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Nandalal Bose (3 December 1882 – 16 April 1966) was one of the pioneers of modern Indian art and a key figure of Contextual Modernism.
A pupil of Abanindranath Tagore, Bose was known for his "Indian style" of painting. He became the principal of Kala Bhavan, Santiniketan in 1921. He was influenced by the Tagore family and the murals of Ajanta; his classic works include paintings of scenes from Indian mythologies, women, and village life.
Today, many critics consider his paintings among India's most important modern paintings. In 1976, the Archaeological Survey of India, Department of Culture, Govt. of India declared his works among the "nine artists" whose work, "not being antiquities", were to be henceforth considered "to be art treasures, having regard to their artistic and aesthetic value".
He was given the work of illustrating the constitution of India.
Early life
Nandalal Bose was born on 3 December 1882 in a middle-class Bengali family at Haveli Kharagpur, in Munger district of Bihar state. The family originally hailed from Jejur, Hooghly District of West Bengal. His father, Purna Chandra Bose, was at that time working in the Darbhanga Estate. His mother Khetramoni Devi was a housewife with a skill in improvising toys and dolls for young Nandalal. From his early days Nandalal began taking an interest in modelling images and later, decorating Puja pandals.
In 1898, at the age of fifteen, Nandalal moved to Calcutta for his high school studies in the Central Collegiate School. After clearing his examinations in 1902, he continued his college studies at the same institution. In June 1903 he married Sudhiradevi, the daughter of a family friend. Nanadalal wanted to study art, but he was not given permission by his family. Unable to qualify for promotion in his classes, Nandalal moved to other colleges, joining the Presidency College in 1905 to study commerce. After repeated failures, he persuaded his family to let him study art at Calcutta's School of Art.
Career
As a young artist, Nandalal Bose was deeply influenced by the murals of the Ajanta Caves. He had become part of an international circle of artists and writers seeking to revive classical Indian culture; a circle that already included Okakura Kakuzō, William Rothenstein, Yokoyama Taikan, Christiana Herringham, Laurence Binyon, Abanindranath Tagore, and the seminal London Modernist sculptors Eric Gill and Jacob Epstein.
To mark the 1930 occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's arrest for protesting the British tax on salt, Bose created a black on white linocut print of Gandhi walking with a staff. It became the iconic image for the non-violence movement.
His genius and original style were recognised by artists and art critics like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ananda Coomaraswamy and O. C. Ganguli. These lovers of art felt that objective criticism was necessary for the development of painting and founded the Indian Society of Oriental Art.
He became principal of the Kala Bhavana (College of Arts) at Tagore's International University Santiniketan in 1921.
He was also asked by Jawaharlal Nehru to sketch the emblems for the Government of India's awards, including the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Shri. Along with his disciple Rammanohar, Nandalal Bose took up the task of beautifying/decorating the original manuscript of the Constitution of India.
He died on 16 April 1966 in Santiniketan of natural causes.
Today, the National Gallery of Modern Art in Delhi holds 7000 of his works in its collection, including a 1930 black and white linocut of the Dandi March depicting Mahatma Gandhi, and a set of seven posters he later made at the request of Mahatma Gandhi for the 1938 Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress.
His place in Indian art
In his introduction for the Christie's catalogue, R. Siva Kumar wrote-
Students
Some of his notable students were Benode Behari Mukherjee, Ramkinkar Baij, Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, K. G. Subramanyan, A. Ramachandran, Pratima Thakur, Jahar Dasgupta, Satyajit Ray, Dinkar Kaushik, Amritlal Vegad , A.D.Jayathilake (Sri Lanka).
Honours and awards
Nandalal Bose, who left a major imprint on Indian art, was the first recipient of a scholarship offered by the Indian Society of Oriental Art, founded in 1907.
In 1954, he became the first artist to be elected Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art. In 1954, Nandalal Bose was awarded the Padma Vibhushan.
In 1957, the University of Calcutta conferred honorary D.Litt. on him. Vishvabharati University honoured him by conferring on him the title of 'Deshikottama'.
The Academy of Fine Arts in Calcutta honoured Nandalal with the Silver Jubilee Medal. The Tagore Birth Centenary Medal was awarded to Nandalal Bose in 1965 by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Acharya Nandalal, an Indian documentary film on the artist was made by Harisadhan Dasgupta in 1984.
Publications
Drishti o srishti [Vision and the Creation] by Nandalal Bose, published by Visva-Bharati Granthana Vibhaga [ Edition Language - Bengali ]
Shilpa Charcha [ শিল্প চর্চা ] by Nandalal Bose, published April 1956 by Visva Bharati [ Edition Language - Bengali ]
Pictures from the life of buddha by Nandalal Bose
Rupavali by Nandalal Bose
References
Further reading
Nandalal Bose and Indian painting, by Ramyansu Sekhar Das. Tower Publishers, 1958.
Bharat Shilpi Nandalal, Volumes 1-4, (in Bengali) by Panchanan Mandal, Rarh Gobeshona Parshad, Santiniketan, 1968
Nandalal Bose: a collection of essays : centenary volume. Lalit Kala Akademi, 1983.
Nandalal Bose, the doyen of Indian art. (National biography), by Dinkar Kowshik. National Book Trust, India, 1985.
Rhythms of India: The Art of Nandalal Bose, exhibition catalogue. Sonya Rhie Quintanilla. San Diego Museum of Art. 2008.
External links
New York Times slideshow
Indian male painters
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts
People from Howrah district
1880s births
1966 deaths
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University
Bengali Hindus
Bengali male artists
20th-century Bengalis
Indian art educators
Indian arts administrators
People from Munger district
20th-century Indian painters
20th-century Indian educators
Educators from West Bengal
People from Birbhum district
Artists from Kolkata
Painters from West Bengal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandalal%20Bose |
Abinoam (a-bin'-o-am, ab-i-no'-am, Biblical Hebrew: אבינעם), from Kedesh-naphtali, was the father of Barak who defeated Jabin's army, led by Sisera. He is mentioned only in Judges 4:6, 4:12 and 5:12.
The name means "the (divine) father is pleasantness or Father of Kindness" Where the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible reads Avinoam, the Greek Septuagint manuscripts read Ab[e]ineem or Iabin.
References
Book of Judges people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abinoam |
William Colquhoun (December 23, 1814 – September 2, 1898) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Stormont in the 1st Parliament of Ontario.
He was born in Charlottenburgh, Upper Canada in 1814. He settled at Dickinson's Landing where he was postmaster from 1841 to 1863 and operated a general store. He was the first treasurer for Osnabruck Township and later served as reeve for the township. In 1855, he was elected warden of the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. He was re-elected in Stormont in 1871, but his election was overturned on appeal and he lost (but was victorious) the subsequent by-election in 1872.
He moved to Cornwall, Ontario in 1876, where he was mayor from 1881 to 1883 and also served as justice of the peace.
External links
Canadian Scottish History site
A Cyclopæedia of Canadian biography : being chiefly men of the time..., GM Rose (1886)
1814 births
1898 deaths
Mayors of Cornwall, Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Colquhoun |
PSSM may refer to:
Parallel-Split Shadow Map
Position-Specific Scoring Matrix
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, the official English translation of the series, often shortened as Sailor Moon
Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, a policy book on mathematics education
Polysaccharide storage myopathy, aka Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM or EPSM), a disease in horses
Positive sleep state misperception, subjective hypersomnia without objective findings.
Rhizobium leguminosarum exopolysaccharide glucosyl ketal-pyruvate-transferase, an enzyme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSSM |
Phat Girlz is a 2006 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nnegest Likké and starring Mo'Nique, as well as Kendra C. Johnson, Jimmy Jean-Louis, Godfrey, and Joyful Drake.
Plot
Jazmin Biltmore is a smart-mouthed, plus-sized, aspiring fashion designer and department store employee who is obsessed with her weight. Jazmin has always been overweight, constantly battling with diets, weight loss aids, and even her own clothes. Because of her battle with finding trendy clothes that fit her full figure, despite working in a clothing department store, Jazmin creates and designs her own outfits. Even going as far as attempting to get a business loan to get her clothing line up and running.
During a bout of depression, Jazmin is contacted from one of her diet plan agencies and told she won a trip for 3 to Palm Springs for the weekend at a five-star resort. She and best friend Stacey find the first day at the spa disappointing, since nothing was plus sized friendly, including the other hotel guests. They leave in frustration to join Mia, who has been ogling a Nigerian man swimming in the pool. Despite Mia's obvious flirting, he expresses interest in Jazmin. He introduces himself as Dr. Tunde, but Jazmin is tongue tied, too distracted by his good looks. He and his friends find Jazmin and Stacey beautiful. However, they think Mia is too skinny and wonder if she is sick. They invite the women to a Nigerian party, Tunde, speaking Nigerian with his friends Dr. Akibo and Dr. Godwin, tells them he has never seen such beautiful full figured women in America.
Upon their night out, Tunde expresses even more interest with her outspoken behaviour and strong opinions. Akibo shows his desire for Stacey and she reciprocates, fighting her shy nature. Meanwhile Godwin attempts to flirt with other full figured guests, ignoring Mia. Even going as far as to tell a woman she was a patient, mocking her fit figure. Akibo and Stacey go on to have days packed with vigorous sex and Mia leaves the party early to go back to the hotel and wallow in self pity over not finding an attractive doctor like Stacey and Jazmin.
Jazmin and Tunde begin dating with Jazmin constantly questioning his attraction to her. Going as far as to ask him if he is truly interested in her, she wonders why he hasn't tried to sleep with her. Tunde tells Jazmin he was trying to be respectful but will gladly sleep with her the next day, due to work obligations but before they consummate their relationship she grows jealous and makes a scene when she sees him having dinner with a beautiful, thin woman; instead of having dinner with a colleague like he told her. Tunde reveals the woman was his colleague, but Jazmin, realizing she is too insecure to be comfortable in a relationship with Tunde, breaks up with him and leaves Palm Springs, along with Stacey and Mia.
At home, she is depressed, ignoring phone calls, comforting herself with food and television before having a breakthrough and realizing she is beautiful and worthy of being loved. Bursting with new confidence, Jazmin approaches the head buyer of the Bloomfields where she works and shows him her designs. Impressed he helps develop Jazmin's fashion line "Thick Madame" becomes popular and is launched worldwide.
One year later, she travels to Nigeria to apologize to the man she realizes she loves. A woman opens the door holding a baby. Jazmin asks if she is Tunde's wife, and the woman agrees. Jazmin has the girls go to the taxi because she did not wish to be rejected with an audience. She tells Tunde that he has changed her life, and she is sorry she could not accept his love when she had the chance. Explaining she could not accept love from someone when she did not love herself and though she still cares for him she is not a "homewrecker" and will not pursue him. Tunde clarifies that the woman is a maid, he delivered the baby, and the maid doesn't understand English, and that he is still single. He says his prayers have been answered, as he has loved Jazmin all along and they share a passionate kiss. Stacey also reunites with their partner, and they join Tunde's family for dinner. Mia piles food on her plate, stating that she wants to bulk up so she can find a rich Nigerian doctor as well. The film ends with Jazmin and Tunde in bed, while Jazmin insists on having the lights on to see every sexy thing on Tunde's body, with the credits ending.
Cast
Mo'Nique as Jazmin Biltmore
Raven Goodwin as Young Jazmin Biltmore
Jimmy Jean-Louis as Dr. Tunde Jonathan
Godfrey as Akibo
Kendra C. Johnson as Stacey
Joyful Drake as Mia
Dayo Ade as Goodwin
Felix Pire as Ramón
Charles Duckworth as Jack
Jack Noseworthy as Richard "Dick" Eklund
Eric Roberts as Robert Myer
Crystal Rivers as Aimee
Production
The food facility used to film the FatAssBurger scene was the Fatburger in Palm Springs, California. It is located near the Palm Springs International Airport.
Box office
Though critically panned, the film is considered to be a financial success because it recouped its $3 million production budget from theatrical and rental revenues, totaling over $18.6 million.
In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $3,109,924 in the United States. The film has grossed a total of $7,061,128 in theaters in the United States. It also made $340,762 overseas, thus totaling $7,401,890 in theaters worldwide.
It also made an additional $11,250,000 on DVD and home video rentals in 2006.
Critical reception
The film received mostly negative reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that out of 47 reviews, 10 were "Fresh" and 37 "Rotten", making for an overall 21% approval rating and the consensus: "Although Phat Girlz has good intentions, it is sloppily made and thin on laughs." The film has a slightly higher score of 36/100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews. The San Francisco Chronicle praised the film, saying "Clumsily directed yet entertainingly written by Oakland native Nnegest Likké, Phat Girlz is like Rocky with cellulite. Or maybe Pretty Woman without all the bony butts. It has a lot of heart and soul, but it's almost never mean-spirited."
Variety magazine's Joe Leydon said that the film "feels torturously padded at an overlong 98 minutes", and also claims that the romance between Jazmin (Mo'Nique) and Tunde (Jean-Louis) is too drawn out, "quite possibly because writer-director Nnegest Likke has nothing else in her scenario to sustain audience interest". Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D grade, remarking that "Mo'Nique is fat. Almost every scene in Phat Girlz — the fancy z is for Z-grade — is about how she's fat", and concluding that "the movie reduces her to a single discernible characteristic, which is a telltale mark of many a wholly awful comedy."
References
External links
2006 films
2006 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
Body image in popular culture
Films set in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phat%20Girlz |
Jabin ( Yāḇīn) is a Biblical name meaning 'discerner', or 'the wise'. It may refer to:
A king of Hazor at the time of the entrance of Israel into Canaan (Joshua 11:1 - 14), whose overthrow and that of the northern chiefs with whom he had entered into a confederacy against Joshua was the crowning act in the conquest of the land (Joshua 11:21 - 23; comp 14:6 - 15). The Battle of the Waters of Merom, fought at Lake Hula, was the last of Joshua's battles of which we have any record. Here for the first time the Israelites encountered the iron chariots and horses of the Canaanites. The Israelites killed him and everyone in his city along with all the people in the cities of Madon, Shimron, Achshaph, Debir, and Anab. They then destroyed Hazor by fire. According to Norman K. Gottwald, Joshua had nothing to do with the incident, which probably reflects a tradition of the late 13th century BCE destruction of Hazor by part of a group later identified with the Israelite tribe of Naphtali.
Another king of Hazor, called "the king of Canaan," who overpowered the Israelites of the north one hundred and sixty years after Joshua's death, and for twenty years held them in painful subjection. The whole population were paralyzed with fear, and gave way to hopeless despondency (Judges 5:6 - 11), until Deborah and Barak aroused the national spirit, and gathering together ten thousand men, gained a great and decisive victory over Jabin in the plain of Esdraelon (Judges 4:10 - 16; compare Psalms 83:9) This was the first great victory Israel had gained since the days of Joshua. For the next forty years, they never needed to fight another battle with the Canaanites (Judges 5:31).
References
Articles about multiple people in the Bible
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges monarchs
Canaanite people
Ancient murdered monarchs
Biblical murder victims
Tel Hazor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabin |
Crossmyloof railway station is a railway station serving the areas of Crossmyloof and Shawlands in Glasgow, Scotland, located from Glasgow Central. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by trains on the Glasgow South Western Line.
The overline station building was removed during the late 1990s. The overbridge (Titwood Road) was rebuilt during 2006.
On 6 October 2012, a Highland cow escaped the nearby Pollok Country Park and walked the rail line to this station, where it was captured and returned.
Services
The station is served by trains on both the and lines, with a half-hourly frequency to each (one Barrhead service per hour extends to Kilmarnock, with 1 per day extended to Dumfries). This gives the station four departures each hour to , these tend to be at 10, 20, 40 and 50 minutes past the hour, give or take a couple of minutes.
Evening service is generally hourly to East Kilbride and Kilmarnock and 2 trains per hour to Glasgow Central.
Sundays see a half-hourly service to East Kilbride and Glasgow Central but there is no service to Barrhead or Kilmarnock.
Passengers can change at Pollokshaws West for services towards Kilmarnock and stations to Carlisle
References
Sources
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1888
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossmyloof%20railway%20station |
École Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (also known as Polytech Nantes) is a grande école of engineering of the University of Nantes, accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur (CTI), the French agency awarding engineering degrees. It is located in Loire Atlantique, which is in an attractive area of strong economic and demographic growth.
Programs of study
" Ingénieur diplômé" (in French)
Polytech Nantes offers scientific and multidisciplinary training courses which correspond to high-level international master's degrees (Master of Science, Master of engineering with Honors). These programs have been awarded the European label EUR-ACE.
Electronics and digital technologies
Civil engineering
Electrical engineering
Process and bioprocess engineering
Computer science
Materials science
Thermal and energy science
Energies (by apprenticeship)
Networking and telecoms systems (by apprenticeship)
Control command of electric systems (by apprenticeship)
Scientific, technical, professional, linguistic, social and human elements are critical aspects of the curricula and the hallmarks of a French engineer..
French speaking students may attend any semester's programmes in French.
International programs (in English)
Five engineering specialties currently offer semesters taught in English:
Computer science (Spring and Autumn – M1 and M2 level)
Electronics and Digital Technologies (Autumn semester only - M2 level)
Electrical engineering (Autumn semester only - M2 level)
Process and bioprocess Engineering (Autumn semester only - M2 level)
Thermal and Energy Sciences (Autumn semester only - M2 level)
The graduate school has agreements with more than 50 foreign universities and companies, as well as European universities via Erasmus+ exchange programs. Polytech Nantes welcomes and sends students wishing to gain experience of working abroad.
These international partnerships have allowed Polytech Nantes to develop a complete range of programs taught in English (International master's degrees):
Master 2 Data Science / Advanced courses in data science, performing analyses and interpreting data.
Master 2 Electrical Energy / Advanced courses in electrical energy (sustainable development, multi-source systems, energy conversion...)
Master 2 Microalgae Bioprocess Engineering /Advanced courses to develop industrial processes for microalgae valorization.
Master 2 Thermal Science and Energy /Advanced courses in heat transfer, fluid mechanics and energy systems.
Master 2 Visual Computing /Advanced courses in visual information acquisition, processing, analysis and rendering.
Master 2 Wireless Embedded Technologies /Advanced courses in the design and control of wireless communicating objects.
Research and doctoral studies
Polytech'Nantes offers several Ph.D programs in Science and Technology, respectively:
MATHSTIC ("Mathematics, Information and Telecommunications Science)
SPI (Science for the Engineers)
3M (Matter, Molecules and Materials)
These Ph.D. programs are supported by several research laboratories, all associated with the CNRS:
Digital Sciences Laboratory of Nantes (LSN)
Electronics and Telecommunications Institute of Rennes (IETR) - Nantes campus
Nantes Atlantique Electrical Engineering Research Institute (IREENA)
Jean Rouxel Materials Institute (IMN)
Institute of Research in Civil Engineering and Mechanics (GeM)
Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Environment and Agrifood (GEPEA)
Nantes Thermokinetics Laboratory (LTeN)
General information
It is located on three distinct campuses:
"La Chantrerie" in the city of Nantes
"Gavy" in the city of Saint-Nazaire
"La Courtaisière' in the city of La Roche-sur-Yon
The school was created in January 2000 through the merging of three existing engineering schools: ESA-IGELEC, IRESTE, and ISITEM.
Affiliations
Polytech Nantes is a department of the University of Nantes and a member of the Polytech group,'' which is a network of 15 graduate engineering schools within France's leading science universities located in Marseille, Nantes, Montpellier, Nice, Annecy-Chambéry, Grenoble, Paris Upmc, Paris sud, Clermont-Ferrand, Orléans, Tours, Lyon, Lille, Nancy and Angers.
References
Education in Nantes
Educational institutions established in 2000
Nantes
University of Nantes
2000 establishments in France
Engineering universities and colleges in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole%20Polytechnique%20de%20l%27Universit%C3%A9%20de%20Nantes |
The border cells are a cluster of 6-8 cells that migrate in the ovariole of the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster, during the process of oogenesis. A fly ovary consists of a string of ovarioles or egg chambers arranged in an increasing order of maturity. Each egg chamber contains 16 central germline, nurse cells surrounded by a monolayer epithelium of nearly 1000 follicle cells. At stage 8 of oogenesis, these cells initiate invading the neighbouring nurse cells, and reach the oocyte boundary by Stage 10.
Mechanism of Action
The border cells are specified by the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway in response to the cytokine, Unpaired. The signaling initiates by binding of Unpaired ligand to the Domeless receptor. The migratory fate is acquired by the activation of slbo, a transcription factor that leads to the transformation of stationary follicle cells into the migratory border cell fate by regulating the expression of various genes. Once the cluster detaches from the anterior end of the ovariole, a gradient of chemokines, PDGF and VEGF (PVF1) aids in the directional migration of border cells towards the oocyte. The timing of the border cell migration along with egg chamber development is coordinated by Ecdysone, a steroid hormone, which functions through Taiman, Ecdysone receptor and ultraspiracle receptors. These cells migrate as a free group by means of transient cell-cell adhesions, further initiating signaling cascades that regulate expression of cytoskeletal components and triggers cellular extensions enabling forward movement. The invasive movement of the cluster towards the posteriorly located oocyte is followed by the off-centred movement towards the dorsal side of the egg chamber. The second kind of movement is mediated by the binding of Gurken, Spitz and Keren ligands to the EGFR on the border cells.
Significance
The directional and collective migration of border cells aids in the formation of micropyle, a specialised passage through which the sperm enters during fertilisation. Studying cell migration is important from the point of view of metastasis, and for this reason, several model organisms are used to determine what molecules are important in initiating, maintaining and guiding moving cells. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the favorite organisms for studying biological phenomena. The border cells of the Drosophila ovary are a genetically tractable system for studying diverse aspects of migrating phenotype. After identifying the genes that are important for this phenotype, their homologs can be investigated for putative roles in turning non-invasive cancerous tumors into metastatic ones.
References
Insect developmental biology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20cells%20%28Drosophila%29 |
Matthew Mead (1924 in Buckinghamshire – 2009) was an English poet as well as a translator, with his wife Ruth, of German poets, including Johannes Bobrowski and Nelly Sachs. He edited the magazine Satis and lived in Germany. A selection of his poems appears in Penguin Modern Poets 16, together with Harry Guest and Jack Beeching.
His first book of poetry was Identities (1967) an exciting consummation of his concern with 'our time', with poetic experiment, and with 'the single poetic theme'. "His poems speak soberly of the essential things of our time," wrote Christopher Middleton; and Derek Parker commented in the Poetry Review "… Mead’s poems are carved out of intractable material, unlikely to warp with time. If they have not a permanent place, then the pressure of fashion is greater than one hopes." Anvil Poetry Press published "Word for Word," a selection of the Meads' translations, in 2008.
External links
Profile at Anvil Press
1924 births
2009 deaths
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
English male poets
20th-century English poets
20th-century English male writers
British expatriates in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Mead%20%28poet%29 |
Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation in forms of both firearms and explosives began in the early 1970s during the Troubles. With these weapons it conducted an armed campaign against the British state in Northern Ireland.
North American arms
United States
To continue and escalate its armed campaign, the IRA needed to be better equipped, which meant securing modern small arms. In previous campaigns weapons had been secured before hostilities commenced via raids on British Army and even Irish Army weapons depots. In the 1969–1971 period this was no longer feasible. By 1972, the IRA had large quantities of modern small arms, particularly Armalite rifles, manufactured and purchased in the United States. The AR-18 rifle in particular was found to be particularly well suited for urban guerilla warfare as its small size and folding stock made it easy to conceal. Moreover, it was capable of rapid fire and fired a high velocity round which provided high stopping power.
The primary IRA's gunrunner in the United States was George Harrison, an IRA veteran who resided in New York since 1938. Harrison had set up a gunrunning network in America since the 1950s when he supplied arms in the 1956–1962 Border campaign. He bought guns for the IRA from a Corsican arms dealer named George de Meo, who had connections in organised crime. Joe Cahill acted as the contact between NORAID and Harrison, and almost all of the smuggled guns went through the network run by the latter. In 1971, the RUC had already seized 700 modern weapons from the IRA, along with two tonnes of high explosive and 157,000 rounds of ammunition, most of which were manufactured in the United States.
Harrison spent an estimated US$1 million in the 1970s purchasing over 2,500 guns for the IRA. According to Brendan Hughes, a key figure in the Belfast Brigade, the IRA smuggled small arms from the United States by sea on Queen Elizabeth 2 from New York via Southampton, through Irish members of her crew, until the network was largely shut down by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the early 1980s after almost a decade of effort. These Queen Elizabeth 2 shipments included Armalite rifles, and were driven from Southampton to Belfast in small consignments.
In the late 1970s, another IRA member, Gabriel Megahey, was sent to the United States to acquire more arms and he was able to procure more Armalite AR-15 rifles, plus a number of Heckler & Koch rifles and other weapons. Again, the purchase of these weapons was funded by Irish American republicans. A batch of M60 machine guns stolen from a U.S. National Guard armory was imported in 1977.
Since the conflict began in 1969, the United States Department of Justice began cracking down on the IRA arms trafficking network in America. By 1975, the Justice Department started to significantly weaken the Harrison network by prosecuting dozens of IRA arms trafficking cases, and as early as 1973, the IRA already found more lucrative sources of funding and weapons from foreign states, including Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. The prosecutions of IRA gunrunners in America were so great that according to Belfast author Jack Holland, "Harrison was not aware of any major shipments of arms that had successfully reached the IRA from the U.S. since the late 1970s; that is, before his network's destruction [in 1981]." U.S. House Speaker Tip O'Neill told Northern Ireland Secretary of State Roy Mason in mid-October 1977 that "[t]he flow of guns and money had been greatly reduced." The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency in 1976 noted the role of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) in prosecuting IRA gunrunners:
Since September 1971, ATF has been involved in investigating Irish Republican Army (IRA) gunrunning activities in the United States. Numerous successful prosecutions of IRA "gunrunners" violating the Gun Control Act have resulted. Most notable and significant to date was the recent conviction in Baltimore, Maryland, of five IRA "gunrunners" charged with 23 violation counts of the 1968 Gun Control Act including using fictitious names, counterfeiting federal firearms licenses and illegally transporting firearms and explosive devices across state lines. Seized from the defendants were 70 of the 158 illegally purchased Colt AR-15, .223 caliber, semi-automatic rifles destined for the IRA in Northern Ireland.
On March 1, 1981, Claire Sterling wrote for The New York Times Magazine:
The I.R.A has come a long way since its early days of dependance upon the United States. Fund raising is mostly done at home nowadays, by means of protection rackets, brothels, massage parlors and bank stickups. And the incoming hardware is largely Soviet-made. It took only a few years to make the transformation with the help of the international terror network.
In 1980, De Meo was arrested and convicted of smuggling arms to the IRA. He was sentenced to ten years in prison. However, in a secret meeting at a hotel on Manhattan's East Side in August, FBI agents agreed to a deal with De Meo's lawyer that his sentence would be reduced to five years if he can surrender the IRA's primary gunrunner. At that time, the FBI had no idea who was the prime leader of the IRA arms support network in America. In 1981, Meo notified the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force about Harrison's attempt to smuggle a large cache of arms into Ireland from his home in New York. Subsequently, in June, Harrison, Michael Flannery and three other Irish gunrunners were arrested by the FBI as part of a sting operation but acquitted at their trial in 1982. The men were charged with attempting to smuggle a consignment of arms to Ireland which included a flamethrower and a 20mm anti-tank rifle. Their acquittal was widely attributed to the unconventional efforts of Harrison's personal attorney, Frank Durkan; the men did not deny their activities but claimed that they believed the operation had been sanctioned by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Despite the men's acquittal, the arrest of Harrison halted nearly all of the guns being smuggled out of the country. Holland wrote that "there can be no doubt that with the arrest of Harrison, his gunrunning career ended and the IRA's most vital source of weapons was blocked", which was already in decline in the late 1970s; by 1980, the IRA was already importing a large number of weapons from mainland Europe and the Middle East. Irish journalist Ed Moloney in his book A Secret History of the IRA noted that:
After the destruction of the Harrison network, arms supplies to the IRA from the United States were infrequent and erratic. "There was very little stuff coming in," recalled one veteran. All too often weapons, sometime purchased over the counter in gun shops, would make their way to Ireland in twos and threes, only to be intercepted or captured by the authorities, who would then be able to trace them back and arrest and charge the sympathizers responsible. The IRA was never again able to construct a network in the United States as productive as Harrison's.
Megahey was arrested by the FBI in 1982 after a successful sting operation, where he was trying to purchase surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) for the IRA, and sentenced to seven years in prison. Another devastating blow to any major IRA gunrunning attempt came in September 1984, when the FBI warned the Republic of Ireland that a major IRA arms shipment was underway from the United States, and that the weaponry would be transferred to an Irish fishing trawler in the Atlantic. Subsequently, Irish authorities discovered that the arms ship was a vessel named Marita Ann, allegedly after a tip-off from Sean O'Callaghan, the Garda Síochána informer within the IRA. Three Irish Naval Service ships confronted the vessel off the coast of County Kerry, and prevented its escape by firing warning shots. A team of naval personnel and Garda officers boarded the ship, arresting the crew of five and confiscating seven tons of military equipment, as well as medications, training manuals, and communications equipment. The weapons had allegedly been donated by the South Boston Winter Hill Irish Mob.
Andrew J. Wilson in his book Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968-1995 wrote that:
The most effective measures taken by US law enforcement agencies, however, were against IRA gunrunning . . . The convictions secured by US law enforcement agencies against the gunrunning network in the mid-1980s caused serious problems for the IRA. After the seizure of the Marita Ann, the Provos began to concentrate their arms procurement ventures in Europe and the Middle East. Although the IRA continued to ship some weapons from America, US authorities successfully undermined the transatlantic arms network.
Canada
In August 1969, some 150 Irish Canadians in Toronto announced that they intended to send money which could be used to buy guns, if necessary, to the Catholic women and children of the Bogside in Derry. The British Foreign Commonwealth Office (FCO) noted in the early 1970s that "the IRA has also looked to Irish communities elsewhere to obtain cash for its terror campaign of the past four years", and noted the presence of fundraising groups in Canada and Australia, and an attempt to establish connections in New Zealand.
Canadian authorities at first did nothing about the IRA fundraising in the country because collecting cash was considered a nonviolent pursuit that was not a threat to Canada. However, Britain told them the money raised in Canada was allegedly used to purchase weapons, including Canadian-made detonators being deployed for IRA bombing. Canadian IRA supporters smuggled detonators from Canadian mining operations for use in the indiscriminate bombings that wracked Northern Ireland for years. As a result, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was charged with trying to intercept arms from flowing into Ireland from Canada.
In 1974, seven Irish Canadian residents were arrested by the RCMP for smuggling weapons to the IRA after "raids in St. Catharines, Tavistock and Toronto and at the U.S. border at Windsor". Philip Kent, one of those arrested, was discovered in his car for having "fifteen FN rifles and a .50 calibre machine gun". In February 1982, three Canadian republicans and Edward "Ted" Howell (a close ally of Gerry Adams) and Dessie Ellis from Dublin were arrested for trying to enter the U.S. illegally from Canada and "with a cache of money and a shopping list" of weapons for the IRA.
In 1993, Irish security forces uncovered an IRA bomb factory at Kilcock, County Kildare, discovering that parts of the detonating cord came from Canada. In 1994, a Canadian was arrested in Spain for attempting to deliver weapons to the IRA.
Libyan/Middle Eastern arms
Libya
Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi supplied a crucial number of arms to the IRA, as part of a strategy at this time of opposing United States interests in the Middle East by sponsoring paramilitary activity against it and its allies in Western Europe.
The first Libyan arms shipment to the IRA took place in 1972–1973, following visits by Joe Cahill to Libya. In early 1973, the Irish Government received intelligence that the vessel Claudia was carrying a consignment of weapons, and placed the ship under surveillance on 27 March. On 28 March, three Irish Navy patrol vessels intercepted the Claudia in Irish territorial waters near Helvick Head, County Waterford, seizing five tonnes of Libyan small arms and ammunition found on board. The weaponry seized included 250 Soviet-made small arms, 240 rifles, anti-tank mines and other explosives. Cahill himself was also found and arrested on board the vessel. It is estimated that three other shipments of weaponry of a similar size and nature succeeded in getting through to the IRA in the same time period. Ed Moloney reports that the early Libyan arms shipments provided the IRA with its first RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launchers, and that Gaddafi also gave three to five million US dollars at this time to the organisation to finance its activities. However contact with the Libyan government was broken off in 1976.
Contact with Libya was opened again in the aftermath of the 1981 Irish Hunger Strike, which was said to have impressed Gaddafi, just as the FBI successfully disrupted the IRA gunrunning operation in America that same year. In the 1980s, the IRA received further larger quantities of weaponry and explosives from the Libyan Government, reportedly enough to equip least two professional infantry battalions. Four shipments of guns, ammunition and explosives were made between 1985 and 1986, providing large quantities of modern weaponry to the IRA, including heavy machine guns, over 1,000 rifles, several hundred handguns, rocket-propelled grenades, flamethrowers, surface-to-air missiles, and Semtex explosive – an odourless explosive, invisible to X-ray, and many times more powerful than fertiliser-based bombs. From late 1986 onwards, virtually every bomb constructed by the Provisional IRA, and splinter groups such as the Real IRA, contained Semtex from a Libyan shipment unloaded at an Irish pier in 1986.
These shipments were partly in retaliation for the British Government's support for the US Air Force's (USAF) bombing attacks on Tripoli and Benghazi in 1986, which in turn were in retaliation for the 1986 bombing of the La Belle discotheque in Berlin. The USAF planes involved in the bombings had taken off from British bases on 14 April 1986, and Libya reportedly suffered 60 casualties in the attack. This second major Libyan contribution to the IRA came in 1986–1987.
There were four shipments which were not intercepted, in a huge intelligence failure of both Irish and British agencies, described as 'calamitous' by journalist Brendan O'Brien. The arm supplies from Libya developed as follows:
The trawler Casamara took on 10 tonnes of weapons in September 1985 off the Maltese island of Gozo. These weapons were landed off the Clogga Strand near Arklow by inflatable boats some weeks later. The shipment contained 500 crates of AK-47s, pistols, hand grenades, ammunition and seven RPG-7s.
Casamara (renamed Kula at this time), left Maltese waters on 6 October 1985 carrying a cache of DShK heavy machine guns.
In July 1986, there was a shipment of 14 tonnes, including, according to the authorities, two SAM-7s.
In October 1986, another shipment of 80 tonnes which included one tonne of Semtex, reportedly 10 SAM-7 missiles, more RPG-7s, AK-47s and hundreds of thousands of rounds of ammunition arrived aboard the oil-rig replenishment vessel Villa.
In total, the arms shipments included:
9mm Browning, Taurus, Glock and Beretta handguns
AK-47 Kalashnikov and AKM assault rifles
MP5 submachine guns
RPG-7 anti-tank rocket launcher
Soviet made DShK heavy machine guns
FN MAG machine guns
Military flamethrowers
Semtex plastic explosive
Strela 2 man portable SAMs
It is also estimated that the Libyan government gave the IRA the equivalent of £2 million along with the 1980s shipments. However, in 1992, Libya admitted to British officials that it gave the IRA over $12.5 million in cash (the equivalent of roughly $40 million in 2021).
On 1 November 1987, during transit to Ireland, one-third of the total Libyan arms consignment being carried aboard the MV Eksund was intercepted by the French Navy while the ship was in the Bay of Biscay, along with five crew members, among them Gabriel Cleary. The vessel was found to contain 120 tonnes of weapons, including HMGs, 36 RPGs, 1000 detonators, 20 SAMs, Semtex, 82mm mortars, 106mm cannons and 1,000,000 rounds of ammunition. Also, reportedly of tank shells were found, which could be adapted into explosive devices. Despite the seizure of the Eksund arms, the IRA was by then equipped with a quantity and quality of weaponry and explosives never available to it at any other phase of its history. Furthermore, according to Brendan O'Brien there was actually an 'over-supply', especially regarding the 600 AK-47s still in the hands of the IRA by 1992.
The Garda Síochána (the Police Service of the Republic of Ireland) uncovered numerous arms destined for the IRA in 1988. These included several hundred AK-47s, Russian DSHK HMGs, FN MAG machine guns and Semtex.
By 1996, Jane's Intelligence Review reported that "it is believed that the bulk of the material presently in IRA arsenals was shipped from Libya in the mid-1980s with the aid of a skipper, Adrian Hopkins, hired for the purpose by the IRA."
Compensation claims
On 31 October 2009, a cross-party delegation of Northern Irish politicians travelled to the Libyan capital Tripoli for the first face to face meeting with Libyan government ministers to discuss compensation claims for victims of IRA violence. Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams criticized this move, saying that there must be “no hierarchy of victims”. He pointed out the same should go out to the victims injured and families of those killed by British security forces themselves and acting in collusion with loyalist paramilitaries.
Palestine Liberation Organization
There was contact between the IRA and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and specifically the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, starting from the mid-1970s which included the training of IRA volunteers. At one stage, the PLO offered weapons and training to the IRA, but it declined on the grounds that it was impossible to smuggle arms out of the Levant region in general and Palestine specifically without alerting Israeli intelligence. Tim Pat Coogan wrote that assistance from the PLO largely dried up in the mid-1980s after the PLO had forged stronger links with the Republic of Ireland.
Mainland European arms
In the 1970s, some guns were purchased by Dáithí Ó Conaill in Czechoslovakia. On 16 October 1971, at Schiphol Airport, Dutch authorities seized the IRA arms shipment including modern submachine guns, rifles, and bazookas imported from the Czech arms manufacturer Omnipol.
In the 1980s, Belgian FN FNC rifles were acquired via the Netherlands and AG-3 and AK4 rifles from Norway and Sweden were also secretly obtained. IRA supporters in the Netherlands assisted in the arms smuggling operations and provided safe houses for IRA operatives to lie low. On 26 January 1986, the Irish Garda uncovered the biggest ever IRA arms cache near the border in counties Roscommon and Sligo, including 95 rifles made in Russia, West Germany, East Germany, and Romania, as well as 21,560 rounds of ammunition, pistols, and other accessories worth £1 million on the black market. Bomb-making equipment discovered in Amsterdam in the mid-1980s was intended to be used in the IRA campaign in the UK.
In May 1987, three Heckler & Koch automatic rifles, a Belgian FN rifle, two FNC rifles, a Luger pistol, and a SPAS-12 shotgun were discovered following the Loughgall ambush; the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) linked these guns to seven murders and 12 attempted murders in Northern Ireland. Former MI6 agent Tony Divall said that around August 1987, a Swiss arms dealer based in Zurich was trying to charter a 350-ton Panamanian vessel on behalf of the IRA. He named the Swiss dealer's bank in Lugano, his account number, and the bank official he used for the arms deal. The dealer denied any knowledge, saying "Whoever your contact is must be a mad dog."
Last arms deals
In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade smuggled in a number of Barrett M82 and Barrett M90 .50 BMG rifles from the United States. These weapons were used by two South Armagh sniper teams to conduct a sniping campaign against British Army patrols operating in the area. The last British soldier killed in Northern Ireland during The Troubles, Stephen Restorick, was shot dead by a sniper in South Armagh in February 1997. Soon after, in April 1997, the leader of one of the sniper squads, Michael Caraher, and other IRA volunteers were arrested and a Barrett rifle seized. A bolt-action .50 BMG rifle stamped with the word 'Tejas' (Spanish for Texas) on the butt manufactured by a former Barrett gunsmith based in Texas. was also recovered in Belfast in August 1993; British security forces believed it had been used in attacks in preceding months and dubbed it the "Tejas Rifle." Earlier, in August 1986 Gardaí had intercepted an arms consignment in the Central Sorting Office in Dublin that included a Barret M82 and ammunition, posted from Chicago.
Despite its ceasefires of 1994 and 1997 the IRA continued to buy arms. It needed a new source of weapons, since the Libyan pipeline had been closed and smuggling from the United States became far more difficult due to its transatlantic gunrunning network in the country being disrupted by American authorities in the early 1980s. In May 1996, the Federal Security Service (FSB), Russia's internal security service, publicly accused Estonia of arms smuggling, and claimed that the IRA had contacted representatives of Estonia's volunteer defence force, Kaitseliit, and some non-government groups to buy weapons. However the Russian report did not say when the contacts had taken place. In July 1999, three men, Anthony Smyth, Conor Claxton, and Martin Mullan, along with an accomplice, Siobhan Browne, were arrested by the American FBI and ATF agencies and accused of buying 44 handguns from arms dealers in Florida in the United States and posting 15 of the weapons to Ireland and the United Kingdom. Later estimates put the number of guns sent to Ireland at more than 100 pistols and machine pistols. All three men were cleared of conspiracy to aid terrorists and to commit murder. They were later sentenced on the less serious smuggling charge. The IRA leadership denied knowledge of the arms buys.
In April 2002 it was reported in media outlets that the IRA had bought at least twenty Russian AN-94 assault rifles in Moscow in late 2001. Russian security services were said to have detected the deal and passed details to British military intelligence in London.
Timeline: The IRA's importation of weapons
In 1969 the IRA received its first cache of weapons from the Harrison network with 70 small arms comprising M1 carbines, M3 "grease gun" submachine guns, some handguns, and 60,000 rounds of ammunition.
In 1970, the IRA receives weapons from Basque organisation ETA. This includes around 50 revolvers.
In May 1970, Irish politicians Charles Haughey, Neil Blaney, and John Kelly, Irish Army Captain James Kelly, and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx were acquitted during the Arms Crisis of smuggling weapons to the IRA during the beginning of the conflict.
In 1971, the IRA receives its first consignments of Armalite rifles. They include around 100 AR-15 and AR-180 rifles, on the Queen Elizabeth 2 (New York to Southampton).
Later that year Gardaí recover six suitcases full of 5.56×45mm ammunition at Dublin Port arriving on a ship from the US.
Again in 1971, IRA leader Dáithí Ó Conaill arranges for weapons to be bought off Czechoslovakian arms company Omnipol in Prague. The arms are seized at Schiphol Airport, The Netherlands.
In 1972 Colonel Gaddafi sends his first arms shipments to Ireland, a small shipment of around ten weapons and some explosives.
Once again in 1972, the IRA buy RPG-7 rocket launchers from unknown sources in Europe.
The IRA receives another batch of M16 and AR-15 rifles from the Harrison network.
In 1973 the IRA receives another consignment of arms from Libya but the arms are intercepted on board the Claudia by members of the Gardaí. Leading IRA man Joe Cahill and others arrested. The shipment consisted of 250 AK-47 rifles and other materiel.
In 1974, the FBI foil an IRA attempt to buy 100 M16 rifles.
In 1974, seven Irish Canadians are arrested by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) for smuggling weapons to the IRA after "raids in St. Catharines, Tavistock and Toronto and at the U.S. border at Windsor". Philip Kent, one of those arrested, is discovered in his car for having "fifteen FN rifles and a .50 calibre machine gun".
In 1977 the PLO (Al-Fatah) sends arms to the IRA. They are intercepted at Antwerp. An IRA man is arrested by Gardaí. The arms are believed to have come from Lebanon.
In 1977, six M60 machine guns and around 100 M16 rifles are stolen from a US Army base and shipped to Ireland.
Between 1973 and 1978, 500,000 rounds of 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition stolen from a US Marine base are successfully sent to the IRA.
1979 The Gardaí seize a cargo of more than 150 guns and 60,000 rounds of ammunition. including two M60 machine guns, 15 M16 rifles, a number of M14 rifles, and an AK-47 sent from the US.
In 1982 US customs discover a truck at the docks of Newark, New Jersey. Four members of an IRA cell are arrested. The shipment contained 50 firearms and frequency switches for detonating bombs, to counter British Army jamming of most IRA signals for detonating bombs.
Later that year, three Canadian IRA supporters and Edward "Ted" Howell (a close ally of Gerry Adams) and Dessie Ellis from Dublin are arrested for entering the US from Canada, during a plot to acquire 200 cases of ammunition for the IRA.
In 1983 the FBI foils an IRA attempt to buy explosives.
In 1984 An IRA arms shipment is seized on the fishing boat Marita Ann by the Irish Navy. Men jailed in the US and Ireland. Seven tons of arms, ammunition and explosives procured by the Winter Hill Gang in Boston, US.
In 1985 The FBI foils another IRA bid to buy small arms in Colorado. An Irishman is deported.
In 1986, 40 firearms, including: 13 FN FAL rifles, an AK-47, two hand grenades, drums of nitrobenzene, 70,000 rounds of ammunition are seized in the Netherlands by Dutch police. IRA members Gerry Kelly and Brendan McFarlane were arrested.
Irish police seize ten AG-3 rifles in 1986, part of a batch of 100 stolen from a Norwegian Reserve base near Oslo by a criminal gang and sold to the IRA.>
The IRA attempt to buy Redeye SAMs, M60 machine guns, M16 rifles, MP5 submachine guns and 11 bullet-proof vests, but are caught in an FBI sting operation.
Between 1985–87 four shipments of arms and explosives successfully landed in Ireland by boat skipper Adrian Hopkins, totalling around 150 tons. The fifth, on Eksund, is intercepted by French Customs. Libya had sent a total of 300 tons of weaponry including 150 tons of Romanian AKMs, SA-7s, Semtex-H, RPG-7 rocket launchers, Taurus pistols, and other materiel.
In 1988 a total 380 gallons of nitrobenzene from the Netherlands are seized by Gardaí in a truck.
In 1988 US Customs foil bid to buy rifles from a gun dealer in Alabama. Two men who attempted to buy high-powered rifles are jailed.
Detonators for bombs and parts for an anti-aircraft missile system are seized, and a number of IRA members and a NASA scientist are arrested by FBI after a long covert spying operation that began in 1982. A group of IRA supporters are jailed in Boston in 1990 for trying to smuggle a home-made missile system to Ireland.
1988–90 FBI foils plot to acquire FIM-92 Stinger missiles on black market in Miami. Several arrests are made.
Late 1980s and early 1990s: The IRA manage to obtain half a dozen Barrett rifles and other .50 cal sniper rifles, all destined for the South Armagh Sniper teams.
In 1994, a Canadian was arrested in Spain for attempting to deliver weapons to the IRA.
Decommissioning of arms
Following the announcement of its cessation of violence and commitment to exclusively peaceful means, the Provisional IRA decommissioned its arms in July–September 2005. Among the weaponry estimated, (by Jane's Information Group), to have been destroyed as part of this process were:
1,000 rifles
2 tonnes of Semtex
20–30 heavy machine guns
7 surface-to-air missiles
7 flame throwers
1,200 detonators
11 rocket-propelled grenade launchers
90 handguns
100+ grenades
The panel overseeing the decommissioning of IRA weaponry and weapons stockpiles, the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) headed by General de Chastelain oversaw the decommissioning process. The decommissioning process has taken place using estimates of IRA weaponry submitted by the British and Irish Governments. de Chastelain said he had seen rifles, particularly AK-47s, machine guns, ground-to-air missiles, explosives, explosive material, mortars, flame throwers, handguns, timer units and ballistic caps, and some weaponry that was "very old", including a Bren machine gun.
The IICD's final report was issued on 26 September 2005 and the panel stated to the press:
We have observed and verified events to put beyond use very large quantities of arms which we believe include all the arms in the IRA's possession… Our new inventory is consistent with these estimates. We are satisfied that the arms decommissioning represents the totality of the IRA's arsenal.
and while it could not report on the quantity or types of weapons destroyed it said:
The experience of seeing this with our own eyes, on a minute-to-minute basis, provided us with evidence so clear and of its nature so incontrovertible that at the end of the process [IRA weapon decommissioning] it demonstrated to us – and would have demonstrated to anyone who might have been with us – that beyond any shadow of doubt, the arms of the IRA have now been decommissioned.
Irish Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern also stated at the time:
The weapons of the IRA are gone, and are gone in a manner which has been verified and witnessed.
However, despite the conclusion of the IICD agreeing with the figures provided by the British security forces, unnamed sources in MI5 and the PSNI have reported to the press that not all IRA arms were destroyed during the process, a claim which so far remains unsubstantiated. These reports have since been scotched by the group overseeing the activities of paramilitaries in Northern Ireland – the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC). In its latest report, dated April 2006, the IMC points out that it has no reason to disbelieve the IRA or information to suspect that the group has not fully decommissioned. Rather, it indicated that any weaponry that had not been handed in had been retained by individuals outside the IRA's control. Excerpt from the IMC's 10th report:
Indeed, our present assessment is that such of the arms as were reported to us as having been retained, would have been withheld under local control despite the instructions of the leadership. We note that, as reported by the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD), the leadership claimed only to have decommissioned all the arms "under its control". The relevant points are that the amount of un-surrendered material was not significant in comparison to what was decommissioned and that these reports do not cast doubt on the declared intention of the IRA leadership to eschew terrorism and to follow the political path. We will continue to monitor the position.
See also
List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
Florida Four
Colm Murphy
Gerry McGeough
Whitey Bulger
Martin Ferris
Patrick Nee
Howth gun-running
SS Libau
References
Arms trafficking
International maritime incidents
Provisional Irish Republican Army weapons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional%20Irish%20Republican%20Army%20arms%20importation |
Pollokshields East railway station is one of three railway stations serving Pollokshields in Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Line.
History
The station opened concurrently with the Cathcart District Railway, on 1 March 1886 and was the first of two stations on the Cathcart Circle serving the area to be built (nearby opened eight years later on the western side of the Circle). It was closed as a wartime economy measure during World War 1 between January 1917 and June 1919. The 1923 Grouping saw ownership pass to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and then onto the Scottish Region of British Railways in January 1948. Many trains over the route began to be worked by diesel multiple units from the summer of 1958, with overhead electrification following in 1962. A line voltage of 6.25 kV A.C was used south of there initially due to clearance issues with the bridges & cuttings along the route, though this was subsequently increased to the standard 25 kV in the early 1970s.
The original station building was badly damaged by fire in April 1976 and was subsequently rebuilt in contemporary style by British Rail.
Services
2016
A typical weekday and Saturday service is five trains per hour to (one train per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle, two from and one from Newton via Kirkhill), two trains per hour to Neilston and one train per hour to Newton (the one other hourly train to/from Newton runs via ). A Sunday service is almost the same except the Cathcart Circle trains do not operate. As a result, only three trains per hour operate to Glasgow Central.
Routes
See also
Pollokshields railway station
Pollokshields West railway station
References
Sources
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1886
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Pollokshields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollokshields%20East%20railway%20station |
Nathaniel Tarn (born June 30, 1928) is a French-American poet, essayist, anthropologist, and translator. He was born in Paris to a French-Romanian mother and a British-Lithuanian father. He lived in Paris until the age of seven, then in Belgium until age 11; when World War II began, the family moved to England. He emigrated to the United States in 1970 and taught at several American universities, primarily Rutgers, where he was a professor from 1972 until 1985. He has lived outside Santa Fe, New Mexico, since his retirement from Rutgers.
Education
Tarn was educated at Lycée d'Anvers and Clifton College and graduated with degrees in history and English from King's College, Cambridge. He returned to Paris and, after some journalism and radio work, discovered anthropology at the Musée de l'Homme, the Ecole des Hautes Etudes and the Collège de France. A Smith-Mundt-Fulbright grant took him to the University of Chicago; he did fieldwork for his doctorate in anthropology with the Highlands Maya of Guatemala.
Career
In 1958, a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation administered by the Royal Institute of International Affairs sent him to Burma for 18 months, after which he became an instructor at London School of Economics and then lecturer in Southeast Asian Anthropology at the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. Even after moving primarily to literature, he continued to write and publish anthropological work on the Highland Maya and on the sociology of Buddhist institutions, as E. Michael Mendelson.
Tarn published his first volume of poetry Old Savage/Young City with Jonathan Cape in 1964 and a translation of Pablo Neruda's The Heights of Macchu Picchu in 1966 (broadcast by the BBC Third Programme in 1966), and began building a new poetry program at Cape. He left anthropology in 1967. From 1967 to 1969, he joined Cape as General Editor of the international series Cape Editions and as a Founding Director of the Cape-Goliard Press, specializing in contemporary American Poetry with emphasis on Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Louis Zukofsky and their peers and successors. In 1970, with a principal interest in the American literary scene, he immigrated to the United States as Visiting Professor of Romance Languages, Princeton University, and eventually became a citizen. Later he moved to Rutgers. Since then he has taught English and American Literature, Epic Poetry, Folklore and other subjects at the Universities of Pennsylvania, Colorado, and New Mexico.
As poet, literary and cultural critic (Views from the Weaving Mountain, University of New Mexico Press, 1991, and The Embattled Lyric, Stanford University Press, 2007), translator (he was the first to render Victor Segalen's "Stèles" into English, continued work on Neruda, Latin American and French poets) and editor (with many magazines), Tarn has published some thirty books and booklets in his various disciplines. He has been translated into ten foreign languages. In 1985, he took early retirement as Professor Emeritus of Poetry, Comparative Literature & Anthropology from Rutgers University and has since lived near Santa Fe, New Mexico. His interests range from bird watching, gardening, classical music, opera and ballet, and much varied collecting, to aviation and world history. Among many recognitions, Tarn has received the Guinness prize for his first book, a Pennsylvania State literary prize for teaching poetry in the schools, was a finalist in the Phi Beta Kappa poetry awards for Selected Poems 1950–2000. His work has been supported by the Fulbright Program, the Wenner Gren Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, the American Philosophical Society, and a number of other Foundations. Tarn's literary and anthropological papers are held by Stanford University Libraries.
Selected publications
Old Savage/Young City. London: Cape, 1964; New York: Random House, 1966
Penguin Modern Poets no. 7. London: Penguin Books, 1966
Where Babylon Ends. London: Cape Goliard Press; New York: Grossman, 1968.
The Beautiful Contradictions. London: Cape Goliard Press, 1969; New York: Random House, 1970; New York: New Directions, 2013.
October: A Sequence of Ten Poems Followed by Requiem Pro Duabus Filiis Israel. London: Trigram Press, 1969.
A Nowhere for Vallejo: Choices, October. New York: Random House, 1971; London: Cape, 1972.
Le Belle Contraddizioni (tr. Roberto Sanesi). Milan & Samedan, Switz.: Munt Press, 1973
The Persephones. Santa Barbara, California: Tree, 1974; Sherman Oaks, California: Ninja Press, 2009.
Lyrics for the Bride of God. New York: New Directions, and London: Cape, 1975.
From Alashka: The Ground of Our Great Admiration of Nature. With Janet Rodney. London: Permanent Press, 1977.
The Microcosm. Milwaukee: Membrane Press. 1977.
Birdscapes, with Seaside. Santa Barbara, California: Black Sparrow Press, 1978.
The Forest. With Janet Rodney. Mount Horeb, Wisconsin: Perishable Press, 1978.
Atitlan / Alashka: New and Selected Poems, the *Alashka* with Janet Rodney. Boulder, Colorado: Brillig Works Press, 1979.
Weekends in Mexico. London: Oxus Press, 1982.
The Desert Mothers. Grenada, Mississippi: Salt Works Press, 1984.
At the Western Gates. Santa Fe: Tooth of Time Press, 1985.
Palenque: Selected Poems 1972–1984. London: Oasis/Shearsman Press, 1986.
Seeing America First. Minneapolis: Coffee House Press, 1989.
The Mothers of Matagalpa. London: Oasis Press, 1989.
Drafts For: The Army Has Announced That From Now On Body Bags Will Be Known As "Human Remains Pouches" . Parkdale, Oregon: Trout Creek Press, 1992.
Flying the Body. Los Angeles: Arundel Press, 1993
A Multitude of One: The Poems of Natasha Tarn (N.T. Editor). New York: Grenfell Press, 1994.
I Think This May Be Eden, a CD with music by Billy Panda. Nashville: Small Press Distributors, 1997.
The Architextures: 1988–1994. Tucson: Chax Press, 2000.
Three Letters from the City: the St. Petersburg Poems. Santa Fe: The Weaselsleeves Press and St. Petersburg: Borey Art Center, 2001.
Selected Poems: 1950-2000. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2002.
Recollections of Being. Cambridge and Sydney: Salt Publishing, 2004.
Avia: A Poem of International Air Combat, 1939–1945. Exeter: Shearsman Books, 2008.
Ins and Outs of the Forest Rivers. New York: New Directions, 2008.
Gondwana and Other Poems. New York: New Directions, 2017.
Translations
Stelae, by Victor Segalen, Santa Barbara: Unicorn Press, 1969.
The Heights of Macchu Picchu, by Pablo Neruda. London: Cape, 1966 (broadcast by the BBC Third Programme 1966).
Con Cuba. London: Cape Goliard Press, 1969.
Selected Poems: A Bilingual Edition, by Pablo Neruda. London: Cape, 1970.
Pablo Neruda: Selected Poems. London: Penguin Books, 1975 .
Criticism & anthropology
Los Escandalos de Maximón. Guatemala: Tipographia Nacional, 1965 (as E. M. M.).
Sangha and State in Burma: A Study of Monastic Sectarianism and Leadership. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1975 (as E. M. M.).
Views from the Weaving Mountain: Selected Essays in Poetics & Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991.
Scandals in the House of Birds: Priests & Shamans in Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala. New York: Marsilio Publishers, 1997.
The Embattled Lyric; Essays & Conversations in Poetics & Anthropology, with a biographical & bibliographical essay by, and a conversation with, Shamoon Zamir. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
Critical studies
Roberto Sanesi in Le Belle Contradizzioni, Milan: Munt Press, 1973
"Nathaniel Tarn Symposium" in Boundary 2 (Binghamton, NY.), Fall 1975
"The House of Leaves" by A. Dean Friedland, in Credences 4 (Kent, Ohio), 1977
Ted Enslin and Rochelle Ratner, in American Book Review 2 (New York), 5, 1980
Translating Neruda by John Felstiner, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980
"America as Desired: Nathaniel Tarn's Poetry of the Outsider as Insider" by Daria Nekrasova, in American Poetry I (Albuquerque), 4, 1984
"II Mito come Metalinguaggio nella Poesia de Nathaniel Tarn" by Fedora Giordano, in Letteratura d'America (Rome), 5(22), 1984.
George Economou, in Sulfur (Ypsilanti, MI.), 14, 1985.
Gene Frumkin, in Artspace (Albuquerque), 10(l), 1985.
Lee Bartlett, Nathaniel Tarn: A Descriptive Bibliography, Jefferson, NC & London, 1987
Lee Bartlett, in Talking Poetry, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987
"The Sun Is But a Morning Star" by Lee Bartlett, in Studies in West Coast Poetry and Poetics (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989).
"An Aviary of Tarns" by Eliot Weinberger, in Written Reaction, New York: Marsilio Publishing, 1996
Shamoon Zamir: "Bringing the World to Little England: Cape Editions, Cape Goliard and Poetry in the Sixties. An Interview with Nathaniel Tarn. With an afterword by Tom Raworth," in E.S. Shaffer, ed., Comparative Criticism, 19: "Literary Devolution." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 263–286, 1997.
Shamoon Zamir: "On Anthropology & Poetry: an Interview with Nathaniel Tarn," Boxkite, no. 1, Sydney, Australia, 1998.
Shamoon Zamir: "Scandals in the House of Anthropology: notes towards a reading of Nathaniel Tarn" in Cross Cultural Poetics, no.5, (Minneapolis), 1999, pp. 99–122.
Brenda Hillman: Review of "Selected Poems" in Jacket, 28, (internet) Sydney, Australia, 1999.
Joseph Donahue: Review of "The Architextures" First Intensity, 16, 2001 (Lawrence, Kansas).
Peter O'Leary: Review of "Selected Poems: 1950–2000" in XCP Cross Cultural Poetics,. 12, 2003 (Minneapolis).
Martin Anderson: Review of "Recollections of Being" in Jacket, 36, (internet) Sydney, Australia, 2008.
Daniel Bouchard: Conversation with NT, in Zoland Poetry, 3, 2009, Hanover, New Hampshire: Steerforth Press, 2009.
Isobel Armstrong: Review of "Avia" in Tears in the Fence, 50, Blandford Forum, Dorset, UK, 2009.
Joseph Donahue: review of "Ins & Outs of the Forest Rivers" in "A Nathaniel Tarn Tribute": Jacket, 39 (internet) Sydney, Australia, 2010.
Richard Deming: Essay on "The Embattled Lyric" & "Selected Poems" in "A Nathaniel Tarn Tribute": Jacket, 39 (internet) Sydney, Australia, 2010.
Lisa Raphals: Reading NT's "House of Leaves" in "A Nathaniel Tarn Tribute": Jacket, 39 (internet) Sydney, Australia, 2010.
Toby Olson, Peter Quartermain, John Olson, Richard Deming, David Need, Norman Finkelstein, Peter O'Leary: "For N.T.'s 80th Birthday": Golden Handcuffs Review", 11, 2009 (Seattle).
La Légende de Saint-Germain-des-Prés
Photo book by Serge Jacques with sparse texts by Michel Tavriger printed in both French and English, Paris, 1950
References
External links
Nathaniel Tarn's papers are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries. Anthropological material includes "not only correspondence files from Tarn's academic and professional career as an anthropologist, but also the research notes and materials from his field work in Guatemala and Burma."
Nathaniel Tarn papers (M1132), Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries.
Nathaniel Tarn entry: Stanford University Libraries, Stanford California
Nathaniel Tarn: ANCESTORS
1928 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
American male poets
American people of Romanian descent
American people of British descent
French emigrants to the United States
University of Chicago alumni
University of Paris alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Tarn |
Kelville Ernest Irving (6 November 1878 – 24 October 1953) was an English music director, conductor and composer, primarily remembered as a theatre musician in London between the wars, and for his key contributions to British film music as music director at Ealing Studios from the 1930s to the 1950s.
Early life
Irving was born in Godalming, Surrey, and from the age of seven sang in the choir at Godalming Parish Church. He attended Charterhouse School. Other than that he was self-taught, and began his career applying for music director jobs advertised in The Stage. His first professional job conducting an orchestra was for the musical burlesque Villiano the Vicious at the Theatre Royal, Maidenhead in 1895. He then spent the next two decades learning his trade by touring with productions (of variable quality) all around the UK - in his own words conducting "third rate opera and second-rate musical comedy". The tours included some organised by the theatre manager George Edwardes. In 1907 he worked with Edward German to reduce the orchestral scoring for the opera Tom Jones down to 15 players for touring purposes. German liked his work, and asked him to do the same again the following year for Merrie England.
His big break came in 1917 when he met Norman O'Neill at the Savage Club. At the time O'Neill was music director of the Haymarket Theatre and treasurer of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Irving became involved with both, deputising for O'Neill and conducting on tours of his productions, including the popular Mary Rose in 1920. He was a great admirer of O'Neill's work, and once compared a performance of Mary Rose without his music to "a dance by a fairy with a wooden leg."
London theatre
From the end of the First World War until the late 1940s, Irving became a permanent fixture of the London theatre scene, conducting, directing and often composing the music for operettas, musical plays and serious drama at most of the London theatres. A notable early success was the British version of Lilac Time, with music by Schubert adapted by George H. Clutsam, which opened at the Lyric Theatre on 22 December 1922 and ran for 626 performances. (Clarence Raybould was musical director for some performances). The following year he conducted Polly (sequel to The Beggar's Opera) with music restored by Frederic Austin. This began a lasting friendship between Irving and Austin.
In 1928 he was contracted by Charles Cochran to direct the music for This Year of Grace by Noël Coward, which ran for ten months at the London Pavilion. Another Cochran production followed, Cole Porter's Wake Up and Dream, which ran for 263 performances at the same theatre. He conducted The Immortal Hour for Sir Barry Jackson in 1933 at the Queen's Theatre. The score Irving provided for The Two Bouquets (1936), a comedy by Herbert Farjeon, was based on Victorian melodies selected by Eleanor Farjeon. There were two more collaborations with the Farjeons: An Elephant in Arcady (1939), and The Glass Slipper (1944), the latter with music for the dance interludes by Clifton Parker.
Irving was also the musical director of J. B. Priestley's then experimental play Johnson Over Jordan, which opened at the New Theatre on 22 February 1939, directed by Basil Dean and with Ralph Richardson in the title role. It soon transferred to the Saville Theatre for a relatively successful run after some extensive re-writing. The production used original music by the young Benjamin Britten, some of it orchestrated by Irving.
Irving conducted two Mozart operas (The Marriage of Figaro and Così fan tutte) at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre in 1938 with the Chanticleer Opera Company. During the war he became musical director for the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA). He was music director for the International Ballet company in 1945 (Her Majesty's and Princes), 1946 (Coliseum) 1947 (Adelphi), and 1948 (London Casino). Irving often worked with Thomas Beecham.
Ealing Studios
In the early 1930s Basil Dean appointed Irving music director at the newly opened Ealing Film Studios. He composed many scores for classic Ealing comedies including Whisky Galore!, Turned Out Nice Again (starring George Formby) and Kind Hearts and Coronets. But like his younger counterparts Muir Mathieson at Denham and Hubert Clifford at London Film Studios (who both worked closely with film producer and director Alexander Korda) Irving also brought in some of the best known composers of the day to provide music - including John Addison, William Alwyn, Georges Auric, Benjamin Frankel, John Ireland, Gordon Jacob, Alan Rawsthorne, Ralph Vaughan Williams and William Walton. In this he had the backing of the studio's head of production Michael Balcon, who encouraged Irving to engage serious composers routinely and to use large orchestral forces and unusual scoring.
Irving secured John Ireland for The Overlanders (1946), his only film score. He orchestrated the scores written by Lord Berners for two films: The Halfway House (1943) and Nicholas Nickleby (1947). He asked Vaughan Williams to compose the music for three films, The Loves of Joanna Godden (1947), Scott of the Antarctic (1948) and Bitter Springs (1950), helping to fit the scores to the films. Vaughan Williams dedicated his Sinfonia Antartica (including music from Scott of the Antarctic) to Irving in 1953. Rawsthorne's First Quartet (1939) and Walton's Second Quartet (1947) are also dedicated to him.
Personal life
At the age of 20, Ernest Irving married Bertha Newall of Blackpool at Fylde register office on 11 May 1898. There were two children, but the marriage ended in divorce. He married his second wife Muriel Heath (1898-1983), a contralto who had sung in Lilac Time, on 19 December 1930. After the marriage, which produced one daughter, Irving suffered financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy. He acted as chess correspondent for the Illustrated London News between 1928 and 1932. On 22 March 1931 he was on the train from Euston which derailed at Linslade (near Leighton Buzzard), killing six people.
In 1951 Irving received honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society, and also had an honorary degree from the Royal Academy of Music. He retired from Ealing in May 1953 due to ill-health; his successor was Dock Mathieson, brother of Muir. At the time of his death five months later Irving was working on a comic operetta (The 'Orse) and had almost completed his autobiography (posthumously published in 1959 as Cue for Music). He died at his home (4 The Lawn, Ealing Green), aged 74.
As music director
Selected filmography
References
External links
Main and End Title music from Whisky Galore
1878 births
1953 deaths
English film score composers
English male film score composers
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
People from Godalming
English musical theatre composers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Irving |
Kambiz Norouzi (کامبیز نوروزی in Persian) is a lawyer, university professor, legal advisor of the Association of Iranian Journalists, in which role he spoke out against the closure of newspapers in 2002, and lecturer at Center of Media Education in Iran.
Arrest and imprisonment
Norouzi was arrested during the protests following the disputed June 2009 Iranian presidential election, and in November 2009 was sentenced to two years imprisonment and 74 lashes for conspiracy against national security, spreading anti-government propaganda and disrupting public order.
References
External links
Kambiz Norouzi's Arrest and Imprisonment
List of members of the Iran journalist associations: Kambiz Norouzi. International Federation of Journalists
The Plight of Iranian Journalists: Kambiz Norouzi. PBS
Living people
21st-century Iranian lawyers
Iranian writers
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambiz%20Norouzi |
David Anthony Wevill (born 1935) is a Japanese-born Canadian poet and translator. He became a dual citizen (American and Canadian) in 1994. Wevill is a professor emeritus in the Department of English at The University of Texas at Austin.
Wevill was born in Japan and went to Canada before the outbreak of World War II. He read History and English at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and became a noted member of an underground literary movement in London known as The Group.
Wevill first made a name for himself as a poet when he was included in Al Alvarez's anthology The New Poetry (Penguin, 1962), aimed at resisting the conservative milieu of mainstream British poetry. In 1963 Wevill was showcased in A Group Anthology (Oxford University Press). Wevill is also the former editor of Delos, a literary journal centered on poetry in translation and the poetics of translation.
He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Poetry in 1981.
Wevill was the third and final husband of Assia Wevill, from 1960 to her death in 1969.
Works
Penguin Modern Poets 4 (Penguin, 1963)
Birth of a Shark (Macmillan, 1964)
A Christ of the Ice-Floes (Macmillan, 1966)
Penguin Modern European Poets: Ferenc Juhász (Penguin, 1970)
Firebreak (Macmillan, 1971)
Where the Arrow Falls (St. Martin's, 1974)
Casual Ties (Curbstone, 1983; Tavern Books, 2010)
Other Names for the Heart (Exile Editions Ltd., 1985)
Figure of 8: New Poems and Selected Translations (Exile Editions Ltd., 1987)
Figure of 8 (Shearsman, 1988)
Child Eating Snow (Exile Editions Ltd., 1994)
Solo With Grazing Deer (Exile Editions Ltd., 2001)
Departures (Shearsman, 2003)
Asterisks (Exile Editions Ltd., 2007)
To Build My Shadow a Fire: The Poetry and Translations of David Wevill edited by Michael McGriff (Truman State University Press, 2010)
References
External links
To Build My Shadow a Fire
Faculty page (University of Texas at Austin)
Guardian article
1935 births
Living people
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Canadian expatriates in the United States
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Canadian academics
20th-century Canadian poets
Canadian male poets
20th-century Canadian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Wevill |
Elmhurst is a small village in Curborough and Elmhurst civil parish within Lichfield District, in Staffordshire, England. It lies approximately 1.5 miles north of Lichfield.
The village is rural in nature, consisting of a few farms and a small number of private houses. It was once the site of Elmhurst Hall, a large country residence which hosted King Edward VII when he visited Lichfield for the centenary of the Staffordshire Yeomanry in 1894.
See also
:Category:People from Elmhurst, Staffordshire
References
External links
Villages in Staffordshire
Lichfield District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst%2C%20Staffordshire |
Muirend railway station is an island platform suburban railway station in the Muirend area of Glasgow, Scotland. The station, which opened in 1903, is managed by ScotRail and lies on the branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines.
History
The station was opened by the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903, as part of an extension from that company's previous northern terminus at to a junction with the Cathcart District Railway at Cathcart. The route was completed through to (on what is now the West Coast Main Line) the following year, giving the L&AR a route between Lanarkshire and the coast at Ardrossan independent of the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Though the line carried freight and express boat trains from Adrossan to Glasgow Central, Muirend was only ever served by local suburban workings. A connection was laid in south of the station down to the Busby Railway at around the same time as the L&AR main line was opened, but it was never used for through traffic (only for wagon storage) and was disconnected by 1907 (though the brick viaduct it used still stands to this day), and only the crossover underneath the road bridge immediately south of the station remains of the kilometre long branch. Through passenger traffic over this route declined significantly after the 1923 Grouping and regular passenger trains were withdrawn beyond in 1932.
Services through here were converted to diesel operation from 1958 and the Cathcart lines were subsequently electrified in 1962 (though the wires only ran as far as Neilston, the line beyond closing to passengers in April 1962 and completely in December 1964). Through trains to & Newton also ended at this time, with passengers henceforth having to change at . With popular demand, these services were reinstated in the 1980s. With electrification came the Class 303 'Blue Train' EMUs, which operated the Cathcart Circle and its branches until their withdrawal in the early 2000s. Class 314 EMUs cascaded from the Inverclyde routes by the introduction of the Class 334 Juniper EMUs took over workings, and were only replaced on the route a couple of months before their final withdrawal in December 2019.
British Rail and SPTE proposals published in the early 1980s would have seen the Clarkston spur reopened and used by re-routed trains to/from , which would have then run to Glasgow Central via Cathcart & Queens Park. The scheme would also have seen the East Kilbride branch electrified, but the Clarkston to Busby Junction section closed (along with and stations, with the line cut back to ). The proposals were not well received and were never implemented.
Services and facilities
Services are now operated mainly by 4 car Class 380/1 EMUs, with the 3 coach Class 318 EMUs and Class 320 EMUs working together to provide 6 coach services at peak times. Two trains an hour operate in each direction calling all stops from Glasgow Central to Neilston. Additionally, additional peak time services operate between Central and Neilston, calling only from Muirend through to the terminus. Sunday services are also half hourly, but start around 3 hours later than on other days.
The station has an island platform with a ramp providing access directly to the platform from Muirend Road at the south end of the station. At the north end, there is footbridge access to and from Hillcrest Avenue and Cairndow Court. The station building (which is a Category B listed building) contains a ticket office which is staffed on a part-time basis. An automated ticket machine is present.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muirend%20railway%20station |
Williamwood railway station is a railway station in the Williamwood area of the town of Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines.
The line here forms the boundary which separates Clarkston and Giffnock.
Facilities
There is waiting room within the ticket office for passengers travelling towards and a waiting room and a shelter on the opposite platform for passengers travelling towards . Additionally, there is a Metro newspaper dispenser. At present, there is no access for disabled people as both entrances have significant numbers of steps.
History
The station was originally opened by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 9 July 1929 on the former Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway.
The station is currently fully operational, with a part-time booking office. It is an intermediate station on the Glasgow Central – Neilston line. The railway was electrified in the early 1960s and "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter. Until late 2019, services were primarily operated by ageing Class 314 EMUs, until a few months before their withdrawal.
As a cost-saving measure, the three stations south of Williamwood (i.e. Neilston, Patterton and Whitecraigs) were considered for possible closure in 1983 by the Strathclyde PTE but were reprieved.
Services
Services are now operated mainly by 4 car Class 380/1 EMUs, with the 3 coach Class 318 EMUs and Class 320 EMUs working together to provide 6 coach services at peak times. Two trains an hour operate in each direction calling all stops from Glasgow Central to Neilston. Additionally, additional peak time services operate between Central and Neilston, calling only from Muirend through to the terminus.
References
Notes
Sources
Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former London, Midland and Scottish Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1929
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Clarkston, East Renfrewshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamwood%20railway%20station |
Respekt is a Czech weekly newsmagazine published in Prague, the Czech Republic, reporting on domestic and foreign political and economic issues, as well as on science and culture.
History and profile
[[Image:respekt cover 1990-01.gif|thumb|upright|Respekt'''s first cover (March 14, 1990)]]Respekt was founded very soon after the fall of Communist party from power in 1989 by a group of samizdat journalists as one of the first independent magazines. It is the successor of Informační servis (Information service), an opposition samizdat paper. Respekt is published weekly and has its headquarters in Prague. The New York Times describes Respekt as "influential."
Several people involved with Respekt became influential in top level politics of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic; among them the first editor-in-chief Jan Ruml who served as the Minister of Interior between 1992 and 1997, Martin Fendrych (official at the Ministry of Interior) and (several ministerial position).
Editors describe Respekt as "a liberal magazine which stands up for freedom of thought and the need of continuous questioning of its outcomes". The weekly concentrates on investigative journalism (often using information gleaned from police sources) and in-depth articles, and has been expanding to cover ecological activism and alternative culture movements in recent years.
In 2005 Respekt published details about business connection between Prime Minister Stanislav Gross' wife and a brothel owner, starting a scandal leading to downfall of Gross several months later; in 2008 it published an article alleging that Milan Kundera, when a student, denounced to the police a Czech spy for the West.Milan Kundera demands apology from Respekt for defaming him
The circulation of the weekly peaked at over 100,000 copies in the middle of the 1990s. At this time the (loss generating) weekly was bought by Karel Schwarzenberg´s R-Presse. The circulation has been dropping steadily over the time causing Respekt's losses to increase to 7 million Czk in 2003. In 2006 Zdeněk Bakala obtained majority in Respekt and planned to eliminate the loss by making the journal more mainstream. The proposed changes led to fear among both readers and the editors that the unique flavour of the weekly will be destroyed; in September 2006 all editors threatened to leave. Within a week the owners submitted to the pressure, recalled the manager responsible to implement the changes and brought in a new editor-in-chief, Martin M. Šimečka, former editor-in-chief of the Slovak daily SME. Modification of the visual style and the format was delayed until September 2007.
The circulation in 2006 was around 25,000 copies and the weekly was read by approximately 80,000 people each week. In 2007 the circulation was around 16-17,000 copies. According to a February 2008 survey, it is read by 94,000 people and remains one of the most cited journals and newspapers in the Czech Republic.
Legal actions
Since Respekt regularly reports on its investigations into bribery scandals, criminal activity or government mishandling, legal action is periodically taken against Respekt, often by top level politicians. Most of these cases that have gone to court have been won by the weekly.
The most visible case was the Czech government's 2001 attempt to sue Respekt for libel. Miloš Zeman, the instigator of the case, saw it as a way to "put the journal to its end". The case fizzled away only embarrassing the government.
Editors in chief
Jan Ruml (1990)
Ivan Lamper (1990–1994)
Vladimír Mlynář (1994–1997)
Martin Fendrych (1998)
Petr Holub (1998–2002)
Tomáš Němeček (2003–2005)
Marek Švehla (2005–2006)
Martin Milan Šimečka (2006–2009)
Erik Tabery (2009–present)
Visual styleRespekt used its own distinguished visual style that stayed almost unchanged since 1990. With A3 format (24 or 32 pages) and black & white print it resembled more a daily newspaper than a magazine (most of the magazines in the Czech Republic are smaller and printed on glossy paper with heavy use of color and photos).
Front cover drawings by illustrator Pavel Reisenauer very soon became a symbol of the weekly. After several years the front page drawings switched from black and white to color. Reisenauer also contributed with drawings on the back cover and for the articles. All photos were black and white, their number was intentionally kept down. Advertisements were added at the end of 1991 in limited form, compared to other Czech journals.
The changes planned by the new owner in 2006 (glossy paper, use of color, coverage of day-to-day events or consumer advice) were cancelled at the time (see history above). In September 2007 the format has been changed, color replaced the black & white photos and the advertisement section was expanded.
Web presence
During the early 2000s all old issues of Respekt'' have been converted into electronic form and made available online for subscribers in PDF form. An attempt to establish a commercial news-bulletin sent by email failed. In 2006 Respekt was among the first Czech newspapers to provide blogging space for the public on their website.
References
External links
respekt.cz / respekt.eu – Respekt online: official website
Respekt in English, some articles in English
History of Respekt: overview 1, overview 2 (in Czech)
1989 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Czech-language magazines
Magazines established in 1989
Magazines published in Prague
News magazines published in Europe
Weekly magazines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respekt |
Whitecraigs railway station is a railway station serving the Whitecraigs and Davieland areas of the towns of Giffnock and Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle southwest of Glasgow Central.
The line here forms the boundary which separates Newton Mearns and Giffnock across Ayr Road.
History
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. In some timetables the station was known as Whitecraigs for Rouken Glen. The station building is listed Category C and is notable for its Arts and Crafts decorative detailing.
Facilities
The station has a ticket office, which is staffed part-time (06.55 - 13.55, Mondays to Saturdays only). A ticket machine is also provided and there is a waiting room in the main building. Digital departure screens and a P.A system provide train running information. Step-free access to both platforms is via ramps from the street and station car park, though the footbridge between the platforms has steps.
Services
Since electrification in 1962
Since the line was electrified in 1962 the basic service has been a half-hour service throughout the day (Mondays to Saturdays), with additional peak hour trains (Mondays to Fridays). From 2005 a half-hourly Sunday service has also been provided.
Class 303 "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar Class 311 from 1967. Services are now mainly operated by the Class 380 EMUs.
References
Notes
Sources
Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category C listed buildings in East Renfrewshire
Giffnock
Newton Mearns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitecraigs%20railway%20station |
Blank & Jones are a German electronic music duo, consisting of the members Jan Pieter Blank (born June 15, 1971), known as Piet Blank; René Runge (born June 27, 1968), better known as DJ Jaspa Jones; and the producer Andy Kaufhold (N*D*K) (born December 17, 1969). They have released twelve albums and more than two dozen singles since their first single release "Sunrise" in 1997.
History
Piet Blank, who became interested in music after purchasing his first record "Kids in America" by Kim Wilde, had his first experience spinning a record on a turntable at age 16. René Runge, who resides in Düsseldorf and who is better known as Jaspa Jones, had his first experience as a DJ at age 19. Together with help from Andy Kaufhold, they formed the trance production team Piet Blank & Jaspa Jones (which would later become simply Blank & Jones) after meeting at the Popkomm music conference.
Even though they had been together for a few years, they did not release their first single, "Sunrise", until 1997. Their first album, In the Mix, was a studio production that came out in 1999. As of 2008, thirteen of their singles have made it into the German Top 50, and three into the Top 20. Each album made the Top 50, including two which reached the Top Ten.
Blank & Jones have teamed up with Robert Smith from The Cure, Anne Clark, Sarah McLachlan, Claudia Brücken from (Propaganda), Pet Shop Boys, and Delerium. They have also contributed to the Café del Mar compilation series and produced their own chill-out albums, Relax, Relax (Edition 2), Relax (Edition 3), Relax (Edition 4), Relax (Edition 5), Relax (Edition 6) and Relax (Edition 7).
They released a single entitled "Miracle Cure" on May 30, 2008, off their new studio album The Logic of Pleasure which is a collaboration with New Order's frontman Bernard Sumner. This collaboration was realised with the help of renowned Berlin based record producer Mark Reeder who is a long term friend of Sumner's. Blank & Jones invited Reeder to remix "Miracle Cure" and this in turn, brought about their collaboration with him and a new project was conceived. This resulted in Reeder completely reworking most of the Blank & Jones vocal tracks for the successful and highly acclaimed 2009 album "Reordered".
In 2012, they produced a new album for the German 1980s superstar Sandra called Stay in Touch.
The Singles
In 2006 Blank & Jones and their long-standing production colleague Andy Kaufhold collated their finest material on one release, The Singles, which also included two new tracks:
The album was also released in Limited Edition format, in which The Singles are complemented by a DVD, bringing together all Blank & Jones videos on one disc for the first time. The videos feature people such as Estella Warren and Til Schweiger in "Beyond Time", the latter having also directed the clip. The DVD was produced and designed by Thomas Jahn, scriptwriter and director of "Knocking on Heaven's Door" and also responsible for "The Hardest Heart", "Mind of the Wonderful", "Perfect Silence" and "Desire". The video for the single "Catch" was directed by Conchita Soares and Toni Froschhammer which features TV actress Nadine Warmuth.
So80s
From 2009 to 2019 they curated a series of compilation albums featuring 80's music called So80s. The series had 24 volumes. In 2011, they curated So80s Presents Kajagoogoo. In 2012, they curated So80s albums featuring Falco and Sandra. In 2014, they curated So80s presents Alphaville.
Current and past activities
The chart success of Blank & Jones is partially based on their club-gigs, radio shows and other live-performances including events such as Love Parade, StreetParade and Mayday. The success is further boosted by their activeness as moderators on Eins Live-TV and by being the Co-host on Viva-Clubrotation.
When asked about the key to their success, their response is:
Blank & Jones perform at major festivals and raves in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Russia. They also travel further afield on a regular basis, to Canada, Mexico, South America and Australia.
Piet Blank is also the host of the Club Mix that is aired on international flights by Lufthansa, where he hosts a two-hour radio show that shows different artists such as Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs and Fritz Kalkbrenner. The show is hosted in German as well as in English.
Discography
Albums
As Blank & Jones
1999: In da Mix
2000: DJ Culture (Limited edition with 2 CDs. Disc 2 includes bonus tracks and The Nightfly video)
2001: Nightclubbing (Limited edition with 2 CDs including ambient tracks)
2002: Substance (Limited with 2 CDs and bonus tracks)
2003: Relax (Limited edition in a different package)
2004: Monument (Limited edition with 2 CDs including bonus tracks)
2005: Relax Edition 2 (2 CDs) (Limited edition includes bonus tracks)
2006: The Singles (Limited edition includes DVD with singles clips and some bonus)
2007: Relax Edition 3 (2 CDs)
2008: The Logic of Pleasure
2009: Relax Edition 4 (2 CDs)
2009: Eat Raw for Breakfast
2009: Reordered (Blank & Jones, Mark Reeder)
2010: Relax Edition 5 (2 CDs)
2010: Chilltronica No 2
2011: Relax Edition Six
2012: Relax Edition Seven
2012: Relax-Jazzed (Blank & Jones album in cooperation with Julian and Roman Wasserfuhr)
2013: Relax - A Decade 2003-2013 - Remixed & Mixed
2013: Relax - The Best of A Decade 2003-2013
2014: Relax Edition Eight
2015: Relax Edition Nine
2016: Milchbar Seaside Season 8
2016: DOM
2017: #WhatWeDoAtNight
2017: Relax Edition 10
2017: Chilltronica No.6
2018: Milchbar Seaside Season 10
2018: Relax Edition 11
2020: Milchbar Seaside Season 12
2021: Milchbar Seaside Season 13
Production for other artists
2012: Sandra - Stay in Touch
Singles
Sunrise (1997)
Heartbeat (1998)
Flying to The Moon (1998)
Cream (1999) (UK #24 and #1 in Dance Charts)
After Love (1999) (UK #57)
The Nightfly (2000) (UK #55)
DJ Culture (2000)
Sound of Machines (Released in Italy and Netherlands as Single) (2000)
Beyond Time (2000) (UK #53)
DJs, Fans & Freaks (D.F.F.) (2001) (UK #45)
Nightclubbing (2001)
Desire (2002) (Germany #10)
Watching the Waves (2002)
Suburban Hell (2002) (Released only in Vinyls)
The Hardest Heart (feat. Anne Clark) (2002) (Germany #2 In EuroHits Charts / UK # 3 In British Euroscene Singles / Costa Rica # 5 Top 20 Hits Radio / Guatemala #2 Los 10 Más Buscados Radio Infinita )
A Forest (Feat. Robert Smith) (2003) (Australia #97 )
Summer Sun (2003) (Released only in Vinyls)
Mind of the Wonderful (feat. Elles de Graaf) (2004)
Perfect Silence (feat. Bobo) (2004)
Revealed (with Steve Kilbey) (2005) (#3 Guatemalan Charts)
Catch (Vocals by Elles de Graaf) (2006)
Sound of Machines 2006 (2006)
Miracle Cure (2008) (#90 Germany)
California Sunset (2008)
Where You Belong (feat. Bobo) (2008)
Relax (Your Mind) (feat. Jason Caesar) (2009)
Lazy Life (feat. Jason Caesar) (2009)
Miracle Man (with Cathy Battistessa) (2010)
Pura Vida (with Jason Caesar) (2011)
April (2016)
Remixes
1998
Basic Connection – Angel (Don't Cry) (Blank & Jones Remix)
Sash! – La Primavera (Blank & Jones Mix)
Syntone – Heal My World (Blank & Jones Mix)
Dario G – Sunmachine (Blank & Jones Mix)
Humate – Love Stimulation (Blank & Jones Mix)
United Deejays – Too Much Rain (Blank & Jones vs. Gorgeous Mix)
Dune – Electric heaven (Blank & Jones Club Cut)
Yello vs Hardfloor – Vicious Games (Blank & Jones Mix)
1999
Liquid Love – Sweet Harmony (Blank & Jones Mix)
Mauro Picotto – Iguana (Blank & Jones Remix)
Storm – Love is here to stay (Blank & Jones Mix)
2001
Perpetuous Dreamer – The Sound of Goodbye (Blank & Jones Mix)
Fragma – You are Alive (Blank & Jones Remix)
Die Ärzte – Rock'n Roll Übermensch (Blank & Jones Mix)
2002
Pet Shop Boys – Home & Dry (Blank & Jones Dub)
Pet Shop Boys – Home & Dry (Blank & Jones Mix)
2003
Pet Shop Boys – Love Comes Quickly (Blank & Jones 2003 mix)
RMB – Beauty of Simplicity (Blank & Jones Retouch)
RMB – ReReality (Blank & Jones Remix)
Wolfsheim – Wundervoll (Blank & Jones Remix)
Evolution feat. Jayn Hanna – Walking on Fire (Blank & Jones Remix)
Chicane – Love on the Run (Blank & Jones Dub Remix)
Chicane – Love on the Run (Blank & Jones Remix)
2004
Blank & Jones – The Blue Sky (2004 Update)
2006
Blank & Jones – The Nightfly (WMC 06 Retouch)
2007
Delerium – Lost & Found (Blank & Jones Radio Mix)
Delerium – Lost & Found (Blank & Jones Late Night Mix)
Delerium – Lost & Found (Blank & Jones Electrofied Mix)
2009
Johnny Hates Jazz – I Don't Want To Be A Hero (Blank & Jones Remix)
2010
Daniela Katzenberger - "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" (Blank & Jones Club Remix)
Daniela Katzenberger - "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" (Blank & Jones Radio Edit)
Daniela Katzenberger - "Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now" (Blank & Jones Dub)
2011
Medina - Gutter (Blank & Jones Club Remix)
Medina - Gutter (Blank & Jones Radio Edit)
Medina - Gutter (Blank & Jones Dub)
Compilations and DJ Mixes
Trance Mix USA vol. 2 (2001) (Released in US)
The Mix volume 1 (2 CDs) (2002)
The Mix volume 2 (2 CDs) (2003)
The Mix volume 3 (2 CDs) (2004)
Peaktime 5 (2 CDs**) (2005) (Released in Australia) **CD 2 Is the album DJ Culture
Posh Trance (2008)
Milchbar Seaside Season, Vol. 02 (2010)
RMX - Superstars remixed by Superstars (2011)
So80s series complications
So80s (Volume 1-13)(2009-2019)
So80s Presents Kajagoogoo (2011)
So80s Presents Ultravox (2011)
So80s Presents OMD (2011)
So80s Presents Heaven 17 (2011)
So80s Presents Billy Idol (2012)
So80s Presents Culture Club (2012)
So80s Presents Falco (2012)
So80s Presents Sandra (2012)
So80s presents Formel Eins (2013)
So80s Presents ZTT (A Remixed Obstacle In The Path Of The Obvious) (2014)
So80s presents Alphaville (2014)
References
External links
Official Radio Show http://www.ah.fm
German electronic music groups
German trance music groups
German musical duos
Electronic music duos
Trip hop groups
Club DJs
German house music groups
German house musicians
German DJs
Remixers
Musical groups established in 1995
Downtempo musicians
Electronic dance music DJs
Varèse Sarabande Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank%20%26%20Jones |
Patterton railway station is a railway station serving the Patterton, Crookfur and Greenlaw areas of the town of Newton Mearns, East Renfrewshire and the Deaconsbank and Jennylind areas of the Glasgow City council area, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Neilston branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines, southwest of Glasgow Central.
History
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. It closed on 1 January 1917 due to wartime economy, and reopened on 1 February 1919 as Patterton for Darnley Rifle Range (sometimes referred to as simply Patterton for Darnley). It was renamed back to Patterton by British Rail.
Facilities
The station is unstaffed and only has shelters on each platform. A ticket machine is available to allow passengers to purchase their ticket before boarding the train. A long-line P.A and digital information displays provide train running information. The station footbridge is not accessible for disabled users, but there is step-free access to each platform via ramps from the nearby road.
Services
Patterton is an intermediate station on the Glasgow Central — Neilston line. The line was electrified in 1962. Since then the basic service has been a 30-minute service on Mondays to Saturdays, with additional peak hour services on Mondays to Fridays. In the early part of the 21st century, a 30-minute service was also provided on Sundays.
"Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar . Services are now mainly operated by the since the withdrawal of the , with occasional peak services operated by and .
Fire
On 24 February 2009, during repair works to a nearby bridge, a road laying vehicle caught fire which then spread to a gas mains pipe on the bridge. Soon after, the area was evacuated and all services through Patterton were suspended until the blaze was brought under control. During the suspension of services, passengers alighted at Cathcart railway station to a replacement bus service.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Video footage of Patterton Station
Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Newton Mearns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterton%20railway%20station |
The Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) is an autonomous physics research institute in India. The institute conducts research in plasma science, including basic plasma physics, research on magnetically confined hot plasmas, and plasma technologies for industrial applications. It is a leading plasma physics organization. The institute is mainly funded by the Department of Atomic Energy. IPR plays a major scientific and technical role in Indian partnership in the international fusion energy initiative ITER. It is part of the IndiGO consortium for research on gravitational waves.
History
In 1982, the Government of India initiated the Plasma Physics Programme (PPP) for research on magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas.
In 1986, the PPP evolved into the autonomous Institute for Plasma Research under the Department of Science and Technology.
With the commissioning of ADITYA in 1989, full-fledged tokamak experiments started at IPR. A 1995 decision led to the second generation superconducting steady-state tokamak SST-1, capable of 1000-second operation. Due to this, the institute grew rapidly and came under the Department of Atomic Energy. The industrial plasma activities were reorganized under the Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT) and moved to a separate campus in Gandhinagar in 1998.
Location
The Institute is located on the banks of Sabarmati river in Gandhinagar district. It is approximately midway between the cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar. It is 5 km from the Ahmedabad airport and 14 km from the Ahmedabad railway station.
Remote campuses
Centre of Plasma Physics - Institute for Plasma Research (CPP-IPR)
ITER-India
Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies
The Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies (FCIPT) works in industrial plasma technologies. The centre was set up in 1997 to promote, foster, develop, demonstrate, and transfer industrially relevant plasma-based technologies to industries, thus enabling technology commercialization. The centre acts as an interface between the institute and industries. While working on industrial projects, FCIPT maintained and improved its R&D strengths and, at the same time, advanced industrial uses.
FCIPT works with national and international industries, such as Johnson & Johnson,ASP Ethicon Inc. USA, UVSYSTEC GmbH Germany, Thermax India Ltd., Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., IPCL, Larsen & Toubro Ltd., NHPC Ltd., GE India Technology Centre Bangalore, BHEL, Triton Valves Ltd. Mysore, etc. and organizations such as BARC, DRDO, ISRO, IIT Kharagpur, National Aerospace Laboratories, and other CSIR labs. FCIPT has a material characterization laboratory with instruments such as Transmission Electron Microscope, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with EDAX, Atomic Force Microscope, X-ray diffractometer, Spectroscopic Ellipsometer, UV-VIS spectroscopy, solar simulator, thickness profilometer, optical metallurgical microscope with phase analyser, full-fledged metallography laboratory, Vickers hardness tester, and an ASTM B117 corrosion testing setup. Other infrastructure include electronics and instrumentation lab, process demonstration systems, etc.
FCIPT developed technologies related to waste remediation and recovery of energy from waste, surface hardening, and heat treatment technologies such as plasma nitriding and plasma nitrocarburising, plasma-assisted metallization technologies using magnetron sputter deposition, Plasma-enhanced CVD for functional coatings on substrates, plasma melting, plasma diagnostics, and space-related plasma technologies.
Ion irradiation-induced patterning of semiconductor materials and amorphous solids is another focus. To this end, a are used to generate patterns such as nanoripples or nanodots and are coated with silver for research in plasmonics.
Center of Plasma Physics – Institute for Plasma Research (CPP-IPR)
The Centre of Plasma Physics is an autonomous institute that pursues basic research in theoretical and experimental plasma physics. Its Governing Council consists of four scientists with representatives from the Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, and Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta; state government officers and local members.
History
The government of Assam established the Centre of Plasma Physics in 1991. The centre started functioning in April 1991 in a rented house located at Saptaswahid Pathi. The first chairman of the Governing Council was Professor Predhiman Krishan Kaw (died June 18, 2017, a world-renowned plasma scientist. After its three year term, the Governing Council was reconstituted by the Education Department with Prof. A.C. Das, Dean of Physical Research Laboratory as its chairman. The founding director of the centre, Prof. Sarbeswar Bujarbarua, is a distinguished plasma scientist and a recipient of the `Vikram Sarabhai Research Award' in 1989 and Kamal Kumari National Award in 1993.
Thereafter, the centre opened theoretical investigations in fundamental plasma processes such as nonlinear phenomena, instabilities, dusty plasma. It has set up facilities for conducting basic plasma physics experiments. Funds are available from several central government agencies (e.g. the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology), the centre has taken up experimental programs in the frontline areas of plasma physics, such as dense plasma focus and dusty plasma. The centre has published more than 50 original research papers. The scientists work in close collaboration with national and international institutes like the Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar; Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay; Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta, Kyushu University, Japan; University of Bayreuth, Germany; Culham Laboratory, UK; and Flinders University, Australia. The centre runs a Ph.D. programme with students registering with Guwahati University. Another component of the academic activity of the centre consists of holding lecturers and colloquia on plasma physics and other branches of physical sciences.
The Centre of Plasma Physics, Institute for Plasma Research, Sonapur, Kamrup, Assam, became a new campus of IPR as the Centre of Plasma Physics, Sonapur, was formally merged with IPR effective 29 May 2009. CPP-IPR is headed by Centre Director Dr K. S. Goswami and is managed by a Managing Board headed by the director of IPR. It has twelve faculty members, fourteen other staff and research scholars and project scientists. The research is oriented towards essential plasma physics and programs that complement the significant programmes at IPR.
Campus
The institute's campus is at Nazirakhat, Sonapur, about 32 km from Guwahati, the headquarters of the Kamrup(M) district of Assam. Nazirakhat is a rural area surrounded by peace-loving people of diverse caste, religion, and language, yet it presents the unique feature of unity in diversity. Nazirakhat is linked by a PWD road from the National Highway No. 37. It is about 800 metres from NH-37. Nazirakhat is connected by road with the rest of the state and the country. The institute is surrounded by greenery near the Air-India flying base at Sonapur.
Publication
Research papers have been published in journals like Phys after the institute's establishment. Scr., Phys. Lett. A, Phys. Rev. Lett. and so on
Collaboration
The Centre collaborates with the following institutes and universities:
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay; Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore; Institute for Plasma Research, Gandinagar; IPP, Juelich, Germany; IPP, Garching, Germany; Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad; National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Bhubaneswar; Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta; St. Andrews University, UK; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, Tokyo; University of Bayreuth, Germany; and University of Kyoto, Japan.
Recognition
S. Sen, Associate Professor, was awarded EPSRC Professorship Award (1998), UK; JSPS Professorship Award (1999), Japan; Junior Membership Award (1999), Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, UK; and Associateship Award (1999–2005), ICTP, Trieste, Italy.
S.R. Mohanty, presently Assistant Professor, was awarded Ph.D. degree by the University of Delhi for his thesis entitled "X-ray studies on dense plasma focus and plasma processing".
M. Kakati, Research Scientist, was awarded a Senior Research Fellowship of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (1999–2001).
K. R. Rajkhowa, was awarded the Plasma Science Society of India Fellowship in 1999.
B.J. Saikia, Research Scientist, was awarded Japan Society for the Promotion of Science post-doctoral fellowship for two years in 1999.
B. Kakati, Research Scholar, was awarded the BUTI Young Scientist Award in 2011.
ITER-India
ITER will be built mostly through in-kind contributions from the participant countries in the form of components manufactured delivered/installed at ITER.
ITER-India is the Indian Domestic Agency (DA), formed with the responsibility to provide ITER the Indian contribution.
See also
Aditya (tokamak)
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR)
Department of Atomic Energy
References
External links
Official website of the Institute for Plasma Research
Aditya tokamak
SST-1 Tokamak
Facilitation Centre for Industrial Plasma Technologies
Atomic and nuclear energy research in India
Nuclear technology in India
Homi Bhabha National Institute
Plasma physics facilities
Research institutes in Ahmedabad
Research institutes in Gujarat
1986 establishments in Gujarat
Research institutes established in 1986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Plasma%20Research |
James Stewart Parker (20 October 1941 – 2 November 1988) was a Northern Irish poet and playwright.
Biography
He was born in Sydenham, Belfast, of a Protestant working-class family. His birthplace is marked by an Ulster History Circle blue plaque. While still in his teens, he contracted bone cancer and had a leg amputated. He studied for an MA in Poetic Drama at Queen's University, Belfast, on a scholarship, before commencing teaching in the United States at Hamilton College and Cornell University.
Parker was a member of a group of young writers that included Seamus Heaney and Bernard MacLaverty in the early 1960s at Queen's University in Belfast. In British Poetry since 1945, Edward Lucie-Smith calls him "a rawer, rougher, more unformed poet than either of the other two Belfast poets presented here" (i.e. Seamus Heaney and Derek Mahon). He notes that all three are post-Movement and neo-Georgian, owing little to William Butler Yeats and not much more to Patrick Kavanagh.
Following his return to Northern Ireland he worked as a freelance writer, contributing a column on pop music to The Irish Times. He later moved to Great Britain, where he wrote for radio, television and the stage. The musical landscape of Belfast is integral to his work as a playwright; Van Morrison was one of his favourite artists.
Parker died of stomach cancer in London on 2 November 1988.
Work
His plays include Spokesong (1975), a musical Kingdom Come (1977), Catchpenny Twist (1977), Nightshade (1979), Pratt's Fall (1981), The Kamikaze Ground Staff Reunion Dinner (radio 1979, filmed 1981), Northern Star (1984), Heavenly Bodies (1986) and Pentecost (1987).
The 1979 BBC Radio 4 production of The Kamikaze Ground Staff Reunion Dinner featured John le Mesurier, among others.
The stage plays are published by Methuen Drama. Stewart Parker: Plays 1 (2000) includes Spokesong, Catchpenny Twist, Nightshade and Pratt's Fall. Stewart Parker: Plays 2 (2000) includes Northern Star, Heavenly Bodies and Pentecost.
Several new publications appeared in 2008, the twentieth anniversary of Parker's death. These include:
A collection of Parker's articles on popular music for The Irish Times entitled High Pop: Irish Times Column 1970–1976, edited by Gerald Dawe and Maria Johnston (Belfast: Lagan, 2008)
A collection of Parker's reviews and articles on culture, entitled Dramatis Personae and Other Writings, edited by Gerald Dawe, Maria Johnston and Clare Wallace (Prague: Litteraria Pragensia, 2008)
A collection of Parker's plays for television, entitled Stewart Parker: Television Plays, edited by Clare Wallace (Prague: Litteraria Pragensia, 2008) . The plays included are this collection are: Lost Belongings; Radio Pictures; Blue Money; Iris in the Traffic, Ruby in the Rain; Joyce in June; and I’m a Dreamer, Montreal.
I’m a Dreamer, Montreal
Parker's play I’m a Dreamer, Montreal won the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize. It was commissioned by BBC Radio 3 in April 1975 and televised for ITV Playhouse in March 1979.
In Belfast, where the play is set, music librarian Nelson Gloverby (Bryan Murray) lives in a dream world. A showband singer by night, he is unconcerned with his audience's irritation at his inability to stick to the proper lyrics. He is innocently drawn into the brutality of the Troubles when he meets siren Sandra Carse (Jeananne Crowley). His world having been turned around, he takes the bus home. The bus driver is singing the lyrics "I'm a dreamer, Montreal"; however, this time it is Nelson who points out the correct lyrics: "I’m a Dreamer, Aren't We All?"
Legacy
An annual award (The Stewart Parker Trust Award) for best Irish debut play was set up in his name after his death. There is a cash bursary as part of the award. Previous recipients of the award include: Conor McPherson, Mark O'Rowe, Enda Walsh, Eugene O'Brien, Gerald Murphy, Lisa McGee and Christian O'Reilly.
References
External links
Irish Playography entry
Lagan Press
Litteraria Pragensia Books
Stewart Parker Trust website
Stewart Parker's radio plays
Dictionary of Ulster Biography entry
1941 births
1988 deaths
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British male writers
20th-century poets from Northern Ireland
20th-century writers from Northern Ireland
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
British amputees
Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize recipients
Cornell University people
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from stomach cancer
Male dramatists and playwrights from Northern Ireland
Male poets from Northern Ireland
Male writers from Northern Ireland
People educated at Ashfield Boys' High School
Writers from Belfast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Parker |
Neilston railway station is a railway station in the village of Neilston, East Renfrewshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Lines, southwest of Glasgow Central.
History
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 May 1903. It closed between 1 January 1917 and 2 March 1919 due to wartime economy, and upon the grouping of the L&AR into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923, the station was renamed Neilston High on 2 June 1924. It was renamed back to Neilston on 6 May 1974 by British Rail.
The station is fully operational today as the terminal station on the Glasgow Central – Neilston line. The railway was electrified in May 1962 (using overhead wires supplying 25 kV A.C) and Class 303 "Blue Train" electric multiple units provided almost all trains services for many years thereafter, being joined by the similar Class 311 from 1967. Following withdrawal of the Class 303 and 311, Class 314 were the mainstay of the service until their withdrawal in 2019, with occasional services operated by Class 318, Class 334 and Class 320. As of 2022 train services are operated by Class 318, Class 320, Class 380 and Class 385
The line previously continued southwest to Uplawmoor, but this section closed to passengers in April 1962 and to all traffic in December 1964. British Rail also put forward plans to close the station here in the early 1980s and cut the branch back to , but the proposals were never implemented.
Layout and facilities
Although the station is a terminus, it has kept a conventional two platform layout with separate tracks for arrivals & departures. The two lines merge into a single reversing siding immediately west of the station (on the course of the old L&AR line to Uplawmoor) and terminating trains use this to change platforms before returning east to Glasgow. It is a staffed station, with step-free access to each platform via ramps (although these are quite steep) and a roadbridge at the eastern end linking the two. A P.A system and passenger information screens provide train running information.
Services
2016
There is a daily half-hourly service from Neilston to via Queens Park. The typical journey time is 27 minutes.
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Video footage of Neilston Railway Station
Railway stations in East Renfrewshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1903
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1917
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1919
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Neilston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilston%20railway%20station |
The austral thrush (Turdus falcklandii) is a medium-sized thrush from southern South America. There are two subspecies, the Magellan thrush (T. f. magellanicus) from south Argentina and south and central Chile, and the Falkland thrush (T. f. falcklandii) from the Falkland Islands.
The austral thrush is similar to the European blackbird, also of the genus Turdus, with a yellow bill and feet, a dark brown head, back and wings and paler underparts. The smaller T. f. magellanicus is more olive below, while in T. f. falcklandii the underside tends towards ochre. Both subspecies have streaked throats.
In Chile and Argentina the austral thrush lives in a variety of habitats from Nothofagus forests to agricultural lands and even gardens. On the Falkland Islands it makes use of human altered habitat as well but is most numerous in tussac grasses near beaches.
Gallery
References
Collar, N. J. (2005) Family Turdidae (Thrushes) pp. 514–811 in: del Hoyo. J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume Ten, Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes,
External links
Videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Stamps (for Chile, Falkland Islands) with a range map
Photo gallery on VIREO
Photo; Article sunbirdtours
Photo; Article railwaytouring.co.uk
austral thrush
Birds of Chile
Birds of Patagonia
Birds of the Falkland Islands
austral thrush | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral%20thrush |
Pollokshields West railway station is one of three railway stations in Pollokshields, a district of Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Cathcart Circle Line. The Cathcart Circle Line has been electrified since 1962 under British Railways.
Services
Up to November 1979
Two trains per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill and one train per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer).
From November 1979
Following the opening of the Argyle Line on 5 November 1979, two trains per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill and two trains per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer).
From 2006
One train per hour between Glasgow Central and Kirkhill/ and one train per hour in each direction on the Cathcart Circle (Inner and Outer). The Cathcart Circle trains do not run on Sundays, so only an hourly service operates.
Routes
See also
Pollokshields railway station
Pollokshields East railway station
References
Sources
Railway stations in Glasgow
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1894
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Pollokshields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollokshields%20West%20railway%20station |
Marek Mlodzik is the Chair of the Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and also holds professorships in Oncological Sciences and Ophthalmology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Prior to this (from 1991 to 2000) he was a Group Leader at EMBL Heidelberg. In 1997, Mlodzik was elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization.
He is known for his contributions to the generation of planar cell polarity in the Drosophila melanogaster epithelium.
References
Living people
Cell biologists
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Mlodzik |
Aaron Colin Guiel (; born October 5, 1972) is a Canadian former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees from 2002 to 2006 and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows from 2007 to 2011.
Career
Minor leagues and Mexico
Guiel was drafted out of Kwantlen College by the California Angels in the 21st round of the 1992 Major League Baseball draft. He began his professional career in with the Low-A Boise Hawks as a second baseman and outfielder and hit .298 in 35 games. With Single-A Cedar Rapids in , he hit 18 home runs and drove in 82 runs. In , Guiel played for High-A Lake Elsinore and for Double-A Midland in . In his first year with Midland, he played mostly third base and hit .269 for the third consecutive season.
Guiel had a breakout season with Midland in as he was converted to a full-time outfielder and batted .329 with 22 home runs and 85 RBI. On August 23, 1997, the Angels traded him to the San Diego Padres for catcher Angelo Encarnación. Guiel began with Triple-A Las Vegas and hit .311 in 60 games. He started in Las Vegas again, but hit just .245 and became a minor league free agent at the end of the season.
On March 18, , Guiel signed with the Oakland Athletics but was released twelve days later on March 30. He then spent two months playing for the Oaxaca Warriors in the Mexican League before being signed by the Kansas City Royals on June 13.
Kansas City Royals
Guiel spent the rest of the season with the Triple-A Omaha Golden Spikes. He spent all of with Omaha and hit 21 home runs and had 73 RBI and became a minor league free agent again. After re-signing with the Royals in 2002 and hitting .353 with Omaha, he was called up to the major leagues and made his debut on June 22, striking out in his only at-bat. He began in the minors again then was called up in May. He stayed in the majors for the rest of the season hitting .277 in 99 games. He missed part of the season with an eye injury but hit only .156 when he was healthy.
In , Guiel played most of the season with Triple-A Omaha until an August call-up. With Omaha, he hit .276 with a career-high 30 home runs and 95 RBI. He also hit .294 in the majors after being called up. Before the regular season began, Guiel played for Canada in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. In the tournament, he went 2-9 as Team Canada was eliminated in the first round. On July 5, , after having spent most of the season with Omaha, he was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees.
New York Yankees
In his first game with the Yankees, Guiel went 1–3 with a walk and 3 runs scored. Overall with the Yankees, he hit .256 with 4 home runs and 11 RBI while playing right field and first base.
Tokyo Yakult Swallows
For the season, Guiel signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Japan's Central League, hitting 35 home runs with 79 RBI. In , he hit only .200 being limited to just 79 games due to an elbow injury. After the 2008 season, he re-signed with the Swallows for , staying with them through 2011, totaling 90 home runs and 239 RBI over those five seasons.
Personal
His brother is former outfielder Jeff Guiel. Has an older brother Sean.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Arizona League Padres players
Baseball people from Vancouver
Baseball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Japan
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Columbus Clippers players
Kansas City Royals players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Major League Baseball outfielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Midland Angels players
Mobile BayBears players
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball left fielders
Nippon Professional Baseball right fielders
Omaha Royals players
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Wichita Wranglers players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2006 World Baseball Classic players
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Guiel |
Dumbreck railway station is a railway station in Dumbreck, a district of Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and lies on the Paisley Canal Line, 1¾ miles (3 km) west of , close to the M77 motorway. It is accessed from the Nithsdale Road at the bridge over the railway. Dumbreck railway station is also the closest station for the Bellahouston Park.
History
It was opened on 28 July 1990 at the same time as the reopening by British Rail of the Paisley Canal Line, which had closed to passengers in 1983. Dumbreck is situated close to the site of one of the original stations on the line, Bellahouston, which closed in 1954.
Services
Monday to Saturdays there is a half-hourly service eastbound to Glasgow Central and westbound to .
There is an hourly service on Sundays.
References
Sources
External links
Railway stations in Glasgow
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1990
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Pollokshields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbreck%20railway%20station |
9000 may refer to:
9000 (number)
The last year of the 9th millennium, an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday
Business
ISO 9000, a family of standards for quality management systems
TL 9000, a quality management system
Entertainment
BFG 9000, a fictional weapon
HAL 9000, a fictional computer
Technology
IBM ES/9000, a mainframe computer
IBM System 9000, a family of microcomputers
HP 9000, a family of workstation and server computers
VAX 9000, a mainframe computer
Nokia 9000 Communicator, a smart phone introduced in 1996
ATI Radeon 9000, a computer graphics card series
Transport
9000 series (disambiguation), Japanese, Korean, Latin America and Spanish train types
Saab 9000, Saab's executive car, produced 1985–98
Other
9000 Hal, an asteroid
Beretta 9000, a handgun
It's Over 9000!, an internet meme | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9000 |
Houndsharks, the Triakidae, are a family of ground sharks, consisting of about 40 species in nine genera. In some classifications, the family is split into two subfamilies, with Mustelus, Scylliogaleus, and Triakis in the subfamily Triakinae, and the remaining genera in the subfamily Galeorhininae.
Houndsharks are distinguished by possessing two large, spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the seabed and in midwater.
Genera
Furgaleus Whitley, 1951 (whiskery shark)
Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816 (school shark)
Gogolia Compagno, 1973 (sailback houndshark)
Hemitriakis Herre, 1923
Hypogaleus J. L. B. Smith, 1957 (blacktip tope)
Iago Compagno & Springer, 1971
Mustelus H. F. Linck, 1790 (smooth-hound)
Scylliogaleus Boulenger, 1902
Triakis J. P. Müller & Henle, 1839
See also
List of sharks
References
Cladogram reference
Triakidae
Extant Paleocene first appearances
Taxa named by John Edward Gray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houndshark |
8000 may refer to:
In general
8000 (number)
A.D. 8000, a year in the 8th millennium CE
8000 BCE, a year in the 8th millennium BC
A.D. 8000s, a decade, century, millennium of the 9th millennium CE
8000s BCE, a decade, century, millennium of the 9th millennium BC
Products
Beretta 8000, a handgun
Delta 8000, space launch rocket
Enfield 8000, an electric city car
IBM 8000 mainframe computer
Other uses
8000 Isaac Newton, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 8000th asteroid registered
8000 (District of Mat), one of the postal codes in Albania
Eight-thousander, a mountain over 8000 meters high
See also
T-8000, a fictional character played by Arnold Schwarzenegger
8000 Plus, a British microcomputer magazine
8000 series (disambiguation) and 8000 class
800 (disambiguation)
80 (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8000 |
Tom Moore Jr. (May 16, 1918 – April 16, 2017) was a Democratic member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1967 to 1973 from McLennan County. Moore is most noted for an April Fool's Day prank he played to demonstrate that his fellow legislators often did not read the legislation they were approving and for being a member of the "Dirty Thirty."
Biography
Moore was born in Waco, Texas, May 16, 1918. He served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1946. From 1952-1959, as McLennan County district attorney, Moore prosecuted "the first criminal trial to be televised in the United States."
Boston Strangler prank
Moore introduced legislation on April 1, 1971 commending Albert DeSalvo—more commonly known as the Boston Strangler—including this wording:
After it was passed unanimously by the House, Moore later withdrew the legislation, explaining he had only offered it to prove an important point that his fellow legislators didn't read much of the legislation they voted on.
Dirty Thirty
Moore, along with 29 other bipartisan members of the 1971 Texas House of Representatives, became known as the "Dirty Thirty" after allying against the then-Speaker of the House Gus Franklin Mutscher and other Texas officials who had been charged in a bribery-conspiracy investigation by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The Dirty Thirty kept the Sharpstown Stock-Fraud Scandal alive as a political issue. Even though Mutscher was still favored by a majority in the House, they called for a resolution to make Mutscher and his associates resign from leadership positions while the SEC investigation continued. Because of Mutscher's favored position, however, the measure failed. Another resolution for the House to make itself a committee to study the SEC allegation also failed. The Dirty Thirty's criticisms of Mutscher's system of controlling legislation eventually led Mutscher to agree to an investigation led by five of his closest House allies, all chairmen of other committees he had appointed. On the next-to-last day of the session, Mutscher attacked the Dirty Thirty, accusing them of irresponsible, partisan politics. The Dirty Thirty for their part called Mutscher a dictator over state politics, more concerned with private than public interests. This began the electoral battle, which Mutscher lost.
Mutscher, along with two other colleagues (Governor Preston Smith and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes), were indicted by a Travis County grand jury in September 1971 for conspiracy to accept a bribe and accepting a bribe. Mutscher was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to five years' probation. Mutscher's colleagues, though not brought to trial, saw their political careers effectively ended. The Dirty Thirty also paid a price - Mutscher blocked most of their legislation actions and they were isolated from other Texas legislators. Moore died in April 2017 at the age of 98.
References
1918 births
2017 deaths
April Fools' Day
McLennan County, Texas
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
1971 in American law
United States Army personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Moore%20Jr. |
The shatkarmas (Sanskrit: षटकर्म ṣaṭkarma, literally six actions), also known as shatkriyas, are a set of Hatha yoga purifications of the body, to prepare for the main work of yoga towards moksha (liberation). These practices, outlined by Svatmarama in the Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā as kriya, are Netī, Dhautī, Naulī, Basti, Kapālabhātī, and Trāṭaka.<ref>These techniques and their practice are outlined in considerable detail by Swami Rama in his two volume set:Rama, Swami. (1988). Path of Fire and Light, Volume I: Advanced Practices of Yoga; Volume II: A Practical Companion to Volume I. Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Himalayan Institute Press.</ref>
The Haṭha Ratnavali mentions two additional purifications, Cakri and Gajakarani, criticising the Hatha Yoga Pradipika for only describing the other six.
Purpose
The shatkarmas are six (or more) preliminary purifications described in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika and later texts. Their purpose is to remove "gross impurities", cure a range of diseases, and prepare the body for pranayama, trapping the breath so as to force the vital energy prana into the central sushumna channel, allowing kundalini to rise, and so to attain moksha, liberation.
Description
The six purifications taught in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and repeated in the Gheranda Samhita, are:
Netī, a nasal wash. This is the practice of using a neti pot to cleanse the nasal passages. A basic neti wash consists of purified water and non-iodized salt, to create a gentle saline solution.demonstration
Dhautī, the cleansing of the whole digestive tract.
Naulī, a self-administered abdominal massage, using only the muscles of the abdominal wall. The practitioner stands with the feet about hip width apart, hands on knees, and body at about a 45 degree angle. The core is rotated internally by moving the abdominal muscles alternately in a clock-wise, then in a counterclock-wise direction.
Basti, a colonic irrigation.
Kapālabhātī, a skull polishing, and is a pranayama (breathing) practice intended to energize and balance the nadis, and the chakras. Specifically, it is a sharp, short outbreath, followed by a relaxation of the core that allows the body to inhale on its own.
Trāṭaka, gazing at a fixed point such as a black spot or a candle flame.
The two additional purifications in the Hatha Ratnavali are:
Cakri, the dilation of the anus, using a finger moved about in the rectum.
Gajakarani (present but described differently in the Hatha Yoga Pradipika''), holding sweetened water and the breath in the oesophagus, followed by expulsion of its contents.
References
Kriyas
Shatkarmas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatkarma |
No Name is a Slovak rock band. It was formed in Košice on 26 August 1996 by Viliam Gutray and three Timko brothers - Igor, Roman, and Ivan.
Marián Čekovský joined No Name as a keyboardist and was replaced by Zoli Šallai after leaving the band. A few years later, the youngest Timko brother, Dušan, also became a member of No Name.
No Name became known to Slovak audiences in part by playing the Bratislavská lýra festival
, but their came with their second album, Počkám si na zázrak (I'll Wait for a Miracle), which featured the hit singles "Ty a Tvoja sestra" (You and Your Sister) and "Žily" (Veins).
Band members
Current members
Igor Timko - vocals
Roman Timko - guitar, vocals
Zoltán Šallai - keyboards, vocals
Ivan Timko - drums, vocals
Dušan Timko - guitar
Pavol Jakab - bass
Past members
Marián Čekovský - keyboards
Viliam Gutray - bass
Discography
Studio albums
No Name (1998)
Počkám si na zázrak (2000)
Oslávme si život (2001)
Slová do tmy (2003)
Čím to je (2005)
V rovnováhe (2008)
Nový album (2011)
Love Songs (2012)
S Láskou (2015)
EPs
Kto Dokáže - with Karel Gott (2016)
Live albums
Live in Prague (2008)
G2 Acoustic Stage (2014)
20 Rokov No Name (2019)
Dermacol Acoustic Tour (2019)
Compilation albums
The Best of No Name (2009)
No Name Box (2018)
DVDs
Live in Europe (2006)
V rovnováhe tour (2010)
Tour 2011 Steel Arena Košice (2011)
G2 Acoustic Stage (2014)
No Name Box (2018)
20 Rokov No Name (2019)
Awards and recognition
Český slavík 2016 - Best Slovak Artist
See also
The 100 Greatest Slovak Albums of All Time
References
External links
Official website
Culture and Arts in Košice
Slovak musical groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Name%20%28Slovak%20band%29 |
Iago is the main antagonist in the play Othello by William Shakespeare
Iago may also refer to:
Biology
Iago (fish), a genus of hound sharks
Iago sparrow, endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago
Characters
Iago (Aladdin), a parrot in the 1992 film Aladdin and various Disney media
Iago, a character in the American television series Gargoyles
People
Iago, a form of the given name Jacob or James
Iago (footballer, born 1995) or Iago Sampaio Silva, Brazilian footballer
Iago (footballer, born 1997) or Iago Amaral Borduchi, Brazilian footballer
Iago (footballer, born 1999) or Iago Fabrício Gonçalves dos Reis, a Brazilian footballer
Iago ap Beli (c. 560–c. 616), king of Gwynedd
Iago ap Idwal (ruled 950–979), king of Gwynedd
Iago Falque (born 1990), is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder
Iago Iglesias (born 1984), known simply as Iago, a Spanish professional footballer
Iago, a pen-name of Sir Robert Walpole
Place
Iago, Texas, United States
Santiago, Cape Verde, an island also called "St. Iago" or "St. Jago"
Other
Iago (film), a 2009 Italian film
IAGO, the International Abstract Games Organization
Iago, a GWR Banking Class steam locomotive on the Great Western Railway
Porth Iago, the site of the ancient St Medin's Church near Aberdaron, Gwynedd, Wales
A Spanish and Welsh variant of the name Jacob
See also
Jago (disambiguation)
Yago (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Ornithomimidae (meaning "bird-mimics") is a family of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. Ornithomimids were fast, omnivorous or herbivorous dinosaurs known mainly from the Late Cretaceous Period of Laurasia (now Asia and North America), though they have also been reported from the Lower Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation of Australia.
Description
The skulls of ornithomimids were small, with large eyes, above relatively long and slender necks. All had toothless beaks.
The fore limbs ('arms') were long and slender and bore powerful claws. The hind limbs were long and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws. Ornithomimids were probably among the fastest of all dinosaurs. Like many other coelurosaurs, the ornithomimid hide was feathered rather than scaly.
Biology
Comparisons between the scleral rings of the genus Ornithomimus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.
While little is known of ornithomimid reproduction, neonate ornithomimid fossils have been found representing either embryos or hatchlings.
Ornithomimids appear to have been preyed upon at least occasionally by other theropods, as evidenced by an ornithomimid tail vertebra that preserves tooth drag marks attributed to a dromaeosaurid (Saurornitholestes). One specimen from an unidentified ornithomimid shows a pathologic toe bone whose far end is "mushroomed" compared to those of healthy specimens.
Diet
Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants. Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores. Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like 'arms' of ornithomimids may have been used to pull down branches on which to feed, an idea supported by further study of their strange, hook-like hands. The sheer abundance of ornithomimids — they are the most common small dinosaurs in North America — is consistent with the idea that they were plant eaters, as herbivores usually outnumber carnivores in an ecosystem. However, they may have been omnivores that ate both plants and small animal prey.
The feeding habits of ornithomimids have been controversial. In 2001 Norell et al. reported a specimen of Gallimimus (IGM 100/1133) and one of Ornithomimus (RTMP 95.110.1). These two fossil skulls had soft tissue preservation, and both had keratinous beaks with vertical grooves extending ventrally from the bony upper mandible. These structures are reminiscent of the lamellae seen in ducks, in which they function to strain small edible items like plants, forams, mollusks, and ostracods from the water. The authors further noted that ornithomimids were abundant in mesic environments, and rarer in more arid environments, suggesting that they may have depended on waterborne sources of food, possibly filter feeding. They noted that primitive ornithomimids had well developed teeth, while derived forms were edentulous and probably could not feed on large animals.
One later paper questioned the conclusions of Norell et al. Barrett (2005) noted that vertical ridges are seen on the inner surface of the beaks of strictly herbivorous turtles, and also the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus. Barrett also offered calculations, estimating how much energy could be derived from filter feeding and the probable energy needs of an animal as big as Gallimimus. He concluded that herbivory was more likely.
Classification
Named by O.C. Marsh in 1890, the family Ornithomimidae was originally classified as a group of ornithopods. Two years later, Marsh described additional material and realized that ornithomimids were theropods. As relationships within theropods began to be resolved in the 20th century, Friedrich von Huene included Ornithomimidae in his infraorder Coelurosauria. Recognizing the distinctiveness of ornithomimids compared to other coelurosaurs, Rinchen Barsbold placed ornithomimids within their own infraorder, Ornithomimosauria, in 1976. Today, Ornithomimosauria is regarded as a clade within Coelurosauria. The contents of Ornithomimidae and Ornithomimosauria varied from author to author as cladistic definitions began to appear for the groups in the 1990s and 2000s.
The cladogram below was the result of a study conducted in 2015 by Claudia Serrano-Branas and colleagues.
See also
Timeline of ornithomimosaur research
References
Ornithomimosaurs
Turonian first appearances
Maastrichtian extinctions
Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
Prehistoric dinosaur families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimidae |
Mathieu-Nicolas Poillevillain de Clémanges (or Clamanges) (born in Champagne c. 1360, died in Paris between 1434 and 1440) was a French humanist and theologian.
He studied in the Collège de Navarre, University of Paris, and in 1380 received the degree of Licentiate, and then later received a Master of Arts. He studied theology under Jean Gerson and Pierre d'Ailly, and received the degree of Bachelor of Theology in 1393.
He had begun to lecture at the university in 1391 and was appointed its rector in 1393, a position he filled until 1395. The Western Schism then became a major cause of conflict within Christianity, and three methods were proposed to re-establish peace: compromise, concession, and a general council.
From 1380 to 1394 the University of Paris advocated a general council. In 1394 another tendency was manifest; i.e. both Pope Boniface IX and Pope Clement VII were held responsible for the continuance of the schism, and their resignations decreed to be the means of obtaining peace. To this end a letter was written to King Charles VI by three of the most learned masters of the university, d'Ailly, Clémanges, and Gilles des Champs, with des Champs and d'Ailly preparing the content. The letter was unsuccessful, and the university was ordered to abstain from further discussion.
Clémanges, forced to resign the rectorship of the university, then became canon and dean of Saint-Clodoald in 1395, and later on canon and treasurer of Langres. The antipope Benedict XIII, who admired his Latin style, took him for his secretary in 1397, and he remained at Avignon until 1408, when he abandoned Benedict because of the latter's conflict with Charles VI.
Clémanges now retired to the Carthusian monastery of Valfonds, and later to Fontain-au-Bois. In these two retreats he wrote his best treatises, De Fructu eremi (dedicated to Pierre d'Ailly), De Fructu rerum adversarum, De novis festivitatibus non instituendis, and De studio theologico, in which latter work he exhibits his dislike for the Scholastic method in philosophy.
In 1412 he returned to Langres, and was appointed Archdeacon of Bayeux. His voice was heard successively at the Council of Constance (1414), and at Chartres (1421), where he defended the "liberties" of the Gallican Church. In 1425 he was teaching rhetoric and theology in the College of Navarre, where, most probably, he died.
Clémanges is also credited with the authorship of the work De corrupto Ecclesiae statu, first edited by Konrad Cordatus (possibly with Ulrich von Hutten) in 1513, strongly criticizing the morality and discipline of the contemporary Church; hence he is sometimes considered a Reformer of the type of Wyclif and Hus. Schubert, however, in his book Ist Nicolaus von Clémanges der Verfasser des Buches De corrupto Ecclesiae statu? (Grossenhain, 1882; Leipzig, 1888) suggested that, although a contemporary, Clémanges was not the author of the book.
His works were edited in two volumes by Johannes Martin Lydius a Protestant minister of Frankfort (Leyden, 1613). His letters are in Luc d'Achery's Spicilegium, volume I, 473 sqq.
Sources
Bellitto, Christopher, Nicolas de Clamanges: spirituality, personal reform, and pastoral renewal on the eve of the reformations, Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2001.
Medieval French theologians
University of Paris alumni
French Renaissance humanists
14th-century French people
15th-century French people
French male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20of%20Cl%C3%A9manges |
The Lucerne Festival Strings is one of Switzerland's most frequently touring chamber orchestras, which for decades was closely associated with the Lucerne School of Music, being for many years an "ensemble in residence". The orchestra was founded in 1956 by Wolfgang Schneiderhan and Rudolf Baumgartner as part of the Lucerne International Music Festival (today: Lucerne Festival); the latter directed it until 1998. His successor as artistic director was Achim Fiedler who held the position from 1998 to summer 2012.The Australian-Swiss violinist Daniel Dodds has been artistic director since the 2012/2013 season. Managing Director is Hans-Christoph Mauruschat. In recent years, the CD label Sony Classical and Oehms Classics have released CD recordings of the ensemble.
The Festival Strings Lucerne began in the first year of their existence to acquire an excellent international reputation with recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, with which they had an exclusive contract till 1973. From the late 1950s onwards, the Lucerne Festival Strings were among the pioneers of Deutsche Grammophon's "Archive" series, which at the time made record history with the first publication of works by forgotten or hardly known composers, especially from the Baroque period, such as Giuseppe Tartini (1959).
External links
Musical groups established in 1956
Swiss orchestras
Chamber orchestras
Lucerne Festival
1956 establishments in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne%20Festival%20Strings |
In computer science, adaptive heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm of the adaptive sort family. It is a variant of heap sort that performs better when the data contains existing order. Published by Christos Levcopoulos and Ola Petersson in 1992, the algorithm utilizes a new measure of presortedness, Osc, as the number of oscillations. Instead of putting all the data into the heap as the traditional heap sort did, adaptive heap sort only take part of the data into the heap so that the run time will reduce significantly when the presortedness of the data is high.
Heapsort
Heap sort is a sorting algorithm that utilizes binary heap data structure. The method treats an array as a complete binary tree and builds up a Max-Heap/Min-Heap to achieve sorting. It usually involves the following four steps.
Build a Max-Heap(Min-Heap): put all the data into the heap so that all nodes are either greater than or equal (less than or equal to for Min-Heap) to each of its child nodes.
Swap the first element of the heap with the last element of the heap.
Remove the last element from the heap and put it at the end of the list. Adjust the heap so that the first element ends up at the right place in the heap.
Repeat Step 2 and 3 until the heap has only one element. Put this last element at the end of the list and output the list. The data in the list will be sorted.
Below is a C/C++ implementation that builds up a Max-Heap and sorts the array after the heap is built.
/*
A C/C++ sample heap sort code that sort an array to an increasing order
*/
// A function that build up a max-heap binary tree
void heapify(int array[], int start, int end)
{
int parent = start;
int child = parent * 2 + 1;
while (child <= end)
{ if (child + 1 <= end) // when there are two child nodes
{
if (array[child + 1] > array[child])
{
child ++; //take the bigger child node
}
}
if (array[parent] > array[child])
{
return; //if the parent node is greater, then it's already heapified
}
if (array[parent] < array[child]) // when child node is greater than parent node
{
swap (array[parent], array[child]); // switch parent and child node
parent = child;
child = child * 2 + 1; //continue the loop, compare the child node and its child nodes
}
}
}
// heap_sort function
void heap_sort (int array[], int len)
{
for (int i = len/2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) //Step 1: build up the max-heap
{
heapify(array, i, len);
}
for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) //Step 4: repeat step 2 and 3 till finished
{
swap(array[0], array[i]); // Step 2: put the max at the end of the array
heapify (array, 0, i-1); // Step 3: remove the max from the tree and heapify again
}
}
int main()
{
//the array that will be sorted
int array[] = {42, 1283, 123, 654, 239847, 45, 97, 85, 763, 90, 770, 616, 328, 1444, 911, 315, 38, 5040, 1};
int array_len = sizeof(array)/sizeof(*array); //length of the array
heap_sort (array, array_len);
return 0;
}
Measures of presortedness
Measures of presortedness measures the existing order in a given sequence. These measures of presortedness decides the number of data that will be put in to the heap during the sorting process as well as the lower bound of running time.
Oscillations (Osc)
For sequence , Cross(xi) is defined as the number edges of the line plot of X that are intersected by a horizontal line through the point (i, xi). Mathematically, it is defined as . The oscillation(Osc) of X is just the total number of intersections, defined as .
Other measures
Besides the original Osc measurement, other known measures include the number of inversions Inv, the number of runs Runs, the number of blocks Block, and the measures Max, Exc and Rem. Most of these different measurements are related for adaptive heap sort. Some measures dominate the others: every Osc-optimal algorithm is Inv optimal and Runs optimal; every Inv-optimal algorithm is Max optimal; and every Block-optimal algorithm is Exc optimal and Rem optimal.
Algorithm
Adaptive heap sort is a variant of heap sort that seeks optimality (asymptotically optimal) with respect to the lower bound derived with the measure of presortedness by taking advantage of the existing order in the data. In heap sort, for a data , we put all n elements into the heap and then keep extracting the maximum (or minimum) for n times. Since the time of each max-extraction action is the logarithmic in the size of the heap, the total running time of standard heap sort is . For adaptive heap sort, instead of putting all the elements into the heap, only the possible maximums of the data (max-candidates) will be put into the heap so that fewer runs are required when each time we try to locate the maximum (or minimum).
First, a Cartesian tree is built from the input in time by putting the data into a binary tree and making each node in the tree is greater(or smaller) than all its children nodes, and the root of the Cartesian tree is inserted into an empty binary heap. Then repeatedly extract the maximum from the binary heap, retrieve the maximum in the Cartesian tree, and add its left and right children (if any) which are themselves Cartesian trees, to the binary heap. If the input is already nearly sorted, the Cartesian trees will be very unbalanced, with few nodes having left and right children, resulting in the binary heap remaining small, and allowing the algorithm to sort more quickly than for inputs that are already nearly sorted.
Below is an implementation in pseudo-code:
Input: an array of n elements that need to be sorted
Construct the Cartesian tree l(x)
Insert the root of l(x) into a heap
for i = from 1 to n
{
Perform ExtractMax on the heap
if the max element extracted has any children in l(x)
{
retrieve the children in l(x)
insert the children element into the heap
}
}
Drawbacks
Despite decades of research, there's still a gap between the theory of adaptive heap sort and its practical use. Because the algorithm makes use of Cartesian trees and pointer manipulation, it has low cache-efficiency and high memory requirements, both of which deteriorate the performance of implementations.
See also
Adaptive sort
Heapsort
Cartesian tree
References
Sorting algorithms
Comparison sorts
Heaps (data structures) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20heap%20sort |
Hugh Emlyn Hooson, Baron Hooson, (26 March 1925 – 21 February 2012) was a Welsh Liberal and then Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Montgomeryshire from 1962 until 1979.
Early life
Hooson was born at Colomendy in Denbighshire, the middle child of three sons to Hugh and Elsie Hooson. He was educated at Denbigh Grammar School and read law at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. He joined the Royal Navy in 1943 and served during the Second World War, on a corvette in the north Atlantic.
Legal career
He became a barrister, called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1949, and in 1960 became one of the youngest ever Queen's Counsel, aged 35. He was chairman of the Flint Quarter Sessions from 1960 and Merioneth Quarter Sessions from 1962, until he became Recorder of Merthyr Tydfil and Swansea in 1971. He was a member of the Bar Council from 1965.
As QC, Hooson represented Ian Brady, one of the "Moors Murderers" along with Myra Hindley, when Brady was tried and convicted of three murder charges at Chester Assizes in spring 1966. He described some of the evidence against Brady as "flimsy".
In 1970 he appeared for the Ministry of Defence at a public inquiry over plans to move its experimental range from Shoeburyness to Pembrey, near Carmarthen.
He went on to become Recorder of both Merthyr Tydfil and Swansea in 1971, Elected Leader of the Wales and Chester Circuit 1971 to 1974, he was a Recorder of the Crown Court from 1972 until 1991, as well as a Deputy High Court Judge.
He was President of the Cambrian Law Review and was the Hon. Professional Fellow of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Political career
Hooson became chairman of the Liberal Party of Wales in 1955 and was elected to the Liberal Party executive in 1965. He contested Conway at the 1950 general election and again in 1951.
As Chairman of the Liberal Party of Wales, he led its merger with the North and South Wales Liberal Federations, thereby uniting liberalism in Wales in the Welsh Liberal Party.
He became MP for Montgomeryshire at a 1962 by-election following the death of Clement Davies, as a member of the Liberal Party. He contested the Liberal Party leadership election of 1967, but withdrew in favour of Jeremy Thorpe after gaining only a quarter of the votes in the first ballot.
Initially being Eurosceptic, Hooson was the only Liberal MP to vote against entry into the Common Market in a 'free vote' division on 28 October 1971, although he campaigned for a 'Yes'(Remain) vote in the 1975 referendum. He later became solidly more pro-European telling an audience at a Welsh Political Archive lecture in the 1990s:
Hooson also wrote in a draft of his unfinished and unpublished autobiography: "I believe we need a federal Europe"
He introduced the Government of Wales Bill on St David's Day 1967, taking one of the first steps to the formation of the Welsh Assembly.
At the 1979 general election, Hooson lost his seat to the Conservatives and was then appointed a life peer as Baron Hooson, of Montgomery in the County of Powys and of Colomendy in the County of Clwyd. Montgomeryshire was regained by the Liberal Party at the next general election; it was then held by the Liberal Party and its successor party, the Liberal Democrats, until the 2010 general election.
Hooson sat for the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords, where he was active in improving the Mental Health Act, urged police reforms and spoke on law reform and drug trafficking.
Hooson was vice-chairman of the North Atlantic Assembly's political committee, where he worked with Congressman John Lindsay on one of the early reports recommending détente with eastern Europe.
Personal life and other interests
In 1950, Hooson married Shirley Hamer, daughter of Sir George Hamer, Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire. They had two daughters, Sioned and Lowri. He sent his daughters to London's only Welsh-speaking school, and chaired its governors. The family home was in Llanidloes, where Lord Hooson's funeral was held in the China Street Chapel.
In 1980 he chaired a consortium that bid for the Wales and West television franchise, and became a member of the ITV Advisory Council.
In 1985, Emlyn Hooson became a non-executive director of Laura Ashley, and was later made chairman in 1995. He was already Chairman of the Trustees of the Laura Ashley Foundation, a post he filled from 1986 to 1997.
From 1991 to 2000, he was Chairman of Severn River Crossing PLC, the company operating both the Severn Bridge and the Second Severn Crossing.
He became President of the National Eisteddfod of Wales at Newtown in 1966 and the following year, he was made Honorary White Bard of the National Gorsedd of Bards. Between 1987 and 1993, Hooson was the President of the International Eisteddfod, held annually at Llangollen.
A farmer, Hooson was a member of an old North Wales agricultural family. He was a cousin (and political opponent) of Tom Hooson, a Conservative MP who died in 1985.
Lord and Lady Hooson also held the position of President of Llidiartywaen Young Farmers Club for many years. Until his ill health, an annual occurrence was the young farmers being invited in every Christmas Eve to sing carols around the fireside.
Lady Hooson died in 2018.
Honours
See also
A Very English Scandal (TV series)
References
Sources
Books and Journals
The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1950 & 1966
''Derec Llwyd Morgan Ed (2014) Emlyn Hooson, Essays and Reminiscences, Gomer
External links
Official parliament.uk biography
1925 births
2012 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Liberal Party (UK) life peers
Liberal Democrats (UK) life peers
Welsh King's Counsel
Members of Gray's Inn
Welsh barristers
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Presidents of the National Eisteddfod of Wales
20th-century Welsh lawyers
Politicians from Denbighshire
People from Montgomeryshire
Life peers created by Elizabeth II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emlyn%20Hooson%2C%20Baron%20Hooson |
A sorting algorithm falls into the adaptive sort family if it takes advantage of existing order in its input. It benefits from the presortedness in the input sequence – or a limited amount of disorder for various definitions of measures of disorder – and sorts faster. Adaptive sorting is usually performed by modifying existing sorting algorithms.
Motivation
Comparison-based sorting algorithms have traditionally dealt with achieving an optimal bound of O(n log n) when dealing with time complexity. Adaptive sort takes advantage of the existing order of the input to try to achieve better times, so that the time taken by the algorithm to sort is a smoothly growing function of the size of the sequence and the disorder in the sequence. In other words, the more presorted the input is, the faster it should be sorted.
This is an attractive feature for a sorting algorithm because nearly sorted sequences are common in practice. Thus, the performance of existing sort algorithms can be improved by taking into account the existing order in the input.
Note that most worst-case sorting algorithms that do optimally well in the worst-case, notably heap sort and merge sort, do not take existing order within their input into account, although this deficiency is easily rectified in the case of merge sort by checking if the last element of the lefthand group is less than (or equal) to the first element of the righthand group, in which case a merge operation may be replaced by simple concatenation – a modification that is well within the scope of making an algorithm adaptive.
Examples
A classic example of an adaptive sorting algorithm is Straight Insertion Sort. In this sorting algorithm, we scan the input from left to right, repeatedly finding the position of the current item, and insert it into an array of previously sorted items.
In pseudo-code form, the Straight Insertion Sort algorithm could look something like this (array X is zero-based):
procedure Straight Insertion Sort (X):
for j := 1 to length(X) - 1 do
t := X[j]
i := j
while i > 0 and X[i - 1] > t do
X[i] := X[i - 1]
i := i - 1
end
X[i] := t
end
The performance of this algorithm can be described in terms of the number of inversions in the input, and then will be roughly equal to , where is the number of Inversions. Using this measure of presortedness – being relative to the number of inversions – Straight Insertion Sort takes less time to sort the closer it is to being sorted.
Other examples of adaptive sorting algorithms are adaptive heap sort, adaptive merge sort, patience sort, Shellsort, smoothsort, splaysort, Timsort, and Cartesian tree sorting.
See also
Sorting algorithms
Smoothsort
References
Sorting algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20sort |
Hasmonea Lwów was a Polish-Jewish sports club based in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine). Created in 1908 in Austria-Hungary, it was the first sports club exclusively for Jewish members. It was named after the Hasmonean royal dynasty. The full Polish name was Żydowski Klub Sportowy Hasmonea Lwów (Jewish Sports Club Hasmonea Club).
In the interbellum the Hasmonea was one of four Lwów-based clubs playing in the Polish First League and arguably the most popular Jewish football club in Poland. In 1928 it was ranked 13th in the league and relegated. There was a conflict between the club and PZPN officially due to failing to pay its dues. In 1929 the club paid its owed dues and next year revived its football team which competed in regional competition of Lwow Voivodeship. In 1932 the original stadium of the club was deliberately burnt down. The most popular football player primarily associated with the club was Zygmunt Steuermann.
Hasmonea was also famous for its excellent table tennis players. In 1933 they were team champions of Poland, and its top player, Alojzy Ehrlich, was three times winner of silver medals in the World Championships (1936, 1937, 1939). Another of the championship players during those years was Leopold Weiss, one of the few members of the club who like Ehrlich also survived the Nazi occupation of Lwów.
See also
Maccabi (sports)
References
Association football clubs established in 1908
Jewish football clubs
Lwów District Football League
Polish football clubs in Lviv
1908 establishments in Poland
1908 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Defunct football clubs in former Polish territories
Diaspora sports clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonea%20Lw%C3%B3w |
Joel Pettersson (8 June 1892 – 5 January 1937) was a painter and writer on the Åland Islands, Finland. He remained an obscure figure during his lifetime; most of his writings were unpublished for decades after his death.
Biography
Petterssons parents were elderly peasants, Joel's father being well over 50 at the time of Joel's birth. Joel had a younger brother Karl, who died at sea in 1916. Pettersson lived almost his entire life in Norrby Lemland, Åland, where he had to take over the family farm although he lacked both interest and qualifications for small-farming.
Pettersson began writing and painting in his early school years, though much of his works from this period were not preserved.
Around the year 1913 he had the opportunity to study at the drawing school Åbo Ritskola in Turku He stayed in Turku until 1915, when he decided to abort his studies and return to Åland. He painted actively for a few years after the art school.
Upon his return, Pettersson became active in the local youth organisation, for which he wrote plays and monologues. He directed plays, made scene set-ups, costumes and marionette dolls. Joelsson even had a one-man act called Uncle Joel writes and tells stories. He also wrote prose which he read out loud during organisation meetings. Pettersson was most active as a writer following his return from Turku until 1921.
During the 1920s, Pettersson worked mostly on his parents' farm, only sporadically participating in the youth organisation's activities. His parents both died in 1928, leaving Pettersson to care for the farm. He sold all the animals and most of the property. He tried earning a living on art, but was unsuccessful. He then tried raising hens, but this also proved to be an unsuccessful venture. He resumed painting in 1935, and some of his paintings were displayed during an exhibition the following year.
His constant economic difficulties and work load took their toll. In 1936, he suffered a nervous breakdown and was committed to Grelsby Asylum, where he remained until his death in early 1937.
Pettersson never married, although he was engaged for a brief period; his fiancée left for America. There is some speculation that Pettersson may have been bisexual.
Gallery
Appreciation after death
During his lifetime, Pettersson did not receive much appreciation for his works. He did not write in formal Swedish but relied heavily on the vocabulary of the local dialect, and publishers had little interest in publishing Joel's texts. Some of Joel's writings appeared in local publications, but most of it remained unpublished.
In 1970, writer and rural dean Valdemar Nyman began editing and publishing Pettersson's writings, starting with Jag har ju sett in 1972, 35 years after Pettersson's death. Nyman also wrote an extensive biography of Pettersson, Pojken och den gråa byn (1977). In recent years Ralf Svenblad has edited and published some of Pettersson's works.
Today, Joel Pettersson is considered to be one of the most important Åland writers.
Pettersson's expressionistic paintings were not appreciated during his life but his genuine painting has later given him the title of Åland's van Gogh.
Bibliography
Selected published works
Edited by Valdemar Nyman
Jag har ju sett (1972)
Eldtände (1973)
Frifågel (1974)
Hallonskogen (1975)
Edited by Ralf Svenblad
Pojken som fantasin skenade bort med (1992)
Knollan. En kosaga (2001)
Till alla, alla, alla (2002)
Måndagsmorgon (2004)
Publications about Joel Pettersson
Nyman, Valdemar: Pojken och den gråa byn (1977)
References
External links
Joel Pettersson pages at the Library of Mariehamn
1892 births
1937 deaths
People from Lemland
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish writers in Swedish
Writers from Åland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Pettersson |
Abant Izzet Baysal University () is a public university in Bolu, Turkey. It was founded on 3 July 1992 by Izzet Baysal. It has campuses in the city center and three districts of Bolu (Gerede, Mengen, Mudurnu). The main campus of the university, namely the İzzet Baysal Campus, is located in Gölköy, which is 8 km from the city center. The university comprises 16 faculties, 1 institute, 1 school, 8 vocational schools, and 20 research centers. 1.539 faculty members and 1.176 administrative staff.
Academics
Institutes
Institute of Education Sciences
Institute of Health Sciences
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Social Sciences
Faculties
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences
Faculty of Architecture
Faculty of Communication
Faculty of Dentistry
Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Fine Arts
Faculty of Health Sciences
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Science and Letters
Faculty of Sports Sciences
Faculty of Technology
Faculty of Theology
Faculty of Tourism
Colleges
Gerede in the School of Applied Sciences
School of Foreign Languages
Vocational Schools
Bolu Vocational School
Bolu Technical Sciences Vocational School
Gerede Vocational School
Mehmet Tanrıkulu Health Services Vocational School
Mengen Vocational School
Mudurnu Süreyya Astarcı Vocational School
Seben İzzat Baysal Vocational School
Yeniçağa Yaşar Çelik Vocational School
See also
Abant İzzet Baysal University SK (women's hockey)
List of forestry universities and colleges
References
References
Abant Izzet Baysal University
External links
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Erasmus for Incoming Students to AİBÜ
Universities and colleges established in 1992
Buildings and structures in Bolu Province
1992 establishments in Turkey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolu%20Abant%20Izzet%20Baysal%20University |
Tim Cavanaugh is an American journalist and screenwriter based in Alexandria, Virginia. He is a news editor for The Washington Examiner. Prior to that, he was News Editor for National Review Online, Executive Editor for The Daily Caller, Managing Editor for Reason magazine, Web editor of the Los Angeles Times opinion page, and was the editor in chief of the website Suck.com from 1998 to 2001.
Cavanaugh was born and raised in Margate City, New Jersey and attended Atlantic City High School.
Cavanaugh is a winner of two Los Angeles Press Club awards and a Webby Award. His work has appeared in The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, Slate, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Beirut Daily Star, San Francisco Magazine, Mother Jones, Agence France-Presse, Wired, Newsday, Salon, Orange County Register, The Rake magazine, and other publications.
His satirical 2002 article mocking weblogs, "Let Slip the Blogs of War" (an update of an earlier article in Suck), infuriated many bloggers and was included in Perseus Publishing's anthology We've Got Blog. Nonetheless, Cavanaugh instituted Reason's popular weblog Hit & Run, which won a Weblog Award in 2005.
Cavanaugh wrote the screenplay for Home Run Showdown, a 2012 direct-to-video family baseball movie featuring Matthew Lillard, Dean Cain and Annabeth Gish.
References
External links
National Review Online
The Simpleton
Suck bio
Living people
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American libertarians
American magazine editors
Atlantic City High School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American online journalists
People from Margate City, New Jersey
21st-century American non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Cavanaugh |
The West Chester University Poetry Conference is an international poetry conference that has been held annually since 1995 at West Chester University, Pennsylvania, United States. It hosts various panel discussions and poetry craft workshops, which focus primarily on formal poetry, narrative poetry, New Formalism and Expansive Poetry. It is the largest poetry-only conference in America and possibly the world as well as the only conference which focuses on traditional craft.
History
The conference was founded in 1995 by West Chester professor Michael Peich and poet Dana Gioia with 85 poets and scholars in attendance. The original core faculty members included Annie Finch, R. S. Gwynn, Mark Jarman, Robert McDowell, and Timothy Steele. While some of these faculty still return regularly to teach, the faculty has expanded in recent years to include Kim Addonizio, Rhina Espaillat, B. H. Fairchild, Rachel Hadas, Molly Peacock, Mary Jo Salter, A. E. Stallings, and many other widely published New Formalists.
Starting in 1999, the conference's program began including an art song concert.
In 2003, Gioia stepped down as co-director of the conference in order to become chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.
The 2010 conference was the 16th and last year with Peich as director before he retired and passed the position to Kim Bridgford. By this time, the conference attendance had increased to 300 poets and poetry scholars. That year's concert of art song featured Natalie Merchant, who sung the poetry of various poets of the past. On June 12, the last day of the conference, the Queen's Birthday Honours 2010 were announced, including British comic poet Wendy Cope's appointment as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
R. S. Gwynn was named Program Director in September, 2015. His innovations included the initiation of a "Great Debates" series, the first of which, "Poetry or Verse?" was conducted by the poets James Matthew Wilson and Robert Archambeau.
Jesse Waters was named Program Director in January, 2018.
2020 saw no conference.
Awards given
Every year, the WCU Poetry Conference gives out three Iris N. Spencer Poetry Awards, the most notable one being the nationally-competitive Donald Justice Poetry Prize. The other two were given to recognize local regional undergraduate work in the Delaware Valley of Pennsylvania until 2012, when they were expanded to become nationally-competitive prizes.
Keynote speakers
1995 — Richard Wilbur
1996 — Donald Justice
1997 — Anthony Hecht
1998 — Wendy Cope
1999 — X. J. Kennedy
2000 — Louis Simpson
2001 — Marilyn Nelson
2002 — Nina Cassian
2003 — William Jay Smith
2004 — Dana Gioia
2005 — Anne Stevenson
2006 — James Fenton
2007 — Kay Ryan
2008 — Richard Wilbur
2009 — Donald Hall
2010 — Rhina Espaillat
2011 — Robert Pinsky
2012 Christian Wiman
2013 Julia Alvarez
2014 Natasha Trethewey
2016 Sir Andrew Motion
2017 A.E. Stallings
2018 Timothy Steele
2019 David Yezzi
2020 NONE
See also
Mezzo Cammin, a journal of formalist poetry by women, associated with the WCU Poetry Conference
Poetry
American poetry
List of years in poetry
External links
References
Poetry organizations
Cultural conferences
West Chester University
Annual events in Pennsylvania
Recurring events established in 1995
1995 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Chester%20University%20Poetry%20Conference |
Montgomery was a constituency in the House of Commons of England and later in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member, but was abolished in 1918.
After 1832 the constituency was more usually called the Montgomery Boroughs or Montgomery District of Boroughs.
Boundaries
1885–1918
The constituency comprised the boroughs of Montgomery, Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Newtown and Welshpool.
Members of Parliament
1542–1640
1601–1918
Elections
Elections in the 1830s
The election was declared void on petition, causing a by-election.
Elections in the 1840s
With both Cholmondeley and Pugh receiving the same number of votes, both were declared elected by the returning officer. However, Cholmondeley decided against defending his claim for the seat and Pugh was declared the only elected candidate.
Elections in the 1850s
Elections in the 1860s
Pugh's death caused a by-election.
Willes-Johnson's death caused a by-election.
Elections in the 1870s
Hanbury-Tracy succeeded to the peerage, becoming Lord Sudeley.
Elections in the 1880s
Elections in the 1890s
Elections in the 1900s
Elections in the 1910s
General Election 1914/15:
Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Unionist: Edward Pryce-Jones
Liberal: A E O Humphreys Owen
References
D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913)
F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
Montgomeryshire
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1542
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 |
Antônio Renato Aragão (born January 13, 1935), nicknamed Didi, is a Brazilian comedian actor, producer, filmmaker, TV presenter, singer and writer. He is best known as Didi, because of his leading role in the television series Os Trapalhões.
Didi was born in Sobral, Ceará. He obtained a degree in Law in 1961, but has never worked as a lawyer. For many years he was the host of the TV programme Criança Esperança on Globo TV.
Filmography
Television series
Vídeo Alegre (TV Ceará, 1961–1963)
A E I O URCA (TV Tupi, 1964–1965)
Os Legionários (TV Excelsior, 1965–1966)
A Cidade Se Diverte (TV Excelsior, 1965–1966)
Adoráveis Trapalhões (TV Excelsior, 1965–1966)
Uma Graça, Mora? (TV Record, 1966–1969)
Praça da Alegria (TV Record, 1966–1969)
Quartel do Barulho (TV Record, 1966–1969)
Café sem Concerto (TV Tupi, 1970–1971)
Os Insociáveis (TV Record, 1972–1974)
Os Trapalhões (TV Tupi, 1974–1976)
Os Trapalhões (TV Globo, 1976–1993)
Criança Esperança (TV Globo, 1986–2012)
Os Trapalhões – Melhores Momentos de Todos os Tempos (reruns, TV Globo, 1994–1997)
Os Trapalhões em Portugal (TV SIC, Portugal, 1994–1997)
A Turma do Didi (TV Globo, 1998–2010–).
Aventuras do Didi (TV Globo, 2010-2013)
Cinema
Discography
1974 – Os Trapalhões – Volume 1
1975 – Os Trapalhões – Volume 2
1979 – Os Trapalhões na TV
1981 – O Forró dos Trapalhões
1981 – Os Saltimbancos Trapalhões
1982 – Os Vagabundos Trapalhões
1982 – Os Trapalhões na Serra Pelada
1983 – O Cangaceiro Trapalhão
1984 – O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé
1984 – Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oroz
1984 – Os Trapalhões
1985 – A Filha dos Trapalhões
1987 – Os Trapalhões
1988 – Os Trapalhões
1991 – Amigos do Peito – 25 Anos de Trapalhões
1995 – Os Trapalhões em Portugal
1996 – Trapalhões e Seus Amigos
2000 – Didi & Sua Turma
Filmography
Solo
1966 – Adorável Trapalhão
1968 – Dois Na Lona
1983 – O Trapalhão na Arca de Noé
2000 – O Anjo Trapalhão
2003 – Didi, o Cupido Trapalhão
2004 – Didi Quer ser Criança
2005 – Didi, O Caçador de Tesouros
2006 – O Cavaleiro Didi e a Princesa Lili
2007 – Didi e a Pequena Ninja
2009 - Uma Noite no Castelo - TV movie
2010 - A Princesa e o Vagabundo - TV movie
2014 - Didi e o Segredo dos Anjos - TV movie
2017 - Os Saltimbancos Trapalhões: Rumo a Hollywood
with Dedé Santana
1971 – Bonga, O Vagabundo
1997 – O Noviço Rebelde
1998 – Simão, o Fantasma Trapalhão
1999 – O Trapalhão e a Luz Azul
with Os Trapalhões
1966 – A Ilha dos Paqueras
1966 – Na Onda do Iê-Iê-Iê
1972 – Ali Babá e os Quarenta Ladrões
1973 – Aladim e a Lâmpada Maravilhosa
1974 – Robin Hood, O Trapalhão da Floresta
1975 – O Trapalhão na Ilha do Tesouro
1976 – O Trapalhão no Planalto dos Macacos
1977 – Simbad, O Marujo Trapalhão
1977 – O Trapalhão nas Minas do Rei Salomão
1978 – Os Trapalhões na Guerra dos Planetas
1979 – O Cinderelo Trapalhão
1979 – O Rei e os Trapalhões
1980 – Os Três Mosqueteiros Trapalhões
1980 – O Incrível Monstro Trapalhão
1981 – Os Saltimbancos Trapalhões
1982 – Os Trapalhões na Serra Pelada
1982 – Os Vagabundos Trapalhões
1983 – O Cangaceiro Trapalhão
1984 – Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz
1984 – A Filha dos Trapalhões
1985 – Os Trapalhões no Reino da Fantasia
1986 – Os Trapalhões no Rabo do Cometa
1986 – Os Trapalhões e o Rei do Futebol
1987 – Os Fantasmas Trapalhões
1987 – Os Trapalhões no Auto da Compadecida
1988 – Os Heróis Trapalhões - Uma Aventura na Selva
1988 – O Casamento dos Trapalhões
1989 – A Princesa Xuxa e os Trapalhões
1989 – Os Trapalhões na Terra dos Monstros
1990 – Uma Escola Atrapalhada
1990 – O Mistério de Robin Hood
1991 – Os Trapalhões E A Árvore da Juventude
References
External links
Renato Aragão at IMDb
Trapalhoes.hpg – Informações gerais sobre Renato Aragão e os Trapalhões
Página sobre o humorista e o grupo Os Trapalhões
Página de Renato Aragão na Unicef
Biografia de Renato Aragão
Página oficial de "A Turma do Didi"
Renato Aragão – Galeria
1935 births
Living people
Brazilian male comedians
Brazilian male film actors
Brazilian male television actors
Os Trapalhões
Recipients of the Order of Cultural Merit (Brazil)
People from Sobral, Ceará | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato%20Arag%C3%A3o |
Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (5 March 1889 – 11 February 1946), also known as L.-O. Frossard or Oscar Frossard, was a French socialist and communist politician. He was a founding member in 1905 and Secretary-General of the French Socialist Party (SFIO) from 1918 to 1920, as well as a founding member and Secretary-General of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1920 to 1922.
On 1 January 1923 Frossard resigned his positions and left the Communist movement over political differences. Frossard briefly attempted to establish an independent Communist political organization before returning to the ranks of the SFIO, gaining election to parliament under that party's banner in 1928, 1932, and 1936.
From 1935 until 1940 Frossard held a series of ministerial positions in successive governments of Pierre Laval, Albert Sarraut, Camille Chautemps, Léon Blum, Édouard Daladier, Paul Reynaud, and the first government of Philippe Pétain. Following the armistice between France and Nazi Germany, Frossard declined to participate in the Vichy French government headed by Pétain, but continued to work as a journalist. His position led to his investigation, trial, and acquittal over accusations of collaborationism following the fall of the Pétain regime.
Early years
He was born 5 March 1889 in Foussemagne, Territoire de Belfort, France. His father was a saddlemaker who was dedicated to his son's education and success in life.
Following completion of his schooling, Frossard became a schoolteacher, also working as a journalist. He also became involved in Socialist politics, joining the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), at the time of its formation in 1905.
Early political career
During World War I, Frossard supported the pacifist minority faction of the SFIO. As the bloody conflict ground on without remit, Frossard's antiwar perspective became the majority view in the SFIO, leading to his election as Secretary-General of the party in 1918. He would remain in that capacity until the SFIO split into socialist and communist wings at the December 1920 Congress at Tours.
In the summer of 1920 Frossard travelled to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic along with his party comrade, Marcel Cachin; the two participated in the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International.
Frossard was active upon his return to France in advocating for the affiliation of the SFIO to the Comintern, and he departed with the left wing at the Tours Congress to form the Communist Party of France (PCF); he was its Secretary-General. Frossard was twice re-elected as the head of the PhD and was endorsed both at its 2nd Congress at Marseilles in December 1921 and its 3rd Congress at Paris in October 1922.
As the Comintern developed, Frossard came into disagreement with several of its policies, which brought him into conflict. He traveled again to Moscow in June 1922 to serve as a delegate to the 2nd Enlarged Plenum of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI), a journey that marked his second and final trip to Soviet Russia. Although he did not attend the 4th World Congress of the Comintern in November 1922, he was still elected a member of ECCI at that gathering, his last high position in the French Communist movement.
Return to SFIO
Frossard's dissatisfaction with the Comintern remained, however, and on 1 January 1923, he wrote a letter resigning from the Communist Party. He initially attempted to form a dissident Communist group but ultimately failed in this task and returned to participation in the SFIO, now headed by Léon Blum.
Elected to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower chamber of the French Third Republic, platform with the 1928 and the 1932 Cartel des gauches'.
Later career
He quit the SFIO group after the 1936 elections. His departure did not prevent him from becoming Minister of Propaganda (and the first one ever in this capacity) in Blum's Second Popular Front Ministry (March–April 1938).
From 1935, Frossard had been a member of the governments of Pierre Laval and Albert Sarraut (as Labor Minister) as well as that of Camille Chautemps (as Minister of State of the Services of the Presidency of the council). Afterwards, he served as Minister of Public Works under Radical Édouard Daladier and again as Minister of Propaganda under conservative Paul Reynaud.
Frossard was made Minister of Public Works and Transmissions in the First Government of Philippe Pétain after the Battle of France and the beginning of Nazi Germany's occupation of France. After the signing of the armistice between France and Germany, Frossard declined to be part of any Vichy France executive, but he still worked as a journalist under the new regime. On 23 January 1941, Frossard was made a member of the National Council of Vichy France. Suspicion of collaboration with the enemy led to an enquiry into his activities at the end of World War II, but he was soon cleared.
Death and legacy
Frossard died 11 February 1946 in Paris.
Frossard's son, André Frossard, was a journalist and writer who converted to Catholicism in 1935.
Footnotes
Notes
Citations
Further reading
Philippe Robrieux, Histoire Intérieure du Parti Communiste'', vol. 1–2, Fayard
1889 births
1946 deaths
People from the Territoire de Belfort
Former Marxists
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
French Communist Party politicians
Socialist-Communist Union politicians
Socialist Republican Union politicians
Transport ministers of France
Ministers of Information of France
Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
Members of Parliament for Haute-Saône
Members of the National Council of Vichy France
Executive Committee of the Communist International
French male writers
20th-century French journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic-Oscar%20Frossard |
Renato Bayma Archer da Silva (10 July 1922 – 20 June 1996) was a Brazilian naval officer and politician. The Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer (CenPRA), a federal R&D center located in Campinas, state of São Paulo, is named in his honour.
As a politician, he served as a vice-governor and federal representative to the state of Maranhão. He was known for his strong defense of the Brazilian nuclear power program. He served also as minister of science and technology during José Sarney's government.
See also
List of mayors of São Luís, Maranhão
External links
Biography. CPDOC (Fundação Getúlio Vargas). In Portuguese.
Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer. Home page.
1922 births
1996 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Maranhão
Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Ministers of Science and Technology of Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato%20Archer |
Hubert Scott-Paine (11 March 1891 – 14 April 1954) was a British aircraft and boat designer, record-breaking power boat racer, entrepreneur, inventor, and sponsor of the winning entry in the 1922 Schneider Trophy.
Early life
Hubert Paine was born in Shoreham-by-Sea, England, on 11 March 1891, to Henry Paine and Rosannah (née Scott). He was educated at Shoreham Grammar School.
Supermarine
Scott-Paine worked for Noel Pemberton Billing dealing in yachts, eventually in 1913 forming Pemberton-Billing Ltd (with 'Supermarine' as the telegraphic address), with Hubert the factory manager at Woolston, Hampshire.
In 1916 Scott-Paine bought the company and renamed it the Supermarine Aviation Company Limited, building flying boats for the British Admiralty. Reginald Mitchell (of Spitfire fame) was employed at this time and the company greatly expanded.
Hubert married Alice Brenda Hockey in 1917, having four children. By this time he had changed his surname by hyphenating his parents' surnames to create Scott-Paine.
Channel Air Service
In February 1919 Scott-Paine started the first cross-channel flying boat service, between Woolston and the Channel Islands and Le Havre, using converted Supermarine AD Flying Boats. His company was named the British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd.
Schneider Trophy
After his failed 1919 attempt for the Jacques Schneider Trophy, Supermarine won the Trophy in 1922 with its Sea Lion II. This allowed Britain to win it outright years later.
Imperial Airways
In 1923 Scott-Paine sold Supermarine (for £192,000). In 1924 Imperial Airways was formed by the merger of Scott-Paine's British Marine Air Navigation Co Ltd and three other airlines. He was a director of Imperial Airways until 1939.
British Power Boat Company
The well-financed Scott-Paine now designed and raced power boats. In 1927 he bought the Hythe Shipyard, renaming it the British Power Boat Company. It was enlarged into one of the country's most modern mass production boat building yards. Many sophisticated award-winning racing boats were produced, an example being Miss England which is now on display at the Science Museum (London).
In the 1930s the British Power Boat Company supplied seaplane tenders and armoured target boats to the Air Ministry, and tenders for Imperial Airways flying boats. T E Shaw (Lawrence of Arabia) assisted in the testing of these boats.
Although the factory was destroyed by fire in 1931, it was rapidly rebuilt and no contracts were lost.
Miss Britain III
During 1932 and 1933 Scott-Paine and Fred Cooper designed and built the single-engined Miss Britain III as a Harmsworth Trophy challenger. In a 1933 race Scott-paine was narrowly defeated by the four-engined Miss America X.
In 1934 Miss Britain III set the world record for a single-engined boat of 110.1 mph.
Miss Britain III is now on display at the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich.
Motor torpedo boats
From 1933 Scott-Paine designed and built hard chine motor torpedo boats, and MA/SB anti-submarine boats, from 1935 having them accepted by the Admiralty.
Scott-Paine and George Selman designed and built a new private venture PV70, a seagoing MTB with three marinised Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. The boat was launched in 1938, but although no orders came from the Admiralty, orders were received from friendly governments.
PT boats
In 1939 agreement was reached with the American Electric Launch Company (Elco) to purchase a British Power Boat 70-footer (later named PT9), as a template for American production under licence. PT9 was taken by the SS President Roosevelt to Elco’s works at New London, Connecticut. On 3 October Scott-Paine met President Roosevelt and senior Elco representatives at the White House to authorize the creation of a new naval arm, the PT Boat Squadrons. (PT boat was short for patrol torpedo boat). Production started at a new Elco factory at Bayonne, New Jersey in January 1940.
The Canadian Power Boat Company was set up by Scott-Paine in 1940. This produced 39 boats, mainly MTBs.
After the passing of Lend-Lease in 1941 comparative trials, nicknamed the Plywood Derbys, were held between rival American boatbuilders, Elco winning both. Elco went on to produce 754 70-, 77-, and PT boats, including Jack Kennedy’s PT109 as well as the boat that rescued General Douglas MacArthur from Corregidor.
Later years
In December 1944, Scott-Paine received a cheque for $200,000 with an accompanying letter of appreciation for his contributions made to the development of the PT boat from Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal. The money was from Elco and was brokered by legal teams, releasing Elco from any and all further liabilities concerning the license rights.
In 1945 all contracts at both the Canadian and British Power boat Companies were cancelled.
Scott-Paine was divorced in 1946 and married Margaret Dinkeldein, his secretary, in New York in the same year. His health had not been good for years and in April, two months later, he suffered a stroke.
In 1948 he was made an American citizen. Hubert Scott-Paine died at Greenwich, Connecticut, on 14 April 1954, aged 63.
Notes
References
External links
Electric Launch Corp records
1891 births
1954 deaths
English aerospace engineers
English emigrants to the United States
British motorboat racers
Boat and ship designers
People from Shoreham-by-Sea
Artists from Greenwich, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Scott-Paine |
Cristoforo Buondelmonti (c. 1385 – c. 1430) was an Italian Franciscan priest, traveler, and was a pioneer in promoting first-hand knowledge of Greece and its antiquities throughout the Western world.
Biography
Cristoforo Buondelmonti was born around 1385 into an important Florentine family. He was taught Greek by the Italian scholar Guarino da Verona and received further education from Niccolò Niccoli, an influential Florentine humanist. By 1414 he had become a priest and served as a rector of a church in Florence.
Buondelmonti left his native city around 1414 in order to travel. While travels were mainly focused in the Aegean Islands, he visited Constantinople in the 1420s. He went on to author two historical-geographic works: the Descriptio insulae Cretae (1417, in collaboration with Niccolò Niccoli) and the Liber insularum Archipelagi (1420). These two books are a combination of geographical information and contemporary charts and sailing directions. The latter one contains the oldest surviving map of Constantinople, and the only one which antedates the Ottoman conquest of the city in 1453.
While travelling over the island of Andros, Buondelmonti bought a Greek manuscript and brought it back with him to Italy. This later became known as the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, which played a considerable role both in humanistic thinking and in art.
See also
The Buondelmonti, a noble family of Florence
References
Sources
G. Gerola, "Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondelmonti," SBN 3 (1931): 247–79.
Cristoforo Buondelmonti,
1386 births
1430s deaths
Clergy from Florence
Italian travel writers
Italian male non-fiction writers
15th-century Italian writers
15th-century travel writers
15th-century Italian cartographers
Medieval travel writers
Writers from Florence
Cristoforo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristoforo%20Buondelmonti |
The Ministry of Gaming was a Cabinet-level agency of the government of the Canadian province of Alberta that handled policy and legislation relating to liquor and gambling. The agency had three main divisions, the Department of Gaming, the Alberta Gaming Research Council, and the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission. It had oversight of the Alberta Lottery Fund, and it was responsible for the Horse Racing Alberta Act and Racing Appeal Tribunal.
The last Minister of Gaming was Gordon Graydon. The Ministry was first created in 1999, although one of its components had then been the Community Lottery Program Secretariat. In December 2006, Premier Ed Stelmach abolished the Ministry of Gaming and folded it into other agencies in an effort to trim down government. At that time the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission moved under The Ministry of Solicitor General and Public Security.
The Alberta Gaming Research Council, created on August 24, 1999, guided the activities of the Alberta Gaming Research Institute. Council members were appointed for a three-year term. The Alberta Gaming Research Institute still exists as a joint venture of the University of Alberta, the University of Calgary, and the University of Lethbridge. It studies the positive and negative effects of gaming, trends, and matters relating to aboriginal gaming. Its $1.5 million annual budget is reliant upon the Alberta Lottery Fund.
The Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission, abbreviated AGLC, became a part of the Ministry of Gaming on May 25, 1999. It was composed of a Corporation and a Board, which was charged with establishing policy, reviewing and approving liquor and gaming licenses and registrations, and conducting hearings into violations of legislation and matters relating to licenses and registrations. The Commission also enforced aspects of the Tobacco Tax Act with the Tobacco Enforcement Unit of the Commission's Investigations Branch.
Under the jurisdiction of the Commission was also the Alberta Lottery Fund, composed of the government's $1 billion annual share of revenue from Video Lottery Terminals, ticket lotteries, and slot machines. The Alberta Lottery Fund was originally established in 1987 by Bill 10. In addition to funding the Alberta Gaming Research Council, it also fully funded the Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission. A grand total of $1,207,533,000 came from the fund as the estimate of 2005/2006.
References
External links
The Ministry of Gaming website
The Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission website
Premier Ed Stelmach abolishes the Ministry of Gaming
Politics of Alberta
1999 establishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Gaming%20%28Alberta%29 |
Jiang Tengyi (, born January 30, 1985, in Shanghai) is a Chinese racing driver who drives for A1 Team China.
In 1998 he took part in the Chinese KART Cup and raced to third place. In 2000, he repeated his performance in the KART Title Match (International A Grade). He bettered his performance in 2001 with second place. He also won the Macao Jinmei Challenge. The next year, he was champion of the Shanghai TCL KART challenge and received a BMW Scholarship.
He was accepted in German Formula BMW in 2002 and was expected to race in Formula BMW Asia in 2003, but he turned down the chance because Shanghai Volkswagen sponsored him to race in German Formula Volkswagen.
After Formula Volkswagen was discontinued at the end of 2003, he earned a place in Italian Formula Renault in 2004. For the 2005–2006 season he earned a place in A1 Team China in the A1 Grand Prix series. He has since been replaced by Congfu Cheng and Tung Ho-Pin.
For 2007, he signed with Brooks Associates Racing to compete in the Champ Car Atlantic Championship, however he left the team and the series after only competing in 3 races after the race that sponsored him, the Champ Car Grand Prix of China was cancelled. Since 2008 he has raced part-time in the Asian Formula Renault Challenge.
In 2010, he raced for Changan Ford Racing in the China Touring Car Championship, finishing second overall in the 2000cc class.
Career results
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete TCR International Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shanghai
Chinese racing drivers
A1 Team China drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Asian Formula Renault Challenge drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
TCR International Series drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
TCR Asia Series drivers
Team Astromega drivers
TCR China Touring Car Championship drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang%20Tengyi |
This is a list of number-one hits by Australian artists in the United States from the Billboard Hot 100. Australian artists are listed in bold.
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by Canadian artists
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by European artists
Notes
Olivia Newton-John was born in the United Kingdom and moved to Australia at the age of five. This made her a British-born Australian.
The Bee Gees were born on the Isle of Man, a Crown dependency that is not part of the United Kingdom, and moved to the UK in their early childhood. In 1958, when oldest brother Barry was 12 and twins Robin and Maurice were 9, they moved to Australia and resided there for about ten years before moving back to the UK. This makes the Bee Gees Australian, English and Manx.
Andy Gibb was the younger brother of the Bee Gees. He was born in the UK, but was only 6 months old when his family emigrated to Australia. He spent most of his childhood in Australia before moving to the US to launch his international recording career.
Graham Russell of Air Supply was born in Britain but is now an Australian citizen, while Russell Hitchcock is Australian.
Gotye was born in Belgium but moved to Australia at the age of two and was raised there.
Iggy Azalea was born in Australia before moving to the United States at the age of 16.
References
Australian artists
Billboard Hot 100 number-ones | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Billboard%20Hot%20100%20number-ones%20by%20Australian%20artists |
Richard Mulcaster (ca. 1531, Carlisle, Cumberland – 15 April 1611, Essex) is known best for his headmasterships of Merchant Taylors' School and St Paul's School, both then in London, and for his pedagogic writings. He is often regarded as the founder of English language lexicography. He was also an Anglican priest.
Early life
Mulcaster was possibly born in 1530 or 1531 in Brackenhill Castle. He was the son of William Mulcaster.
Education
In 1561 he became the first headmaster of Merchant Taylors' School in London, where he wrote his two treatises on education, Positions (1581) and Elementarie (1582). Merchant Taylors' School was at that time the largest school in the country, and Mulcaster worked to establish a rigorous curriculum which was to set the standard for education in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He was the mentor of Lancelot Andrewes, later Dean of Westminster, who kept the subject's portrait above his study door.
Church employments
He was vicar of Cranbrook in Kent in 1590, rector of the ancient church of St Margaret's in Stanford Rivers in Essex, and was presented by the Queen as prebendary of Yatesbury in Wiltshire in January 1592.
Writings
Mulcaster’s most enduring work, Elementarie, was published in 1582. For the most part, it is a guide to good practice in teaching, particularly in the teaching of English. At a time when Latin still held all of the prestige in education, Mulcaster made a convincing case for the huge potential of English to serve all of the functions that were at that time reserved for Latin, calling for it to be more widely used and, crucially, respected. Elementarie is, in this respect, a call to national pride: "forenners and strangers do wonder at vs, both for the vncertaintie in our writing, and the inconstancie in our letters." Provoking a movement that was to lead, ultimately, to English being the language of learning in the English-speaking world, the Elementarie argues "I do not think that anie language, … is better able to utter all arguments, either with more pith, or greater planesse, than our English tung is." However, Mulcaster goes on to remind people of the need for the language to be codified and learnt, as Latin had thus far been: only "if the English utterer be as skillfull in the matter, which he is to utter" can English rival Latin.
Lexicography
To the end of establishing an English that could serve the complex needs of education, the Elementarie ends with a list of 8000 "hard words". Mulcaster does not define any of them, but attempts to lay down a standard spelling for them at a time when English lacked universal standardized spellings. Besides making movements toward spelling rules for English (such as the role of the silent e in vowel length in such pairs as bad and bade), the list represents a call for English to have its first dictionary, to gather "all the words which we use in our English tung … out of all professions, as well learned as not, into one dictionarie, and besides the right writing, which is incident to the Alphabete, [the lexicographer] wold open vnto us therein, both their naturall force, and their proper use." The first English dictionary A Table Alphabeticall would be published over two decades later, in 1604.
Football
Richard Mulcaster's unique contribution is not only inventing the name "footeball" but also providing the earliest evidence of organised team football. Mulcaster confirms that his was a game closer to modern football by differentiating it from games involving other parts of the body, namely "the hand ball" and "the armeball". He referred to the many benefits of "footeball" in his personal publication of 1581 in English entitled Positions Wherein Those Primitive Circumstances Be Examined, Which Are Necessarie for the Training up of Children. He states that football had positive educational value and that it promoted health and strength.
Mulcaster was one of the first advocates of the introduction of referees: "For if one stand by, which can judge of the play, and is judge over the parties, & hath authoritie to commande in the place, all those inconveniences have bene, I know, & wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they will never entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be complaint, where there is no cause." Mulcaster's discussion on football was the first to refer to teams ("sides" and "parties"), positions ("standings"), the benefits of a referee ("judge over the parties") and a coach "(trayning maister)". Mulcaster describes a game for small teams that is organised under the auspices of a referee (and is therefore the first evidence that his game had evolved from disordered and violent "mob" football): "Some smaller number with such overlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one another so barbarously ... may use footeball for as much good to the body, by the chiefe use of the legges".
Politics
Mulcaster was a Member of Parliament for Carlisle in 1559.
References
External links
Works by Richard Mulcaster at Project Gutenberg
1530s births
1611 deaths
People from Carlisle, Cumbria
English educational theorists
High Masters of St Paul's School
16th-century English educators
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Headmasters of Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English MPs 1559
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
English lexicographers
People educated at Eton College | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Mulcaster |
Raymond James French, MBE (born 23 December 1939) is an English former rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s. French played at international level in both codes. He won four caps for England in rugby union in 1961 as a lock forward, then moved to rugby league as a and played for his home town club, St. Helens, before going on to play at Widnes.
After training as a school teacher, he taught at Cowley School in St. Helens, Lancashire, where his local counterparts included Brian Ashton who taught at Stonyhurst College.
French was a commentator on rugby league on both television and radio. He is well known for his range of colloquialisms. French is regularly heard on the Rugby League show Try Time each Thursday on BBC Radio Merseyside giving his views on the state of the game in his forthright way. He retired in 2019.
In 2010, French received the Mike Gregory Spirit of Rugby League Award to mark his contribution to the game.
Also President of the St Helens Past Players' Association, French was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to rugby league.
Playing career
Championship final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 35–12 victory over Halifax in the Championship Final during the 1965–66 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 28 May 1966, in front of a crowd of 30,165.
Challenge Cup Final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 21–2 victory over Wigan in the 1966 Challenge Cup Final during the 1965–66 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 21 May 1966, in front of a crowd of 98,536.
County Cup Final appearances
Ray French played right- in St. Helens' 25–9 victory over Swinton in the 1961 Lancashire Cup Final at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 11 November 1961; played left- in the 15–4 victory over Leigh in the 1963 Lancashire Cup Final at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 26 October 1963, and played left- in the 12–4 victory over Swinton in the 1964 Lancashire Cup Final atCentral Park, Wigan on Saturday 24 October 1964.
BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances
Ray French played left- in St. Helens' 0–4 defeat by Castleford in the 1965 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Tuesday 14 December 1965.
Ray French Award
In August 2019 the Rugby Football League ran a poll among fans on the Our League app to name a trophy for the man of the match award in the 1895 Cup Final. French was one of three names in the poll along with Willie Horne and Johnny Whiteley. French won the poll with over 60% of the votes cast and presented the award at the inaugural final on 24 August 2019 to Sheffield's Anthony Thackeray.
Award winners
2019 Anthony Thackeray - Sheffield Eagles
2020 Not awarded - no competition played due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021 Craig Hall - Featherstone Rovers
References
External links
Statistics at en.espn.co.uk
Saints Heritage Society profile
Widnes RLFC Player Profile
1939 births
Living people
BBC sports presenters and reporters
British sports broadcasters
Dual-code rugby internationals
England international rugby union players
English rugby league commentators
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Rugby league players from St Helens, Merseyside
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from St Helens, Merseyside
Schoolteachers from Lancashire
St Helens R.F.C. players
Widnes Vikings players
Liverpool St Helens F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20French |
Digitus quintus literally means fifth digit and can refer to:
Little finger (fifth finger)
little toe (fifth toe) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitus%20quintus |
Gaete is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Drimmelen, about 1 km southeast of the town of Lage Zwaluwe.
Gaete is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Lage Zwaluwe. Gaeta has no place name signs. It was home to 214 people in 1840. Nowadays, it consists of about 70 houses.
It was first mentioned in 1846 as de Gaete, and means "mouth of a creek".
References
Populated places in North Brabant
Drimmelen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaete |
The Talking Animals is an album by T Bone Burnett, released in 1988.
The guest musicians include Peter Case, Bono, and Tonio K, among others.
Reception
Brett Hartenbach of AllMusic thought that "even with a few less than stellar songs, The Talking Animals is a strong, inspired record." Trouser Press called the album "all in all, worth hearing, though one wishes this talented jerk weren’t so impressed with himself." Robert Christgau wrote: "I hate to let the cat out of the bag, but this guy is pretentious."
Track listing
All songs by T Bone Burnett unless otherwise noted.
Side one
"The Wild Truth" – 3:38
"Monkey Dance" – 4:43
"Image" – 4:02
"Dance, Dance, Dance" – 2:45
"The Killer Moon" (Burnett, M. Burnett, Peter Case) – 5:00
Side two
"Relentless" – 3:24
"Euromad" – 4:21
"Purple Heart" (Bono, Burnett) – 4:36
"You Could Look It Up" – 2:41
"The Strange Case of Frank Cash and the Morning Paper" (Burnett, Tonio K) – 5:25
Personnel
Production notes
Produced by David Rhodes and T Bone Burnett
Recorded by Tchad Blake at Sunset Sound and Sunset Sound Factory with Mike Kloster
Mastered by Bob Ludwig
References
1987 albums
Columbia Records albums
T Bone Burnett albums
Albums produced by T Bone Burnett
Albums produced by David Rhodes (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Talking%20Animals |
The HSL 1 (, , ) is a high-speed rail line which connects Brussels, Belgium, with the LGV Nord at the Belgium–France border. It is long with of dedicated high-speed tracks and of modernised lines. Service began on 14 December 1997.
The line has appreciably shortened journey times, the journey from Paris to Brussels now taking 1 hour 22 minutes. In combination with the LGV Nord, it has also impacted international journeys to other cities in France and to London, ensuring high-speed through-running by Eurostar, TGV, Thalys PBA and Thalys PBKA trainsets.
The total construction cost was €1.42 billion. The signalling system installed is the TVM-430 in-cab signalling system, the same as LGV Nord in France, and High Speed 1 in the UK.
Route
Trains leave Brussels-Midi station via a new viaduct completed in 2006 to separate high-speed services from local services. From there they use the conventional line 96. At Forest/Vorst the train passes the depot where inspections of Thalys and Eurostar trains may be carried out. At Halle (km 13) the HST tracks split from the mainline and enters its own cut-and-cover section before crossing the Brussels–Charleroi Canal; at km 17 the high-speed line proper diverges from the mainline at the Lembeek Viaduct, supporting speeds.
Between Rebecq and Enghien the line parallels the A8 autoroute, separated by a security fence. At Enghien the line parallels the regular Brussels–Tournai line for approximately .
The maintenance depot "Le Coucou" is located near Ath. This station served as the operations base during the construction of the line (from 1993 to 1998) and currently serves as the maintenance depot for HSL 1. Slightly further on is the long Arbre Viaduct (one of the longest rail viaducts in Europe) between Ath and Chièvres; it passes over the Ath–Blaton canal, the Dender River, the Mons road and the Ath–Jurbise railway.
At Antoing there is a connector to the Mons–Tournai line, used by the Thalys between Paris and Namur. After passing over the Scheldt River Viaduct, and through the Bruyelle cut-and-cover section, the line crosses the Belgian-French border at Wannehain, km 88. further on, the Frétin triangle splits the LGV Nord towards Paris or Lille.
See also
High-speed rail in Belgium
Notes
External links
Belgian high-speed rail site (in French)
TGV
Eurostar
High-speed railway lines in Belgium
Railway lines opened in 1997
Standard gauge railways in Belgium | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL%201 |
Laser scanning is the controlled deflection of laser beams, visible or invisible.
Scanned laser beams are used in some 3-D printers, in rapid prototyping, in machines for material processing, in laser engraving machines, in ophthalmological laser systems for the treatment of presbyopia, in confocal microscopy, in laser printers, in laser shows, in Laser TV, and in barcode scanners.
Applications specific to mapping and 3D object reconstruction are known as 3D laser scanner.
Technology
Scanning mirrors
Most laser scanners use moveable mirrors to steer the laser beam. The steering of the beam can be one-dimensional, as inside a laser printer, or two-dimensional, as in a laser show system. Additionally, the mirrors can lead to a periodic motion - like the rotating polygon mirror in a barcode scanner or so-called resonant galvanometer scanners - or to a freely addressable motion, as in servo-controlled galvanometer scanners. One also uses the terms raster scanning and vector scanning to distinguish the two situations. To control the scanning motion, scanners need a rotary encoder and control electronics that provide, for a desired angle or phase, the suitable electric current to the motor (for a polygon mirror) or galvanometer (also called galvos). A software system usually controls the scanning motion and, if 3D scanning is implemented, also the collection of the measured data.
In order to position a laser beam in two dimensions, it is possible either to rotate one mirror along two axes - used mainly for slow scanning systems - or to reflect the laser beam onto two closely spaced mirrors that are mounted on orthogonal axes. Each of the two flat or polygon (polygonal) mirrors is then driven by a galvanometer or by an electric motor respectively. Two-dimensional systems are essential for most applications in material processing, confocal microscopy, and medical science. Some applications require positioning the focus of a laser beam in three dimensions. This is achieved by a servo-controlled lens system, usually called a 'focus shifter' or 'z-shifter'. Many laser scanners further allow changing the laser intensity.
In laser projectors for laser TV or laser displays, the three fundamental colors - red, blue, and green - are combined in a single beam and then reflected together with two mirrors.
The most common way to move mirrors is, as mentioned, the use of an electric motor or of a galvanometer. However, piezoelectric actuators or magnetostrictive actuators are alternative options. They offer higher achievable angular speeds, but often at the expense of smaller achievable maximum angles. There are also microscanners, which are MEMS devices containing a small (millimeter) mirror that has controllable tilt in one or two dimensions; these are used in pico projectors.
Scanning refractive optics
When two Risley prisms are rotated against each other, a beam of light can be scanned at will inside a cone. Such scanners are used for tracking missiles.
When two optical lenses are moved or rotated against each other, a laser beam can be scanned in a way similar to mirror scanners.
Material effects
Some special laser scanners use, instead of moving mirrors, acousto-optic deflectors or electro-optic deflectors. These mechanisms allow the highest scanning frequencies possible so far. They are used, for example, in laser TV systems. On the other hand, these systems are also much more expensive than mirror scanning systems.
Phased array scanning
Research is going on to achieve scanning of laser beams through phased arrays. This method is used to scan radar beams without moving parts. With the use of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSELs), it might be possible to realize fast laser scanners in the foreseeable future.
Applications
3D object scanning
Within the field of 3D object scanning, laser scanning (also known as lidar) combines controlled steering of laser beams with a laser rangefinder. By taking a distance measurement at every direction the scanner rapidly captures the surface shape of objects, buildings and landscapes. Construction of a full 3D model involves combining multiple surface models obtained from different viewing angles, or the admixing of other known constraints. Small objects can be placed on a revolving pedestal, in a technique akin to photogrammetry.
3D object scanning allows enhancing the design process, speeds up and reduces data collection errors, saves time and money, and thus makes it an attractive alternative to traditional data collection techniques. 3D scanning is also used for mobile mapping, surveying, scanning of buildings and building interiors, and in archaeology.
Material processing
Depending on the power of the laser, its influence on a working piece differs: lower power values are used for laser engraving and laser ablation, where material is partially removed by the laser. With higher powers the material becomes fluid and laser welding can be realized, or if the power is high enough to remove the material completely, then laser cutting can be performed. Modern lasers can cut steel blocks with a thickness of 10 cm and more or ablate a layer of the cornea that is only a few micrometers thick.
The ability of lasers to harden liquid polymers, together with laser scanners, is used in rapid prototyping, the ability to melt polymers and metals is, with laser scanners, to produce parts by laser sintering or laser melting.
The principle that is used for all these applications is the same: software that runs on a PC or an embedded system and that controls the complete process is connected with a scanner card. That card converts the received vector data to movement information which is sent to the scanhead. This scanhead consists of two mirrors that are able to deflect the laser beam in one level (X- and Y-coordinate). The third dimension is - if necessary - realized by a specific optic that is able to move the laser's focal point in the depth-direction (Z-axis).
Scanning the laser focus in the third spatial dimension is needed for some special applications like the laser scribing of curved surfaces or for in-glass-marking where the laser has to influence the material at specific positions within it. For these cases it is important that the laser has as small a focal point as possible.
For enhanced laser scanning applications and/or high material throughput during production, scanning systems with more than one scanhead are used. Here the software has to control what is done exactly within such a multihead application: it is possible that all available heads have to mark the same to finish processing faster or that the heads mark one single job in parallel where every scanhead performs a part of the job in case of large working areas.
Barcode readers
Many barcode readers, especially those with the ability to read bar codes at a distance of a few meters, use scanned laser beams. In these devices, a semiconductor laser beam is usually scanned with the help of a resonant mirror scanner. The mirror is driven electromagnetically and is made of a metal-coated polymer.
Space flight
When a space transporter has to dock to the space station, it must carefully maneuver to the correct position. In order to determine its relative position to the space station, laser scanners built into the front of the space transporter scan the shape of the space station and then determine, through a computer, the maneuvering commands. Resonant galvanometer scanners are used for this application.
Laser shows
Laser light shows typically uses two galvanometer scanners on an X-Y configuration to draw patterns or images on walls, ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog for entertainment or promotional purposes.
References
Laser applications
Laser image acquisition
Lidar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%20scanning |
Taura Danang Sudiro or better known as Tora Sudiro (born in Jakarta, Indonesia on 10 May 1973) is an Indonesian actor and comedian of Javanese descent.
Personal life
After his divorce, Tora married Mieke Amalia in 2009 with both having two children each from previous marriages. In 2012, they had a daughter.
His mother, Dyah Setyoutami, died in 2023.
Filmography
Film
TV series
Variety show
Model video clips
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1973 births
Indonesian male comedians
Indonesian comedians
Indonesian male film actors
Indonesian male television actors
Javanese people
Living people
Male actors from Jakarta
20th-century Indonesian male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora%20Sudiro |
North Carolina Highway 740 is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The southern terminus is in Albemarle, from which it runs northeast into the town of Badin, then turns northwest to terminate in New London. The entire route lies within Stanly County.
Route description
NC 740 is a two-lane rural highway; starting in Albemarle, it goes northeast to the factory town of Badin. NC 740 through Badin is decorated with many town banners and street lights; most of the stoplights are found on the street corners rather than suspended from overhead wires. After it goes through the town, NC 740 skirts along the banks of Badin Lake before going northwest to New London, where it ends.
History
Established around 1930 as a spur of NC 74 (renumbered NC 73 in 1934), it connected Albemarle to the town of Badin then back to New London, ending at NC 80 (current NC 8). In 1933, it was extended north, replacing some of NC 62; but then reverted to original terminus in 1935, replaced by NC 62A and later NC 8. In the mid-1950s, NC 740 moved south from Badin Road to a new terminus with NC 27. In the early 1980s, NC 740 was overlapped with NC 8 and extended to its current northern terminus.
Junction list
See also
Morrow Mountain State Park
North Carolina Bicycle Route 6 - Concurrent with NC 740 from its southern terminus to Vickers Store Road
References
External links
NCRoads.com: N.C. 740
740
Transportation in Stanly County, North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Highway%20740 |
Rebecca Rigg is an Australian actress. She is known for her roles in television and film. She started out as a child actor in Fatty Finn (1980), before also being featured in the films Hunting (1991), Spotswood (1992) and Ellie Parker (2005).
Early life and career
Rebecca Rigg was born in Sydney, New South Wales.
Her Australian television appearances include the television series Rafferty's Rules (in which she appeared as the daughter of the Magistrate, Michael Rafferty); and the ABC television movies Joh's Jury, Come In Spinner, and Naked. As well as a starring role in the Australian comedy television series Willing and Abel (in which she appeared as "Angela Reddy"). As a young girl she was also in the Australian film Fortress, which was about the kidnapping of a teacher (played by Rachel Ward) and a small class of students. She appeared in the television miniseries Emma: Queen of the South Seas.
She has made guest appearances in other Australian television series, including her brief recurring role of troubled teen Gabe in A Country Practice, The Flying Doctors, G.P., Blue Heelers and Winners.
Rigg had a role as Nurse Amy as part of the Mr Bad storyline on hugely popular Australian soap E Street, playing the girlfriend of her real-life boyfriend at the time, and future (ex) husband, Simon Baker.
After the birth of her youngest son, Rigg retired from acting to be at home with her children. She has then returned to acting to appear in the films Ellie Parker and Fair Game with Naomi Watts. She also guest starred alongside her husband in The Mentalist episode "A Dozen Red Roses".
Personal life
Rigg married Simon Baker in 1998 after five years together, and they have three children, including actress Stella Baker. They lived in Los Angeles from 1995 until 2015, when they moved back to Sydney, Australia. Rigg and Baker separated in April 2020.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
1980: Aged 13, Rebecca Rigg was nominated for an AFI award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for the film Fatty Finn''.
References
External links
Rebecca Rigg – "A Country Practice" cast's actor filmographies
Rebecca Rigg – Australian Film Commission website
Living people
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Sydney
Actresses from the Gold Coast, Queensland
American film actresses
American television actresses
Australian expatriate actresses in the United States
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca%20Rigg |
Devika Parikh (born November 3, 1966) is an American actress, best known for her recurring role as Bonnie in the NBC political drama series The West Wing from 1999 to 2003.
Life and career
Parikh was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and raised in Gaithersburg, Maryland. She is of Indian and Black American origin, born to an East Indian immigrant father from Mumbai and a Black American mother. She received a degree in broadcast journalism from Syracuse University.
Parikh has worked in television, advertisements, film, voice work and theatre. She has also performed sketch comedy/improvisation with groups at the Comedy Store, the Upfront Comedy Theatre and the Underground Improv. She has had recurring roles on television shows such as NBC's drama series The West Wing; Fox's series 24; and Showtime drama series Resurrection Blvd. She has guest-starred on Criminal Minds, That's So Raven, The Parkers, Bones, Shameless and Grey's Anatomy. In 2022, Parikh was cast in her first series regular role, in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera, The Kings of Napa.
Selected filmography
Film
1997 How to Be a Player as Barbara
1999 Judgment Day as Officer Rhonda Reese
2000 Dancing in September as Cheryl Reed
2003 S.W.A.T. as Jail Intake Reporter
2005 Madagascar as News Reporter (voice)
2009 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs as Additional Voices
2011 A Bag of Hammers as Interviewer 1
2017 The Star as Additional Voices
2018 Aquaman as Newscaster Morgan
2018 Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse as Additional Voices
Television
1996 ‘’The Wayans Bros’’ as Dee's sister Natalie - 1 episode
1999–2003 The West Wing as Bonnie – 41 episodes
2001–2002 24 as Maureen Kingsley – 4 episodes
2005 That's So Raven as Yolanda – 2 episodes
2019 Grey's Anatomy as Nancy Klein – 3 episodes
2020 General Hospital as Ms. Madigan – 2 episodes
2022 The Kings of Napa as Melanie Pierce – 8 episodes
Video games
2013 Grand Theft Auto V as The Local Population
2019 Fallout 76: Wild Appalachia DLC as Janelle Priblo / Mary Tinley / Brother of Steel Dispatcher
2019 Rage 2 as Goon Shielder / Gunbarrel Civilian / Lagooney Civilian / Oasis Civilian
2020 The Walking Dead: Saints & Sinners as Radio Announcer / Additional Voices
References
External links
Syracuse University alumni
American actresses of Indian descent
People from Gaithersburg, Maryland
1966 births
Living people
American television actresses
African-American actresses
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century African-American women
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devika%20Parikh |
The Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI) is a research and development center of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), previously named Fundação Centro Tecnológico para Informática (CTI), which was founded 1982. It is located in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, at the Rodovia Dom Pedro I. The center was thus named in honor of former Brazilian politician, naval officer and minister of science and technology Renato Archer.
CTI Renato Archer has the aim of developing and implementing scientific and technological research in the areas of information technology, microelectronics and automation. One of its missions is to establish collaborative ties with the corresponding industrial sectors in Brazil, in order to carry out technology transfer.
Presently the center has 160 public servants and 500 contractors in 12 laboratories.
CTI Renato Archer was responsible for the first official demonstration of an electronic voting system. This demonstration occurred in 1990, and was performed jointly with Associação Brasileira de Informática (ABINFO). This demonstration has been witnessed by major press representatives.
CTI Renato Archer was also responsible for the first Liquid Crystal Display pilot line in South Hemisphere.
CTI Renato Archer pioneered also in Robotics by demonstrating the first unmanned zeppelin in the south hemisphere.
CTI Renato Archer pioneered also in semiconductor research by establishing the first lithography mask fab in south hemisphere.
Research institutes in Brazil
Organisations based in Campinas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro%20de%20Pesquisas%20Renato%20Archer |
Kotla is a village located at the northernmost border of Lower Silesia, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north of Głogów and north-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
Kotla is part of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship and of Głogów County. It is also the administrative seat of Gmina Kotla (Kotla Commune). As of 2006, this rural gmina has 4,129 inhabitants, of whom about 1,400 live in the village of Kotla. The local economy is based on agriculture and minor industry.
Polish writer Edward Stachura lived in the area for some time and based his "Siekierezada" ("Axing") partly on events and people he met in a Kotla watering hole.
External links
Official Homepage (in Polish)
Edward Stachura website at Northern State University
Kotla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotla%2C%20Poland |
The Baitul Futuh (English: House of Victories) is a mosque complex of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, situated in Morden, London. It is one of the largest mosque complexes in Europe. Completed in 2003 at a cost of £15 million, entirely from donations of Ahmadi Muslims, the Mosque can accommodate a total of 13,000 worshippers. The main mosque has a height of 23m above ground, and to maximise capacity the building extends below ground. Baitul Futuh is located in the south-west London suburb London Borough of Merton. It is situated next to Morden South railway station, 0.4 miles from Morden Underground station (Northern line) and one mile from Morden Road tram stop.
This mosque is the central complex of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. It is notable for being a base of local community service by the Community. Baitul Futuh has featured in national newspapers for its homeless feeding and national/local community cohesion efforts, noted under 'Community Cohesion'. Similarly, the design of the main Mosque aimed to combine traditional Islamic design with modern British architecture.
Baitul Futuh has a history of notable events. It featured in the 2015 TV documentary Britain's Biggest Mosque by Channel 5. Similarly, the mosque is host to the weekly Friday Sermons delivered by the Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, which are relayed live across a global TV network with satellite network MTA International.
History
2003 inauguration
Mirza Tahir Ahmad, who was the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community at the time, launched an appeal for funds for the building on 24 February 1995, and the land, formerly occupied by an Express Dairies depot, was purchased on 29 March 1996. The designs were produced by Oxford architectural studio, Sutton Griffin. The foundation stone was placed by Mirza Tahir Ahmad on 19 October 1999 in a ceremony attended by 2,000 guests, and inaugurated by the current head of the worldwide Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, on 3 October 2003. The opening ceremony was attended by over 600 guests; those present included High Commissioners, Deputy High Commissioners, Members of European Parliament, Members of Parliament, Mayors of London boroughs, Councillors, university lecturers, and representatives of 17 nations.
2015 fire
On 26 September 2015, a major fire broke out at the administrative side of the mosque complex - adjacent to the main mosque. The fire brigade were called at 12:20 noon and the blaze was soon declared a 'major incident'. 10 fire engines, an aerial platform and 80 fire-fighters tackled the fire. The fire was under control at 5:32pm, more than 5 hours after the initial report, and was extinguished after 30 hours of firefighting.
By the end of the day, no suggestion of a deliberate attack was made. Two teenagers were arrested the following day on suspicion of arson. However, the elder of the two was soon released without charge.
The majority of the building damage occurred at the front of the complex, within the administrative block of the site (which consisted of office space and function halls). The men's and women's prayer area were not affected. According to news reports, 50% of the ground floor, as well as the first floor and the roof were ablaze. The site was evacuated by site staff and one man was hospitalised after he collapsed and blacked out from smoke inhalation. London Fire Brigade later reported that the "mosque itself is thankfully unaffected". Extensive structural damage led to complex demolition work (adjacent to the functioning TV studio, major A-road and main mosque) over several months in 2017.
The blaze created a huge plume of smoke, visible for miles in South West London, and caused widespread traffic congestion, bus disruption and rail suspension. The A24 London Road, a major London A-road, was shut down for hours because of its proximity to Baitul Futuh.
Notable events
In 1999, the foundation stone was laid by Mirza Tahir Ahmad (the fourth head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Community).
In 2010, Baitul Futuh hosted BBC Radio 4's Question Time with Jonathan Dimbleby, Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee, Minister Sadiq Khan, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats Simon Hughes, MP Daniel Hannan and a studio audience of 400.
The mosque was voted one of the ‘Top 50 Buildings in the World’ by The Spectator magazine in 2010.
Lord Eric Avebury was awarded the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize, in recognition of his lifetime of human rights work, at the National Peace Symposium hosted at Baitul Futuh in 2010.
The 2010 plan to burn the Qur'an by the Pastor of the Dove World Outreach Center on the 9th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks was strongly condemned at the Baitul Futuh mosque by British faith leaders, representing various faiths, such as Church of England, Catholic Church, Judaism, Baháʼí Faith and other Christian and Islamic sects.
The Baitul Futuh Mosque acted as the centre for the UK-wide Loyalty, Freedom and Peace Campaign, which challenged stereotypes of the faith, removed misconceptions, started conversations and improved the integration of Muslims and non-Muslims. The campaign was famed for featuring on the side of red buses across London.
In August 2013, the mosque was the location of the largest Eid celebration in the UK of 15,000 people.
Home Secretary Theresa May toured the Baitul Futuh Mosque complex in May 2015 and addressed 200 members of the community to take questions and commend the relief efforts of Humanity First, the international aid charity run by volunteers of the Ahmadiyya Community.
In 2015, massive preparations for Eid celebrations at Baitul Futuh Mosque were filmed by Channel 5 for the behind-the-scenes TV documentary Britain's Biggest Mosque. The one-off special was broadcast in 2016. Channel 5 included the 2015 fire in their programme.
The site hosts the annual National Peace Symposium which includes the awarding of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize. Speakers have included the head of the Ahmadiyya Community Mirza Masroor Ahmad, politicians such as Boris Johnson and the heads of various British and global faiths.
The 13,000-capacity complex is host to the weekly Friday Sermons delivered by the head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad. These sermons are relayed live to social media and the community's worldwide TV network, including the UK Sky 'MTA' channel.
Community
The Morden Mosque is notable for its efforts in serving the greater community. Baitul Futuh has featured in national news for its peace work and community cohesion efforts. The design of Baitul Futuh also aims to combine modern British architecture.
Several events are held at the Baitul Futuh Mosque to serve the greater community. The complex hosts school tours, local college exams, local community events, multi-faith conferences, the annual National Peace Symposium, and visiting dignitaries. In addition to regular congregational prayers, its services include weekly homeless feeding across London, volunteering events, local community events and the 'Merton Youth Partnership Annual Conference’, and the hosting of the BBC Radio 4 Programme Any Questions?,. The Mosque receives over 10,000 visitors a year from schools, open events, faith groups, public service organisations, charities, local and central government.
The National Peace Symposium 2010 chose the location to award the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize to Lord Eric Avebury. The award was for lifetime contribution to global Human Rights. The Peace Prize is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual’s or an organisation’s contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize has since been awarded annually at the Peace Symposium hosted at the Baitul Futuh Mosque.
The Baitul Futuh Mosque acted as the centre for the UK-wide 'Loyalty, Freedom and Peace Campaign', which sought to challenge stereotypes of the faith, remove misconceptions, start conversations and improve the integration of Muslims and non-Muslims.
In 2018, Baitul Futuh was one of the UK Ahmadi Mosques to host 'The Big Iftar', a gathering to break the fast during Islam's holy month of Ramadan. Ahmadi Muslims were encouraged to invite their neighbors, in addition to the open invitation on social media. Londoners from across the capital attended to tour the site and sit together for an evening meal. The Big Iftar has run since 2013.
Baitul Futuh is also part of Open House London - an annual event in September with "free entry to London's best buildings".
Redevelopment for 2020
Plans were made to redevelop the administrative block (consisting of office space and function halls) damaged by a large fire in September 2015. Proposals for the reconstruction were designed by renowned London architecture firm John McAslan + Partners.
Reconstruction funds were raised from fire damages repaid by the insurer, and additional donations from the British Ahmadi community.[51] The London architectural studio published its initial concepts online in July 2016.
In January 2017, several months of complicated demolition work took place close to the major A24 London Road, Morden South Railway Station bridge and the adjacent functioning main Mosque. Planning and consultation work for the rebuild also took place in 2017/2018.
The new Foundation Stone was placed by Mirza Masroor Ahmad, head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, on 4 March 2018. Following this ceremony, a two-year expectation was set for the new building to open. Construction work began in October 2018 and was completed in March 2023
Grand reopening
Britain’s biggest mosque fully reopened on Saturday 4th March 2023 after 8 years following a costly rebuild of about $24 million after the complex was partly destroyed by a huge fire in 2015.
A £20 million renovation project has seen the facade of the building re-worked with an ornate, geometric design. The mosque has also been re-built with some special new features, including solar panels on the roof, and other energy and water-saving features, to make it more sustainable.
Its administration building has been rebuilt as a five-storey complex with two large multipurpose halls, offices and guest rooms.
The exterior utalised light colored marble imported from Portugal, with 20 meter high columns.
Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, the worldwide head and Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, inaugurated the new complex and delivered a keynote address. More than 1500 people from 40 countries attended the 19th National UK Peace Symposium which was held on 4 March 2023 along with the Grand Reopening of the newly built complex.
MTA Television Studios
The Baitul Futuh complex includes the Mosque and an administrative block, which is the location of the UK studio of the MTA International Studios (Muslim Television Ahmadiyya). There are two studios on site that are home to several television shows and other media relayed to the MTA online channels and television channels in the UK (e.g. the Sky MTA channel) and globally. MTA has a complete post production studio on site that processes its broadcast material.
The fundamental role of MTA is to provide a platform for the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, to address his community members across the globe and also the wider global audience. Baitul Futuh also serves as the location of the weekly Friday Sermons delivered by Mirza Masroor Ahmad and these sermons are live broadcast globally on MTA's television channels and social media channels.
The studio also hosts the Voice of Islam radio station.
Facilities
Apart from two separate large prayer halls in the mosque for women and men, the complex includes the following facilities:
Offices
Islamic book store
The Aftab Khan Library
Khilafat Centenary Gallery (exhibition space)
Multi-functional halls
MTA Television Studios and the Voice of Islam (VOI) radio station
Kitchen & Dining Hall
Guest rooms
Disabled access
Wash-room facilities
Architectural design
The Baitul Futuh complex includes the mosque and an administrative block. A standout design feature of the mosque is the 18 metre diameter "shimmering silver dome" made of stainless steel (as reviewed by Exploring Surrey's Past). The interior of this dome is lined with hand-painted silver Arabic calligraphy from the Quran. The mosque's two upper (above ground) and lower (below ground) prayer halls span spaces of 28m x 36m. The exterior walls of the mosque are made with polished marble tiles. Huge glass panels make the entrance to the mosque.
The mosque was designed from the ground up, the adjoining multi-functional halls were renovated from an existing derelict dairy building. The original site's chimney was converted into the 35m minaret featured right.
Oxford architectural studio Sutton Griffin designed the complex and Carter Jonas designed the mosque with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association. The design of Baitul Futuh aims to combine modern British architecture, and the environmentally-friendly building design won the prestigious Green Award. Renowned architects John McAslan + Partners, notable for King's Cross station and The Roundhouse in London, were chosen to design a large administration block in the location of the previous block which was damaged by a serious fire in 2015.
Baitul Futuh was voted one of the ‘Top 50 Buildings in the World’ by The Spectator magazine. The mosque was also listed in the 'Best 50 Modern Religious Buildings' published by The Independent newspaper.
The Baitul Futuh Mosque in Morden is part of the architectural event Open House London, an annual event in September which recognises building design.
Gallery
See also
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
MTA International
The London Mosque (Fazl Mosque)
Ahmadiyya in the United Kingdom
Islam in the United Kingdom
Islamic architecture
List of Ahmadiyya buildings and structures
References
Mosques in London
Ahmadiyya mosques in the United Kingdom
Religious buildings and structures in the London Borough of Merton
Mosques completed in 2003
2003 establishments in England
Mosque buildings with domes
Morden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul%20Futuh%20Mosque |
Palmanova () is a town and (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeast Italy. The town is an example of a star fort of the late Renaissance, built up by the Venetian Republic in 1593.
The fortifications were included in UNESCO's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017. Palmanova is a member of the ("The most beautiful villages of Italy") association.
Geography
Found in the southeast part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, it is from Udine, from Gorizia and from Trieste, near the junction of the motorways A23 and A4.
History
On 7 October 1593, the Venetian Republic founded a revolutionary new kind of settlement: Palmanova. The city’s founding date commemorated the victory of the Christian forces (supplied primarily by the Italian states and the Spanish kingdom) over the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, during the War of Cyprus. Also honored on 7 October was Saint Justina, chosen as the city's patron saint. Using all the latest military innovations of the 16th century, this small town was a fortress in the shape of a nine-pointed star, designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi. Between the points of the star, ramparts protruded so that the points could defend each other. A moat surrounded the town, and three large, guarded gates allowed entry. The construction of the first circle, with a total circumference of , took 30 years. Marcantonio Barbaro headed a group of Venetian noblemen in charge of building the town, Marcantonio Martinego was in charge of construction, and Giulio Savorgnan acted as an adviser. The second phase of construction took place between 1658 and 1690, and the outer line of fortifications was completed between 1806 and 1813 under the Napoleonic domination. The final fortress consists of: nine ravelins, nine bastions, nine lunettes, and eighteen cavaliers.
In 1815 the city came under Austrian rule until 1866, when it was annexed to Italy together with Veneto and the western Friuli. Until 1918, it was the one of easternmost towns along the Italian-Austro Hungarian border and during the First World War the city worked as a military zone hosting even a hospital for the royal army. In 1960 Palmanova was declared a national monument.
American professor Edward Wallace Muir Jr. said of Palmanova, "The humanist theorists of the ideal city designed numerous planned cities that look intriguing on paper but were not especially successful as livable spaces. Along the northeastern frontier of their mainland empire, the Venetians began to build in 1593 the best example of a Renaissance planned town: Palmanova, a fortress city designed to defend against attacks from the Ottomans in Bosnia. Built ex nihilo according to humanist and military specifications, Palmanova was supposed to be inhabited by self-sustaining merchants, craftsmen, and farmers. However, despite the pristine conditions and elegant layout of the new city, no one chose to move there, and by 1622 Venice was forced to pardon criminals and offer them free building lots and materials if they would agree to settle the town."
Ideal city of the Renaissance
Palmanova was built following the ideals of a utopia. It is a concentric city with the form of a star, with three nine-sided ring roads intersecting in the main military radiating streets. It was built at the end of the 16th century by the Venetian Republic which was, at the time, a major center of trade. It is actually considered to be a fort, or citadel, because the military architect Giulio Savorgnan designed it to be a Venetian military station on the eastern frontier as protection from the Ottoman Empire.
During the renaissance many ideas of a utopia, both as a society and as a city, surfaced. Utopia was considered to be a place where there was perfection in the whole of its society. This idea was started by Sir Thomas More, when he wrote the book Utopia. The book described the physical features of a city as well as the life of the people who lived in it. His book sparked a flame in literary circles. A great many other books of similar nature were written in short order. They all followed a major theme: equality. Everyone had the same amount of wealth, respect, and life experiences. Society had a calculated elimination of variety and a monotonous environment. The city where they lived was always geometric in shape and was surrounded by a wall. These walls provided military strength but also protected the city by preserving and passing on man’s knowledge. The knowledge, learning, and science gave form to the daily life of the people living inside the walls. The knowledge of each person was shared by the entire society, and there was no way to let any information either in or out. As Thomas More said in his book, "He that knows one knows them all, they are so alike one another."
Alberti, followed by Filarete, were the first to develop the ideas of Utopia into the plan of a city. Filarete designed a concentric city, with peaks and radiating streets, which he called Sforzinda. His geometry was the imitation of a schema representing the work. It is believed to have derived from two overlaying squares. Sforzinda later became the most influential plan in the design of Palmanova. Since Palmanova was built during the renaissance, it imposed geometrical harmony and followed the idea that beauty reinforces the wellness of a society. Each road and move was carefully calibrated and each part of the plan had a reason for being. Each person would have the same amount of responsibility and land, and each person had to serve a specific purpose. The concentric shape was the most prominent design move and had many reasons for being.
The circular shape of Palmanova was greatly influenced by the fact that it needed to be a fort. At the time of its construction, many other urban theoreticians found the checkerboard was more useful, but it could not provide the protection that military architects desired. The walls of a practical fort are run at angles so that enemy soldiers could not approach it easily because the angles made it possible to establish overlapping fields of fire.
Main sights
Duomo
The Duomo is located in front of the town hall of Palmanova (formerly the Palace of Provveditore). Commissioned in 1603, the construction started later that year under Inspector Girolamo Cappello and was completed in 1636. The identities of any architects are uncertain, but may have been Vincenzo Scamozzi and Baldassare Longhena. The Duomo was not consecrated until 1777 after the town had been included into the Archbishopric of Udine.
The bell tower of the Duomo, erected in 1776, was deliberately made short because enemies attacking the city should not be able to see the Duomo from outside the city walls.
The niches in the façade contain statues representing the saints Justina of Padua, one of Padua's patron saints, and Mark, as well as a statue of Christ, the Redeemer. The façade itself is made of stone from Istria, and was restored in 2000.
Other
The three monumental gates Porta Udine, Porta Cividale and Porta Aquileia.
The Piazza Grande, to which all the main edifices of the city open, built in Istrian stone.
The singer Sting gave an outdoor concert in Palmanova's main piazza on 5 July 2001
Transport
Palmanova can be reached from the nearby motorways, A23 (Udine-Tarvisio) and A4 (Turin-Trieste) and by the railway between Udine and Cervignano There are also bus connections.
Gallery
Twin towns
Palmanova is twinned with:
Terezín, Czech Republic
Nové Zámky, Slovakia
See also
Venetian walls of Nicosia
Domini di Terraferma
References
Sources
Hale, J R. "Palmanova: analisio di una citta fortalezza”. Burlington Magazine, 1984, 447. Vol. 126 No. 9762
Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. The MIT Press, 1982. pg 206–211
Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
Bierman, Judah. PMLA. Science and Society in the New Atlantis and Other Renaissance Utopias. Vol. 78, MLA, 1963. pg. 492–500
Lang, S. “Sforzinda, Filarete, and Filelfo”. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 35, (1972): 391–397. Warburg Institute
de la Croix, Horst. “Military Architecture and the Radial City Plan in Sixteenth-Century Italy”. The Art Bulletin 42, no. 4 (1960): 263–290. College Art Association
Lang, S. “Sforzinda, Filarete, and Filelfo”. 391–397
Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
External links
Official website
Palmanova medieval festival (photo)
Cities and towns in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Planned communities in Italy
Forts in Italy
Star forts
1593 establishments in Italy
Borghi più belli d'Italia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmanova |
Province was the largest territorial subdivision in medieval and Renaissance-era Poland, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The term designated each of the two largest constituents of the state: depending on the period, including Greater Poland, Lesser Poland and (upon the formation of the Commonwealth) the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ducal Prussia was often counted as part of the Greater Poland; Livonia as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Ruthenian territories were split between Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy.
Though larger than a voivodeship (województwo), the prowincja was less important in terms of offices and power. In most respects, it was merely a titular unit of administration. The real power lay with the voivodeship—and, to a lesser extent, with ziemias (lands).
The Polish term "prowincja" has not been used to denote any part of independent Poland since the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1795)—unlike "ziemia", which has continued to be used for certain geographical areas. Since 1795, the Polish word "prowincja" has been used only for certain foreign-imposed units of administration within territories of the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See also
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty
Regions of Poland
Notes
Administrative divisions of Poland
Types of administrative division | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province%20%28Poland%29 |
The 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup (officially IRB Rugby World Cup 2006 Canada) took place in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The tournament began on 31 August and ended on 17 September 2006. The 2006 tournament was the third World Cup approved by the IRB, the previous two being held 2002 in Spain and in the Netherlands, in 1998. The Black Ferns of New Zealand won the 2006 World Cup, defeating England in the final, as they had in 2002. It was New Zealand's third successive title.
The semi-finals were also direct repeats of the 2002 tournament – in fact five of the top six places in the final rankings were unchanged. Elsewhere the USA advanced from 7th in 2002 to 5th, and Ireland climbed from 14th to 8th while Australia (5th to 7th), Spain (8th to 9th), and Samoa (9th to 10th) slipped down.
The period prior to the competition had not been without controversy. The decision to award the hosting of the competition to Canada ahead of a strong bid from England surprised many.
In addition – apart from in Asia – there were no qualifying tournaments for the 2006 World Cup. Instead teams were invited to take part by the IRB with selection based on performances at the World Cup in 2002 and in international matches between 2002 and 2005. This resulted in accusations of a lack of clarity in regard to some selection decisions. In particular the awarding of the final place in the tournament to Samoa instead of Wales (following a poor performance by Wales in the 2005 Six Nations) was the cause of some controversy and comment prior to the event.
Qualifiers
Asia
Tickets and sponsorship
Tickets had been available since July 2006 and they could be purchased online at Ticketmaster or by phone. There were individual and student tickets (for each of six match days), tickets for youth teams and clubs, corporate packages and a special "World Cup Pack" of $125 allowing access to all matches including the finals.The partners of this tournament were Toyota "Never Quit" Awards Program, Molson, Tait Radio Communications, Glentel, Budget, University of Alberta, Edmonton Airports and Clubfit.
The event was covered by English language network Global TV, daily newspaper Edmonton Journal and radio stations CFRN 1260, CFBR 100.3 and CFMG 104.9.All matches were filmed and for the first time were available via streamed media. The final was also broadcast live on TV in a number of countries, including the United Kingdom, and a one-hour TV highlights programme was produced by IMG for wider distribution, while these recordings are held as part of the IRB's World Cup archive.
Match officials
On July 6, 2006 the IRB Referee Selection Committee announced the appointment of match officials, with twelve women officials selected for the tournament consisting of eight referees and four touch judges. This panel was assisted by experienced international referees George Ayoub, Lyndon Bray, Malcolm Changleng and Simon McDowell, who were appointed in April. Other three touch judges from Canada Rugby Union were included in the final list.
REFEREES
George Ayoub (Australia)
Jenny Bental (South Africa)
Rachel Boyland (Switzerland)
Lyndon Bray (New Zealand)
Malcolm Changleng (Scotland)
Sarah Corrigan (Australia)
Clare Daniels (England)
Christine Hanizet (France)
Joyce Henry (Canada)
Nicky Inwood (New Zealand)
Kerstin Ljungdahl (Germany)
Simon McDowell (Ireland)
TOUCH JUDGES
Debbie Innes (England)
Kristina Mellor (New Zealand)
Kristi Moorman (Canada)
Sandy Nesbitt (Canada)
Kim Smit (South Africa)
Dana Teagarden (United States)
Todd Van Vliet (Canada)
Format
The competition was contested over 18 days between 12 teams, allocated to four pools of three and structured into two parts:
a pool stage, with 18 matches played from August 31 to September 8;
a knockout stage, divided in semifinals and finals, played from September 12 to 17.
Pool stage
The first three match days saw a cross-pool league system in operation, with Pool A playing Pool D and Pool B playing Pool C, with points going towards one single division table for all four pools.
Classification within each pool was based on the following scoring system:
four points for a win;
two points for a draw;
zero points for a loss of 8 points or more.
Bonus points were awarded for teams scoring 4 tries or more and losing by 7 points or less. No extra time were played.
Teams were ranked 1–12 on the basis of the most match points. If two teams were equal on match points for any position, then the following criteria would be used in this order until one of the teams could be determined as the higher ranked:
the winner of the match between the two teams;
the best differential between points scored for and points scored against;
the best differential between tries scored for and against;
the most points scored;
the most tries scored;
the toss of a coin.
Knockout stage
After three match days, with each team having played three pool matches, positional semifinals were played with the top four-positioned sides vying to make the Women's Rugby World Cup final and all other sides playing matches in the final two rounds to decide tournament rankings.
If no winner could be determined within the time allowed, two teams should have played an extra time of 10 minutes each way with an interval of 5 and then eventually a kicking competition.
Squads
Pools
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Pool D
Pool matches
Round one
Round two
Round three
Knock-out stages
9th-12th place classification play-offs
Semi-finals
11th/12th place play-off
9th/10th place play-off
5th-8th classification play-offs
Semi-finals
7th/8th place play-off
5th/6th place play-off
Finals
Semi-finals
3rd/4th place play-off
World Cup Final
Statistics
Teams
Individual records
Top point scorers
Top try scorers
References
External links
2006 WRWC Homepage
WRWC 2006
247.tv – Live video and replays of all the Women's Rugby World Cup matches
2006
2006 in Canadian rugby union
2006 rugby union tournaments for national teams
International women's rugby union competitions hosted by Canada
2006 in women's rugby union
Sport in Edmonton
August 2006 sports events in Canada
September 2006 sports events in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Women%27s%20Rugby%20World%20Cup |
Howard Ferguson (21 October 1908 – 31 October 1999) was an Irish composer and musicologist from Belfast. He composed instrumental, chamber, orchestral and choral works. While his music is not widely known today, his Piano Sonata in F minor, Op. 8 and his Five Bagatelles, Op. 9, for piano are still performed. His works represent some of the most important 20th-century music to emerge from Northern Ireland.
Biography
Ferguson was born in Belfast and attended Rockport School in Holywood, County Down, where his musical talent was recognized, leading to several school prizes. The pianist Harold Samuel heard him in 1922 and encouraged his parents to allow him to travel to London to become his pupil. Following further studies at Westminster School, Ferguson entered the Royal College of Music in 1924 to study composition with R. O. Morris and Ralph Vaughan Williams. He also studied conducting with Malcolm Sargent and formed a lifelong friendship with fellow-student Gerald Finzi with whom he attended Richard Strauss's Alpine Symphony at the Royal Albert Hall. His early compositions such as his Octet of 1933 (scored for the same forces as Franz Schubert's octet) met with considerable success.
During World War II, Ferguson helped Myra Hess run the popular, morale-boosting series of concerts at the National Gallery. From 1948 to 1963 he taught at the Royal Academy of Music, his students there including Richard Rodney Bennett and Cornelius Cardew. He regarded Bennett as having an astonishing natural talent, though lacking a personal musical style.
His music has a haunting, searching quality, as if a deeply personal question is being asked, but never answered (Tait 2007, see below). In the song cycle Discovery, the surrealistic poetic language of Denton Welch ("What are you in the morning when you wake? A quacking duck, a quacking drake?") is the ideal spark for Ferguson to express such private questioning in his aphoristic, fleeting settings (Tait). Ferguson produced what (according to Tait) is probably one of the greatest British solo piano works of the twentieth century, the stormy and passionate Piano Sonata, Op. 8, inspired by the death of a friend. Of his two violin sonatas, the second emerged after a long silence just after World War II; the ferocious energy of its finale has a spirit of escape and liberation, a suppressed voice finally speaking (Tait) (Ferguson had not had the time to compose during the war due to his other commitments). His miniatures, such as the Four Short Pieces for clarinet and piano and the Three Sketches for flute and piano, have a crystalline intensity, as if hinting at much larger works (Tait) – Anton Webern was a composer he admired, even if stylistically Ferguson's own work belongs to the sound world of twentieth century Romanticism. Ferguson was always highly self-critical as a composer: after writing the large choral work The Dream of the Rood in 1958–9, he received a commission to write a string quartet. It was during the composition of this that he felt he was merely repeating his previous work, so he destroyed the sketches and gave up composing, saying that in his relatively few works he had said all he wanted to say.
For the next decades he concentrated on musicology. His editions of such repertoire as early keyboard music and the complete piano sonatas of Schubert are outstanding, with a meticulous attention to detail which makes them authoritative (Tait). Ferguson also worked with Gerald Finzi to select and edit the songs of Ivor Gurney for publication after his death: five volumes of ten songs were issued between 1938 and 1979.
In his later years he lived in a white-painted converted farmhouse in Barton Road in Cambridge, his quiet hospitality legendary (Tait). He wrote a cookbook in the 1990s, Entertaining Solo, which commemorates the remarkable welcome he gave to so many friends, as does the memoir mentioned below. In the same decade he also prepared an edition of letters between himself and Gerald Finzi, which is an invaluable source of information on the professional lives of Ferguson and his circle. Late in his life, a friendship with the German singer Reiner Schneider-Waterberg led to his rediscovering a song written in 1958 as part of incidental music for a William Golding play, The Brass Butterfly, and subsequently rearranging it for counter-tenor and piano (originally harp) as "Love and Reason" (1958/1994), a moving postscript to a compositional output whose great characteristic is powerful emotions expressed through superb and strictly controlled craftsmanship. (Tait)
Compositions
Op. 1 Two Ballads, for baritone and orchestra (1928–32)
Op. 2 Violin Sonata No. 1 (1931)
Op. 3 Three Mediaeval Carols, for voice and piano (1932–33)
Op. 4 Octet, for clarinet, bassoon, horn, string quartet and double-bass (1933)
Op. 5a Partita, orchestral version (1935–36)
Op. 5b Partita, version for two pianos or piano four hands (1935–36)
Op. 6 Four Short Pieces, for clarinet or viola and piano (1932–36)
Op. 7 Four Diversions on Ulster Airs, for orchestra (1939–42)
Op. 8 Piano Sonata in F minor (1938–40)
Op. 9 Five Bagatelles for piano (1944)
Op. 10 Violin Sonata No. 2 (1946)
Op. 11 Chauntecleer – ballet. (1948) Withdrawn and destroyed.
Op. 12 Concerto for piano and strings (1950–51)
Op. 13 Discovery, song-cycle to words by Denton Welch for voice and piano (1951)
Op. 14 Three Sketches, for flute and piano (1932, revised 1952)
Op. 15 Two Fanfares, for trumpets and trombones (1952)
Op. 16 Overture for an Occasion for orchestra (1952–53)
Op. 17 Five Irish Folksongs, for solo voice and piano (1954)
Op. 18 Amore Langueo, for tenor, chorus and orchestra (1955–56)
Op. 19 The Dream of the Rood, for soprano, chorus and orchestra (1958–59)
[No opus number] String Quartet (c. 1959, sketches only, destroyed)
Love and Reason for counter-tenor and piano (1958)
Other destroyed works include the early Short Symphony, part of which was absorbed into the Octet, and a Mass setting.
Bibliography
Ferguson, Howard: Keyboard Interpretation from the 14th to the 19th Century: An Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975)
Ridout, Alan (ed.): The Music of Howard Ferguson: A Symposium (London: Thames Publishing, 1989)
Ferguson, Howard: Music, Friends and Places: A Memoir (London: Thames Publishing, 1997)
Howard Ferguson and Michael Hurd (eds.): Letters of Gerald Finzi and Howard Ferguson (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2001).
Euan Tait: "Quia Amore Langueo: The Friendship of Howard Ferguson", in: Abraxas Unbound (St. Austell: Abraxas Editions, 2007)
Recordings
Ferguson's music has had many distinguished interpreters. These have included Myra Hess, who recorded the Piano Sonata in 1942, and Jascha Heifetz who recorded the first violin sonata in 1966. In addition, a live recording of Discovery, performed by Kathleen Ferrier and Ernest Lush in 1953, has been issued by Decca (475 6060).
More recent recordings include:
Hyperion CDA 66130 (1984): Piano version of the Partita and the Piano Sonata, performed by Howard Shelley and Hilary MacNamara.
EMI 0777 7 64738 2 6 (1986): Concerto for piano and strings and Amore langueo performed by Howard Shelley (piano), Martyn Hill (tenor), the London Symphony Chorus and the City of London Sinfonia, conducted by Richard Hickox.
Chandos CHAN 9082 (1992): Contains Two Ballads, the orchestral version of the Partita and The Dream of the Rood. Performed by Anne Dawson (soprano), Brian Rayner Cook (baritone), the London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Richard Hickox.
Chandos CHAN 9316 (1995): Contains the two violin sonatas, Three Medieval Carols, Four Short Pieces, Love and Reason, Discovery, Three Sketches, and Five Irish Folksongs. Performed by Sally Burgess (mezzo-soprano), Reiner Schneider-Waterberg (countertenor), John Mark Ainsley (tenor), David Butt (flute), Janet Hilton (clarinet), Lydia Mordkovitch (violin) and Clifford Benson (piano).
Naxos 8.557290 (2005): Concerto for piano and strings, performed by Peter Donohoe and the Northern Sinfonia.
References
External links
Howard Ferguson biography and list of works at Boosey and Hawkes
Howard Ferguson biography Banbridge District Online
1908 births
1999 deaths
20th-century British musicologists
20th-century classical composers
20th-century composers from Northern Ireland
20th-century male musicians from Northern Ireland
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Classical composers from Northern Ireland
Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Male classical composers from Northern Ireland
Male composers from Northern Ireland
Musicians from Belfast
People educated at Rockport School
People educated at Westminster School, London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Ferguson%20%28composer%29 |
Mark Connelly is a professor and Head of the School of History, at the University of Kent in Canterbury, where he is both a military historian, and the Reuters Lecturer in Media History. Connelly specialises in the 19th Century and First World War.
He is also the author of a book on the Second World War and the British home front called, We Can Take It!, as well as other books and essays.
He took his PhD at Queen Mary & Westfield College.
In December 2007, Connelly appeared on the BBC television show The One Show, commenting on the social history of Christmas in the UK.
Books
Christmas: A Social History (London, I.B. Tauris, September 1999)
(Editor) Christmas at the Movies: The Representation of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema (London, I.B. Tauris, October 2000)
Reaching for the Stars: A New History of Bomber Command in World War II (London, I.B. Tauris, December 2000; 2014)
Review, Air and Space Power Journal, Fall 2002 reprint
Review. The Journal of Military History, April 2004, v.68, #2
The Great War: Memory and Ritual (Suffolk, Boydell & Brewer, 2002)
Review by Janet Watson Twentieth Century British History 2004 15(4):436-438; )
British Film Guides: The Charge of the Light Brigade (London, I.B. Tauris, 2003)
We Can Take It! Britain and the memory of the Second World War (Harlow, Pearson Longman, 2004)
Review, ContemporLongmanary Review July 2005.
(ed. with D. Welch) War and the Media: propaganda and reportage, 1900-2003 (London, I.B. Tauris, 2004)
British Film Guides: The Red Shoes (London, I.B. Tauris, 2005)
Steady the Buffs! The East Kent Regiment and the Great War (Oxford, OUP, 2006)
The Hardy Boys mysteries, 1927-1979 - A Cultural and Literary History (2008)
References
External links
Official profile on the University of Kent School of History website
Department of History website at the University of Kent
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Academics of the University of Kent
British historians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Connelly |
Ivan Šimonović (; born 2 May 1959) is a Croatian diplomat, politician and law scholar. In October 2008 he was appointed Justice Minister of Croatia. On 3 May 2010, Šimonović was appointed UN Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights. As of 1 October 2016, Šimonović has been appointed as the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect.
Education and career
Šimonović graduated from the University of Zagreb Law School in 1982. He obtained a doctoral degree in 1990, at the age of 31. Šimonović joined the Croatian diplomatic corps after the break-up of Yugoslavia. He was an assistant and deputy to Foreign Minister Mate Granić during the 1990s, although he never joined the ruling party, the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ).
In 1997, Croatian President Franjo Tuđman named him ambassador to the United Nations. Šimonović served there until 2002. While serving there, Šimonović presided over the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
In 2002, Šimonovic was named Deputy Foreign Minister in Ivica Račan's government. He remained independent and did not join the ruling SDP. When the HDZ swung back to power in 2003, Šimonović was not offered a job in the new government. In 2004, he became a professor at the University of Zagreb Law School, where he teaches general theory of law and state, human rights and atrocity crime prevention, and international relations.
Šimonović was appointed Minister of Justice-designate of Croatia by PM Ivo Sanader on 6 October 2008. His predecessor, Ana Lovrin, had resigned the same day following a series of unsolved assaults and murders linked to Croatian organized crime that culminated with the murder of Ivana Hodak, daughter of controversial Croatian lawyer Zvonimir Hodak. However, it turned out that she was killed by a homeless man, in some apparent act of retaliation against her father.
In May 2010 Šimonović was appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights. In October 2016, Šimonović has been appointed as the Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect. In 2019 he was reappointed Croatian Ambassador to the UN. In 2023 he serves as Chair of the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission.
References
External links
Personal data at OHCHR portal
1959 births
Living people
Members of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
Politicians from Zagreb
Croatian diplomats
Croatian educators
Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb alumni
Croatian officials of the United Nations
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Permanent Representatives of Croatia to the United Nations
Justice ministers of Croatia
Fulbright alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20%C5%A0imonovi%C4%87 |
Moutsouna (in Greek: Μουτσούνα) is a small seaside village on the eastern coast of the island of Naxos, Greece. It has a relatively open bay and limited port facilities. It is located approximately 39 km from the capital of the island, and 11 km from the village of Apiranthos.
History
Until the early 1980s, Moutsouna was the port from which the emery (used an abrasive) used to be loaded in boats and exported. The emery is mined up the mountain and was transported to the port by an aerial cableway. The cableway and the remains of the transfer station in Moutsouna can still be seen today.
Administratively it belongs to Apeiranthos with which it is connected by road.
In 1960 it had 65 inhabitants. At the last census there are 84 inhabitants.
References
Populated places in Naxos (regional unit)
Naxos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moutsouna |
25th London Film Critics Circle Awards
9 February 2005
Film of the Year:
Sideways
British Film of the Year:
Vera Drake
The 25th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 2004, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 9 February 2005.
Winners and nominees
Film of the Year
Sideways
The Aviator
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
House of Flying Daggers
The Motorcycle Diaries
British Film of the Year
Vera Drake
Finding Neverland
Ae Fond Kiss...
My Summer of Love
Shaun of the Dead
Foreign Language Film of the Year
The Motorcycle Diaries • Argentina
Bad Education • Spain
House of Flying Daggers • China/Hong Kong
The Return • Russia
A Very Long Engagement • France
Director of the Year
Martin Scorsese – The Aviator
Michel Gondry – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Alexander Payne – Sideways
Walter Salles – The Motorcycle Diaries
Zhang Yimou – House of Flying Daggers
British Director of the Year
Mike Leigh – Vera Drake
Paul Greengrass – The Bourne Supremacy
Shane Meadows – Dead Man's Shoes
Pawel Pawlikowski – My Summer of Love
Michael Radford – The Merchant of Venice
Screenwriter of the Year
Charlie Kaufman – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
David Magee – Finding Neverland
Brad Bird – The Incredibles
Jean-Pierre Bacri and Agnes Jaoui – Look at Me
Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor – Sideways
British Screenwriter of the Year
Mike Leigh – Vera Drake
Joe Penhall – Enduring Love
Paul Laverty – Ae Fond Kiss...
Pawel Pawlikowski and Michael Wynne – My Summer of Love
Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright – Shaun of the Dead
Actor of the Year
Jamie Foxx – Ray
Johnny Depp – Finding Neverland
Leonardo DiCaprio – The Aviator
Paul Giamatti – Sideways
Geoffrey Rush – The Life and Death of Peter Sellers
Actress of the Year
Imelda Staunton – Vera Drake
Annette Bening – Being Julia
Nicole Kidman – Birth
Natalie Portman – Closer
Charlize Theron – Monster
British Actor of the Year
Daniel Craig – Enduring Love
Paddy Considine – Dead Man's Shoes
Ben Kingsley – House of Sand and Fog
James McAvoy – Inside I'm Dancing
Clive Owen – Closer
British Actress of the Year
Eva Birthistle – Ae Fond Kiss...
Kate Winslet – Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Judi Dench – Ladies in Lavender
Emily Mortimer – Dear Frankie
Natalie Press – My Summer of Love
British Supporting Actor of the Year
Phil Davis – Vera Drake
Brian Cox – Troy
Rupert Everett – Stage Beauty
Eddie Marsan – Vera Drake
Alfred Molina – Spider-Man 2
British Supporting Actress of the Year
Romola Garai – Inside I'm Dancing
Eileen Atkins – Vanity Fair Minnie Driver – The Phantom of the Opera
Ruth Sheen – Vera Drake
Emily Woof – Wondrous Oblivion
British Newcomer of the YearNatalie Press – My Summer of Love 'Amma Asante – A Way of LifeEva Birthistle – Ae Fond Kiss...Emily Blunt – My Summer of LoveFreddie Highmore – Finding Neverland''
25th Silver Anniversary Award
Norma Heyman
Dilys Powell Award
Ken Loach
References
2
2004 film awards
2004 in London
2004 in British cinema | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Film%20Critics%20Circle%20Awards%202004 |
Härkingen is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.
History
Härkingen is first mentioned in 1080 as quendam comitatum nomine Härichingen in pago Buchsgeowe situm (Kopie). In 1101 it was mentioned as 03 apud Harichingen.
Geography
Härkingen has an area, , of . Of this area, or 51.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 22.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 27.6% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 8.5%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 7.1% of the area Out of the forested land, 20.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 44.9% is used for growing crops and 5.5% is pastures, while 1.3% is used for orchards or vine crops.
The municipality is located in the Gäu district, in the Dünnern valley south of the division of the A1 and A2 motorways.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure an Oak Stump with two branches leaved and acorned Or rising from a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert.
Demographics
Härkingen has a population () of . , 11.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 9.9%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,105 or 92.4%), with Italian being second most common (22 or 1.8%) and Albanian being third (20 or 1.7%). There are 7 people who speak French.
, the gender distribution of the population was 51.8% male and 48.2% female. The population was made up of 581 Swiss men (44.4% of the population) and 98 (7.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 551 Swiss women (42.1%) and 80 (6.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 414 or about 34.6% were born in Härkingen and lived there in 2000. There were 357 or 29.8% who were born in the same canton, while 265 or 22.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 131 or 11.0% were born outside of Switzerland.
In there were 14 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 6 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 8 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 12 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland. At the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men who emigrated from Switzerland to another country and 5 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 44 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 5 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.2%.
The age distribution, , in Härkingen is; 103 children or 8.6% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 237 teenagers or 19.8% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 43 people or 3.6% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 395 people or 33.0% are between 25 and 44, and 278 people or 23.2% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution is 101 people or 8.4% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 39 people or 3.3% who are over 80.
, there were 499 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 593 married individuals, 48 widows or widowers and 56 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 454 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 111 households that consist of only one person and 41 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 467 households that answered this question, 23.8% were households made up of just one person and there were 4 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 130 married couples without children, 185 married couples with children There were 17 single parents with a child or children. There were 7 households that were made up of unrelated people and 13 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 233 single family homes (or 73.0% of the total) out of a total of 319 inhabited buildings. There were 42 multi-family buildings (13.2%), along with 31 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.7%) and 13 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.1%). Of the single family homes 14 were built before 1919, while 50 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (60) were built between 1981 and 1990.
there were 491 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 143. There were 25 single room apartments and 210 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 445 apartments (90.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 33 apartments (6.7%) were seasonally occupied and 13 apartments (2.6%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 10 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.05%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 33.59% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (26.19%), the FDP (19.72%) and the SP (13.53%). In the federal election, a total of 495 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.6%.
Economy
, Härkingen had an unemployment rate of 2.7%. , there were 31 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 255 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 30 businesses in this sector. 1,487 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 90 businesses in this sector. There were 646 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.9% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,598. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 22, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 240 of which 110 or (45.8%) were in manufacturing, 9 or (3.8%) were in mining and 115 (47.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,336. In the tertiary sector; 307 or 23.0% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 879 or 65.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 37 or 2.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 67 or 5.0% were in the information industry, 2 or 0.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 13 or 1.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 6 or 0.4% were in education and 12 or 0.9% were in health care.
, there were 1,308 workers who commuted into the municipality and 469 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.8 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. Of the working population, 9.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 64.4% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 720 or 60.2% were Roman Catholic, while 252 or 21.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 15 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.25% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 9 individuals (or about 0.75% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 20 (or about 1.67% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist. 146 (or about 12.21% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 27 individuals (or about 2.26% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Härkingen about 442 or (37.0%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 126 or (10.5%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 126 who completed tertiary schooling, 71.4% were Swiss men, 15.9% were Swiss women, 9.5% were non-Swiss men.
During the 2010-2011 school year there were a total of 95 students in the Härkingen school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten. During that school year, there were 19 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were 76 students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All the lower secondary students from Härkingen attend their school in a neighboring municipality.
, there were 4 students in Härkingen who came from another municipality, while 89 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Transport
Härkingen respectively Niederbipp are scheduled as one of the eight hubs of the proposed Cargo Sous Terrain, an underground cargo transport system those first phase is planned by the early 2030s.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rkingen |
Kristvallabrunn is a locality situated in Nybro Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 246 inhabitants in 2010.
It lies about 30 km from Kalmar and the nearest city is Nybro. It has several woodworking industries. The village has a preschool and a primary school. Kristvallabrunn gained popularity for its health spa in the late 19th century.
References
Populated places in Kalmar County
Populated places in Nybro Municipality | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristvallabrunn |
Saint Anna of Kashin (; – 2 October 1368) was a princess consort of Mikhail of Tver. She was canonized as a saint by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1650.
Life
Anna was a daughter of Prince Dmitry Borisovich of Rostov and a great-granddaughter of Prince Vasily of Rostov. From her earliest years, Anna was brought up strictly Christian. She was taught the virtues of humility and obedience. Her teacher was Saint Ignatius, Bishop of Rostov (died 1288), who was noted for strict selflessness and pacifism. Like all royal daughters of her time, Anna learned different kinds of needlework. When the princess grew up, Princess Xenia of Tver, second wife of Grand Prince Yaroslav of Tver sent ambassadors to Rostov with a request to marry Anna to her son Mikhail. The embassy was successful, and Anna became the wife of Prince Mikhail.
Princess Anna's marriage to Prince Mikhail took place on 8 November 1294 in the Preobrazhensky cathedral of Tver. In celebration of this event, dwellers in the city of Kashin built the Saint Michael Church and the triumphal gates from the local Kremlin to the Tver road, naming the gates also "Mikhaylovsky." In the Kashin Uspensky cathedral a special Feast was established and celebrated annually on 8 November.
Anna and Mikhail had five children:
Feodora (died in infancy)
Prince Dmitry of Tver (1299–1326)
Prince Alexander of Tver (1301–1339)
Prince Konstantin of Tver (1306–1346)
Prince Vasily of Kashin (d. after 1368)
In 1294, her father died, and in 1295 a terrible fire destroyed Tver. Soon after that, Anna and Mikhail's first-born daughter, Feodora, fell severely ill and died in infancy. In 1296, another fire destroyed their palace, and the prince and princess were barely rescued. In 1317, a war began between Yury of Moscow and Anna's husband prince Mikhail of Tver.
In 1318 the princess said goodbye to her husband forever, who was summoned to the Horde, where he was brutally tortured to death on 22 November 1318. Only in July of the following year did Anna hear about her husband's martyrdom. Learning that Mikhail's remains had been brought to Moscow, she sent an embassy there, and her husband's body was transferred into Tver and buried in Preobrazhensky cathedral.
In 1325, her eldest son, Dimitry, was tortured in the Horde. In 1327, her second son, Alexander, broke the Tartar army, which devastated the duchy. In revenge Uzbeg Khan gathered a new army and destroyed Tver; Prince Alexander was forced to hide in Pskov. For ten years, Anna did not see her son, and in 1339 Prince Alexander and his son Feodor were killed by the Horde.
After the death of Prince Mikhail, Anna carried out an old desire "in silence to work only for God." She took vows in Sofia's monastery in Tver and adopted the name Evfrosiniya. In 1365 the youngest son of the princess, Vasiliy, her only child remaining alive by that time, entreated his mother to move to his principality. The Uspensky monastery was built in Kashin, and there the saint accepted the schema with the name of Anna.
She died of old age on 2 October 1368, and was buried in the cathedral temple of the Blessed Virgin.
Canonization
The name of the Princess Anna was forgotten for many centuries. It was during the 1611 siege of Kashin by Lithuanian troops that Anna appeared to Gerasim, Sexton of the Dormition Cathedral, and it is said that she prayed to the Saviour and Our Lady for the deliverance of her city from the foreigners. Her relics were reported to work miracles.
The synod of the Russian Orthodox Church convened in 1649 and declared her relics worthy of a universal homage. The princess was glorified as a saint. Twenty-eight years later, Patriarch Joachim addressed the Moscow Synod with a suggestion to decanonize her because of the uncommon veneration and esteem for Anna among the Old Believers.
It was traditionally thought the Old Believers chose Anna as their palladium because the princess was represented on icons as making the Sign of the Cross with two fingers, as the Old Believers practiced, rather than with three, as official church policy required after Patriarch Nikon in 1656. However, writings used by the Old Believers show that one of the reasons they venerated her so highly was that her incorrupt body, on display, showed her hand in the two-fingered Sign of the Cross favoured by the Old Believers, vindicating their stance. Despite numerous efforts of the Church authorities to "correct" the situation, her hand always went back to the same two-fingered position. In response, Patriarch Joachim removed the relics of Anna from public view.
Grand Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Joachim collected, held in Moscow from January to February 1678 decanonization Anna of Kashin: forbade her to pray, and allowed only pray for her - by her serve memorial service.
It was not until 12 June 1909 that the Russian Orthodox Church glorified Anna again and sanctioned a general celebration of her cult. That year a monastic community was dedicated to her in Grozny. A year later, a church was consecrated in her name in St Petersburg.
Bibliography
S. Arkhangelov. Житие и чудеса святой благоверной княгини Анны Кашинской, St Petersburg, 1909
T. Manukhina. Святая благоверная княгиня Анна Кашинская, Paris, 1954
External links
St Anna at the site of the Eparchy of Tver
Biography
Biography
www.anna-kashin.ru
Date of birth unknown
1280 births
1368 deaths
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Eastern Orthodox nuns
14th-century Russian women
14th-century Russian people
Russian nuns
Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
People from Rostov
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
Yaroslavichi family (Tver) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20of%20Kashin |
Hootenanny was an American musical variety television show broadcast on ABC from April 1963 to September 1964. The program was hosted by Jack Linkletter. It primarily featured pop-oriented folk music acts, including The Journeymen, The Limeliters, the Chad Mitchell Trio, The New Christy Minstrels, The Brothers Four, Ian & Sylvia, The Big 3, Hoyt Axton, Judy Collins, Johnny Cash, The Carter Family, Flatt & Scruggs and the Foggy Mountain Boys, The Tarriers, Bud & Travis, and the Smothers Brothers. Although both popular and influential, the program is primarily remembered today for the controversy created when the producers blacklisted certain folk music acts, which then led to a boycott by others.
After two seasons, the shifting musical tastes of the era- heavily influenced by the British Invasion starting in 1964 - and a decline in the program's variety led to its effective replacement by Shindig!, a similar but more broadly-based and pop music oriented variety program.
History
Background
Hootenanny was created in 1962 by Dan Melnick, Vice President of ABC-TV, and the Ashley-Steiner Talent Agency. The pilot was conceived as a half-hour special. The agency and network hired producer-director Gil Cates to oversee the initial production. It was Cates’ idea to tape the program at a college campus, and to liberally include the student audience on camera, singing and clapping along with the music. Cates staged the show as theater in the round, with the students seated on the floor or in bleachers, surrounding the performers.
With Cates at the helm, the pilot was video taped in the fall of 1962 at Syracuse University in New York. Fred Weintraub, owner of The Bitter End, a folk music club in New York's Greenwich Village, served as talent coordinator (and would continue to do so throughout the series’ run), ensuring that performers would not be limited to clients of the Ashley-Steiner agency.
New York radio personality Jean Shepherd was the original emcee, and four folk acts appeared in the pilot: The Limeliters, Mike Settle, Jo Mapes and Clara Ward’s Gospel Singers. Rather than showcase acts once per show, each performer/group would do a song, then yield the stage to another and return later in the program. Occasionally two otherwise unrelated acts would team up for a duet. The final result was so well-received by network executives that the idea of airing the pilot as a stand-alone special was jettisoned, and production on the series began.
Producer Richard Lewine was put in charge and Garth Dietrick assumed the director’s chair. The first thing Lewine did was to replace Shepherd with Jack Linkletter. (When the original pilot aired in June 1963, Shepherd's scenes had been removed and Linkletter was spliced in.) As Shepherd had done, Linkletter would discreetly provide information about the performer(s) and/or the song(s) they would sing as each act took the stage. Linkletter described his role as "an interpreter. The people at home hear what I have to say, but not the ones at the performance. (The feeling is) that the Hootenanny would be going on whether we were there or not." On February 26, 1963, their first two Hootenanny programs were taped at George Washington University in the District of Columbia.
Series production
Between February 26 and April 30, 12 Hootenanny shows were taped at six colleges. The production team would arrive at a campus on Monday to begin rehearsal and camera blocking. Taping of both half-hour programs would take place on Tuesday (later, when Hootenanny expanded to an hour, one program each would be taped on Tuesday and Wednesday). Students were permitted to attend the rehearsals, many of them volunteering to be runners for the various acts and production staff.
The first Hootenanny to air had been taped at the University of Michigan in March, and starred The Limeliters, Bob Gibson, Bud & Travis and Bonnie Dobson. (Easily the best known folk group among those who appeared, The Limeliters would headline in seven of the first 13 episodes, literally appearing at least every other week.)
Critical reaction
Overall, critical reaction was favorable, although Variety'''s reviewer felt it "lacked the spark and spirit that is found in 'live' college and concert dates" and predicted the series would do little to increase the popularity of folk music – a prediction that would soon prove erroneous. Most critics agreed with the New York Times’ Jack Gould, who labeled Hootenanny "the hit of the spring."
The Nielsen ratings justified ABC's faith in the concept. The first program garnered a 26% share of the viewing audience; this increased to 32% for the second show. By the end of April, ABC announced that Hootenanny would return in the fall as a one-hour show, provided the ratings held up. They did - Hootenanny soon becoming the network's second-most popular show, after Ben Casey, with a peak audience of 11 million viewers per week.
By the time Hootenanny concluded its first 13 weeks, a craze had been born. A front-page Variety story noted that "the big demand for the folk performers in virtually all areas of show biz (records, concerts, college dates, TV, pix) is stimulating a new folk form that can appeal to a mass audience. Among writers now contributing to the new-styled folk song are Bob Dylan, Mike Settle, Tom Paxton, Shel Silverstein, Bob Gibson, Malvina Reynolds, Oscar Brand, Pete Seeger, Woody Guthrie." MGM's Sam Katzman produced Hootenanny Hoot, a motion picture featuring The Brothers Four, Johnny Cash, Judy Henske, Joe and Eddie, Cathie Taylor, The Gateway Trio and Sheb Wooley – all of whom did or would appear on Hootenanny. Record labels from the independent Folkways and Elektra to the mainstream Columbia and RCA-Victor released folk music compilation albums with "Hootenanny" in the title.
Magazines
Two bi-monthly magazines appeared on newsstands: Hootenanny, edited by Robert Shelton with Lynn Musgrave, and ABC-TV Hootenanny, edited by music critic Linda Solomon. Mainstream magazines such as Time and Look reported on the folk craze, with the latter calling Hootenanny the "final proof that folk music has gone big-time."
Despite its popular appeal - or perhaps because of it - the overall reaction to Hootenanny by serious folk music critics was one of scorn. In an article for Shelton's Hootenanny magazine, Nat Hentoff savaged the program, writing "Aside from the fact that a sizable proportion of each week's cast has been echt fake, the 'Hootenanny Show' aura has also diluted the work of many of its performers with some credentials as folk singers." He also chided the students comprising the audience: "(Be) not deceived that the campus activists for social change are in the majority. If you want to see the moyen American college student, watch the TV 'Hootenanny' show." Editor Shelton, however, eventually acknowledged that "some good performances did sneak through; some obscure musicians won recognition. The TV series probably led millions of its viewers toward quality song."
Renewal and format changes
When the series resumed in the fall of 1963, it had been expanded to a full hour with a slightly altered format. Although the program continued to primarily showcase folk music, other genres were added to the mix: jazz (represented by such performers as Herbie Mann, Pete Fountain, Stan Getz and Stan Rubin's Tigertown Five), country (artists such as Johnny Cash, Eddy Arnold, Flatt & Scruggs and Homer & Jethro) and gospel (The Staple Singers, Clara Ward, Bessie Griffin and Alex Bradford). The second season also added a spot for stand-up comedy; the best-known participants being Woody Allen, Bill Cosby (in his network TV debut), Jackie Vernon, Pat Harrington, Jr. and Stiller & Meara. Changes in the format continued as the season progressed. Commencing with episodes airing in January 1964, all the artists remained on stage throughout the show, seated behind whoever was performing; and Jack Linkletter no longer made all the introductions - many were handled by the artists themselves, one act introducing another. A permanent theme song was also introduced this season: Hootenanny Saturday Night, written by Lewine and Alfred Uhry. The theme was performed by the artists appearing that particular week; although the Chad Mitchell Trio were the first to sing it, the version performed by The Brothers Four at the University of Pittsburgh was released by Columbia Records as a single.
The second season also saw the debut of Hootenanny's "home-grown" creation, The Serendipity Singers. "Discovered" by talent coordinator Fred Weintraub, the Serendipities were a nine-member folk chorale closely patterned after The New Christy Minstrels. The group appeared in eight of the 30 shows produced that season, and had a major hit in spring 1964 with "Don't Let the Rain Come Down (Crooked Little Man)". The group, with various member changes, continued for decades after Hootenanny's demise.
Boycott
Even before it reached the airwaves, Hootenanny created controversy in the folk music world. In mid-March, word circulated that the producers would not invite folk singer Pete Seeger, nor Seeger's former group The Weavers, to appear on the show. Both Seeger and the Weavers were alleged to have overly left-wing views; in Seeger's case, he had been convicted of contempt of Congress for refusing to discuss his political affiliations with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1955 – although the conviction had been overturned on appeal in May 1962.Variety broke the story in its March 20, 1963, issue, reporting that folksinger Joan Baez had refused to appear on the show because of the blacklisting. That same week, several folk artists gathered at The Village Gate in New York City to discuss forming an organized boycott, but opted instead to send telegrams of concern to ABC executives, producer Lewine and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Although Seeger and the Weavers were also banned from NBC and CBS variety shows, the Hootenanny issue rankled because Seeger and his long-time associate Woody Guthrie were the first to popularize the term ‘hootenanny’ as a gathering of folk musicians.
Seeger encouraged his fellow artists not to boycott but to accept Hootenanny invitations, so as to promote the popularity of the folk genre. Nevertheless, by the end of March three other folk acts had joined Joan Baez in boycotting the show: Tom Paxton, Barbara Dane and The Greenbriar Boys, a bluegrass trio. Some weeks later, Guthrie disciple Ramblin' Jack Elliott announced he, too, was boycotting Hootenanny.
Over the years, other arguably better-known folk performers have been associated with the Hootenanny boycott; these include Dylan (who mentioned the show in his song "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues"), Peter, Paul & Mary, Phil Ochs and The Kingston Trio. However, the ones who specifically announced their participation in the boycott at the time were Joan Baez, Barbara Dane, Tom Paxton, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and The Greenbriar Boys. The Greenbriar Boys eventually appeared on the October 19, 1963, broadcast, backing Los Angeles folk and country singer Dian James. However, John Herald, the band's guitarist and lead vocalist, did not participate. Some artists who had performed on the show would refuse future Hootenanny appearances for creative, rather than political, reasons; these include Judy Collins and Theodore Bikel.
With the expansion of Hootenanny to one hour weekly, effective with the broadcast of September 21, 1963, the producers made overtures to Pete Seeger. However, there was a caveat, spelled out in a letter from network executives: "ABC will consider Mr. Seeger’s use on the program only if he furnishes an affidavit as to his past and present affiliations, if any, with the Communist Party, and/or with the Communist front organizations. Upon so doing, the company will undertake to consider his statement in relation to all the objective data available to it, and will advise you promptly [if] it will approve the employment of Mr. Seeger." Seeger, naturally, refused to provide anything that smacked of a loyalty oath, and his manager, Harold Leventhal, made the story public - which only encouraged others to refuse appearances.
Cancellation
ABC tentatively renewed Hootenanny for a third season, but a major shift in popular music brought about a last-minute reversal. The 1964 British Invasion eclipsed the folk music craze among younger viewers, resulting in a decline in Hootenanny’s viewership to about seven million by the end of April 1964, prior to the start of reruns. Not only viewers, but musicians, were affected by the Invasion; performers such as Gene Clark (The New Christy Minstrels), John Phillips (The Journeymen), Cass Elliot (The Big 3) and John Sebastian (The Even Dozen Jug Band) - all of whom had appeared on Hootenanny's second season - abandoned folk music to form very successful pop-rock groups including The Byrds (Clark), The Mamas & the Papas (Phillips and Elliott) and The Lovin' Spoonful (Sebastian).
There were other factors that contributed to Hootenanny's demise, not least of which was repetition of both songs and artists. Eventually, it seemed that audiences were likely to see The Serendipity Singers, or The New Christy Minstrels, or The Brothers Four every time they watched; occasionally, they would see two of these three acts. Faced with a dwindling talent pool, growing viewer indifference, and competition in the time slot from the Jackie Gleason Show airing on CBS, ABC announced on June 8 that Hootenanny would be cancelled. Another series with youth appeal, The Outer Limits, moved into its Saturday evening timeslot, and ABC added a hastily scheduled Wednesday-night show with more broadly focused music: Shindig!The network erased its videotapes of the show many years ago, but kinescopes of several Hootenanny segments survive and were used to compile the Best of Hootenanny DVD set from Shout! Factory.
Host institutionsHootenanny taped 43 programs at 22 different institutions of higher learning, mostly private colleges and universities. Eight land-grant universities hosted the show: Pennsylvania State University; Rutgers (1st season); University of Arizona; UCLA; University of Maryland, College Park; University of Florida; University of Tennessee; Purdue University (2nd Season). Two Ivy League schools were visited: Brown University (1st season) and Dartmouth College (2nd Season); the latter during its annual Winter Carnival. Hootenanny shows were also taped at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, and the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York (2nd Season).
At the request of the then-president of Miles Laboratories, one of the show's sponsors, Hootenanny visited his alma mater, the small Salem College in Clarksburg, West Virginia (2nd season).
Notes
DVD release
In 2007, Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment released The Best of Hootenanny on DVD, featuring 80 songs on three discs.
References
The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows'' - 1999 Edition - Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh.
Remembering Hootenanny - Bruce Edwards, Professor, Bowling Green State University
External links
Hootenanny page from TVParty!
1963 American television series debuts
1964 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
1960s American variety television series
1960s American music television series
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
Television controversies in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hootenanny%20%28TV%20series%29 |
Rocks Riverside Park is a park by the Brisbane River in Seventeen Mile Rocks, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The park was opened on 7 December 2003, and features industrial artefacts from its previous use by the Queensland Cement and Lime Company. Public art which draws upon the park's industrial heritage are also featured throughout, as is a crop patch which reflects the site's farming days.
Rocks Riverside Park is the largest riverfront park in Brisbane. It has 800 metres of riverfrontage and covers an area of 26 hectare. The park is nestled in amongst other industrial sites at 5 Counihan Road, Seventeen Mile Rocks in Brisbane, Australia.
The project architect was Cenk Yuksel. The main builders were Naturform and Stewart Constructions.
Features
The park is broken into three major zones. There is the river flat, a formerly rich riparian environment, then market garden and industrial site; the bushland range, which forms the backdrop for the river flat area covered with dry eucalypt forest; and a major green link from the park to the suburbs to the south.
Features include a water play area, a flying fox, shelters, lawns, bushland, gardens and electric barbecues. There are also adventure playgrounds, a climbing web, bikeways, a basketball court, a liberty swing for children with disabilities, an amphitheatre, a pavilion, and open spaces for lawn gatherings.
Five areas of the park are available for bookings.
Water mining
The park features an underground, non-drinking water recycling project. Sewer grinding, ultraviolet disinfection and a reed bed treatment process were used. The treatment process has a low environmental impact, is cost-effective and low-maintenance. The system allows the park to be watered during drought when water restrictions would otherwise apply.
Rocks Community Garden
Rocks Community Garden is a community garden in Rocks Riverside Park, first established in June 2007. It is volunteer-managed and focused on the organic production of food crops. Community garden membership is open to anyone who supports organic gardening principles and accepts the rules and operating guidelines. The community garden has 34 individual allotments and 9 raised garden beds which plot holders rent on a yearly basis. There is also have a small orchard, which members assist in maintaining.
History
The Rocks Riverside Park area has had many different uses over its lifetime. Irish immigrants, Robert and Frances Henry bought the land and cleared the dense scrub and vine thickets from the site. Sugar Cane, Oats, Barley and Corn were grown on the site until the land was sold in the 1920s. From the late 1940s to the 1960s Tomatoes, Capsicum, Beet and Peanuts were grown by Frank Pettinato, a Sicilian immigrant.
During this time Queensland Cement and Lime Company (QCL) set up their operations in the area, as the site was a good source of fresh water, gravel and sand. Dead coral was brought up the Brisbane River from Moreton Bay as this was found to be a good substitute for lime.
In 1995, the Queensland Government decided not to renew QCL's licence to remove coral from Moreton Bay. The last shipment was received in 1997 and most of the coral used in 1998, resulting in the closure of the plant in 1999.
Park development
Brisbane City Council decided to redevelop the site in 1999. The council's vision for the site was to "create a significant, contemporary riverside park that showcases the innovative design and sustainable management for the enjoyment of all residents."
Hassell was commissioned to generate the initial master plan which was completed in 2000. However, due to a change in design direction, land acquisition and a refinement in the budget the master plan required major alterations. City Design – landscape Architecture was commissioned for the redesign of park to ensure that the park was innovative and sustainable. City Design- Landscape Architecture and Hassel worked together to create the revised master plan.
Signage by Dot Dash creates an identifiable look to the park, whilst complying with Brisbane City Council logo standards. Colours based on an architectural colour scheme provides cohesion throughout the parks built environment and with printed material. The general layouts of the signs are typically light green plates with cut-outs for major headings and white writing for long blocks of information. This plate is always attached to an abstract piece of galvanised steel which has lines of dots running at right angles punctured through it.
Awards
Rocks Riverside Park won the Playground and Recreational Association of Victoria's Innovation Award in 2003.
Brisbane City Council also received a Year of the Built Environment Award from the Australian Institute of Project Management in 2003, recognising the park as "an outstanding example of the Council’s achievements in managing the construction and refurbishment of Brisbane’s built spaces and parklands."
The water mining project won a Water Saving Award from the Department of Infrastructure and Transport in 2006.
See also
List of parks in Brisbane
References
External links
Rocks Community Garden Official site
Photos January 2010
Panoramio photo and map of location
Brisbane City Council landing page for Brisbane's community gardens
Parks in Brisbane
2003 establishments in Australia
Community gardening in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks%20Riverside%20Park |
Virginia Harrington Knauer (née Wright; March 28, 1915 – October 16, 2011) was an American Republican politician. She served as the Special Assistant to the President for Consumer Affairs and Director of the U.S. Office of Consumer Affairs (1969–1977 and 1981–1989). In 1959 she became the first Republican woman to be elected to the Philadelphia City Council, in which she served for eight years. She was appointed to the newly created post of chief consumer advisor to Pennsylvania Governor Ray Shafer. She was also the mentor and good friend of former North Carolina Senator Elizabeth Dole. Knauer died on October 16, 2011, in Washington, D.C., at age 96.
Early life and education
Knauer was born Virginia Harrington Wright on March 28, 1915, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She grew up in Philadelphia, where her father was a professor of accounting at Temple University. She was educated at the Philadelphia High School for Girls, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and the University of Pennsylvania (graduated 1937); she also attended the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, Italy.
During the 1950s, Knauer was one of the country's top breeders of Doberman Pinschers. She served as president of the Doberman Pinscher Club of America.
Political career
A Republican party operative, Knauer was elected to the Philadelphia City Council in the 1959 municipal election. Later, she was the head of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Consumer Protection. She became Richard Nixon's special assistant for consumer affairs in 1969. At the time, she was the highest-ranking woman in the administration. She also became the director of the U.S. Office of Consumer Affairs, where she became an energetic supporter of consumers' rights. In 1970, she told The Washington Post, "I've been a feminist for 20 years, and I'm all for advancing women in public office." Her top assistant was a lawyer named Elizabeth Hanford, whom she introduced to her future husband, Bob Dole.
In office, Knauer promoted recycling and nutritional labeling, unit pricing of groceries, and other consumer-friendly features. She predicted that, because of domestic automakers' reluctance to install safety and environmental improvements, among other advances, foreign manufacturers would increase their share of the U.S. auto market. During the 1973–1975 recession, she recommended that households eat more "liver, kidney, brains, and heart" after stagflation caused meat prices to double.
She also headed the Office of Consumer Affairs during the Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan administrations.
Family
Knauer married Wilhelm F. Knauer, a lawyer, in 1940. Wilhelm Knauer served as Pennsylvania Deputy Attorney General. He died in 1976. The Knauers had one son, Judge Wilhelm F. Knauer Jr. (died 1986), one daughter, Valerie Knauer Burden, and three granddaughters, Virginia Burden, Frances Burden, and Nancy J. Knauer. Virginia Knauer died October 16, 2011, of congestive heart failure, in Washington, D.C.
References
External links
Brief bio at Penn State Libraries
1915 births
2011 deaths
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Pennsylvania Republicans
Philadelphia City Council members
Philadelphia High School for Girls alumni
Women city councillors in Pennsylvania
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Knauer |
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 36, commonly referred to as Highway 36 and officially named Veterans Memorial Highway, is a north-south highway in eastern Alberta, Canada that extends from Highway 4 near Warner to Highway 55 in Lac La Biche. Lac La Biche County is lobbying the Government of Alberta to renumber Highway 881 to Highway 36 from Lac La Biche north to Highway 63 south of Fort McMurray.
Major intersections
From south to north:
Footnotes
References
036
Monuments and memorials in Alberta
Taber, Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Highway%2036 |
The Episcopal Diocese of Dallas is a diocese of the Episcopal Church (United States) which was formed on December 20, 1895, when the Missionary District of Northern Texas was granted diocesan status at the denomination's General Convention the preceding October. Alexander Charles Garrett, who had served as the first bishop of the Missionary District of Northern Texas, remained as bishop of the new diocese. The diocese began when thirteen parishes were merged.
The Missionary District of Northern Texas was formed when a portion of the Episcopal Diocese of Texas was divided on February 2, 1875. Garrett named the oldest church in the district, which was Saint Matthew's Episcopal Church, as his cathedral church and Dallas as his see. Saint Matthew's has remained the cathedral church of the bishop since that time. Garrett served until his death in 1924.
There are more than seventy parishes and schools in the diocese. The diocese is involved in many national and international missionary outreach programs. The principal offices of the diocese are at the Diocesan House, which is, along with the cathedral church, located on the former site of Saint Mary's Episcopal College for Women. The diocese divided in 1983, the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth was formed from the division.
Influence of the Anglican realignment
The dioceses of Dallas along with the Diocese of Western Louisiana are opposed to the ordination of gay clergy but have chosen to stay within the Episcopal Church. The Diocese of Dallas approved, at its 2006 diocesan convention, an amendment to the diocesan constitution that it would break with the Episcopal Church only if that body were no longer part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. A vast majority of the Diocese of Fort Worth, on the other hand, voted to break away from the Episcopal Church in 2008. Additionally, several conservative parishes, including Christ Church, Plano, purchased their properties from the Diocese of Dallas and are now aligned with Anglican bodies other than the Episcopal Church.
Election of George R. Sumner as diocesan bishop
James M. Stanton announced in May 2013 that he would retire as the VI Bishop of Dallas, effective 31 May 2014. Following Stanton's retirement, Paul E. Lambert, elected on 29 March 2008 as bishop suffragan, served as bishop pro-tempore.
On 16 May 2015, the diocese held a "Special Convention for the Election of the VII Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas". At this convention, George R. Sumner, then principal of Wycliffe College, Toronto, was duly elected to be VII Episcopal Bishop of Dallas. Sumner was elected with 77 clergy votes out of 138 cast; and 107 lay votes out of 193. He was consecrated on 14 November 2015.
List of bishops
Missionary and diocesan bishops
Suffragan and assistant bishops
References
Sources
Wiles, C. Preston (2005). "History of the diocese". The Episcopal Diocese of Dallas. Archived from the original on 2008-12-25. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
External links
The Cathedral Church of Saint Matthew, Dallas, Texas
Journal of the Annual Convention, Diocese of Dallas
Province VII
Dallas
Anglican realignment dioceses
Episcopal Church in Texas
Religious organizations established in 1895
Anglican dioceses established in the 19th century
1895 establishments in Texas
Province 7 of the Episcopal Church (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal%20Diocese%20of%20Dallas |
Suicidal Final Art is a 2001 compilation album by Swedish melodic death metal band At the Gates. The name is taken from a line in the title track of the Slaughter of the Soul album.
Track listing
Credits
Anders Björler - guitar
Jonas Björler - bass
Adrian Erlandsson - drums
Alf Svensson - guitars
Martin Larsson - guitars
Tomas Lindberg - vocals
References
At the Gates albums
2001 compilation albums
Albums produced by Fredrik Nordström | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal%20Final%20Art |
Brandberg may refer to:
Austria
Brandberg, Austria, a municipality in the district of Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria
Namibia
Brandberg Constituency, the former name of Dâures Constituency in the Erongo region of Namibia
Brandberg Massif, a dome-shaped plateau in the Namib Desert, Namibia
Brandberg Mountain, in the Brandberg Massif, Namibia
People
Björn Brandberg (born 1986), Swedish curler
Karl Gustaf Brandberg (1905–1997), Swedish Army lieutenant general
Paulina Brandberg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandberg |
Salmagundi is a US quarterly periodical, featuring cultural criticism, fiction, and poetry, along with transcripts of symposia and interviews with prominent writers and intellectuals. Susan Sontag, a longtime friend of the publication, referred to it as "simply my favorite little magazine." In The Book Wars, James Atlas writes that Salmagundi is "perhaps the country's leading journal of intellectual opinion."
History and profile
Salmagundi was founded by Robert Boyers in the fall of 1965, using money he earned as a youth, singing at his neighborhood Jewish temple, and at weddings and Bar Mitzvahs. Boyers drew inspiration for his quarterly from other "little magazines" of the era, such as Partisan Review, F.R. Leavis's Scrutiny, and T.S. Eliot's Criterion, among others. The title of the magazine was chosen as a reference to the 19th-century periodical of the same name, published by Washington Irving.
In 1969, the magazine moved its headquarters to Skidmore College, in Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Boyers and his wife, Margarita "Peg" Boyers are both professors in Skidmore's English Department. The magazine celebrated its Fiftieth Anniversary in 2015 by publishing three large volumes, featuring "Best Of" selections from Salmagundi's first five decades.
While the magazine has no explicit mission statement, Boyers has often invoked Lionel Trilling's description of the role served by little magazines in preventing the culture from "being cautious and settled, or merely sociological, or merely pious" and "to make the official representatives of literature a little uneasy."
Salmagundi's editors take pride in continually finding "ways to say NO and THINK AGAIN to the largely settled views of our own enlightened readership." Christopher Lasch, a frequent contributor to the Salmagundi until his death in 1994, observed, in 1975, that the magazine "often criticized leftist clichés from a point of view sympathetic to the underlying objectives of the left." Lasch further noted that Salmagundi reliably opposed "fake radicalism," "genteel academicism" and "estheticism," even as it recognized "the precarious position of intellectual culture in the modern world."
One of the things that sets Salmagundi apart from other literary magazines is its commitment to hosting (and transcribing, for publication) ambitious symposia, featuring lively debate among prominent scholars and writers. Past symposia have included figures such as, Lionel Trilling, Richard Rorty, Martha Nussbaum, Slavoj Zizek, Anthony Appiah, Orlando Patterson, Susan Sontag, and many others.
Notable columnists and contributors
Critics and scholars
Susan Sontag
George Steiner
Marilynne Robinson
Christopher Hitchens
James Miller
Tzvetan Todorov
Sir Isaiah Berlin
William H. Gass
Christopher Lasch
Adam Phillips
Phillip Lopate
Steve Fraser
Daniel Swift
Siri Hustvedt
George Scialabba
Novelists
Russell Banks
Joyce Carol Oates
J.M. Coetzee
Nadine Gordimer
Mario Vargas Llosa
Darryl Pinckney
Steve Stern
Mary Gordon
Norman Manea
Mary Gaitskill
Rick Moody
Amy Hempel
Binnie Kirschenbaum
Jim Shepard
Howard Norman
Poets
Robert Lowell
Seamus Heaney
Adrienne Rich
Robert Pinsky
Frank Bidart
Richard Howard
Marie Howe
Charles Simic
Louise Glück
Carolyn Forché
Honor Moore
Carl Dennis
Campbell McGrath
Vijay Seshadri
Rosanna Warren
Notable essays, poetry, and fiction
Edward Said's "Beginnings" (1966)
Howard Nemerov's "First Snow" (#22 - 23, 1973)
Adrienne Rich's "Pieces" and "Incipience" (#22 - 23, 1973)
Robert Lowell's "History" and "Man and Woman" (#22 - 23, 1973)
Robert Penn Warren's "The Nature of A Mirror" (#22 - 23, 1973)
Louise Glück's "Pomegranate" (#22 - 23, 1973)
Leslie H. Farber's "Lying on the Couch" (1975)
Howard Nemerov's "Ozymandias II" and "Ginkgoes in Fall" (#28, 1975)
Robert Lowell's "Epilogue" (#37, 1977)
Robert Penn Warren's "Question You Must Learn to Live Past" and "What Was The Thought?" (#50 - 51, 1980–81)
Louise Glück's "First Goodbye" (#50 - 51, 1980–81)
William H. Gass's "The Death of the Author" (1984)
George Steiner's "Our Homeland, the Text" (1985)
Seamus Heaney's "Place, Pastness, Poems: A Tryptch" (1986)
Martin Jay's "The Descent of de Man" (1988)
Christopher Lasch's "Counting by Tens" (1989)
Robert Pinsky's "Shiva And Parvati Hiding In The Rain" (#85 - 86, 1990)
Seamus Heaney's "Seeing Things" (#88 - 89, 1990–91)
Natalia Ginzburg's "My Psychoanalysis" (1991) [Trans. from Italian by Lynne Sharon Schwartz]
Jed Perl's "Abstract Questions" (1992)
Sharon Olds's "Parent Visiting Day" and "His Smell" and "The Urn" and "To My Father" (#93, 1992)
J.M. Coetzee's "Emerging from Censorship" (1993)
Richard Howard's "My Last Hustler" (#100, 1993)
James Miller's "Foucault's Politics in Biographical Perspective" (1993)
Kwame Anthony Appiah's "Ancestral Voices" (1994)
Roger Shattuck's "Second Thoughts on a Wooden Horse" (1995)
Tzvetan Todorov's "The Touvier Trial" (1995) [Trans. from French by John Anzalone]
Stanley Kauffmann's "What's Left of the Center?" (1996)
Carl Dennis's "The God Who Loves You" (#111, 1996)
J.M. Coetzee's "Realism" (#114 - 115, 1997) [This was eventually published as a chapter in Coetzee's acclaimed novel, Elizabeth Costello]
Michael Ondaatje's "Buried" (#113, 1997)
Charles Molesworth's "From Collage to Combine: Rauschenberg and Visual Culture" (1998)
David Rieff's "In Rwanda: The Crisis of Humanitarianism" (1998)
Joyce Carol Oates's "The Aesthetics of Fear" (1998)
Marilynne Robinson's "The Fate of Ideas: Moses" (1999)
Carl Dennis's "Progress" (#121 - 122, 1999)
Frank Bidart's "Luggage" and "Hammer" (#121 - 122, 1999)
C.K. Williams's "The Nail" (#121 - 122, 1999)
Robert Pinsky's "Porch Steps" and "Song" (#124 - 125, 1999-2000)
Carolyn Forché's "Nocturne" (#126 - 127, 2000)
Frank Bidart's "Pre-Existing Forms: We Fill Them and When We Fill Them We Change Them and Are Changed" (2000)
Carl Dennis's "The Photographer" (#135 - 136, 2002)
Richard Howard's "Knowing When To Stop" (#135 - 136, 2002)
C.K. Williams's "Inculcations" (#137 - 138, 2003)
Carolyn Forché's "Death Bed" and "Fisherman" (#148 - 149, 2005–06)
Honor Moore's "Violetta, 2000" (#144 - 145, 2004–05)
Honor Moore's "Wallace Stevens" (#146 - 147, 2005)
Frank Bidart's "Winter Spring Summer Fall" and "God's Catastrophe in Our Time" (#148 - 149, 2005–06)
Seamus Heaney's "The Aerodrome" (#148 - 149, 2005–06)
Robert Pinsky's "Work Song" (#148 - 149, 2005–06)
Adam Phillips's "On What is Fundamental" (2009)
Phillip Lopate's "How Do You End an Essay?" (2010)
Charles Simic's "The Invisible" (#166 - 167, 2010)
Siri Hustvedt's "The Real Story" (2012)
See also
List of literary magazines
References
External links
Salmagundi official site
Literary magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1965
Magazines published in New York (state)
Skidmore College
Hijacked journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmagundi%20%28magazine%29 |
Field pansy is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Viola arvensis, also called the European field pansy
Viola bicolor, also called the American field pansy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20pansy |
Pevensey Castle is a medieval castle and former Roman Saxon Shore fort at Pevensey in the English county of East Sussex. The site is a scheduled monument in the care of English Heritage and is open to visitors. Built around 290 AD and known to the Romans as Anderitum, the fort appears to have been the base for a fleet called the Classis Anderidaensis. The reasons for its construction are unclear; long thought to have been part of a Roman defensive system to guard the British and Gallic coasts against Saxon pirates, it has more recently been suggested that Anderitum and the other Saxon Shore forts were built by a usurper in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to prevent Rome from reimposing its control over Britain.
Anderitum fell into ruin following the end of the Roman occupation but was reoccupied in 1066 by the Normans, for whom it became a key strategic bulwark. A stone keep and fortification was built within the Roman walls and faced several sieges. Although its garrison was twice starved into surrender, it was never successfully stormed. The castle was occupied more or less continuously until the 16th century, apart from a possible break in the early 13th century when it was slighted during the First Barons' War. It had been abandoned again by the late 16th century and remained a crumbling, partly overgrown ruin until it was acquired by the state in 1925.
Pevensey Castle was reoccupied between 1940 and 1945, during the Second World War, when it was garrisoned by units from the Home Guard, the British and Canadian armies and the United States Army Air Corps. Machine-gun posts were built into the Roman and medieval walls to control the flat land around Pevensey and guard against the threat of a German invasion. They were left in place after the war and can still be seen today. Pevensey is one of many Norman castles built around the south of England.
Location and dimensions
Pevensey Castle was constructed by the Romans on a spur of sand and clay that stands about above sea level. In Roman times this spur was a peninsula that projected into a tidal lagoon and marshes, making it a strong natural defensive position. A harbour is thought to have been situated near the south wall of the castle, sheltered by a long spit of shingle where the village of Pevensey Bay stands now. A small river, Pevensey Haven, runs along the north side of the peninsula and would originally have discharged into the lagoon, but is now largely silted up.
Since Roman times, silting and land reclamation in the Pevensey Levels have pushed the coastline out by about , leaving the castle landlocked. The land between the castle and the sea is now a flat marshland drained by a network of ditches and sewers or field drains. The modern village of Pevensey is situated mostly to the east of the castle, at the end of the ancient peninsula. Castle Road (the B2191) curves around the Roman north wall and connects Pevensey to the nearby village of Westham. A public footpath crosses the interior of the castle, linking the two villages. An area of reclaimed land, formerly part of the Pevensey tidal lagoon but now marshland and fields crossed by the Eastbourne to Hastings railway line, is situated immediately to the south of the castle.
The castle occupies an area of about . It has an oval plan on a north-east/south-west alignment, measuring by . Not only is it the largest of the nine Saxon Shore forts, but its walls and towers are the largest of any surviving Roman fort of the period. Its shape is unique among Saxon Shore forts and was presumably determined by the contours of the peninsula on which it stands.
Architecture
Curtain wall and towers
The castle's curtain wall is built on a massive scale, with ramparts and projecting towers still standing up to high (and probably about high when built) and thick at the base. The north, east and west sections of the curtain wall have survived mostly intact, with the exception of one fallen segment of the north wall; the south wall, which would have adjoined sea or marsh, has almost entirely disappeared. It is faced with ironstone and sandstone, though most of the original facing stones have been robbed out over the centuries; the structure visible now consists mostly of the rubble and sandstone core, bound together with mortar. Bonding courses of tiles run horizontally through the wall. An impression of its original appearance can be gleaned from an area in the north wall which has been excavated down to the still-intact foundations, revealing how it was once faced on both sides with small blocks of stone. The wall originally had a stepped appearance with at least two levels of steps on the interior face, though there is no surviving indication of how the garrison reached the top. At the top of the wall the remains of medieval crenellations can still be seen, which probably replaced Roman originals.
The D-shaped towers along the curtain wall are similar to those of several other Saxon Shore forts, although their placement is somewhat unusual. Because the fort was partly surrounded by marshes and water, which provided natural defences, the Romans economised by only building towers on the more vulnerable north-eastern and far western sectors. The towers were probably used to mount artillery weapons such as catapults and heavy crossbows. Ten towers still survive, though there may originally have been more before the loss of the south wall.
Gates
The Roman fort had two principal entrances, one on the east side and the other on the west, guarded by clusters of towers. The west gate covered the landward access via the causeway that linked Pevensey to the mainland. A ditch bisected the causeway, which led up to a rectangular gatehouse with a single arch around wide, with a D-shaped tower on each end from which archers could fire along the archway. The main entrance of the Saxon Shore fort at Portchester, built around the same period, had a very similar plan. Nothing now remains of the Roman gatehouse, which was replaced in the medieval period, while only a few stones are left of the medieval gatehouse.
The east gate, wide, still stands; although what is visible now is principally medieval and 19th-century, the Roman original probably did not look much different. A postern gate was set into the north wall next to a section that has now collapsed. It was originally constructed in the form of a narrow curved passageway. Another postern gate may have been set into the collapsed south wall. These suggest that there may have been routes into the fort from across the marshes or access from a harbour, of which no trace remains.
Interior
The interior of the fort was artificially raised by the Romans, using earth dug from the foundation ditch, to bring it up to the level of the projecting step on the back of the wall. No evidence of significant buildings within the fort has been found by excavators. A number of Roman hearths are situated at regular intervals in the centre of the fort's interior, suggesting that they may have been the site of wooden barrack blocks. The buildings are conjectured to have been largely timber-framed wattle and daub structures which have left little trace.
Inner bailey
The Normans divided the interior of the old Roman fort into two fortified enclosures, referred to as the inner and outer baileys. The inner bailey of the castle was, in effect, a castle within a castle, consisting of a walled fortification with a tower at each corner, surrounded by a moat and with a keep of unusual design at its eastern extremity, adjoining the old Roman curtain wall. The present stone fortifications of the inner bailey date mainly from the 13th and 14th centuries. They replaced the original wood and earth fortifications of the Norman inner bailey, which occupied a much larger area of the Roman fort's interior. Traces of the Norman bailey's ditch and earthen rampart, which stretched right across the interior of the fort, can still be seen today. The inner bailey protected the castle's most important domestic buildings, while the outer bailey was used for buildings of lesser importance such as a granary for the manor of Pevensey.
The inner bailey's moat—which is fed by a spring—was probably over wide when first dug. The moat protected a mid-13th-century curtain wall, which is still largely intact, that divides the inner and outer baileys. A wooden bridge around long linked the inner and outer baileys, though the cost of maintaining it prompted its replacement in 1405 with a stone causeway and drawbridge pit that can still be seen today. The principal entrance to the inner bailey was through the early-13th-century gatehouse at the end of the entrance bridge, which had two D-shaped towers flanking a vaulted entrance passage. The towers were built on three levels with arrow slits in each level and basements below, which have survived intact. One of the basements can be reached via a spiral staircase; the other can only be accessed through a hole in the tower's floor and may have been used as a prison cell or oubliette. The gatehouse towers were built with open backs, which were probably closed by a wooden wall.
Three other towers still stand on the east, north and south sides of the inner bailey's curtain wall. Built in the mid-13th century, they each had three floors which were accessed through separate entrances on each level. Lighting was provided by arrow-slits, and the upper room in each tower, which was the only one to have a fireplace, was probably used as a lodging area. A latrine was also provided. Only the north tower is known to have been completed; however, its vaulted basement was mostly destroyed around 1317 when the roof and floors of the tower collapsed into it. It is not clear whether the south and east towers were ever completed. An estimate written in 1317 reveals that the towers were thatched, lacking castellations and a proper lead roof, but it is not known whether the work itemised in the estimate was ever carried out. The interiors of the towers were substantially modified in 1940.
The interior of the inner bailey is now a broad, grassy area dominated by the stump of the keep at its eastern edge, which survives only up to its first floor. Despite the massive nature of the ruins, they preserve little of the original design apart from its unique ground plan. It consisted of a rectangular block measuring about by internally with seven projecting towers, a design found in no other medieval castle. Nothing remains of the interior and the uniqueness of its design makes it difficult to reconstruct its internal layout. Surviving 14th-century documents record that it contained a kitchen and a chapel, and had an iron door at its main entrance which was approached up a wooden stair. Like most Norman keeps, the entrance was situated on the first floor; the ground floor lacks any openings and it appears to have been constructed as a solid mass of masonry filled with clay. The near-total destruction of everything above the first floor means that the keep's original height is unknown, but it may have stood to a height of about or so. The unusual design of the keep may have been influenced by Roman architecture.
The keep underwent at least two redesigns in the first half of the 14th century, possibly prompted by damage inflicted in earlier sieges. One of the redesigns involved constructing an adjoining square tower which some have suggested could have been used to mount a catapult; large stone balls, used as catapult ammunition, can still be seen in the inner bailey today. The building was recorded to be dilapidated for much of the 14th century despite repeated repairs, and had fallen into ruin by the 16th century. It was subjected to systematic stone-robbing for centuries; as early as 1591, it was recorded that all the best stones had been "imbeselled and carried away" and that one family had removed no fewer than 677 cartloads of ashlar facing-stone from the keep's walls. A late-18th-century engraving shows the remains of the building in a state of collapse and it had completely collapsed by the 1880s. The ruins were largely buried under a great heap of earth and clay that had been deposited sometime in the late medieval or early modern periods, which was not removed until the 1920s. The reason for the construction of this mound over the ruined keep is unclear, but it may have been related to the brief Elizabethan use of the castle as a gun position.
A number of other buildings once stood in the inner bailey, though only traces now remain. The interior of the curtain wall was lined with timber-framed domestic buildings such as the great hall, which appears to have been totally rebuilt by Edward I in 1301–02 and possibly on other occasions. The arrangement of these buildings is not known but remains of the fireplaces can still be seen built into the curtain wall. Due to the relatively small space available in the inner bailey, the buildings would have been very narrow. The stone foundations of a small chapel are also visible in the inner bailey. The chapel was first documented in the 13th century and was rebuilt in 1302, either on the existing stone foundations or in the outer bailey in a new location. The castle's water supply was provided by a well situated beside the chapel. It has never been fully dug out, but investigations have revealed that it is lined with stone to a depth of around and with wood beyond that.
History
Roman fort
Pevensey Castle was established as one of the nine Late Roman forts on the British side of the Saxon Shore (Latin: Litus Saxonicum). The fort is named as Anderitum, apparently meaning "great ford", in the Notitia Dignitatum, a list of Roman "dignities" (i.e. public offices) as of the 5th century. (An alternative spelling of Anderida or Anderita has also been proposed, but is disfavoured.)
The fort was long thought to have been built in the mid-4th century but it has been dated to around 290, based on the dating of wooden piles which were found underpinning the Roman walls in an excavation carried out in 1994. Other Saxon Shore forts were built or reconstructed around this time as part of a systematic programme of improvements to the coastal defences of Roman Britain. The construction of the Saxon Shore forts has been linked to the raids that Saxon and Jute pirates (from what is now northern Germany and mainland Denmark) were mounting against communities along the North Sea and English Channel. An alternative explanation is that Anderitum was built to defend Roman Britain from Rome itself. Carausius, a Roman general who commanded the Classis Britannica (the Roman fleet based in the English Channel), revolted against Rome in 286 and declared himself emperor of Britain and northern Gaul. He was assassinated in 293 by his treasurer, Allectus, who was himself killed in 296 when the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus invaded Britain to overthrow the usurper.
Coins of both Carausius and Allectus have been discovered buried in the foundations of the fort's walls. A later coin of 330–335 was found under a tower in the 1930s, suggesting that the fort may have undergone a major repair or reconstruction around that time. The usurpers had inherited an existing system of coastal defence—the earlier Saxon Shore forts—and may have decided to augment it with the construction of Pevensey Castle and its close contemporary, Portus Adurni (Portchester Castle).
Anderitum appears to have been a particularly important link in the Saxon Shore forts, which extended from Hampshire to Norfolk and may have been connected by intermediate watchtowers. The Notitia Dignitatum mentions a fleet that was presumably based there, the Classis Anderidaensis. It would probably have acted in coordination with naval units based on the other side of the Channel to intercept pirate ships passing through the Channel. Like the other Saxon Shore forts, Anderitum's position at a strategic harbour would have enabled the Romans to control access to the shoreline and prevent invaders from penetrating inland. It was linked by a road built in the late Roman period, probably at the same time as the fort.
Construction
It is not known how long it took for Anderitum to be constructed, but it has been estimated that it took around 160,000 man-days to complete, equivalent to 285 men spending two years building it or 115 men over five years. At least four gangs of builders appear to have worked on the surviving sections of walls; each gang was given a stretch of about at a time to build but executed the work in significantly different styles, for instance using differing numbers of tiled bonding-courses or ironstone facing in particular places. This may simply indicate varying levels of availability of construction materials at the time each segment was built, leading the gangs to use whatever supplies were available at that moment. The amount of construction material required was very large, equating to about of stone and mortar. It is not known how it was transported to the site, but that volume of material would have needed some 600 boat loads or 49,000 wagon loads, requiring 250 wagons pulled by 1,500–2,000 oxen to move it from the quarries to Pevensey. Given the scale of the requirements for land transportation, it seems more likely that the raw materials were instead moved by sea, though even this would have been a significant operation; it has been estimated that 18 vessels would have been needed for a continuous supply operation carried out over a season of 280 days.
The curtain wall was not all built at once but was constructed in segments, as can be seen from vertical breaks in the stonework which mark where sections met. The wall is built on top of complex foundations constructed from rubble and timber set into a ditch deep. Oak piles were driven into the trench and packed with flint and clay, above which a horizontal framework of oak beams was set with more flint and clay. The foundation was finally covered over with cement before the walls were built on top. Some of the timbers have survived, allowing archaeologists to date the fort through dendochronology. Other dating evidence was discredited in the 1970s. An excavation in 1906–08 found shattered tiles stamped HON AUG ANDRIA, which were used to attribute Pevensey Castle's construction to the reign of the early-5th-century emperor Honorius. However, the use of thermoluminescence dating revealed that the tiles had been made around the time of the excavation. It is suspected that Charles Dawson, who has been blamed for the Piltdown Man hoax, was the author of the forged tiles.
Garrison
Anderitum is recorded in the Notitia Dignitatum as the base of the praepositus numeri Abulcorum—an infantry unit or numerus of the limitanei or border forces. It also mentions army and naval units bearing the fort's name in connection with the Vicus Julius, in the Roman army in Gaul and stationed at Lutetia (modern Paris). This suggests that by the time the Notitia was written, the original garrison had been moved to Gaul and replaced with the numerus Abulcorum. The Abulci are mentioned in connection with the field army in Gaul and in the suppression of the rebellion of Magnentius in Pannonia Secunda in 351. It is not known whether their name is a geographical or functional one but their description by Zosimus suggests that they were an elite body of troops, who served both in the field army and, probably in the form of a single detachment, at Anderitum. They may have been foederati, troops raised from allied barbarian tribes and put under the command of a Roman prefect, or perhaps even a single band of warriors with their own leader. Similar numeri were recorded in the Notitia Dignitata as being stationed in other Saxon Shore forts.
Abandonment and post-Roman use
Unlike at many other Roman forts, no civilian settlement or vicus appears to have been established outside the walls of Pevensey Castle; this was probably because the fort was at the end of a peninsula with limited room for additional construction. When the Roman army retreated from Britain in 410, civilians appear to have moved into the abandoned fort, perhaps for protection against Saxon raiders, and its name continued to be used well into the Saxon period. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 477 a Saxon raid drove local people into the forest of Andreadsleag (which from another reference seems to have stretched over from the mouth of the River Lympne to Hampshire). Although the history of the fort at this time is unrecorded, archaeological evidence indicates that its inhabitants had wide-ranging trade links that enabled them to import wares from as far afield as Macedonia and Syria. They may have exported timber and iron from the Sussex Weald to pay for such costly goods.
In 491, the Chronicle records that the Saxons Aelle and Cissa "besieged Andredadsceaster and slew all the inhabitants; there was not even one Briton left there." It is uncertain whether habitation of the fort continued after this event, which is now thought to have happened around 471 rather than the date recorded by the Chronicle (due to a dating error by Gildas, on whose work the Chronicle draws). The fort appears to have been resettled by about the mid-6th century by a Saxon community which left evidence of its occupation in the shape of pottery, glass and other items. By the late Anglo-Saxon period, Pevensey had become a well-established fishing port and producer of salt. Whereas the modern village of Pevensey is situated entirely outside the walls, the 11th-century village appears to have been situated within the Roman walls. At the time of the Norman Conquest it had a population of 52 burgesses with a harbour and saltworks outside the walls. A civilian settlement within the castle walls evidently persisted for some considerable time after the Conquest, as a licence of 1250 refers to the Roman fortress as the "outer wall of the town".
Norman period and after
Anderitum had fallen into ruin by the time of the Norman Conquest of England but it still remained a formidable fortification in a very strategic location, offering a natural anchorage near one of the narrowest points of the English Channel. By this time the locality was known as Pevensey, meaning "River of [a man named] Pefen" (deriving from the Anglo-Saxon personal name Pefen plus eã, "river", presumably a reference to the now largely silted-up Pevensey Haven).
When William the Conqueror launched his invasion of England by landing at Pevensey Bay on 28 September 1066, his army sheltered for the night in a temporary fortification situated within the old Roman fort. The Normans dug a ditch across the causeway linking the fort with the mainland and made repairs to the Roman walls to strengthen them. The army left for Hastings the following day, en route to the Battle of Hastings. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts William's army constructing a castle at "Hestengaceastra", a Latinised rendition of the Saxon placename Haestingaceaster. As placenames with the suffix—ceastre were almost always associated with Roman forts (compare Manchester, Lancaster, Doncaster etc.) and no Roman fort is known to have existed at the modern site of Hastings, it has been suggested that the name actually refers to Anderitum—in which case the depiction in the Tapestry may show the construction of the temporary Norman castle within the Roman fortress walls.
William's choice of Pevensey as a defensive location may not have been entirely due to practical military reasons. It also had political connotations, implying that the Normans were on a level with the Romans. He followed a similar pattern elsewhere in England, building the Tower of London alongside the still-extant Roman city wall and constructing Colchester Castle on top of the ruins of the Temple of Claudius.
Following William's victory at Hastings, the county of Sussex came to be seen by the new regime as being of essential military value. It was both a frontier zone and an essential link between England and Normandy. The existing tenurial arrangements in the county were swept away and replaced by five subdivisions, or rapes, each of which was given to one of William's most important followers. Each rape was associated with a major castle, Pevensey being one of them. In 1067 William left England for Normandy via Pevensey. He also appears to have used the site to distribute lands to his Norman followers, with Pevensey Castle and the surrounding Rape of Penvensey being gifted to his half-brother Robert, Count of Mortain.
William's temporary fortification within the Roman walls was expanded to create a permanent Norman castle at Pevensey, probably during Robert's tenure sometime in the 1070s. The Roman walls were further repaired and two enclosures or baileys were created, divided by a ditch and a palisade constructed from timber. Robert also founded a small borough outside the Roman walls which was recorded as having 110 burgesses and a mint by the time the Domesday Book was compiled in 1086. This may have been the original site of the modern village of Pevensey, but it is equally possible that Robert's borough may have been the foundation site of the village of Westham to the west of the castle, whose layout has many similarities to that of other Norman new towns.
The Norman castle's defences were put to the test for the first time in the Rebellion of 1088, when Norman barons allied with Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy rebelled against the new king William Rufus. The barons, who were also supported by William the Conqueror's half-brothers Robert of Mortain and Bishop Odo of Bayeux, defended Pevensey Castle against an army led personally by William Rufus. Although the castle's defences were strong enough to resist assaults from land and sea, its defenders were forced to surrender when they ran out of food after six weeks. Robert was allowed to keep the castle but his son William, Count of Mortain was stripped of it, along with his other English estates, after rebelling against Henry I in the early 12th century.
Henry re-granted Pevensey Castle to Gilbert I de l'Aigle but continued to use it for his own purposes, as happened in 1101 when he spent the summer at Pevensey to deter a threatened invasion by Duke Robert of Normandy. Pevensey was confiscated again by the Crown under King Stephen, with Gilbert's family also losing the rest of their possessions. It was subsequently re-granted to Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who switched his allegiance to Stephen's cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, in 1141. Although Gilbert changed his loyalty back to Stephen the following year, he was taken hostage by the king in 1147 after a revolt by Gilbert's uncle, Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester. A promise to surrender the Clare family's castles secured Gilbert's release but as soon as he was freed, he too rebelled. In response, Stephen undertook the second siege of Pevensey Castle with a land and sea blockade. The castle once again proved impervious to direct assault but the garrison was eventually starved out.
Later medieval use
Gilbert's disloyalty led to the Crown seizing the castle again and taking on the burden of repairing and maintaining it. The expenditure was recorded in still-surviving Treasury accounts which provide a valuable insight into the development of the castle during the later medieval period. In the 1180s the defences appear to have been a combination of stone walls (the old Roman structure) with Norman modifications, plus earthworks and timber palisades. They were maintained in part by some of the local manors, which were under a feudal obligation called heckage that required them to repair and keep up sections of the palisades.
Pevensey Castle appears to have acquired its first major new stone buildings in the 1190s. Their construction may be indicated by a series of substantial payments for works at the castle during the reign of Richard I. The keep and gatehouse may have been constructed under Richard, though mentions from 1130 of "the Tower of Pevensey" suggest that there may have been an earlier stone building on the site, or that the keep was constructed at this earlier date. Whenever it was built, it was probably destroyed by about 1216 when Richard's successor John fought off an invasion led by Prince Louis of France. The French invasion during the First Barons' War forced John to order the slighting of Pevensey Castle, as he did not have enough men to garrison it and could not afford it to fall into French hands.
A subsequent rebuilding saw the timber palisades of the inner bailey replaced by stone walls and towers. Exactly when this happened is unclear, but it may have been under Peter of Savoy, the Earl of Richmond, who was granted the castle by Henry III in 1246. There is no record of the rebuilding but in 1254 Peter ended the feudal requirement to maintain the palisades and replaced it with cash payments. This probably reflected the replacement of the palisades with the stone walls and towers visible today. The castle faced a lengthy siege only a decade later during the Second Barons' War from the rebel baron Simon de Montfort, following Henry's defeat in the Battle of Lewes. Defeated members of the royalist army fled to Pevensey, pursued by de Montford's forces, but the garrison refused an invitation to surrender and endured over a year of besiegement. Their adversaries were unable to stop supplies reaching the castle despite digging a ditch to cut it off from the mainland; its garrison raided the surrounding countryside and sought to obtain fresh supplies of men and weapons by sea in December 1264. The costly and ineffective siege was eventually lifted in July 1265. We know the name of at least one of the defenders of the castle from Savoyard archives held in Turin, that of Nantelme de Cholay, a vassal of Peter of Savoy as Seigneur de Faucigny from what is now Choulex near Geneva. We know that Cholay had allies with him since the source quotes also his “sociorum” which we can translate as allies or associates. The siege caused significant damage to the castle, with the Roman wall toppled on the south side. The parish churches at Pevensey and Westham also suffered damage, which the attackers may have caused in using them as siege castles (temporary fortresses and artillery platforms).
Peter continued to control Pevensey Castle after de Montford's defeat and death at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265. It became Crown property after Peter's death, when Henry III's queen Eleanor of Provence acquired the castle. It remained with the Crown for another century under the control of several queens consort, including Edward II's wife Isabella and Edward III's wife Philippa, who were responsible for appointing the castle's Constables. By this time, the silting of Pevensey Bay was evidently having an effect on the garrison's ability to resupply via the sea. Accounts from 1288 indicate that seaborne access was becoming increasingly difficult, causing problems in unloading goods. However, it continued to play a significant role in the defence of the south coast against French raids and was occupied through much of the 14th century by a garrison consisting of between twenty and thirty men. These usually comprised ten men-at-arms, twenty archers and a watchman, who were supplied with provisions and armour. The Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt, refused to garrison it in 1377 five years after he took possession of the castle, asserting that he was wealthy enough to rebuild it if a French attack destroyed it. His actions attracted public hostility which culminated during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 when a mob attacked the castle, burnt its court rolls and abused the steward.
The castle underwent repeated repair work during the 14th century, though poor maintenance and corruption appears to have caused its fabric to deteriorate rapidly. The main buildings of the inner bailey were totally reconstructed in 1301 but were reported to be in a ruinous condition only five years later. The castle's constable, Roger de Levelande, was accused of illicitly asset-stripping the castle by breaking up and selling the wooden bridge that connected it to the mainland. Some "wardens" were also accused of burning the timbers of a disused barn. It was estimated that the resulting damage and the ongoing structural deterioration to the curtain wall would cost over £1,000 to repair. Around 1325, the keep was partly demolished and rebuilt. It is possible that by this time the Roman curtain wall was in such a poor state that it was no longer considered part of the castle defences. Various late-13th- and early-14th-century records describe how sections of the wall had fallen down or been destroyed in sieges. The collapse of the wall on the north-west side is thought to have occurred by no later than the middle of the 13th century, and this event may have made the outer bailey indefensible thereafter.
Pevensey Castle was besieged again for the fourth and last time in its history in 1399. By this time it was controlled by Sir John Pelham, one of Gaunt's retainers, who had been appointed to the Constableship in 1394. Pelham supported Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke—the later Henry IV—in his rebellion against Richard II. The king's forces besieged the castle, trapping Pelham and the garrison inside. In a letter sent to Bolingbroke, Pelham wrote:
The siege failed, Bolingbroke was crowned and the new king granted the Castle and Honour of Pevensey to Pelham as a reward for his loyalty. The Lancastrian kings subsequently used the castle as a prison for high-ranking nobles. Its inmates included King James I of Scotland, who was captured while en route to France in 1405, and Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, who was held at Pevensey after becoming involved in a plot against Henry IV. On his death, Edward bestowed £20 in his will to Thomas Playsted, apparently one of his jailers, "for the kindness he showed me when I was in ward at Pevensey." Henry IV's second wife Joan of Navarre was imprisoned by Joan's stepson Henry V on charges of plotting to kill him through witchcraft; she was held at Pevensey between December 1419 and March 1420 before being moved to Leeds Castle and eventually released in 1422. When the Tudor dynasty took over the castle was abandoned, and by 1573 it was recorded to be in ruins.
Usage in the modern period
Elizabeth I ordered the castle's remains to be "utterlye raysed", but her order was not enforced and it remained standing. In 1587, the castle was reoccupied—though not rebuilt—to serve as a gun position against the threat of a Spanish invasion. A U-shaped earth emplacement was built in the outer bailey, facing south over the collapsed section of the Roman wall. Two iron demi-culverin cannons were installed and were in place at the time of the Spanish Armada in 1588, although the Armada failed and they were never used in anger. One of the guns, marked with a Tudor rose and the initials E.R. (Elizabeth Regina), has been preserved and can be seen in the inner bailey of the castle mounted on a replica carriage. Although the cannon was recorded at the time as being only "of small value" it is now one of only a few cast-iron cannons to have survived from the Elizabethan period. It was almost certainly manufactured locally in the Sussex Weald.
Pevensey Castle remained abandoned and crumbling from the end of the 16th century to the first quarter of the 20th. It was nearly demolished during the period of the English Commonwealth in the 17th century when Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentary Commissioners sold it for £40 to a builder, John Warr of Westminster, who planned to quarry it for its stones. Very little work took place, however, and the Crown reacquired the castle in 1660. It was restored to the possession of the Pelham family, until in 1730 the Duke of Newcastle resigned it to Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington. It was subsequently acquired by the House of Cavendish. In 1925 its last private owner, the 9th Duke of Devonshire, gave the castle to the state as a historic monument and it underwent repairs and some reconstruction under the supervision of the Ministry of Works.
It acquired a fresh military significance in 1940 when Pevensey's exposed shoreline and flat hinterland became a possible target area for a German invasion after the fall of France. It was reoccupied by the military for the first time in over 400 years, with British and Canadian troops garrisoning it from May 1940, and Americans later. The towers of the inner bailey were converted into troop accommodation by lining the walls with bricks and laying wooden floors. New perimeter defences were constructed; machine-gun posts were built into the walls, disguised to look like part of the original structure, and an anti-tank blockhouse was built in the entrance of the Roman west gate. The main and postern gates of the inner bailey were blocked by concrete and brick walls, and anti-tank cubes were installed along the areas where the Roman curtain wall had collapsed. The main concern was that an invader could have captured the castle and used its interior as a strongpoint. It was intended that the new defensive measures at the castle would make it "100% tank-proof" and that an enemy would not be able to approach within of it. The United States Army Air Corps also used it as a radio direction centre from early 1944.
In 1945 the castle was returned to civilian control. The blockhouse and obstructions were demolished but it was decided to leave the machine-gun posts in place to illustrate the most recent chapter in the castle's history. The castle is now managed by English Heritage and is open to the public.
Archaeological investigations
Pevensey Castle has been the subject of a number of excavations and archaeological investigations over the past 300 years. The first recorded excavation on the site took place in 1710, when the vicar of Pevensey sought to dig a channel from the castle's moat, within the outer bailey, to convey water to the village. The project necessitated digging under the Roman curtain wall. This revealed how the wall had been constructed, resting on a foundation of rubble-packed oak piles and beams which were described as exhibiting "no symptoms of decay, and even the leaves of some brushwood which had been thrown in were found equally well preserved."
The Sussex Archaeological Society, now the oldest archaeological society in England, was founded within the castle's walls on 9 July 1846. Six years later, two antiquarians, Mark Antony Lower and Charles Roach Smith, were granted permission by the Duke of Devonshire to carry out an excavation of the castle with the support of sponsors and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, which provided free transport. The excavations concentrated on the Roman west gate and north postern, with some small trial trenches dug elsewhere on the site. They began in August 1852 and continued until November, unearthing several 4th-century Roman coins, numerous stone catapult balls and the foundations of the chapel in the inner bailey. The castle well was also discovered around the same time by the castle's custodian.
Further excavations were carried out by Louis Salzmann between 1906 and 1908, concentrating on the north-west sector of the Roman fort, the east gate and the north postern. Harry Sands undertook the clearing of debris around the medieval castle keep in 1906 and more extensive excavations in 1910. Further clearing work took place under the supervision of the Ministry of Works in 1926 following the acquisition of the castle by the state. In 1936 Frank Cottrill carried out an eight-month excavation in the area of the outer bailey. B. W. Pearce excavated outside the Roman west gate in 1938 and cleared the moat of debris the following year. The Second World War ended any further work, and it was not until 1964 that limited exploration by Stuart Rigold took place outside the south-east postern of the inner bailey. In 1993–95, a team from the University of Reading led by Professor Michael Fulford carried out a series of excavations in the area of the keep and on the Roman fortress's east side. The excavations found dating evidence which indicated the Roman fort was built in the 290s, including a coin from the reign of Allectus, four decades earlier than the previously accepted date range for the fort's construction. In 2019 a geophysical survey of the outer bailey was carried out.
See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in England
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Official page: English Heritage
Roman-Britain.co.uk
Battles involving the Normans
Castles in East Sussex
English Heritage sites in East Sussex
Norman conquest of England
Ruins in East Sussex
Roman auxiliary forts in England
Castle | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevensey%20Castle |
Jaakan (Anglicized, já-a-kan), meaning "he twists", is a Hebrew name. In the Hebrew Bible, Jaakan is one of the sons of Ezer, the son of Seir the Horite (1 Chronicles 1:42). Jaakan is spelt "Akan" in .
There is also a reference to a location Be'eroth Bene-Jaakan, the wells of the children of Jaakan, in and , a place where the Israelites camped on their Exodus journey from Egypt to the Promised Land.
References
Book of Genesis people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakan |
Palacky or Palacký (Czech feminine: Palacká) is a Czech language surname. It may refer to:
People
František Palacký (1798–1876), Czech historian and politician
Other uses
Palacký Bridge, Prague, Czech Republic
Palacky Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA
Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
40444 Palacký, a main belt asteroid
See also
Czech-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacky |
Carmo do Rio Verde is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 8,897 (2007) in a total area of 457.5 km2. Carmo do Rio Verde is a major producer of sugar cane for production of alcohol.
Location
The city is located 176 km. northwest of the capital, Goiânia, 22 kilometers west of Ceres, the most important city in the Ceres Microregion. Highway connections to Goiânia are made by GO-070 / Goianira / Inhumas / Itauçu / GO-154 / Taquaral de Goiás / Itaguaru / Uruana. See Highway Distances for the complete list.
There are municipal boundaries with:
north: Ceres
west: São Patrício and Itapuranga
east: Rialma
south: Itapuranga and São Patrício
Demographics
Population density: 19.51 inhabitants/km2 in 2007.
Population in 1980: 10,233
Population in 2007: 8,897
Urban population: 6,777
Population growth rate: -0.56.% 1996/2007
History
The town began in 1939 with the foundation of the Colonia Nacional de Goiás, a project to settle the area. On the banks of the Rio Verde lived the Pinto family had set up a store to cater to the engineers and surveyors. In 1945 a chapel was built to Nossa Senora do Carmo and the settlement became known as "Carmo do Rio Verde". In 1948 it was raised to district in the municipality of Goiás, and in 1952 it was dismembered to become a municipality.
The economy
The economy is based on cattle raising, sugar cane for alcohol production, and dairy products. There was a distillery, two dairies, and two banks in 2007. There were 553 farms (2006) with 313 hectares of permanent crops and 8,021 hectares of perennial crops. There were 19,471 hectares of pasture land producing 37,000 head of cattle, mainly for the meat market. Sugar cane was the most important crop with 5,450 hectares planted and a production of 408,000 tons in 2007. Other crops were watermelon, corn, rice, manioc, tomatoes, and passion fruit.
Health and education
In 2007 there was one hospital with 18 beds and 03 public health clinics (SUS). In the school system in 2006 there were 07 schools.
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 23.97
Literacy rate in 2000: 84.1
Ranking on the Municipal Human Development Index: 0.728 (2000)
For the complete list see frigoletto.com.br
Temperatures
→ Winter temperatures: low: 12 °C/high: 31 °C;
→ Spring temperatures: low: 19 °C/high: 35 °C;
→ Summer temperatures: low: 21 °C/high: 29 °C;
→ Autumn temperatures: low: 16 °C/high: 29 °C.
References
Frigoletto
Highway Distances from Sepin
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmo%20do%20Rio%20Verde |
NO PLAN is a Japanese konto style comedy group, and is also occasionally known for their music. The group appeared regularly on the late night owarai show Uchimura Produce (内村プロデュース) until late 2005, when the show was cancelled. The group consists of 6 male members; Kazuki Ōtake and Masakazu Mimura of Summers, Red Yoshida and Golgo Matsumoto of TIM, Ryō Fukawa, and the leader of the group, Japanese comedian Teruyoshi Uchimura.
History
The origin of the group's name traces back to one of their first television appearances on the popular music show, Music Station in 2003. Having arrived to sing a song, but not having prepared any lyrics, a fellow guest—Morning Musume's Mari Yaguchi—commented on-air, "No plan, huh?", and the name stuck. Their first album was then named We are NO PLAN.
In 2004, NO PLAN was selected to perform the title song to the new Crayon Shin-chan movie, and they also managed to land their first live appearance. Although they released another single, Oh! Summer, and a new album, SUMMER PLAN, in 2005, their main TV outlet Uchimura Produce was cancelled on September 26, 2005.
Not long after the show was cancelled, NO PLAN released a third album, LAST PLAN, and though the members continue to appear as NO PLAN on many variety shows, and on the occasional Uchimura Produce special, the comedians generally appear alone or in their own kombi.
Discography
Album
LAST PLAN (January 1, 2006) Ki/oon Records KSCL 938
"Konya ha NO PLAN!" ~Konshu no FAX tēma Happyō (「今夜はNO PLAN!｣ ～今週のFAXテーマ発表, "Tonight is NO PLAN!" ~FAX theme announcement of to this week)
Kimi no Naka no Shōnen (君の中の少年, A heart like a boy in you) offered from Toshihide Baba
~Senshū no Kuizu no Kotae (～先週のクイズの答え, ~An answer of a quiz of to last week)
Red Yoshida no 5 moji de Kaiketsu Onayami Sōdan Sono 1 (～レッド吉田の5文字で解決お悩み相談 その1, ～Red Yoshida solves your trouble in 5 characters part 1)
~CM 1 NO PLAN fainansu (～CM 1「NO PLANファイナンス」,~First commercial "NO PLAN finance")
Uchimura-san ni Sasageru Barādo (内村さんに捧げるバラード, A ballad to give to Mr.Uchimura)
~Yarasii Uchimura-san (～やらしい内村さん, ~Disgusting Mr.Uchimura)
Daijōbu (大丈夫, It's all right) offered from Masatoshi Mashima, formerly known as a member of The High-Lows and The Blue Hearts
~FAX "Kimi no naka no Shōnen" Shokai (～FAX「君の中の少年」紹介, ~FAX "A heart like a boy in you" Introduction)
NO PLAN NONSTOP DJ Mix
Red Yoshida no 5 moji de Kaiketsu Onayami Sōdan Sono 2 (～レッド吉田の5文字で解決お悩み相談 その2, ~Red Yoshida solves your trouble in 5 characters part 2)
~CM 2 Last Album "LAST PLAN" (～CM 2 ラストアルバム「LAST PLAN」, ~Second commercial the last album "LAST PLAN")
~Menbā ni Sitsumon (～メンバーに質問, ~Questions from you to a member)
Arigatou! (ARIGATOU!, Thank you!)
~Happun Tanaka to Poruno Itō (～八分田中とポルノ伊東, ~Eight minutes Tanaka and Pornography Ito)
Sayonara NO PLAN (さよならNO PLAN, Good-bye NO PLAN)
SUMMER PLAN (August 8, 2005) Ki/oon Records KSCL 832
Harikiru Otoko (はりきる男, Vigorous Man)
Oh! Samaa (Oh! サマー, Oh! Summer) offered from Nobuteru Maeda (Tube)
We are NO PLAN 2 ~Sasayaka na Shiawase~ (We are NO PLAN 2 ～ささやかな幸せ～, Modest Happiness)
Tama Shoku-nin (玉職人, Ball-Craftsman)
Yome ni Konai ka Sumida-ku e (嫁に来ないか墨田区へ, Won't You Be My Wife? To Sumida Ward)
NO PLAN no Jinsei toiu Na no Ressha (NO PLANの人生という名の列車, The train called life by NO PLAN) offered from Toshihide Baba
Sono Go no Harikiru Otoko (その後のはりきる男, The Vigorous Man After)
NO PLAN (December 17, 2003) Ki/oon Records KSCL 637
We are NO PLAN Produced by Ken Yokoyama from Crazy Ken Band
Gaku-ya Ō (楽屋王, King of the Dressing Room)
Uchi-P "Coco Japan" Remix (内P "COCO JAPAN" Remix)
Sono toki, hontō wa... ichi (その時、本当は・・・。 1, Back then, the truth is... part1)
Wake no Wakaranai Spōtsu Jikkyō (訳の分からないスポーツ実況, Uncomprehensibe Athletic Condition)
Uchi-P Gun-dan no Teema (内P軍団のテーマ, Uchi-P's Troupe Theme)
Shutsugen! Sonzaikan no Nai Kaijū (出現! 存在感のない怪獣, It's here! The Unobtrusive Monster)
Ima, omou koto ichi (今、思うコト。 1, What I'm Thinking Now part1)
Zenryaku, Rotenburo no Ue Yori ~Geinin-damashii no Uta~ (前略、露天風呂の上より～芸人魂の詩～, Greetings from the Outdoor Bath: Song of the Entertainer's Spirit)
Ima, omou koto ni (今、思うコト。 2, What I'm Thinking Now part2)
Uchimura Jitaku Jikkyō Chūkei ~Chiisai Terebi wa Sonzai suru ka?!~ (内村自宅実況中継～小さいテレビは存在するか?!～, Check out the state of Uchimura's house: Does he have small TVs?!)
Comedians' Life ~one week~
Sono toki, hontō wa... ni (その時、本当は・・・。 2, Back then, the truth is... part2)
F1 Midorimachi Guranpuri (F1緑町グランプリ, F1 Midorimachi Grand Prix)
Hitori Botchi no Jinguru Beru (ひとりぼっちのジングルベル, A Loner's Jingle Bell)
Ima, omou koto san (今、思うコト。3, What I'm Thinking Now part3)
Sono toki, hontō wa... san (その時、本当は・・・。 3, Back then, the truth is... part3)
Nippon Zenkoku Uchi-age Ondo (日本全国打ち上げ音頭, A Working Song to Blast-Off All of Japan)
Uchimura Akiyoshi (内村秋好, Akiyoshi Uchimura)
Kokorozashi Nakaba (志なかば, Halfway Wish) offered from Ryudo Uzaki
Suketto Yarō no Teema (助っ人野郎のテーマ, Helper Guy's Theme) (Bonus Track)
Single
Oh! Summer (June 15, 2005) Ki/oon Records KSCL 831
Oh! Samā (Oh! サマー, Oh! Summer)
Uchi-P No Catto Quiz II(内PノーカットクイズII, An Uchimura Produce Non-Cut Quiz for CD PartII)
Oh! Samā (original karaoke) (Oh!サマー(オリジナル・カラオケ), Oh! Summer (original karaoke))
Honmō de Gozaimasu ~Geinin-damashii no Uta PartII~ (April 14, 2004) Ki/oon Records KSCL 966
Honmō de Gozaimasu ~Geinin-damashii no Uta PartII~ (本望でございます ～芸人魂の詩 PartII～, We'll be Satisfied: Song of the Entertainer's Spirit PartII)
CD-ban Uchi-P No Catto Quiz(CD版内Pノーカットクイズ, An Uchimura Produce no cut quiz for CD)
◯(Maru) Ageyō (◯(マル)あげよう, I will give a standard mark) Ending theme of Crayon Shin-chan 2004 film "The Kasukabe Boys of the Evening Sun" (クレヨンしんちゃん 嵐を呼ぶ! 夕陽のカスカベボーイズ)
Honmō de Gozaimasu ~Geinin-damashii no Uta Part II~ (karaoke) (本望でございます ～芸人魂の詩 PartII ～(カラオケ), We'll be Satisfied: Song of the Entertainer's Spirit PartII (A karaoke))
''◯(Maru) Ageyō (karaoke) (◯(マル)あげよう(カラオケ), I will give a standard mark (A karaoke))
External links
Official home page of NO PLAN and Uchimura Produce
Sony Music profile
Japanese comedy troupes
Japanese comedy musical groups
Ki/oon Music artists
Musical groups from Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Plan%20%28owarai%29 |
Pardes Hanna-Karkur () is a town in the Haifa District of Israel. In it had a population of .
History
An Arab village named Karkur had stood at this location by the time the Palestine Exploration Fund had compiled its first maps in 1878.
In 1913, 15 square kilometers of land was purchased by the Hachsharat Hayishuv society from Arabs in Jenin and Haifa for 400,000 francs (a sum equivalent to 2 million US dollars). Two years later, the land was sold to a private investor, Yitzhak Shlezinger, the Odessa Committee and the First London Ahuza society. This land became the core of Karkur, Moshav Gan Hashomron and Kibbutz Ein Shemer. Until actual settlement began, the area was guarded by Hashomer, which planted eucalyptus trees to circumvent a Turkish law that allowed the Ottomans to expropriate lands if they were not cultivated for three years.
The early settlements did not fare well. Shlezinger went bankrupt and sold his land to the Jewish National Fund. The London Ahuza society hoped to settle English Jews on the land, but succeeded only partially. Eventually the Jewish National Fund and the London Ahuza society joined forces to establish Karkur.
According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Karkur had a population of 38 inhabitants, consisting of 35 Jews and 3 Muslims.
Pardes Hanna was founded in 1929 by Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association, just east of Karkur.
By 1931, the census in Karkur reported 189 houses, with an overwhelming Muslim majority (282 Jews and 564 Muslims); and 282 people lived in Pardes Hanna, all Jews. In 1945, the population of Karkur village recorded as 2380, with Karkur itself having 900 people, all Jews; Pardes Hanna village showed 2,300 Jews and 670 Muslims, with 1,860 people (all Jews) in Pardes Hanna itself.
During World War II, residents worked in Ein Shemer Airfield, operated by the British Royal Air Force as RAF Ein Shemer. According to Marom, "Jewish workers socialised with British troops at nearby coffeehouses like Teacher’s Garden Café and other public institutions in Karkur. Jewish residents of Karkur nicknamed their settlement a ‘colony of love’ because many English-speaking women fraternised with the British soldiers, under the auspices of the local Jewish Hospitality Committee."
On 6 April 1948, the Irgun raided the British Army camp at Pardes Hanna, killing seven British soldiers and stealing a large quantity of weapons.
After Israeli independence, Neveh Efraim was founded by Jewish immigrants from Yemen and Neve Oved was established by the Labor movement. In addition, many Jews from Mumbai, India, including Jews from Bahrain who fled to Israel via Mumbai, settled there.
In the 1950s, the villages Tel Shalom and Neve Efraim were merged with Pardes Hanna. Pardes Hanna and Karkur merged in 1969.
The meaning of the name Pardes Hanna in Hebrew is "Hannah's [Citrus] Orchard". The place is named after Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery née de Rothschild (1851-1890), daughter of Mayer Anschel Rothschild. Naming the town after Hannah Primrose née de Rothschild is part of tradition of having cities, towns and other settlements in Israel named in honor of members of the Rothschild family, primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), upon the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel. Pardes Hanna, which as of 2019 had a population of 43,000, is one of 10 cities, towns or settlements in the State of Israel bearing the name of a Rothschild. The others are, in order of their founding: Zichron Ya'akov (1882), Mazkeret Batya (1883), Bat Shlomo (1889), Meir Shfeya (1891), Givat Ada (1903), Binyamina (1922), Ashdot Ya'akov (1924), Shadmot Dvora (1924) and Sde Eliezer (1950). The reason Pardes Hanna was named for Hanna Primrose née de Rothschild in particular is uncertain but she appears to have contributed to Jewish causes; the Rothschild archive site attests: "In the Jewish community [in Britain] she was a generous, though often anonymous benefactor".
Demographics
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population of Pardes Hanna-Karkur was at end of . The land area is 22,596 dunams (~). Pardes-Hanna is governed by the largest local council in Israel by population size (among towns without municipal status).
Education
The oldest and largest school in Pardes Hanna-Karkur is the Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School. It was established in 1934 by the Association of Farmers and was the first agricultural school to include a full academic matriculation program as part of its curriculum. Pardes Hanna-Karkur has six non-religious elementary schools, including a Democratic school, and four religious elementary schools, as well as the Rimon Waldorf School. A religious high-school for boys, Midrashiat Noam, was once considered the flagship of religious-Zionist education. Its graduates include former ministers Yitzhak Peretz, Benny Elon and Ya'akov Ne'eman; journalists Haim Zisowitz, Yair Sheleg and Adam Baruch; and Labor Party Secretary-General Eitan Cabel. A religious high school for girls, Elisheva, is also located in Pardes Hanna.
Transportation
Pardes Hanna-Karkur is served by the Caesarea-Pardes Hanna Railway Station and by buses run by Egged and Kavim. It is connected to Highway 4 by Road 651, to Highway 65 by Roads 650,652 and 6502, and to Highway 70 by road 652.
Notable residents
Gal Fridman, Olympic gold medal-winning windsurfer.
Eden Hason, Mizrahi singer.
Pe'er Tasi, Mizrahi singer.
Aleeza Ben Shalom, matchmaker, relationship coach, and author.
See also
Karkur junction suicide bombing
References
Pardes Hanna-Karkur
Populated places established in 1969
Local councils in Haifa District
1969 establishments in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes%20Hanna-Karkur |
Addicks may refer to:
People
J. Edward Addicks, Philadelphia gas magnate
Johannes Addicks, Dutch chess player
Karl Addicks, German politician
Lawrence Addicks, president of the Electrochemical Society
Other uses
Charlton Athletic F.C., a football club in south-east London
Addicks, Houston, Texas
Addicks Reservoir, Texas
Addicks Estates, Delaware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicks |
Lake Shetek State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, on Lake Shetek, which is the largest lake in southwestern Minnesota and the headwaters of the Des Moines River. It is most popular for water recreation and camping. However the park also contains historical resources related to the Dakota War of 1862, including an original log cabin and a monument to 15 white settlers killed there and at nearby Slaughter Slough on August 20, 1862.
The park and lake were developed by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. Two districts of park structures built in the National Park Service rustic style are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Lake Shetek State Park occupies on the east shore of Lake Shetek in northeastern Murray County, outside the town of Currie. The park is about equidistant from both Tracy to the north and Slayton to the southwest, and southeast of the city of Marshall.
Almost of shoreline on Lake Shetek lie within the park boundary, though inholdings with private homes comprise some of that distance. The park includes Loon Island, which is connected to the mainland by a causeway. Two smaller lakes, two fish rearing ponds, and two marshes are also within the park boundaries.
The park lies on the Coteau des Prairies, a plateau at the juncture of Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa. Southwest of the drainage basin of the Des Moines River there are no natural lakes for some distance. For this reason the state park attracts many visitors from neighboring parts of Iowa and South Dakota.
Natural history
Geology
Lake Shetek and the surrounding landscape of wetlands and rolling hills are the result of glaciation. The lake and park lie on the Altamont Moraine, a terminal moraine marking the farthest extent of an ice lobe during the Wisconsin glaciation. This most-recent glaciation deposited a very thick blanket of till over the area. A well just outside the park was drilled through of till without reaching bedrock.
Lake Shetek began forming as the climate started to warm 15,000 years ago. Water from the melting glaciers carved channels into the moraine. Where one channel—now occupied by Beaver Creek—intersected the channel now occupied by the Des Moines River, a buildup of sediment and slumping banks partially dammed the outflow, creating a large, shallow lake.
Flora
Prior to European cultivation, most of the future park was prairie. Settlers recorded that the only trees were on Lake Shetek's islands, which were protected from wildfires. They were not protected from the settlers, however, and were soon harvested. Ecological succession has converted the old fields mostly to northern hardwood forest composed of oak, hackberry, basswood, elm, and ash trees. Restoration ecology efforts are being made to return park grasslands to native prairie.
The secondary forest on Loon Island was heavily impacted in the 1970s when Dutch elm disease decimated the American and red elms. The mossy trunks and stumps of dead elms still litter the island, providing shelter and nutrients to the ecosystem.
Fauna
Mammals found in the park include white-tailed deer, foxes, minks, beavers, fox squirrels, muskrats, groundhogs, and coyotes.
The park's combination of lake, woods, and marshes at the head of the Des Moines River flyway attracts a wide variety of bird life. Waterfowl include ducks, herons, coots, grebes, and white pelicans, and many species breed in the area. Among the woodland birds are flycatchers, sparrows, thrushes, vireos, many species of warbler, and blue-gray gnatcatchers. Marsh birds include lesser yellowlegs, spotted sandpipers, Wilson's snipes, and upland sandpipers.
The park's two major geographic features are both named after birds. "Shetek" is derived from the Ojibwe language word for pelican. Loon Island is a misnomer, however; the large diving birds seen by the pioneers were double-crested cormorants, not common loons. In the 1910s locals blamed the cormorants for depleting Lake Shetek's fish population and organized a hunt to extirpate them. Due to the hunt and ongoing human disturbance, the species is only seen on Lake Shetek during migration and no longer breeds there.
None of the park's small lakes or marshes support a year-round fish population.
Cultural history
The earliest humans around Lake Shetek were likely following the bison that came there to drink. Archaeologists identify the first permanent inhabitants as members of the Great Oasis culture. Two burial mounds were identified in a 1973 archaeological survey. By the beginning of the historical period, the area was in the territory of the Dakota people.
White explorers documented the area in the 1830s and 40s: George Catlin, Joseph Nicollet, Philander Prescott, and John C. Frémont. The first settler arrived on the east shore of Lake Shetek in 1856.
Lake Shetek Massacre
By 1862 about half a dozen families had formed a small settlement along the eastern shore of Lake Shetek, totaling perhaps 40 adults and children. At least four cabins were located within the current park boundaries, at the time the very edge of the frontier. The growing Euro-American population, however, was making it increasingly difficult for the native Dakota people to pursue their traditional lifestyle. Resettlement on reservations, treaty violations by the United States, and late or unfair annuity payments by Indian agents caused increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota.
On August 20, 1862, two bands of Dakota led by Lean Grizzly Bear and White Lodge swept through the settlement, killing two men while letting the others flee. The settlers gathered at the southernmost cabin, where the leader of a third band, Old Pawn, offered them escape if they left behind their belongings for the other Dakota to loot. The whites headed east but the angry Dakota soon appeared and fired on the group. John Eastlick shot and killed Lean Grizzly Bear, and the settlers took cover in a slough. The Dakota fired into the slough over several hours, killing John Eastlick and others and wounding many more. Old Pawn promised safety to the women and children, but violence erupted again as they emerged from the slough and several were killed while others were taken captive.
Ultimately 15 settlers from six families were killed. 21 settlers lived through the attack at the slough and made their way across the prairie to safety. Three women and eight or nine children were captured and taken west. That November the surviving eight captives were ransomed from White Lodge's band by a group of young pacifist Lakota and eventually reunited with their families.
Two months after the attack a military burial detail interred the victims in a temporary mass grave near the slough. A year later the remains were reburied closer to the lake, where they still lie. White settlers largely abandoned the war zone for the next four decades. In 1905 and again in 1921 the Minnesota Legislature earmarked money for a monument on the site, but Murray County officials did not take action. Finally, with the backing of state senator Louis P. Johnson, a government-funded monument was erected over the gravesite. The granite pillar was dedicated on August 3, 1925. Since the monument was surrounded by private property, four years later Johnson initiated legislation that declared a state park around the site.
In the following decades the original Koch family home was used as a vacation cabin on the grounds of the Tepeeotah Resort, before being donated to the county in 1960. It was moved into the state park in 1962 on the site of the Duley Cabin. For the centennial of the massacre that year, 1,500 people were in attendance. High winds knocked over some flagpoles, injuring an Eastlick descendant. A state park official deadpanned in a report to the director, "Eastlick blood was again spilled at Lake Shetek."
WPA development
Lake Shetek State Park truly took form in the 1930s as part of a larger project on the lake. This was one of the more ambitious New Deal projects in Minnesota funded by the federal government to combat unemployment during the Great Depression. In addition to park amenities, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) planned to build six causeways across the lake, joining a series of islands with the east and west shores. The site was selected for recreational development due to the rarity of lakes in the area and to relieve heavy use of Camden State Park away.
The state acquired adjacent to the massacre memorial, including Keeley and Loon Islands in Lake Shetek. A WPA camp was established on Keeley Island in the fall of 1934, housing 200 homeless or transient men. They constructed park amenities like the entrance road, campground, picnic area, beach, and sewage system. Using local wood and stone they built structures including a beachhouse, picnic shelter, and causeways, as well as a camp called the Zuya Group Center. Their own camp on Keeley Island was, unlike most WPA camps, designed to be permanent and function as a second group camp. However, when the WPA was disbanded with the onset of World War II the last causeway, between Keeley and Loon Islands, was incomplete. Inaccessible from the rest of the park, the property on Keeley Island was sold. The WPA camp is now used by Shetek Lutheran Ministries.
Although the monument site was technically made a state park in 1929, the parks director felt reauthorization was needed for the new acreage under development. At his behest Lake Shetek was included in the ten state parks authorized by the Minnesota Legislature in 1937.
In 1992 two districts of surviving WPA structures in Lake Shetek State Park were placed on the National Register of Historic Places. A district on the lakeshore comprises six contributing properties: the 1938 causeway to Loon Island, 1939 beachhouse, and (all built in 1940) the beachhouse steps, kitchen shelter, sanitation building, and drinking fountains. Two buildings at the Zuya Group Center were listed in a district: the 1940 mess hall and 1941 crafts & recreation building. The hillside beachhouse and curving double staircase are particularly noteworthy. Historian David R. Benson has called it "one of the most attractive designs in the park system."
Later history
Since its development, Lake Shetek State Park has expanded with additional property and features. Around 1950 the state division of fisheries installed two fish-rearing ponds from which to stock local lakes. The fisheries division later turned the ponds over to direct park management. Food plots for deer were maintained for many years because the animals were otherwise leaving the park and eating crops on neighboring fields.
The Minnesota Legislature authorized expansions several times in the 1960s, though many privately owned inholdings remain within the park's statutory boundaries. A park office and entrance station was built in 1965, then converted into the current interpretive center with the construction of a new office/entrance station in 1992. In 1996 a paved loop trail joined the park to Currie. Beginning in 2010 the state added a new campground with electric and water hookups for RVs and remodeled the existing campground. The lakeside Wolf Point Campground, renamed the Oak Woods Campground, was reduced from 78 sites to 42 to provide more privacy and reduce surface runoff into Lake Shetek.
Recreation
Lake Shetek State Park is a gateway to water recreation on Lake Shetek. The park provides launch facilities for motorboats and canoes, and rents out non-motorized watercraft. Portage trails provide access to two smaller lakes within the park. A swimming area lies at the foot of the beachhouse. Game fish in Lake Shetek include walleye, northern pike, perch, bullhead, crappie, and channel catfish. In winter ice fishing for crappies is popular.
The park contains 70 drive-in campsites spread across three separate campgrounds. All but six sites have electrical hookups. The Oak Woods Campground also offers four camper cabins, eight cart-in sites for tenters, flush toilets, and showers. Elsewhere in the park there is a group camp accommodating up to 30 people in tents and a one more cart-in site.
The park boasts of hiking trails, including a interpretive trail across the causeway and around Loon Island. A paved loop—designated a section of the Casey Jones State Trail—runs between the park and Currie, accommodating joggers, bicyclists, and inline skaters. In winter are open to snowmobiles.
A small visitor center houses interpretive displays. The restored Koch Cabin contains period-accurate furnishings and is open to visitors during business hours. The Eastlick Marsh on the east side of the park boasts an observation deck with a spotting scope to aid in birdwatching.
References
External links
Lake Shetek State Park
1937 establishments in Minnesota
Dakota War of 1862
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Murray County, Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Murray County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Shetek%20State%20Park |
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