July
10 July – Charles Bowden, politician (born 1886)
August
8 August – Agnes Weston, politician (MLC) (born 1879)
September
8 September – Harold Temple White, music teacher, conductor, organist and composer (born 1881)
October
5 October – Jim Barclay, politician (born 1882)
8 October – Laurie Brownlie, rugby player and All Black (born 1899)
20 October – John Pascoe, photographer and mountaineer (born 1908)
22 October – James K. Baxter, poet (born 1926)
December
11 December – John Mills, cricketer (born 1905)
26 December – Ronald Hugh Morrieson, writer (born 1922)
References
See also
1972 in science
1972 in Australia
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand history
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%20in%20New%20Zealand |
is a Japanese light novel series written by Rei Kaibara and illustrated by Hiro Suzuhira. A manga adaptation authored by Jun Hasegawa was serialized in Margaret from 2005 to 2006. An anime adaptation of the first arc of the novels aired on TV Tokyo from October 8, 2005 to December 24, 2005.
The series won the 2nd Super Dash Novel Rookie of the Year Award Grand Prize.
Plot
The story revolves around Tazusa Sakurano, a Japanese Olympic figure skating candidate, and Pete Pumps, a Canadian stunt pilot. During a qualifying round in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Tazusa falls in the middle of a Triple Lutz and loses consciousness. At the same time, Pete dies mid-performance when his stunt plane crashes due to mechanical trouble. Unfortunately for Tazusa, Pete ends up involuntarily inhabiting her body for 100 days. During this time, Tazusa begins to develop romantic feelings for Pete, and falls in love with him.
A Japanese figure skater known for her sharp tongue. She is on bad terms with the media and the public because of her cold attitude and string of bad luck in competitions. Her goal is to compete in the Winter Olympics in Torino (Turin, Italy). At the beginning of the series, she is possessed by the ghost of Pete Pumps and while she initially hated him, she gradually grew to accept his constant presence in her life and grew even more to love him.
While possessed, she picked up the habit of eating tomatoes, because her possessor Pete hates tomatoes, and using masochism, since Pete can share Tazusa's pain, to keep him in line. She has an unlucky tendency to fall asleep when she gets bored, but can never sleep the night before a competition. In the anime, she describes herself as "The 10 Billion Dollar Beauty."
Initially Tazusa is portrayed as a bratty, cold girl. She doesn't have many friends and lives with her coach and sister. However after spending time with Pete, she slowly changes and opens her heart. Especially in school where Pete helps her through her exams. She also starts to express herself more during the skating routines which enable her to represent Japan in the Olympics. At the same time, Tazusa also falls in love with Pete and she finally realizes what is truly important to her.
A Canadian stunt pilot who died when his stunt plane developed mechanical trouble and crashed in a fireball. As a ghost he needs to wait 100 days before he can go to Heaven (his date of ascension is February 23) and inadvertently ends up possessing Tazusa.
Pete likes Tazusa and tries to help her improve her public image and succeed in being selected for the Olympics. He even gets jealous of the reporter Kazuya Nitta, as Tazusa seems to have a crush on him. Though Tazusa at first doesn't agree with him and ignores him, he eventually wins her over and she starts to get to know him better, and he designs her "waitress on ice" performance.
Sometimes, as a way to punish him for annoying her or for any other reason, she will eat tomatoes which he has a strong hatred for. It is the only way she can torture him without having any physical or mental pain inflicted upon her as well (aside from the digestive problems that come when she eats too many, and the embarrassment resulting from this).
At the first stage of performing at the Olympics Pete kisses Tazusa then during their last performance, Pete kisses her in his ghost form and seems to love her in return. He bids her an emotional farewell as he finally departs.
She is one of Tazusa's skating rivals. She is the preferred choice for the Japanese Olympic representative for Women's Figure Skating because she is closer to the Skating Federation's "ideal" and as such, she and Tazusa are quite competitive. She has a calm personality, and never likes to take risks.
He is Tazusa's coach. He is an all-around nice guy, always seeing the good aspects in everyone. Tazusa and her younger sister live with him because of their parents' divorce. In the beginning of the series, he had believed that the reason why Tazusa was hitting and torturing herself (although it was to hit and torture Pete) was due to stress of having Japan's representative figure skater in the Olympics being chosen soon. He also believes that whenever she is insulting Pete, it is he who is the target of her nasty remarks and also considers this as part of her stress. He reveals Hitomi as his fiancée on Episode 9.
He is a freelance reporter who has a secret crush on Kyōko and tries to help Tazusa in her battles with the mass media. He is a calm and collected figure who believes in and supports Tazusa.
She is Tazusa's level-headed younger sister. She is often seen waking Tazusa up for breakfast and in her competition to cheer her as well. In the novel series, she also figure skates.
She is Tazusa's quiet best friend and the designer of all of her skating outfits. A running gag in the anime consists of Tazusa yelling at Pete who is invisible to other people only to have Mika mistake the target of Tazusa's tirade as herself. Mika's voice actor also sings the ending theme of the anime series.
She is an official from the Japan Skating Federation who claims that Tazusa has a "stone face." In return Tazusa calls her Queen Nasty or Sarcastic the Third. However, she does believe that Tazusa has special potential, which is why she pushes her so hard. In the final episode she recognizes the changes in Tazusa's personality as she breaks her "stone face" in her final routine. She hints that there's more to come from Tazusa, she has only begun.
She is an American figure skater and one of Tazusa's rivals. She is very antagonistic towards Tazusa. She is notable in the anime mainly because all of her lines were in (badly accented) English.
She is a world-class Russian figure skater and the favorite to win gold in at the Winter Olympics. As such, she is Tazusa's strongest rival. She also used the same song as Tazusa in episode 6, prompting her to revise her short program and shift to free jazz. She is a very quiet but dedicated figure skater worthy of her title.
Media
Light novel
The series was written by Rei Kaihara and illustrated by Hiro Suzuhira. The series was published by Shueisha under the Super Dash Bunko imprint. The series won the Grand Prize in the 2nd Super Dash Novel Rookie of the Year Award. A total of 9 volumes were published.
Ginban Kaleidoscope Short Program: Road to dream ()
Release date: June 25, 2003
Ginban Kaleidoscope Free Program: Winner takes all? ()
Release date: June 25, 2003
Ginban Kaleidoscope Pair Program: So shy too-too princess ()
Release date: January 23, 2004
Ginban Kaleidoscope Little Program: Big sister but sister ()
Release date: February 25, 2004
Ginban Kaleidoscope Rookie Program: Candy candy all my rules ()
Release date: September 22, 2005
Ginban Kaleidoscope Double Program: A long, wrong time ago ()
Release date: November 25, 2005
Ginban Kaleidoscope Lyrical Program: Be in love with your miracle ()
Release date: June 23, 2006
Ginban Kaleidoscope Cosmic Program: Big time again! ()
Release date: November 25, 2006
Ginban Kaleidoscope Cinderella Program: Say it ain't so ()
Release date: November 25, 2006
Manga
A manga adaptation by Jun Hasegawa was serialized in Margaret between the 18th issue of 2005 and the 10th issue of 2006. The individual chapters were later collected and published in two tankōbon volumes.
Anime
A 12-episode anime television series adaptation of Ginban Kaleidoscope produced by Actas aired in Japan between October 8, 2005 and December 24, 2005 on TV Tokyo. The series was directed by Shinji Takamatsu while the series composition done by Akatsuki Yamatoya.
The 12 episodes were later released into 6 separate DVD volumes with each volume containing 2 episodes. All the DVD volumes have both limited and normal editions. The covers for all the limited editions were drawn by series illustrator Hiro Suzuhira. The anime's opening theme is "Dual" by Yellow Generation
while the ending theme is "Energy" by Marina Inoue.
Reception
Melissa D. Johnson of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews gave the series 5 out of 5 stars, saying that "Ginban Kaleidoscope is a beautiful coming of age story. It manages to pull off a complete story in only twelve episodes, yet somehow manages to create memorable characters where other titles twice or thrice as long keep serving up the cookie cut-outs."
References
External links
Ginban Kaleidoscope at Super Dash Bunko
Official TV Tokyo website for Ginban Kaleidoscope
Aniplex's site for the anime series
Interview with Rei Kaihara
2003 Japanese novels
2005 manga
Actas
Anime and manga based on light novels
Aniplex
Figure skating in anime and manga
Light novels
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
Super Dash Bunko
Supernatural anime and manga
TV Tokyo original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginban%20Kaleidoscope |
The Amazing Maze Game is an arcade video game developed by Midway and released in 1976. Consisting of a black and white CRT screen running on an Intel 8080 CPU, It is considered one of the earliest maze games produced, and also displays an early example of the phrase "game over."
Gameplay
The game is centered around a top-down maze, randomly generated each time the game is played. In the maze there are openings on both the left and righthand sides, where the second and first player will start from respectively. The goal of the game is for each player to find their way through the maze to reach the other player's starting position, before the other player makes it to theirs. The game can be played by two players, or can be played solo against a computer, where the player will always start on the righthand side.
Upon starting the game, a random maze is generated using Prim's Algorithm, and each player (or only player when against the computer) is given 5 seconds of time to look over the maze to find the fastest path through. After this delay, the players are allowed to move their respective players using the two joysticks on the arcade cabinet. Once a player has reached their goal position, the game will then display the fastest possible route from one side to the other, which is also the exact route that the computer would take when playing solo. A point is then added to the winning player's score.
Screen
At the top of the screen, the text MAZES TO PLAY is displayed followed by the number of mazes left before a winner is determined. If the game is against a computer, this text will be replaced with KEEP PLAYING if the player ends up winning. On the bottom left of the screen is a timer showing the time spent in the current maze though while the 5 second delay is present, it will show the number of seconds left to study the maze. The bottom right shows either a counter with the number of mazes completed when playing solo, or a countdown timer from 6 minutes that persists between mazes when playing against another player. Additionally, when playing with two players, the left and right sides of the screen will show the current scores for the second and first player respectively.
See also
Maze Craze
Trivia
The game has some inconsistency in its name, since the screen names it as "The Amazing Maze Game," while the bezel names it as "Amazing Maze," while the rest of the cabinet just says "Maze."
References
External links
The Amazing Maze Game at Arcade History
1976 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Maze games
Midway video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Amazing%20Maze%20Game |
Environmental issues in Haiti include a historical deforestation problem, overpopulation, a lack of sanitation, natural disasters, and food insecurity. The major reasons for these environmental issues are corruption, human exploitation, and the embezzlement of taxpayers' funds for personal gains. In addition, there is not sufficient protection or management of the country's natural resources. Other environmental issues, such as decreases in precipitation and more severe natural disasters, will likely arise in Haiti as a result of climate change. Experts agree that Haiti needs to adopt new policies to address both the issues that already exist and to prepare for the effects of climate change.
Issues
Deforestation
Deforestation in Haiti occurred primarily during the colonial period, and later after the Haitian Revolution to pay a post-independence war indemnity to France. Deforestation has led to soil erosion by decreasing tree cover and leaving soil exposed. In the present era, arboreal fallow, or trees cleared for agricultural production, are then transformed into charcoal as a secondary agricultural by-product.
Today, 'primary' forest cover in Haiti is estimated at less than 1% of all land area. In an earlier study using the Food and Agricultural Organization (United Nations) global standard definition for 'forest', which includes areas that have been degraded by as much as 90% (10% canopy), approximately 30% of Haiti was estimated to be covered with trees and/or forests. However, because the United Nations definition does not distinguish between areas that have been previously deforested and those never deforested (primary forest), and the use of different canopy cover values can yield different per cent forest cover values, and because primary forest is the most important forest for the preservation of biodiversity, it is argued that only the value of <1% primary forest is relevant for environmental issues in Haiti because it addresses both deforestation and biodiversity.
Haiti had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.01/10, ranking it 137th globally out of 172 countries.
Charcoal
Charcoal production and consumption in Haiti is a widely misunderstood phenomenon. Charcoal is the primary source of energy for Haitian residents. The UN reported that 92% of Haitian households rely on charcoal for cooking, and approximately 10,000 bags of charcoal are burned daily in Haiti.
Media has popularly portrayed Haitians as engaged in a widespread and lucrative illegal market for charcoal in the neighbouring Dominican Republic. Conservative estimates calculate the illegal movement of 115 tons of charcoal per week from the Dominican Republic to Haiti in 2014. Dominican officials estimate that at least 10 trucks per week are crossing the border loaded with charcoal. However new research and charcoal export data from the Dominican Republic indicate the flow of charcoal into Haiti has declined as Dominicans have found more lucrative charcoal markets in the United States and the Middle East.
Agriculture
It was once believed that Haiti's reliance on agriculture to support its economy is another primary reason for deforestation. 66.4% of the land in Haiti is used for agricultural purposes. Reallocating land for forest means a reduction in land available for cultivation of crops, and currently the land available is insufficient to keep pace with the growing population of Haiti. Additionally, insecure property rights discourage forest management; the possibility that tenants will reap the benefits of land conservation is reduced because it is possible that they may lose that property in the future. The Haitian government could encourage citizens to preserve forested land through the strengthening of property rights, as this would create greater responsibility of land use. Currently, there is a lack of off-farm opportunities; many rural residents depend on agriculture for their livelihood. An increase in off-farm employment could minimize deforestation, as this would potentially reduce the need for households to clear forest for crop.
Overpopulation
Early researchers claimed that an increasing Haitian population contributed to the degradation of the environment. However, recent research places Haiti as the country with the lowest per capita ecological footprint in the world.
Haiti can be characterized as a low-income, high-density nation. As of 2012, Haiti's population count was at 10.6 million. The UN estimates that 52% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011, with an annual 3.9% annual increase in population in urban areas. Low-income individuals are largely concentrated in urban areas, especially Port-au-Prince, and are subject to poor environmental quality, human health, and quality of life. Port-au-Prince's urban environmental quality is further reduced by its poor infrastructure, lack of government management, and its subjectivity to natural disasters, as a result of being located on the coast. As the population of urban areas in Haiti grows it is hard to update the already poor infrastructure to meet the needs of so many people. When an abundance of people don't have an adequate waste management system, it can have devastating effects on the environment through air and water pollution. Studies show that more than 60% of Haitians live in low environmental quality urban areas near the coast, such as Port-au-Prince. Environmental quality can be measured by assessing the domestic environment, public environment, physical environment and atmosphere. The areas with the lowest environmental quality have the highest population density and are subject to pollution and an array of natural hazards, which can destroy natural resources and cause environmental degradation. These individuals face a situation of environmental injustice. In rural areas, overpopulation causes over-cultivation of land and therefore soil erosion, as nutrients are quickly depleted from the soil. Although many Haitian farmers are aware of the effects of their practices on the soil, they are often reluctant to change their practices because political and economic factors, such as insecure property rights and high prices of capital, prohibit them from adopting proper technologies.
Lack of sanitation
The lack of sanitation and sewerage treatment in Haiti has led to an inadequate supply of safe drinking water. City sewerage systems are insufficient, and many citizens have to use septic tanks. Local drainage systems primarily consist of open channels dug along the side of the road. The densely populated capital of Port-au-Prince is especially at risk for water-borne diseases, with many of its citizens residing on flood plains in poorly constructed housing and a generally under-developed waste management system. Only 46% of the urban population has access to safe water, and in 2012 only 55% of people in urban areas had "improved sanitation", which consisted of using a latrine. Natural disasters make water sanitation even worse, as latrines and channels on the side of the road often overflow with large amounts of rain. A 2012 study after hurricane season found that less than 10% of households were drinking treated water a week after a storm.
Cholera
Cholera has become one of the leading issues facing Haiti, and its recurrence is largely due to Haiti's poor sanitation system. A Cholera epidemic was reported in Haiti in October 2010 after the infection was brought to the country by peacekeeping troops providing aid after a devastating earthquake struck the region. Infections have continued to occur since the initial epidemic, which raises questions as to whether there is an established environmental reservoir of Cholera in Haiti. Environmental reservoirs are environmental sources where the bacterium can survive between outbreaks of the disease. There is evidence that conditions are appropriate for Cholera to establish environmental reservoirs in the water of Haiti. The establishment of environmental reservoirs would make it nearly impossible to eradicate the disease from Haiti, and increase the chance of transmission of the disease neighbouring countries. Both improving sanitation and monitoring potential environmental reservoirs are necessary to reduce the spread of Cholera throughout Haiti.
Effects of climate change
Haiti's position as a southern island nation makes it particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Factors that make Haiti more vulnerable than other Caribbean nations, such as the Dominican Republic, are its higher population density, extensive deforestation, extreme soil erosion, and high income-inequality. Several effects of increased intensity of tropical storms, depleted coral reefs, and desertification. Since 1960 the mean annual rainfall has decreased by 5mm per month per decade, and mean temperatures have increased by 0.45 °C. The combination of increased temperatures and decreased rainfall will likely lead to the intensification of drought conditions, especially in the centre of the country. According to the IPCC climate change predictions for 2050, more than 50% of Haiti will be in danger of desertification. The frequency of hot days and nights has increased, while the frequency of cold days and nights have steadily decreased. Sea-level rise is projected to rise between 0.13 and 0.56 m by 2090. The US Climate Change Science program estimates that with each 1 °C increase in temperature, hurricane rainfall will increase by 6–17% and hurricane wind speeds will increase by 1–8%.
Natural disasters
As a small Caribbean country, Haiti is often the victim of intense natural disasters such as hurricanes, tropical storms, and earthquakes, which have a large impact on both Haiti's environment and its citizens. The intensity of Atlantic hurricanes in Haiti has increased substantially since 1980. These storms frequently result in loss of human life, loss of livestock, destruction of agriculture, soil erosion, a spike in water-borne diseases, and decreased food security. Tropical storms often also lead to flooding, which is one of the leading causes of vulnerability in Haiti. Flooding often occurs in Haiti's most populous cities, which are located in valleys along the coast. Large amounts of rain, barren hills resulting from deforestation, and poor drainage infrastructure leave Haiti especially susceptible to flooding after tropical storms. Landslides also often result from the rain accompanying a tropical storm since much of the soil has eroded as a result of deforestation. From 1980 to 2009, Haiti had more deaths due to natural disasters than any other country in the insular Caribbean. The majority of deaths were caused by flooding or landslides, which resulted from the heavy rains of tropical storms combined with the unstable slopes left from deforestation. Poor infrastructure makes it difficult for people to cope with natural disasters on a basic level. A significant reason why other Caribbean countries experience lower death rates than Haiti is that their investment in physical infrastructure and human resources have led to risk reduction and successful disaster management. In Haiti, inability to evacuate leads to a much larger loss of life than a country with good public infrastructure and paved roads would experience in the same situation. Unfortunately, Haiti lacks both climate-resilient infrastructure and the funds to construct it.
Food insecurity
Roughly 40% of the total land in Haiti is farmed, with agriculture being the basis of the country's economy. Given agriculture's high dependence on natural ecosystem services, farming systems are at high risk to be negatively affected by climate change and climate-induced shocks. Food security is poor in the immediate aftermath of natural disasters, and more erratic and unpredictable rainfall will place strain on the agriculture industry in the future. Following the hurricanes of 2012, about 70% of Haitian residents reported suffering from moderate or severe hunger, and more than two-thirds of farmers reported having crops destroyed, losing materials to plant new crops, or losing farming equipment. A warning system to aid farmers in preparing for these natural disasters would be an efficient way to reduce the impact of storms on the agricultural system. The farming sector will also have to build resilience against drought and water scarcity as rainfall patterns change. Drought particularly affects the Northwest, Artibonite, and Centre departments of Haiti. Erratic rainfall patterns and poor water management infrastructure cause droughts, which destroy crops, reduce agricultural production, and decrease food security. Improved infrastructure could play a role in increasing food security, as Haiti largely relies on small rural farms and struggles to transport enough food from the countryside to village markets and urban centres. Specific improvements needed to aid the Haitian food system are improved public infrastructure and more paved roads.
References
Bibliography
Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Penguin Books, 2005 and 2011 (). See chapter 11 entitled "One Island, Two People, Two Histories: The Dominican Republic and Haiti".
Issues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Haiti |
Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army installation north of Leavenworth, Kansas. It was officially established in 1862, but was used as a burial ground as early as 1844, and was one of the twelve original United States National Cemeteries designated by Abraham Lincoln. The cemetery is the resting place of nine Medal of Honor recipients, but most are the less famous casualties of war. It was named for Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth, who was re-interred there in 1902 from Woodland Cemetery in Delhi, New York. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it occupies approximately and was site to over 22,00 interments, as of 2020. It is maintained by Leavenworth National Cemetery.
History
On July 17, 1862, Congress enacted legislation that authorized the purchase of cemetery grounds to be used "for soldiers who shall have died in the service of the country". By 1870, the remains of nearly 300,000 Union dead had been buried in 73 national cemeteries. Most of the cemeteries were located near former battlefields or what were once war time camps. Fort Leavenworth National cemetery was one of the largest, at 36.1 acres. The Leavenworth cemetery was also closely associated with the Western Branch National Military Home, "old soldiers' home" (now VA Eisenhower Medical Center) and became a National Cemetery in 1973.
Due to military tradition, the cemetery was originally divided into burial areas for enlisted personnel and a separate area for officers, but in 1858 the remains were re-interred into a single site. In the years following the Civil War, the bodies of Union soldiers from Kansas City, Kansas and Independence, Missouri, were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery. In addition, the cemetery was used as the burial ground for soldiers who served at frontier posts of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. By 1870, there were more than 1,000 Union soldiers interred at Fort Leavenworth, along with approximately 170 civilians and 7 Confederate prisoners of war. After the Indian Wars, between 1885 and 1907 many of the western Army outposts were vacated and as many as 2,000 remains were re-interred at Fort Leavenworth.
Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 15, 1999.
Notable burials
Medal of Honor recipients
Captain Harry Bell (1860–1938), for action in the Philippine–American War
Captain Thomas W. Custer (1845–1876), brother of George Armstrong Custer, two time recipient – first for action at the Battle of Namozine Church, and second for action at the Battle of Sayler's Creek, both during the Civil War
Navy Lt. Commander William E. Hall (1913–1996), for action in World War II
Corporal John Kile (1846–1870), for action in the Indian Wars
Private Fitz Lee (1866–1899), for action in the Spanish–American War
Corporal George Miller (1851–1888), for action in the Indian Wars (cenotaph)
Private Edward Pengally (1824–1874), for action in the Indian Wars
First Sergeant Joseph Robinson (1850–1874), for action in the Indian Wars
Private Albert D. Sale (1850–1874), for action in the Indian Wars
1st Sergeant Jacob Widmer (1845–1880), for action in the Indian Wars
Other Army officers
Brigader General William Dorrance Beach (1856–1932), career officer and author
Lt. Colonel David Hillhouse Buel (1839–1870), Chief of Ordnance of the Army of the Tennessee
First Lieutenant James Calhoun (1845–1876), Commander, L Company, 7th Cavalry; brother in law of Lt. Col. George Armstong Custer, killed in action at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana
Lieutenant John Lawrence Grattan (1830–1854), officer whose poor judgment led to the Grattan Massacre
Brigadier General Edward Hatch (1832–1889), commander of the Buffalo Soldier 9th Cavalry Regiment
Brigadier General Henry Leavenworth (1783–1834), namesake of Fort Leavenworth
Major General William F. Sharp (1885–1947), commander of the ill-fated Visayan-Mindanao Force and Japanese POW
Captain Algernon Smith (1842–1876), 7th Cavalry Regiment officer who died at Little Bighorn
Captain George Wilhelmus Mancius Yates (1843–1876), 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstong Custer, killed in action at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana
See also
United States National Cemetery System
Notes
External links
National Cemetery Administration
Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery
National Cemetery
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
United States national cemeteries
Protected areas of Leavenworth County, Kansas
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Kansas
Cemeteries in Kansas
1862 establishments in Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Leavenworth County, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Leavenworth%20National%20Cemetery |
Klaus Scholder (January 12, 1930 – April 10, 1985) was a German ecclesiastical historian, professor of history at the University of Tübingen.
Life
Scholder was the son of Erlangen professor of Chemistry Rudolf Scholder. After his high school graduation, he studied Germanistics and Theology at the University of Tübingen and at Göttingen. After his academic promotion and his ordination as an evangelical pastor, he worked for the FDP's Bundestag faction. In 1958 he took up a post with the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg and at first was a parish steward at Bad Überkingen, only to move on to the Evangelical Priory of Tübingen in 1959. After his habilitation he worked as a private docent at the University of Tübingen and in 1968 received a professorship for Ecclesiastic Order.
His work focussed on the Kirchenkampf, the intra-confessional struggle of German Christians during Hitler's Third Reich, on which he wrote Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich (The Churches and the Third Reich). The two volumes are still considered a standard on the topic in Germany. A third volume was completed posthumously in 2001 by his student Gerhard Besier, now Director of the Hannah Arendt Institute for Research into Totalitarianism in Dresden.
Political activities
Influenced by Karl Georg Pfleiderer, Scholder joined the FDP/DVP. He was a major contributor to the cultural and religious points of view in the FDP's "Berlin Agenda" of 1957. In the late 1960s he was chairman of the FDP/DVP Tübingen District Association. In the 1970s, he was vice chairman of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation.
Selected works
Die Verwirklichung des Imaginativen in den Romanen Jean Pauls (The Incarnation of the Imaginative in the Novels by Jean Paul), dissertation, Tübingen 1956.
Die Problematik der politischen Verantwortung in unserer jüngsten Geschichte (The Difficulty of political Responsibility within our most recent Past), 1959.
Ursprünge und Probleme der Bibelkritik im 17. Jahrhundert (Origin and Problems of the Bible Criticism in the 17th Century), habilitation, Tübingen 1965.
Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich. Bd. 1: Vorgeschichte und Zeit der Illusionen, 1918–1934 (The Churches and the Third Reich, vol. 1: Case History and Time of Illusions). Berlin 1977.
Karl Georg Pfleiderer: Der liberale Landrat, Politiker und Diplomat (K. G. Pfleiderer: the liberal District Administrator, Politician and Diplomat), Stuttgart 1979
Die Kirchen und das Dritte Reich. Bd. 2: Das Jahr der Ernüchterung 1934 (The Churches and the Third Reich, vol. 2: 1934 - the Year of Disenchantment) (postum), Berlin 1985.
Die Kirchen zwischen Republik und Gewaltherrschaft. Gesammelte Aufsätze (The Churches between Republic and Totalitarianism), ed. Karl Otmar von Aretin and Gerhard Besier, unshortened and corrected edition of the 1988 original, Berlin: Ullstein, 1991. .
References
Hildegard Hamm-Brücher, "Erinnerungen an einen christlichen, liberalen und süddeutschen Demokraten. Klaus Scholder zum Gedenken," in Liberal'', 1987, 2, pp. 97–103.
External links
A brief biography and bibliography (in German)
1930 births
1985 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
Historians of the Catholic Church
20th-century German historians
German male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Scholder |
The Tennessee Commissioner of Correction is the head of the Tennessee Department of Correction, which supervises inmates in the state prisons of the U.S. state of Tennessee. The incumbent Commissioner of Correction is Frank Strada, who took office on January 9, 2023.
Functionality
The Commissioner is appointed by the governor of Tennessee and is a member of the governor's Cabinet, which meets at least once per month, or more often to the governor's liking. By statute, the Commissioner must be over the age of 25 with training and experience in institutional operation and management. The Commissioner is also authorized to appoint a secretary and stenographer for the Department, who have charge of and keep a record of the transactions of the department. The Commissioner has the same power as a judge of the court of general sessions to administer oaths, and to enforce the attendance and testimony of witnesses.
History
Tennessee's first central prison, the Tennessee State Penitentiary, was first established in 1831 after legislation had been passed two years earlier. The Board of Inspectors consisted of five members including the Governor and the Secretary of State. In 1871 the position of Superintendent of Prisons was created, and in 1902 the Tennessee General Assembly passed legislation for a Board of Prison Commissioners. In 1915 the General Assembly created the State Board of Controls to manage charity, penal, and reformatory institutions. This, in turn, was replaced by an Administration of State Institutions made up of the Governor, the State Treasurer, and a general manager of State Organizations.
In 1923 legislative reform brought the first administration of the penal, charitable, and reformatory institutions by a Department of Institutions headed by a Commissioner of Institutions. In 1929 the Advisory Board of Pardons was established, which created a system of parole eligibility in 1931. The advisory board would be usurped by a Board of Pardons and Paroles, with appointments made by the Governor and the Chairman being the Commissioner of Institutions. Later on in 1979, after a series of changes, the Board would become autonomous of the Department, with the Chairman being appointed by the Governor and the Board's membership being increased to five.
In 1937 the Department's name was changed to the Department of Institutions and Public Welfare, receiving various responsibilities that today might be handled by the modern Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Education, and the Department of Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities. In 1939 this Department was split into the Department of Institutions, and a separate Department of Public Welfare, with mental health facilities being transferred to a Department of Mental Health in 1953.
In 1955 the department arrived at its present name, the Tennessee Department of Correction. In 1979 the five-year residency requirement for the Commissioner was lifted, and the Commissioner was authorized to contract with local governments when prisons became overcrowded. To the right is a table of Commissioners who have filled the function the modern Commissioner of Corrections fills today and the governors they have served under.
References
External links
Correction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Commissioner%20of%20Correction |
Minas de Riotinto (written without any accent mark) is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, southern Spain.
Minas de Riotinto also comprises the neighborhoods known as El Alto de la Mesa and La Dehesa.
See also
Rio Tinto Group
Corta Atalaya
Riotinto Railway
History
References
External links
Minas de Riotinto - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas%20de%20R%C3%ADotinto |
The following lists events that happened during 1973 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December 1973: 3,024,900.
Increase since 31 December 1972 – 65,200 (2.20%).
Males per 100 females – 99.7.
It took 21 years for the population to grow from 2 million to 3 million.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Denis Blundell
Government
The 37th New Zealand Parliament commences. Government is by a Labour majority of 55 seats to the National Party's 32 seats.
Speaker of the House – Stan Whitehead
Prime Minister – Norman Kirk
Deputy Prime Minister – Hugh Watt
Minister of Finance – Bill Rowling
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Norman Kirk
Attorney-General – Martyn Finlay
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Jack Marshall (National)
Judiciary
Chief Justice — Richard Wild
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts
Mayor of Christchurch – Neville Pickering
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
1 January – The 1973 New Year Honours are announced
11 January – Air New Zealand accepts delivery of its first McDonnell Douglas DC-10 jet.
4 February – The details of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement are announced
7 February – A heat wave affects large parts of New Zealand. Rangiora reaches , the highest temperature recorded in New Zealand.
11 February – The Rolling Stones play a single New Zealand concert, at Western Springs Stadium, Auckland, on their 1973 Pacific Tour.
27 February – Leaking drums of organophosphate cotton defoliant spread fumes across Parnell, Auckland, causing 640 people to be treated in hospital and 6,000 people to be evacuated.
1 March – The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement is implemented
10 April – Prime Minister Kirk cancels the 1973 South African rugby tour to New Zealand over fears of civil unrest.
16 April – After a retrial, Arthur Allan Thomas is again found guilty of the murders of Harvey and Jeannette Crewe.
2 June – The 1973 Queen's Birthday Honours are announced
19 October – The New Zealand Day Act 1973, making 6 February a national holiday, receives royal assent.
31 October – Colour television is introduced.
Arts and literature
Graham Billing wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1973 in art, 1973 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
ALBUM OF THE YEAR John Donoghue – Spirit Of Pelorus Jack
RECORDING ARTIST / GROUP OF THE YEAR Shona Laing
BEST SINGLE / SINGLE OF THE YEAR John Hanlon – Damn The Dam
BEST NEW ARTIST Shona Laing
BEST NZ RECORDED COMPOSITION Anna Leah – Love Bug
PRODUCER OF THE YEAR Keith Southern – Join Together
ENGINEER OF THE YEAR Peter Hitchcock – Only Time Could Let Us Know
ARRANGER OF THE YEAR Mike Harvey – Damn The Dam
See: 1973 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Ray Columbus.
Radio and television
Colour television broadcasts begin at 7:45pm on 31 October. The licence fee for a colour television is NZ$35.
In December, Fred Dagg makes his first appearance.
Feltex Television Awards:
Natural History Programme: Bird of a Single Flight
Best News, Current Affairs: Election Night '72
Best Light Entertainment: Loxene Golden Disc 1972
Best Drama and the Arts: Gone Up North and An Awful Silence
Best Documentary: Deciding
Allied Crafts: Loxene Golden Disc set and work on Pop Co.
The first ZM radio stations were started in 1973 as 1ZM Auckland, 2ZM Wellington and 3ZM Christchurch.
See: 1973 in New Zealand television, 1973 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Rangi's Catch
See: :Category:1973 film awards, 1973 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1973 films
Sport
Athletics
Terry Manners wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:18:28.7 on 10 March in Inglewood. In the same year, on 1 December, the title is taken over by John Robinson who wins his first national title, clocking 2:15:03.6 in Christchurch.
Chess
The 80th National Chess Championship is held in Wellington, and is won by Ortvin Sarapu of Auckland (his 12th title).
Horse racing
From January 1973, all races are run at metric distances rather than imperial.
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup – Arapaho
Auckland Trotting Cup – Arapaho
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League is won by Christchurch United
The Chatham Cup is won by Mount Wellington who beat North Shore United 3–0 in the final
New Zealand hosts and wins the inaugural Oceania Cup tournament, beating Tahiti 2–0 in the final
Births
25 January: Ruben Wiki, rugby league footballer
20 February: Leisen Jobe, field hockey player
1 April: Stephen Fleming, cricketer
8 April: Nicholas Tongue, freestyle swimmer
27 May:
Tana Umaga, rugby player
Ian Winchester, athlete
16 June: Shane Reed, athlete (died 2022)
2 July: Andrew Buckley, field hockey player
10 July: Andrew McCormick, rugby union footballer
23 July: Adrian Cashmore, rugby player
31 July: Tasha Williams, hammer thrower
4 August: Hymie Gill, field hockey player
5 August: Justin Marshall, rugby player
13 August: Martin Moana, rugby league footballer
19 August: Carl Bulfin, cricketer
23 August: Kerry Walmsley, cricketer
5 September: Lesley Nicol, netball player
1 September: Trent Bray, freestyle swimmer
14 November: Darren Smith, field hockey player
15 November: Shayne O'Connor, cricketer
16 November: Brendan Laney, rugby player
29 December: Garth da Silva, boxer
Kirsten Cameron, swimmer
Deaths
5 February – John Stewart, politician (born 1902)
11 April – Rongowhakaata Pere Halbert, Māori leader, interpreter, historian, genealogist (born 1894)
20 May – Charles Brasch, poet and literary editor (born 1909)
18 November – Peter McKeefry, Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal (born 1899)
19 November – Cyril Allcott, cricketer (born 1896)
15 December – Keith Buttle, mayor of Auckland (born 1900)
Full date unknown
Edith Louisa Niederer, farmer and community leader (born 1890)
References
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
For world events and topics in 1973 not specifically related to New Zealand see: 1973
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Anthemis cotula, also known as stinking chamomile, or mayweed, is a flowering annual plant with a noticeable and strong odor. The odor is often considered unpleasant, and it is from this that it gains the common epithet "stinking". In pre-colonial times, its distribution was limited to the Old Continent and Africa; though it was established in most of Europe, it was not present in Finland, Ireland, or the northernmost reaches of Scotland, in spite of the fact that these countries feature climatic regions favorable to this plant and are in proximity to countries where the species is native, such as Russia, Estonia, Lithuania and England. It has successfully migrated to the American continents where it can be found growing in meadows, alongside roads, and in fields.
The name "cotula" is the Latin form of kotylē, the Greek word for "small cup", describing the shape of the flowers; it was assigned by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753.
Anthemis cotula is also known by a wide variety of other names, including mather, dog- or hog's-fennel, dog-finkle, dog-daisy, pig-sty-daisy, chigger-weed, mayweed, Johnnyweed, maroute, Maruta cotula, Cotula Maruta foetida, Manzanilla loca, wild chamomile, Camomille puante. Foetid Chamomile, maithes, maithen, mathor mayweed chamomile, camomille des chiens, camomille puante, stinkende Hundskamille, camomila-de-cachorro, macéla-fétida, and manzanilla hedionda.
Description
The "stinking chamomile" Anthemis cotula is so-named for its resemblance to the true chamomile plant, Anthemis nobilis; both have branching upright stems each topped by a single large flower head, although the "stinking chamomile" is distinguished by lacking the membraneous scales underneath the flowers of the true chamomile, as well as by its characteristic strong odor. The leaves of Anthemis cotula have a similar appearance to those of the fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare), from which the name "Dog's Fennel" is derived.
Anthemis cotula is an annual glandular plant with a harsh taste and an acrid smell. Its height varies from .
Leaves The leaves of the plant sometimes have very fine and soft hairs on the upper surface, although the plant is mostly hairless. There is no leaf stalk; leaves grow immediately from the stems. The leaves are pinnate in shape, with many extremely thin lobes, and can be around long.
Flowers Each stem is topped by a single flower head which is usually around in diameter. The flower head is encompassed by between 10 and 18 white ray florets, each with a three-toothed shape; the florets tend to curve downwards around the edges and may occasionally have pistils, although these do not produce fruit. Beneath the flower proper, oval bracts of the plant form an involucre, with soft hairs on each; further bracts are bristled and sit at right angles to the flowers.
Fruits The fruits are achenes (with no pappus). They are wrinkled, ribbed with ten ridges, and have small glandular bumps across the surface.
Toxicity
Anthemis cotula is potentially toxic to dogs, cats, horses, and guinea pigs. Clinical signs include contact dermatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, allergic reactions. Long term use can lead to bleeding tendencies. The foliage may also cause skin irritation.
Distribution
Native
Pale-arctic
Macaronesia: Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira
Southern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Eurasia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Russia, Georgia, India, North Caucasus, Dagestan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey
Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Crimea, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria
Northern Europe: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, England, Scotland, Finland
Central Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Crete, Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Sicily, Slovenia, Sardinia, Corsica, Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands
Western Europe: Belgium, Netherlands, France, Ireland, United Kingdom
Introduced
Naturalized in Americas, Southern Africa, and Oceania
Spread to United States
Johnny Appleseed planted stinking chamomile, here called dog-fennel, during his travels in the early 19th century, believing it to be an antimalarial. Dog-fennel already had a reputation for being an aggressive invasive, however, so Appleseed's practice invited controversy. Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1871 gave Appleseed credit for the overabundance of dogfennel:The consequence was that successive, flourishing crops of the weed spread over the whole country and caused almost as much trouble as the disease it was intended to ward off; and to this day the dog-fennel, introduced by Johnny Appleseed, is one of the worst grievances of the Ohio farmers.
References
External links
(1917): Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. HTML or TXT fulltext at Project Gutenberg
cotula
Flora of Europe
Flora of Macaronesia
Flora of North Africa
Flora of Western Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthemis%20cotula |
David R. Watson (1948-) is a bowyer currently living in Austin, Texas.
He has composed music for the Ultima series, including "Stones". Watson is a fencing master, a composer, and musician; and has a varied career of video game support including level designer in X-COM: Apocalypse, lead mission analyst in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and music composer in Ultima.
Watson is also known by his Ultima alter ego, Iolo. His late wife, Kathleen Jones, was also an Ultima character, Gwenno, Iolo's in-game wife.
Games credited
Ultima V: Warriors of Destiny (1988), Origin Systems (first appearance of his song "Stones")
Ultima VI: The False Prophet (1990), Origin Systems
Ultima VII: The Black Gate (1992), Origin Systems
Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle (1993), Origin Systems
Ultima VII: The Silver Seed (1993), Electronic Arts
Stonekeep (1995), Interplay Productions
You Don't Know Jack: Volume 3 (1997), Sierra On-Line
You Don't Know Jack: Television (1997), Berkeley Systems
X-COM: Apocalypse (1997), MicroProse
You Don't Know Jack: Volume 4 - The Ride (1998), Sierra On-Line
Books
Iolo's First Book of Crossbows
1920 Tunguska Terror: Aero Rangers vol. 1
References
External links
New World Arbalest, David's Bows via Internet Archive
David R. Watson at MobyGames
David R. Watson at OverClocked ReMix
1948 births
American video game designers
Bowyers
Living people
Origin Systems people
Ultima (series)
Video game composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Watson |
Biloxi National Cemetery is a U.S. National Cemetery that is located in Biloxi, Mississippi on the grounds of the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), near Keesler Air Force Base. It occupies approximately , and is site to over 27,000 interments as of 2021.
History
Biloxi National Cemetery was established in 1934 and its first burial, of Edgar A. Ross of the Tennessee Infantry, was held on March 24, 1934.
From 1934 to 1973, the purpose of Biloxi National Cemetery was to provide a final resting place solely for veterans who died in the adjoining medical center. In 1973 with the passage of the National Cemetery Act, the burial ground was opened to all honorably discharged veterans, active duty personnel, and their dependents regardless of where they died. Since its establishment, the grounds have increased in size twice as the result of land transfers from the VAMC. Originally , in 1982, were added and in 1996, 12 more were added for a total of .
Notable markers
A granite marker located in front of the cemetery's administration building was donated by the National Association of Atomic Veterans on November 9, 1990, in memory of the veterans who participated in the U.S. nuclear weapons testing program.
Notable burials
Medal of Honor recipient
Colonel Ira C. Welborn (1874–1956), for actions in the Spanish–American War
Others
Uncle Elmer (1937–1992), professional wrestler
June Gardner (1930–2010), R&B drummer and bandleader
Forest Sterling (1911–2002), author of Wake of the Wahoo, a book about the WWII submarine
Lamar Williams (1949–1983), popular music bassist
References
External links
National Cemetery Administration
Biloxi National Cemetery
1934 establishments in Mississippi
Cemeteries in Mississippi
Buildings and structures in Biloxi, Mississippi
United States national cemeteries
Protected areas of Harrison County, Mississippi
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Mississippi
Cemeteries established in the 1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi%20National%20Cemetery |
The following lists events that happened during 1974 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,091,900.
Increase since 31 December 1973: 65,200 (2.20%).
Males per 100 females: 99.7.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Denis Blundell GCMG GCVO KBE QSO.
Government
The 37th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was by a
Labour majority of 55 seats to the National Party's 32 seats.
Speaker of the House – Stan Whitehead.
Prime Minister – Norman Kirk then Bill Rowling
Deputy Prime Minister – Hugh Watt then Bob Tizard
Minister of Finance – Bill Rowling then Bob Tizard.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Norman Kirk then Bill Rowling.
Attorney-General – Martyn Finlay.
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Jack Marshall (National) until 4 July, then Robert Muldoon (National).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Frank Kitts then Michael Fowler
Mayor of Christchurch – Neville Pickering then Hamish Hay
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
24 January – 2 February: Christchurch hosts the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.
30 January – 8 February: Royal visit by the Queen for the Commonwealth Games and Waitangi Day accompanied by the Duke, Princess Anne, Mark Phillips and Charles, Prince of Wales.
6 February – Waitangi Day, then named New Zealand Day, is first celebrated as a nationwide public holiday.
1 April – The Accident Compensation Commission is established, providing universal no-fault accidental injury cover to all New Zealanders.
31 August – Prime Minister Norman Kirk dies of heart complications, aged 51. He was replaced by Bill Rowling, see New Zealand Labour Party leadership election, 1974.
September – The country's first Pizza Hut restaurant opens in New Lynn, Auckland.
The voting age is lowered from 20 to 18.
Arts and literature
Hone Tuwhare wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1974 in art, 1974 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
BEST NEW ARTIST Bunny Walters
RECORDING ARTIST / GROUP OF THE YEAR Bull Dogs All-Star Goodtime Band
BEST NZ RECORDED COMPOSITION John Hanlon – Is It Natural
PRODUCER OF THE YEAR Mike Harvey – Is It Natural
ARRANGER OF THE YEAR Mike Harvey – Is It Natural
See: 1974 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Les Andrews.
Radio and television
The target delivery date for colour television for all New Zealanders was when the country hosted the 1974 Commonwealth Games.
Feltex Television Awards:
Best Programme: Richard John Seddon – Premier
Best Performer: Bill McCarthy
Best Actor: Tony Currie as Seddon
Writing: Alexander Guyan in Lunch with Richard Burton
Allied Crafts: Janice Wharekawa – Vision Mixer for Happen Inn and others
Special Award: Television team for the 1974 Commonwealth Games
See: 1974 in New Zealand television, 1974 in television, :Category:Television in New Zealand, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
See: :Category:1974 film awards, 1974 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1974 films
Sport
Athletics
British Commonwealth Games
Chess
The 81st National Chess Championship is held in Christchurch. The title is shared by P.A. Garbett and Ortvin Sarapu, both of Auckland.
Horse racing
Harness racing
Robalan defeats hot favorite Young Quinn to win the New Zealand Trotting Cup
Auckland Trotting Cup: Young Quinn
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League won by, Mount Wellington
The Chatham Cup is won by Christchurch United who beat Wellington Diamond United 2–0 in the final.
Births
6 January: Dion Waller, rugby player
10 January: Jemaine Clement, comedian
28 February: Moana Mackey, politician
21 March: Rhys Darby, actor and comedian
27 April (in Australia): Richard Johnson, soccer player
6 May: Sean Pero Cameron, basketball player
2 June: Andy Booth, motor racing driver
15 June: Andrew Timlin, field hockey player
10 July: Chris Drum, cricketer
14 July (in Bulgaria): Pavlina Nola, tennis player
26 July: Kees Meeuws, rugby player
1 August: Michelle Turner, field hockey player
27 August: Michael Mason, cricketer
15 September: Emily Drumm, cricketer
11 October: Liz Couch, skeleton racer
23 October: Beatrice Faumuina, discus thrower
5 November: Taine Randell, rugby player
13 November: Carl Hoeft, rugby player
2 December: Robbie Hart, cricketer
7 December: Jason Spice, rugby and cricket player
10 December: Chris Martin, cricketer
Kate Duignan, novelist
Tim Selwyn, activist
:Category:1974 births
Deaths
12 February: Alice Bush, doctor and medical activist.
13 February: Murray Hudson GC, soldier.
13 February: Sir Leslie Munro, diplomat and politician.
14 February: Charles 'Stewie' Dempster, cricketer.
5 August: Robert McKeen, politician – 12th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
12 August: James Fletcher, industrialist.
30 August: Professor George Jobberns, academic.
31 August: Norman Kirk, Prime Minister.
7 September: Paddy Kearins, politician.
12 September: Hector Bolitho, writer and biographer.
26 October: Dan Riddiford, politician.
28 October: Charles Elliot Fox, missionary.
11 December: Maurice Duggan, writer.
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20in%20New%20Zealand |
The Bahlui is the largest river of the city of Iași, in eastern Romania. It is a right tributary of the river Jijia. Its name is derived from Cuman and it means "muddy river". The Bahlui has a length of 119 km and a catchment area of 1967 km2. The average discharge is about 4.88 m³/s.
Its spring is located at an altitude of 500 metres in the Tudora Comune, Botoșani County, in the eastern part of Suceava Plateau. It flows through the Jijia Plain, from north-west toward south-east and through the cities of Hârlău (formerly named after the river: Târgul Bahluiului) and Iași. It flows into the Jijia in Tomești, east of Iași. The quality of its waters is rather low, due to spills of industrial plants, especially in Iași. The Pârcovaci and Tansa-Belcești reservoirs are located on the river Bahlui.
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Bahlui (from source to mouth):
Left: Bahluiul Mic, Vulpoiul, Gurguiata, Lungul, Durușca, Totoești, Hoisești, Ileana, Bogonos, Lupul, Rediu, Cacaina, Ciric, Chirița, Orzeni
Right: Valea Mare, Valea Cetățuiei, Buhalnița, Măgura, Putina, Bahlueț, Voinești, Pârâul Mare, Nicolina, Vămășoaia
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Botoșani County
Rivers of Iași County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahlui |
Iraq has a number of environmental issues.
Issues
Oil spills
Numerous spills have resulted from damage to Iraq’s oil infrastructure, and the lack of water treatment facilities at Iraqi refineries has led to pollution from those installations. This has many concerns for the population of Iraq.
Sanitation
Because of infrastructure damage, significant parts of the population do not have adequate water supply or sanitation systems.
Unexploded ordnance
Military operations in three wars (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, and Iraq War) have left unexploded ordnance and land mines in exposed positions, killing or wounding an estimated 100,000 people in the early 2000s.
Pollution
Sites where municipal and medical wastes have accumulated carry the risk of disease epidemics. The wartime destruction of military and industrial infrastructure has released heavy metals and other hazardous substances into the air, soil, and groundwater.
In June 2003, a fire at the Al-Mishraq state run sulfur plant near Mosul burned for 3 weeks and was the largest human-made release of sulfur dioxide ever recorded.
As of 2017, Iraq was one of only 3 countries in the world with widespread use of leaded engine gasoline for automobiles, the others being Algeria and Yemen. Concerns over the toxicity of lead led to a ban on leaded automobile gasoline in most countries.
Land degradation
In the alluvial plain, soil quality has been damaged by the deposit of large amounts of salts, borne by irrigation overflows and wind and promoted by poor soil drainage. Desertification and erosion also have reduced arable land.
River basins
Transboundary pollution and a lack of river basin management by the government have led to the degradation of Iraq's major waterways. Under Saddam Hussein, the government constructed the Glory Canal which drained the extensive marshes in the lower reaches of the alluvial plain, changing water circulation and wildlife patterns over a wide area. Beginning in 2004, some restoration has occurred.
According to a 2001 United Nations Environmental Programme report, the projects resulted in:
The loss of a migration area for birds migrating from Eurasia to Africa, and consequent decrease in bird populations in areas such as Ukraine and the Caucasus.
Probable extinction of several plant and animal species endemic to the Marshes.
Higher soil salinity in the Marshes and adjacent areas, resulting in loss of dairy production, fishing, and rice cultivation.
Desertification of over .
Saltwater intrusion and increased flow of pollutants into the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, causing disruption of fisheries in the Persian Gulf.
Government response
Although the interim government appointed in 2004 included a Ministry of Environment, long-term environmental crises such as the depletion of marshland in the Shatt al Arab have a low priority. The government has made numerous efforts to help the environment and the people of Iraq.
See also
Nature Iraq, Iraq's first and only conservation group
Humat Dijla, an iraqi association that works for a better awareness about the water problem in Iraq.
References
External links
A collection of articles, studies and reports relating to Iraq's environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Iraq |
The Topolog is a river in Dobruja, Romania, a right tributary of the Danube. It rises near the commune of Topolog, in the Casimcea Plateau of Tulcea County forming the Topolog Depression, which divides the Plateau in two parts: the Casimcea Plateau proper (to the east) and the Hârșova Plateau (to the west). Initially, it flows from northwest toward southeast, but eventually, it changes to east-west, spilling into Lake Hazarlâc, which is connected with the Danube. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Tulcea County
Rivers of Constanța County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolog%20%28Danube%29 |
Alexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery, of approximately , located in the city of Alexandria, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it is one of the original national cemeteries that were established in 1862. As of 2014, it was site to over 4,500 interments. The cemetery can accommodate the cremated remains of eligible individuals.
History
As one of the original national cemeteries, it served as the burial grounds for mostly Union soldiers who died in the numerous hospitals around the Alexandria area, but by 1864 it was almost filled to capacity. This led to the development of the Arlington National Cemetery. The remains of 39 Confederates, originally buried in the cemetery during the Civil War, were disinterred by the Daughters of the Confederacy in 1879. The remains were reinterred in Christ Church cemetery.
Alexandria National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
Notable interments
Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April of 1865, four civilian members of the Alexandria Fire Department were among twenty men hired by the Union Army's Quartermaster Corp to man the Black Diamond canal barge on the Potomac River. As part of the manhunt for John Wilkes Booth, the Black Diamond was to patrol the river stopping any vessels that could be attempting to transport Booth across the Potomac into Virginia.
As the Black Diamond was anchored around midnight, April 23, 1865 it was struck by the USS Massachusettes. The four civilian firefighters,Peter Carroll, Christopher Farley, Samuel Gosnell, and George Huntington, died as a result of the collision. As they were in service to their country, they were bestowed the honor of being buried alongside Union soldiers in Arlington National Cemetery.
References
External links
National Cemetery Administration
Alexandria National Cemetery in Virginia
Cemeteries in Alexandria, Virginia
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
United States national cemeteries
National Register of Historic Places in Alexandria, Virginia
Geography of Alexandria, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Alexandria, Virginia
1862 establishments in Virginia
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Virginia
Cemeteries established in the 1860s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria%20National%20Cemetery%20%28Virginia%29 |
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) is a Cabinet-level agency within the government of the U.S. state of Tennessee, headed by the Tennessee Commissioner of Environment and Conservation.
The Department of Conservation was first created in 1937 by the State Government Reorganization Act of 1937. All areas used for state parks, monuments, and recreation were brought under a Division of Parks within the department later that year. For a short while in the late 1950s and early 1960s the department existed as the Department of Conservation and Commerce, but it was soon split, with the Department of Conservation regaining its name. The modern TDEC was created in 1991, with programs in the Department of Health and Environment shifted into the new department.
TDEC is legally responsible for the protection of Tennessee's air, water, and soil quality. As of 2006, the department had at least fourteen divisions: the Division of Air Pollution Control, the Division of Archaeology, the Division of Geology, the Division of Ground Water Protection, the Division of Internal Audit, the Division of Natural Heritage, the Division of Radiological Health, the Division of Remediation, the Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, the Division of Underground Storage Tanks, the Division of Water Pollution Control, the Division of Water Supply, the Recreational Services Division, and the Department of Energy Oversight Division. The department also manages Tennessee's state parks and the Tennessee Historical Commission. According to the Gubernatorial Papers housed at the Tennessee State Library and Archives in Nashville, the department once had a Hotel & Restaurant Division, which currently is managed by the Department of Tourist Development.
The first commissioner of TDEC was J.W. Luna, who served under Governor Ned Ray McWherter. Don Dills and Milton H. Hamilton Jr. were commissioners during the administration of Governor Don Sundquist. Jim Fyke held the position under Governor Phil Bredesen. The current commissioner is David W. Salyers, who was appointed in 2019 by Governor Bill Lee.
In 2016 the environmental watchdog group, the Tennessee Clean Water Network, published a press release directed at the department's Division of Water Resources, claiming that the division, under the direction of the state's governor, had shown a significant drop-off in the number of penalties for businesses committing clear acts of water pollution. The state issues a certain number of permits to businesses to pollute local water, and if those permit levels are exceeded, the state has the option to enforce a penalty, which it had largely decided not to do.
See also
Climate change in Tennessee
References
External links
The Tennessee Blue Book's section on the Department
State agencies of Tennessee
State environmental protection agencies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Department%20of%20Environment%20and%20Conservation |
Manzanilla is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 2,384 inhabitants.
References
External links
Manzanilla - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzanilla%2C%20Spain |
The following lists events that happened during 1975 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,143,700.
Increase since 31 December 1974: 51,800 (1.68%).
Males per 100 females: 99.5.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Denis Blundell GCMG GCVO KBE QSO.
Government
The 37th New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was by a
Labour majority of 55 seats to the National Party's 32 seats. At 29 November election, the allocation of seats for the 38th parliament was reversed and the National Party formed the new government on 12 December.
Speaker of the House – Stan Whitehead.
Prime Minister – Bill Rowling then Robert Muldoon
Deputy Prime Minister – Bob Tizard then Brian Talboys.
Minister of Finance – Bob Tizard then Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Bill Rowling then Brian Talboys.
Attorney-General – Martyn Finlay then Peter Wilkinson.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Robert Muldoon (National) until 12 December, then Bill Rowling (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue
Mayor of Wellington – Michael Fowler
Mayor of Christchurch – Hamish Hay
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
4 February – American Lynne Cox becomes the first woman to swim across Cook Strait, making the north–south crossing in just over 12 hours.
31 May – Disappearance (and presumed death) of 18-year-old Mona Blades.
14 September – Māori land march protesting at land loss leaves Te Hapua.
13 October – Māori land march reaches Parliament building in Wellington, Whina Cooper presents a Memorial of Rights to the Prime Minister Bill Rowling and Māori Affairs Minister Matiu Rata.
29 November – 1975 general election.
The Dunedin Longitudinal Study begins, following the health and development of 1037 children born in Dunedin between 1972 and 1973.
Arts and literature
Witi Ihimaera wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1975 in art, 1975 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
ALBUM OF THE YEAR John Hanlon – Higher Trails
BEST SINGLE / SINGLE OF THE YEAR Rockinghorse – Thru' The Southern Moonlight
RECORDING ARTIST/ GROUP OF THE YEAR Mark Williams
BEST NEW ARTIST Space Waltz
PRODUCER OF THE YEAR Alan Galbraith – Yesterday Was Just The Beginning of My Life
ENGINEER OF THE YEAR Phil Yule – Higher Trails
ARRANGER OF THE YEAR Mike Harvey – Higher Trails
COMPOSER OF THE YEAR John Hanlon – Higher Trails
See: 1975 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Phillip Warren QSO.
Radio and television
On 1 April, the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation is split into the competing channels Television One and Television Two. Television One begins broadcasting from the new Avalon studio in Lower Hutt.
12 May: Close to Home first airs.
30 June: Television Two (TV2) starts broadcasting on Monday 30 June. Jennie Goodwin is the first female newsreader in the Commonwealth.
5 July: Television Two holds the first Telethon in New Zealand.
Feltex Television Awards:
Best Documentary: Show on New Guinea's coming independence
First Series Awards: Country Calendar
Best Performer: Joe Cot'e
Best Actor in TV Drama: Ian Mune as Derek
Writing: Michael Noonan in Longest Winter and Michael King in Tangata Whenua
See: 1975 in New Zealand television, 1975 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
Test Pictures
See: :Category:1975 film awards, 1975 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1975 films
Sport
Athletics
Anthony Reavley wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:19:54.6 on 1 March in Dunedin.
Chess
The 82nd National Chess Championship is held in Dunedin, and is won by Paul Garbett of Auckland (his second title).
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Lunar Chance
Auckland Trotting Cup: Captain Harcourt
Netball
The 4th Netball World Championships were held in New Zealand, with Australia winning, England second and New Zealand third.
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League won by Christchurch United
The Chatham Cup is won by Christchurch United who beat Blockhouse Bay 4—2 (after extra time) in the final.
Births
1 January: Skippy Hamahona, field hockey player.
2 January: Reuben Thorne, rugby player.
4 January: Bevan Hari, field hockey striker .
5 January: Kylie Bax, model.
3 February: Brad Thorn, rugby league and union player.
2 March: Daryl Gibson, rugby player.
17 January: Tony Brown, rugby player.
27 March: Andrew Blowers, rugby player.
21 April: Danyon Loader, swimmer.
2 May: Murray Burdan, swimmer.
12 May: Jonah Lomu, rugby player.
15 May: Danny Hay, soccer player.
7 June: Shane Bond, cricketer.
10 July: Scott Styris, cricketer.
17 July: Andre Adams, cricketer.
20 July: Greg Feek, rugby player.
7 August: Jason Suttie, kickboxer.
11 August: Rua Tipoki, rugby player.
16 August: Taika Waititi, filmmaker and actor
21 August: Mark Robinson, rugby player.
21 August: Scott Robertson, rugby player.
23 August: Sean Marks, basketballer.
27 August: Caryn Paewai, field hockey player.
31 August: Craig Cumming, cricketer.
9 September: Anton Oliver, rugby player.
12 September: Belinda Colling, netball player.
2 October: Mark Porter, V8 Supercar driver.
14 October: Carlos Spencer, rugby player.
23 October: Temepara George, netball player.
9 November (in Australia): Mathew Sinclair, cricketer.
14 December: Lisa Walton, field hockey player
(in Britain): Toa Fraser, playwright.
Craig McNair, politician.
Chong Nee, musician.
Nikki Jenkins, gymnast
:Category:1975 births
Deaths
6 February: Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park, senior RAF commander (b. 1892)
13 July: Cecil King, rugby league footballer. (b. 1888)
A.H. Reed, publisher and writer (b. 1875)
Philip Skoglund, politician. (b. 1899)
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Environmental issues in Venezuela include natural factors such as earthquakes, floods, rockslides, mudslides, and periodic droughts.
Venezuela ranks among the world's most ecologically diverse countries. However, it has suffered great environmental degradation. It has the third-highest deforestation rate in South America The Guri Dam, one of the world's largest, flooded a massive forested area and is now being filled with silt deposited by runoff from deforested areas. Environmental issues include sewage pollution into Valencia Lake, oil and urban pollution of Maracaibo Lake, deforestation, soil degradation, and urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast. Current concerns also include irresponsible mining operations that endanger the rain-forest ecosystem and indigenous peoples. Successive governments have attempted to develop environmental regulations. However, only 35 to 40 percent of Venezuela's land is regulated thus far, 29 percent as part of national parks.
Venezuela has ratified 14 international conventions regarding environmental protection and sustainable development, while also taking forward-looking steps internally to protect and preserve the country's natural wealth. Venezuela has 43 national parks and 36 natural monuments, and is the country in Latin America with the largest proportion of protected lands, with over 55 percent of its total territory. (Parks and monuments are only 17 percent of that total; the remaining protected areas are outside those parks and monuments.) The nation was ranked second in South America and ninth in the world on the Happy Planet Index of 2012, with a score of 56.9. The UN analysis estimates in 2019 that 25% of Venezuelans need some form of humanitarian assistance. Venezuela led the world in murder rates, with 81.4 per 100,000 people killed in 2018, making it the third most violent country in the world.
There was oil production in Venezuela as early as 1878. Water quality deteriorated drastically starting from around 2000 with the beginning of oil activities offshore, which greatly increased the amount of both organic and inorganic pollutants. One of such activities is the release of drilling gravel containing high levels of metals or minerals, e.g., barite, cadmium, and mercury. Other examples of polluting activities are the dredging of sediments and the testing and laying of pipes.
Water pollution
Zulia-Falcón area
Countless sewage systems with not only human waste but also chemicals pour into the sea all along the coast.
Eastern Venezuela
Several recent oil spills have led to water pollution. In February 2012 a PDVSA pipeline ruptured next to the Guarapiche River and fouled it for many days. The technicians in charge refused to close down the pumping because they did not want to stop the process, and this led to massive pollution of the area. A dam providing water to Maturín was said to be polluted, even though the national government denied this. This has led to a rupture between the national government and the Monagas governor.
Valencia Lake and Valencia Basin
The Valencia Lake, formerly praised by Alexander von Humboldt for its beauty, is massively polluted due to the countless sewage systems pouring residuals.
Pollution levels in the whole Carabobo area have increased over the years. After the Carabobo governor denounced tap water as no longer drinkable, Hugo Chávez said that was part of an agenda of fear and what the opposition governor said was "nearly criminal".
The city of Valencia, Los Guayos, Guacara and many other locations get their water supply from the Pao-Cachinche dam to the south of Valencia. At the same time, this dam gets about 80% of the sewage systems from Valencia. The installations for water treatment, the responsibility of the national government centre Hidrocentro, are in disrepair. In 2007 the national government decided to pump water from the Valencia Lake – water unfit for human consumption – to the Pao-Cachinche dam. It installed a pumping plant in Los Guayos to do this.
Air pollution
Effects on crop yield and food production
Forests
Venezuela had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.78/10, ranking it 19th globally out of 172 countries.
See also
Agriculture in Venezuela
El Palito oil spill
Heavy metals | Cadmium poisoning | Mercury poisoning
Orinoco Mining Arc
References
Further reading
Issues
Venezuela
Social issues in Venezuela | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Venezuela |
Alexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Pineville, in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. It occupies approximately , and is site to over 10,000 interments as of the end of 2020.
History
In 1867, an plot was appropriated from a local resident to establish the Alexandria National Cemetery. It was originally intended as a place to bury Union soldiers who died in the area during the Civil War, but later, remains from Mount Pleasant, Cheneyville, Yellow Bayou, and Fort Brown, Texas, were re-interred in Alexandria. Of approximately 1378 Civil War burials, 507 are known and 871 are unknown.
Alexandria National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
Notable burials
Sputnik Monroe (1928–2006), professional wrestler
Patsy Flaherty (1876-1968), professional baseball player
US Representative Gillis William Long (1923–1985)
Major Jacob Brown (1778–1846), for whom Fort Brown, Texas is named
John J. Williams (American Civil War) (1843–1865), the last soldier killed in the American Civil War
Civil War Union Army Captain Ira W. Claflin (1834–1867)
There are fifty-seven Buffalo Soldiers interred at the Alexandria National Cemetery
There are 5 German P.O.W.’s buried at The Alexandria National Cemetery
New interments
The cemetery is closed to new interments. Exceptions to this include subsequent interments for veterans or eligible family members in an existing gravesite. Cemetery policy allows for first-come, first-served waitlist to eligible veterans if burial space becomes available due to a canceled reservation or when a disinterment has been completed.
See also
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
References
External links
National Cemetery Administration
Alexandria National Cemetery in Louisiana
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
United States national cemeteries
Pineville, Louisiana
Protected areas of Rapides Parish, Louisiana
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Rapides Parish, Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria%20National%20Cemetery%20%28Louisiana%29 |
Lucena del Puerto is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 2,283 inhabitants.
References
External links
Lucena del Puerto - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucena%20del%20Puerto |
The Pădurea Craiului Mountains are in the northwestern part of the Apuseni Mountains of the Carpathian Mountain range, located between the and the Beiuș Depression. The Dealurile Vestice (Western Hills) are located to the west of these mountains, the are to their south-east, and the are to their north. The highest peak in Pădurea Craiului is the Hodrâncușa Peak at . The name Pădurea Craiului literally means "The Forest of the King".
The mountains cover an area of and are located in the central-eastern part of Bihor County, covering 15.2% of its surface area. They are also the mountainous area nearest to Oradea, which is about away from Vârciorog, and away of Șuncuiuș, two communes nestled in the Pădurea Craiului.
External links
Mountain ranges of Romania
Mountain ranges of the Western Romanian Carpathians
Western Romanian Carpathians
Geography of Bihor County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83durea%20Craiului%20Mountains |
Jabugo is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, it has a population of 2,475 inhabitants. The region is known for its signature ham, Jamón ibérico.
References
External links
Jabugo - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía. (In Spanish)
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabugo |
The International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) is the technical support outlet within the United States Agency for Global Media (USAGM) (former Broadcasting Board of Governors, BBG), which is a U.S. independent agency. The IBB supports the day-to-day operations of Voice of America (VOA) and the Office of Cuba Broadcasting (Radio y Televisión Martí). It also provides transmission and technical support for all of the independent non-military broadcasting services funded by the USAGM. The IBB is located in Washington, D.C.
History
On April 30, 1994, President Clinton signed the International Broadcasting Act (Public Law 103-236). The legislation established the International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) within the United States Information Agency (USIA), and created a Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) with oversight authority over all non-military U.S. government international broadcasting.
The Voice of America, the oldest and best-known organization within the BBG, was the first broadcast news organization to offer continuously updated programming on the Internet.
When USIA was disbanded in October 1999, the IBB and BBG were established as independent federal government entities, with the IBB as an administrative vehicle under the BBG containing VOA, Radio and TV Martí, the Office of Engineering and Technical Services, and a number of support services.
Other international broadcasting services supervised by the USAGM are constituted as private corporations and are not part of the IBB.
These include:
Radio Sawa and Al Hurra television (Arabic),
Radio Farda (Persian to Iran),
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL)
Radio Free Asia (RFA).
Currently, the VOA and the IBB continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and antenna farms at one site in the United States, located near Greenville, North Carolina.
Director
The position of IBB Director is appointed by the president of the United States, with Senate confirmation.
The last IBB Director was Richard M. Lobo. Mr. Lobo was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the Senate in September 2010. He retired in November 2013 being the longest-serving IBB Director. He had implemented a management restructuring plan under which the responsibilities of the IBB Director would be assumed by a new CEO of the BBG.
Past directors
Previously, the directorship was held by Seth Cropsey (December 9, 2002—2004).
Appointed by the BBG, Brian Conniff served as acting director from April 1999 to December 2002. Joseph B. Bruns was the first director of IBB, he served from 1994 until 1995. Bruns previously had been Acting Associate Director of Broadcasting of USIA and Acting Director of VOA.
See also
International broadcasting
Shortwave
Radio Canada International
Media of the United States
References
External links
Profile at Washington Technology
Seth Cropsey sworn in as IBB Director
United States Code, Tit. 22 Ch. 71 Sec. 6206: International Broadcasting Bureau
Independent agencies of the United States government
Communications and media organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
1999 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Broadcasting%20Bureau |
The following lists events that happened during 1976 in New Zealand.
Population
Estimated population as of 31 December: 3,163,400.
Increase since 31 December 1975: 19,700 (0.63%).
Males per 100 females: 99.5.
Incumbents
Regal and viceregal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Sir Denis Blundell GCMG GCVO KBE QSO.
Government
Speaker of the House – Roy Jack.
Prime Minister – Robert Muldoon
Deputy Prime Minister – Brian Talboys.
Minister of Finance – Robert Muldoon.
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Brian Talboys.
Attorney-General – Peter Wilkinson.
Chief Justice — Sir Richard Wild
Parliamentary opposition
Leader of the Opposition – Bill Rowling (Labour).
Main centre leaders
Mayor of Auckland – Dove-Myer Robinson
Mayor of Hamilton – Mike Minogue then Bruce Beetham
Mayor of Wellington – Michael Fowler
Mayor of Christchurch – Hamish Hay
Mayor of Dunedin – Jim Barnes
Events
28 February – Nelson by-election – Mel Courtney (Labour) elected to replace the late Stan Whitehead.
1 April – The New Zealand Fire Service is formed, following the nationwide merger of urban fire boards and fire brigades brought about by the Fire Service Act 1975.
9 April – Upper Hutt becomes the first telephone exchange to implement subscriber toll dialling, allowing national calls to be made without operator assistance.
7 June – The nation's first McDonald's restaurant opens in central Porirua; a Big Mac initially cost 75c.
17 July – 1 August – New Zealand competes at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, despite 28 African nations boycotting the games over New Zealand's sporting ties with apartheid South Africa. The nation wins four medals: two gold, one silver and one bronze.
15 September – The Union Company's Lyttelton to Wellington ferry service is cancelled, having operated since 1895 and by the Ministry of Transport since 1974, facing increased competition from air travel and the Railways' Cook Strait ferry service.
1 November – The Waitangi Day Act 1976 commences, replacing the New Zealand Day public holiday with Waitangi Day on 6 February.
14 December – The Weights and Measures Amendment Act commences, officially completing metrication in New Zealand.
Arts and literature
Sam Hunt wins the Robert Burns Fellowship.
See 1976 in art, 1976 in literature
Music
New Zealand Music Awards
ALBUM OF THE YEAR NZSO – Symphony No. 2
RECORDING ARTIST/GROUP OF THE YEAR Dr Tree
BEST NEW ARTIST Dr Tree
PRODUCER OF THE YEAR Alan Galbraith – Taking It All in Stride
ENGINEER OF THE YEAR Peter Hitchcock – Taking It All in Stride
ARRANGER OF THE YEAR David Frazer – Taking It All in Stride
COMPOSER OF THE YEAR John Hanlon – Night Life
See: 1976 in music
Performing arts
Benny Award presented by the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand to Merv Smith and Rusty Greaves.
Radio and television
Television Two is renamed South Pacific Television.
All broadcasting services, including radio, are merged into the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand.
17–18 July: A power failure affecting the Blue Duck microwave station near Kaikoura causes both the TV One and TV Two networks to split into two. Most of the South Island misses the live opening ceremony of the 1976 Summer Olympics as a result.
Feltex Television Awards:
Best Programme: Pearse
Best Personality: John Clarke and Dougal Stevenson
Actor: Martyn Sanderson
Actress: Ilona Rodgers
Best Series: One Man's View
Best Script: Ian Mune and Peter Hansard: Winners And Losers: The Woman at the Store
See: 1976 in New Zealand television, 1976 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, :Category:Television in New Zealand, :Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand
Film
The God Boy
See: :Category:1976 film awards, 1976 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, :Category:1976 films
Sport
Athletics
UK-born Jack Foster wins his first national title in the men's marathon, clocking 2:16:27 on 6 March in Auckland.
Chess
The 83rd National Chess Championship is held in Upper Hutt. There is a three-way tie for the title between Lev Aptekar, Murray Chandler, and Ortvin Sarapu .
Horse racing
Harness racing
New Zealand Trotting Cup: Stanley Rio
Auckland Trotting Cup: Bolton Byrd
Olympic Games
Summer Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 80 competitors.
Winter Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of five alpine skiers.
Paralympic Games
Summer Paralympics
New Zealand sends a team of 12 competitors.
Soccer
New Zealand National Soccer League won by Wellington Diamond United
The Chatham Cup is won by Christchurch United who beat Eastern Suburbs (Auckland) 4–0 in the final.
Births
1 January – Karl Burnett, actor
13 January – Bic Runga, singer, songwriter
12 February – Christian Cullen, rugby union footballer
14 March – Sarah Ulmer, cyclist
31 March – Anna Rowberry, netball player
6 April – Bruce Reihana, rugby player
10 April – Jason Richards, motor racing driver (d. 2011)
7 May – Stacey Jones, rugby league footballer
14 May – Jason Reeves, broadcaster
3 June – Miriama Smith, actress
7 July – Ron Cribb, rugby union footballer
3 August – Rachel Sutherland, field hockey player
3 September – Ivan Vicelich, soccer player
13 September – Craig McMillan, cricketer
3 October – Simon Wills, motor racing driver
4 November – Troy Flavell, rugby union footballer
20 November – Doug Viney, K-1 fighter
3 December – Byron Kelleher, rugby union footballer
13 December – Mark Paston, soccer player
15 December – Joseph Yovich, cricketer
21 December – Mark Dickel, basketball player
:Category:1976 births
Deaths
9 January: Sir Stanley Whitehead, politician and 15th Speaker of the House of Representatives.
7 February (in Australia): Sir Cedric Stanton Hicks, nutrition scientist.
12 June: Herb Lilburne, All Black captain.
20 July: Tom Lowry, cricketer.
19 August: Ken Wadsworth, cricketer.
21 August: Ken James, cricketer.
12 November: Cliff Porter, All Black captain.
14 November: Ernest Toop, politician, deputy mayor of Wellington
See also
List of years in New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
History of New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of the New Zealand environment
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
References
External links
New Zealand
Years of the 20th century in New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%20in%20New%20Zealand |
Camp Butler National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located a few miles northeast of Springfield and a few miles southwest of Riverton, a small town nearby to Springfield, in Sangamon County, Illinois. It was named for the Illinois State Treasurer at the time of its establishment, William Butler. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it occupies approximately , and is the site of 19,825 interments as of the end of 2005. Camp Butler National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
History
During the Civil War, Camp Butler was the second largest military training camp in Illinois, second only to Camp Douglas in Chicago. After President Lincoln's call for troops in April, 1861, the U.S. War Department sent then Brigadier-General William T. Sherman to Springfield, Illinois, to meet with Governor Richard Yates for the purpose of selecting a suitable site for a training facility.
Since Governor Yates was unfamiliar with the land around Springfield, the state capital of Illinois, he enlisted the aid of then-State Treasurer William Butler, who along with Ozias M. Hatch, Secretary of State of Illinois, took a carriage ride with William T. Sherman to examine land about 5 and 1/2 miles northeast of downtown Springfield. An area near Riverton, Illinois (then known as "Jimtown", short for Jamestown) was selected, and named in honor of William Butler. A Union training facility was officially established there on August 2, 1861. By the war's end, over 200,000 Union troops would pass through Camp Butler.
Along with the soldiers who fought on both sides of the Civil War, veterans who lost their lives in the Spanish–American War, both World War I and World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War are also buried at Camp Butler. There are also German and Korean prisoners of war buried there, relocated from a cemetery near Indianapolis, Indiana.
Civil War
Originally the camp was designed to train and "muster-in" Illinois troops for the Civil War. It was quickly pressed into service to house the approximately 2,000 Confederate soldiers who had been taken prisoner at the surrender of Fort Donelson, in Tennessee on February 16, 1862.
An area was set aside for the burial of Confederate prisoners of war who died at the camp. As many as 700 prisoners died in 1862 when smallpox and other diseases were rampant in the camp. The situation was aggravated by the poor living conditions the prisoners endured there, and they were interred in the cemetery in their own Confederate section. A total of 866 Confederate prisoner's graves can be found today in the National Cemetery. The Confederate graves are easily distinguishable by the pointed headstones, which were instituted under the superstition that it was a means of preventing the devil from sitting on their graves. They are buried side by side with 776 graves of Union soldiers and enlistees, making a total of 1,642 Civil War graves.
Notable interments
Seaman John H. Catherwood (1888–1930), Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Philippine–American War
Jack D. Davis (1935–2018), US Representative
Frank S. Dickson (1876–1953), US Representative
Colonel Otis B. Duncan (1873–1937), highest ranking African American officer during World War I
Ray Ramsey (1921–2009), professional football player
References
External links
National Cemetery Administration
Camp Butler National Cemetery
Website authored by the writer Jeffrey P. Johnson, authoring a book on the entire history of the camp, from 1861 to present
American Civil War army posts
American Civil War prison camps
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Defunct prisons in Illinois
Forts in Illinois
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Illinois
Illinois in the American Civil War
National Register of Historic Places in Sangamon County, Illinois
Protected areas of Sangamon County, Illinois
United States national cemeteries
Tourist attractions in Sangamon County, Illinois
1865 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%20Butler%20National%20Cemetery |
Environmental issues in Indonesia are associated with the country's high population density and rapid industrialisation, and they are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels, and an under-resourced governance.
Most large palm oil plantations in Indonesia owned by Singaporean rich conglomerates who employ thousands of local native Indonesians.
Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanisation and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.
Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the Sumatran orangutan.
History and background
For centuries, the geographical resources of the Indonesian archipelago have been exploited in ways that fall into consistent social and historical patterns. One cultural pattern consists of the formerly Indianized, rice-growing peasants in the valleys and plains of Sumatra, Java, and Bali; another cultural complex is composed of the largely Islamic coastal commercial sector; a third, more marginal sector consists of the upland forest farming communities which exist by means of subsistence swidden agriculture.
To some degree, these patterns can be linked to the geographical resources themselves, with abundant shoreline, generally calm seas, and steady winds favouring the use of sailing vessels, and fertile valleys and plains—at least in the Greater Sunda Islands—permitting irrigated rice farming. The heavily forested, mountainous interior hinders overland communication by road or river, but fosters slash-and-burn agriculture.
Each of these patterns of ecological and economic adaptation experienced tremendous pressures during the 1970s and 1980s, with rising population density, soil erosion, river-bed siltation, and water pollution from agricultural pesticides and off-shore oil drilling.
Marine pollution
In the coastal commercial sector, for instance, the livelihood of fishing people and those engaged in allied activities—roughly 5.6 million people—began to be imperiled in the late 1970s by declining fish stocks brought about by the contamination of coastal waters. Fishermen in northern Java experienced marked declines in certain kinds of fish catches and by the mid-1980s saw the worst virtual disappearance of the fish in some areas. Effluent from fertiliser plants in Gresik in northern Java polluted ponds and killed milkfish fry and young shrimp. The pollution of the Strait of Malacca between Malaysia and Sumatra from oil leakage from the Japanese supertanker Showa Maru in January 1975 was a major environmental disaster for the fragile Sumatran coastline. The danger of supertanker accidents also increased in the heavily trafficked strait.
The coastal commercial sector suffered from environmental pressures on the mainland, as well. Soil erosion from upland deforestation exacerbated the problem of siltation downstream and into the sea. Silt deposits covered and killed once-lively coral reefs, creating mangrove thickets and making harbour access increasingly difficult, if not impossible, without massive and expensive dredging operations.
Although overfishing by Japanese and American "floating factory" fishing boats was officially restricted in Indonesia in 1982, the scarcity of fish in many formerly productive waters remained a matter of some concern in the early 1990s. As Indonesian fishermen improved their technological capacity to catch fish, they also threatened the total supply.
Water pollution
Indonesia holds at as much as 6% of global freshwater stock which thanks to its rich rainforest and tropical climate. However, Indonesia has been losing its forest every year where in 2018, 440,000 hectares of forest were lost although this figure is lower than 2017. Such deforestation is associated with the reduction of water catchment capacity, as studies have found. Meanwhile, Indonesia's Ministry of National Development Planning (BAPPENAS) reported that 96% of rivers in Jakarta have been polluted, making fresh, clean water even more scarce.
Water pollution is caused by both industrial and domestic waste. Indonesian government has regulated industrial in which companies are required to meet the wastewater standard. Indonesia was also a pioneer in public disclosure of industrial pollution data through a program called Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) which has been implemented since 1995. PROPER incentivizes industries to disclose their pollution data by giving a rating based on their performance, hence affecting their reputation. This program helps strengthen the existing regulations which require industries to comply with industrial waste management standard.
On the other hand, domestic water pollution is produced by households who dump trash and wastewater from household activities, such as bathing, washing, open defecation, etc., to the surface water. These behaviours are not always realized as the problem will be more apparent when the domestic wastewater has accumulated from all households, and caused eutrophication. The Environment and Forestry Ministry has reported that domestic wastewater as the major river polluter. With a growing population and higher rate urbanization, domestic wastewater will contribute more to the overall water pollution in the country, even in the rural areas where the use of chemical detergents is increasing rapidly.
Both sources of pollution do not only deplete surface water quality, but also the groundwater. The chemical compounds from both industrial and domestic waste can sneak through the soil and when the groundwater is relatively shallow, these contaminants will mix with the clean water. Unless the government regulates domestic wastewater management and ensures a strong law enforcement for industrial waste, the risk of pollution will remain. In addition, information dissemination related to water pollution, albeit required by law, is limited which makes communities vulnerable to the impacts of water pollution.
Air pollution
The 1997 Indonesian forest fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra caused the 1997 Southeast Asian haze. It was a large-scale air quality disaster. The total costs are estimated at US$9 billion to health care, air travel and business. In 2013, the air quality in Singapore sank to its lowest in 15 years due to smoke from Sumatran fires. Singapore urged Indonesia to do more to prevent illegal burning.
Deforestation and agricultural pollution
A different, but related, set of environmental pressures arose in the 1970s and 1980s among the rice-growing peasants living in the plains and valleys. Rising population densities and the consequent demand for arable land gave rise to serious soil erosion, deforestation due to the need for firewood, and depletion of soil nutrients. Runoff from pesticides polluted water supplies in some areas and poisoned fish ponds. Although national and local governments appeared to be aware of the problem, the need to balance environmental protection with pressing demands of a hungry population and an electorate eager for economic growth did not diminish.
Major problems faced the mountainous interior regions of Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatra. These problems included deforestation, soil erosion, massive forest fires, and even desertification resulting from intensive commercial logging—all these threatened to create environmental disasters. In 1983 some of prime tropical forest worth at least US$10 billion were destroyed in a fire in Kalimantan Timur Province.
The disastrous scale of this fire was made possible by the piles of dead wood left behind by the timber industry. Even discounting the calamitous effects of the fire, in the mid-1980s Indonesia's deforestation rate was the highest in Southeast Asia, at per year and possibly as much as per year. Although additional deforestation came about as a result of the government-sponsored Transmigration Program (transmigrasi) in uninhabited woodlands, in some cases the effects of this process were mitigated by replacing the original forest cover with plantation trees, such as coffee, rubber, or palm.
In many areas of Kalimantan large sections of forest were cleared, with little or no systematic effort at reforestation. Although reforestation laws existed, they were rarely or only selectively enforced, leaving the bare land exposed to heavy rainfall, leaching, and erosion. Because commercial logging permits were granted from Jakarta, the local inhabitants of the forests had little say about land use, but in the mid-1980s, the government, through the Department of Forestry, joined with the World Bank to develop a forestry management plan. The efforts resulted in the first forest inventory since colonial times, seminal forestry research, conservation and national parks programs, and development of a master plan by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
The use of fires to clear land for agriculture has contributed to Indonesia being the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases, after China and the United States. Forest fires destroy carbon sinks in old-growth rainforests and peatlands. Efforts to curb carbon emissions, known as Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), include monitoring of the progression of deforestation in Indonesia and measures to increase incentives for national and local governments to halt it. One such monitoring system is the Center for Global Development's Forest Monitoring for Action platform, which currently displays monthly-updating data on deforestation throughout Indonesia.
Indonesia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.6/10, ranking it 71st globally out of 172 countries.
Climate change
Emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia result from seasonal fires, deforestation, and the burning of peat. Depending on the severity of seasonal fires, Indonesia may range from the third to the sixth largest annual emitters.
Greenhouse gas emissions produced by Indonesia represent a significant fraction of the world total. Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate." It is "one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases" (GHG). 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. In 2014, it was ranked eighth highest on the list of countries by greenhouse gas emissions.
During the 21st century, an area of forest roughly equivalent to the size of the US state of Michigan (92,000 square miles) has been cut down, mainly in order to expand palm oil plantations.
Indonesia plans to double its consumption of coal by 2027 in order to build new coal power plants.
1997 fires
2010 fires
The 2010 Southeast Asian haze was an air pollution crisis which affected many Southeast Asia countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore during the month of October in 2010.
This occurred during the dry season in October when forest fires were being illegally set off by Indonesian smallholders residing in the districts of Dumai and Bengkalis, in the Riau province of Sumatra. These farmers use the slash and burn method to clear off land rapidly for future farming opportunities. The number of fires in Sumatra peaked on 18 October, with 358 hotspots.
2015 fires
In 2015, Indonesia had severe fires that lasted for almost two months. Peat was the main fuel source. An El Niño had caused a particularly dry season that worsened the situation. The fires released enough greenhouse gasses for Indonesia to produce more daily emissions than the United States for 38 days.
Mining and the environment
Buyat Bay was used by PT Newmont Minahasa Raya from 1996 to 2004 as a tailings dumping ground for its gold mining activities.
Natural environmental hazards
Natural hazards include occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes and forest fires. Human activities can help cause or exacerbate these hazards. For Indonesia, coastal flooding and the rising sea level are viewed to be among the major risks posed by climate change.
Notable environmental issues
Buyat Bay has been used by PT Newmont Minahasa Raya since 1996 as a tailings dumping ground for its gold mining activities.
Grasberg mine
Blast fishing in Indonesia
Deforestation in Borneo
Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia
Citarum River, one of the world's most polluted rivers
Environmental education
A 2019 survey by YouGov and the University of Cambridge concluded that at 18%, Indonesia has "the biggest percentage of climate deniers, followed by Saudi Arabia (16 percent) and the U.S. (13 percent)."
Climate education is not a part of the school curriculum.
Government policies
The Indonesian government has voluntarily committed to a minimum 26 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 and by 29 percent by 2030. However, Indonesia has been ineffective in implementing policies to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. As of 2018, government policies were increasing emissions. These policies include the construction of 100 coal-fired power plants, the expansion of palm oil production, and the increase of biofuel consumption.
Indonesia developed climate policy related to land use and forestry emissions. A moratorium on clearing of primary forests and peat lands was extended from two to four years.
The Indonesian government is seeking to reduce poverty by 4 percent by 2025, but strong climate policies could make this impossible to achieve. International assistance could enable Indonesia to reduce its emissions by an estimated 41 percent by 2030.
In December 2021 a court in Indonesia stopped two companies from logging forests for palm oil plantations. This corresponds to the pledge of the government to stop such logging for halt deforestation.
See also
Palm oil production in Indonesia
Environment of Indonesia
Orangutan
Chemical equator
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20issues%20in%20Indonesia |
The Tennessee Department of Personnel is a Cabinet-level agency within the state government of the U.S. state of Tennessee, headed by Nat E. Johnson, the Acting Commissioner of Personnel. The agency administers the employment applications process for Tennessee's state departments, assists other agencies with personnel practices, and advises the governor on personnel policy, and meeting the needs of the government's 38,000 employees in Tennessee's 95 counties. The Department is housed in the James K. Polk State Office Building.
The Department has the power to temporarily transfer employees from one department to another when necessary, and it is required by statute to establish and maintain a training program for administrative judges and hearing officers. It assists state departments in planning and conduct of training workshops, to prevent sexual harassment from occurring, and designs orientation sessions which are made available to each department for each new employee. It is required to make a study of the civil service system and provide periodic reports to the governor on recommendations for improvements. The Department makes annual reports, and special reports if they deem it to be necessary, on the personnel administration for the governor and commissioner.
The Department carries out its duties through eleven divisions: the Examinations Division, the Applicant Services Division, the Technical Services Division, the Classification/Compensation Division, the Employee Relations Division, the Research Division, the Administrative Services division, the Information Services Division, the Equal Employment Opportunities/Affirmative Action division, the Americans with Disabilities division, and the Employee Development and Equal Opportunity division.
External links
The Department of Personnel website
LexisNexis's archive of Tennessee Code, Title 4
The Tennessee Blue Book's section on the Department
State agencies of Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Department%20of%20Personnel |
The Tennessee Commissioner of Environment and Conservation is the head of the Department of Environment and Conservation of the U.S. state of Tennessee, which is responsible for environmental protection, conservation of natural resources, and management of state parks. The Commissioner is appointed by the Governor and is a member of the Governor's Cabinet, which meets at least once per month, or more often to the governor's liking. The current Commissioner is David W. Salyers.
In 1953, former governor Jim Nance McCord became the Commissioner of Conservation for Governor Frank G. Clement during his first administration. Donald M. McSween was the Commissioner for Frank Clement during his second administration. E. Boyd Garrett was the Commissioner during the Buford Ellington administration, beginning in 1967. William L. Jenkins and Granville Hinton each served as Commissioner under Winfield Dunn. From 1975 to 1979, B.R. "Buck" Allison served as the Commissioner of Ray Blanton. Ann R. Tuck and Charles A. Howell, III served as Commissioner during the two terms of Lamar Alexander. J.W. Luna became the first to hold the title of Commissioner of Environment and Conservation under Ned McWherter. Milton H. Hamilton Jr. was Commissioner under Don Sundquist.
External links
The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation website
The Tennessee Blue Book's section on the Department
Environment and Conservation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%20Commissioner%20of%20Environment%20and%20Conservation |
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