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The Beautiful Madness EP is an independently released EP by Stabilo Boss (now Stabilo). This EP is available in limited quantities.
There are two different copies known to be released. The first one is more rare, and has a solid black dot on the disc. The second one is similar, except it has the initials "sb" depicted inside the dot.
The song "Paperboy" was re-recorded for the album Cupid?, and the song "Beautiful Madness" was re-recorded for the album Happiness & Disaster.
Track listing
"Beautiful Madness" – 5:39
"Laughing Nervously" – 6:37
"Paperboy" – 4:00
"Fantasy" – 4:20
Stabilo (band) albums
2004 EPs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beautiful%20Madness%20EP |
Lydd Town Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Lydd, Kent, England. They are currently members of the and play at the Lindsey Field.
History
The club was established in 1885. Prior to World War I they played in the South Eastern (Ashford) League, winning the Rye Charity Cup in 1909–10 with a 2–0 win over Icklesham in the final. After winning a league and cup double in 1958–59, the club moved up to the Kent County League, joining the South Division of the Eastern Section.
In 1964–65 Lydd were Division One runners-up. After being promoted to the Premier Division, they won the Eastern Section League Cup in 1965–66. In 1969–70 the club won the Premier Division title and went on to retain it the following season. They were Premier Division runners-up in 1971–72, also winning the League Cup, and Premier Division runners-up again in 1979–80. Despite finishing fourth in the Premier Division in 1983–84, the club were not included in the new top-level Senior Division created the following season, instead remaining in the (now second-level) Premier Division. However, they went on to win the Premier Division without losing a match and were promoted to the Senior Division at the first attempt, also winning the Premier Cup.
Lydd were Senior Division runners-up in 1987–88 and again in 1988–89 before winning the division three times in succession from 1989–90 to 1991–92. In 1992 the Eastern and Western sections of the league were merged; despite being reigning champions of the Eastern Section, Lydd were placed in Division One East, which they won at the first attempt, losing only once in the league all season; they also won the Les Leckie Cup and the Eastern Floodlit Cup. Denied promotion, the club won the division again in 1993–94 without losing a match and were promoted to the Premier Division; they also retained both cups and went on to win the Floodlit Cup for a third consecutive time the following season.
The 1995–96 season saw Lydd finish as runners-up in the Premier Division. They won the Les Leckie Cup again in 2002–03, but finished bottom of the Premier Division in 2005–06 and were relegated to Division One. In 2008–09 the club finished last in Division One East and were relegated to Division Two East. They were Division Two East runners-up in 2010–11 and became founder members of the new Kent Invicta League the following season. In 2013–14 they were Kent Invicta League runners-up. In 2016 the league merged into the Southern Counties East League, becoming its Division One.
In 2022–23 Lydd finished third in Division One, qualifying for the promotion playoffs. After defeating Faversham Strike Force 4–2 in the semi-finals, they won the final against Tooting Bec 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw, earning promotion to the Premier Division.
Grounds
The club originally played on a ground now used for cricket. They moved to the council-owned Rype ground in 1911, where they played until relocating to the Lindsey Field in 1999. Opened by George Cohen, the new ground was funded by a grant from the National Lottery and was named after the club's longest-serving player and later manager and chairman Pat Lindsey.
Honours
Kent County League
Eastern Section Senior Division champions 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
Eastern Section Premier Division champions 1969–70, 1970–71
Division One East champions 1992–93, 1993–94
Eastern Section Premier Division Challenge Cup winners 1984–85
Les Leckie Cup winners 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2002–03
Eastern Floodlight Cup winners 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95
Rye Charity Cup
Winners 1909–10
Records
Best FA Vase performance: First qualifying round, 2017–18
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Kent
Association football clubs established in 1885
1885 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
Kent County League
Kent Invicta Football League
Southern Counties East Football League
Lydd | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydd%20Town%20F.C. |
Vesselowskya is a genus of 2 species of shrub to small tree in the family Cunoniaceae endemic to New South Wales, Australia. They are found in cool, temperate mountain ranges, normally in country dominated by Nothofagus moorei forests. The common name for these plants is marara.
Cunoniaceae
Oxalidales genera
Oxalidales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesselowskya |
Vera Valeryevna Sessina (, born 23 February 1986) is a Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2007 World All-around silver medalist, the 2006 European All-around Champion, two time (2006, 2005) Grand Prix Final All-around champion and three time (2008, 2007, 2003) Grand Prix Final All-around silver medalist. She was known for her high releve during her pivot.
Career
Sessina began training in rhythmic gymnastics in 1993 and eventually moved to the Russian training center in Novogorsk. At the 2002 European Championships in Granada, she performed only one routine, but was noticed because of her flexibility, stability and clean performance. The same year, she took part in an international event in Thiais (France) and won some medals on various apparatus. In 2003, she performed well on the Grand Prix circuit.
In 2005, Sessina competed at the 2005 World Championships. She placed fifth in all-around qualifications but did not advance into the finals because teammates Olga Kapranova and Irina Tchachina placed ahead of her. She was also sent to the 2005 European Championships.
In 2006, Sessina won the all-around competition at the 2006 European Championships in Moscow, beating teammate and Olympic champion Alina Kabaeva. She won the 2006 Grand Prix Final all-around in Innsbruck and won three events of the FIG World Cup Final in Mie, Japan.
Sessina continued to do well in 2007, winning the all-around silver medal at the World Cup series in Ljubljana as well as silver in all-around at the 2007 Grand Prix Final. At the 2007 European Championships in Baku, she won the gold medal in clubs, a silver for rope, a pair of bronze medals for ribbon and hoop for the individual event finals. At the 2007 World Championships, Sessina won the all-around silver medal behind Ukrainian Anna Bessonova and then took the all-around bronze medal at the 2007 Summer Universiade behind Bessonova and Kapranova.
Sessina competed for a spot at the 2008 Olympics but struggled due to injury and was beaten by compatriots Evgenia Kanaeva and Olga Kapranova. She won a gold medal in rope and bronze in hoop at the 2008 World Cup Final in Benidorm and ended her season with silver in the all-around at the 2008 Grand Prix Final.
Sessina won silver medals in All-around, rope, hoop and ribbon at the 2009 European Championships held in Baku, Azerbaijan. She retired from competition following the event.
After her retirement, Sessina was elected to the FIG Athletes Commission as a rhythmic gymnastics representative.
Routine music information
References
External links
Russian rhythmic gymnasts
1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Yekaterinburg
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships
World Games gold medalists
World Games silver medalists
World Games bronze medalists
Competitors at the 2005 World Games
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Universiade bronze medalists for Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera%20Sessina |
Azone () is a term in mythology anciently applied to gods and goddesses that were not the private divinities of any particular country or people. Azones were acknowledged as deities in every country, and worshipped in every nation. The word is etymologically derived from Greek for "without" and "country". The azones were to a degree above the visible and sensible deities, which were called zonei (), who inhabited some particular part of the world, and never stirred out of the district or zone that was assigned them.
The Greek philosopher Damascius discusses the azones in his commentary on Plato's Parmenides.
References
Sources
Greek deities
Ancient Greek religion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azone |
Nate DiCasmirro (born September 27, 1978) is a Canadian-born Italian former professional ice hockey right winger who was born in Atikokan, Ontario, but grew up in Burnsville, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. He most notably played in the American Hockey League and for the Italian national team.
Personal life
He holds dual Canadian and U.S. citizenship and is of Italian descent.
Career
DiCasmirro left home as a teenager to play midget AAA hockey in Marquette, Michigan, and later played for St. Cloud State University. He was signed as a free agent in 2002 by the Edmonton Oilers and was sent to play in the minor leagues. In 2006, he signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Boston Bruins and was assigned to play right wing for the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL). On December 6, 2007, he was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes along with a 5th round draft pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft for goaltender Alex Auld.
He played several seasons in the AHL and then with Bolzano HC in the Italian Serie A, before being released on December 25, 2008. DiCasmirro then signed a short-term contract to play with Swedish team Timrå IK on January 6, 2009. Having played ten games for the Elitserien team, he continued his visit to Sweden by signing for HockeyAllsvenskan newcomers Örebro HK on September 11, 2009. He moved later in the season to the Austrian Hockey League for EC VSV and in 2010 he signed for Brunico in Serie A.
On August 23, 2015, DiCasmirro returned to the Austrian EBEL, signing for a second stint with Italian club, HC Bolzano, as a free agent on a one-year contract.
Following his seventeenth professional season at the conclusion of the 2018–19 campaign playing with EC KAC second tier Alps Hockey League team, DiCasmirro opted to conclude his career with the intention to remain within EC KAC as a junior coach on March 25, 2019. In 2021, he was hired by the Minnesota Wild to be an assistant coach with their AHL affiliate, the Iowa Wild.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honors
References
External links
1978 births
American men's ice hockey right wingers
American people of Italian descent
Bolzano HC players
Brunico SG players
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian sportspeople of Italian descent
Italian ice hockey right wingers
Naturalised citizens of Italy
Edmonton Road Runners players
EC VSV players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
North Iowa Huskies players
Örebro HK players
Sportspeople from Burnsville, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from Dakota County, Minnesota
People from Rainy River District
Providence Bruins players
San Antonio Rampage players
St. Cloud State Huskies men's ice hockey players
Sheffield Steelers players
Syracuse Crunch players
Timrå IK players
Toronto Roadrunners players
HC Valpellice players
Italian expatriate ice hockey people
HDD Jesenice players
EC KAC players
Naturalised sports competitors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate%20DiCasmirro |
Chris Egan (born 26 October 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Career
Egan was picked up by Collingwood with their first round draft pick, tenth overall, in the 2004 AFL draft. He had represented Victoria Country in the 2004 AFL National Under 18 Championships.
Egan made his debut for Collingwood against Richmond in round 8 of the 2005 AFL season, and only missed two games for the remainder of the year.
He played a total of 24 games for 21 goals in 2005 and 2006, but only played three games in the following two seasons before being delisted in September 2008.
In early 2010, Egan signed with the Echuca Football Club which plays in the Goulburn Valley Football League.
Personal life
Chris Egan is the nephew of Phil Egan, who played for Richmond and Melbourne, and also Les Bamblett who played for Footscray and Melbourne.
References
External links
Chris Egan at the Collingwood Football Club website
1986 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Murray Bushrangers players
Echuca Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Egan%20%28footballer%29 |
Campos Belos is a municipality in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. It is a commercial center for a vast area in the northeast of the state.
Location
Campos Belos is in the extreme northeast of Goiás and borders the state of Tocantins on the north, Bahia on the east and the municipalities of Monte Alegre de Goiás, Divinópolis, and São Domingos on the south and southwest.
It is 601 km. to the state capital, Goiânia. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / Alexânia / BR-060 / Planaltina / GO-430 / GO-118 / BR-010 / São João da Aliança / Alto Paraíso de Goiás / Teresina de Goiás / Monte Alegre de Goiás. There are connections with Arraias in the state of Tocantins to the north, taking highway BR-242.
Campos Belos lies in a region with a mixture of cerrado vegetation and the semi-arid caatinga. The town is surrounded by low mountains.
Economy
The main economic activity is cattle raising (55,700 head in 2006), but it was minerals that brought the first settlers to this region. There are deposits of crystal, calciterite, iron, gold, and uranium. In recent years Campos Belos has become a commercial center for a vast area taking in the northeast of Goiás and the southeast of Tocantins. The main agricultural products in planted area were rice, sugarcane, and corn. There were three banking institutions represented—BRADESCO S.A., Banco do Brasil S.A., and - Banco Itaú S.A. (2007) Source:
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 265
Total area: 47,987 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 42 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 684 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 19,286 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 27,417 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 920
Number of tractors: 38
Cattle herd: 55,700
Main crop: corn with 1,500 ha planted (2006) Source: IBGE
Health and education
In the health sector there were 02 hospitals with 55 beds (2007).
Municipal Human Development Index: 0.708
State ranking: 201 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 2,866 (out of 5,507 municipalities) Source: Frigoletto
Literacy rate in 2000: 82.4%
Infant mortality rate in 2000: 26.56
The state university of Goiás (UEG)opened a campus in Campos Belos in 2000, initially to offer a course in Letters. In a short time it tripled the number of students and now has approximately 800. See UEG Today the campus offers courses in Letters, Pedagogy, Geography, and Mathematics.
History
Campos Belos began around the small chapel dedicated to Our Lady of the Conception in 1881. Lands were donated by local cattle ranchers for the foundation of the new town. In 1889 the settlement was elevated to district, belonging to Arraias, which is now part of the state of Tocantins. In 1953 Campos Belos became a city.
Development took off with the construction of Brasília in the 1950s and its inauguration in 1960. By the end of the 1970s the city had its first banking agencies and in the 1980s it was integrated into the national telephone system.
A major change occurred in 1988 when the state of Goiás was divided. Campos Belos became an inter-state municipality. Growth was substantial in the decade of the 1990s since the city began to supply the population of the new state of Tocantins, which did not have an adequate commercial infrastructure. With the construction of Palmas, the city acquired an alternative route of access to the north of the country.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos%20Belos |
Mimilanie Laurel Marquez-Lawyer (born 16 July 1964), popularly known as Melanie Marquez (), is a Filipino actress and former beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned as Miss International 1979. She is the youngest winner of Miss International in history at the age of 15 when she competed in Miss International 1979.
Career
Pageant career
Marquez won a local beauty pageant competition when she was 15 years old, and the 1979 Miss International pageant.
In 1985, Marquez became the "Face of the 80s" winner in New York, USA. And in 1986, was the First Runner-up in the "Supermodel" competition. In 2000, she was voted the "Most Beautiful Miss International Winner" and in 2005, was one of the 6 Finalists in "Mrs. World" pageant held in India. She has appeared in the Binibining Pilipinas "World of BC 2004" and "World of Canada 2004" pageants.
Post-pageantry
Marquez became a fashion and commercial model and was featured in the local and international magazine covers. She toured Europe and the United States of America. As an actress, she has played parts in action and dramatic films, including the title role in her own bio-picture. Later, she has become a TV host, film producer, and celebrity endorser.
Marquez is also a modeling and image-enhancement coach. She trained Ruffa Gutierrez (Miss World 1993 Second Princess); Charlene Gonzales (Miss Universe 1994 - Top 6 Finalist); and Miriam Quiambao (Miss Universe 1999 First Runner-up). She has been a judge, coach, commentator, or host in beauty pageants, modelling contests, and talent-search competitions.
Personal life
Mimilanie Laurel Marquez was born in Mabalacat, Pampanga. She is a convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints after her marriage to an American in Utah named Adam Lawyer, her fifth husband. Melanie was involved in her church's 50th foundation anniversary in the Philippines.
In 2006, Marquez graduated with a bachelor's degree in business administration from the International Academy of Management and Economics.
Marquez has six children: two of whom have special needs, one being the son of Filipino actor and politician Lito Lapid, and her daughter—a model—with businessman Frederick Dee, Michelle, who is the Miss World Philippines 2019 and Miss Universe Philippines 2023.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards
References
External links
Melanie Marquez's college graduation
1964 births
Living people
Actresses from Pampanga
Binibining Pilipinas winners
Converts to Mormonism
Filipino child actresses
Filipino female models
Filipino film actresses
Filipino Latter Day Saints
Filipino people of Indian descent
Filipino television actresses
Kapampangan people
Miss International 1979 delegates
Miss International winners
Participants in Philippine reality television series
People from Mabalacat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie%20Marquez |
Xiphilinus may refer to:
John VIII of Constantinople (c. 1010–1075), a Byzantine intellectual and the 104th Patriarch of Constantinople
John Xiphilinus (late 11th century AD), a Byzantine historian and the nephew of Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphilinus |
The Clontarf Foundation is a not-for-profit organisation that assists in the education and employment of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men.
Overview
With support from the corporate/philanthropic sector, state/Territory governments and the Federal Government, academies now operate in 141 schools in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
The founder and Chief Executive Officer is Gerard Neesham, former coach of Fremantle Football Club. Staff include former teachers, youth workers, professional football players and people from a range of industries.
The original Clontarf Football Academy was established in 2000 at the Clontarf Aboriginal College site in Waterford, Western Australia. Since then, Clontarf academies have expanded to the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.
Locations
Academies now operate in the following locations:
Western Australia –
Broome Senior High School
Carnarvon Community College
Cecil Andrews College
Champion Bay Senior High School
Clontarf Aboriginal College
Coodanup College
Derby District High School
East Kimberley College
Eastern Goldfields College
Esperance Senior High School
Fitzroy Valley District High School
Fremantle College
Geraldton Senior College
Gilmore College
Girrawheen Senior High School
Halls Creek District High School
Hedland Senior High School
Kalgoorlie–Boulder Community High School
Karratha Senior High School
Katanning Senior High School
Newton Moore Senior High School
North Albany Senior High School
Northam Senior High School
Sevenoaks Senior College
Swan View Senior High School
Yule Brook College
Northern Territory -
Alice Springs - Centralian
Alice Springs – Yirara College
Darwin – Dripstone
Darwin - Nightcliff
Darwin - Rosebery
Darwin – Palmerston
Darwin – Casuarina
Darwin - Sanderson
Katherine
Yirrkala
Tennant Creek
Gunbalanya
Jabiru
Victoria -
Bairnsdale
Mildura
Robinvale
Swan Hill
Warrnambool College
Queensland -
Barambah
Bentley Park (Cairns)
Cairns
Dalby
Goondiwindi
Gordonvale (Cairns)
Gold Coast (PBC)
Harristown (Toowoomba)
Heatley (Townsville)
Kingaroy
Kirwan (Townsville)
Thuringowa (Townsville)
Toowoomba
Townsville
Trinity Bay (Cairns)
Warwick
Woree (Cairns)
Wilsonton (Toowoomba)
Yarrabah (Cairns)
New South Wales -
Airds (Campbelltown)
Bidwill (Mount Druitt)
Bourke
Brewarrina
Broken Hill
Chatham (Taree)
Conobolas (Orange)
Chifley Senior (Mount Druitt)
Coonamble
Cranebrook (Penrith)
Delroy (Dubbo)
Dubbo Senior (Dubbo)
Dubbo South (Dubbo)
Dunheved (Mount Druitt)
Elizabeth Macarthur (Campbelltown)
Endeavour (Caringbah)
Griffith
Hunter River (Newcastle)
Inverell
Irrawang (Newcastle)
Kanahooka (Wollongong)
Karabar (Queanbeyan)
Kempsey
Lake Illawarra (Wollongong)
Matraville (Sydney)
Melville (Kempsey)
Moree
Moruya
Mount Austin (Wagga Wagga)
Mount Druitt
Narrabri
Narrandera
Narromine
Newcastle
Orara (Coffs Harbour)
Oxley (Tamworth)
Port Macquarie
Quirindi
Shalvey (Mount Druitt)
Shoalhaven (Nowra)
Singleton
Tumut
Vincentia
Wade (Griffith)
Wellington
South Australia -
Ocean View (Adelaide)
Paralowie (Adelaide)
Port Augusta
Port Lincoln
Salisbury (Adelaide)
Whyalla
Sporting stars
Some of the Clontarf students who have gone on to play football at a professional level include Mark Williams, Dion Woods, Andrew Krakouer, Michael Johnson, Lewis Jetta, Chris Yarran, Patrick Ryder, Joel Hamling and Sam Petrovski-Seton.
References
External links
Clontarf Foundation website
Dept. Education, Employment & Workplace Relations
Foundations based in Australia
Indigenous Australian education
Organisations serving Indigenous Australians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clontarf%20Foundation |
In digital logic, a hazard is an undesirable effect caused by either a deficiency in the system or external influences in both synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Logic hazards are manifestations of a problem in which changes in the input variables do not change the output correctly due to some form of delay caused by logic elements (NOT, AND, OR gates, etc.) This results in the logic not performing its function properly. The three different most common kinds of hazards are usually referred to as static, dynamic and function hazards.
Hazards are a temporary problem, as the logic circuit will eventually settle to the desired function. Therefore, in synchronous designs, it is standard practice to register the output of a circuit before it is being used in a different clock domain or routed out of the system, so that hazards do not cause any problems. If that is not the case, however, it is imperative that hazards be eliminated as they can have an effect on other connected systems.
Static hazards
A static hazard is a change of a signal state twice in a row when the signal is expected to stay constant. When one input signal changes, the output changes momentarily before stabilizing to the correct value. There are two types of static hazards:
Static-1 Hazard: the output is currently 1 and after the inputs change, the output momentarily changes to 0,1 before settling on 1
Static-0 Hazard: the output is currently 0 and after the inputs change, the output momentarily changes to 1,0 before settling on 0
In properly formed two-level AND-OR logic based on a Sum Of Products expression, there will be no static-0 hazards (but may still have static-1 hazards). Conversely, there will be no static-1 hazards in an OR-AND implementation of a Product Of Sums expression (but may still have static-0 hazards).
The most commonly used method to eliminate static hazards is to add redundant logic (consensus terms in the logic expression).
Example of a static hazard
Consider an imperfect circuit that suffers from a delay in the physical logic elements i.e. AND gates etc.
The simple circuit performs the function noting:
From a look at the starting diagram it is clear that if no delays were to occur, then the circuit would function normally. However, no two gates are ever manufactured exactly the same. Due to this imperfection, the delay for the first AND gate will be slightly different than its counterpart. Thus an error occurs when the input changes e and the solution on how to solve this problem, we would look to the Karnaugh map.
The two gates are shown by solid rings, and the hazard can be seen under the dashed ring. A theorem proved by Huffman tells us that by adding a redundant loop 'BC' this will eliminate the hazard.
So our original function is now:
Now we can see that even with imperfect logic elements, our example will not show signs of hazards when A changes state. This theory can be applied to any logic system. Computer programs deal with most of this work now, but for simple examples it is quicker to do the debugging by hand. When there are many input variables (say 6 or more) it will become quite difficult to 'see' the errors on a Karnaugh map.
Dynamic hazards
A dynamic hazard are a series of changes of a signal state that happen several times in a row when the signal is expected to change state only once. A dynamic hazard is the possibility of an output changing more than once as a result of a single input change.
Dynamic hazards often occur in larger logic circuits where there are different routes to the output (from the input). If each route has a different delay, then it quickly becomes clear that there is the potential for changing output values that differ from the required / expected output.
E.g. A logic circuit is meant to change output state from 1 to 0, but instead changes from 1 to 0 then 1 and finally rests at the correct value 0. This is a dynamic hazard.
As a rule, dynamic hazards are more complex to resolve, but note that if all static hazards have been eliminated from a circuit, then dynamic hazards cannot occur.
Functional hazards
In contrast to static and dynamic hazards, functional hazards are ones caused by a change applied to more than one input. There is no specific logical solution to eliminate them. One really reliable method is preventing inputs from changing simultaneously, which is not applicable in some cases. So, circuits should be carefully designed to have equal delays in each path.
Others
Combinational logic hazards
In combinational logic is a hazard that depend on the distribution of signal propagation delays in the logic circuits and overall design of a logic circuit function implemented.
Combinational functional hazards
In combinational logic are hazards that can be detected and suppressed at a higher level of programming, by studying and modifying the output logic function.
Sequential hazards Is a kind of undesirable signal changes found in looped systems.
See also
Don't care
Glitch
Hazard (computer architecture)
Race condition
Floating body effect, a probably cause for hazard silicon on Insulator-devices
References
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/Sequential/Course/02-Hazards/hazards.htm#FunctionHazards
Digital electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20%28logic%29 |
X.32 is an old ITU-T standard published in 1984 for connecting to an X.25 network by dial-up. It defines how the network identifies the terminal for billing and security purposes.
Further reading
External links
ITU-T Recommendation X.32
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations
X.25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.32 |
Matthew Ferguson (born 3 April 1973) is a Canadian former actor. He is known for his roles in On My Own (1991), Love and Human Remains (1993), Lilies (1996), and La Femme Nikita (1997–2001).
Life and career
Ferguson was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He graduated from the Claude Watson School for the Arts and studied film production at Ryerson University. He is an actor, screen writer, theatre and film producer.
Ferguson made his debut in theatre as "Morgan Moreen" in Geometry in Venice (1989), which garnered him a Dora Mavor Moore Award nomination as Best Featured Actor, then on screen as Simon Henderson in On My Own.
He is best known as "Seymour Birkoff", from the TV series La Femme Nikita (1997–2001).
His dramatic roles in movies such as Love and Human Remains (1993), Eclipse (1994) and Lilies (1996) gave him nominations at the Genie Awards in the 1990s. In 2002 his lead role in Sarah Polley's "I Shout Love" earned him an ACTRA Award nomination. Also in 2002, Ferguson was part of the ensemble cast of "An American In Canada" which won the Canadian Screen Award for best Comedy Series.
Selected filmography
Film
On My Own (1992) as Simon Henderson
Love and Human Remains (1993) as Kane
I Love a Man in Uniform (1993) as Edward Nichols
The Club (1994) as Darren Spenser
Life with Billy (1994) as Allan Whynot
Lives of Girls and Women (1994) as Jerry Storey
Spenser: Pale Kings and Princes (1994)
Billy Madison (1995) as Tenth Grader
Eclipse (1994) as Angelo
Harrison Bergeron (1995) as Garth Bergeron
The Deliverance of Elaine (1996)
Lilies (1996) as Young Bilodeau
The English Patient (1996) as Young Canadian Soldier
Uncut (1997) as Peter Cort
The Wall as (1998) Buelton
Giving Up the Ghost (1998) as Matthew 'Bulldog' Phelps
I Shout Love (2001) as Bobby
Cube 2: Hypercube (2002) as Max Reisler
Three and a Half (2002) as Sasha the Director
Owning Mahowny (2003) as Martin
TV
Street Legal (1992) as Mark (2 episodes)
La Femme Nikita (1997–2001) as Seymour Birkoff/Jason Crawford (90 episodes)
An American in Canada (2002–2004) as Derrick (5 episodes)
Odd Job Jack (2003–2007) as Bobby Lee (voice) (52 episodes)
Top Cops (Domingo Rico Episode) (1990–1993?) as Mouthy teenager (1 episode)
Selected bibliography
Heyn, Christopher. "A Conversation with Matthew Ferguson." Inside Section One: Creating and Producing TV's La Femme Nikita. Introduction by Peta Wilson. Los Angeles: Persistence of Vision Press, 2006. 94–99. . In-depth conversation with Matthew Ferguson about his role as Birkoff on La Femme Nikita, as well as his early acting experiences.
Nominations
2003 - ACTRA Toronto Awards: Outstanding Performance - Male for I Shout Love
1998 - Gemini Awards: Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series for La Femme Nikita
1996 - Genie Awards: Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for Lilies
1996 - Genie Awards: Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for Eclipse
1994 - Genie Awards: Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for Love & Human Remains
1993 - Australian Film Institute : Best Actor in a Leading Role for On My Own
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Male actors from Toronto
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian people of Scottish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Ferguson |
United Nations Security Council resolution 986, adopted unanimously on 14 April 1995, after reaffirming all resolutions on Iraq and noting the serious humanitarian situation with the Iraqi civilian population, the council, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, established a mechanism whereby Iraqi oil exports would finance humanitarian aid to the country, which later became known as the Oil-for-Food Programme.
The security council was convinced of the need as a temporary measure to provide humanitarian assistance to the Iraqi people until the country complied with all relevant Security Council resolutions, including Resolution 687 (1991) which allowed for further measures to be taken concerning sanctions imposed in Resolution 661 (1991).
Provisions
Firstly, countries were authorised to permit the import of petroleum, petroleum products and related financial transactions originating in Iraq for a total sum of up to US$1 billion every 90 days, subject to the approval of the committee established in Resolution 661 and that payments made for oil would be made into the escrow account created by the current resolution. Turkey was permitted to charge fees for using the Kirkuk-Yumurtalik pipeline in its territory. The aforementioned would come into force at 00:01 EST the day after the President of the Security Council announced that he had received a report by the Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, with the provisions remaining in force for an initial period of 180 days. A review would be conducted halfway through this period.
The following provisions would come into immediate effect. Independent inspectors and the committee would inspect oil sales and an escrow account would be established. The account would:
(a) finance the export of medicine, health supplies, foodstuffs, and materials and supplies for essential civilian needs, which the Government of Iraq should agree to their equitable distribution;
(b) complement the distribution of humanitarian goods by the Iraqi government;
(c) transfer the same percentage of the funds deposited in the escrow account to the United Nations Compensation Commission decided by Resolution 705 (1991);
(d) finance the independent inspectors and certified public accountants and other activities;
(e) meet the operational costs of the United Nations Special Commission;
(f) meet other expenses and costs;
(g) make available up to US$10 million every 90 days for payments envisaged in Resolution 778 (1992).
Countries were authorised, notwithstanding the provisions of Resolution 661, to export parts and equipment which are essential for the safe operation of the Kirkuk-Yumurtalik pipeline in Iraq and activities associated with it. The costs may be paid by credit pending payment into the escrow account.
The secretary-general was requested to report at 90 days and 180 days during the process, while the committee was required to develop procedures necessary to implement the above provisions. Both were urged to take effective action to ensure the implementation of the resolution. The Council provided immunity for the petroleum and petroleum products, the escrow account and all personnel working with the United Nations in accordance with the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations.
The resolution concluded by reaffirming that none of its provisions should affect Iraq's obligations concerning the repayment of foreign debt, and at the same time should not infringe on its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Aftermath
Iraq initially rejected the resolution on the grounds that it violated its sovereignty, and did not accept its provisions until January 1996. The programme was formally terminated on 21 November 2003 following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and its major functions turned over to the Coalition Provisional Authority.
See also
Foreign relations of Iraq
Gulf War
Invasion of Kuwait
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 901 to 1000 (1994–1995)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 706
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
0986
0986
1995 in Iraq
April 1995 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%20986 |
Ceratopetalum is a genus of nine species of shrub and tree in the family Cunoniaceae. They are found along the eastern coast of Australia and extend north to New Guinea. Two Australian species are among the best known, one being C. apetalum or coachwood, renowned as a timber tree, and C. gummiferum, the New South Wales Christmas bush.
Both New South Wales Christmas bush (C. gummiferum) and coachwood (C. apetalum) are widespread from south-east Queensland to the south coast of New South Wales, whereas the other extant Australian species are largely confined to high-altitude montane habitats in north-east Australia. These restricted distributions have been hypothesised to be refugia from cycles of changing climate during the Pleistocene.
Species
Ceratopetalum apetalum D.Don (Coachwood)
Ceratopetalum corymbosum C.T.White
Ceratopetalum gummiferum Sm. (NSW Christmas bush)
Ceratopetalum hylandii Rozefelds & R.W.Barnes
Ceratopetalum iugumensis Rozefelds & R.W.Barnes
Ceratopetalum macrophyllum Hoogland
Ceratopetalum succirubrum C.T.White
Ceratopetalum tetrapterum Mattf.
Ceratopetalum virchowii F.Muell.
†Ceratopetalum suciensis (Campanian)
Fossil evidence
Fossil evidence for Ceratopetalum species has been found in Eocene deposits in South Australia. Named fossil species include Ceratopetalum maslinensis and Ceratopetalum westermannii.
References
Oxalidales genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratopetalum |
History of the Quran is the timeline and origin of the written compilations or manuscripts of the holy book of Islam, based on historical findings. It spans several centuries, and forms an important major part of the early history of Islam.
While there are various proposed etymologies, one is that the word قرآن 'Quran' comes from the Arabic verb قرء 'qaraʾa' 'to read' in the verbal noun pattern فعلان 'fuʿlān', thus resulting in the meaning 'reading'. Others are that it is a name given to the book by God, without any previous etymology, that the word comes from the verb قرن 'qarana' 'to join, to yoke', referring to the gathering together of revelation, and that it comes from قرائن 'qarāʾin', the plural of a word variously translatable as 'evidence', 'yoke', 'union'. Nine out of the ten imams of recitation have it read in their tradition with a hamzah, with only Ibn Kathir's tradition excluding the letter.
According to the Muslim belief and Islamic scholarly accounts, the revelation of the Quran began in 610 CE when the angel Gabriel (believed to have been sent by God) appeared to Muhammad (a trader in the Western Arabian city of Mecca, which had become a sanctuary for pagan deities and an important trading center) in the cave of Hira.,
According to Islamic belief, the revelations started one night during the month of Ramadan in 610 CE, when Muhammad, at the age of forty, received the first visit from the angel Gabriel, reciting to him the first verses of Surah Al-Alaq. Muslims believe that Muhammad continued to have revelations until his death in 632 CE.
According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was first compiled into a comprehensive book by Abu Bakr. As the Islamic Empire began to grow, and differing recitations were heard, the rasm - or consonantal skeleton of the Quran - was compiled for uniformity in recitation under the direction of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656 CE). For this reason, the Quran as it exists today is also known as the Uthmanic codex. According to Francis Edward Peters (1991), what was done to the Quran in the process seems to have been extremely conservative and the content was formed in a mechanical fashion to avoid redactional bias. Arabic orthography continued to develop into the second century, allowing qira'at, or variant oral readings of the rasm, to be documented in Quranic manuscripts.
Gerd R. Puin, a renowned Islamicist scholar at Saarland University, was the head of the Sanaa manuscript restoration project commissioned by the Yemeni government. His findings led Puin to assert that the Quran had undergone a "textual evolution" with textual variations, unconventional ordering of the chapters (surahs), rare styles of orthography, and may include stories that were written before Muhammed began his ministry and which have subsequently been rewritten. The Yemeni government subsequently denied him any further access to the manuscripts.
Non-Muslim people questioned the nature and modes of Muhammad's revelations. The Meccans interpreted the Quranic revelations based on their understanding of 'inspiration'. For them, poetry was closely connected to inspiration from a higher spiritual source. For this reason when Muhammad began preaching and reciting the Quran, the Meccans accused him of being a poet or a "poet possessed".
There are disagreements among scholars as to when the Quran was first compiled. A hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the caliph Abu Bakr commanded Zayd ibn Thabit to compile the written Quran, relying upon both textual fragments and the memories of those who had memorized it. Some Shia Muslims believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first to compile the Quran into one written text, a task completed shortly after the death of Muhammad.
Muhammad
The Quran uses the term () to describe Muhammad. The majority of Muslim scholars interpret this word as a reference to an illiterate individual, though some modern scholars instead interpret it as a reference to those who belong to a community without a scripture.
According to the famous Sunni collector of traditions of Muhammad, Muhammad al-Bukhari (who lived about 250 years after Muhammad), Muhammad's wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid described that the first Quranic revelation occurred when the angel Gabriel visited Muhammad and asked him to recite. Muhammad responded ma ana bīqāre'u, which could be translated into a number of ways: 'I do not read' or 'what am I to read/recite?' or 'I will not read/recite'. Gabriel pressed him "until all the strength went out of me; thereupon he released me and said: 'Read!'" This was repeated three times and upon the third, Gabriel released him and said, "Read in the name of the Sustainer who created humankind from a clot! Read! And your Sustainer is the most Beautiful." After this Muhammad continued to have revelations sporadically over a period of twenty-three years, until shortly before his death in 11/632.
Muslims believe that Gabriel brought the word of God to Muhammad verbatim, and the Quran was divinely protected from any alteration or change. The Quran emphasizes that Muhammad was required only to receive the sacred text and that he had no authority to change it. It is also believed that God did not make himself known through the revelations; it was his will that was revealed.
According to tradition, Muhammad described the experience of revelation:
At times, it was also reported that the experience was painful for Muhammad. For example, he had been heard saying, "Never once did I receive a revelation without thinking that my soul had been torn away from me."
After Muhammad would receive revelations, he would later recite it to his Companions, who also memorized it or wrote it down. Before the Quran was commonly available in written form, speaking it from memory prevailed as the mode of teaching it to others. The practice of memorizing the whole Quran is still practised among Muslims. Millions of people have memorized the entire Quran in Arabic. This fact, taken in the context of 7th-century Arabia, was not an extraordinary feat. People of that time had a penchant for recited poetry and had developed their skills in memorization to a remarkable degree. Events and competitions that featured the recitation of elaborate poetry were of great interest.
In Pre-Islamic Arabia, the society during the time of Muhammad was predominantly oral, and for this reason he would recite the Quranic verses to his Companions for them to memorize. Therefore, it is unknown whether the Quran was ever written and collected during the time of Muhammad. While writing was not a common skill during Muhammad's time, Mecca, being a commercial center, had a number of people who could write. Some scholars believe that several scribes including Zayd ibn Thabit and Ubay ibn Ka'b recorded verses of the Quran. This provides an explanation as to how the Quran existed in written form during the life of Muhammad, even if it was not compiled into one text.
Muhammad's cousin, Ibn Abbas, describes the way in which the final version of the Quran was fixed: "the prophet recited the book before Gabriel every year in the month of Ramadan, and in the month in which he died he recited it before him twice." It is believed that toward the end of Muhammad's life a special act of revelation occurred in which a final and complete version of the Quran was created. The term 'recite', which is used here, is referring to the custom where a Quranic scholar recites the entire Quran from beginning to end a number of times before a senior scholar. According to this tradition the act of recital is being performed by Muhammad, with the angel Gabriel playing the role of superior authority.
In one of the hadith Muhammad is recorded as saying: "I leave among you two things of high estimation: the Book of God and my Family." Some scholars argue that this provides evidence that the Quran had been collected and written during this time because it is not correct to call something al-kitab (book) when it is merely in the [people's] memories. The word al-kitab signifies a single and united entity and does not apply to a text which is scattered and not collected. However, Alan Jones has explored the use of this word in the Quran, finding that there is no evidence that it was used in such a "concrete sense" in reference to the Quran and other scriptures, but instead evidence points to an "abstract meaning". He further considers the role of writing among Arabs in the early seventh century and accounts in the Sira of the dictation of parts of the Quran to scribes towards the end of the Medinan period.
Another argument some Shia and Sunni scholars bring up is the importance that Muhammad attached to the Quran. They believe that since Muhammad put so much importance to the Quran he had to have ordered the writing of it during his lifetime. For example, Zayd ibn Thabit reported, "We used to record the Quran from parchments in the presence of the Messenger of God."
Some authors believe that, as long as Muhammad was alive, there was always the expectation of further revelation as well as occasional abrogations. Any formal collection of the material already revealed could not properly be considered a complete text.
Abu Bakr's compilation
According to Sunni scholars, during the life of Muhammad parts of the Quran, though written, were scattered among his companions, much of it as private possession. After the Battle of Yamama in 633, when 70 Muslims who had memorized the Quran were killed, steps began to be taken to collate the body of material. The death of Salim Mawla Abi Hudhayfa was most significant, as he was one of the very few who had been entrusted by Muhammad to teach the Quran. Consequently, upon Umar's insistence, Abu Bakr ordered the collection of the hitherto scattered pieces of the Quran into one copy, assigning Zayd ibn Thabit, Muhammad's main scribe, to gather the written fragments held by different members of the community. Ibn Thabit noted:
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani draws special attention to Zayd's statement, "I found two verses of Sura al-Bara'a with Abu Khuzaima al-Ansari," as demonstrating that Zayd's own writings and memorization were not deemed sufficient. Everything required verification. The compilation was kept by the Caliph Abu Bakr, after his death by his successor, Caliph Umar, who on his deathbed gave them to Hafsa bint Umar, his daughter and one of Muhammad's widows.
Uthman ibn Affan and the canonization
According to Islamic tradition, the process of canonization ended under the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35/655), about twenty years after the death of Muhammad in 650 CE, though the date is not exact because it was not recorded by early Arab annalists.
The Qur'anic canon is the form of the Quran as recited and written in which it is religiously binding for the Muslim community. This canonical corpus is closed and fixed in the sense that nothing in the Quran can be changed or modified.
By the time of Uthman's caliphate, there was a perceived need for clarification of Qur'an reading. The Caliphate had grown considerably, expanding into Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Iran, bringing into Islam's fold many new converts from various cultures with varying degrees of isolation.
It is believed that the general Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman reported this problem to the caliph and asked him to establish a unified text. According to the history of al-Tabari, during the expedition there were 10,000 Kufan warriors, 6,000 in Azerbaijan and 4,000 at Rayy. A large number of soldiers disagreeing about the correct way of reciting the Quran may have caused Hudhayfah to promote a unified text. An example of the confusion at this time is seen during a campaign in Tabaristan, where one of the soldiers asked Hudhayfah, "How did the Messenger of God pray?" Hudhayfah told him the soldier prayed before fighting.
It is believed upon Hudhayfah's request Uthman obtained the sheets of the Quran from Ḥafṣa and appointed a commission consisting of Zayd and three prominent Meccans, and instructed them to copy the sheets into several volumes based on the dialect of Quraysh, the main tribe of Mecca.
When the task was finished Uthman kept one copy in Medina and sent others to Kufa, Baṣra, Damascus, and, according to some accounts, Mecca, and ordered that all other variant copies of the Quran be destroyed. This was done everywhere except in Kufa, where some scholars argue that Ibn Masʿūd and his followers refused.
The above quoted hadith refers to the manuscripts of the Quran compiled during the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, which were inherited by Caliph Umar's daughter Hafsa, a wife of Muhammad, and then returned to her, as promised. Sean Anthony and Catherine Bronson note that "Zuhrī—the earliest known scholar to emphasize the importance of Ḥafṣah's codex for the collection of the caliph ʿUthmān's recension—also serves as the authority for the accounts of the destruction of Ḥafṣah's scrolls (ṣuḥuf)." After her death, he reported that Hafsa's brother inherited the manuscripts and allowed Uthman or according to some versions, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan to destroy them.
It is generally accepted that the Uthmanic text comprises all 114 suras in the order known today.
Beliefs of some Shia Muslim scholars about the origins of the Quran may differ in some respects from Sunni beliefs. According to influential Marja' Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Uthman's collection of the Quran was metaphorical, not physical. He did not collect the verses and suras in one volume, but in the sense that he united the Muslims on the reading of one authoritative recension. al-Khoei also argues that the one reading on which Uthman united the Muslims was the one in circulation among most Muslims, and that it reached them through uninterrupted transmission from Muhammad.
This is one of the most contested issues and an area where many non-Muslim and Muslim scholars often clash.
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph () and the first Shia Imam, is widely believed to have compiled his own transcript of the Quran. In particular, there are reports that Ali and some other companions of Muhammad collected the verses of the Quran during the lifetime of the prophet, while other reports emphasize that Ali prepared his codex immediately after the death of Muhammad in 632 CE. This latter group of reports may have been fabricated to imply consensus about the caliphate of Abu Bakr, that is, the preoccupation of Ali with his codex in these reports is intended to justify his widely-rumored absence in the Saqifa meeting where Abu Bakr was elected caliph after Muhammad died.
In his codex, Ali may have arranged the verses in the order by which they were revealed to Muhammad, though this claim has been questioned by some. The codex of Ali may have also included additional information on the abrogated verses of the Quran. By some Shia accounts, Ali offered his codex for official use after the death of Muhammad but was turned down by some of the companions. Alternatively, Ali may have offered his codex for official use to Uthman during his caliphate but the caliph rejected it in favor of other variants available to him. As for its fate, it is believed in Twelver Shia that the codex of Ali has been handed down from every Imam to his successor, as part of the esoteric knowledge available to the Twelve Imams. In Twelver belief, the codex is now in the possession of their last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is hidden from the public by divine will since 874, until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil.
Differences with the Uthmanid codex
Some Sunni reports allege that the official Uthmanid codex of the Quran is incomplete, as detailed in by the Sunni exegete Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (), among others. Supporting Ali's right to the caliphate after Muhammad, Shia polemists readily cited such reports to charge that explicit references to Ali had been removed by senior companions for political reasons. Yet the accusation that some words and verses were altered or omitted in the Uthmanid codex also appears in the Shia tradition. Among others, such reports can be found in by the ninth-century Shia exegete Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Sayyari, though he has been widely accused of connections to the Ghulat (). As the faithful recension of the Quran, the codex of Ali is thus said to have been longer than the official one, with explicit references to Ali. This view was apparently popular among Shia scholars before the Buyid dynasty (). By contrast, any difference between the two codices is rejected by Sunnis because Ali did not impose his recension during his caliphate, while the Shia counterargument is that Ali deliberately remained silent about this divisive matter. Fearing persecution for themselves and their followers, later Twelver Imams may have also adopted religious dissimulation () about this issue.
Alternatively, the recension of Ali may have matched the Uthmanic codex, save for the ordering of its content, but it was rejected for political reasons as it also included the partisan commentary of Ali, who is often counted among the foremost exegetes of the Quran. The implication that the Uthmanid codex is faithful has been the prevalent Shia view ever since the Buyids period. Some Shia scholars have thus questioned the authenticity of those traditions that allege textual differences with the Uthmanid codex, tracing them to the Ghulat, or to early Sunni traditions, while Sunnis have in turn blamed Shias for originating the falsification claims and accused them of espousing such views, often indiscriminately. Other Shia scholars have reinterpreted the traditions that may suggest the alteration of the Quran. For instance, a tradition ascribed to Ali suggests that a fourth of the Quran is about the House of Muhammad, or the Ahl al-Bayt, while another fourth is about their enemies. The Uthmanic codex certainly does not meet this description but the inconsistency can be explained by another Shia tradition, which states that the verses of the Quran about the virtuous are primarily directed at the Ahl al-Bayt, while those verses about the evildoers are directed first at their enemies.
Academic scholarship
The origin of the Quran has been a subject of sustained academic research. There have also been a number of proposals for refinement of the traditional view and even its fundamental re-evaluation.
Until around the 1970s, non-Muslim scholars did accept its Islamic origin story. Ernest Renan famously declared that "Islam was born, not amid the mystery which cradles the origins of other religions, but rather in the full light of history"—an empire ruling in the name of the religion of Islam and whose expansion was fuelled by religious fervor, and which presided over the compilation, editing, approving and distributing of the holy book of that religion (the Quran).
But in the 1970s historians began to question Islamic "literary sources"—tafsir or commentaries on the Quran, hadith, or accounts of what the Islamic prophet Muhammad approved of or did not, and sira, biography of the prophet—upon which the traditional account of the Quran were based. They employed a "source-critical" approach to this literature, including as evidence relevant archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, and contemporary non-Arabic literature, that they argued provided "hard facts" and an ability to crosscheck.
By 2008, Fred Donner was summarizing the state of the field in the following terms:
In 1999, Cook and Crone argued that "there is no hard evidence for the existence of the Koran in any form before the last decade of the seventh century." Partial Quranic manuscripts such as the Sanaa manuscript and the Birmingham Quran manuscript, which have been carbon-dated back to the early seventh century, were discovered later. However, Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the Uthmanic text type has stated and claims to have demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is "clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating.
Author, journalist and scholar Toby Lester notes the Quran "assumes a familiarity with language, stories, and events that seem to have been lost even to the earliest of Muslim exegetes". Cook and Christopher Rose note the Quran contains obscure words and phrases, "mystery letters," or Muqattaʿat—groups of between one and four letters that do not form words and begin about one quarter of surahs of the Quran, and the Sabians religious group unknown to historians. Cook argue that "someone must once have known" what these mean, and that their meaning was forgotten now suggests the Quran may have been "off the scene for several decades".
There is no mention of the "Quran" nor "Islam", nor "rightly guided caliphs", nor any of the famous futūḥ battles by Christian Byzantines in their historical records describing the Arab invaders advance, leaders or religion; the lack of any surviving documents by those Arabs who "lived through the establishment of the Caliphate"; the fact that coins of the region and era did not use Islamic iconography until sometime after 685 CE.
According to tradition, the Quran was composed in the early 7th century CE, but according to historian Tom Holland, "only in the 690's did a Caliph finally get around to inscribing the Prophet's name on a public monument; only decades after that did the first tentative references to him start to appear in private inscriptions". The historian Stephen Shoemaker holds that the Quran did not reach its final compilation until the reign of Abd al-Malik (685-705 CE).
Regarding the collection and editing of the Quran into a book (Mus'haf), historian Michael Cook writes that while there is "more or less" common ground among hadith, traditions that Muhammad did not do it but that this task was completed by the end of the reign of Caliph Uthman. Otherwise hadith do not agree:
The accounts of non-Muslim conquered peoples also conflict with the accounts of traditional Islamic literature. Examining 7th century Byzantine Christian sources commentary on the Arab "immigrants" (Mhaggraye) who were invading and settling in formerly Byzantine territory at that time, historian Abdul-Massih Saadi found the Christians never mentioned the terms "Quran" nor "Islam" nor that the immigrants were of a new religion. They referred to the immigrants in ethnic terms – "among them (Arabs) there are many Christians". The Christians used secular or political, not religious terms (kings, princes, rulers) to refer to the Arab leaders. Muhammad was "the first king of the Mhaggraye", also guide, teacher, leader or great ruler. They did however mention the religion of the Arabs. The immigrants' religion was described as monotheist "in accordance with the Old Law (Old Testament)". When the Emir of the immigrants and Patriarch of the local Christians did have a religious colloquium there was much discussion of the scriptures but no mention of the Quran, "a possible indication that the Quran was not yet in circulation." The Christians reported the Emir was accompanied by "learned Jews", that the immigrants "accepted the Torah just as the Jews and Samaritans", though none of the sources described the immigrants as Jews.
Wansbrough's students Crone and Cook co-authored a book called Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World (1977). Neither Crone nor Cook today, however, hold all of the views presented in their work. Crone has since stated that it is "difficult to doubt" that Muhammad uttered "all or most" of the Qur'an. She says this can be said with "reasonable assurance".
Support for the traditional Islamic narrative
Not all scholars question the sacred history of the Quran. Emran El-Badawi writes, "the opening chapters of Fred Donner's Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing claims to refute the theoretical and methodological flaws of the skeptical school and instead dates the composition of the Quran, as a closed canon, to an Arabian context of early believers preceding[...] the first civil war in 656."
The datings in 2015 of the Birmingham Quran manuscript lead Joseph E. B. Lumbard, a convert to Islam and associate professor of Quranic studies at the College of Islamic Studies at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Qatar, to comment:
However, on the Birmingham manuscript, David Thomas pointed out that the radiocarbon testing found the death date of the animal whose skin made up the Quran, not the date when the Quran was written. Since blank parchment was often stored for years after being produced, he said the Quran could have been written as late as 650–655, during the Quranic codification under Uthman. Later, Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the Uthmanic text, stated that it can not be a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating.
In dating of the text, the Dome of the Rock inscriptions, which have been known for over a century, are significant. The inner face of the octagon include the declaration of faith and verses describing the powers of God. Next Muhammad is introduced, with a blessing that, though uncited in the Quran, was already in use in 694. Then Christians are preached about the prophet-hood and mortality of Jesus, followed by the claim that God is sufficient unto himself. At the end, people are commanded to bend to his will and punishment is threatened otherwise.
The absence of contemporaneous corroborating material from the very first century of Islam has raised numerous questions as to the authenticity of the account provided by later traditionalist sources. All that is preserved from this time period are a few commemorative building inscriptions and assorted coins. However, some scholars deny such a belittlement of key sources from the era. Besides the Dome of the Rock inscriptions, there are also brief Quranic passages on coins issued from the time of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (697-750). These passages include the shahadah, verses 112:1-3 or -4 complete except for the initial basmallah and the introductory word "say", and part of 9:33, but with some variations: "He sent him with the guidance and the Religion of Truth, that He may cause it to prevail over all religion..." Similar to the contemporary inscriptions at the Dome of the Rock these portions are clearly intended to declare the primacy of the new religion of Islam over Christianity, in particular.
Skeptical scholars, nonetheless, point out that the earliest account of Muhammad's life by Ibn Ishaq was written about a century after Muhammad died and all later narratives by Islamic biographers contain far more details and embellishments about events which are entirely lacking in Ibn Ishaq's text.
In a 2008 online article titled "What do we actually know about Mohammed?", Patricia Crone casts doubt onto skeptical theories of the origins of the Qur'an:
Fred Donner has argued for an early date for the collection of the Quran, based on his reading of the text itself. He points out that if the Quran had been collected over the tumultuous early centuries of Islam, with their vast conquests and expansion and bloody incidents between rivals for the caliphate, there would have been some evidence of this history in the text. However, there is nothing in the Quran that does not reflect what is known of the earliest Muslim community.
In 1972, during the restoration of the Great Mosque of San'a in Yemen, labourers stumbled upon a "paper grave" containing tens of thousands of fragments of parchment on which verses of the Quran were written. Some of these fragments were believed to be the oldest Quranic texts yet found.
The latest in origin of the Quran is the discovery of parchments of Quranic text by the University of Birmingham in 2015, the parchment material has been radiocarbon dated to the period between 568 and 645 with 95.4% accuracy. The test was carried out in a laboratory at the University of Oxford. The result places the parchment close to the time of Muhammad, who is generally thought to have lived between 570 and 632. Researchers conclude that the parchment is among the earliest written textual evidence of the Quran in existence. François Déroche of the Collège de France, however, expressed reservations about the reliability of the radiocarbon dates proposed for the Birmingham leaves, noting instances elsewhere in which radiocarbon dating had proved inaccurate in testing Qurans with an explicit endowment date. Mustafa Shah, Senior Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, has suggested that the grammatical marks and verse separators in the Birmingham leaves are inconsistent with the proposed early radiocarbon dates.
Textual criticism
In the 1970s, what has been described as a "wave of sceptical scholars" challenged a great deal of the received wisdom in Islamic studies. They argued that the Islamic historical tradition had been greatly corrupted in transmission. They tried to correct or reconstruct the early history of Islam from other, presumably more reliable, sources such as coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic sources. The oldest of this group was John Wansbrough (1928–2002). Wansbrough's works were widely noted, but perhaps not widely read. In 1972 a cache of ancient Qur'ans in a mosque in Sana'a, Yemen was discovered – commonly known as the Sana'a manuscripts. The German scholar Gerd R. Puin and his research team, who investigated these Quran fragments for many years, made approximately 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to early part of the 8th century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography. He also suggested that some of the parchments were palimpsests which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one. Keith Small, in Textual Criticism and Qur'ān Manuscripts, has concluded that it is not possible to develop a reliable critical text of the Quran based on the sources currently available. The Corpus Coranicum project is an ongoing effort to develop a critical edition of the Quran.
Differences and similarities with the Bible
Skeptical scholars account for the many similarities between the Quran and the Jewish and Hebrew Scriptures by saying that Muhammad was teaching what he believed to be a universal history, as he had heard it from the Jews and Christians he had encountered in Arabia and on his travels – as well as his exposure to the Hanif tradition by way of his paternal-grandfather, Abdul Muttalib. These scholars also disagree with the Islamic belief that the whole of the Quran is addressed by God to humankind. They note that there are numerous passages where God is directly addressed, or mentioned in the third person, or where the narrator swears by various entities, including God. The Quranic account, however, differs significantly regarding the crucifixion and death of Jesus.
Similarities with apocryphal legends
Aside from the Bible, Quran relies on several apocryphal sources, like the Protoevangelium of James, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, and several infancy gospels. Several narratives rely on Jewish Midrash Tanhuma legends, like the narrative of Cain learning to bury the body of Abel in Surah 5:31.
Varying codices and the start of the canonization
Before Uthman established the canon of the Quran, there may have been different versions or codices in complete state, though none has yet been discovered. Such codices as may exist never gained general approval and were viewed by Muslims as individuals' personal copies. With respect to partial codices, there is opinion that "the search for variants in the partial versions extant before the Caliph Uthman's alleged recension in the 640s has not yielded any differences of great significance". The two most influential codices at this time are ʿAbdullah ibn Masʿud's and Ubayy ibn Kaʿb's. Al-Qurazi recounted seeing the mushafs used by Ibn Mas'ud, Ubayy, and Zaid b. Thabit and finding no differences between them.
ʿAbdullah ibn Masʿud's codex
The most influential of the allegedly varying codices was that of ʿAbdullah ibn Masʿud, an early convert who became a personal servant to Muhammad. It is reported that he learned around seventy suras directly from Muhammad, who appointed him as one of the first teachers of Quranic recitation. Later he was appointed to an administrative post in Kufa by the caliph ʿUmar, where he became a leading authority on the Quran and Sunnah. Some sources suggest that Ibn Masʿud refused to destroy his copy of the Quran or to stop teaching it when the ʿUthmanic codex was made official.
There are two points on which Ibn Masʿud's version is alleged to differ from the ʿUthmanic text: the order of the suras and some variants in the readings. Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami lists three reports concerning the omission of three suras, (Al-Fatiha and Al-Mu'awwidhatayn, the two short suras with which the Quran ends (Suras 113 and 114)), he then states that "early scholars such as al-Nawawi and Ibn Hazm denounced these reports as lies fathered upon Ibn Mas'ud." Most of the other differences involve only altered vowels with the same consonantal text, which caused variations in recitation. Ramon Harvey notes that Ibn Masʿūd's reading continued in use, and was even taught as the dominant reading in Kufa for at least a century after his death, in a paper discussing how some of his distinctive readings continued to play a role in Hanafi fiqh.
Ubay ibn Ka'b's codex
The second most influential codex was that of Ubay ibn Ka'b, a Medinan Muslim who served as a secretary for Muhammad. It is believed that he may have been more prominent as a Quranic specialist than Ibn Masʿud during Muḥammad's lifetime. There are reports that he was responsible for memorizing certain important revelations on legal matters, which from time to time Muhammad asked him to recite. In a few hadiths, Ubay is seen in a variety of roles. For instance, the "sheets" of Ubay are sometimes mentioned in some instances instead of those of Ḥafsa, and sometimes he is also mentioned in some hadiths instead of Zayd, dictating the Quran to scribes.
His version of the Quran is said to have included two short suras not in the Uthmanic or Ibn Masʿud texts: Sūrat al-Khal, with three verses, and Sūrat al-Ḥafd, with six. Professor Sean Anthony has discussed the textual history of these two surahs in detail and noted that their presence in mushafs modelled after Ubayy's (and to a lesser extent, certain other companions) is "robustly represented in our earliest and best sources". While we lack material evidence in the form of manuscripts, he notes that many of the Muslim sources make direct material observations of the surahs in such mushafs. The order of suras in Ubayy's codex is said to have differed from that of Uthman's and Ibn Masʿud's as well, although these are structural differences rather than textual variations. The surah order of the lower text of the early seventh century Ṣanʽā’ 1 palimpsest is known to have similarities with that reported of Ubayy (and to a lesser extent, that of Ibn Mas'ud).
The first sura, entitled al-Khal ("separation"), is translated as: "O Allah, we seek your help and ask your forgiveness, and we praise you and we do not disbelieve in you. We separate from and leave him who sins against you."
The second sura, entitled al-Hafd ("haste"), is translated as: "O Allah, we worship You and to You we pray and prostrate and to You we run and hasten to serve You. We hope for Your mercy and we fear Your punishment. Your punishment will certainly reach the disbelievers." These two pieces are said to constitute qunut (that is, supplications which Muhammad sometimes made in morning prayer or in witr prayer after recitation of suras from the Quran). They are in fact identical to some parts of qunut reported in the collections of hadiths. (See Nawawi, al-adhkar, Cairo, 1955, pp. 57–58.)
The single additional so-called aya is translated: "If the son of Adam were given a valley full of riches, he would wish a second one; and if he were given two valleys full of riches, he would surely ask for a third. Nothing will fill the belly of the son of Adam except dust, and Allah is forgiving to him who is repentant." This text is known to be a hadith from Muhammad. (Bukhari, VIII, No. 444-47.) According to Ibn 'Abbas (No. 445) and 'Ubay (No. 446) this text was at times thought to be part of the Quran. However, Ubay himself clarifies that after sura 102: "I had been revealed, [the sahaba] did not consider the above to be part of the Quran." (Bukhari, VIII, No. 446.)
This explanation of Ubay also makes it very clear that the companions of Mohammad did not differ at all about what was part of the Quran and what was not part of the Quran when the revelation had ceased. It is also important to note that the hadith appeared in the mushaf of Ubay because it was for his own personal use; that is, in his private notebook, where he did not always distinguish between Quranic material and hadith, since the notebook was not meant for public use and he himself knew well what to make of his own notes. All companions of Mohammad are said to have had their own copies of the Quran, with notes, for personal use.
The Islamic reports of these copies of the Quran of the companions of Mohammad only tell of various differences according to reports that reached them (e.g., the hadith in Bukhari, VIII, No. 446, that Ubay at some early stage held this sentence to be part of the Quran). However, the tangible manuscripts of these copies of the Quran have not survived but were destroyed, having been considered obsolete.
Early manuscripts to the final canonical text
After Uthman had the other codices destroyed there were still variations in the reading and the text of this Quran. However, scholars deny the possibility of great changes of the text arguing that addition, suppression or alteration would have led to controversy 'of which there is little trace'. They further state that even though Uthman became unpopular among Muslims, he was not charged with alteration or mutilation of the Quran in general.
During the manuscript age, the Quran was the most copied Arabic text. It was believed that copying the Quran would bring blessings on the scribe and the owner.
The Arabic script as we know it today was unknown in Muhammad's time (as Arabic writing styles have progressed through time) and the Quran was preserved through memorization and written references on different materials. As Arab society started to evolve into using writing more regularly, writing skills evolved accordingly. Early Quranic Arabic was written in a rasm which lacked precision because distinguishing between consonants was impossible due to the absence of diacritical marks (a'jam). Vowelling marks (tashkil) to indicate prolongation or vowels were absent as well. Due to this there were endless possibilities for the mispronunciation of the word. The Arabic script as we know it today, the scripta plena, which has pointed texts and is fully vowelled was not perfected until the middle of the 9th century.
Umayyad Period (44/661–132/750) – Hijazi script
The earliest known manuscripts of the Quran are collectively called the Hijazi script, and are mostly associated with the Umayyad period.
Most of the fundamental reform to the manuscripts of the Quran took place under Abd al-Malik, the fifth Umayyad caliph (65/685–86/705). Under Abd al-Malik's reign, Abu'l Aswad al-Du'ali (died 688) founded the Arabic grammar and invented the system of placing large coloured dots to indicate the tashkil. The Umayyad governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi later enforced this system.
During this time the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 72/691–92 was done, which was complete with Quranic inscriptions. The inscriptions on the Dome of the Rock in fact represent the earliest known dated passages from the Quran. In these inscriptions, many letters are already provided with diacritical points.
The earliest codices of the Quran found in the Umayyad period were most likely made in single volumes, which can be determined from the large fragments that have survived. Also during this time, the format of the codex went from being vertical to horizontal in the 8th century. It is believed this change to horizontal formats and thick/heavy-looking scripts may have been done to show the superiority of the Quran and to distinguish the Islamic tradition from the Jewish and Christian ones, who used vertical formats for their scriptures.
During this time, there was a diversity of styles in which the Quran was written. One characteristic seen in most of these manuscripts is the elongated shafts of the free-standing alif and the right-sided tail (foot) of the isolated alif. Also, these manuscripts do not have headings of chapters (suras). Instead, a blank space is left at the end of one sura and at the beginning of another.
Abbasid Period (132/750–640/1258)
Early Abbasid Style
Unlike the manuscripts from the Umayyad Dynasty, many of the early Abbasid manuscripts were copied in a number of volumes. This is evident from the large scripts used and the smaller number of lines per page. Early Quranic manuscripts provide evidence for the history of the Quranic text and their formal features tell us something about the way art and its deeper meaning were perceived in the classical age of Islam. Both its script and layout turned out to be constructed according to elaborate geometrical and proportional rules.
The main characteristic of these scripts was their writing style. The letters in most of these manuscripts are heavy-looking, relatively short and horizontally elongated. The slanted isolated form of the alif that was present in the Umayyad period completely disappeared and was replaced by a straight shaft with a pronounced right-sided foot, set at a considerable distance from the following letter. Also, unlike the Hijazi scripts, these are often richly illuminated in gold and other colours. Another difference is that sura headings are clearly marked and enclosed in rectangular panels with marginal vignettes or palmettes protruding into the outer margins. These Qurans of the early Abbasid period were also bound in wooden boards, structured like a box enclosed on all sides with a movable upper cover that was fastened to the rest of the structure with leather thongs.
New Abbasid Style
The New Abbasid Style (NS) began at the end of the 9th century C.E. and was used for copying the Quran until the 12th centuries, and maybe even as late as the 13th century. Unlike manuscripts copied in Early Abbasid scripts, NS manuscripts had vertical formats.
During this time, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (died 786) devised a tashkil system to replace that of Abu al-Aswad. His system has been universally used since the early 11th century, and includes six diacritical marks: fatha (a), damma (u), kasra (i), sukun (vowel-less), shadda (double consonant), madda (vowel prolongation; applied to the alif).
Another central figure during this time was Abu Bakr b. Mujāhid (died 324/936). His goal was to restrict the number of reliable readings and accept only those based on a fairly uniform consonantal text. He chose seven well-known Quran teachers of the 2nd/8th century and declared that their readings all had divine authority, which the others lacked. He based this on the popular ḥadith in which Muhammad says the Quran was revealed to him in "seven aḥruf". During this time there was strong Quranic traditions in Kufa, Baṣra, Medina, Damascus, and Mecca. Due to this, Ibn Mujāhid selected one reading each for Medina, Mecca, Baṣra, and Damascus—those of Nafi‘ (died 169/785), Ibn Kathir (died 120/737), Abu ʿAmr (died 154/770), and IbnʿAmir (died 118/736), respectively—and three for Kūfa, those of ʿAsim (died 127/744), Ḥamza (died 156/772), and al-Kisaʾi (died 189/804). His attempt to limit the number of canonical readings to seven was not acceptable to all, and there was strong support for alternative readings in most of the five cities. In the present day the most common reading that is in general use is that of 'Aasim al-Kufi through Hafs.
The 11th-century eastern Quranic manuscript contains the 20th juz' (section) of a Quran that originally consisted of 30 parts. The arrangement into 30 parts corresponds to the number of days in the month of Ramadan, during which the Muslim is obliged to fast and to read through the whole of the Quran. Other sections or fragments of this magnificent manuscript lie scattered in various collections all over the world. A Turkish note ascribes the Quran to the hand of the Caliph Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and thus demonstrates the high significance of this manuscript. The text is written in Eastern Kufic, a monumental script that was developed in Iran in the late 10th century. The writing and the illumination of the manuscript bear witness to the great artistic skills of the calligrapher and the illustrator. The manuscript is at the Bavarian State Library in Munich, Germany. Out of seven complete or nearly complete semi-Kufic Qurans from before the end of the eleventh century, four contain a verse count. Although a small sample, it does suggest that the use of a verse count was a prevalent and quite deeply rooted practice in semi-Kufic Qurans between ca. 950 and ca. 1100.
Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla (died 940), an accomplished calligrapher from Baghdad, was also a prominent figure at this time. He became vizir to three Abbasid caliphs and is credited with developing the first script to obey strict proportional rules. Ibn Muqla's system was used in the development and standardization of the Quranic script, and his calligraphic work became the standard way of writing the Quran. However it was later perfected by Ibn al-Bawwab (d. 1022), the master calligrapher who continued Muqla's tradition. Muqla's system became one of the most popular styles for transcribing Arabic manuscripts in general, being favoured for its legibility. The eleventh century Quran is one of the earliest dated manuscripts in this style.
This "new style" is defined by breaks and angular forms and by extreme contrasts between the thick and thin strokes. The script was initially used in administrative and legal documents, but then it replaced earlier Quranic scripts. It is possible that it was easier to read than the early 'Abbasid scripts, which differ greatly from current writing. Economic factors may also have played a part because while the "new style" was being introduced, paper was also beginning to spread throughout the Muslim world, and the decrease in the price of books triggered by the introduction of this new material seems to have led to an increase in its demand. The "new style" was the last script to spread throughout the Muslim world before the introduction of printing. It remained in use until the 13th century, at which point it was restricted to titles only.
1924 Cairo edition
The influential standard Quran of Cairo ("1342 Cairo text" using the Islamic calendar) is the Quran that was used throughout almost all the Muslim world until the Saudi Quran of 1985. The Egyptian edition is based on the "Ḥafṣ" version ("qira'at") based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. It uses a set of additional symbols and an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and for minute details, not identical to any older system. The Cairo edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran with the exception of those used in all North Africa (excluding Egypt) where the Warsh version is used.
A committee of leading professors from Al-Azhar University had started work on the project in 1907 but it was not until 10 July 1924 that the "Cairo Qur’an" was first published by Amiri Press under the patronage of Fuad I of Egypt, as such, it is sometimes known as the "royal (amīriyya) edition." The goal of the government of the newly formed Kingdom of Egypt was not to delegitimize the other qir’at, but to eliminate that, which the colophon labels as errors, found in Qur’anic texts used in state schools. To do this they chose to preserve one of the fourteen Qira'at “readings”, namely that of Hafs (d. 180/796), student of ‘Asim. Its publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur’an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur’an has a single, unambiguous reading", i.e. that of the 1924 Cairo version. Minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 - the "Faruq edition" in honour of then ruler, King Faruq.
Reasons given for the overwhelming popularity of Hafs and Asim range from the fact that it is easy to recite, to the simple statement that "God has chosen it". Ingrid Mattson credits mass-produced printing press mushafs with increasing the availability of the written Quran but also diminishing the diversity of qira'at. Written text has become canonical and oral recitation has lost much of its previous equality.
Muslim disagreement over whether to include the Basmala within the Quranic text, reached consensus following the 1924 Edition, which included it as the first verse (āyah) of Quran chapter 1 but otherwise included it as an unnumbered line of text preceding the other 112 chapters, with the exclusion of Quran chapter 9. The Cairo Quran adopted the Kufan tradition of separating and numbering verses, and thus standardized a different verse numbering to Flügel's 1834 edition. It adopted the chronological order of chapters attributed to Ibn Abbās, which became widely accepted following 1924. A large number of pre-1924 Qurans were destroyed by dumping them in the river Nile.
Prominent committee members included Islamic scholar, Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Husayni al-Haddad, Egypt's senior Qur'an Reader (Shaykh al-Maqâri). Noteworthy Western scholars/academics working in Egypt during the era include Bergsträsser and Jeffery. Methodological differences aside, speculation alludes to a spirit of cooperation. Bergsträsser was certainly impressed with the work.
Completeness
Islamic sources
According to Islamic sources before Caliph Uthman's standardization, after which variants were burned, the Quran may have contained either 116 chapters (Ubayy Ibn Ka'ab's codex) or 111 chapters (Ibn Ma'sud's codex).
Islamic view: Sunni and Shia
Most Muslims believe that Quran, as it is presented today, is complete and untouched, supported by their faith in Quranic verses such as "We [Allah] have, without doubt, sent down the Reminder [the Quran]; and We will assuredly guard it [from corruption]".
However, some Sunni literature contains reports that suggest that some of the revelations had already been lost before the collection of the Quran initiated by Abu Bakr. In one report, 'Umar was once looking for the text of a specific verse of the Quran on stoning as a punishment for adultery, which he remembered. Later, he discovered that the only person who had any record of that verse had been killed in the battle of Yamama and as a result the verse was lost. Some of the Companions recalled that same verse, one person being 'A'isha, Muhammad's youngest wife. She is believed to have said that a sheet on which two verses, including the one on stoning, were under her bedding and that after Muhammad died, a domestic animal got into the room and ate the sheet. Experts on hadith literature have rejected this hadith, as all routes of transmission either contain narrators charged with dishonesty in disclosing sources or simply conflict with the majority version of the report, which all have authentic routes of transmission but omit the part about the piece of paper being eaten.
Certain Shia scholars state that Ali's predecessors wilfully excluded all references to the right of Ali to be the caliph after Muhammad died. Some Shias questioned the integrity of the Uthmanic codex, stating that two surahs, "al-Nurayn" (The Two Lights) and "al-Walayah" (the Guardianship), which dealt with the virtues of Muhammad's family, were removed.
Al-Khoei addresses this issue and argues for the authenticity and completeness of the Quran on the basis that it was compiled during the lifetime of Muhammad. His argument is based on hadiths and on critically analysing the situation during and after the life of Muhammad. He states that the collection of the Quran by Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman occurred significantly after the caliphate was decided, and so if Ali's rule had been mentioned, there would have been no need for the Muslims to gather to appoint someone. The fact that none of the Companions mentioned this supposed alteration, either at the beginning of the caliphate or after Ali became caliph, is regarded as proof that this alteration did not occur.
Al-Khoei also argues that by the time 'Uthman became caliph, Islam had spread to such an extent that it was impossible for anyone to remove anything from the Quran. Uthman could have altered the text but he would have been unable to convince all those who had memorized the Quran to go along with his alterations. Any such alteration also would have been mentioned by Uthman's political opponents and assassins yet none accused him of this. Finally, he argues that if Uthman had altered the Quran, Ali would have restored it to its original state upon the death of Uthman, especially if verses of his rule had been removed. Instead Ali is seen promoting the Quran during his reign, which is evidence that there was no alteration.
Manuscripts
In the 20th century, the Sanaa manuscript was discovered. It has been radiocarbon dated to the range 578-669 CE with 95% confidence. The manuscript is a palimpsest with quranic verses in both upper and lower texts. The upper text has exactly the same verses and the same order of suras and verses as the standard Quran. The order of the suras in the lower text of the Sana'a codex is different from the order in the standard Quran. In addition, the lower text exhibits extensive variations from the counterpart text in the standard Quran; such that the lower text represents the only surviving early quranic manuscript that does not conform to the 'Uthmanic tradition. The majority of these variations add words and phrases, so as to emphasize or clarify the standard quranic reading. Some scholars have proposed parallels for these variations in reports of variants in 'companion codices' that were kept by individual companions to the Prophet outside of the mainstream tradition of 'Uthman; but these correspondences are much the minority. François Déroche proposes, on palaeographic grounds, a date for the lower text in the second half of the first century AH (hence 672 - 722 CE) and summarises the character of the Sana'a Palimpsest, "The scriptio inferior of the Codex Ṣanʿāʾ I has been transcribed in a milieu which adhered to a text of the Qurʾan different from the ʿUthmanic tradition as well as from the Qurʾanic codices of Ibn Masʿūd and Ubayy".
See also
Christian influences on the Islamic world
Corpus Coranicum
Early Quranic manuscripts
Biblical and Quranic narratives
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Quranic timeline
Qisas Al-Anbiya
Criticism of the Quran
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Dated Muslim Texts From 1-72 AH / 622-691 AD: Documentary Evidence For Early Islam Islamic Awareness
Corpus Coranicum: comprehensive website on early Quran manuscripts by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Several early Qur'ans: information, zoomable images British Library website
Quran
Quran
Literary criticism
Quran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Quran |
Cyrus of Alexandria ( al-Muqawqis, ) was a prominent figure in the 7th century. He served as a Melchite patriarch of the Alexandria diocese and held the position of the last Byzantine prefect of Egypt. Notably, he played a significant role in the development of monothelitism. Cyrus died in Alexandria on March 21, 642.
Bishop of Phasis
In 620, he assumed the position of Bishop of Phasis in Colchis. In 626, during the Persian campaign led by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, he was consulted regarding a plan proposed by Sergius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, aimed at reconciling the Miaphysites of Egypt with the Church and gaining their support for the empire. This plan, known as the monenergist plan, involved accepting the Chalcedonian principle of two natures of Christ while effectively nullifying it by asserting that he possessed only one energy, referred to as (ἓν θέλημα καὶ μία ἐνέργεια). Cyrus embraced this formula after Sergius assured him that Pope Honorius I in Rome had endorsed it and that it did not contradict the teachings of the Church Fathers or the decisions made at the Council of Chalcedon. Cyrus was subsequently appointed by Heraclius as the Bishop of Alexandria in 630, in opposition to the Miaphysite Patriarch of Alexandria, with the intention of implementing this plan.
Patriach of Alexandria
Cyrus, once patriarch, made persistent efforts to reconcile the Miaphysites and Chalcedonians by promoting monenergism, which eventually developed into monothelitism—a belief in a single will. In June 633, he presented the Pact of Union, also known as the plerophoría of "Satisfactio," during a synod held in Alexandria. This agreement consisted of nine articles, with the seventh one boldly asserting monothelitism. Although the Miaphysites, also referred to as Theodosians or Severians, welcomed the pact, they maintained that Chalcedon should come to them rather than vice versa. During this time, numerous clergy, soldiers, and common people converted to Cyrus's position, but the change did not endure
There was an expectation that Pope Honorius I would be persuaded to adopt the monothelete stance. In 636, Cyrus attended another synod in Cyprus under Arkadios II, where he served as a moderator. He allowed opponents of Monothelitism to present their case to the Emperor. After receiving the Emperor's Monothelite response, known as the Ecthesis, Cyrus signed it in 637. However, the monothelete compromise ultimately proved ineffective. It was condemned at the Lateran Council of 649 and soon lost credibility, earning the derogatory name "enôsis hydrobaphès" or "washy union" in Medieval Greek.
For a period of ten years, Cyrus harshly persecuted the Egyptians, attempting to forcefully convert them to his faith. However, the majority of the Egyptian people did not recognize him as their patriarch. Instead, they acknowledged Pope Benjamin I, who went into hiding and was relentlessly pursued by Cyrus, though without success. In one instance, Cyrus's troops captured Benjamin's brother, Mennas, subjecting him to a brutal torture. According to Severus ibn al-Muqaffa, Mennas was burned with torches until the fat dripped from his sides to the ground. Despite this torment, Mennas remained steadfast, refusing to renounce his faith even when his teeth were pulled out. He was then placed in a sack filled with sand, taken by boat a considerable distance from the shore, and thrown into the sea where he drowned. The biographer of Benjamin noted, "Yet it was not they who were victorious over Mennas, that champion of the faith, but Mennas who by Christian patience overcame them."
On another occasion, Cyrus summoned Samuel the Confessor, an Egyptian abbot, and had him brought in chains. Samuel, full of joy in the Lord, expressed his willingness to shed his blood for the name of Christ. When Cyrus saw him, he ordered the soldiers to beat him mercilessly until his blood flowed abundantly. Cyrus questioned Samuel, saying, "Samuel, you wicked ascetic, who appointed you as the abbot of the monastery and instructed you to teach the monks to curse me and my faith?" The holy Abba Samuel responded, "It is better to obey God and His holy Archbishop Benjamin than to obey you and your devilish doctrine, O son of Satan, Antichrist, Beguiler." Enraged by Samuel's words, Cyrus commanded the soldiers to strike him dead, but the ruler of Faiyum intervened and saved him from their hands. As a result, Cyrus ordered Samuel to be banished from the Nitrian Desert.
Cyrus appointed Chalcedonian bishops to govern every Egyptian city up to Ansena, and Coptic priests were put to death whenever discovered. Despite the absence of priests, the Coptic people continued to hold secret gatherings. One priest, Agathon, risked his life each night to administer communion in Alexandria. Later, he succeeded Benjamin as Pope. Some Copts made an attempt on Cyrus's life, but the plot was uncovered by Eudocianus, the brother of Domentianus, who was a general in the Muslim conquest of Egypt. The conspirators were summarily executed without trial.
Military prefect
During the period when Umar's general, 'Amr ibn al-'As, also known as Amru to the Romans, posed a threat to the Prefecture of Egypt, Cyrus was appointed as prefect and given the responsibility of leading the war efforts. In order to maintain peace, Cyrus agreed to certain conditions that were deemed humiliating. However, this decision displeased his superior to such an extent that he was recalled and harshly accused of colluding with the Rashidun Caliphate. Despite these accusations, Cyrus was eventually reinstated to his former position due to the imminent siege of Alexandria. Unfortunately, he was unable to prevent the fall of the illustrious city in 641. Subsequently, on November 8, 641, he signed a peace treaty that resulted in the surrender of Alexandria and Egypt. Cyrus died in 642.
Writings
Cyrus communicated with Sergius through three letters, known as the "Satisfactio," which have been preserved in the acts of the Roman Synod of the Lateran and the Sixth Ecumenical Council (Mansi, X, 1004; XI, 560, 562, 964).
In the first letter, Cyrus expressed his acceptance of the Ecthesis. The second letter described his dilemma between Pope Leo and Sergius, while the third letter narrated the conversion of the Theodosians.
One of the articles in the "Satisfactio," specifically the seventh article, states: "The one and same Christ, the Son, performs the works proper to God and to man by one theandric operation according to St. Dionysius."
Cyrus faced opposition from St. Sophronius, who died in 638 (Epistola synodica, Mansi, XI, 480), and St. Maximus, who died in 662 (Epistola ad Nicandrum; disputatio cum Pyrrho, P.G., XCI, 101, 345). They accused him of tempering with the revered text of Dionysius and introducing alterations. They also refuted his claim of support from the Church Fathers and explained that while the divine and human natures of Christ are referred to as one because they belong to the same person and work in harmony, they cannot be physically identified, as they have distinct origins. Historians hold differing opinions on how Cyrus adopted these views. Some believe he had a predisposition towards Monophysitism from the beginning, while others argue that he was influenced by Sergius and Heraclius.
Posthumously, Cyrus was condemned as a heretic at the Lateran Council of 649 (Denzinger, Enchiridion, 217, 219) and again in 680 at the Third Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (Denzinger, 238; Mansi, XI, 554).
See also
Al-Muqawqis
References
Sources
7th-century Patriarchs of Alexandria
7th-century Roman governors of Egypt
Year of birth missing
642 deaths
Lazica
People declared heretics by the first seven ecumenical councils
Heraclius
Muslim conquest of Egypt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus%20of%20Alexandria |
Stabilo Boss is the self-titled first full-length album by Stabilo Boss (now Stabilo). This album was produced and engineered by Northern Californians Matthew J Doughty (sometimes credited as Matt Doughty) and Chris Davies, and was released independently across Canada and the USA.
After the success of their single "Everybody", Stabilo Boss was the only indie band nominated in the Best New Rock Band category at the 2003 Canadian Radio Music Awards.
Track listing
"One More Pill" – 5:12
"Middle Of The Night" – 5:00
"Thing" – 5:41
"Penny Pass" – 4:38
"Everybody" – 3:58
"Gateway" – 6:07
"Into The Blind" – 3:56
"Donovan" – 7:27
"Breathe A Lot" – 4:43
"Tumble" – 4:58
Stabilo (band) albums
2001 albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilo%20Boss%20%28album%29 |
The Port of Ghent is the third busiest seaport in Belgium, located in Ghent, East Flanders in the Flemish Region. The first port of Ghent was situated at the river Scheldt and later on at the Leie. Since the Middle Ages Ghent has sought for a connection to the sea. In the 13th century via the Lieve canal to the Zwin near Damme, in the 16th century via the Sassevaart, in the 17th century via the Ghent–Bruges canal. Since the 19th century, the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal connects the port via the Western Scheldt to the North Sea. The port of Ghent is accessible by ships of the Panamax size, and in February 2015 the construction of a new lock at Terneuzen was announced, which will maintain near-parity with those of the Panama Canal expansion project.
History
In 1251, the Lieve Canal was constructed in order to attempt to connect Ghent to Damme, which was at that time was situated at the Zwin. However, the Zwin sanded up and the Lieve canal lost all relevance by the end of the fifteenth century.
In 1547, a second attempt was made by digging the Sassevaart (Sasse Canal), which became a busy trade route. In the sixteenth century however, the European wars of religion meant the end of navigation on the Sassevaart. This due to a traffic lock on both Western Scheldt and all other connecting waterways set by the Dutch. In the 17th century, a new attempt was made with the Ghent–Bruges–Ostend canal. But as a consequence of the abolition of the former trade privileges there was but little activity. The present canal (the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal) was finally dug under the rule of William I, King of the Netherlands. In 1822 the final plan was ratified and in 1827 the works could be started. As waterborne traffic and port activities increased, the sea canal was extended several times:
1880–1881: digging of the Voorhaven and Houtdok
1900–1930: digging of the Grootdok with the Noord-, Midden- and Zuiddok
1931: digging of the Schepen Sifferdok
The works on the Sifferdok were complicated by the crisis of the thirties and by World Wars I and II. A revival was practically impossible as the dimensions of the lock were insufficient for the modern post-war seagoing vessels. In 1960 an agreement was signed between Belgium and the Netherlands, which stipulated that a new sealock was to be built and that the canal was to be adapted for vessels up to . now one post-panamax vessel has already managed to pass through the existing lock.her name was alam permai with a deadweight of 87000 tonnes
1961–1968: lengthening of the Sifferdok
1966–1968: digging of the Petroleumdok
1968: inauguration of the new sealock
1970–1971/1975–1978: digging of the Rodenhuizedok
1996–today: digging of the Kluizendok
With the digging of the newest dock, the Kluizendok, a new era dawned for Ghent. The first phase of the works was scheduled for completion in the autumn of 1999. From that moment onwards the first 1,200m of quay wall and waterfront sites behind became available. In 2005 it the Kluizendok became partially operational. It includes 100 hectares directly fronting the dockside, suitable for logistics and industrial developments, and a further 100 hectares suitable for manufacturing and assembly industries without a direct interface to maritime transport.
In February 2015, Flanders and the Netherlands signed a treaty for the construction of a new lock at Terneuzen, scheduled for completion in 2021 and costing €920M. The new lock is about the same size as those of the contemporaneous expansion project of the Panama Canal.
See also
Ghent Bio-Energy Valley
References
External links
Ghent
Ports and harbours of the North Sea
Geography of Ghent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Ghent |
Max Green (1952 – 25 March 1998) was an Australian lawyer who embezzled millions of dollars and was later murdered in Cambodia.
Early life
He was born in London, England and moved to Australia when he was 5 and grew up in Sydney. He graduated from law school, moved to Melbourne and married Louise Giselle Baron in 1976.
He joined the board of Emma Page, a fashion jewellery concern, in 1981. He spent the years from 1985 to 1989 in Austin, Texas, working full-time for Emma Page.
In 1991, Green became a partner of Gary Vernon Shugg, in a law firm in Melbourne. Green left this firm in late 1993. In 1995, a partner of the firm (Shugg) was suspended from practice for three years. It was alleged, but never proved, that the firm sold weapons to Cambodia. The firm was placed into receivership in June 1994 at the request of Shugg.
Green became a partner in Melbourne law firm Aroni Colman shortly after his departure from Shugg & Green.
Tax minimisation
Australian tax law allows equipment purchases that are below a certain purchase price to be entirely depreciated in the first year. Green founded an investment scheme during the 1990s designed to help investors minimise tax legally. The scheme would buy equipment and lease it to CityLink for the construction of highways in Melbourne.
The scheme involved borrowing four times as much money as the initial capital from a Hong Kong bank. A$42 million was invested in the scheme, mainly by private individuals. Most of the investors were Jewish businessmen from Melbourne. Green promised a 15% per annum return on investment, as well as allowing investors to legally write off some of the investment as a tax deduction.
Green created fraudulent documents that appeared to show equipment purchases, but the fund never actually purchased any equipment and CityLink did not lease any equipment from it. A considerable quantity of money disappeared from the trust accounts used to hold the investors' capital. The movement of the money was subsequently traced through an elaborate network of bank accounts.
However, Green ultimately laundered all the money that he stole and police were never able to recover any of it. It is thought that he purchased some US $20 million of gems from various gem traders in Cambodia, and later sold the gems in Israel.
The Victorian Lawyers RPA Ltd, the regulatory arm of the Victorian Law Institute, began an investigation of "trust account irregularities" in accounts associated with Green and Aroni Colman.
Quotes
His friend and associate Ted Doyle, a gem trader, said "A very fine piece of monofilament was attaching Max Green to the planet. You are talking about a very sick soul who played with the wrong people… In the course of trade, Max got killed before he could pay his last bill. It makes it rather difficult for people to pay their bills. Not breathing affects your ability to write checks."
References
Law Institute of Victoria, "Cambodian murder: trust account irregularities under investigation," 27 March 1998
Richard W. Hughes. "Love & Hate: Sapphire of Laos: Max Green, Ted Doyle, Kerry Danes & the Stolen Millions"
1952 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Australian lawyers
Australian people murdered abroad
People murdered in Cambodia
Deaths by strangulation
Criminals from Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Green%20%28lawyer%29 |
The X.445 is an ITU-T standard for sending X.400 traffic over standard telephone lines, a method known commonly as dial-up. It is also known as the Asynchronous Protocol Specification (APS).
See also
ITU-T, a list of current ITU-T standards
References
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T X Series Recommendations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.445 |
The 2006 June rugby union tests (also known as the summer tests in the Northern Hemisphere) were rugby union Test matches played during between June in 2006. It saw several tests between touring Northern Hemisphere sides and home Southern Hemisphere sides, including a test series between Australia and England, Argentina and Wales, New Zealand and Ireland and South Africa and Scotland. France played Romania and the Springboks, while Italy played Fiji and Japan.
Most of the fixtures acted as end-of-season tours of the Northern Hemisphere nations, and pre season matches for the Tri Nations Series and Pacific 5 Nations for the Southern Hemisphere nations.
Overview
Series
Other tours
Fixtures
The scoreline belied the closeness of the contest, as Ireland were 20 minutes away from a first-ever win over the All Blacks, holding a 23–15 lead halfway through the second half.
This was Scotland's largest-ever defeat in South Africa.
This was Argentina's first-ever Test in Patagonia. Puerto Madryn was the site where the first Welsh colonists arrived in Argentina, leading to the establishment of Y Wladfa in the 1860s.
Argentina win a Test series against Wales for the first time.
This was England's fifth consecutive Test defeat, their worst streak since 1984. Australia's George Gregan made his 120th international appearance, setting an all-time record for the sport.
Fiji claim a Six Nations scalp for the first time since 2000, when they defeated Italy (then newly admitted to the Six Nations), the last time the Azzurri visited Churchill Park.
Fullback Percy Montgomery became the first Springbok to score 600 Test points.
South Africa suffered their first defeat at home since 2003. The result meant that the teams switched places in the world rankings, with France overtaking South Africa for second.
See also
2006 IRB Churchill Cup
2006 end-of-year rugby union tests
2006 France rugby union tour
2006 IRB Pacific 5 Nations
2006 IRB Nations Cup
Mid-year rugby union test series
References
External links
2006 Bundaberg Rum Rugby Series at Rugby.com.au
2006 All Blacks fixtures at AllBlacks.com
2006 Springboks fixtures at SARugby.co.za
2005
2006–07 in European rugby union
2005–06 in European rugby union
2006 in Oceanian rugby union
2006 in South American rugby union
2006 in South African rugby union
2005–06 in Japanese rugby union
Rugby tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20June%20rugby%20union%20tests |
The bantamweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 17 to 29 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing between 51 and 54 kilograms.
Competition format
Like all Olympic boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. This event consisted of 27 boxers who have qualified for the competition through various tournaments held in 2003 and 2004. The competition began with a preliminary round on 17 August, where the number of competitors was reduced to 16, and concluded with the final on 29 August. As there were fewer than 32 boxers in the competition, a number of boxers received a bye through the preliminary round. Both semi-final losers were awarded bronze medals.
Schedule
All times are Greece Standard Time (UTC+2)
Qualifying Athletes
Results
Notes
David Munyasia (Kenya) was ejected from the 2004 Athens Games four days before the draw after he tested positive for cathine.
Petit Ngnitedem (Gabon) replaced Mohamed Abdelsayed (Egypt) at the last moment winner for the second African qualification.
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
Bantam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing%20at%20the%202004%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Bantamweight |
Admiral Du Xigui (; November 12, 1875 – December 28, 1933) was a Chinese naval officer during the late Qing dynasty and the Warlord Era.
Biography
Born in Fuzhou, he graduated from the Nanjing naval college in 1902. In July 1911, Du was appointed as the commander of a vessel. His crew followed orders from Yuan Shikai to sail up the Yangtze and help put down the Wuchang Uprising later that year. However, when he saw that the Qing empire was collapsing, Du and his sailors mutinied, joining the Republican government. The uprising was what forced the Qing naval minister Sa Zhenbing to resign his post. After Yuan became the head of the government in Beijing, Du continued to serve him.
In 1922, he was made chief of the navy and helped the Zhili clique defeat Zhang Zuolin. In the spring of 1923, Shanghai's fleet rebelled and Du took responsibility by resigning but was recalled in November. In 1924, he commanded the Yangtze fleet of Jiangsu and defeated the Anhui clique's Zhejiang fleet led by Lin Jianzhang. Several ships defected to his side giving him control of Shanghai's waters.
In 1926, he served concurrently as acting president, premier, and minister of the navy. The Nanjing-based Nationalist government later employed him and sent him on an inspection tour of foreign navies.
Gallery
See also
List of premiers of the Republic of China
List of presidents of the Republic of China
References
1875 births
1933 deaths
Politicians from Fuzhou
Presidents of the Republic of China
Republic of China Navy admirals
Qing dynasty admirals
Premiers of the Republic of China
Republic of China politicians from Fujian
Generals from Fujian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Xigui |
Juan Carlos "Toto" Lorenzo (; 27 October 1922 – 14 November 2001) was an Argentine football player and coach. He became an icon for Boca Juniors fans after he coached the club to its first two Copa Libertadores titles.
Biography
In his teens, Lorenzo played for Chacarita Juniors, and made his professional debut in 1940. He was transferred to Boca Juniors in 1945, and after two years he joined Italian side Sampdoria team, where he remained until 1952. His next clubs would be now-defunct French F.C. Nancy, and Atlético Madrid, Rayo Vallecano, and RCD Mallorca, where in 1958 he was coach and player. Then, he quit play but remained as coach.
Lorenzo would be the coach that helped Mallorca to promote to Primera División for the first time in 1960.
Influenced by Argentine-Italian Helenio Herrera and riding the wave of his success in Spain, Lorenzo coached Argentina's San Lorenzo in 1961, and coached the Argentina national team in the 1962 FIFA World Cup. Back to Europe, he coached Lazio to Italian first division, and coached AS Roma in 1964. After coaching again the Argentine team for the 1966 FIFA World Cup, he would then return to Mallorca, then returned Lazio to first division, and won his first Argentine title (of a total of two) with San Lorenzo in 1972.
In 1973 Lorenzo went to Atlético Madrid, who went on to win the league title and lose the 1974 UEFA Champions League final to Bayern Munich. Back in Argentina, he coached recently promoted Unión de Santa Fe in 1975. The next year, he returned to Boca Juniors amid great pressure (rivals River Plate had just won back-to-back titles), and started one of the most successful periods in the history of the club. In his four-year tenure, Lorenzo and Boca took two local and three international titles, including the 1977 Intercontinental Cup (played in 1978).
Lorenzo's Boca was anchored by goalkeeper Hugo Gatti, a longtime Boca fan who fulfilled his dream of playing for Boca, and went on to become the player with most appearances in Argentine football history. In the defense, Vicente Pernía in the right and Alberto Tarantini in the left complemented centrals Francisco Sá and Roberto Mouzo. In the center field, reinforcements such as Jorge Ribolzi and Mario Zanabria played alongside veteran Boca players like Jorge Chino Benítez and Rubén Suñé. The attacking line was based on the speed of Ernesto Mastrángelo and Luis Darío Felman.
After that cycle, Lorenzo coached a number of different clubs with less success, including Racing Club, Argentinos Juniors, San Lorenzo, Vélez Sársfield, Atlanta, and Lazio, to return to Boca Juniors in 1987. But his second stint with Boca was brief, and Lorenzo finally retired from coaching.
Honours
Manager
Mallorca
Segunda División: 1959–60
San Lorenzo de Almagro
Primera División: 1972 Metropolitano, 1972 Nacional
Boca Juniors
Primera División: 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional
Copa Libertadores: 1977, 1978
Intercontinental Cup: 1977
References
1922 births
2001 deaths
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine Primera División players
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
RCD Mallorca players
Rayo Vallecano players
Boca Juniors footballers
Chacarita Juniors footballers
UC Sampdoria players
FC Nancy players
Serie A players
Ligue 1 players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Argentine football managers
Argentine expatriate football managers
San Lorenzo de Almagro managers
Club Atlético River Plate managers
Unión de Santa Fe managers
Boca Juniors managers
Racing Club de Avellaneda managers
Argentinos Juniors managers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield managers
Club Atlético Atlanta managers
Atlético Madrid managers
RCD Mallorca managers
SS Lazio managers
AS Roma managers
Serie A managers
Argentina national football team managers
1962 FIFA World Cup managers
1966 FIFA World Cup managers
Footballers from Buenos Aires
La Liga managers
Expatriate football managers in Italy
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Independiente Santa Fe managers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Carlos%20Lorenzo |
Cunningham was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1888 to 2009.
Prior to its abolition, the district occupied an area of the Darling Downs, south and west of Toowoomba. Historically it was centred on the town of Clifton. The eastern portion of Cunningham drew voters from the southern suburbs of Toowoomba. There were also a number of small rural towns in the electorate, including Pittsworth, Millmerran and Cambooya, but no major centres. It was solidly conservative for its entire existence, and was held by the National Party without interruption from 1920 until the Nationals merged into the Liberal National Party of Queensland.
In 2008, Cunningham was abolished—with effect at the 2009 state election—following a redistribution undertaken by the Electoral Commission of Queensland. Its former territory and voters were split between the districts of Toowoomba South, Southern Downs and the new seat of Condamine.
Members for Cunningham
Election results
See also
Electoral districts of Queensland
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
:Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name
References
External links
West Queensland, Cunningham
Results of the 2004 State Election
Stuart Copeland's Biography from the Queensland Parliament website.
Darling Downs
Toowoomba
Former electoral districts of Queensland
Constituencies established in 1888
Constituencies disestablished in 2009
1888 establishments in Australia
2009 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Cunningham |
EAX mode (encrypt-then-authenticate-then-translate) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm designed to simultaneously provide both authentication and privacy of the message (authenticated encryption) with a two-pass scheme, one pass for achieving privacy and one for authenticity for each block.
EAX mode was submitted on October 3, 2003 to the attention of NIST in order to replace CCM as standard AEAD mode of operation, since CCM mode lacks some desirable attributes of EAX and is more complex.
Encryption and authentication
EAX is a flexible nonce-using two-pass AEAD scheme with no restrictions on block cipher primitive to be used, nor on block size, and supports arbitrary-length messages. Authentication tag length is arbitrarily sizeable up to the used cipher's block size.
The block cipher primitive is used in CTR mode for encryption and as OMAC for authentication over each block through the EAX composition method, that may be seen as a particular case of a more general algorithm called EAX2 and described in The EAX Mode of Operation
The reference implementation in the aforementioned paper uses AES in CTR mode for encryption combined with AES OMAC for authentication.
Performance
Being a two-pass scheme, EAX mode is slower than a well designed one-pass scheme based on the same primitives.
EAX mode has several desirable attributes, notably:
provable security (dependent on the security of the underlying primitive cipher);
message expansion is minimal, being limited to the overhead of the tag length;
using CTR mode means the cipher need be implemented only for encryption, in simplifying implementation of some ciphers (especially desirable attribute for hardware implementation);
the algorithm is "on-line", that means that can process a stream of data, using constant memory, without knowing total data length in advance;
the algorithm can pre-process static Associated Data (AD), useful for encryption/decryption of communication session parameters (where session parameters may represent the Associated Data).
Notably, CCM mode lacks the last 2 attributes (CCM can process Associated Data, it can't pre-process it).
Patent status
The authors of EAX mode, Mihir Bellare, Phillip Rogaway, and David Wagner placed the work under public domain and have stated that they were unaware of any patents covering this technology. Thus, EAX mode of operation is believed to be free and unencumbered for any use.
Use
A modification of the EAX mode, so called EAX′ or EAXprime, is used in the ANSI C12.22 standard for transport of meter-based data over a network. In 2012 Kazuhiko Minematsu, Stefan Lucks, Hiraku Morita and Tetsu Iwata published a paper that proves the security of the mode with messages longer than the key, but demonstrates a trivial attack against short messages using this mode. The authors stated that they did not know whether the ANSI C12.22 protocols were vulnerable to the attack.
See also
Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)
Authenticated Encryption (AE)
CCM mode
CTR mode
OMAC
References
External links
NIST: Block Cipher Modes
A Critique of CCM (February 2003)
Software implementations
C++: Dr. Brian Gladman's crypto library implementing EAX mode of operation
Pascal / Delphi: Wolfgang Ehrhardt's crypto library implementing EAX mode of operation
Java: BouncyCastle crypto library implementing EAX mode of operation
C: libtomcrypt implementing EAX mode of operation
Hardware implementations
Block cipher modes of operation
Authenticated-encryption schemes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAX%20mode |
The tauolunga is a traditional Tongan dance. It is a combination of the Samoan Taualuga and the Tongan ula. The type of dance is comparable with (some) Hawaiian hula or the Tahitian aparima.
Performance
The tau'olunga is a dance for single young women, especially for them to show off on their wedding day. It is rare--but not impossible--for a married couple or an older woman to do a tau'olunga. It is also rare to see a man perform the dance, but he can mimic the dancing girl's movements in an exaggerated manner to make her beauty more striking by comparison. Despite these rare cases, the tau'olunga can be danced at any special occasion. Often it is performed by a small group of girls, up to 10 or so, but can also be performed individually. The assistance of older women is usually limited to only handclaps on the rhythm of the music. This role is called the tuulafale.
It is usual for a girl to start the dance, then parents, cousins, family members or friends come on the stage to put money notes on her oiled skin, and then join her in the tuulafale. The prizemoney (fakapale) is a reward for the girl, unless, as often is the case, the dance is performed as part of a fundraising or for a special occasion. It is common for the money to go towards the person being celebrated. For birthdays, the money would go to the person whose birthday they are celebrating. For weddings, it will go to the wedding couple. For a graduation, it will go to the person graduating etc.
The tauolunga mainly consists of a series of hand movements, which interpret the meaning of the selected song. However, most of the movements are so stylised that only experienced practitioners will understand their meaning. Many of the typical gestures (haka) are standardised and have their own name. The movement of the head also plays a significant role: the head and eyes should follow the hands on important movements, otherwise they are to be directed to the public. The eyes are never to glance away from the viewers. From time to time, little nods within one beat (teki) or two beats (kalo) must be made with the head. The girl must smile throughout her performance.
The movements of the body and the legs are less important. They have to follow hands and head. Shaking the hips, as elsewhere in Polynesia, is forbidden. Most of the time the legs are standing still, knees must be together and bent (taulalo). Some small steps--never large--or a turn around can be performed. Overall, the girl's movements should be graceful and soft, as should be her whole body.
A unique feature of any Tongan dance, not found elsewhere in Polynesia, is the rotational movements of the hands and wrists in many of the haka.
Dress
A tauolunga girl is usually dressed in a wrap around dress, either made from ngatu with traditional designs; a mat (kie) from handwoven pandanus leaves; a piece of cloth covered with green leaves, grass, fragrant flowers or shells; any shiny piece of cloth, decorated with sewn-on traditional patterns; or even a grass skirt. Every type of costume (teunga) has its own proper name. The dress reaches from just above the breasts down to the knees (or sometimes past the knee), leaving her arms and legs bare. As long skirts are the traditional apparel for Tongan girls, this is an occasion to show off her legs. If they are fair, the better.
Putting oil on her exposed skin parts so that they shine enhances her beauty even more in the Tongan mind. Around her middle she wears a belt (kafa) also usually made from leaves and fragrant flowers. Wristlets and anklets (vesa) may be worn, ranging from simple bands of cloth or ngatu to elaborate belts of leaves and flowers again. Around her neck she wears a black ribbon with a white cowry shell on it or not (puleoto). On her head she wears a little crown (tekiteki), which will enhance her head movements during the dance, consisting of feathers or some light plant material.
The more natural materials are used for her whole dress the better it is. Unfortunately plastic is slowly making its inroads nowadays.
History
Many technical motifs of the tauolunga are derived from the ancient Tongan ula / faahi-ula / fahaiula. The original ula was a group dance of young chiefly daughters who, on the rhythm of a quite monotonous song, made a series of postures beautiful to look at. The formalization of the dance as a distinct genre followed the introduction of the Samoan "taualuga" during the early 19th century and its institution among Tongan aristocratic circles (especially those associated with the Tu'i Kanokupolu lineages). The postures originally emphasized finger and hand motifs (following Samoan stylistics), until 1950 when queen Sālote personally integrated the distinctly Tongan wrist flourishes and lakalaka leg transitions into her song "Manu o Palataisi" (Bird of Paradise), leading to the technical composition and format of the contemporary Tongan tauolunga.
References
A.L. Kaeppler, M. Taumoefolau, N. Tukuaho, E. Wood-Ellem; Songs & poems of Queen Sālote;
(various); Langi tauolunga and hiva kakala;
Tongan culture
Dances of Tonga
Group dances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%CA%BBolunga |
Leonora Jiménez Monge (born 1983 in Santa Ana, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican beauty pageant titleholder and the original winner of 2005 Miss Asia Pacific International. She was dethroned because of her participation in Miss World 2005 and the Miss Asia Pacific title was passed to the 1st runner up, Evgeniya Lapova of Russia. Leonora did not place among the semifinalists in Miss World.
During 2007 she began making promos for the product she created, Vita Fitness, as well as a TV show called Vita Fitness: El Desafío (Vita Fitness: The Challenge). It featured one group of people exercising and another group taking Vita Fitness pills so they could show that Vita Fitness did work. She also appeared in a promo campaign for the product "Veet", and in 2008 she released the second cycle for the Latin American version for America's Next Top Model, Supermodel Centroamérica. She has done photo shoots for Loeve and Chanel. Has Mia posed for the magazine, Elle and Telva.
She was a presenter at the 2011 of Miss Costa Rica the same year.
She has worked with major national (of Costa Rica) brands and designers and international as Matilde Cano, Custo Barcelona, Dior, On Aura Tout Vu, Tiffi, Dolce & Gabbana suramerica, accessories Lavin, Guishem, Daniel Moreira, Marcelle Desanti, MNG, Guayaberi, among others.
In 2013 along with her brother Andrés Jiménez Monge, a wildlife biologist and activist, she spearheaded the campaign "Salvemos Nuestros Mares" that successfully lead to the banning of shrimp trawling in Costa Rica and the acknowledgement by President Laura Chinchilla on the need to refurbish Costa Rican fisheries. Organizations like Marviva, Pretoma, Fecop, The Leatherbacktrust, International Student Volunteers, UESPRA and Widecast formed the coalition called "Frente por Nuestros Mares" to advocate for the change in fisheries policies in the country.
Personal life
She married John Henry in April 2008.
She practices karate.
She has her own beauty salon called Allure opened in 2013.
She owns the store Tiffi.
In addition to her business ventures, Leonora invests time in social causes and ecological wellness.
Magazine covers
Leonora posed for the magazine SEXIEST WOMEN
She poses for the magazine Perfil(journal of Costa Rica) in 2008.
She poses for Soho magazine (magazine of Costa Rica) in 2011. SoHo Costa Rica celebrated its fifth anniversary with a deluxe edition which
invited to participate to Leonora Jimenez, the model of the most prominent country in the European catwalks. The tica posed for photographers in five different scenarios: Madrid, Spain, Paris, France, Milan, Italy, Poznan, Poland, and Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica.
She has her own fashion magazine called Traffic in 2013, being the editor and project manager.
Special Awards in Miss Asia Pacific International 2005
Best in National Costume
Best in Swimsuit
Television & promos
Super Model Centroamérica (2007)
Vita Fitness (Product Promo Announce) (Aired During2007/2008)
Vita Fitness: Vita Desafío (Promo TV Show For Vita Fitness) (2007)
Veet Promo Announce (Aired During 2007/2008)
Super Model Centroamérica, Cycle 2 (2008)
Presenter Miss Costa Rica 2011.
Promotes reading by announcing (I invite you to read with me) shown on Channel 13 (of Costa Rica) in 2013
Participate in an add against child labor, along with presenter Patricia Figueroa, Natalia Carvajal and other public figures to Costa Rica
She has given interviews to Intrusos de la Farandula (channel 11, Repretel-Costa Rica), 7 Estrellas (channel 7, Teletica-Costa Rica), Buen dia (channel 7, Teletica-Costa Rica), RG Elementos (channel 7, Teletica-Costa Rica), Channel 13 (channel 13, Sinart-Costa Rica).
She has been the face of a publicity campaign against driving under the influence of alcohol, with the phrase " Si tomas, no manejes".
Runway
Paris fashion week 2012
She has worked as a runway model for On Aura Tout vu. She opened and closed the show.
Costa Rica
She has walked in the catwalk for MNG 2006.
She Organized the fashion week in San Jose (Costa Rica) and models, in 2013, presented by Mercedes-Benz
She modeled in many fashion shows of the UCreativa (Creative University of Costa Rica)
España
She has modeled for the popular Pasarela Gaudi in Barcelona.
Support for the rights of diversity
Leonora in the march pro-diversity in Costa Rica 2013.
References
https://web.archive.org/web/20130925233218/http://www.revistasoho.co.cr/contenido/articles/1446/1/Leonora-Jimenez/Paacuteginas1.html
Miss World 2005 delegates
Costa Rican beauty pageant winners
1983 births
Living people
People from San José Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora%20Jim%C3%A9nez |
Cyril Casey Marcel Podd (born 7 August 1952) is a former professional footballer who played as a right-back. An international for Saint Kitts and Nevis he spent his professional career in England. He was one of the first black players to establish themselves in English football.
Club career
A student at the Bradford College of Art, Podd made his professional debut in September 1970 for Bradford City. Over the next 14 years Podd made a total of 565 appearances for City in all competitions - a club record. He signed for Halifax Town in August 1984, and later played with Scarborough – with whom he secured promotion to the Football League – and Ossett Town.
International career
Podd played internationally for Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Coaching career
Podd coached the Saint Kitts and Nevis national side between 1999 and 2002. He went on to coach the underprivileged in Leeds.
Podd is technical director of the Saint Lucia Football Association.
Outside football
Podd owns a salsa-dancing company called X-ces.
Honours
Scarborough
Football Conference: 1986–87
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
People from Basseterre
Saint Kitts and Nevis men's footballers
Saint Kitts and Nevis men's international footballers
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Ossett Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Saint Kitts and Nevis football managers
Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team managers
Men's association football fullbacks
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Saint Kitts and Nevis expatriate men's footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%20Podd |
King's Park (, ) is a district in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated south of the River Clyde and borders the Glasgow areas of Croftfoot, Cathcart, Simshill, Mount Florida and Toryglen and the neighbourhood of Bankhead in the adjoining town of Rutherglen.
History and geography
King's Park is a residential area first developed for housing around 1930 a short time after the territory, historically within the civil parish of Cathcart in Renfrewshire, was brought into the city of Glasgow, and retains much of the same appearance in the 21st century. It includes a mixture of semi-detached houses and bungalows, flats (including cottage flats) and luxury detached villas and is considered an affluent suburb of Glasgow, with median house prices and income well above average. In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive postcode areas to live in Scotland.
As of 2005, it had a population of 14,552 residents. The ethnic makeup was approximately 98% White, 0.8% Asian, 0.6% Oriental and 0.6% mixed race. In 2007, residents of the cottage flats in the area were told they would not be entitled to the substantial council tax refunds which had been awarded to householders in almost identical properties in neighbouring Croftfoot, as theirs was considered a more affluent part of the city and consequently the higher payment 'band' applied was correct.
The district was named after the medium-sized park of the same name (68 acres in size) which lies within its boundaries and is also spotted with further green areas rather than entirely built upon. A scrapbook at the Mitchell Library entitled Old Glasgow Street Songs etc and dated to 1850 contains the song: The Dairy Maids Of Hundred-Acre Hill; this hill can be found as a green space in modern-day King's Park, located at Kingsacre Road offering views towards the tower blocks and tenements of Castlemilk from its south-facing slope. There is another green space on the north-facing side of the same incline at Ardmay Crescent which overlooks Scotland's national football stadium Hampden Park, the Toryglen district and the wider Glasgow urban area. Its name is recalled in a local public house, the 100 Acres, which technically is just outside the local authority boundary in Bankhead.
Public park
The "King's Park" after which the area is named features the landmark , nowadays converted to private apartments and Category A listed. Designed by the architect David Hamilton it was built in 1806 for the West Indies merchant and prominent Glasgow Tory politician, John Gordon. The estate, featuring a walled flower garden, stone sundial and centuries-old trees came into the ownership of the MacTaggart & Mickel housebuilders at the time of the district's construction as a residential suburb, and was donated by them for use as a public park in 1930.
The local 9-hole golf course (a sector of the public park but actually located in Croftfoot which was developed for housing in the same era) was notable for being dug into a hillside 20-35° steep in some places. Donated to the city by the Western Heritable Investment Company which managed the housing and established in 1934, it became derelict and was used as an area of common ground for dog walkers etc. In 2020, the local authority carried out a landscaping project to enhance its woodland aspects by planting more trees and adding formal footpaths to coincide with flood prevention work required in the area (however, local residents noted with concern that a number of older trees of high aesthetic value were felled in the course of this work).
Amenities
The local eponymous Church of Scotland parish Church (1930) and St Oswald's Episcopal church (1931) are both found in the east of the district on Castlemilk Road (there is also a Kings Park Baptist Church on Castlemilk Road, but this is the continuation of the same road in Croftfoot, half a mile to the south). Opposite the churches is a row of convenience stores, cafes and a post office, formerly a small public library (on the Rutherglen side of the local authority boundary so operated by South Lanarkshire Council) which closed in 2010, and the site of the State Cinema, later a bingo venue, which was a prominent landmark in the area from the 1930s until its demolition in the early 21st century. Another imposing structure in the area which has survived is the Cathcart Old Parish Church dating from the late 1920s (not to be confused with the ruin of its predecessor a short distance to the west at Manse Brae, including a graveyard dating back centuries) which stands out in its surroundings, a flat area mostly consisting of bungalows.
Owing to the occasional but significant influxes of patrons whose primary destination is Hampden Park, there are two large public houses in its proximity within King's Park's boundaries, The Montford and The Beechwood, both of which adjoin another cluster of shops, with a children's play park and the Kingswood Bowling Club (founded 1929) also next to the Beechwood. Another local club, Mount Florida, is a short distance further west, although falling membership and great interest from developers in the site made its future extremely doubtful by 2019. As of 2020 the club has closed, the future plans for the land are unknown as of yet.
Education
King's Park Secondary School in nearby Simshill, established in 1962, is the local non-denominational comprehensive. The area is also served by Holyrood Secondary School in Crosshill a short distance to the north - a Roman Catholic school serving the whole of south-east Glasgow, it is one of the largest secondary education institutes in Europe.
Primary schools in the area include King's Park (near the railway station, on the site of Meikle Aikenhead farm), St Fillan's (close to Cathcart Old Church) and St Mirins (Simshill, adjacent to its affiliated Catholic church and its function hall, Christ The King).
Also located in King's Park, 32F Squadron are the first Scottish Squadron of the Air Training Corps who share some facilities with the Territorial Army base on the same site.
Transport
The area is served by King's Park railway station on the Cathcart Circle Lines (its branch, two trains per hour), although parts are closer to on the same line which is also on a second branch towards and the south side circle itself so has five trains an hour. Several local buses pass along Aikenhead Road towards Glasgow city centre, with eastern parts served less frequently via Curtis Avenue. It is a ten- to twenty-minute bus or rail journey from Glasgow city centre.
References
External links
King's Park at Glasgow City Council
King's Park at Gazetteer for Scotland
Friends of King's Park - Local Interest Group
King's Park - Origins & History
Areas of Glasgow
Parks and commons in Glasgow
Urban public parks
Garden suburbs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s%20Park%2C%20Glasgow |
The Discovery Bay Tunnel () is a toll tunnel that links Discovery Bay Road at Yi Pak Au to at Siu Ho Wan beside the North Lantau Highway. It was built for the Discovery Bay residential development on the north-eastern coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong.
It is open 24 hours everyday to vehicles approved by the Transport Department; including residents' coaches, goods vehicles for goods delivery and servicing functions, and Hong Kong Government vehicles are allowed to use the tunnel. The toll charge ranges between HK$ 50.00 to 250.00 depending on the type of vehicle.
As the development is car-free, private vehicles are discouraged from entering. Private cars or private delivery vans can only enter with special permits issued in advance, between the hours of 09:00 and 18:00 every day.
The tunnel is managed by HKR International Limited.
External links
The tunnel website on HKR
Road tunnels in Hong Kong
Discovery Bay
Tunnels completed in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Bay%20Tunnel |
The Taganrog Drama Theater named after Anton Chekhov and decorated with Order of Honor () is a traditional Russian drama theater based in Taganrog, Rostov Oblast.
Foundation and early years
The Taganrog Theater was established in 1827 by governor Alexander Dunaev.
Italian opera
Since 1861, Italian opera regularly performed in Taganrog. In 1874, the Taganrog Municipality acquired the theater building by the purchase of its stocks.
Young Anton Chekhov in the theater
Anton Chekhov who was born in Taganrog in 1860 was in love with theater and literature from his childhood.
Later years
In 1901, the first movie was shown onstage Taganrog City Theater.
In 1944, the Soviet of People's Commissars of USSR named the Taganrog City Theater after Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Since 1980, the theater festival In the Birthplace of Anton Chekhov () has been held with participation of theaters from Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Italy, Croatia, Spain, Australia, Belarus, Germany and Japan.
In 2002 and in 2010, the theater performed at the International Literary & Musical Forum in Badenweiler, Germany, staging Anton Chekhov's Proposal and The Wood Demon.
In October 2006, the theater participated at the 1st International Blacksea Theater Festival in Mykolaiv, Ukraine.
In April 2009, the theater won 3 awards at the International Theater Festival "Golden Key" in Donetsk, Ukraine.
On January 29, 2010 within the framework of Anton Chekhov's 150th birth anniversary celebrations in Taganrog, the President of Russia Dmitri Medvedev visited the Taganrog theater, where he watched a rehearsal of the performance "Everything Starts in the Childhood", dedicated to Anton Chekhov.
In October–November 2012 the Taganrog Drama Theater hosted the international production "Passions of Romeo" (IUGTE International Shakespeare Performance Project - "Страсти по Ромео.like/unlike". Театральные сновидения по мотивам пьесы В.Шекспира "Ромео и Джульетта"). The performance was created with participation of Russian actors in collaboration with the international production group (Ireland, Spain, Greece, UK, Mexico, Switzerland, USA).
Gallery
Notable people throughout the history of the theater
Anton Chekhov - Russian playwright and short-story writer
Ivan Perestiani - People's Artist of the Georgian SSR
Sergei Bondarchuk - Soviet film director, screenwriter, and actor, People's Artist of the USSR, Academy Award(1968).
Aristarkh Livanov - Russian actor, designated People's artist of Russia (1999).
Gaetano Molla
Nestor Kukolnik - Russian playwright and prose writer
Samuel Maykapar - Russian composer
Petr Shelokhonov - Russian actor, designated Honorable Actor of Russia (1979).
Vatslav Dvorzhetsky - Soviet Russian actor
References
Notes
Sources
Taganrog Encyclopedia (Энциклопедия Таганрога), 2nd edition, Taganrog, 2003
External links
Taganrog Drama Theater named after Anton Chekhov - Official Web Site (Russian)
Official web site of Taganrog, Birthplace of Anton Chekhov
Theatres in Russia
1827 establishments in the Russian Empire
Buildings and structures in Taganrog
Tourist attractions in Taganrog
Cultural heritage monuments in Taganrog
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Rostov Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taganrog%20Theatre |
Sugar Rush may refer to:
Film, television and literature
Sugar Rush (2019 film), a Nigerian crime action comedy film
Sugar Rush (novel), a 2004 novel by Julie Burchill
Sugar Rush (British TV series), a 2005–2006 British comedy drama series
Sugar Rush (2005 TV series), an American cooking program
Sugar Rush (2018 TV series), an American baking reality show
"Sugar Rush", a season 3 episode of Regular Show
Music
Sugar Rush (album), by The Humans, 2011
Sugar Rush (Nic Cester album), 2017
"Sugar Rush" (AKB48 song), 2012
"Sugar Rush" (A-Teens song), 2001
also released by Dream Street from the 2001 album Dream Street
"Sugar Rush", a 2013 EP by Virtual Riot
"Sugar Rush", a song by Cash Cash from the 2008 album Take It to the Floor
"Sugar Rush", a song by Joy Electric from the 1997 album Robot Rock
Video games
Sugar Rush (video game), a cancelled fighting game by Klei Entertainment
Sugar Rush, a fictional kart-racing game in the Wreck-It Ralph franchise
See also
Sugar High (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Rush |
Private Joe Walker is a fictional black market spiv (or Wholesales Supplier, as he politely puts it) and Home Guard platoon member, first portrayed by actor James Beck in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. In real life, Beck died suddenly on 6 August 1973. The character of Walker was one of the seven primary characters in the show. Following his character's departure (Walker was last mentioned in the episode "The Recruit", although he does not appear in this episode) the series attempted to replace him with a war reporter called Private Cheeseman (played by Talfryn Thomas), who had made a previous cameo appearance in the episode "My British Buddy".
Personality
Walker is the second-youngest member of the platoon, the youngest being Private Pike, and speaks with a cockney accent. A pleasant and amiable (if slightly shifty) personality, Walker is nevertheless a constant thorn in Captain Mainwaring's side, for he doesn't share Mainwaring's idealism, and makes cheeky and witty interruptions during his serious lectures. However, despite this he is good-natured and loyal to his commanding officer and platoon comrades, and is a valuable asset to the platoon, owing to his many "business" connections and his ability to mysteriously conjure up almost anything that, due to the War, is rationed or no longer in the shops—and he will also have it in vast supply (for a price).
Walker also demonstrates keen improvisational skills and cunning; as a result, owing to these attributes and his cheerful willingness to use tactics that Mainwaring might not consider to be 'cricket', he is usually responsible for getting the platoon out of many of the scrapes that they find themselves in. He is constantly on the lookout for opportunities to make a few bob, and can normally be found trying to sell such things as petrol coupons and black market foodstuffs to his platoon comrades, usually at high prices and from dubious sources. His "business" activities are not limited to just the members of the platoon, or indeed even to the residents of Walmington-on-Sea, as he has often made reference to acquiring "essential supplies" for members of the rival Eastgate platoon and various influential people, military or civilian; at one point, he offers to provide "a couple of bottles of scotch" to a high-ranking GHQ officer, when Mainwaring briefly loses his command of the platoon. Indeed, the only time Walker can't find a buyer for his "essential supplies" is when the American Army arrives at Walmington-on-Sea (with the comparatively well-off American troops already having plenty of liquor and other items normally provided by Walker).
Walker considers himself a ladies' man; an early episode showed Walker entering an unknown woman's house at night and departing the next morning. In the episode "War Dance", he brings twin sisters as his dates to a dance Mainwaring is hosting. Walker also has a recurring girlfriend named Shirley/Edith (played by Wendy Richard), who is seen in several episodes.
In the platoon, he mostly associates with Lance Corporal Jones, Pike and Frazer. Despite merely being a private, Walker clearly has some form of influence over the platoon, not least due to his black-market dealings which have got them out of (and into) numerous scrapes. Moreover, when Private Frazer is temporarily promoted to captain in "If the Cap Fits...", he selects Walker as his sergeant. Walker has friendly relationships with all the men in the platoon, jokingly referring to the Scottish Frazer as "Taffy", and occasionally calling Jones a "silly old duffer" when they have the odd disagreement. While often exasperating Mainwaring with his constant quips and irreverent attitude towards the war in general and the platoon in particular, on one occasion (in the episode "Sons of the Sea") Mainwaring praises Walker's "lively sense of cockney humour" and for keeping his cool under stress (to which a surprised Walker stammers that he was "only trying to keep people cheerful"). At times, Walker even expresses a sentimental sense of fondness for Mainwaring and others in the platoon, telling Frazer (in the episode "Absent Friends") that he was bothered by seeing Mainwaring upset after the platoon chose to stay in the pub playing darts instead of going on parade. In the same episode, he tells Frazer to leave Godfrey alone when the latter decides to go back on parade instead of staying in the pub with the others; he expresses similar sentiments in the episode "Branded" when Godfrey is set to be kicked out of the platoon due to his being a conscientious objector during the First World War, referring to Godfrey as a "nice old bloke". Walker even dwells on the concept of Jones potentially leaving a fellow soldier to die in the episode "The Two and a Half Feathers", to the point that it interrupts his makeout session with his girlfriend.
In Battle of the Giants!, Walker recounts a story of being awarded a medal of the Sacred Order of the Golden Kris of Abu Dhabi by a Sheikh staying in a hotel on Park Lane, London who was very grateful for Walker's efforts fixing him "up with a bird".
He is supposedly allergic to corned beef, and this is given as the reason why he has not been called up for the regular army, although it is generally assumed that he has found a way to dodge the rules. This allergy was exposed in the episode The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker, which has since been lost from the BBC's archives. He was conscripted, only to be discharged when it was found that corned beef fritters were the only rations left for the soldiers to eat.
Walker's final appearance was in the episode Things That Go Bump in the Night, where the platoon spent the night in a mysterious house. In fact he is only seen in the location shots, filmed some time before the studio recording. Beck was ill for the recordings of both this episode and the next episode, The Recruit, in which Walker had "gone up to the smoke" (a slang term for London) to "do a deal". After Beck's death, Walker was never mentioned in the show again (though the character survived the war; the very first episode begins with a scene set in 1968, as Mainwaring—now an alderman—launches his "I'm Backing Britain" campaign, and Walker is seen as one of the town worthies present at the launch).
In the radio adaptations of the series, Graham Stark stood in until Larry Martyn gave his portrayal of Walker for subsequent shows. John Bardon played Walker in the stage production in 1976. Scriptwriter Jimmy Perry originally intended to play the part himself, but was advised against it by his co-writer David Croft. Walker was based on a spiv character created and performed by British comedian and actor Arthur English (English was in the controversial episode "Absent Friends", and starred in Are You Being Served?).
Dad's Army characters
Fictional spivs
Television characters introduced in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Walker |
The term XTI can refer to the following:
Leatherman Charge XTi, a premium multi-tool made by Leatherman
XTI, the X/Open Transport Interface
Canon Rebel XTi, the third generation Canon Rebel dSLR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTI |
Sherwood Park railway station is located on the Warrnambool line in Victoria, Australia. It serves the city of Warrnambool, and it opened on 19 February 2006.
The station also serves the Warrnambool Campus of Deakin University. The station has limited usage due to its location and considerable distance from the centre of Warrnambool, lack of residential development within close proximity and limited pedestrian access, as it is situated just off the Princes Highway.
Sherwood Park was first announced during the 2002 Victorian state election.
The station is the least used railway station on the Warrnambool line, and one of the least used railway stations in Victoria. Recent patronage data indicates that the station served only 1,814 passengers in 2016-2017, or 5 a day.
Platforms and services
Sherwood Park has one platform. It is serviced by V/Line Warrnambool line services.
Platform 1:
V/Line services to Warrnambool and Southern Cross
Transport links
Transit South West operates two routes via Sherwood Park station, under contract to Public Transport Victoria:
: Warrnambool – Deakin University Warrnambool Campus
: Warrnambool – Allansford
Gallery
References
Railway stations in Australia opened in 2006
Regional railway stations in Victoria (state)
Warrnambool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood%20Park%20railway%20station |
The was a type of standardized test used by public and some private universities in Japan. It was held annually during a weekend in mid-January over a period of two days. Since the test was held in the middle of winter, snow delayed the exam in some regions, but typically the test started and ended near the same exact time throughout the entire nation.
The Center Test became something of a national phenomenon in Japan, with television coverage and newspapers publishing test questions. To many test-takers in Japan, the test was the difference between college entrance and one year's study for the next year's exams as a rōnin. Since the test was only administered annually and entrance to top-ranked universities and colleges is so competitive in Japan, the test had become the subject of scrutiny by many. In addition, rules for tardiness and absences were extremely strict and always resulted in the forfeit of the right to take the exams, as there were no "makeup" sessions or re-takes offered except in certain cases such as train delays.
The test was administered by National Center for University Entrance Examinations, an Independent Administrative Institution (IAI). The National Center Test superseded the Common first-stage exam (共通一次, kyōtsū ichiji), which was administered from 1979 to 1989, letting private universities use the test scores as a criterion for admissions decisions.
In 2012, the test was held on 14 and 15 January, with around 555,500 students participating (down by 3,400 students from 2011). The test was held at 709 locations across the country and will be used by 835 public universities, private universities and junior colleges to grade applicants.
In 2014, on 19 and 20 January, 560,672 students participated at 693 centers.
"As in previous years, there were a few glitches. Heavy snow made some students late in the Hokuriku region, while a disruption to the JR Tokaido shinkansen caused some students to miss the tests in Shizuoka, TBS reported. Trouble was also reported with audio-visual devices for English exam takers in some centers."
The final Center Test was conducted in 2020 and was replaced by The Common Test for University Admissions in 2021.
Designation
The official name in Japanese is , but this designation is rarely used. It is often called , or simply by test-takers and teachers.
Function
Some universities decided on successful candidates using only the National Center Test, but most prestigious universities required the candidate to take another, institution-specific exam, which was often more difficult than the National Center Test.
The function of the Center Test depended on the institution, but most could be categorized into the following three types:
Center Test only: Universities that require only the Center Test results and use only them for admissions decisions. Mostly used by private universities alongside normal (using institution-specific exams) admission.
Center Test and secondary exam: Universities using the Center Test and a secondary exam (their own test, or an essay or interview) for their decisions. Used by most national universities.
Center Test as primary decision: Universities using the Center Test as a primary decision, after which the successful candidates are placed on an even plane and are given a secondary, institution-specific exam that decides admission. Used by the most prestigious universities such as the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, but not seen much elsewhere.
Checking scores
Because candidates did not know their Center Test scores before applying to universities, most wrote their answers on the question sheets (which can be taken home) and checked their answers using rubrics published by cram schools.
A number of cram schools and other companies have services to which candidates can send their scores and learn their overall position relative to other users of the service, called . Candidates can use this information to see how they fared as compared with other test-takers and make their final application decisions. (In Japan, candidates may be unable to apply to all their desired universities, as in countries such as the United States, mainly because the secondary exams are scheduled on or near the same day.)
Tests
There are separate tests for each subject, and each is multiple choice. The tests follow the curriculum guidelines published by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
There are a total of 30 tests in six subjects. Candidates take the subjects specified by their university. As an exception, however, candidates for the English (written) exam must take the English (listening).
First day
In 2020, the first day of exams was held on Saturday, January 18.
Geography, History and Civics: Candidates select 2 or 1 tests, not including the same name. 100 points each, 60 minutes each
World History A (世界史A)
World History B (世界史B)
Japanese History A (日本史A)
Japanese History B (日本史B)
Geography A (地理A)
Geography B (地理B)
Contemporary Social Studies (現代社会)
Ethics (倫理)
Politics and Economics (政治・経済)
Ethics, Politics and Economics (倫理、政治・経済)
Japanese Literature: 200 points (Passages written in and after modern period 100 points, Classical Japanese 50 points, Kanbun 50 points), 80 minutes
Japanese Literature (国語)
Foreign Languages (written): 200 points each, 80 minutes
English (英語)
German (ドイツ語)
French (フランス語)
Chinese (中国語)
Korean (韓国語)
Foreign Languages (listening): 50 points, 60 minutes (Explanation of process and equipment 30 minutes, testing time 30 minutes). This test is available only for English.
Second day
In 2020, the second day of exams was held on Sunday, January 19.
In the Science(1)and(2), candidates have to select and register from the following four types: A: 2 tests of Science(1). B: 1 test of Science(2). C: 2 tests of Science(1) + 1 test of Science(2). D: 2 tests of Science(2). Most humanities science departments require to take type A, and natural science departments require to take type D.
Science (1): Candidates select 2 tests. 100 points total (50 points each), 60 minutes total
Physics Basis (物理基礎)
Chemistry Basis (化学基礎)
Biology Basis (生物基礎)
Earth Science Basis (地学基礎)
Mathematics (1): 100 points each, 60 minutes
Mathematics I (数学I)
Mathematics I and Mathematics A (数学IA)
Candidates may select and answer two questions from Mathematics A: combinatorics and probability theory, nature of integer, nature of shape.
Mathematics (2): 100 points each, 60 minutes
Mathematics II (数学II)
Mathematics II and Mathematics B (数学IIB)
Candidates may select and answer two questions from Mathematics B: sequences, vectors, probability distribution.
Bookkeeping and Accounting (簿記・会計)
Informatics Basis (情報関係基礎)
Science (2): Candidates select 2 or 1 tests. 100 points each, 60 minutes each
Physics (物理)
Chemistry (化学)
Biology (生物)
Earth Science (地学)
Listening exam and IC player
A listening exam was introduced in 2006 for candidates of the English (written) exam. An IC player was handed out to all candidates of the exam, and a whole 30 minutes of testing time was devoted to the explanation of usage of this device.
There was some controversy surrounding the introduction of this exam, and critics doubted the reliability of this device. In 2006, there were 497 (about 0.09%) cases in which candidates had to be given re-tests because of device failure.
Since the IC players could be taken home, candidates around Japan disassembled the devices at home, finding that the players used Sony's Memory Stick for storage of the exam. Although no note of the manufacturer was made in either the media or on the device itself, the use of this storage format led most to believe that Sony was the manufacturer.
The memory stick from a sample device provided to an examination supervisor prior to the 2007 examinations, containing a full sample audio test, contained four files with the .bin file extension. A cursory attempt to extract the content of these files failed and changing the file extension to common audio formats, such as .wav, .mp3, and .wma also did not result in playable files. The total size of all four files was 4.63MB, and the total listening time of 30 minutes makes it obvious that the audio tracks are highly compressed.
Additionally, the non-intuitive sequence of buttons needed to operate the player raises concern over the possibility of candidates having difficulty operating the player under test conditions. The inability to stop and restart the audio tracks seems probably due to a wish to ensure that all candidates complete all the listening within the test period. Of even more concern is that the memory stick on the sample player was exposed and could be removed by candidates, leaving open the possibility that candidates may inadvertently remove the memory stick during the test and render the player inoperable.
Notes
External links
Daigaku Nyushi Center website
Heart System website
Academic pressure in East Asian culture
Testing and exams in Japan
Standardized tests
1990 establishments in Japan
2020 disestablishments in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Center%20Test%20for%20University%20Admissions |
policyd-weight is a mail filter for the Postfix mail transfer agent (MTA) written in Perl. It allows postfix to evaluate mail envelope information and to score mail against several DNS-based Blackhole Lists (DNSBL) before the mail is queued. The final score will determine whether a mail is rejected or accepted, in which case it is usually then subject to more resource intensive checks by a virus scanner and spam filter.
Features
policyd-weight works as a policy daemon in Postfix. It uses DNSBL, RHSBL, MX and A DNS queries of the envelope sender and HELO SMTP arguments to evaluate the possibility of either forgery or spam. Rejection happens based on an overall score, so a single blacklist entry may not cause the mail to be rejected. The score is determined by various checks and is not linear. The administrator is able to adjust scores for each check to meet her requirements. policyd-weight caches the most frequent queries to minimize bandwidth and CPU usage.
The benefit of this approach is that it is able to reject a delivery attempt before the body (DATA) of the mail has been received (unlike most installations of SpamAssassin or Amavis), thus saving network bandwidth. Also it does not add delays like Greylisting and keeps out clients which fake HELO or sender information with a better accuracy and fewer false positives than Sender Policy Framework (SPF) checks (example: blocked forwarders due to inconsistent SPF-records or passed Spam/Phishing due to Spam/Phishing-Domains with consistent SPF-records set).
Message flow
Please refer to this drawing.
Licensing
policyd-weight is Free software, licensed and released under the GNU General Public License
See also
Postfix SMTP Access Policy Delegation
Postfix Add-on Software
Further reading
External links
policyd-weight git repository
FreeBSD Ports
Mailinglist archive
Spam filtering
Anti-spam
Message transfer agents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policyd-weight |
Mow may refer to:
Mow (surname)
Mow, Gaya, Bihar, India
A hayloft
English onomatopaeia for the calling sound a cat makes
See also
MOW (disambiguation)
Mowing
Mo (disambiguation)
Meaux (disambiguation)
mho
Mohs (disambiguation)
Men of war (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mow |
Koa Coffee Plantation is a former grower and processor of Kona coffee on Hawaii island, United States, acquired by Paradise Beverages DBA Hawaii Coffee Company in 2009. Koa Coffee Plantation is roasted in Honolulu by Hawaii Coffee Company. Koa Coffee Plantation's place of business is 1560 Hart Street, Honolulu, HI.
The company was established on the western slopes of Mauna Loa in Captain Cook, Hawaii by Marin Artukovich in 1997, at .
It began as a small backyard business only producing of coffee in its first year. Coffee production nearly doubled every year to reach 2010 production of over .
In 2007, Artukovich sold most of the assets of the company to Kona's Best Natural Coffee. KBNC does business as Koa Coffee Plantation. Since 2009 Koa Coffee Plantation has been owned by Hawaii Coffee Company in Honolulu.
The Koa Coffee Plantation gained accolades in the late 1990s early 2000s when it had been producing and selling only hand picked 100% estate Kona coffee, including organic Kona coffee and a heritage blend (Grande Domaine Kona) harvested from trees dating back to 1918. The plantation used a wet mill facility from Colombia, a dry mill from Brazil and maintained temperature and humidity control in their former green bean storage facility in Captain Cook, Hawaii.
Koa Plantation was named by Forbes as America's best coffee in 2001, won the Pacific Coast Coffee Association Coffee of the Year Award in 2004 and Gevalia Cup in 2002. The Koa Coffee Plantation is also a member of the Specialty Coffee Association of America, the Kona Coffee Council and the Hawaii Coffee Association.
References
External links
Koa Coffee Website
Sunshower Kona Coffee Website
Japanese Partner Link
Hawaii Coffee Association
100% Kona Coffee
Companies based in Hawaii
Coffee companies of the United States
Coffee brands
Food and drink companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koa%20Coffee%20Plantation |
Yıldız Tilbe (born 16 July 1966) is a Turkish singer of Kurdish descent and one of the best-selling musical artists in Turkey, known especially for her eastern-infused ballads.
Life and career
Yıldız Tilbe was born in the Gültepe district of Konak, İzmir, and is of Kurdish origin. She is the youngest of her parents' six children. She was known by the nickname "Yadigar" within her family. Her mother Altun was from Tunceli, while her father Ali was from Ağrı. Her father Ali Tilbe was a seasonal worker. She attended the Mustafa Rahmi Balaban School, but left after the second grade, and started singing from an early age. At the age of 18, she married Güngör Karahan. From this marriage she has a daughter, named Sezen Burçin. After five years the couple divorced. She then started singing in various nightclubs in İzmir.
She began her career in 1990 in a nightclub owned by Cengiz Özşeker. While performing at the nightclub in 1991, she met Sezen Aksu, who asked Tilbe to become her backing vocalist. After accepting her offer, Tilbe moved to Istanbul and worked for Sezen Aksu for a while. After parting her way from Aksu, Tilbe started performing at Istanbul's nightclubs. She subsequently got an offer from Cem Özer to perform as a soloist in the program Laf Lafı Açıyor. With her appearance on this show, she became famous and released her first album, Delikanlım, in 1994, which became a hit in Turkey. In addition to her singing career, she started songwriting. In her songs, she addresses subjects such as sadness, love and separation and primarily uses romantic themes in her songs and compositions. In her romantic songs, she uses an imaginative and powerful language. Tilbe has composed many songs for several other artists and collaborated with them on their music projects. About her songs Tilbe said:
In 1996, the anti-narcotics police found some cannabis at her house. Tilbe was held in custody and was released after three days. To get rid of her addiction to cannabis, she was hospitalized at Balıklı Greek Hospital for a while. In the same year, she released her new album, Aşkperest. In the late 1990s, she worked at various nightclubs in Istanbul, Bursa and Eskişehir. In 2001, the release of her new album Gülüm brought her back to the stardom, which was followed by the album Haberi Olsun in 2002. In 2003, all of the songs on her album Yürü Anca Gidersin became hits in Turkey. Throughout her career, she has won many awards and received various nominations.
In 2004, Tilbe was diagnosed with uterine cancer and underwent surgery and treatment at Hacettepe University Medical School. Tilbe has related her illness to the personal issues she was dealing with at the time and said:
Once she received a marriage offer from Azer Bülbül but she did not accept his proposal.
Controversies
After the 2006 Israeli airstrike on Lebanon, during a television appearance Tilbe said "May God bring down one disaster after another upon Israel," to which the studio audience answered "Amen." In response to Israeli airstrikes on Gaza in early July 2014, Tilbe is reported to have said on social media site Twitter: "God bless Hitler, it was even too few what he did to the Jews, he was right" and "The Jews will be destroyed by Muslims, in the name of Allah, not much time left for it to be done". Her tweets received support from Melih Gökçek, the mayor of Ankara, who is a member of the ruling Justice and Development Party and himself a controversial figure. Later she tweeted that did not mean to praise Hitler and that she also has some Jewish friends and acquaintances.
Yıldız Tilbe, who was a guest on the İbo Show music program broadcast on the Turkish channel ATV in 2009, got angry and reacted when her song was interrupted by Turkish singer and the program's presenter İbrahim Tatlıses. Tatlıses found Tilbe's behavior disrespectful, reminding her that "I saved you from the pimps." This further caused tension between them and Tilbe left the program.
During an interview in 2012 she called a journalist bitch for which she later went on trial.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
EPs
Singles
As featured artist
Contributions
* The list above includes songs given to other artists whose lyrics or music belong to Yıldız Tilbe. She has songs in her own albums that are written and composed by herself but are not mentioned in this list.
Filmography
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Musicians from İzmir
Turkish women singers
Turkish pop musicians
Turkish people of Kurdish descent
Turkish folk-pop singers
Golden Butterfly Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%20Tilbe |
The Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters were a Canadian junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) from 1940 to 1942, and 1947 to 1960. The team was often known as the "Biltmores" and sponsored by the Guelph Biltmore Hat Company, and played home games at the Guelph Memorial Gardens.
History
The Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters were a brief note in junior hockey history, but left an impression on the game during 13 years of operation. The team that was sponsored by a local manufacturer in the Royal City would capture a national championship, several provincial titles, and send four men on to the Hockey Hall of Fame.
The team was founded as the Guelph Indians for the 1936-37 season. After four seasons, the Guelph Biltmore Hat Company became the team's sponsors. After two more seasons of play, the team was put on hiatus for World War II. The team was resurrected in 1947 as a farm team for the New York Rangers of the NHL and coached by former Rangers forward Alf Pike until the end of 1954. Eddie Bush, a former NHL defenceman, would take over the coaching duties from 1954 onwards.
The Biltmore Hat Company rewarded any player scoring three or more goals in one game the choice of hats at their factory, bringing new meaning to the term "hat trick."
After running into financial trouble in 1960, new ownership renamed the team the Guelph Royals, after the city's nickname. Three years later the team moved becoming the Kitchener Rangers, taking the name of the parent club from the NHL.
Championships
The Mad Hatters won the Memorial Cup in 1952 as national junior ice hockey champions of Canada, and the George Richardson Memorial Trophy as eastern Canadian champions the same year. Guelph won the J. Ross Robertson Cup three times as OHA champions.
J. Ross Robertson Cup
1942 Lost to Oshawa Generals
1950 Defeated Windsor Spitfires
1952 Defeated St. Catharines Teepees
1957 Defeated St. Catharines Teepees
Memorial Cup
1952 Defeated Regina Pats
George Richardson Memorial Trophy
1950 Lost to Montreal Junior Canadiens
1952 Defeated Montreal Junior Canadiens
1957 Lost to Ottawa Junior Canadiens
1952 Memorial Cup
The Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters played in the best-of-seven series for the Memorial Cup of 1952 versus the Regina Pats, the Abbott Cup champions of Western Canada hailing from Regina, Saskatchewan.
Guelph that year broke the OHA record for single season scoring with 341 goals in a 54-game schedule, which was 34 goals more than the previous mark. Ken Laufman set on OHA record at the time with 139 points. Guelph defeated the Montreal Junior Canadiens in a six-game series for the Eastern Canadian final.
The Mad Hatters won the first game on home ice at the Guelph Memorial Gardens by a score of 8 to 2. The rest of the series would be played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto. Guelph won the next two games 4 to 2 and 8 to 2. The Biltmores completed the series sweep in game four posting a 10 to 2 triumph to win the Memorial Cup.
Players
Four alumni of the Mad Hatters have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame: Andy Bathgate, Rod Gilbert, Harry Howell and Jean Ratelle. Players who also had impressive NHL careers are Dean Prentice and Ron Murphy.
Award winners
Red Tilson TrophyMost Outstanding Player in the OHA
1955-1956 - Ron Howell
Eddie Powers Memorial TrophyScoring Champion of the OHA
1951-1952 - Ken Laufman, 139 points
1956-1957 - Bill Sweeney, 106 points
NHL alumni
Paul Andrea
Andy Bathgate
Frank Bathgate
Danny Belisle
William Chalmers
Wally Clune
Jim Connelly
Bob Cunningham
Herb Dickenson
Marc Dufour
Lorne Ferguson
Lou Fontinato
Bruce Gamble
Rod Gilbert
Gerry Goyer
Aldo Guidolin
John Holota
Harry Howell
Ron Howell
Al LeBrun
Joe Levandoski
Tony Licari
Willie Marshall
Clare Martin
Shep Mayer
Bill McCreary, Sr.
Sandy McGregor
Roland McLenahan
Mike McMahon, Jr.
Hillary Menard
Ron Murphy
Bob Plager
Dean Prentice
Jean Ratelle
Leo Reise, Jr.
Doug Robinson
Leon Rochefort
Eddie Shack
Glen Sonmor
Ron Stewart
Bill Sweeney
Gilles Villemure
Yearly results
Played as Guelph Indians, 1936-40.
References
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
Sport in Guelph
1940 establishments in Ontario
1960 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1940
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelph%20Biltmore%20Mad%20Hatters |
The Hamilton Tiger Cubs were a Canadian junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1953 to 1960. The team was based in Hamilton, Ontario.
History
The Hamilton juniors which they were called initially in the early part of 1953. At the time Hamilton had the historic senior OHA team still called the "tigers" in the city but sadly the popularity of the team was fading due to mismanagement and the city of Hamilton being more attracted to younger hockey prospects vs senior players.
The franchise was partnered with the Detroit Red wings from day one just as the previous season when the juniors were in Windsor. During this time when the local newspaper covered hockey, The paper specifically called the OHA/OHL the "cubs" and that was adopted by mid season vs the "juniors".
The Tiger Cubs played from 1953 to 1960, after which the team was finally renamed to the Red Wings as they wanted to emphasize the Detroit connection and increase ticket sales .
The best season for the Tiger Cubs was 1958. The team reached the OHA finals for the J. Ross Robertson Cup. They were defeated by the Toronto Marlboros 4 wins to 1, with 1 tie game.
There were also previous OHA Jr. teams in Hamilton. The Hamilton Szabos played from the early 1940s to 1947. In the 1930s Hamilton had an OHA Jr. team known as the Bengal Cubs. In the 1920s there was a Junior Tigers team at the same time as the NHL Tigers team.
The Tiger Cubs played home games at the Barton Street Arena, then known as the Hamilton Forum.
Players
Award winners
1957-1958 - Murray Oliver, Red Tilson Trophy, Most valuable player
1953-1954 - Dennis Riggin, Dave Pinkney Trophy, Lowest team goals against average.
NHL alumni
Alumnus Brian Kilrea became one of the most notable names ever in Canadian junior hockey, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a coach. Fellow alumnus Pat Quinn coached in the NHL, most recently with the Toronto Maple Leafs, as well as the Canadian national men's hockey team.
Yearly results
References
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Hamilton, Ontario
1953 establishments in Ontario
1960 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1953
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton%20Tiger%20Cubs |
The Kitchener Canucks were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1954 to 1956. The team was based in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada and played home games at the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium.
History
The Kitchener Greenshirts changed names becoming the Kitchener Canucks for the 1954-55 season. The Canucks finished last place in the OHA their first year in operation.
Stan Baliuk helped the team finish second place in the league in 1955-56, winning the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy as the top scorer that year, with 31 goals, 73 assists, totalling 104 points.
Canuck's defenceman Kent Douglas would go on to win the Calder Memorial Trophy as Rookie of the Year in the 1962-63 NHL season, when he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Willie O'Ree would become the first black player in the NHL, playing as a winger for the Boston Bruins.
Despite moving up in the standings their second year, they did not make enough money to recover from the financial woes of a very poor first season. In 1956 the team moved to Peterborough, Ontario becoming the Peterborough TPT Petes.
NHL alumni
Yearly Results
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Kitchener, Ontario
1954 establishments in Ontario
1956 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1954
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%20Canucks |
The Kitchener Greenshirts name has been used by five separate ice hockey teams playing in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. These include one 'Senior A' level hockey team, two 'Junior A' level teams, and two 'Junior B' level teams. The name has also been used for a team in the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA).
Senior A (c.1917 to c.1938)
The Kitchener Hockey Club, commonly known as the Kitchener Greenshirts were a senior ice hockey team. Kitchener won the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1918 and 1928, as the senior champion of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA). Kitchener also won the 1918 Allan Cup as the national champions of Canada.
Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender George Hainsworth played senior hockey for the Greenshirts from 1917 to 1923. Another Hall of Famer, Earl Seibert played one game with the team in 1928.
List of National Hockey League (NHL) alumni:
Junior A (c.1922 to c.1938)
The first junior ice hockey Greenshirts team played in the OHA the early 1920s to the start of World War II. This Junior A program operated in affiliation to the Senior A team of the same name.
The team was known as the Kitchener Colts when they won the J. Ross Robertson Cup as the OHA junior champions in 1923. The Colts eventually advanced to play the University of Manitoba in a two-game, total-goals series in Toronto to decide the 1923 Memorial Cup winner. The university won consecutive 7–3 contests to capture the Cup by a total score of 14–6.
The team later became the Greenshirts and were finalists for the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1929. The Greenshirts were awarded the J. Ross Robertson Cup by default in the 1934–35 season after winning a protest on the series it had lost to the Oshawa Generals. The decision on the protest came too late for Kitchener to challenge the Northern Champion Sudbury Cub Wolves for the right to compete for the Memorial Cup. The Greenshirts were runners-up in the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals in 1936.
Five future Hockey Hall of Famers played junior hockey for the Greenshirts during this era: Bobby Bauer, Woody Dumart, Milt Schmidt, Earl Seibert & Babe Siebert.
List of National Hockey League (NHL) alumni:
Junior B (c.1939 to c.1949)
With many high calibre Junior A and NHL players involved in military service, Kitchener was left with a Junior B team to fill the void.
Future NHLers Howie Meeker & Dutch Reibel played for the Junior B Greenshirts during the 1940s. Howie Meeker would be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a broadcaster.
Junior A (1951 to 1954)
The second Junior A team in the Ontario Hockey Association known as the Kitchener Greenshirts played from 1951 to 1954 at the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium.
The Greenshirts were granted as an expansion team for the 1951–52 season. The first Junior A season in Kitchener since World War II was successful in gaining local fan support, and beating out rivals Waterloo Hurricanes to be the best team in the twin cities.
Bill Harrington won the Red Tilson Trophy as the OHA's Most Outstanding Player while goaltending for the 1951–52 season with the Greenshirts.
The team played three years in total from 1951 to 1954, then were renamed the Kitchener Canucks. The Kitchener Canucks later became the Peterborough TPT Petes.
NHL alumni
List of National Hockey League (NHL) alumni:
Yearly results
List of season-by-season results:
Junior B (c.1963 to c.1978)
Ontario Minor Hockey
There has also been a minor ice hockey team in the Ontario Minor Hockey Association with the name Kitchener Greenshirts. Its NHL alumni include, Kevin Miehm, Steve Seftel, Brad Schlegel, Paul Reinhart, Brad Shaw and Nick Stajduhar.
References
Defunct Ontario Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Kitchener, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%20Greenshirts |
The following is a list of state by-elections for the Queensland Legislative Assembly held in the Australian state of Queensland:
2020–2029
2010–2019
2000–2009
1990–1999
1980–1989
1970–1979
1960–1969
1950–1959
1940–1949
1930–1939
1920–1929
1910–1919
1900–1909
1890–1899
1880–1889
1870–1879
1860–1869
References
Queensland by-elections Fact Sheet
Queensland state
By-elections | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Queensland%20state%20by-elections |
"Big City Life" is a song by English electronic music duo Mattafix. With a chorus sung in Jamaican Patois, "Big City Life" was released in August 2005 as the second single from Mattafix's debut album, Signs of a Struggle (2005). The single topped the charts in Austria, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and Switzerland, and it peaked at number 15 in the duo's native United Kingdom. The song's music video was directed by Scott Franklin.
Track listings
UK CD1
"Big City Life"
"Big City Life" (Cutfather & Joe)
UK CD2
"Big City Life" – 3:57
"Big City Life" (Cutfather & Joe) – 3:55
"Big City Life" (video) – 3:57
European 7-inch single
A. "Big City Life" (Sly and Robbie) – 3:56
B. "Big City Life" (Mattafix mix) – 6:11
European 12-inch single
A1. "Big City Life" (Solid Groove)
A2. "Big City Life" (Cutfather & Joe)
B1. "Big City Life" (Mattafix mix)
B2. "Big City Life" (Sly and Robbie)
European maxi-CD single
"Big City Life"
"Big City Life" (Cutfather & Joe)
"Big City Life" (Solid Groove)
"Big City Life" (Mattafix Mix)
"Big City Life" (video)
Australian CD single
"Big City Life"
"Big City Life" (Cutfather & Joe)
"Big City Life" (Solid Groove)
"Big City Life" (Mattafix mix)
Personnel
Personnel are lifted from the Signs of a Struggle album booklet.
Mattafix – instruments, production
Marlon Roudette – writing, vocals
Preetesh Hirji – writing
Steve Dubb – additional production and mix
Segs – additional production and mix
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Luude version
In 2022, Australian producer Luude was approached by Mattafix to remix "Big City Life" as a drum and bass track. The song was released on 17 June 2022 and reached the top 10 on the Official New Zealand Singles Chart.
At the 2023 ARIA Music Awards, the song was nominated for Song of the Year.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2005 songs
2005 singles
2022 singles
Mattafix songs
Luude songs
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Italy
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Songs written by Marlon Roudette | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20City%20Life |
X.PC is a deprecated communications protocol developed by McDonnell-Douglas for connecting a personal computer to its Tymnet packet-switched public data telecommunications network. It is a subset of X.25, a CCITT standard for packet-switched networks. It is a full-duplex, asynchronous and error-correcting network protocol that supports up to 15 simultaneous channels. It maintains automatic error correction during any communications session between two or more computers.
X.PC was originally developed to enable connections up to 9600 baud. Unlike MNP, a competing standard proposed by Microcom, X.PC was placed in the public domain for royalty-free usage. MNP, on the other hand, initially required a $2,500 licensing fee. Microcom battled X.PC for acceptance in the marketplace, and eventually released MNP 1 through 3 into the public domain to compete.
At the time, several modem manufacturers supported MNP in their products, Microcom and Racal-Vadic being major examples. Several companies announced support for X.PC, including Hayes, but none of the companies announcing support offered it in their modems. X.PC quickly disappeared, and Microcom would go on to release MNP 4 and 5 into the public domain as well.
References
External links
http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.02/02.01/ProtocolStandards/
Network protocols
X.25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.PC |
Chievo (4,500 inhabitants) is a frazione of Verona located to the west of the city, around from the historic city centre, on the shores of the river Adige.
It is best known for its football team, A.C. ChievoVerona, which ceased to exist in 2021.
History
The name came from the Latin "clivium mantici" which means "the hill of the magic wood". Pastoral and farming activities date back to pre-Roman Celtic settlers. Placed on the shores of the river Adige the early inhabitants established a port, some mills and a water-powered saw on the river. Pipin, son of Charles, gifted the entire zone to the monastery of St. Procolo, near S. Zeno in Verona. In the 12th century Chievo had a church, a hospital and a stronghold in which Federico Barbarossa spent some nights. The Corte Bionde is the best preserved medieval building. Around 1450 the entire village was moved about nearer to the city where the climate was healthier and vegetation more gorgeous. The actual parish church with a reliquary was built at that time. In 1892 the ten church bells were cast, and are still rung today in the style of the Veronese bellringing art.
Points of interest
Forte Chievo: polygonal fort built between 1850 and 1852 by the Austrians as part of Verona's defensive system.
Villa Pellegrini Marioni Pullè: 17th–18th century villa; the walls of its estate fence the western side of Chievo's main square.
Nowadays it is owned by INPS (Italian national social security institute) and in a state of disrepair.
Ponte diga del Chievo: dam and footbridge over the river Adige, built in the 1920s.
References
Verona
Frazioni of the Province of Verona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chievo |
Radegast is a small town in Germany.
Radegast may also refer to:
Radegast (god), a Slavic god
Radegast (medieval settlement), also known as Radgosc or Rethra, an ancient Slavic town in Mecklenburg
Radegast (beer), a Czech beer
Radegast (Stepenitz), a river of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
Radegast station, a former train station which has been transformed into a Holocaust memorial, located in the Polish city of Łódź
See also
Radgosc a historical Lutician city
Radagast, a fictional character in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings
Radagaisus, a Gothic king, sometimes spelled Rhadagast
Radhošť (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegast%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Radegast is a Czech beer brewed in Nošovice, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic since 1970. The beer is named after the Slavic god Radegast. Stemming from the name for the beer is the slogan: "Život je hořký: Bohudík", a Czech phrase which translates into English as "Life is bitter: Thank God" (in reference to the beer's "bitter" taste).
The brewery is owned by Pilsner Urquell (since 1999), which is, in turn, owned by Asahi Breweries. Radegast is the most popular beer in Moravia.
Products
The company brews the following different varieties of beer:
Gallery
See also
Beer in the Czech Republic
References
External links
Radegast Birell official pages (Czech)
Beer in the Czech Republic
Beer brands of the Czech Republic
SABMiller
Products introduced in 1970
1970 establishments in Czechoslovakia
Beer brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radegast%20%28beer%29 |
Private Frank Pike is a fictional Home Guard private and junior bank clerk, first portrayed by actor Ian Lavender in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. He was appointed as the platoon's information officer by Captain Mainwaring in "The Man and the Hour". He is frequently referred to by Captain Mainwaring as "stupid boy".
Personality
Pike was born in 1922, and is the youngest of the Walmington-on-Sea platoon. Aged 17 when the series begins, he is not old enough to join the army, although presumably he has reached, or is nearing, his 18th birthday when he is about to receive call-up papers in When You've Got to Go; in the event, it is revealed that he has a rare blood type that excludes him from military service. In "War Dance", it is revealed to Mainwaring from Wilson that Pike "is going on 19". He lives in the shadow of his bossy and over-protective mother, Mavis Pike, who is in a relationship with Sergeant Wilson. Wilson is referred to by Pike as "Uncle Arthur" and is hinted to be Pike's father. If this is so, Pike has an older half-sister by Wilson's estranged wife. The writers, Jimmy Perry and David Croft, confirmed after the series that Wilson was Pike's father. This was also revealed in the radio series (and sequel to Dad's Army) It Sticks Out Half a Mile where Mainwaring meets Wilson in the branch at Frambourne, where Wilson is the manager. On chatting to Wilson, he says "And how's your son?" Wilson laughs in an embarrassed tone and says that he has left the bank and is now an Under Manager at Woolworths. Wilson's tone shows that he must be the father and Mainwaring's question shows that he knows the truth. Pike's mother is supposedly a widow; it is unclear if there ever really was a Mr Pike, as he is never clearly mentioned. The radio series also reveals that Frank's mother has moved to Frambourne too.
Pike often threatens to set his mum on either Captain Mainwaring or Sergeant Wilson if he is shouted at or forced to do something. Although naïve, Pike is aware something is going on with his mother and Wilson:
Pike: "By the time we finish supper, it's always so late, you never leave our house until after I've gone to bed and then you're back early for breakfast before I'm awake. But what I can't understand is that I never hear you leave at night and I never hear you come back in."
Wilson: "Well I let myself in and out very quietly"
Pike: "You don't do anything else very quietly!"
Early in series 1, Pike shows some mild romantic attraction to Janet King, Mainwaring's secretary, when he talks to her about his guard duties. In "War Dance", Pike becomes engaged to an Army girl called Violet Gibbons who works in a fish and chip shop, but the engagement is called off. Later on, Pike starts seeing a young cinema girl called Ivy, who speaks so quietly that nobody can ever hear her say anything. He briefly develops a crush on Hodges's niece Sylvia, but that quickly fizzles out.
In "The Royal Train", it is revealed that Pike can drive a steam locomotive, having learned to do so at the Schoolboys' Exhibition.
Pike is naive and acts childishly; he has limited grasp of adult issues. He is frequently found with confectionery, is upset in "The Big Parade" to leave a cinema early because "I haven't seen the Donald Duck yet" and can be petulant to superiors. This annoys Captain Mainwaring, who refers to him as a "stupid boy" due to his carelessness and mistakes and his bouts of childish humor. In "Gorilla Warfare", Mainwaring opines that Pike is "slightly retarded". Mainwaring treats Pike as a child, sometimes threatening to send him home from meetings if he does not behave. Mainwaring also treats Pike as a dogsbody, and gives him menial, demeaning, dangerous or undignified tasks, refusing to "mollycoddle" him. Pike frequently ends up wet, covered in mud or otherwise humiliated. In "Things that Go Bump in the Night", he is stripped several times and has to run naked through a field to escape dogs. Pike does, however, sometimes show some maturity. In "Menace from the Deep", when Pike has lost all the food brought out to the pier by not tying up the boat correctly, he apologises to each member of the platoon on the pier. In the episode "Something Nasty in the Vault", he refuses to leave the bank (and his "Uncle Arthur") when it is discovered that Wilson and Mainwaring are precariously cradling an unexploded German bomb in the bank's vault.
Although Pike comes up with sensible solutions to problems encountered by the platoon, he treats "everything as if it's a game", to quote Mainwaring in "All is Safely Gathered In". Notably, in "The Deadly Attachment", Pike is put on an ominous 'list' by a German U-Boat captain due to Mainwaring's incompetence at preventing the German from learning Pike's name ("Don't tell him, Pike!"), spelling his doom should the Germans win the war; however, as Pike had sung a childish song about Adolf Hitler in front of this officer, it is his own fault in refusing to take the situation seriously. He would rather play at being a Chicago gangster with the platoon's grenades or Tommy gun. He exasperates Mainwaring but he is humoured by other members, particularly Lance Corporal Jones, Private Godfrey and Private Walker. Pike is one of the most timid members of the group, but was the first in the series to fire on a suspected enemy, in "The Enemy Within the Gates", even though it turned out to be a swan.
Pike appears sickly and unhealthy, though most of his "illnesses" stem from his mother's protectiveness. She usually makes him wears a claret and blue scarf with his Home Guard uniform, which supposedly prevents him from getting croup, even though only infants and (apparently) chickens are supposed to get it ("Menace from the Deep"). Despite all this, in the episode "When You've Got to Go", he is certified fit for military service and is set to enter the RAF (to his mother's horror). However, after donating blood during a blood drive, it is discovered that Pike has an extremely rare blood type and he ends up being excluded from active service (though in typical Pike fashion, he doesn't reveal this to the rest of the platoon until after they've given him a going-away party).
Pike is a fan of the cinema and narrates the plots of films that relate to the platoon, even if the relationship is vague. When the film example does mirror reality, he picks scenarios that end in death.
Pike makes pointless comments while trying to help: this is illustrated in "Absent Friends". Jones, Mainwaring, Pike and Wilson are searching for an escaped convict, with the help of the police.
Jones: "Perhaps they're hidin' behind the bushes, sir. They do a lot of hidin' behind bushes, do policemen. Especially when they're knockin' people off."
Mainwaring: "I don't think that's very likely, Jones."
Pike: "In that film, 'Public Enemy Number One', they hid behind cars. But there aren't any here."
Pike's name is a reference to the spear-like weapons issued to the Home Guard in 1942, generating "an almost universal feeling of anger and disgust from the ranks".
Ian Lavender was invited to choose Pike's scarf from the BBC costume department. As a supporter of Aston Villa, he chose the team's colours.
A series of Barclays Bank adverts featured Arthur Lowe as George Mainwaring retiring from his position at the bank, with Pike taking over as manager; Mainwaring refers to Pike as 'stupid boy' as he did in the series.
References
Dad's Army characters
Fictional British Army personnel
Television characters introduced in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Pike |
Action Biker (also known as KP Skips Action Biker with Clumsy Colin in the UK) is a 1985 game for the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum released by Mastertronic. The game was a tie-in with snack food KP Skips, whose mascot was "Clumsy Colin" who featured in television adverts for Skips at around the time the game was published.
Although marketed under the same title, the ZX Spectrum version of Action Biker differs significantly from the Atari and C64 versions, to the extent that Retro Gamer magazine featured it in their "Same Name, Different Game" column.
The music was composed by Rob Hubbard.
Gameplay
The player controls the protagonist Clumsy Colin who rides a motorbike and has to navigate a landscape to extra equipment to improve the bike. Once all forty pieces are collected the player performs a final drag race. There is a time limit, and the player also has a limited number of lives reduced by crashing into background objects.
The Atari and Commodore 64 versions feature an isometric view of the town, which wraps around at the edges. The Spectrum version has a different viewpoint.
There are several key areas to the map: the petrol station (where the player can refuel), the lakes (including an island that is initially inaccessible), the rollercoaster (which can be ridden on the C64 and Atari versions) and the building site (which changes shape as the game progresses).
Among the extras collected are a new gearbox (allowing the player to switch to low gear for higher acceleration), water-skis or a snorkel (to allow the player to cross water) and a larger fuel tank.
Spectrum version
Although the ZX Spectrum version shares the basic gameplay elements of navigating a motorbike around a scrolling city and collecting objects with the Atari and C64 versions, it is otherwise significantly different in both plot and execution.
The aim of this version, according to the instructions is to "find [Colin's] friend Marti and take him to the spaceport". Items helping him do this can be found inside houses around the city. However "the alarm is set to go off at 8 o'clock and wake him up", and Colin will also "wake up" if he collides with other vehicles. While it may be implied that the game- including the otherwise incongruous "spaceport" reference- takes place within Colin's dream, the instructions do not explicitly state this. Further, actually picking up Martin in the game gives a message that he should be taken to the "airport", not the spaceport.
In addition, Colin's bike has limited fuel, but "he can gain energy by eating Skips or by refueling at a garage."
Reception
The Commodore 64 version was positively reviewed by Zzap!64 who thought it was one of the best Mastertronic titles to date and excellent value for money. It was given an 83% overall score.
The ZX Spectrum version received generally poor reviews. A contemporary Sinclair User review commented that "why Colin is asleep is a mystery."
References
External links
Action Biker at Atari Mania
Gameplay video
1985 video games
Advergames
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
Mastertronic games
Motorcycle video games
Racing video games
Video games scored by Rob Hubbard
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games with isometric graphics
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20Biker |
The acronym XCIS can refer to the following:
XCIS client, a graphical X-based Linux client for cluster information services.
XICS, as a common misspelling for an X-based client of internet chess servers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCIS |
"Swing" is the lead single from New Zealand hip hop artist Savage's debut solo album, Moonshine. It was released in January 2005, and reached number one on the New Zealand singles chart. In 2008, it was released in the United States with a remix featuring American rapper Soulja Boy, which reached number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100. The remix featured on Savage's second studio album and US debut, Savage Island, alongside a second remix featuring American rapper Pitbull. The song was also covered by metalcore bands Miss May I and Drop Dead, Gorgeous.
In 2013, the song was remixed by Australian producer Joel Fletcher. The remix, credited as "Joel Fletcher & Savage", reached number two in Australia, and was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association.
Original version
"Swing" was sent to radio in New Zealand in November 2004 and released commercially in the first week of January 2005 as Savage's debut solo single, following an album as part of the Deceptikonz and a feature on Scribe's hit single "Not Many – The Remix!". The music video was filmed by Offramp Productions in Ōtāhuhu, New Zealand in November 2004. In the single's first week of release, it debuted at number two on the New Zealand singles chart, behind Snoop Dogg's "Drop It Like It's Hot", and the following week it climbed to number one, where it remained for five weeks. It finished 2005 as the year's ninth highest selling single in New Zealand, and the second highest by a New Zealand artist, behind Savage's own follow-up single "Moonshine".
It was released in Australia on 15 August 2005, and debuted at number 44 on the ARIA Singles Chart, reaching a peak of number 36 in its second week. Prior to its United States release, "Swing" had reportedly sold over 130,000 copies in New Zealand and Australia.
United States release
In 2007, "Swing" was featured in a "pivotal bar scene" in the American romantic comedy film Knocked Up, and furthermore used as the music for the opening menu on its DVD release, which led to "Swing" garnering traffic on YouTube. Savage's New Zealand label Dawn Raid Entertainment released the original album Moonshine to the iTunes Store in the United States in March 2008, and "Swing" began growing on the iTunes charts, and debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart on the week of 3 May 2008.
Following a label bidding war, Savage signed to Universal Republic Records, and a remix of "Swing" featuring American rapper Soulja Boy was produced, and serviced to radio in May 2008. A video for the remix was filmed by director Kai "FlyyKai" Crawford in Beverly Hills in July 2008, and released in September 2008.
The remix entered the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of 16 August 2008, and reached a peak of number 45 on 4 October 2008, charting for 20 weeks in total. In November 2008, the song was certified platinum in the United States, and in January 2009, it was announced as having become the then-highest selling New Zealand single in US history, with over 1.5 million digital sales, including over 500,000 ringtone sales. It was eventually certified double platinum in October 2020. Additionally, the song returned to the New Zealand charts, reaching number 23 in August 2008, and Savage won an International Achievement Award at the 2008 New Zealand Music Awards, and an International Breakthrough award was created in his honour at the Pacific Music Awards in New Zealand in May 2009. The remix also featured on the 2008 US compilation Now That's What I Call Music! 29, the last edition in the series to be certified platinum.
Joel Fletcher remix
In 2013, "Swing" was remixed by Australian producer Joel Fletcher, following his breakthrough top 40 hit "Bring It Back" with Will Sparks. Fletcher said of the production of the remix:
"I did Swing in maybe three or four hours before a gig when I was browsing through my iTunes looking for some a cappella to play that night and I came across the Savage track. It was about a year ago. From there, Ministry of Sound heard the tracks and wanted to do something with it. When it got leaked on the internet, I was a bit iffy about when to do with it; I didn't think it would succeed because everyone could get it. They told me to trust them, to revisit the track and rework it. You never know what can happen."
The Joel Fletcher remix was released on Beatport on 31 October 2013, then as part of the Australian edition of the compilation Ministry of Sound – The Annual 2014 on 8 November 2013, then as a single on the Australian iTunes Store a week later. It debuted at number 45 on the ARIA Singles Chart on 18 November 2013, the week of the compilation's release, and climbed continuously for the next two months, reaching a peak of number two on the week of 27 January 2014, behind Pharrell Williams' "Happy". It placed at number 23 on the Australian year-end singles chart of 2014, and was ultimately certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association in June 2018. It is the highest charting single of both artists in Australia, and has been credited for "[propelling] the relatively unknown sound of Melbourne bounce to a national audience". The remix's popularity also caused the original track to return to the Australian charts, re-entering at number 95 on the week of 27 January 2014, and peaking at number 83 on 17 March 2014.
A music video for the Joel Fletcher remix was filmed on 17 December 2013, and released on 14 January 2014. Savage makes an appearance in the video, where he arrives at a house party and performs the "famous lyrics".
Track listings
2005 New Zealand CD single
"Swing" (radio edit) – 3:33
"Swing" (album version) – 3:32
"Swing" (Sol Messiah remix) – 3:39
"Swing" (instrumental) – 3:32
2005 Australian CD single
"Swing" (radio edit)
"Swing" (album version)
"Swing" (Sol Messiah remix)
"Swing" (instrumental)
"Swing" (Bump City remix)
"Swing" (Crooked Eye remix)
"Swing" (Nate D remix)
2008 digital download – featuring Soulja Boy
"Swing" – 3:40
2008 digital download – featuring Pitbull
"Swing" – 4:42
2013 digital download – Joel Fletcher remix
"Swing" (original mix) – 5:15
2013 digital download – Joel Fletcher remix
"Swing" (radio edit) – 3:00
2014 digital download – remixes
"Swing" (Dylan Sanders remix) – 5:07
"Swing" (The Only remix) – 3:39
Charts
Weekly charts
Original version
Remix featuring Soulja Boy
Joel Fletcher remix
Year-end charts
Original version
Joel Fletcher remix
Certifications
Original version
Remix featuring Soulja Boy
Joel Fletcher remix
Release history
In popular culture
In 2020, the song gained new popularity when it was widely used on the social media app TikTok. The songs chorus lyrics, "Oh shit, shake that ass ma, move it like a Gypsy. Stop, woah, back it up now let me see your hips swing!" was the music used in numerous videos showing Donald Trump dancing at a campaign rally. The songs popularity on TikTok caused it to rise in sales charts.
See also
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand)
List of number-one dance singles of 2014 (Australia)
References
2005 songs
2005 debut singles
2008 singles
APRA Award winners
Joel Fletcher songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Savage (rapper) songs
Soulja Boy songs
Universal Records singles
Ministry of Sound singles
Song articles with missing songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing%20%28Savage%20song%29 |
Kirkhill railway station is a railway station serving the Kirkhill area of the town of Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is located on the Newton Line. This is the least used station on the Newton Branch.
History
The station was originally opened as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 August 1904. Kirkhill station was the final station to be opened on the line before it was absorbed into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. From 1948 until 1997, services were operated by the nationalised British Railways who electrified the route in 1962.
The station was provided with a Swiss Chalet style building on the tunnel above the east of the station, which was demolished in the late 1990s.
Services
From 1974
Following the electrification of the West Coast Main Line the basic service was:
Monday to Saturday
two terminating trains per hour from via
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Sundays
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Additional peak hour services were provided to via both sides of the Hamilton Circle.
From 1979
Following the opening of the Argyle Line in November 1979, services on the Cathcart Circle were reorganised. The basic service was:
Monday to Saturday
two trains per hour between and Newton via
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Sundays
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
The removal of terminating services at Kirkhill enabled the turnback siding east of the station to be closed and lifted shortly afterwards.
From 2005
Monday to Sunday
one train per hour between and Newton via
one train per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Buildings and structures in Cambuslang
1904 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkhill%20railway%20station |
Yamaha MotoGP Racing or Yamaha Factory Racing is the official Italian-Japanese factory team of Yamaha in MotoGP.
The team was founded in 1999 following the retirement of Wayne Rainey, who had run a factory-supported team in the 500 cc class for the previous two years, with Kenny Roberts and Giacomo Agostini having run their own works supported teams before him. The team was originally based in the Netherlands but was relocated in Italy in 2002.
History
Max Biaggi and Carlos Checa raced for the team from 1999 to . Biaggi achieved a total of 8 race wins in that period, first riding the Yamaha YZR500 and later the Yamaha YZR-M1 in 2002.
In , Checa was joined by Marco Melandri. The team had an average season with no podium finishes. For , Valentino Rossi joined Checa at the team. Rossi got 9 wins and won the championship. Colin Edwards joined the team for , when Rossi once again won the championship, collecting 11 wins. Rossi and Edwards stayed with the team for . Rossi earned 5 wins and finished 2nd in the championship. For the season, both riders remained with the team riding the new 800cc Yamaha YZR-M1. Rossi had 4 wins and finished the season 3rd overall.
For , Yamaha had a unique line-up with Rossi being joined in the team by Jorge Lorenzo. Although the pair were fighting for the title from different pit boxes (as Rossi chose to use Bridgestone tyres and as Lorenzo continued with Michelin), Yamaha operated as one team and not two separate entities. The title was won dominantly by Rossi who won 9 of the 18 races and finished on the podium in every race except for two. Even though this was the learning year for Lorenzo, he was able to cruise to victory at Estoril and finished 4th in the championship. In , Yamaha dominated MotoGP with Rossi winning the title and Lorenzo finishing second. The pair won 12 out of the 17 races, and Yamaha won the Constructors' Championship.
After seven years with Yamaha, Rossi left the team to compete with Ducati for two seasons. He rejoined Yamaha again for the 2013 MotoGP season.
Grand Prix motorcycle results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
MotoGP results
By rider
By year
(key)
See also
Monster Energy Yamaha Factory
Notes
References
External links
Motorcycle racing teams
Motorsport in Japan
1999 establishments in the Netherlands
Motorcycle racing teams established in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20Motor%20Racing |
Christopher Fairbank (born 4 October 1953) is an English film, stage and television actor, best known in the UK for playing Moxey in the comedy drama series Auf Wiedersehen, Pet.
Career
In 2010, he appeared as a detective in Five Daughters, and as Alfred "Freddie" Lennon in the biopic Lennon Naked.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video Game
References
External links
1953 births
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male video game actors
English male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from Hertfordshire
People educated at Kent College
Alumni of RADA
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male comedy actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Fairbank |
Hualalai Academy, was a K-12 college preparatory school, it was the first accredited private, independent, K-12 school in the Districts of North and South Kona on the Big Island of Hawaii.
School history
Hualalai was founded in 1985 as a K-5 satellite of Hawaii Preparatory Academy in Waimea, by parents who wanted local education for their children, and business owners who needed to draw young professionals to the area.
Educational achievements
Since it became independent in 1996, Hualalai earned accreditation from the Hawaii Association of Independent Schools and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, established a middle school and high school, and built a campus on that was certified a “Wildlife Habitat” by the National Wildlife Federation in 2007.
With a 9:1 student/teacher ratio, Hualalai students were encouraged to participate in state and national programs and have won recognition and numerous awards for academic achievement, athletic performance and artistic pursuits. Enrollment grew from 52 students in 1996 to about 190 in 2008.
School location
The school was located on the western slope of the Hualālai volcano, from which it gets its name. The campus is located at 74-4966 Kealakaa Street, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740, Coordinates .
School close
It was announced that the school would fold after the 2013–14 school year after filing for bankruptcy. Many contributing factors were attributed to their collapse, the main being the dwindling student body. Initially Kamehameha Schools were interested in the property and had reportedly put in a bid that was under consideration. After a few weeks Kamehameha Schools retracted their bid for unknown reasons. Makua Lani Christian Academy bought the 14-acre property in June 2014 and was able to move from their previous Holualoa campus in time for the 2014–15 academic school year. With the new campus, Makua Lani Christian Academy's enrollment jumped from eighty students to one hundred and twenty, with many being Hualalai Academy transfers.
See also
Hawaii Preparatory Academy
Kamehameha Schools
Kealakehe High School
References
External links
Hualalai Academy to close from West Hawaii Today
Kamehameha Schools will buy Hualalai Academy site on Big Island from Pacific Business News
Posts about Hualalai Academy written by Damon Tucker
Hualalai Academy: Practical Guide for Developing 21st Century Learning Communities
Private K-12 schools in Hawaii County, Hawaii
Preparatory schools in Hawaii
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Hawaii
Defunct schools in Hawaii | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualalai%20Academy |
Croftfoot railway station is a railway station in South Lanarkshire that lies close to the Glasgow City council area / South Lanarkshire boundary serving the Croftfoot area of the City of Glasgow and the Spittal and Bankhead areas of the town of Rutherglen, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is on the Newton branch of the Cathcart Circle Line.
Services
Every day of the week, there is :
2tph to Newton
1tph to Glasgow Central via Mount Florida
1tph to Glasgow Central via Maxwell Park
References
External links
Railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Buildings and structures in Rutherglen
Former London, Midland and Scottish Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1931
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1931 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croftfoot%20railway%20station |
The Itchen Bridge is a bridge over the River Itchen in Southampton, Hampshire. It is a high-level hollow box girder bridge. It is located about a mile from the river mouth. The bridge spans , is at its highest point and weighs 62,000 tons. The bridge connects the A3025 Portsmouth Road to Southampton. It was built to replace the former chain ferry, known as the Floating Bridge, that crossed the river at that point. The bridge's set of blue energy-saving lights can be seen from up to down Southampton Water from the bridge.
The bridge has achieved notoriety as a venue for suicide, with over 200 alleged suicides recorded since its opening in 1977, prompting calls for the construction of preventive measures along its length.
History
Prior efforts
The first attempt to build a crossing below Northam Bridge began in 1833. The plan for a 17-arch swing bridge was stopped by the Admiralty over concerns on the effects it would have on navigation. Instead the Woolston Floating Bridge was built which opened in 1836.
In 1926, in the context of the construction of the Queensway Tunnel under the River Mersey, Southampton council hired Basil Mott to investigate the various options for building a fixed crossing across the lower River Itchen. Along with providing costs for a tunnel and a high level crossing he recommended a low level opening span bridge.
Another planning effort was undertaken in 1936. The full report took two years to compile and included sinking boreholes into the Itchen. Again a low level crossing with a swinging section was the preferred option. Attempts to raise funds for this bridge were delayed by the need to carry out work on Northam Bridge and then by the outbreak of World War II. During World War II the construction of a pontoon bridge was briefly considered but the decision was made that the floating bridge was adequate.
A further plan for a low level bridge was produced in 1947 but again work on Northam Bridge took priority.
In 1955 with the work on Northam bridge complete R. Travers Morgan and Partners were commissioned to produce a report on a new bridge. Two reports were produced over the following two years recommended in fixed structure with a dual carriageway and feet of headroom or another with of headroom. An act authorising the bridge was obtained in 1960. However, in 1961 Ministry of Transport announced it would not be providing financial support for the bridge which again put the project on hold.
Planning
In the mid-1960s it became clear to the council that some form of action would have to be taken. The floating bridges were reaching the end of their life requiring an expensive refit or replacement and the compulsory purchase powers under the 1960 Act would expire in 1973. With no possibility of funding from the Ministry of Transport the council started to look into the possibility of constructing a toll bridge. The council requested a formal report on the possibility of a toll bridge from the city Engineer and Surveyor in October 1969 and the report was delivered on 12 March 1970. It recommended a two lane high level bridge with 80 feet of head-space to allow ships from the dockyards upstream to pass under it. A bridge with an opening span was rejected on the basis of the disruption it would cause to traffic every time it had to open. With a toll bridge having been decided upon, it was decided it could also be used to control traffic levels over the bridge to avoid the need to significantly upgrade local roads. This was unpopular with motoring organisations who opposed the council's attempt to get a bill through parliament to authorise the toll bridge. This opposition was overcome after debate at parliamentary committee level and the council obtained its act of parliament in July 1973.
The contract for building the bridge was then put out for tender and was awarded to the lowest bidder, Kier Group (then Kier ltd), at a price of £5,710,630.
Construction
The ceremonial start of construction took place on 22 March 1974 with the Mayor of Southampton driving the first pile. Along with basic site preparation, the first job was the construction of two jetties, one from each bank, to the position in the Itchen where the two piers in the river would be built. The jetty from the east bank was built first with the one on the west bank being delayed by the need to fill in an area of shallow water known as the Chapel Inlet.
Once preparation was complete long piles were driven into the ground. Transport limitations meant the piles had to be brought in sections before being welded together onsite. The piling process on the east bank of the Itchen was delayed by the piles hitting the remains of a jetty which had to be partially removed. Meanwhile, on the west side delays were caused after construction disturbed a poorly documented system of sewers.
Once the piling was complete pile caps were added and the bridge supports constructed on top of them. From the top of the bridge supports cantilevered arms were then constructed outwards. They were constructed symmetrically in both directions at once in order to keep the weight on the supports balanced. Once the cantilevered arms were complete the sections that spanned the gap between them were cast from concrete in the form of box beams on top of the arms before being moved into place on hydraulic bogies suspended from girders. In order to balance the weight large concrete blocks were placed on the opposite arm. During this period work was slowed by the 1976 British Isles heat wave and subsequent rains.
Opening
The original plan was for the bridge to open on 1 May 1977 but construction fell behind schedule and instead it was opened 1 June 1977.
Before opening to motor vehicles it was decided to hold a pedestrian only day for people to examine the bridge. This was held on Tuesday 31 May 1977. The first member of the public across was the then 69 year old Mrs Edith Parks at around 13:30 with a general opening at 14:00. The bridge opened to motor traffic the following day, 1 June, at 10:30 with the mayoral car leading the way. Former Southampton MP Horace King, Baron Maybray-King decided to celebrate by being driven across in a horse-dawn Landau. Southampton's bus routes started using the bridge on 12 June.
The bridge was named by Princess Alexandra, The Hon Mrs Angus Ogilvy on 13 July 1977. This had originally been planned as an opening ceremony but this was changed when the bridge was completed before that date.
Maintenance and changes
In 2011 the bridge lighting was switched to white LEDs with Blue LEDs placed on the uprights.
As part of the bridge's maintenance eight expansion joints were replaced in March 2016.
In February 2022, the city council announced a bridge strengthening programme that would see work carried out on the bridge in 2023 and 2024 at a cost of around £3.8 million.
Toll
At the Woolston end a toll booth operates daily. Southampton City Council levies a variable toll, depending on vehicle type and time of day of crossing. The toll was originally charged in order to help pay the £12.174 million it cost to build and to control traffic levels. The loans to pay for the bridge were paid off in 2016. In the early part of the 40-year period this took, a large part of the loan repayments were met from Southampton Council's general funds but in later years the tolls delivered a surplus. The toll remains to control the traffic in the areas surrounding the bridge and to cover the ongoing maintenance of the bridge with money beyond what is needed for maintenance going to general council funds.
There is a local myth that there was a promise to scrap the toll once the bridge had been paid for but this is not the case.
On 21 December 2010, it was announced that an automatic toll system would replace the staffed booth, saving over £200,000 annually. This system measures the height of the front of the vehicle and number of front wheels to judge the applicable toll for that vehicle.
See also
Itchen ferry
Woolston Floating Bridge
Gallery
References
Bibliography
External links
Live CCTV images of the bridge, toll-end
The Itchen Bridge and its Association with Transport
Buildings and structures in Southampton
Transport in Southampton
Toll bridges in England
Toll roads in the United Kingdom
Bridges in Hampshire
Port of Southampton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itchen%20Bridge |
Burnside railway station serves the Burnside and Blairbeth areas of the Royal Burgh of Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire, Greater Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is located on the Newton branch of the Cathcart Circle Lines, which has been electrified since 1962 by British Railways. This is the busiest railway station on the Newton branch.
History
The station was opened by the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway on 1 August 1904. Later taken over by the Caledonian Railway, it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the 1923 Grouping and subsequently the Scottish Region of British Railways at nationalisation in 1948. B.R electrified the line through the station in 1962, when the section beyond was closed - since that time, all services have run to/from Glasgow only, though it became possible to travel there via both sides of the Circle following track alterations in the Carthcart area carried out as part of the modernisation work.
Facilities
Access to this station is by one of two railway bridges and as a result there is no disabled access to trains from here. A single waiting room serves both platforms. The ticket office is only open on Mondays to Saturdays. Customer information screens are also available at this station. A help point is available, like on every other ScotRail station in Glasgow. Automatic announcements have recently been fitted at this station as well as all the stations on the Cathcart Circle. There is no dedicated car park, but six cycle storage places are available.
Services
From 1974
Following the electrification of the West Coast Main Line by British Rail, the basic service was:
Monday to Saturday
two trains per hour between and via
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Sundays
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Additional peak hour services were provided to via both sides of the Hamilton Circle.
From 1979
Following the opening of the Argyle Line in November 1979 by British Rail, services on the Cathcart Circle were reorganised. The basic service was:
Monday to Saturday
two trains per hour between and Newton via
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
Sundays
two trains per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
From 2005
Monday to Sunday
one train per hour between and Newton via
one train per hour between and Newton via Queen's Park
References
Notes
Sources
Railway stations in South Lanarkshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1904
SPT railway stations
Buildings and structures in Rutherglen
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1904 establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnside%20railway%20station |
Baeckea is a genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, all but one endemic to Australia. Plants in the genus Baeckea are shrubs or small trees with leaves arranged in opposite pairs, white to deep pink flowers with five sepals and five petals, and five to fifteen stamens that are shorter than the petals.
Description
Plants in the genus Baeckea are glabrous shrubs, sometimes small trees, usually with the leaves arranged in opposite pairs or decussate. The flowers are usually arranged singly in leaf axils on a pedicel with two bracteoles at the base but that sometimes fall off as the flower opens. There are five sepals and five white to deep pink , more or less round petals that are free from each other. Five to fifteen stamens are arranged in a single row and are shorter that the petals and open by parallel slits. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds.
Taxonomy
The genus Baeckea was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum. The genus is named in honor of the Swedish physician Abraham Bäck (or Baeck) (1713–1795).
Many species formerly placed in the genus are currently included in Euryomyrtus, Harmogia, Kardomia, Oxymyrrhine, Rinzia, Sannantha, Seorsus and Triplarina.
The closest genera to Baeckea are the fleshy-fruited Myrcianthes and Acmena, and the dry-fruited Angophora and Backhousia.
Distribution and habitat
Species in the genus Baeckea are endemic to Australia, apart from B. frutescens that also occurs in Malesia.
Species list
The names of 27 species of Baeckea have been accepted by Plants of the World Online as at January 2022:
Baeckea brevifolia (Rudge) DC. (N.S.W.)
Baeckea diosmifolia Rudge – fringed baeckea (Qld., N.S.W.)
Baeckea elderiana Pritz. (W.A.)
Baeckea exserta S.Moore (W.A.)
Baeckea frutescens L. (S.E. Asia, New Guinea, Qld., N.S.W.)
Baeckea grandibracteata Pritz. (W.A.)
Baeckea grandiflora Benth. – large-flowered baeckea (W.A.)
Baeckea grandis Pritz. (W.A.)
Baeckea gunniana S.Schauer ex Walp. – alpine baeckea (N.S.W., Vic., Tas.)
Baeckea imbricata (Gaertn.) Druce – heath myrtle (Qld., N.S.W.)
Baeckea kandos A.R.Bean (N.S.W.)
Baeckea latens C.R.P.Andrews (W.A.)
Baeckea latifolia (Benth.) A.R.Bean (N.S.W., Vic.)
Baeckea leptocaulis Hook.f. (Tas.)
Baeckea leptophylla (Turcz.) Domin (W.A.)
Baeckea linifolia Rudge – swamp baeckea, weeping baeckea, flax-leaf heath myrtle (Qld., N.S.W., Vic.)
Baeckea muricata C.A.Gardner (W.A.)
Baeckea omissa A.R.Bean (Qld., N.S.W.)
Baeckea pachyphylla Benth. (W.A.)
Baeckea pentagonantha F.Muell. (W.A.)
Baeckea pygmaea Benth. (W.A.)
Baeckea robusta F.Muell. (W.A.)
Baeckea staminosa Pritz. (W.A.)
Baeckea subcuneata F.Muell. (W.A.)
Baeckea trapeza A.R.Bean (Qld.)
Baeckea uncinella Benth. (W.A.)
Baeckea utilis F.Muell. ex Miq. – mountain baeckea (N.S.W., A.C.T., Vic.)
References
Myrtaceae genera
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baeckea |
Fordcombe is a village within the civil parish of Penshurst in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. The village is located on the northern slopes of the Weald, five miles (8 km) west of Royal Tunbridge Wells.
The church, part of a united benefice with Penshurst, Chiddingstone and Chiddingstone Causeway, is dedicated to St Peter. Several members of the Hardinge family are buried in the churchyard:
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge (1785–1856), British Army Field Marshal, Governor-General of India
Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge (1822–1894), British politician
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1858–1944), British diplomat and statesman, Viceroy of India
Alexander Hardinge, 2nd Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1894–1960), British Army officer and courtier
Sir Arthur Edward Hardinge (1828–1892), British Army general, Governor of Gibraltar
Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge (1859–1933), British diplomat
The Chafford Arms pub is at the heart of the village.
External links
Villages in Kent
Penshurst | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordcombe |
Jimmy George (8 March 1955 – 30 November 1987) was an Indian volleyball player and captain of the India national volleyball team. Often dubbed the God of Indian volleyball, he is considered as one of the greatest volleyball players of all time.
Jimmy played for Kerala and India as an amateur and later became the first Indian to become professional volleyball player. He played for professional clubs outside the country, most notably in Italy. At the age of 32, Jimmy died in a road accident in Italy on 30 November 1987, while playing for the Eurosibo Eurostyle, a first division club in the Italian professional league. He still remains as the youngest volleyball player to receive Arjuna Award, one of India's highest national sporting awards.
Career
Jimmy George was born to the Kudakkachira family, at Thundiyil near Peravoor in Kannur district, as the second son of George Joseph and Mary George. He learned to play volleyball from his father, a former university-level player. Jimmy played for St. Joseph's High School in Peravoor. In 1970, Jimmy became a member of the University of Calicut volleyball team. In 1973, he joined St. Thomas College, Pala. Jimmy represented the Kerala University four times from 1973 to 1976. The Kerala team won the All India Inter-University Championship during these four years. He became the captain of the team in 1973 and later secured a berth in the Kerala State Team at the age of 16, in 1971. Jimmy represented the Kerala state nine times.
In 1976, Jimmy was in his first year of medical college before joining the Kerala Police where he remained a member of the Kerala police team until his death. He took leave from the Kerala Police in 1979 and went to the Persian Gulf to play for Abu Dhabi Sports Club. In 1982, he left Abu Dhabi to join Coletto Club at Treviso in Italy and played for them for a season. He then switched to System Impiani and played for them in 1983-84. He returned to India and rejoined Kerala Police where played his last Nationals at Kanpur in 1985. Jimmy went back to Italy to play for Arrital team. In 1987-88 he signed a contract with Eurostyle-Euroslba at Montchiari in Brescia.
Jimmy played for India's national volleyball team in the Asian Games in Tehran (1974), Bangkok (1978) and in Seoul (1986) where India won the bronze medal. He was captain of the Indian team that played at Saudi Arabia in 1985, and led the Indian team to victory in India Gold Cup International Volleyball Tournament at Hyderabad in 1986.
Awards and honours
At age 21, Jimmy George was the youngest volleyball player to win the Arjuna Award. He was given the G.V. Raja Award in 1975 and won the Manorama Award, for the best sportsman of Kerala, in 1976. He was judged the best player in the Persian Gulf region while playing for Abu Dhabi Sports Club, from 1979-82. He played as a professional in Italy from 1982-1984 and 1985-1987, and in his prime was considered one of the best attackers of the world. In 2000, Malayala Manorama, a newspaper in Malayalam, honored him as the best sportsman of Kerala of the 20th century.
Death and legacy
Jimmy died in a car accident in Italy on 30 November 1987, at the age of 32. His funeral ceremony was attended by thousands of people from different parts of Kannur District and Kerala State. He was cremated at the cemetery of St. Joseph's Church Peravoor. Following his death, the Jimmy George Foundation was established, which in 1989 instituted the Jimmy George Award for best sportsperson of Kerala. The foundation also makes available cash awards at St. Joseph's High School, Peravoor, and at Devagiri College.
The government of Kerala dedicated its indoor stadium at Trivandrum named as Jimmy George Indoor Stadium. At St. Thomas College, Pala, a volleyball stadium is named after him, as were a stadium of St.Joseph's Higher Secondary School and a road at Peravoor. At Kannur, the District Headquarters, Police Department named its conference hall in the name of Jimmy George. An indoor stadium in Italy, called PalaGeorge, was dedicated in his memory at Montichiari, Brescia, and an annual junior tournament is organized in his memory. Since 1989, the Kerala Volleyball League of North America organizes the Jimmy George Super Trophy Volleyball Tournament.
References
External links
A Collection of Jimmy's Videos on YouTube
A news article in The Hindu on Jimmy George
Indian men's volleyball players
Malayali people
People from Kannur district
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
1955 births
1987 deaths
Volleyball players from Kerala
Asian Games medalists in volleyball
Volleyball players at the 1974 Asian Games
Volleyball players at the 1978 Asian Games
Volleyball players at the 1986 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20George |
Villanova University's Charles Widger School of Law (known as Villanova University School of Law) is the law school of Villanova University, a private Roman Catholic research university in Villanova, Pennsylvania. It was opened in 1953 and is approved by the American Bar Association (ABA) and a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). Approximately 720 students study full-time in the J.D. program which offers more than 100 offerings including foundation courses, specialty offerings, drafting courses, clinical experiences, seminars, simulation courses and externships.
Academics
The school has four degree programs:
J.D.
J.D./M.B.A. with School of Business
J.D./LL.M. in Law and Taxation
J.D./LL.M. in International Law
Juris Doctor (JD)
Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law offers a legal education designed to teach the rules of law and their application; to demonstrate how lawyers analyze legal issues and express arguments and conclusions; to inculcate the skills of the counselor, advocate, and decision maker; and to explore the ethical and moral dimensions of law practice and professional conduct.
Joint JD/MBA program
The Villanova University School of Law and the Villanova School of Business offer a joint-degree program permitting simultaneous study for the Juris Doctor and the Master of Business Administration degrees. The Villanova School of Business is one of the few business schools in the nation whose Master of Business Administration and Department of Accountancy program have been approved by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. In the program, credit is given for certain courses by both the School of Law and the School of Business. Through this program, degrees may be completed in less time than it would take to obtain them separately.
Graduate Tax Program
The Graduate Tax Program is an interdisciplinary program led by Leslie M. Book conducted under the auspices of the Villanova University School of Law and Villanova's School of Business. The program has over 30 courses, which are also available to JD candidates, who are able to enroll in LL.M. courses as well as participate in the joint JD/LL.M. program. Business students participating in the Graduate Tax Program may earn a Master of Science in Taxation (MST) degree.
Moorad Center for the Study of Sports Law
The Jeffrey S. Moorad Center for the Study of Sports Law was created in 2012, and was funded by a $5 million donation from San Diego Padres vice chairman and CEO Jeffrey S. Moorad (a 1981 graduate of the law school). The Center prepares students for careers in sports-related fields. It is one of only a few in the United States dedicated to the study of sports law, and it is run by director Andrew Brandt, a lawyer, former NFL team executive, and ESPN commentator.
Rankings and reputation
The 2023-24 edition of U.S. News & World Reports "Best Graduate Schools" ranked Villanova Law at 43rd in the country overall.
The 2022 edition of Above the Law's Top 50 Law Schools ranked Villanova as the 35th best law school in the country.
Class statistics
Fall 2021 entering class profile:
Total number of applicants: 2,972
Admit rate: 17.8%
Total enrolled: 219
In-state: 45%
Out-of-state: 55%
Students of color: 24%
Undergraduate schools represented: 125
GPA:
Median GPA: 3.70
25th percentile GPA: 3.51
75th percentile GPA: 3.83
LSAT:
Median LSAT: 162
25th percentile LSAT: 157
75th percentile LSAT: 164
Notable faculty
Michelle Anderson (born 1967), President of Brooklyn College, and a scholar on rape law
Edmund V. Ludwig
John F. Murphy (emeritus law professor)
Notable alumni
Frederick Anton III (law class of 1958), president and CEO of the Pennsylvania Manufactures Association and the Pennsylvania Manufactures Insurance Company
Richard Arcara (law class of 1965), judge, United States District Court for the Western District of New York (1988–present; Chief Judge, 2003–2010)
Adrienne Arsht, American philanthropist and banking executive (namesake of the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts)
Kelly Ayotte (law class of 1993), former Republican United States senator from New Hampshire (2011–2017); formerly New Hampshire Attorney General (2004–2009)
Lewis R. Carluzzo (law class of 1974), special trial judge of the United States Tax Court
J. Scot Chadwick (law class of 1978), former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1985–2000)
Mary Little Cooper (law class of 1972), federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (1992–present); formerly VP and General Counsel, Prudential Property and Casualty Insurance, Holmdel (1990–1992); Commissioner, New Jersey Department of Banking (1984–1990)
Ryan Costello, former Chester County Commissioner and former member of the United States House of Representatives
Craig Dally (law class of 1988), current judge for the 3rd District of the Northampton County Court of Common Pleas (2010–present); former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 138th District (1996–2010)
Joseph T. Doyle, Pennsylvania State Representative for the 163rd district (1971–1978)
Bishop Michael Fitzgerald, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia
Dave Frankel, Philadelphia TV anchor
Jacob Frey, former member of the Minneapolis City Council (2014–2018), Mayor of Minneapolis (2018–present)
Charlie Gerow, Republican political strategist
David F. Girard-diCarlo (law class of 1973), attorney and United States Ambassador to Austria (2008–2009); former Managing Partner and Chairman of Blank Rome
William J. Green, III, former member of the United States House of Representatives (1964–1977); Mayor of Philadelphia (1980–1984)
Joseph Hare, executive and retired rear admiral, US Navy
Mark A. Kearney, United States district judge, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (2014–present)
Joanna McClinton - Pennsylvania House Speaker
Matthew F. McHugh, former member of the United States House of Representatives
Jeff Moorad, owner, San Diego Padres
Ed Rendell, former governor of Pennsylvania (2003–2011); former Mayor of Philadelphia (1992–1999)
Marjorie Rendell, federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1997–present); former judge for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Matthew J. Ryan, former Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
William H. Ryan, Jr., Acting Attorney General of Pennsylvania (2011); formerly District Attorney of Delaware County (1988–1996)
Jennifer Santiago (law class of 1987), Emmy Award-winning journalist
Collins J. Seitz, Jr., justice of the Delaware Supreme Court
Donald Snyder (law class of 1982), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1981–2000; Majority Whip 1997–2000)
Michael J. Stack III (law class of 1992), 33rd and former lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania
Thomas J. Stapleton (law class of 1972), Pennsylvania State Representative for the 165th district (1975–1978)
Gerald R. Stockman (law class of 1959), noted fair housing advocate and former New Jersey state senator (1982–1992)
Michael Testa, New Jersey State Senator for the 1st Legislative district (2019–present)
Richard Trumka, president of the AFL–CIO and former president of the United Mine Workers of America
David Worby, trial lawyer known for advocacy on behalf of 9/11 workers
John Waldron – American criminal defense lawyer
Placement
According to Villanova's official 2014 ABA-required disclosures, 70% of the Class of 2014 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo practitioners.
Pro bono programs
Pro bono programs, such as the clinics and other projects, provide students with the opportunity to serve the disadvantaged while developing skills and positive relationships with practicing attorneys.
Lawyering Together
Villanova Law's student body has the opportunity to participate in the "Lawyering Together" program. Through the program, law students are matched with volunteer attorneys who assist clients referred through Philadelphia pro bono organizations. The referring organizations include Senior Law Center, Philadelphia Volunteers for the Indigent Program (VIP) and the Support Center for Child Advocates.
References
External links
Official website
Catholic law schools in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1953
Law schools in Pennsylvania
Villanova University
1953 establishments in Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanova%20University%20School%20of%20Law |
Rally Speedway (also known as John Anderson's Rally Speedway) is a top-down racing game developed by John Anderson for the Atari 8-bit family and published by Adventure International in 1983. The Atari version was released on cartridge. It was ported to the Commodore 64 and published by Commodore in 1985. The game includes options for changing how vehicles handle, such as top speed, acceleration, and whether roads are wet, dry, or icy. There's also an integrated editor for creating and saving race tracks.
Rally Speedway directly influenced the 1991 Nintendo Entertainment System game Micro Machines.
Gameplay
Rally Speedway shows a birds-eye view of a small section of a larger race track that scrolls. Single-player and two-player modes are available, with no computer-controlled opponents present in either mode. In the single-player game, the player races against time. The only goal is to improve one's lap time while avoiding various roadside objects.
In the two-player mode, players race against each other over a set amount of laps (three by default). Both players share the same view of the track. Player vehicles get near the screen's edges when the distance between them grows. Once one player gets too far behind, she receives a 5-second time penalty, and both players are placed together at the current location. A player that crashes receives a 10-second penalty.
There are options for changing top speed and acceleration, road surface, and even enabling immunity to crashes.
Rally Speedway includes an editor for creating new tracks and loading saving them on cassette or disk.
Reception
Lee Pappas of ANALOG Computing wrote in January 1984 that Rally Speedway "is one of the nicest designed and executed games for the [Atari 8-bit]". In the May 1984 issue of Electronic Games, Bill Kunkel praised the graphics and the variety of menu options for customizing the game, calling it "a virtual role model for games of this type". A 1984 review in Hi-Res magazine called Rally Speedway "graphically gorgeous" but criticized the top-down perspective for being less exciting than a behind-the-car view.
Legacy
Andrew Graham, designer of Micro Machines for the Nintendo Entertainment System, used Rally Speedway as a model for that game:
Micro Machines ended up using a scoring system instead of time penalties.
See also
Auto Racing, 1980 Intellivision game with similar visuals and gameplay
Racing Destruction Set, 1985 racing game with a track editor
References
External links
Rally Speedway at Atari Mania
Review in GAMES magazine
1983 video games
Adventure International games
Atari 8-bit family games
Commodore 64 games
Top-down racing video games
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally%20Speedway |
Craigendoran railway station () is a railway station serving Craigendoran, east of Helensburgh, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail, who operate all services at the station, and is located on the North Clyde Line between Helensburgh Central and Cardross, west of (High Level), measured via Singer and Maryhill. West Highland Line trains used to call here but no longer do following the closure of the upper platforms.
History
Opened by the North British Railway on 15 May 1882, at one time the station had five platforms: two as an island platform on the West Highland Line - sometimes called Craigendoran Upper (closed in 1964 and subsequently demolished), one on Craigendoran Pier serving Clyde Steamers (closed in 1972 and lifted) and two on the line to Helensburgh (one closed when the line was singled). All five platforms, bar those for the West Highland Line, were electrified. There were once goods sidings located in here, built in the 1940s, but these were removed in 1964 with the end of regular local freight workings.
The track layout at Craigendoran Junction was simplified in 1984 under the auspices of British Rail, singling the line to Helensburgh Central. The present layout at the junction, just east of the station, consists of a loop (available to West Highland Line trains only) and single lines to and . The line south of here towards remains double track.
Facilities
The station is equipped with a shelter (which is accessed by some steps), a bench and bike racks, as well as a car park, accessed over the footbridge. The only step-free access to the station is from Dennistoun Crescent. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
On weekdays & Saturdays, there is a typically half-hourly service westbound to Helensburgh Central, and eastbound to Edinburgh Waverley, via Glasgow Queen Street low-level and Airdrie, which skips stations between Dalmuir and Hyndland. On Sundays, the service remains half-hourly, but trains serve all stations via .
References
Bibliography
External links
Video footage of the station on YouTube
Railway stations in Argyll and Bute
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1894
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
James Miller railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigendoran%20railway%20station |
24SevenOffice is a Norwegian software company with headquarters in Oslo, Norway, and offices in Stockholm, Sweden and London, UK. Founded in 1997, the company specializes in web-based (SaaS) ERP and CRM systems.
Company history
24SevenOffice was started in 1997 in Porsgrunn, Norway under the company name IKT Interactive AS and marketed as kontorplassen.no. The name "24SevenOffice" was introduced for the company's London branch when the company entered the British market in 2003. The company changed its name to 24SevenOffice in February 2005. Originally based in Skien, the company later moved to Oslo Innovation Center before establishing their current headquarters on Tjuvholmen in the waterfront Fjord City of Oslo.
The idea for the company's product was developed in 1996, and 24SevenOffice was an early innovator in the Scandinavian market in terms of web-based enterprise resource planning-solutions (ERP). A British office was established at Surrey Business Park in May 2003, with the company launching its web-based (SaaS) utility computing system to the UK SME market in 2004.
An office in Chennai, India was established in 2005, and 24SevenOffice entered the Swedish market when they acquired the leading competitor and ERP-provider Start & Run in a cash deal. In August 2005, the company had an initial public offering that raised million, and the company entered The Norwegian Over the Counter Market list as of 5 October 2005 (the ticker was 24SO), reaching a market value of million, with 5000 customers in Norway.
In 2006, the company signed a deal to sponsor rally driver Petter Solberg, the largest private sponsorship in Norwegian sport at that time. Instead of receiving NOK 5 million in cash, Solberg received a 2.9 percent ownership in the company. The German-speaking market was entered in April 2006, when an office in Frankfurt am Main was opened, and in late August/early September they established an office with ten sales agents plus a general manager in Stockholm for the Swedish market.
24SevenOffice initiated strategic cooperation with Active 24 in early 2006 to develop a common platform. During the summer, Active 24 was bought by 24SevenOffice's ERP/CRM competitor Mamut (company), and 24SevenOffice terminated the contract with Active 24 in October demanding NOK 200 million in compensation for lost revenue. After a breakdown of settlement negotiations in the Forliksråd in January 2007, 24SevenOffice filed a case against Active 24 for breach of agreement in the Oslo District Court in March. 24SevenOffice lost on all counts in the District Court in December 2007. In January 2008, 24SevenOffice appealed the case to the Borgarting Court of Appeal, reducing the cause of action from NOK 250 to 30 million. 24SevenOffice lost on all counts in the Court of Appeal in December 2008, and was ordered to cover the costs incurred by Active 24 in connection with the dispute totaling NOK 6.91 million. 24SevenOffice appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Norway, but the Supreme Court Appeals Committee in March 2008 unanimously rejected the appeal from 24SevenOffice over the Borgarting Appeal Court's unanimous judgment of December 2008. On a counterclaim from Active 24 and Mamut against 24SevenOffice, the Oslo District Court in May 2010 found, that 24SevenOffice should pay Active 24 NOK 12 million in compensation for wrongfully having terminated the agreement, and a further NOK 360.000 of the opponent's legal costs. 24SevenOffice disagreed with the court ruling, and appealed once again. The Borgarting Court of Appeal in November 2011, ruled to reduce the amount of damages to NOK 4.4 million plus NOK 900.000 in penal interest.
With several scrip issues 24SevenOffice raised 25 million NOK (about $4 million at the time) between October 2005 and July 2006. They entered into a strategic partnership with Bluegarden, who for 30 years had delivered digital services for payroll, human resource planning, recruitment and training, in March 2006, and they made a large-scale agreement in April 2006, with US telecommunications software company Webex, a competitor to Norwegian Tandberg videoconferencing equipment manufacturer. In September 2006, 24SevenOffice signed an agreement with Fokus Bank to provide their customers extended functionality in Internet banking.
24SevenOffice had by 2007 reportedly 9000 customers, joined the OpenAjax Alliance, and entered into a strategic partnership with Dun & Bradstreet in May 2007, but despite getting listed on Oslo Axess on 22 June (ticker: TFSO), reaching a market capitalization of NOK 120 million, the company was still losing money. The company ended 2007 with a revenue of NOK 21.7 million.
In 2008, 24SevenOffice bought 50% of the stocks in telecommunication company Oyatel, partnered with Nets Group to facilitate invoicing for businesses, and telecommunications company Telipol choose 24SevenOffice's second-generation Internet platform for its 8,000 users. They announced an increase in revenues in Q2 to 11.1 million, up from 4.7 million in the same period the year before.
24SevenOffice had turnover of NOK 37 million in the first half of 2009 which was a doubling compared to the same period the previous year and presented its first positive EBITDA in Q2.
Norwegian Association of Auditors signed an agreement with 24SevenOffice in 2011, whereby they only recommend 24SevenOffice as a system for their members to use.
On 27 June 2013, the shareholders of 24SevenOffice took off from the stock exchange and privatized the company. In recent years, the company has invested heavily in finance and accounting – and got leading auditing companies such as PwC and KPMG on the customer list.
Product
24SevenOffice is a web-based (SaaS) ERP system. It includes modules for CRM, accounting, invoicing , e-mail, file/document management and project management.
Awards
24SevenOffice won the Seal of Excellence in Multimedia Award at the 2004 CeBIT, became Norwegian Gazelle Company of the year 2004 chosen by Dagens Næringsliv and Dun & Bradstreet, won Product of the Year in the Norwegian finance magazine Kapital, and the IKT Grenland Innovation Award in 2008.
References
External links
1997 establishments in Norway
ASP Accounting Systems
Cloud applications
Companies based in Oslo
Norwegian companies established in 1997
Customer relationship management software companies
Customer relationship management software
ERP software companies
ERP software
Norwegian brands
Software companies of Norway
Web applications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24SevenOffice |
The Starfighters is a 1964 American Cold War film. It was written and directed by Will Zens and stars Bob Dornan, Richard Jordahl and Richard Masters. In an unusual twist based on the storyline of a pilot and his congressman father, pilot and actor Dornan would seek and win election as a U.S. congressman in California.
The Starfighters did not go into wide release. It was the subject of episode #612 of Comedy Central's Mystery Science Theater 3000 and was labeled one of their "10 most unwatchable films" viewed by Paste magazine.
Plot
Lieutenant John "Junior" Witkowski (Bob Dornan) and his buddy, Lieutenant York (Steve Early), arrive at George Air Force Base, Tactical Air Command, in Southern California to train to fly the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, with special emphasis on the complicated mid-air refueling maneuver.
Witkowski's congressman father (Carl Rogers), a famed World War II bomber pilot, frequently calls him, concerned about the safety of fighter aircraft. The congressman wants his son to be transferred to a Convair B-58 Hustler or Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bomber squadron in the Strategic Air Command. Witkowski also finds romance with Mary Davidson (Shirley Olmstead), an Iowa girl.
During training, Major Stevens (Richard Jordahl) sends Witkowski, York and Lieutenant Lyons (Robert Winston) on a cross-country mission. The three trainees are forced to separate as they encounter a storm. Lyons' aircraft goes down in the mountains, while Witkowski is feared lost. Later, they learn that Lyons parachuted safely, and Witkowski has landed safely at an alternate base. Witkowski, who has impressed senior officers and won his father's admiration, is among those selected to be transferred to a unit in Europe and bids a temporary good-bye to Mary.
Cast
Robert Dornan as Lieutenant John Witkowski Jr.
Richard Jordahl as Major "Madge" Stevens
Shirley Olmstead as Mary Davidson
Richard Masters as Colonel Hunt
Steve Early as Lieutenant York
Robert Winston as Lieutenant Lyons
Carl Rogers as Congressman John Witkowski
Ralph Thomas as Captain O'Brien
Joan Lougee as Betty Lyon
Production
The catchline: "The blazing adventure of the men and planes who rocket to the very edge of space" and the poster showing a character with a full-face visor helmet similar to an astronaut belies the film's very evident "infomercial" look. The majority of The Starfighters deals with the training of F-104 pilots during the period when the aircraft was being introduced in the United States Air Force, and consists predominantly of stock footage. The footage was of the F-104s of the 831st Air Division (479th Tactical Fighter Wing), stationed at George AFB from October 1958.
The aircraft featured in The Starfighters included F-104A and C variants, the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, the Lockheed T-33 and the Kaman H-43B Huskie.
Reception and legacy
The Starfighters was not given wide release and was soon relegated to drive-in theaters and second run showings. Although it was not critically reviewed, audience reaction since has continually placed it in the category of one of the "worst films" ever.
Appearance on MST3K
The Starfighters was featured in episode #612 of Mystery Science Theater 3000. The cast and crew (and later fans) of Mystery Science Theater 3000 were the film's most prominent critics. Tom Servo summed it up thus: "So basically, according to themselves, the Air Force is a bunch of leather-faced, not-so-bright, heavy drinking, dull-witted speed freaks who poop in their pants and can't make it with women, right?" The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide complained "nothing happens in it." It provided several running gags that were repeated throughout the series: humming the jazzy music whenever an aircraft is seen flying, mentions of the "poopie suit" (an Air Force survival suit designed to help contain body heat in the event of a bailout over water), and the use of the word "refueling" as a synonym for any long, dull scene.
Home media
The MST3K version of the film is included in the Mystery Science Theater 3000 Collection Volume 12 DVD set from Rhino Entertainment and later Shout Factory.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Beaulieu, Trace, Paul Chaplin et al. The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide. New York: Bantam, 1996. .
External links
AllMovie
1964 films
1964 drama films
American drama films
Cold War aviation films
Cold War films
American anti-communist propaganda films
American independent films
Films about the United States Air Force
Films directed by Will Zens
1960s rediscovered films
Rediscovered American films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Starfighters |
"Disco" Dave Hillyard is a tenor saxophonist originating from San Diego, California. He has performed in groups such as The Slackers, The Rocksteady Seven, The Donkey Show, Hepcat, Stubborn All-Stars, and has guested with the likes of Rancid, Victor Rice, Skinnerbox NYC and Alexandra Lawerentz. He is a skilled improviser and composer/arranger with more than thirty album credits to his name.
Biography
Tenor and soprano saxophonist David Hillyard is one of the innovators of the American ska scene and is at the forefront of the jazz and reggae scene. The talented musician-arranger-composer has been instrumental in creating and re-popularizing the sound of "Jamaican Rock n Roll" and "Ska Jazz" and has been a professional musician for over 30 years.
At 17 years old, Hillyard played with The Donkey Show, one of California’s pioneering ska bands. He also played with Hepcat, which went on to become one of the biggest ska acts of the 1990s. He has also performed with ska groups like the Stubborn All-Stars, reggae artists like Cornell Campbell, Congo ‘Ashanti’ Roy and Johnny Osbourne, jazz artists like Roy Campbell, Jr., blues artists like Simon Chardiet, and even soul singers like Archie Bell, although he is best known for his work with the Slackers beginning in 1991. He continues to be a key member of that organization and has appeared on their 10 cd releases and thousands of live gigs, currently averaging about 120-150 gigs a year in the USA, Canada, Japan, Latin America and Europe.
Discography
With The Rocksteady Seven
Playtime - (1999), Hellcat Records
United Front - (2003), Do Tell Records
Way out East: Live at The Kassablanca - (2007), Brixton Records
Get Back Up! - (2009), Brixton Records
The Giver - (2018), ORG Music
Plague Doctor - (2022), ORG Music
With Glen Adams
Plays Hits of Jackpot - (2008), Ska In The World, Japan
With The Slackers
Better Late Than Never - (1996), Moon Ska Records
Redlight - (1997), Hellcat Records
The Question - (1998), Hellcat Records
Live at Ernesto's - (2000), Hellcat Records
Wasted Days - (2001), Hellcat Records
The Slackers and Friends - (2002), Special Potatoe Records
Close My Eyes - (2003), Hellcat Records
Upsettin' Ernesto's - (2004), Music Machine Records
International War Criminal - (2004), Thought Squad Records
The Slackers/Pulley Split - (2004), Do Tell Records
An Afternoon in Dub - (2005)
Slack in Japan - (2005)
Slackness - (2005), Ska In The World Records
Peculiar - (2006), Hellcat Records
Big Tunes! Hits & Misses from 1996 to 2006 - (2007), Disk Union Records
The Boss Harmony Sessions (2007)
Self Medication (2008)
The Great Rocksteady Swindle (2010)
The Slackers (2016), Brainlab Groove
With Hepcat
Out of Nowhere - (1993), Moon Ska Records
With Stubborn All-Stars
Open Season - (1995), Stubborn Records
Back With A New Batch - (1997), Stubborn Records
With The Donkey Show
Bali Island - (1988)
The Ska Parade: Runnin' Naked Thru The Cornfield - (1997)
Just Can't Get Enough Of... — (2000)
References
External links
"03 – DAVE HILLYARD – CONVERSATIONS ON A REVIVALIST MOVEMENT", Ska Blah Blah
"Ska History Month: Interview with Dave Hillyard", Music is our Occupation, April 7, 2008
MySpace Profile: David Hillyard & The Rocksteady 7
[ Allmusic Biography Entry]
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hellcat Records artists
American ska saxophonists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
Musicians from San Diego
21st-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from California
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Slackers members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Hillyard |
Cardross railway station is a railway station serving the village of Cardross, Scotland. The station is from , measured via Singer and Maryhill. It is on the North Clyde Line between Dalreoch and Craigendoran, positioned on the banks of the north side of the River Clyde. The station is managed by ScotRail, who operate all services.
History
The station was opened by the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway on 28 May 1858. The line was electrified in 1960. There were some goods sidings here previously - possibly built in the late 1940s - but these were removed in the mid-1960s with the end of regular freight movements on the line.
Facilities
The station is well equipped with shelters, help points and benches on both platforms, as well as a ticket office on bike racks on platform 1, with a car park adjacent. Both platforms have step-free access, and are linked by both a footbridge and a level crossing. Platform 1 unusually has five different points of access, plus others from platform 2, via the footbridge.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
On weekdays & Saturdays, there is a typically half-hourly service westbound to Helensburgh Central, and eastbound to Edinburgh Waverley, via Glasgow Queen Street low-level and Airdrie, which skips stations between Dalmuir and Hyndland. On Sundays, the service remains half-hourly, but trains serve all stations via . Trains operating to the West Highland Line do not stop here, except for one departure in the morning, which runs to Glasgow Queen Street via Maryhill.
References
Bibliography
External links
Video footage of Cardross railway station
Railway stations in Argyll and Bute
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category C listed buildings in Argyll and Bute | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardross%20railway%20station |
Parc Monceau () is a public park situated in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the junction of Boulevard de Courcelles, Rue de Prony and Rue Georges Berger. At the main entrance is a rotunda. The park covers an area of 8.2 hectares (20.3 acres).
History
The Folly of the Duke of Chartres
The park was established by Phillippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres, a cousin of King Louis XVI, fabulously wealthy, and active in court politics and society. In 1769 he had begun purchasing the land where the park is located. In 1778, he decided to create a public park, and employed the writer and painter Louis Carrogis Carmontelle to design the gardens.
The Duke was a close friend of the Prince of Wales, later George IV, and a lover of all things English. His intention was to create what was then called an Anglo-Chinese or English garden, on the earlier model of Stowe House in England (1730–1738), with its examples of the architectural folly, or fantastic reconstructions of buildings of different ages and continents. It was similar in style to several other examples of the French landscape garden built at about the same time, including the Desert de Retz, the gardens of the Château de Bagatelle and the Folie Saint James.
Carmontelle employed a German landscape architect named Etickhausen and the architect of the Duke, Bernard Poyet, to build the follies. The intention of the garden was to surprise and amaze visitors. This goal was clearly stated by Carmontelle: "It is not necessary for gardens or nature to be presented in the most agreeable forms. It's necessary instead to preserve the charm that one encounters entering the garden, and to renew it with each step, so that the visitor in his soul will have the desire to revisit the garden every day and to possess it for himself. The true art is to know how to keep the visitors there, through a variety of objects, otherwise they will go to the real countryside to find what should be found in this garden; the image of liberty.".
The garden designed by Carmontelle was finished in 1779. It contained a miniature ancient Egyptian pyramid, a Roman colonnade, antique statues, a pond of water lilies, a tatar tent, a farmhouse, a Dutch windmill, a temple of Mars, a minaret, an Italian vineyard, an enchanted grotto, and "a gothic building serving as a chemistry laboratory," as described by Carmontelle. In addition to the follies, the garden featured servants dressed in oriental and other exotic costumes, and unusual animals, such as camels.
Though the Folly was (and is) frequently described as an Anglo-Chinese or English garden, its architect, Carmontelle, had a very different view. In his work, Jardin de Monceau, près de Paris, (1779), he wrote: "It was not at all an English garden that was intended at Monceau, but precisely what the critics said; to put together into one garden all times and all places. It is simply a fantasy, to have an extraordinary garden, a pure amusement, and not at all the desire to mimic a nation which, when it makes a "natural" garden, uses a roller on all the greens and spoils nature."
As garden fashions changed, in 1781 parts of the park were remodeled into a more traditional English landscape style by the Scottish landscape gardener Thomas Blaikie. In 1787, a new city wall, the Wall of the Farmers-General, was built along the northern edge of the garden, along with a circular rotunda in the form of a classical Doric temple, known as the Pavilion de Chartres, designed by Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The ground floor of the temple was used as a customs house, while the upper floor was an apartment with a view of the garden reserved for the Duke.
While The Duke was a supporter of the ideas of the French Revolution, and even voted, as a member of the Assembly, for the execution of his own cousin, Louis XVI, it did not save him. He was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and the park was nationalized.
In 1797, Parc Monceau was the site of the first silk parachute jump, when André-Jacques Garnerin jumped from a Montgolfier hot air balloon, landing in the park where a large crowd was gathered.
The Park of Baron Haussmann
After the monarchy was restored, the park was returned to the family of the Duke. During the Second Empire, the family sold lots within the park to real estate developers, who built luxurious town houses, reducing the size of the park by half. The remaining part of the park was purchased by the city of Paris in 1860. All that remained of the original folly was the water lily pond, the stream and the fantasy "tombs", including the Egyptian pyramid.
In 1860, the park was purchased by the city, and in August 1861 Parc Monceau became the first new public park in Paris to be created by Baron Haussmann as part of the grand transformation of Paris begun by Emperor Louis Napoleon. Two main alleys were laid out from east to west and north to south, meeting in the center of the park, and the alleys within the park were widened and paved, so carriages could drive the park. An ornamental gate high was installed along a newly created avenue, boulevard Malesherbes, curving paths were laid out around the park for strolling. The pavillon de Chartres was also modified by the architect, Gabriel Davioud, who had a graceful classical dome added to the structure. He also built a bridge modeled after the Rialto bridge in Venice over the stream to replace the Chinese bridge by Carmontelle that had once been there. He preserved the other follies remaining from the original garden. Haussmann embellished the park with a rich collection of exotic trees and flowers from around the world.
In 1871, following the downfall of Louis Napoleon, and the subsequent uprising and then crushing of the Paris Commune, the park was the site of a massacre of Communards by army troops.
Claude Monet painted a series of three paintings of the park in the spring of 1876. He painted three further paintings of the park in 1878. Hector Berlioz was also fond of the park.
During the Third Republic, Park Monceau was decorated with many statues of writers and musicians; notably a statue of Maupassant by Raoul Verlet (1897); Pailleron by Leopold Bernstamm (1906); Musset by Antonin Mercié (1906), a statue which had originally stood in the square of the Théâtre-Français; Gounod, also by Antonin Mercié (1902); Ambroise Thomas by Alexandre Falguière (1900); and Chopin by Froment-Meurice (1906). An arcade of the old Paris Hotel de Ville, burned by the Communards in 1871, was placed near the colonnade of Carmontelle.
Features
The park is unusual in France due to its "English" style: its informal layout, curved walkways and randomly placed statues distinguish it from the more traditional, French-style garden. It includes a collection of scaled-down architectural features, or follies — including an Egyptian pyramid, a Chinese fort, a Dutch windmill, and Corinthian pillars. A number of these are masonic references, reflecting the fact that Philippe d'Orléans was a leading freemason. Parc Monceau includes statues of famous French figures including Guy de Maupassant, Frédéric Chopin, Charles Gounod, Ambroise Thomas, Alfred de Musset, and Edouard Pailleron.
Today, the park has play areas for children and remains very popular with local residents and their families. The site is an active free Wi-Fi area, for computer users looking for Internet access.
Parc Monceau is open daily from sunrise to sunset, with extended hours in the summer months. There are nine gated entries that are monitored by a fifth-generation park watchman who lives above the royal rotunda at the north entrance. The park is listed as grade II semi-private and the six private residences located directly on the park have twenty-four-hour access to the grounds.
Access
The entrance to Paris Métro station Monceau is located at the park's main entrance on Boulevard de Courcelles.
See also
List of parks and gardens in Paris
Musée Cernuschi, located nearby
Listing of the works of Alexandre Falguière
The works of Antonin Mercié
Bibliography
Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des Jardins Parisiens, Parigramme, Paris (2007) ()
References
External links
Parc Monceau — current photographs and of the years 1900.
Monceau, Parc
8th arrondissement of Paris
Rotundas (architecture)
French landscape gardens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc%20Monceau |
Balloch railway station is a railway station serving the town of Balloch in Scotland. The station is a western terminus of the North Clyde Line, sited northwest of , measured via Singer and Maryhill.
History
Although the line through the station was opened in July 1850, the current Balloch station was opened by British Rail and SPTE on 24 April 1988, replacing the former station which was situated immediately north of a level crossing on Balloch Road. Closure of this level crossing was made possible by the closure of the previous terminus station, Balloch Pier, in 1986. The station is located south of where Balloch Pier station stood. This relocation allowed the level crossing to be closed.
In 2023, it was announced that Balloch would receive a brand new park & ride facility, at a cost of £50,000.
Location
It lies within the boundary, by just over , of the Loch Lomond & Trossachs National Park and provides one of few examples of an overhead electrified railway operating within a UK national park.
Facilities
The station has a ticket office, an accessible toilet, a shelter, seats, a help point and bike racks. The station has a stepped entrance from Tullichewan Road, and three step-free entrances from Balloch Road, Lomond Road and Balloch Road. All of the station is step-free.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
There is a half-hourly daily service to on weekdays and Saturdays, and - on Sundays - to (via ) or (via Hamilton Central) alternately (i.e., hourly trains from Balloch to Motherwell/Larkhall).
References
Bibliography
External links
Video footage of Balloch and Balloch Central Stations
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1988
Railway stations opened by British Rail
Loch Lomond
Vale of Leven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloch%20railway%20station |
Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee (October 21, 1886 – October 5, 1993) was the first Chinese American woman to register to vote in the United States. She registered to vote on November 8, 1911, in California following the passage of Proposition 4 in California, nine years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Political activities
Lee registered to vote at the Alameda County courthouse on November 8, 1911.
Lee was a founder of the Chinese Women's Jeleab (self reliance) Association, created in 1913. The association promoted women's rights in both the U.S. and China. She was a member of the YWCA and the Fidelis Coterie club.
Personal life
Clara Elizabeth (Yee Miew) Chan was born October 21, 1886, in Portland, Oregon. She was the daughter of the Methodist Reverend Chan Hon Fun (Chan Hon Fan) and Ow Muck Gay. The Rev. Chan Hon Fun was the pastor of the Chinese Community Methodist Church of Oakland in Oakland Chinatown from 1900 to 1909. Lee was married to Charles Goodall Lee, the first licensed Chinese American dentist in the United States. She died October 5, 1993, in Alameda, California, and is interred in Oakland.
See also
List of democracy and elections-related topics
List of suffragists and suffragettes
Timeline of women's suffrage in California
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage in California
References
Further reading
Yung, Judy (1995). "Unbound Feet, A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco". University of California Press
Armentrout, Eve and Ma, Jeong Huei (1982). "The Chinese of Oakland, Unsung Builders".
Wong, William (2004). "Images of America, Oakland's Chinatown". Arcadia Press.
"Chinese Weds a White Woman" (regarding Rev. Chan Hon Fan) from The San Francisco Call, February 26, 1901
Chinese-American history
1886 births
1993 deaths
History of voting rights in the United States
History of Methodism
American centenarians
People from Alameda, California
Activists from Oakland, California
American suffragists
Activists from Portland, Oregon
Women centenarians
Women's suffrage in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara%20Elizabeth%20Chan%20Lee |
Alexandria railway station serves the town of Alexandria, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by their trains on the North Clyde Line. It is sited northwest of , measured via Singer and Maryhill, and is situated between Renton and Balloch.
History
Opened by the Caledonian and Dunbartonshire Junction Railway on 15 July 1850, it became part of a joint London, Midland and Scottish Railway and London and North Eastern Railway line during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. The line through the station was double until 1973, but now only one track and platform are in use.
In 2018, it was reported locally that new signage, showing the way to the Vale of Leven Hospital, had been installed at the station and at Balloch.
Facilities
Unlike Renton, the only other intermediate station on the Balloch line, Alexandria does have a ticket office and a car park. It also has a help point, bench and bike racks located on the platform, plus a payphone in the ticket office. Although the ticket office entrance from the car park is not step-free, there is step-free access to the platform (and from the platform to the ticket office).
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
There is a half-hourly daily service to northbound; southbound, the service is also half-hourly, but trains run to on weekdays and Saturdays, and - on Sundays - to (via ) or (via Hamilton Central) alternately (i.e., hourly trains from Balloch to Motherwell/Larkhall).
References
Bibliography
External links
Station on navigable O.S. map
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
Former Dumbarton and Balloch Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Vale of Leven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria%20railway%20station |
Renton railway station is a railway station serving the village of Renton, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by its trains on the North Clyde Line. It is sited northwest of (High Level), measured via Singer and Maryhill, between Alexandria and Dalreoch, on the line to Balloch.
History
It was opened in July 1850 by the Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction Railway on its line from (on the north bank of the River Clyde) to . Through running to Glasgow did not commence until 1858, when the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway was opened; before this travellers had to transfer to steamships at Bowling to continue their journey southwards. The line through the station used to be double, but was reduced to single track around 1986.
The station buildings have now been taken over by Strathleven Artizans to become one of many taking part in ScotRail's Adopt a Station. The official opening was on 27 March 2010. A heritage centre has been created in a tribute to Robert the Bruce.
Facilities
The station has only very basic facilities, being a help point, a bench and some bicycle racks. The ticket office is no longer in use so, given there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance or from the ticket examiner on the train. The station has step-free access.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
There is a half-hourly daily service to northbound. Southbound, the service is also half-hourly, but trains run to on weekdays and Saturdays and, on Sundays, to (via ) or (via Hamilton Central) alternately (i.e., hourly trains from Balloch to Motherwell/Larkhall).
References
External links
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
Former Dumbarton and Balloch Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Vale of Leven | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renton%20railway%20station |
Tristaniopsis is a group of shrub and tree in the myrtle family Myrtaceae described as a genus in 1863. They have a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, New Guinea, New Caledonia and Australia.
Species
References
Myrtaceae genera
Taxa named by Jean Antoine Arthur Gris
Taxa named by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristaniopsis |
Neri or Néri may refer to:
Places
Neri, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province
Neri, India, a village in the north Indian state Himachal
Neri River, a river in Ethiopia
People and fictional characters
Neri (surname)
Neri (given name)
Francisco Valmerino Neri (born 1976), Brazilian footballer known as "Neri"
Neri, a main character in the series Ocean Girl
Al Neri, a fictional character from The Godfather
Other uses
National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark
Neri (grape), another name for the French wine grape Grolleau
Neri, a starchy substance used in the manufacture of Japanese washi paper, derived from the root of the plant Abelmoschus manihot (tororo aoi)
Néri, a Tibetan classification of mountains | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neri |
April Lawton (July 30, 1948 – November 23, 2006) was a guitarist and composer who rose to some prominence in the early to mid-1970s as a member of the band Ramatam, which also included at one time former Iron Butterfly guitarist Mike Pinera and the former Jimi Hendrix drummer Mitch Mitchell, as well as Russ Smith (bass, vocals), and Tommy Sullivan (keyboards, reeds, vocals). Her playing style was a mix of Jeff Beck, Hendrix, and Allan Holdsworth. Lawton gave no interviews, refused to discuss her past, and she was rumoured to be transgender—rumours confirmed by her friend, Fanny guitarist June Millington, in a 2010 interview for GuitarGearHeads. Singer Dee Snider claims Lawton was still male while in the band Johnny Maestro and the Brooklyn Bridge.
Mike Pinera, former bandmate, made a statement in Guitar Player magazine regarding Lawton's gender: "I can attest to her being a woman," declares Pinera. "When I asked her about the rumors, she took my hand and gave me a 'first base' account. I know they have technology for that now, but, back then, no way!" Gender reassignment surgery has been practised since the 1930s, and available in the United States from 1965. Social Security Administration Applications and Claims documents provided by Ancestry.com confirm that April Lawton was born Gregory R. Ferrara, male, on 30 July 1948 in Brooklyn, New York, and used this name for Social Security purposes through 1977. Subsequent Social Security records indicate a name change to April Trewhala, from 15 Feb 1978 through mid-2002. From 31 July 2002 through her death on 06 Dec 2006, Social Security records indicate she used the name April Lawton.
Lawton stayed with Ramatam for two studio albums, their self-titled debut (1972, Atlantic) and In April Came the Dawning of the Red Suns. The group was not commercially successful, and Lawton left after the second album, forming a short-lived solo project called the April Lawton Band, which dissolved in the late 1970s. Lawton then left the music scene to concentrate on painting and graphic design. Her personal life remained very private until her death from heart failure at her home on November 23, 2006, aged 58.
During the 1990s she recorded demos for a future album, and the material remains unreleased. Some brief excerpts are available at the April Lawton tribute website.
References
External links
http://www.aprillawton.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20070302203732/http://www.reesho.com/htm/april.htm
1948 births
2006 deaths
American rock guitarists
People from Farmingdale, New York
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American women guitarists
Transgender artists
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%20Lawton |
MS Bore is a combination museum and hotel ship docked permanently in Turku, Finland. She was originally built in 1960 by Oskarshamn shipyard, Oskarshamn, Sweden as the car/passenger ferry SS Bore for Steamship Company Bore, Finland, then the last commercial steam ship built in Scandinavia and the first ferry on the route between Finland and Sweden where cars could drive aboard. She was later known as SS Borea, before being rebuilt as a cruise ship in 1988. 1988 to 2010 she was owned by the Finnish shipping company Kristina Cruises and known as MS Kristina Regina until she was retired because she did not comply with new safety regulations.
Design and construction
In the late 1950s the Finnish Bore Steamship Company identified the need for a new car/passenger ferry to transport passengers and vehicles between Finland and Sweden. The company was at the time collaborating with the Finland Steamship Company and Rederi AB Svea (this collaboration gave birth to Silja Line in 1970) to provide a pooled service between the two countries.
The resulting SS Bore was in many aspects a traditional design with two large funnels, two masts, a promenade deck and steam power plant due to the influence of the company’s largest shareholder, Hans von Rettig (1894-1979). Despite this it offered a ro-ro facility due to the presence of a large hatch on its starboard side which allowed vehicles to enter and exit the vessel.
The vessel had two classes (tourist and first class) with berths for 333 passengers and space for cars in a garage on B deck. The public rooms were designed by the architect Ulf Stenhammar and included a separate dining room and bar for each passenger class.
The vessel was built at the Oskarshamn shipyard in Oskarshamn, Sweden and by the time it was delivered on 5 April 1960 to its owners it had become last passenger steamship ever to be built in Scandinavia.
Service history
The Bore Steamship Company used the vessel between 1960 and 1976 providing overnight crossings on the Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm route although she was often used on the Helsinki–Stockholm route as well. Most Bore Steamship Company's ships had a number in their name (Bore I of 1898, Bore II of 1906, and the Bore III of 1952), and the lack of number in the name of this ship led to it being nicknamed Nolla-Bore (Zero-Bore) by Finnish seamen.
The establishment of the Silja Line in 1970 saw the ships in the fleet kept their own funnel colours, but with the Silja Line logo added. The ships which had been owned by the Finland Steamship Company and Svea Line were painted totally white after the merger, but the Bore kept her original corn-coloured hull.
In July 1970 while near Turku, the Bore collided with the Dutch ship Edda. There was no serious damage.
In 1972 the ship was rebuilt with additional cabins, which reduced its passenger carrying capacity.
Service with the Jakob Line
The vessel ended service with the Silja Line in September 1976 having over the past 16 years on the route carried over 1,5 million passengers on 2,473 round trips. The vessel was then laid up in Stockholm until on 10 October 1977 when she was sold to Jakob Lines, a company in which Bore Steamship had a major shareholding. The vessel was renovated and renamed SS Borea. In 1978, the Borea started operating between Jakobstad and Skellefteå. Generally Jakob Lines only operated her during the summer months, the rest of the year was spent either laid up or occasionally chartered to other companies, though some of which were not too successful. In January 1979, the Borea was chartered to house workers at an oilrig near the Scottish coast. The vessel returned to her sailings from September of that year. On another charter the vessel was used in Alger, Algeria to once again house workers.
Service with the Aura Line
Jakob Lines sold the ship in April 1984 to Ab Helsingfors Steamship Company who chartered it to the Finnish Aura Line Finnish Aura Line who used her to start a service from Turku to Stockholm as a tourist venture. The Borea began sailing for Aura Line in June 1984, but in October of the same year the Aura Line was declared bankrupt. The 'Borea spent another year laid up, until in October 1985, t was sold to a Canadian firm called Aqua Culture Industries (trading as Vanderbildt Steamship Company) based in Vancouver, who intended to convert the ship into a luxury cruise ship.
The plan was never carried out, and the ship continued to be laid up in Turku until January 1987 when Rannikkolinjat, a Finnish company which had been founded in 1985 by the Partanen family from Kotka, Finland purchased her. In the following year the company was renamed Kristina Cruises.
Renovation and renaming
Renamed MS Kristina Regina after the 17th century Queen Kristina of Sweden, the ship was extensively rebuilt as a cruise ship, with first having her steam engines replaced with diesel units at the Wartsila shipyard at Kotka. Then during the winter of 1988-89 the vessel was completely renovated at the Holming shipyard in Rauma. All cabins without bathrooms were removed and 120 brand new cabins were installed, whilst the remaining 30 were completely renovated. During the renovations her car deck was converted into a 250-seat conference and function hall, a sauna was added on first deck and a tax-free shop was installed on third deck. With exceptions of some minor alterations, her profile remained intact.
In April 1989 the Kristina Regina commenced her first cruise, operating from Finland mostly to destinations along the Gulf of Finland, but later also destinations in the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa's west coast. By February 2007, she was the only Finnish cruise ship in service.
A large modernization took place in 2001, but the interiors and exterior remained intact.
After 22 years service as a cruise ship and despite still being in good condition the Kristina Regina wasn't capable by 2010 of fulfilling the stricter fire safety requirements of the SOLAS 2010 regulations. As a result it was decided to withdraw the vessel from international cruise service and replace it with the much larger Kristina Katarina.
Preservation
The Partanen family were very attached to the Kristina Regina and did not want to see it scrapped. Aware of the efforts of Finnish’s entrepreneur Johnny Sid’s well publicized but ultimately failed attempt in 2008 to save the ferry Finnjet Mikko Partanen approached Sid prior to withdrawing the cruise ship from service to see if he was interested in buying the MS Kristina Regina. Sid had an interest in old passenger ships due to his family’s past involvement with the Bore and Silja lines and in 1984 had enjoyed a family holiday about the Bore. Using the experience he had already gained in attempting to save the Finnjet and later the Kungsholm Sid was able to obtain build a business case and obtain the financing necessary for the Finland-based Oy S/S Borea Ab to buy the Kristina Regina for operation as a hotel, restaurant and museum. Oy S/S Borea Ab is dedicated to preservation ships that have a notable position in Finland's maritime history for use in the fields of culture and tourism. Handover of the ship to its new owners took place in August 2010 and it was then moved to Naantali for renovations. The ship was painted with its original livery and was also given back its original name.
While the City of Turku was willing to home the Kristina Regina a permanent berth proved difficult as by the time the vessel was towed to Turku on 3 October 2010 to be permanently moored as a floating hotel and restaurant in the Aura River the planned berth on what had been a former industrial area on the city’s downtown waterfront was home to newly constructed residential buildings, whose owners object to their view being obstructed by the ship. Following a grand opening on 10 October 2010 two other locations was used before the Viking Line loaned the vessel a berth which is a 10 minute walk from the Silja and Viking Line ferry terminals and adjacent to the vehicle queuing area. The vessel relocated there in May 2011 and became part of the museum fleet of the Forum Marinum. An exhibition produced by Forum Marinum about the ship’s history was opened in preserved navigation bridge, officer’s quarters owner’s suite.
In 2011, the ship was accepted into the Finnish Heritage Agency’s register of traditional vessels, and accommodation and restaurant services were started on the ship in addition to its museum services. In the beginning of 2015, the City of Turku centralised its hostel services to Bore with a three-year contract. The vessel’s hotel offers accommodation for 250 guests.
References
External links
BOREd in Turku. Describes a visit to the ship in 2011.
S/S Bore. The ship’s official website.
S/S Bore at Fakta om Fartyg (in Swedish)
Ferries of Finland
Cruise ships of Finland
Steamships
Ships built in Oskarshamn
1959 ships
Tourist attractions in Turku
Museum ships in Turku | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Bore |
Dalreoch railway station serves the west end of Dumbarton in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. The station is managed and served by ScotRail and is served by trains on the North Clyde Line. The station is northwest of Glasgow Queen Street (High Level), measured via Singer and Maryhill.
History
The Caledonian and Junction Railway (C&DJR) was opened in 1850, and Dalreoch railway station opened on 15 July 1850. The station became a junction with the opening of the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway (GD&HR) on 28 May 1858. The tunnel at the west end of the station, on the route to Helensburgh, was doubled in 1896 at a cost of £400,000 - the last section of the line to be doubled.
The line was electrified in 1960. Services on the Lanarkshire & Dumbartonshire Railway route to via ended in October 1964 when it fell victim to the Beeching Axe.
Facilities
The station is equipped with a ticket office on platform 2, the latter adjacent to the car park and bike racks. Both platforms have benches, help points and shelters. The platforms are linked by a footbridge, so only platform 2 has step-free access.
Passenger volume
The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April.
Services
On weekdays & Saturdays, there is a typically half-hourly service westbound to Helensburgh Central and Balloch each, and half-hourly eastbound to either Edinburgh Waverley (via Glasgow Queen Street low-level, non-stop between Dalmuir and Hyndland) or Airdrie (calling at all stations via Singer). On Sundays, the service remains half-hourly, but two trains per hour serve all stations via , while the other two serve all stations via Yoker, the latter heading to either Larkhall via Hamilton Central, or Motherwell via Whifflet (i.e., hourly trains on both routes).
References
Bibliography
External links
Video footage of the station on YouTube
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
Former Dumbarton and Balloch Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
SPT railway stations
Dumbarton
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalreoch%20railway%20station |
Safdar Tawakoli (); (born 1942 in Yakawlang, Bamyan) is an ethnic Hazara musician from Afghanistan. He focuses on and plays mostly Hazara folkloric and regional traditional music based on the dambura. In 2020 the Afghan government awarded him the title of "Sultan Dambura" for his unique musical style.
Early life
Safdar Tawakoli was born in 1942, in Yakawlang, Bamyan, Afghanistan, to a family of moderate means. His interest in music was nurtured during his youth, but he had to overcome the conservative tradition and religious restrictions of his local culture. Despite these, he pursued his field of interest and became a devoted artist. He always admired and in some cases envied the popularity of national singers. He mastered the dambura, a regional long-necked stringed instrument popular among the Hazaras of central Afghanistan.
Career
In pursuit of a career in music, he left Bamyan to run a music store in Kabul that sold cassettes. It was his hard work and talent that led him to the studios of Radio Kabul and Afghanistan's National Television, where he did many shows and sung hundreds of songs. Safdar Tawakuli became a household name in some regions and the number of his listeners increased. He became an iconic singer and was awarded with several awards and honorary medals. He has represented Afghan music in numerous international shows.
He headed the musical group of the Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Afghanistan from 1986 to 1995, for eleven consecutive years.
Like everything else, Safdar Tawakoli's artistry fell victim to the civil war during which he lost his career, his home, his beloved son—but he never lost his fame.
Tawakoli remained in Afghanistan during the Taliban period as a representative of his culture. After the fall of the Taliban, his musical number "Agar az Bamiyan o Qandahari - Hamay mo Pag biraari" became a symbol of national unity and pride for Afghanistan when it was re-sung by the prominent Afghan singer Farhad Darya. He was one of the first singers to sing on Afghanistan's National Radio immediately after the fall of the Taliban.
In 2017, the first-ever dambura music festival was held in Bamyan to honor Tawakoli's 50 years as a performer. A statue of Tawakoli was unveiled.
References
External links
Safdar's fansite
1942 births
Living people
Hazara singers
Dombra players
Afghan male singers
Persian-language singers
People from Bamyan Province
20th-century Afghan male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdar%20Tawakoli |
"The Sky Is a Landfill" is the first track on the posthumous Sketches for My Sweetheart the Drunk album release by Jeff Buckley. It was written by Buckley together with bandmate Michael Tighe, whom he had worked with on "So Real". Heavy, rocky and discordant, the track has a different tone from many of Buckley's songs from his debut album Grace. Two live recordings, from performances at the New York's The Knitting Factory and Arlene's Grocery in 1997, can be found online and feature different lyrics.
The song is based on journalist Al Giordano's essay "The Medium Is the Middleman", which Buckley, a friend of Giordano's, adapted: "He applied my critique of the media industry to the music industry, and we had the exact same conclusions," says Giordano. "The concept of the song was that the media turned the airwaves into a garbage dump."
Performance artist Penny Arcade, a friend of Buckley's, had called the song his "magnum opus". The A.V. Club says that the song "seethes with his inimitable flair for epic drama." Pitchfork Media says "it's clear that Buckley was beginning to explore a more discordant and subversive approach", and Rolling Stone notes the "explosive garage-rock theater" in the album generally, referencing the "barking vocal rage and twisted-metal guitars" of the song.
References
External links
The Medium is the Middleman, Al Giordano
Jeff Buckley songs
1998 songs
Songs written by Jeff Buckley
Songs written by Michael Tighe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sky%20Is%20a%20Landfill |
Grindstone Island is an island in Big Rideau Lake, Ontario, Canada.
History
The island was used by Charles Kingsmill, the first Admiral of the Royal Canadian Navy, as his summer residence. The main lodge was built in the early 20th century around an earlier 19th century structure. During the 1960s and 1970s, after ownership of the site had passed to Kingsmill's daughter Diana Kingsmill Wright, the island was used in a Quaker programme for training in nonviolence, and also as a co-operative conference centre. In August 1965, the island was the scene for a role-playing exercise — later referred to as "the Grindstone Experiment" — in nonviolent social defence.
During the 1980s it hosted a summer camp for children. It is now used by Archives & Museum Informatics for seminars and meetings dealing with issues concerning culture and information technology.
The summer camp in the 1980s was, and still is, an important part of the lives of many who attended. It was an accepting and diverse collection of kids mostly from Ontario in the Toronto to Ottawa corridor. Children played games such as the popcorn game and the survival game which taught them about the distribution of wealth and power in society and the natural world.
External links
Grindstone Island website
References
Lake islands of Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindstone%20Island%20%28Ontario%29 |
Pilidiostigma is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. All species occur in Australia and one, P. papuanum, also occurs in Papua New Guinea. They are not generally known to horticulture. The species P. sessile is rare.
Species include:
Pilidiostigma glabrum Burret - plum myrtle
Pilidiostigma papuanum (Lauterb.) A.J.Scott
Pilidiostigma rhytispermum (F.Muell.) Burret
Pilidiostigma sessile N.Snow
Pilidiostigma tetramerum L.S.Sm.
Pilidiostigma tropicum L.S.Sm. - apricot myrtle
References
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae genera
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Max Burret | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilidiostigma |
Dumbarton East railway station serves the town of Dumbarton in the West Dunbartonshire region of Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by trains on the North Clyde Line, west of .
History
Unlike the majority of the North Clyde line stations, this is an island platform, betraying its Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway origins. At the time of electrification by British Railways in 1961, the North British Railway's formation from Bowling was abandoned (except a short spur to serve Bowling Oil Terminal), with a short link line between the North British and Caledonian formations being constructed. The North British formation is regained between Dumbarton East and station at the site of the junction between the two railways.
Services
2008
Four trains per hour daily go eastbound to Glasgow Queen Street and beyond and a half-hourly service westbound to both and respectively.
2016
There are now six departures per hour from here in each direction (Mon-Sat). Westbound trains still run to Balloch and Helensburgh Central, but 2tph terminate at Dumbarton Central. Eastbound trains run to via Clydebank, via and Edinburgh Waverley (express via Clydebank). The Sunday service remains the same as in 2008, with 2tph to Edinburgh and 2tph to Glasgow Central and then onward alternately to and via eastbound and 2tph each to Balloch and Helensburgh westbound.
References
Notes
Sources
RAILSCOT on the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway
External links
Video footage of Dumbarton East Railway Station
Dumbarton
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
Former Caledonian Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1896
Railway stations served by ScotRail
SPT railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton%20East%20railway%20station |
In the People's Republic of China since 1967, the terms "ultra-left" and "left communist" () refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further "left" than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (GPCR). The terms are also used retroactively to describe some early 20th century Chinese anarchist orientations. As a slur, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has used the term "ultra-left" more broadly to denounce any orientation it considers further "left" than the party line. According to the latter usage, the CCP Central Committee denounced in 1978 as "ultra-left" of Mao Zedong from 1956 until his death in 1976. This article refers only to 1) the self-defined ultra-left of the GPCR; and 2) more recent theoretical trends drawing inspiration from the GPCR ultra-left, China's anarchist legacy and international "left communist" traditions.
Beginning of the concept
The "ultra-left" argued for a change to the system of organization prevalent in the Cultural Revolution. While they agreed with the revolutionary goals of the "Revolutionary Committees", they worried that these new committees contained only the same old organizational structure. In this sense, they drew on a classical Maoist concern with the persistence of capitalist prerogatives or "bourgeois right". The masses could achieve democratic control over production and distribution only through "a new political power of the Paris Commune type".
When the central Maoist leaders launched the GPCR in the spring of 1966, they launched a campaign for students and academics to criticize "bourgeois" or otherwise "counter-revolutionary" ideas within China's "superstructural" apparatus. As the Central Committee put it in August: Although the bourgeoisie has been overthrown, it is still trying to use the old ideas, culture, customs, habits, practices, traditions, philosophies, and thinking of the exploiting classes to corrupt the masses, capture their minds and endeavour to stage a comeback. The proletariat must do the exact opposite: it must meet head-on every challenge of the bourgeoisie in the ideological field and use the new ideas, culture, customs and habits of the proletariat to change the mental outlook of the whole of society. At present, our objective is to struggle against and overthrow those persons in authority who are taking the capitalist road, to criticize and repudiate the reactionary bourgeois academic 'authorities' and the ideology of the bourgeoisie and all other exploiting classes and to transform education, literature and art and all other parts of the superstructure not in correspondence with the socialist economic base, so as to facilitate the consolidation and development of the socialist system.
Although the 16 Points called on not only students but also "the masses of the workers, peasants, soldiers, revolutionary intellectuals, and revolutionary cadres" to carry out this struggle and although it encouraged activists to "institute a system of general elections, like that of the Paris Commune, for electing members to the Cultural Revolutionary groups and committees and delegates to the Cultural Revolutionary congresses", this and other proof of the central Maoist leaders made clear that this was to be wen (文) struggle rather than a wu (武) struggle. The leaders used these terms to emphasize that "martial" (wu) or physical violence should be avoided in favor of "verbal" (wen) struggle (big-character posters, debates, rallies and so on); though the 16 Points announced the GPCR, a great political revolution, armed struggle or challenge towards armies was not excepted. The rationale was that China's economic structure or "base" had already completed its transition to socialist productive relations (Mao had announced this good news in 1956), so now the next logical step before full communization was to complete the superstructural transformation. After the conservative Lin Biao made a failed coup, Mao recognized: "Even now China practices an eight-grade wage system, distribution according to work and exchange through money, and in all this differs very little from the old society. What is different is that the system of ownership has been changed. Our country at present practices a commodity system, the wage system is unequal, too, as in the eight-grade wage scale, and so forth. Under the dictatorship of the proletariat such things can only be restricted. Therefore, if people like Lin Biao come to power, it will be quite easy for them to rig up the capitalist system. That is why we should do more reading of Marxist-Leninist works". Zhang Chunqiao took some measures on the direct management of workers and peasants in Shanghai.
When in late 1966 over a million workers in Shanghai extended their activism into a general strike calling for improved salaries and democratic control over workplace management and city governance, Maoist worker representatives such as Wang Hongwen criticized some demands as "economistic" violation (which referred to another strategy of capitalist-roader Cao Diqiu to bribe workers and cause crisis) of point 14 of the 16 Points: "embrace the revolution while stimulating production (抓革命，促生产)". With some police assistance, these representatives managed to silence the more radical rank-and-file demands (called "far-rightist under a leftist form") and absorb their energy into the nominal January Storm, which replaced the city government and party committee with a Shanghai People's Commune ruled by Wang and Zhang Chunqiao. Some intransigent rebels called for democratic control over the Commune and even the abolition of all "heads". When Mao heard of this, he told Zhang to transform the Commune into a revolutionary committee in which mass representatives would share power with army and party representatives and recommended that this model of "power seizure" be propagated throughout China lest people get the wrong idea from Shanghai's invocation of the Paris Commune.
It was out of this momentary radicalization of GPCR mass politics and its sudden suppression and redirection that the ultra-left currents were born under the direct order from Zhou Enlai, first independently within rebel groups scattered throughout China, then by late 1967 in increasing dialogue until their suppression during the following years. The earliest record GPCR scholar Wang Shaoguang has found of something resembling an ultra-left position is an open letter from two high school students to Lin Biao, published under the pseudonym Yilin-Dixi in November 1966.
The Shengwulian was a self-styled ultraleft group, and was the GPCR's most famous such group. It sought to emulate the Paris Commune as the historical example of popular power and argued that China's "new bureaucratic bourgeoisie" would have to be destroyed to establish a genuinely egalitarian society. The group's significant political writings include its Program and Yang Xiguang's "Whither China?" Whither China? argued that the central conflict in China during the Cultural Revolution was not between Mao Zedong's proponents and opponents, or between the proletariat and the former wealthy, but instead between the masses and a "Red capitalist class" that was "decadent" and impeding historical progress.
See also
Anarchism in China
Mao-Spontex
Maoism
Notes
Further reading
The 70s Collective, ed. 1996. China: The Revolution is Dead, Long Live the Revolution. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Chen Erjin. 1984. Crossroads Socialism: An Unofficial Manifesto for Proletarian Democracy. Trans. Robin Munro. London: Verso.
Mehnert, Klaus, ed. 1969. Peking and the New Left: At Home and Abroad. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Meisner, Maurice. 1999. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic, Third Edition. New York: The Free Press.
Wang Shaoguang. 1995. The Failure of Charisma: The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
External links
Communist Left on China
"The rise and suppression of the 'ultra-left' in the Chinese cultural revolution" by Pete Brown
"'New Trends of Thought' on the Cultural Revolution" by Wang Shaoguang
"Rethinking 'Capitalist Restoration' in China" by Yiching Wu
宋永毅、孙大进编. 1997. 《文化大革命中的异端思潮》. 香港:田园书屋.
《论新思潮》，四三派（ ?）著
《中国向何处去？》，省无联（杨曦光）著
《无产阶级文化大革命中各种派别的分析》，北决扬（ 杨 Xiulin）著
《特权论》（《论无产阶级民主革命》），陈泱潮（陈尔晋）著
《从阶级关系反思中国的“资本主义复辟”》，吴一庆著
《“文革”为什么结束？》，韩少功 (陈益南《一个工人的"文革"》的序言)
Communism in China
Cultural Revolution
Cold War history of China
Left communism
Politics of China
Maoism in China | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20communism%20in%20China |
Homoranthus is a genus of about thirty species of plants in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and all are endemic to Australia. Plants in this genus share similarities with those in both Darwinia and Verticordia. They are shrubs with their leaves arranged in opposite pairs and with flowers appearing either singly or in small groups, usually in upper leaf axils. They are found in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. The genus was first described in 1836. None of the species is common nor are they well-known in horticulture.
Description
Plants in the genus Homoranthus are shrubs with their leaves arranged in opposite pairs, at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. They are linear to cylindrical in shape, sometimes thicker than wide. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four in the upper leaf axils. There are five sepals and five petals which are enclosed in two bracteoles before the flower opens, and which surround the base of the style. There are ten stamens alternating with ten staminodes. The style extends beyond the petals and has a ring of hairs below its tip. The fruit is a capsule containing one or two seeds.
The Australian botanist Norman Byrnes has noted that Homoranthus "is not a clearly defined natural group but is more a genus of convenience between Darwinia and Verticordia. In 1869, George Bentham wrote "Its retention [as a separate genus] may, however, be justified as facilitating the distinction between Darwinia and Verticordia".
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Homoranthus was first formally described in 1836 by Johannes Conrad Schauer after an unpublished description by Allan Cunningham. Schauer's description was published in Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde. The genus name (Homoranthus) is derived from the Ancient Greek words homos meaning "same", "uniform", "like" or "similar" and anthos meaning "flower".
Species
The following is a list of species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at January 2020:
References
Further reading
Myrtaceae genera
Myrtales of Australia
Taxa named by Allan Cunningham (botanist)
Plants described in 1836
Endemic flora of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoranthus |
Labtec Enterprises Inc. was an American manufacturer of computer accessories active as an independent company from 1980 to 2001. They were best known for their budget range of peripherals such as keyboards, mice, microphones, speakers and webcams. In the United States, the company had cornered the market for computer speakers and headphones for much of the 1990s before being acquired by Logitech in 2001.
History
Labtec Enterprises Inc. was founded in 1980 by Charles Dunn and based in Vancouver, Washington, for most of its independent existence. The company was initially focused on providing audio gear (primarily headsets) for the airline industry before branching out to providing peripherals for personal computers in 1990. By the mid-1990s Labtec catered to three segments: the personal computer buyer, providing speakers and microphones; the airline industry, providing headphones and headsets; and the professional audiovisual and telephonics industry, providing audio cables, switches, and junction boxes. The company employed 20 people domestically at the company's combined headquarters and warehouse in Vancouver, Washington, in 1993. The bulk of the company's products meanwhile were manufactured overseas in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1993, the company was selling about 150,000 speakers to consumers a month.
In 1998, Labtec merged with Spacetec IMC Corporation, becoming a new publicly traded corporation in the process. The combined company changed its name to Labtec Inc. in February 1999. Spacetec IMC had manufactured 6DOF controllers for use with CAD software. A Spaceball 2003 controller was used to control the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft in 2000.
In 2001, Logitech bought Labtec for approximately USD$125 million in cash, stock and debt in order to expand its line of audio products for personal computers and other devices.
References
External links
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Telecommunications equipment vendors
Videotelephony
Companies based in Vancouver, Washington
Telecommunications companies established in 1981
Technology companies disestablished in 2001
Logitech
Defunct computer companies of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labtec |
Bowling railway station serves the village of Bowling in the West Dunbartonshire region of Scotland. This station is on the North Clyde Line, 12¼ miles (20 km) west of Glasgow Queen Street.
The station is managed by ScotRail who also provide the train service. It was opened in 1858 by the Glasgow, Dumbarton and Helensburgh Railway, though Bowling had received its first railway several years earlier courtesy of the Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction Railway (whose Bowling Pier terminal linked into the steamer service along the River Clyde).
The station was made famous by a 1960 painting by the renowned railway artist, the late Terence Cuneo, who depicted a then new Blue train (Class 303) heading westbound into Bowling, passing a steam engine, which the 303 had replaced, in a siding. The painting was used as a poster 'Glasgow Electric'.
Accidents and incidents
On 8 September 1933, a passenger train collided with wagons on the line due to a signalman's error. Five people were injured.
In October 2023, severe flooding took place around the River Clyde following a severe weather warning from the Met Office. The Glasgow Times described the station as being "underwater" while The Herald called the station "inundated with muddy water...[the] flood rising almost to the platform’s edge".
Services
2006/07
There is a daily half-hourly service eastbound to Glasgow Queen Street and beyond (usually ) and westbound to .
2010/11
There is a daily half-hourly service eastbound to Glasgow Queen Street and Airdrie (including one direct service to in the morning) and westbound to .
During the operation of the interim timetable until sufficient Class 380s had entered service, the eastbound service terminated at Airdrie.
2016
The service remains half hourly in the May 2016 timetable but on weekdays and Saturdays, westbound trains now end at and eastbound trains run to via . Sunday services run half-hourly to Balloch and to Glasgow Central Low Level (and thence alternately to Motherwell via Whifflet and to Larkhall).
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Video footage of Bowling Railway Station
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
Former North British Railway stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling%20railway%20station |
Royal albatross may refer to:
Birds
Northern royal albatross, Diomedea sanfordi
Southern royal albatross, Diomedea epomophora
Ships
Royal Albatross (ship), a luxury tall ship located at Sentosa, Singapore | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20albatross |
The Arrival is a 1996 science fiction thriller film written and directed by David Twohy and starring Charlie Sheen, and co-starring Lindsay Crouse, Ron Silver, Teri Polo, and Richard Schiff. Sheen stars as radio astronomer Zane Zaminsky who discovers evidence of intelligent alien life and quickly gets thrown into the middle of a conspiracy that turns his life upside down.
Plot
Zane Zaminsky, a radio astronomer employed by SETI, detects an extraterrestrial radio signal from Wolf 336, a star located 14 light-years away from Earth. Zane reports his discovery to his supervisor, Phil "Gordi" Gordian, at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). However, Gordi dismisses the findings. Subsequently, Zane is terminated due to alleged budget cuts and blacklisted, which prevents him from working at other telescopes. Zane takes up a job as a television satellite dish installer and secretly creates his own telescope array with the aid of his customers' dishes in the neighborhood. He operates it covertly from his attic with the assistance of his young next-door neighbor, Kiki.
After relocating the extraterrestrial radio signal, Zane realizes that it is being drowned out by a terrestrial signal originating from a Mexican radio station. He attempts to seek the help of his former coworker, Calvin, but finds that he has died, supposedly due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Zane travels to Mexico and discovers that the radio station has been destroyed by fire. While exploring the area, he stumbles upon a recently constructed power plant where he meets Ilana Green, a climatologist from NCAR, and helps her safeguard her atmospheric analysis equipment from the plant's aggressive security forces. While being held captive at the plant, Ilana explains that the Earth's temperature has rapidly increased by a few degrees, leading to the melting of polar ice and a shift in the ecosystem. She is investigating the power plant, which seems to be one of several recently built facilities across the developing world that may be responsible for the rise in temperature. The two are released, but Ilana's equipment is confiscated, and Zane notices that one of the guards bears a striking resemblance to Gordi. As Zane and Ilana try to regroup, Gordi dispatches agents disguised as gardeners to release a device in Zane's attic that vacuums up all of his equipment. Zane leaves Ilana to continue investigating the power plant, but scorpions are planted in her room, killing her.
Zane uncovers that the power plant is a facade for an extraterrestrial underground base. The aliens have the ability to blend in with human society by wearing an external skin, and the base emits massive amounts of greenhouse gases. Zane is captured but manages to escape and returns to the nearby town to seek help from the local inspector. However, the aliens bring Ilana's body to the police station, making Zane a suspect in her death, prompting him to flee back to the United States. Zane confronts Gordi at the JPL headquarters and coerces him into confessing that the aliens are trying to raise Earth's temperature to eliminate the human race and create a more livable environment for themselves. Zane secretly records the conversation, and once Gordi becomes aware of the recording, he dispatches agents to apprehend Zane.
After returning home, Zane discovers that his attic has been emptied of all equipment. He enlists the help of his girlfriend, Char, and Kiki to journey to a radio astronomy array with the intention of sending his recording to a news satellite. However, Gordi and his agents sabotage the telescope and satellite controls from the main building, causing a delay in Zane's plans. Zane entrusts the tape to Kiki and instructs him to transmit it when given the signal. Zane and Char sneak to the telescope's base and lock themselves in the control room, making the necessary adjustments. When Zane orders Kiki to activate the tape, Kiki reveals himself to be an alien agent and unlocks the door for Gordi to enter. Gordi seizes the tape, preventing it from being transmitted.
Gordi and his agents forcibly enter the satellite control room with a van, but Zane subdues them with liquid nitrogen. While attempting to retrieve the tape from Gordi's frozen jacket, one of the agents accidentally releases a sphere that begins to engulf the room. Gordi thaws and attempts to grab Zane, but Zane amputates Gordi's arm with a fire axe. Zane and Char flee through the radio telescope station's access shaft and exit onto the collapsed dish before the device causes most of the base to implode. From their vantage point, they spot Kiki below and instruct him to inform the aliens that Zane will soon broadcast the tape. In the film's epilogue, Zane's conversation with Gordi is broadcast worldwide.
Cast
Charlie Sheen as Zane Zaminsky, a SETI researcher
Lindsay Crouse as Ilana Green, a scientist researching the effect of greenhouse gases in the Arctic
Teri Polo as Char, an investment banker and Zane's girlfriend
Richard Schiff as Calvin, Zane's colleague at SETI
Leon Rippy as DOD #1, the lead agent hired by Phil
Tony T. Johnson as Kiki, a neighbor of Zane's
Ron Silver as Phil "Gordi" Gordian, Zane and Calvin's supervisor at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Silver also appears as a Mexican guard whom Zane meets in the fictional city of San Marsol
Production
Prior to the film's release, the working title was Shockwave. Filming took place primarily in Mexico, with additional scenes filmed at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. The alien creatures were all digitally created for the movie by Pacific Data Images. Charlie Sheen had previously collaborated with David Twohy on Terminal Velocity, and Twohy had written the main role intending for Sheen to star.
Critical reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics; at review aggregation website, Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 66% based on reviews from 35 critics, with an average score of 6.2/10, and its consensus states that "The Arrival is stylish and inventive and offers a surprisingly smart spin on the alien invasion genre."
Box office
The film was a commercial failure. It only grossed US$14 million in the North American domestic market, against an estimated production budget of US$25 million. Part of this was due to high-visibility marketing campaign for the release of Independence Day just over a month later, which went on to become a box office phenomenon. However, The Arrival had a rather successful run internationally, partly because Charlie Sheen still maintained high popularity worldwide at the time.
Home media
A Blu-ray version of the film was released April 21, 2009. Unlike the laserdisc release, the Blu-ray version includes no special features. The laserdisc release included commentary, documentaries and alternative endings not included in the Blu-ray or DVD releases.
Sequel
A sequel, Arrival II, was released on November 6, 1998.
Video game
The Arrival was released on Windows in 1997.
See also
List of films featuring extraterrestrials
References
External links
1996 films
1990s science fiction horror films
1990s science fiction thriller films
American science fiction horror films
American science fiction thriller films
Mexican science fiction horror films
Mexican science fiction thriller films
1990s English-language films
Artisan Entertainment films
Films directed by David Twohy
Films set in Mexico
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films shot in Mexico
Films shot in California
Orion Pictures films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Interscope Communications films
Climate change films
Films with screenplays by David Twohy
Alien invasions in films
1990s American films
1990s Mexican films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Arrival%20%281996%20film%29 |
Litton is a village and civil parish in Littondale in the Yorkshire Dales in England. It lies in the Craven District of North Yorkshire, up Littondale from Arncliffe. From Litton a footpath leads over the fells to the north east to Buckden in Wharfedale. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 70 in 2015.
The centre of the village is an old public house, the Queens Arms, that dates back to the 17th century. Associated with the Queens Arms since 2003 is the Lamb Brewing Company (previously the Litton Brewery) that brews Litton Ale.
Litton was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 (as Litone). The name probably comes from the Old English hlið "hillside" and tūn "farmstead".
Litton was historically a township in the ancient parish of Arncliffe, part of Staincliffe Wapentake in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Litton became a separate civil parish in 1866. The parish was transferred to the new county of North Yorkshire in 1974.
References
External links
Yorkshire Images site for Litton
Queens Arms site
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litton%2C%20North%20Yorkshire |
Kilpatrick railway station serves the village of Old Kilpatrick in the West Dunbartonshire region of Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is on the North Clyde Line, 11 miles (18 km) west of Glasgow and the Argyle Line on Sundays.
Part of the station sits under the northern end of the Erskine Bridge with Lusset Park overlooking the station from above. Access to Station Road is from the south side on the westbound platform. The Lusset Glen is also accessible from the westbound platform.
Facilities
The station is a split, two-platform station with ramp access and a small ticket office. There is no auto-announcement system at present. In September 1989, an armed robbery took place and the two men held up the member of staff with double barreled shotguns. After this crime, the station has been unmanned until the present day. A woman was also killed in an apparent suicide attempt; she was struck by a train in October 2011 at the station.
Services
2006/07
From Kilpatrick, there is a half-hourly service to Glasgow Queen Street usually to . After 18:00, the trains run to . On Sundays the service uses the Argyle Line to on Sundays.
Westbound there is a half-hourly daily service to .
2016
The service remains half hourly in the May 2016 timetable but on weekdays and Saturdays, westbound trains now end at and eastbound trains run to via . Sunday services run half-hourly to Balloch and to Glasgow Central Low Level (and thence alternately to Motherwell via and to ).
References
Sources
External links
Video footage of Kilpatrick Station
Railway stations in West Dunbartonshire
Former North British Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
SPT railway stations
Railway stations served by ScotRail | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilpatrick%20railway%20station |
Arrival ll (alternatively titled The Second Arrival), is a 1998 American science fiction direct-to-video film directed by Kevin S. Tenney. The film is a sequel to the 1996 film The Arrival. It was written by Mark David Perry and based on characters created by David Twohy. Arrival II stars Patrick Muldoon, Michael Sarrazin, Jane Sibbett, Catherine Blythe, Michael Scherer, and Larry Day.
Plot
Arrival II takes place two years after the first film. Zane Zaminsky (the protagonist from The Arrival) is found dead in a remote Inuit community. It is purported that he died of a heart attack. His broadcast to the world about the aliens is widely believed to have been a UFO hoax due to his dismissal from NASA (this despite Earth continuing to have record temperatures). As his death is announced on TV, five people receive envelopes with details of an alien invasion. This group of five consists of three scientists, Zane's step brother Jack Addison (a computer expert whom he has not seen in seven years), and a reporter named Bridget Riordan. They receive papers talking of global warming and of aliens terraforming Earth into a planet that is hot, like their own dying world.
The group gets together in a large freezer (as the aliens can't stand cold) to see what Zane has left them. They find some alien artifacts in an envelope left to the group. One of the five, Trevor Anguilar, suffers from the cold and is revealed as an alien. He sets off a metal sphere (a "black hole bomb" or BHB as it rises into the air, revolves then sucks everything in a large area into it, causing it to vanish permanently). The alien and one of the men, Tom Billings, are sucked into the BHB's area of influence as well as the contents of the room but Addison, Riordan, and Zarcoff manage to escape.
Zarcoff in his hotel room is killed by an alien metal spider machine which injects him, making it look like his death was from a heart attack. Addison goes back to his room to find a BHB has cleared them of everything. Sandra Wolfe, a girl he picked up and slept with last night turns out to be an alien. She and another alien, Wotan, inject Addison and he later wakes up to find himself being "taken for a ride".
Addison rolls out of the car and despite terrible disorientation manages to elude them and team up with Riordan again. The aliens have set the FBI on the two as well as cancelling their credit cards and emptying Addison's bank account of $15,000. The pair have only one artifact left and that produces a perfect 3D hologram when a laser beam is shone through it. They use it to find out that an atomic power plant due to be opened near where they are in Quebec is in the hands of the aliens. Later it is revealed that it is to go critical and will spread deadly radiation over many hundreds of miles (the aliens are immune to radiation).
Addison and Riordan attempt to show the hologram at a climate seminar, and Addison's boss, Burke, agrees to help them. But before they can activate the device, they are caught by Dave Cyrus, another of Addison's co-workers who has sold them out to the FBI. Burke kills Cyrus and frames Addison for it, revealing himself to be an alien, as well. Barely escaping, Addison and Riordan break into a university and use an industrial laser to properly activate the artifact.
Addison uses his computer skills to walk around and interact with an alien ship in space and to program a giant BHB deep below the power plant to go off in one hour. The aliens arrive and both are captured from the hologram. In the atomic power station, their time seems to be up until the giant BHB goes off in the alien area below it and starts ripping apart and swallowing the atomic power station. Wotan and Wolfe are dragged through the gaping hole in the floor. Nearly dragged into its sphere of influence himself, Addison uses a small BHB to stop the giant one long enough for him and Riordan to escape. They just make it as all that is left of the power station is a huge hole in the ground. Burke also survives, but injured, his alien features partly visible. He warns Addison that the aliens haven't been stopped, just delayed.
Some time later, Riordan's book Alien Agenda (which details their recent adventures as well as the alien's plans for the world) is still top of The New York Times best seller lists after 2 months. The world still seems to consider it all fiction. The film ends with the married couple driving to Alaska and it is just beginning to snow as they cross the border, which suits them fine.
Cast
Patrick Muldoon as Jack Addison, the half-brother of Zane Zaminsky, who picks up his brother's crusade after he is killed
Michael Sarrazin as Professor Nelson Zarcoff, an associate of Jack and Zane's
Jane Sibbett as Bridget Riordan, an ambitious reporter working for a newspaper company
Catherine Blythe as Sandra Wolfe, a woman whom Jack has a one night stand with
Michael Scherer as Wotan, an agent hired by Burke to track down anyone who has uncovered the invading extraterrestrials' plans
Larry Day as Burke
Steve Adams as Dave Cyrus
Emidio Michetti as Trevor Anguilar
Stéphane Blanchette as Tom Billings
David Nerman as Newspaper Editor
See also
List of films featuring extraterrestrials
References
External links
1998 films
1998 science fiction films
American science fiction thriller films
Artisan Entertainment films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films directed by Kevin S. Tenney
Films shot in Montreal
Alien invasions in films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrival%20II |
The Cancer Conspiracy was a progressive rock group from Burlington, Vermont, featuring guitarist Daryl Rabidoux, drummer/keyboardist/saxophonist Greg Beadle, and bassist Brent Frattini. Rabidoux and Beadle were veterans of the local hardcore scene, and had broken away from their respective bands out of a need to try something new musically. Their initial plans were to find a vocalist and bassist, but after recruiting Frattini, decided to remain an instrumental trio.
Their style draws heavily upon 70s progressive rock, particularly King Crimson and Yes, as well as fusion, hardcore, and math rock. Their first self-titled 3 song EP was released in 2001, consisting of 2 studio tracks and 1 live track. Their 9 song full-length debut The Audio Medium followed in 2002. The album explored a number of sonic landscapes, and revolved around the concept of the corporate music industry's control of the masses; that people are sheep to what music corporations and radio stations tell them to listen to, unaware of the real music that exists out there. As in the medical world, a "cancer conspiracy" that hides the cure for cancer for the purpose of making money from the sick. The album booklet contained a letter from a doctor by the name of Dr. Travis John, who shared similar views and who warned the band of the trouble they were getting themselves into.
The band toured extensively with bandmates on their label Big Wheel Recreation, and also opened for Oysterhead's first tour. Their shows were sometimes augmented by video projections. In 2003, while at a show in New York City, their van was stolen, along with all of their equipment. This was the last and most disastrous in a series of mishaps that had plagued their tours. They decided to call it a day in late 2003. There were reports on the Big Wheel Recreation website that they were working on a second album, and songs have surfaced on P2P filesharing programs. The album is now being released by both Gilead and Radar Recordings, after years of legal issues surrounding the intellectual rights of the music. The album, Omega, was released in January 2008. Rabidoux is now working full-time as an engineer and producer at Strangeways Recording Studio in Providence, Rhode Island. He has also reunited with Frattini to form Deleted Arrows "". Beadle currently plays in a classic rock inspired band called Township in Roslindale, Massachusetts.
The Cancer Conspiracy reunited for the Rocketsled reunion show in Burlington, Vermont on January 21, 2017. The original lineup of Daryl Rabidoux, Greg Beadle, and Brent Frattini played two songs, "Broken Heartbeats Gathered and Rebroadcast" and "Summer of Andy." On April 27, 2018 it was announced that the band would perform again, this time as part of a celebration of the life of Cave In bassist Caleb Scofield. The show took place on June 13, 2018, at the Royale in Boston, Massachusetts. Other artists performing include Scofield's own bands Cave In and Old Man Gloom.
References
External links
Obnoxious Listeners: The Cancer Conspiracy
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
Rock music groups from Vermont
2001 establishments in Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cancer%20Conspiracy |
Ceratomia amyntor, the elm sphinx or four-horned sphinx, is a North American moth in the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Carl Geyer in 1835. It has a wingspan of - inches (8.2 - 11.5 cm). As the name suggests, the larvae (caterpillars) feed on elm trees (Ulmus), but they can also be found feeding on birch (Betula), basswood (Tilia), and cherry (Prunus). When the caterpillars are ready, they crawl to the bottom of the host tree, where they crawl underneath the soil and pupate and may overwinter underground if late enough into the year. Vegetable growers should be aware of this larvae due to its insatiable appetite. One of these larvae are capable in devouring huge amounts of plant's foliage and even succulent stems.
Range
C. amyntor can be found from Nova Scotia west to Alberta and western North Dakota and Colorado; south Florida reaching into the Gulf Coast, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana and New Mexico.
Status
The species is not threatened.
Life cycle
C. amyntor adults fly as a single brood in the northern portions of their range from June to July. There are two broods further south, flying later into the year, and five broods have been confirmed in Louisiana from March to October.
Egg
Tiny, translucent, lime-green eggs deposited on the underside of host leaves. The shells are transparent and pearly after hatching.
Larva
Larvae come in two different color phases; a green phase, and a dark phase which differs in shades of brown, orange, and somewhat of a pinkish brown. Larvae complete all five instars within approximately one month. The first instar is the same shade of green as its egg. As the larva progresses through its instars, change in structure is noticeable. The caterpillar sports four, long, horn-like projections - in addition to the tail horn - from above its head, which is why the elm sphinx is sometimes called the four-horned sphinx.
Pupa
As with other Sphingidae, C. amyntor goes through a "wandering" phase where it stops feeding and burrows into the soil in order to pupate. Before pupating, the larva shrinks a considerable amount and then sheds its remaining skin that distinguishes it as a caterpillar, revealing its shell-like pupa.
Imago
The overall coloring of the imago, or adult, elm sphinx is a gray-brown with wavy markings covering the forewings. In the upper center of the forewings, as with other Ceratomia species, there is a small white dot. The hindwings are a plain gray with a darker band running the length of the near-edge. The outer ends of the forewings and hindwings are both dashed with a light-dark-light pattern. Three broken, dark bands run the length of the body from the thorax to the tip of the abdomen. The antennae are stiff and wiry and have hook at the tips. Some specimens have a prominent splash of bright white on their upper head and wings and stand out considerably from other C. amyntor.
Food plants
Ulmus (elm)
Betula (birch)
Tilia (basswood)
Prunus (cherry)
Tomato plants
Pepper plants
See also
Lepidoptera
Moths
Sphingidae
References
Villiard, P. (1969). Moths and How to Rear Them. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. LCCN 68-27516
External links
"Ceratomia amyntor The Elm Sphinx or Four-horned Sphinx (Geyer, [1835])". Sphingidae of the Americas. Archived October 7, 2007.
Ceratomia
Moths described in 1835
Moths of North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratomia%20amyntor |
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