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X-Men: The Official Game (also known as X3: The Official Game) is the name of Activision's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men: The Last Stand. The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, specifically following the characters of Logan, Iceman, and Nightcrawler. It also bridges the gap between the two films, explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand, and also introduces new foes for the game, such as HYDRA.
The game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film franchise. From the films, returning are Hugh Jackman, Alan Cumming, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Stewart, Tyler Mane, and Eric Dane.
The game, along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014.
Gameplay
Players control the actions of several X-Men-related characters, most notably Logan, Nightcrawler and Iceman, as they uncover a plot to eradicate mutants. Sometimes, another X-Man will help the player's character battle. The Nintendo DS game features Magneto as a playable character, while the Game Boy Advance version features Colossus as a playable character. Many agree that Logan is the only useful character in the Game Boy Advance game, which allows players to cycle through characters at will, as he is the only one who can recover from damage.
Consoles
Logan's levels involve fighting hordes of soldiers, armed with weapons. He can retract his claws, but any time a button is pressed, they are extracted. Logan heals minor wounds, reflected as yellow on his Life Gauge, but when his minor wound damage empties, all wounds are considered major, taking off his actual life bar. Logan can only heal major damage if he is not engaged in combat at the time. Logan can't target lock like his allies; he can only block, which can fend off weak attacks only until it is built up. Wolverine, after he has attacked for a time, builds up a Fury Bar, which, when activated, increases his healing rate and his strength. It also changes his attacks' appearances.
Nightcrawler's levels involve mostly platforming missions, running along pipes in the ceiling and teleporting. Nightcrawler can teleport to any area within his visual range. Like Logan, Nightcrawler heals by holding down a button, only Nightcrawler constantly takes life gauge damage, and when he heals, it is called "Shadowmeld" or "Shadow Aura", a nod to the comic books (Nightcrawler becomes invisible in shadow). Nightcrawler can teleport behind and combo-attack several foes during a brawl.
Iceman's levels most closely resemble flight-sim games similar to Star Wars: Rogue Squadron as he continuously rides on his trademark ice slide. Iceman creates an icy path in front of him, flying through the air while shooting his ice beam and ice projectiles. Iceman's attacks are an Ice Beam, which cools off fires and damages foes; Frost Shield, which will cancel any damage he takes while it is "up"; and Hailstorm, which is his main attack, hurling several balls of ice at targets. Iceman will heal automatically as long as he doesn't incur damage for an amount of time. The player must keep up a quick speed when sliding, as slowing down too much will knock Iceman off the slide.
Plot
During a session in the Xavier institute's Danger Room, Logan / Wolverine battles Victor Creed / Sabretooth, and ultimately ends up losing the session, though he had been saved by the timely arrival of Iceman, who was there so that Cyclops could train him, but is too crippled with grief to do so due to Jean Grey's apparent death . After Logan trains Iceman in the Danger Room, Professor X warns Logan against trying the Danger Room on "Danger Level 7" again, before asking the X-Men to return to Alkali Lake to retrieve irreplaceable parts to Cerebro. Nightcrawler infiltrates the remnants of William Stryker's base with his teleportation ability, since the weapons systems were somehow operational. Once inside, the X-Men discover a group of agents called HYDRA looting the base. Nightcrawler and Colossus go to find the Cerebro parts while Logan and Storm investigate HYDRA's presence. Logan and Storm discover that Stryker had been building giant robots called Sentinels as another plan to eradicate mutantkind.
Storm is abducted by Lady Deathstrike and Logan pursues her, eventually rescuing Storm. Nightcrawler is plagued by visions of Jason Stryker, who reminds Kurt he left him to die. Nightcrawler retrieves the Cerebro parts, battling a Sentinel in the process. A massive Sentinel - the Master Mold is activated and rises from Alkali Lake. The X-Men and Lady Deathstrike escape; Logan attaches himself to Deathstrike's helicopter to follow her while the other X-Men return to the institute.
Iceman stops Pyro from triggering a meltdown at a nuclear power plant while Storm and Nightcrawler stop Multiple Man from blowing up a bridge . Meanwhile, Logan follows Deathstrike and her HYDRA agents to Japan. Logan learns that Deathstrike and HYDRA are working for the Silver Samurai. After battling though legions of HYDRA forces and "killing" Deathstrike again, Logan confronts Silver Samurai. Samurai reveals that HYDRA helped Stryker build the Sentinels, not realizing he planned to turn them against mutants. Silver Samurai himself is a mutant, and the Master Mold's activation was a mistake. After defeating Silver Samurai, Logan learns that HYDRA has a device in Hong Kong that can stop the Master Mold, where the Master Mold is currently heading. Logan informs Professor Xavier, who contacts Magneto - fearing the X-Men cannot stop the Sentinels alone. Magneto and Sabretooth travel to Hong Kong to help the X-Men. Xavier also reveals that Jason Stryker is still alive; his psyche now fractured into two halves: a good half who has been appearing to Nightcrawler and an evil half that is controlling the Master Mold. He states that another of his students had a similar problem (referring to Jean Grey/Phoenix).
The X-Jet is shot down by Sentinels upon its arrival in Hong Kong. Iceman battles Sentinels and recovers HYDRA's device. Magneto arrives and uses the device to incapacitate the Master Mold, which crashes to the ground, but his helmet is knocked off of his head and Magneto is subdued by Jason's telepathic powers.
Nightcrawler disables the Master Mold's control center, guided by Jason's good half, who helps point the way through the maze of the Mold's body. Nightcrawler disables the Master Mold's neural net, changed by Jason to look like a demonic realm. Meanwhile, Iceman destroys the core of the Master Mold and Logan - in another of Jason's hallucinations - fights several feral clones of himself, emerging victorious. Nightcrawler attempts to save Jason as the Master Mold begins to collapse, but Sabretooth abducts Jason and attempts to make his escape. Logan tracks Sabretooth's scent and confronts him while Kurt escapes with Jason. The two have a vicious battle, ending with Logan throwing Sabretooth from a great height to be impaled below. Jason dies, thanking Nightcrawler for saving him. Magneto leaves, vowing that his next encounter with the X-Men will be as an enemy.
Back at Xavier's mansion, Nightcrawler tells Xavier he does not want to be an X-Man, for their lives are too violent and he is a peaceful man. Xavier tells him he is always welcome in the Mansion, and Kurt leaves . Meanwhile, Cyclops goes to Jean Grey's house and sees her, apparently still alive, with her power spiraling out of control, resulting in her shutting the door on him. The game ends with Cyclops begging to be let inside.
Development
Zak Penn and Chris Claremont co-wrote the story for the game. Penn is the co-writer of X-Men: The Last Stand, and Claremont was a longtime writer of the X-Men comic books, establishing the personas for many of the "new" X-Men team, which featured then new members Storm, Nightcrawler, Colossus, Banshee, and Wolverine. Claremont is best known for the Dark Phoenix Saga.
Reception
X-Men: The Official Game received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
On the consoles and PC, some of the problems cited were repetitive gameplay, poor enemy AI and the fact that the Xbox 360 version looked similar to the other console versions despite the better hardware. Detroit Free Press gave the Xbox 360 version three stars out of four and said, "I'd be happier if Cyclops were at my fingertips, too. But all in all, the variety these three X-Men provide is adequate for one little video game". The Times gave the game a mixed review and stated that "nice graphics and smooth gameplay are no substitute for imagination". However, The A.V. Club gave it a D and stated that "almost everything about this movie cash-in is cheap and incompetent, from the short, forgettable levels to the poor control system to the hand-crampingly repetitive action".
As for the handhelds, the DS version was considered repetitive and hard to control, and the GBA version as a by-the-book platformer.
Notes
References
External links
2006 video games
Action games
Activision beat 'em ups
Beenox games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
GameCube games
Hypnos Entertainment games
Interquel video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
Superhero video games
Windows games
Video games based on X-Men films
Video games based on works by Zak Penn
Video games scored by Chance Thomas
Video games set in Canada
Video games set in Hong Kong
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Japan
Video games using Havok
X-Men (film series)
Xbox games
Xbox 360 games
WayForward games
Video games developed in the United States
Amaze Entertainment games
Underground Development games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men%3A%20The%20Official%20Game |
Gardy-Kate Ruder (born 1954 in Lahr in the Black Forest of Germany) is a German author and teacher who is now based in Baden-Württemberg. She writes about the victims of the Nazis.
She originally worked as a teacher in primary and secondary schools.
She integrated the story of her grandmother Katharina, who was killed in the extermination camp in Grafeneck, into her own biography.
This book, Katharina Ketterer - victim of "euthanasia", has changed her life.
Since 1999 she has written for local newspapers. In 2003, she realized in Lahr the project "Stolpersteine" of the artist Gunter Demnig, who lives in Koeln, in her own birth town and in the one of her grandmother Katharina. Writing gave her the possibility to clear up structures of ignoring German History, finding a form to accept what really happened.
References
Gardy-Käthe Ruder, Holocaust im Gedächtnis einer Puppe. Unterwegs auf Lebensspuren von und mit Inge Auerbacher. Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden 2006.
Gabriel Richter (Hg.), Die Fahrt ins Graue(n), die Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Emmendingen 1933 - 1945 - und danach, zweite durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage 2005: Gardy Ruder, Katharina Ketterer - ein Opfer der "Euthanasie" geboren am 21. November 1898 in Lahr, ermordet am 26. November 1940 in Grafeneck, S. 323.
Der Ortenaukreis (Hg.) Geroldsecker Land, Jahrbuch einer Landschaft, Heft 46, 2004, Gardy Ruder, Ein "Stolperstein" für Lili Reckendorf, S. 63
Amazon.de
Historians of the Holocaust
1954 births
Living people
German women writers
German schoolteachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardy%20Ruder |
Rubidium-82 chloride is a form of rubidium chloride containing a radioactive isotope of rubidium. It is marketed under the brand name Cardiogen-82 by Bracco Diagnostics for use in Myocardial perfusion imaging. It is rapidly taken up by heart muscle cells, and therefore can be used to identify regions of heart muscle that are receiving poor blood flow in a technique called PET perfusion imaging. The half-life of the rubidium-82 is only 1.27 minutes; it is normally produced at the place of use by rubidium generators.
References
Further reading
(Note: only about 1/2 page on Rb-generator)
Rubidium compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Alkali metal chlorides
Radiopharmaceuticals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium-82%20chloride |
Many Latvians resisted the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany. Independent Latvia had been occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940, then by Nazi Germany in July 1941, forming Generalbezirk Lettland. The Latvian resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence units under the Latvian Central Council and the pro-Soviet units under the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement in Moscow. Daugavpils was the scene of fierce Jewish resistance during the Holocaust. Many local Latvians were actively involved in the resistance movement against the ethnic policies of the German occupation regime. 134 Latvians were later honored with the title Righteous Among the Nations, among them is Žanis Lipke, who risked his life to save more than 50 Jews.
National resistance movements
Civic circles in Latvia were dissatisfied with the German occupation regime and secretly plotted to reinstate democracy.
There were many small underground groups of the national resistance movements focused on the restoration of the independence of Latvia like The Latvian Nationalist Union, Latvian National Council, the Officer Union, organizations “The Latvian Guards”, “New Regiments“, “The Free Latvia”, “The Latvian Hawk organization” and others. The radical nationalist organization “Pērkonkrusts” was allied with the Germans in the first months after the invasion, however, when repressed by the Germans it again started underground resistance.
On August 13, 1943 members of the four biggest Latvian political parties founded the Latvian Central Council. It published the outlawed publications Jaunā Latvija (New Latvia) and Neatkarīgā Latvija (Independent Latvia). The periodicals propagated the idea of renewing democracy in Latvia after the war.
Kurelians
The Latvian Central Council managed to form their own military unit, disguised as a Home Guard unit, commanded by General Jānis Kurelis; the men were popularly known as Kurelians (). The unit was organized on July 28, 1944, by a directive from Veide, the administrator of Rīga township, for the officially avowed purpose of fighting Soviet partisans who had recently been dropped by parachutes in great numbers, and for the formation of German-supported Latvian partisan groups which would operate in Soviet-occupied Latvian regions.
The size of the Kurelians is uncertain. Estimates range from 1,200 to 16,000, while the Germans were told that the group had only 500 men. Volunteers were attracted by word of mouth. The Kurelians expected ultimately to fight both Soviets and Nazis and to remain in Latvia as nationalist partisans if the Germans withdrew, or even to hold a part of Latvia until help arrived from the Western Allies. On September 23 the Kurelians retreated through Rīga to northern Courland, leaving behind a group of 150 men to operate in the Soviet rear. The Kurelians assisted the Latvian Central Council “boat actions” to Sweden and established radio contacts with Sweden.
On November 14 the Germans surrounded and disarmed the Kurelians. Seven of their officers (including Upelnieks, a member of the military committee of the underground Latvian Central Council) were sentenced to death by a Nazi military tribunal and shot in Liepāja on November 19. A Kurelian battalion commanded by Lt. Rubenis fought the Germans for three days and was annihilated; Rubenis fell during a Latvian counter-attack trying to break through the German encirclement but some of the Kurelians escaped. General Kurelis was deported to Germany. 545 of his men were sent to the Stutthof concentration camp.
Soviet partisans
Armed combat behind the German front lines was carried out by the soldiers of the Red Army units: Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions and people guards. Activity picked up in 1942, one year after the first winter war, but real work by the partisans in Latvia started only in 1943 after the German Army Group B stalled at Stalingrad and Kursk. The partisan regiment "To padomju Latviju" was organized and started training in June 1942 in Leningrad, and from Staraya Russa three small Latvian partisan units (about 200 men) headed for Latvia. On July 7 the regiment reached the Latvian Kārsava region, but there the Germans found and dispersed them with great losses and only several partisans escaped. The next partisan unit was formed in September 1942 by Moscow from volunteers from 201st Latvian Riflemen Division and the Latvian partisan regiment "Par Padomju Latviju". The commander was Vilis Samsons. This partisan regiment began fighting east of the Latvian border and only in the winter of 1943 did it start to fight in Latvia. In March this unit was renamed as the Latvian Partisan Brigade. Since the local population in Latvia would not support Soviet partisans, they could not gain a foothold. From January 1943 the Red Partisans in Latvia were directly subordinated to the central headquarters in Moscow under the leadership of Arturs Sproģis. Another prominent commander was Vilis Samsons, who later became a historian. Altogether Latvia had 24 partisan units, together with 33 smaller groups. From March 1944 until July they formed 4 partisan brigades: 1st Brigade with about 3000 men (commander V. Samsons) fought in Northern and Northeastern Latvia. 2nd Brigade (about 1500 men, commander P. Ratins) fought in the centre of Latvia. 3rd Brigade (about 500 men, commander Otomars Oškalns) fought at Zemgale, along with the 4th Brigade, also with about 500 men. The Leningrad partisan brigade, which consisted only of Russians (commander M. Klementyev) fought around Lake Lubāns. In 1944 and 1945 in Courland they formed many partisan units (2 to 12 men each) which, though small, were very active. Most noted was "Sarkana bulta". The Latvian Red partisans suffered great losses, and many from smaller groups were completely eliminated. The Red partisan movement in Latvia ended in October 1944.
See also
Anti-fascism
Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44
Latvian independence movement
Resistance during World War II
Resistance movement
Lithuanian resistance during World War II
References
External links
Leģenda, kas nāk no Jelgavas
Saviours and the Saved
The Savers
A war after the war
Latvia in World War II
Eastern European World War II resistance movements
National liberation movements
Generalbezirk Lettland
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
it:Resistenza baltica | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian%20anti-Nazi%20resistance%20movement%201941%E2%80%931945 |
Merlin (also called Neurofibromin 2 or schwannomin) is a cytoskeletal protein. In humans, it is a tumor suppressor protein involved in neurofibromatosis type II. Sequence data reveal its similarity to the ERM protein family.
The name "merlin" is an acronym for "Moesin-Ezrin-Radixin-Like Protein".
Gene
Human merlin is coded by the gene NF2 in Chromosome 22. Mouse merlin gene is located on chromosome 11 and rat merlin gene on chromosome 17. Fruit fly merlin gene (symbol Mer) is located on chromosome 1 and shares 58% similarity to its human homologue.
Other merlin-like genes are known from a wide range of animals, and the derivation of merlin is thought to be in early metazoa. Merlin is a member of the ERM family of proteins including ezrin, moesin, and radixin, which are in the protein 4.1 superfamily of proteins. Merlin is also known as schwannomin, a name derived from the most common type of tumor in the NF2 patient phenotype, the schwannoma.
Structure
Vertebrate merlin is a 70 kDa protein. There are 10 known isoforms of human merlin molecule (the full molecule being 595 amino acids in length). The two most common of these are also found in the mouse and are called type 1 and type 2, differing by the absence or presence of exon 16 or 17, respectively). All the known varieties have a conserved N-terminal part, which contains a FERM domain (a domain found in most cytoskeletal-membrane organizing proteins). The FERM domain is followed by an alpha-helical domain and a hydrophilic tail. Merlin can dimerize with itself and heterodimerize with other ERM family proteins.
Function
Merlin is a membrane-cytoskeleton scaffolding protein, i.e. linking actin filaments to cell membrane or membrane glycoproteins. Human merlin is predominantly found in nervous tissue, but also in several other fetal tissues, and is mainly located in adherens junctions. Its tumor suppressor properties are probably associated with contact-mediated growth inhibition. Drosophila merlin is expressed in embryonic hindgut, salivary glands, and imaginal discs, and has apparently a slightly different role than in vertebrates.
The phosphorylation of serine 518 is known to alter the functional state of merlin. The signaling pathway of merlin is proposed to include several salient cell growth controlling molecules, including eIF3c, CD44, protein kinase A, and p21 activated kinases.
Work in Drosophila identified Merlin as an upstream regulator of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, a function that is conserved in mammals. The Hippo pathway is a well conserved signalling pathway that coordinately regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Mutations of the NF2 gene cause a human autosomal dominant disease called neurofibromatosis type 2. It is characterized by the development of tumors of the nervous system, most commonly of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (also called acoustic neuromas). NF2 belongs to the tumor suppressor group of genes.
Interactions
Merlin (protein) has been shown to interact with:
CUL4A,
DDB1,
EZR,
HGS,
MED28,
RIT1,
SDCBP,
SPTBN1, and
VPRBP.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neurofibromatosis 2
FlyBase synopsis of gene Mer
Cytoskeleton
Peripheral membrane proteins
Human proteins
Tumor suppressor genes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin%20%28protein%29 |
Dane Swan (born 25 February 1984) is a former elite professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Swan was drafted with pick 58 in the 2001 AFL draft, and made his debut in Round 13, 2003 against the .
Known as a prolific ball-winner, Swan averaged almost 27 disposals per game over his career. Swan was a premiership player, a Brownlow Medallist, a three-time Copeland Trophy recipient, a Leigh Matthews Trophy recipient, and a five-time All-Australian.
Swan was notably runner-up in the 2017 reality TV show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, on Network Ten.
Early life
Swan was born in Melbourne to Billy and Deidre Swan. He is a direct descendant of Thomas Flanagan, an Irish convict transported to Australia in 1849. His father Billy Swan was a highly decorated footballer in the VFA, winning the J. J. Liston Trophy twice and playing a competition record 302 games with Port Melbourne and Williamstown from 1976 to 1993.
He grew up playing junior football for the Westmeadows Football Club in the Essendon District Football League, and attended St. Bernard's College in Essendon before playing his under-18 football with the Calder Cannons in the TAC Cup.
Swan's performances at the Calder Cannons were ordinary and he was perceived by some recruiters to be a larrikin with questionable kicking accuracy and work ethic; however, showed an interest in him as a potential late maturer in the mould of his father.
Career
Swan was recruited by the Collingwood Football Club with pick 58 in the 2001 AFL draft. He made his debut in June 2003 at the age of 19, though he only played three games (against the , and ). Swan managed just 30 games in his first four seasons in the system at Collingwood, and although he played some solid football in that time, he was not regarded as outstanding. He played much of this time with Williamstown, which was then Collingwood's , and he was a member of its 2003 premiership team.
In 2006, he broke through, playing 21 games and finished sixth in the Copeland Trophy voting. Swan mainly rotated through the midfield and moved forward when required. His first nine weeks were productive, averaging nearly 26 disposals and kicked 15 goals, before a hamstring injury suffered against in round ten sidelined him until round thirteen.
2007 was considered his breakout season as he placed fourth in the Copeland Trophy and was a surprise packet at the Brownlow, leading for most of the night before finishing sixth with 20 votes.
2008
The 2008 Copeland Trophy winner had a strong year averaging twenty-five disposals, seven marks, three tackles and one goal a game. Swan led the team in total disposals (590) and kicks (368), second in marks (163), and third in handballs (222) and tackles (75). He had 14 games of 25 possessions or more and kicked two or more goals on six occasions. Round 10 against was one of Swan's best, collecting 34 possessions, 10 marks and two goals. In round 14 against , he had 30 touches and 13 marks.
2009
In the 2009 season, Swan averaged 31.8 disposals, 7.8 marks, 3.0 tackles and 5.4 inside-50s per game. He was one of the AFL's most prolific ball winners, along with being an in-and-under specialist winning the contested ball at most stoppages whilst also running hard.
In Collingwood's 2009 round 10 clash against , Swan obtained 48 possessions, 22 kicks and 26 handballs. This was the best disposal count in a decade and was then the third-highest-recorded disposals count in one match, behind Greg Williams' 53 and Tony Shaw's 50. It was a record since the length of game quarters was shortened from 25 minutes to 20 minutes in 1994, until surpassed in round 22, 2011 by 's Scott Thompson (51 disposals).
He was ranked third for total inside-50s, fourth in total goal assists, first in total kicks, fourteenth in total handballs, first in total disposals, tenth in total marks, fifth in inside-50s per game, thirteenth in goal assists per game, second in kicks per game, second in disposals per game. He was voted runner-up at the AFLPA MVP awards (polling 584 votes), finishing behind Gary Ablett (688). He was regarded as one of the front-runners for the Brownlow Medal, but finished outside the top ten.
Swan was selected in the 2009 All-Australian team, but controversially as a half forward flanker, rather than as a midfielder, which is his usual position.
2010
Swan averaged 31.8 disposals, including 19 kicks per game, totalling a then AFL record 820 disposals for the season. On 6 September, Swan won the AFL Players Association MVP Award (Leigh Matthews Trophy) after a vote by the players. That year he was also elected as the ruck-rover for the All-Australian team. His consistent season was a cornerstone to Collingwood's fifteenth premiership, to the point of having his tattoos referenced on the Herald Sun premiership poster. Swan finished third in the Brownlow Medal count, having started favourite. On 31 October in the International Rules Series he won the Jim Stynes Medal. At the conclusion of the season, Swan became only the fourth-ever Collingwood player to win three consecutive Copeland Trophies.
2011
With Swan's contract at Collingwood due to expire at the end of 2011, there was much pre-season media speculation over a possible move to new AFL club . This was put to rest during the lead-up week to the season's commencement when Collingwood announced that Swan had signed a new three-year deal, committing him to the club until the end of 2014. Swan started 2011 in the same good form as 2010. He attained 40 disposals in round 2 against but sustained a quad injury close to the midway point of the season and his form deteriorated. Collingwood decided to send Swan, with teammates Brent Macaffer, Darren Jolly and Nathan Brown, to a high-altitude training camp in Arizona in an attempt to help the players recover faster from their individual injuries. The trip proved effective for Swan, with an immediate effect on his playing performances. In the next six games after his return, he had an average of 35.3 disposals per game with a strong effort against Essendon with 45 possessions and a goal. He later won the 2011 Brownlow Medal with 34 votes—setting a new record for the most votes polled in a count under the 3–2–1 system, which was later surpassed by Patrick Dangerfield in 2016.
2012
Swan received some criticism early on in the 2012 season and was accused of being unfit and "too fat". In the annual Anzac Day clash, Swan won his first Anzac Day medal as best on ground after a one-point win over Essendon, with forty-two possessions, three goals and six tackles during the game. Swan missed two games midway through the season due to a hamstring injury, then returned for the Queen's Birthday clash in Round 11 against , where he finished with a game high 42 possessions. Strong performances over the following two months saw Swan rise in the Brownlow Medal betting, to become one of the favourites behind Jobe Watson, Scott Thompson and Gary Ablett. Swan was later found to have broken a pledge made by the playing group to abstain from drinking alcohol for the remainder of the season. He was suspended for two games as a result. Swan had over 40 disposals in six different games, reaching a new career high of 49 against in the round 17 loss, he also didn't have below 25 disposals. Swan over the home and away season averaged 35.7 disposals (career high and AFL record since stats were recorded) and 1.2 goals a game. Despite missing four home and away games Swan still finished fourth in the Brownlow Medal count and averaged more votes per game than anyone else in the top ten. He was named on the bench in the All-Australian team, his fourth selection in his career.
2013
Swan started the season averaging 30 possessions in the first three matches. In round 4, Swan played his 200th AFL game against an unbeaten Richmond, producing an almost best on ground performance (thirty-five disposals, six marks and one goal) and was only bettered by teammate Travis Cloke, who kicked a career best seven goals. At the end of the year Swan averaged 31.2 disposals, 5.7 marks, 3.4 tackles, and 5.2 inside-50s per game. He finished first in overall disposals, and equal seventh in total inside-50s. Swan was selected as the ruck-rover in the 2013 All-Australian team, the fifth consecutive year he was included. Swan finished third in the Brownlow Medal with 26 votes, losing by two to the winner Gary Ablett, and one to second-placed Joel Selwood.
2014
After wrist surgery in the off season, Swan started the season slowly, with an average of 22 disposals in the first three rounds, including just sixteen disposals in round 2. It didn't take long for him to find his form though, including thirty-five disposals and eleven marks against North Melbourne, and twenty-six disposals and four goals against Essendon to earn him his second ANZAC medal.
2015
After 2014, a year that Swan described as putrid, He returned to career-best form in 2015, averaging twenty-nine disposals and one goal per game, as well as reaching the 250-game milestone. Swan notched 30 disposals in 11 games during 2015, and played every game in 2015 apart from Collingwood's round 23 clash against Essendon due to a knee injury he sustained the week before. Although Collingwood missed the finals, Swan arguably proved to critics that at the age of 31 he is still able to play high-quality football at an elite level.
2016
In the round one clash against Sydney, Swan was badly injured after landing awkwardly on his foot, breaking three bones, including a Lisfranc. The injury ruled him out of the rest of the season, and in August he announced his immediate retirement from the AFL.
Statistics
A prolific ball-winner, particularly in the latter part of his career, Swan lead the AFL in total disposals on four occasions and total kicks on five occasions. Swan accumulated an average of 26.85 disposals per game during his AFL career, which at the time of his retirement was the second-highest average of all time behind only Greg Williams (26.88 per game).
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2002 || || 36
| 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 0
|-
| scope=row | 2003 || || 36
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 14 || 13 || 27 || 4 || 3 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 4.7 || 4.3 || 9.0 || 1.3 || 1.0 || 0
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2004 || || 36
| 13 || 2 || 5 || 105 || 66 || 171 || 49 || 18 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 8.1 || 5.1 || 13.2 || 3.8 || 1.4 || 0
|-
| scope=row | 2005 || || 36
| 14 || 3 || 2 || 143 || 91 || 234 || 67 || 22 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 10.2 || 6.5 || 16.7 || 4.8 || 1.6 || 0
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2006 || || 36
| 21 || 19 || 12 || 311 || 176 || 487 || 168 || 44 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 14.8 || 8.4 || 23.2 || 8.0 || 2.1 || 11
|-
| scope=row | 2007 || || 36
| 25 || 13 || 14 || 422 || 173 || 595 || 187 || 85 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 16.9 || 6.9 || 23.8 || 7.5 || 3.4 || 20
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2008 || || 36
| 24 || 22 || 23 || 368 || 222 || 590 || 163 || 75 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 15.3 || 9.3 || 24.6 || 6.8 || 3.1 || 12
|-
| scope=row | 2009 || || 36
| 25 || 18 || 25 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 444† || 325 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 769† || 161 || 77 || 0.7 || 1.0 || 17.8 || 13.0 || 30.8 || 6.4 || 3.1 || 12
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C | 2010# || || 36
| 26 || 24 || 23 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 505† || 315 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 820† || 146 || 123 || 0.9 || 0.9 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 19.4† || 12.1 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 31.5† || 5.6 || 4.7 || 24
|-
| scope=row | 2011 || || 36
| 24 || 32 || 23 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 472† || 288 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 760† || 129 || 77 || 1.3 || 1.0 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 19.7† || 12.0 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 31.7† || 5.4 || 3.2 || bgcolor=98FB98 | 34±
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2012 || || 36
| 21 || 25 || 22 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 442† || 283 || 725 || 138 || 71 || 1.2 || 1.0 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 21.0† || 13.5 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 34.5† || 6.6 || 3.4 || 25
|-
| scope=row | 2013 || || 36
| 23 || 21 || 21 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 436† || 281 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 717† || 131 || 79 || 0.9 || 0.9 || bgcolor=CAE1FF | 19.0† || 12.2 || 31.2 || 5.7 || 3.4 || 26
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2014 || || 36
| 17 || 11 || 12 || 244 || 180 || 424 || 79 || 49 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 14.4 || 10.6 || 24.9 || 4.6 || 2.9 || 17
|-
| scope=row | 2015 || || 36
| 21 || 21 || 14 || 336 || 273 || 609 || 104 || 81 || 1.0 || 0.7 || 16.0 || 13.0 || 29.0 || 5.0 || 3.9 || 13
|- style=background:#EAEAEA
| scope=row | 2016 || || 36
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0
|- class=sortbottom
! colspan=3 | Career
! 258 !! 211 !! 196 !! 4242 !! 2686 !! 6928 !! 1526 !! 804 !! 0.8 !! 0.8 !! 16.4 !! 10.4 !! 26.9 !! 5.9 !! 3.1 !! 186
|}
Honours and achievements
Team:
AFL Premiership (Collingwood): 2010
McClelland Trophy (Collingwood): 2010, 2011
NAB Cup (Collingwood): 2011
Robert Rose Cup: 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Individual:
Brownlow Medal: 2011
Joseph Wren Memorial Trophy (VFL Best and Fairest): 2003
Copeland Trophy (Collingwood Best and Fairest): 2008, 2009, 2010
Leigh Matthews Trophy: 2010
All-Australian: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013
Herald Sun Player of the Year: 2009, 2010
Australian Football Media Association Player of the Year: 2009, 2010
Bob Rose-Charlie Sutton Medal: 2009
AFLCA Champion Player of the Year: 2010
Lou Richards Medal: 2010
Australian Representative Honours in International rules football: 2010
Jim Stynes Medal: 2010
AFL ANZAC Medal: 2012, 2014
Controversies
In 2003, Swan was arrested with two others following a brawl at Federation Square in which a security guard (Jesse James) was knocked unconscious, and another man (Claudio Celano) was left with a permanent brain injury. Swan was charged with 13 offences, including assault, affray and intentionally causing serious injury. Swan was convicted of affray and ordered to perform 100 hours of community service. Mr Celano, who suffered a permanent brain injury, sued his three assailants and in a settlement, Swan and the other offenders agreed to make payment of $100,000 to Mr Celano. However, in 2009 Mr Celano again sued Swan and the other offenders because they had failed to make payment as agreed and Swan was penalised for that failure to make payment. Mr Celano's lawyer noted that Swan and the other offenders had not made any apology to his client. In an interview in 2010, Swan detailed how close the incident came to ending his football career. Coach Mick Malthouse gave him a second chance, believing that Swan did not deserve to have his career derailed because of one stupid decision. In a further interview in 2017, Swan stated he had 'no regrets' about the incident which left one man unconscious and another with a permanent brain injury.
In March 2010, Swan hit a parked truck on the way from his house to training. Four months later, Swan was hit in the mouth at a nightclub.
In August 2012, Swan received an internal two-match suspension from the Collingwood senior team for breaking team rules—specifically, a pledge by the playing group to abstain from alcohol between late July and the end of the season.
In June 2014, Swan attended a fundraising event hosted by John Gatto, the brother of underworld figure Mick Gatto. Collingwood president Eddie McGuire had no problem with the incident.
In May 2018, explicit video footage of Swan was leaked, leading to a police investigation.
In January 2023, Swan tweeted about 'male tampons', causing controversy as they were actually absorbent underwear for incontinence.
Personal life
Swan has been with his girlfriend, Taylor Wilson, since 2010. In November 2020 they announced that they were expecting a child. Their son, Tate, was born on 13 February 2021.
References
External links
1984 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Brownlow Medal winners
Copeland Trophy winners
All-Australians (AFL)
Living people
People educated at St. Bernard's College, Melbourne
Calder Cannons players
Williamstown Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
Australian people of Irish descent
Australia international rules football team players
Leigh Matthews Trophy winners
VFL/AFL premiership players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane%20Swan |
HMT Limited, formerly Hindustan Machine Tools Limited, is an Indian state-owned manufacturing company under the control of the Ministry of Heavy Industries, Government of India. It was founded in 1953 as a machine tool manufacturing company, diversifying into watches, tractors, printing machinery, metal forming presses, die casting and plastic processing machinery, and CNC systems and bearings. HMT is headquartered at Bangalore.
The watch making division, HMT Watches, opened in 1961. During the 1970s and 1980s HMT was the largest supplier of wrist watches in India, with popular styles including Janata and Pilot. The division closed in 2016, largely due to mismanagement leading to heavy losses. In the same year, the Government of India also shut down HMT Chinar Watches Ltd., HMT Bearings, and HMT Tractors. HMT Machine Tools Limited still manufactures industrial machines and tools with a work force of around 2,500 in six manufacturing units situated at Bangalore (Mother unit), Kochi, Hyderabad (2 units), Pinjore and Ajmer. These mostly serve India's defence, government and educational institutions.
HMT's wholly owned subsidiaries include HMT Machine Tools Limited and HMT International Limited. HMT also holds a majority stake in Praga Tools Limited (51%).
History
Hindustan Machine Tools was incorporated in 1953 by the Government of India as a machine tool manufacturing company. Over the years, HMT diversified into watches, tractors, printing machinery, metal forming presses, die casting and plastic processing machinery, and CNC systems and bearings. HMT is headquartered in Bengaluru (Bangalore).
Technology was absorbed in all product groups through collaborations with world-renowned manufacturers and further strengthened by continuous in-house R&D.
Today, HMT consists of six subsidiaries under the ambit of a holding company, which also manages the tractor business directly.
HMT Limited took over Praga Tools Limited as one of its subsidiaries 1988. Praga Tools Limited was established in May 1943 as Praga Tools Corporation Limited to manufacture machine tools with its headquarters at Secunderabad. It was renamed as Praga Tools Limited in 1963. It is mainly involved in the manufacturing of machine tools, including CNC machines.
Watch division
HMT set up a watch manufacturing factory in Bangalore in collaboration with Citizen Watch, a Japanese company, in 1961. The first batch of mechanical (hand wound) wrist watches manufactured here was released by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. The most popular mechanical watch was HMT Janata. Other mechanical watch styles included HMT Pilot, HMT Jhalak (Semi Skeletal), HMT Sona, HMT Braille.
In 1972, HMT expanded its watch manufacturing capacity with a set up alongside the Bangalore Factory to manufacture additional watches. In 1975, the watch factory at Bangalore was further expanded to manufacture main spring, hair spring and shock absorber components. HMT set up additional manufacturing facilities to produce watch components sets at Tumkur in 1978 and at Ranibagh in 1985. The factory at Tumkur was partially converted to manufacture quartz analog watches in collaboration with Citizen. To cater to the niche market, a specialised watch case manufacturing facility was set up at Bangalore in 1983.
Since 1985, HMT Watches had been involved in making floral clocks, solar clocks, international clocks and tower locks, most popular among them being the garden clock in Bangalore. In the year 2000, HMT Watch Business group was re-structured as HMT Watches Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of HMT Limited.
In September 2014, the Government of India shut down HMT operations in a phased manner. By late 2016, the website for HMT watches was taken down.
Takeover
In September 2016, the Government of India closed some divisions of HMT: HMT Watches Ltd, HMT Bearings, HMT Tractors, and HMT Chinar Watches Ltd. The main reasons were that the company was making losses for more than a decade. During 2012–13, the company had losses of ₹242 crore on revenues of only ₹11 crore. In contrast, competitor Titan's watch business reported sales of ₹1,675 crore during the same year. The government also tried restructuring it in 1999 to improve its finances but the company continued to make losses. While in the 1980s several new companies entered the market with newer designs and more modern production techniques, HMT is said to have been hobbled by slow decision making and was unable to compete. Machine tools divisions of HMT in Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kochi (Kalamassery) are still operational and catering industrial and defence sectors of India and abroad. The Government of India is mulling takeover of HMT by Ordnance Factory Board.
Operating units
HMT Limited had 18 manufacturing units. The constituent subsidiaries are given below while the holding company retains the tractors business group.
HMT's tractor business commenced its operations in 1971 in technical collaboration with Zetor through a licensing deal with Motokov, the export trading arm of Czechoslovakia. HMT started the operation with the manufacture of the 25 HP Zetor 2511 tractor at the manufacturing plant in Pinjore, Haryana state. Over the years, it has developed tractors ranging from 25 HP to 75 HP.
Machine tools divisions of HMT is still continuing its operations and introducing state of the art technologies in Indian industrial market. The Kochi unit has entered manufacturing equipments for Indian Naval defence sector by manufacturing Directing Gear systems.
References
Watchmaking conglomerates
Government-owned companies of India
Machine tool builders
Manufacturing companies based in Bangalore
Indian companies established in 1953
Watch movement manufacturers
Watch manufacturing companies of India
Indian brands
1953 establishments in Mysore State
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Tractor manufacturers of India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMT%20Limited |
The Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway is a short line railroad in the U.S. state of Montana. The BA&P was founded in 1891 and operated as such until sale in 1985, when it was renamed the Rarus Railway . The railway was again sold in May 2007 to the Patriot Rail Corporation, and the name returned to the Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway in July 2007. The railway was the main conduit for ore transport between Butte and Anaconda, and was used for filming of portions of the 1985 Golden Globe nominated movie Runaway Train.
Founding
in 1890 a dispute between the Montana Union Railway and the Anaconda Company arose over the cost to transport copper ore from the Butte, Montana mines to the Anaconda, Montana smelters. Financed by the Marcus Daly, the interest behind the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, the Butte, Anaconda, and Pacific was incorporated in 1891 and opened for operation just two years later in 1893. While first operated primarily to carry ore from Butte to Anaconda the company was chartered as a common carrier and also carried passengers and general freight.
Early years
When it first opened, the BA&P used steam locomotives to haul the ore, freight, and passenger trains, however the heavy daily use took its toll on the engines, and by 1910 alternative power sources were being sought. The BA&P was an electrification pioneer by converting from steam to electrification between 1912 and 1913. As such it was the first major railroad line to electrify, with out of powered. While the common voltages used were 600 or 1200 volts DC, BA&P electrification was the highest available at that time, being 2,400 volts DC. The work was performed by General Electric and the railroad's own staff. As described in a period article:
The BA&P sourced its electrical power from Great Falls, Montana to the northeast, and the power was converted from AC to the 2,400 volt DC at several substations along the railway. To replace the aging steam power, an order of seventeen new electric locomotives was placed with General Electric, with two being passenger locomotives and the remaining fifteen being freight locomotives. The two passenger locomotives were outfitted with double pantographs, dual headlights, and were geared for a standard running speed of while pulling three coaches. In contrast the freight locomotives had single headlights and one pantograph each, plus were geared for a standard speed of . More locomotives were soon needed and a second order of four locomotives was made with General Electric in 1914. These units were geared lower than the other freight units and intended to be used at slow speeds in the smelter and Butte mine yards. The 1913 GE locomotives were marked as numbers 50 through 66, the 1914 units 46 - 49, the 1916 units 42 - 45.
During the electrified years, an average of eight passenger runs between Butte and Anaconda were made daily, with four runs going each direction. Usually the runs were performed by locomotives #65 or #66, which would pull a three car train of two passenger cars and a baggage car. Power was supplied to the cars via a 600 volt cable connected to the locomotive's dynamotor. Freight runs were nearly all comprised of ore loads, hauled in ore cars each of which could carry . Groups of 30 ore cars were assembled at the mines in Butte and brought out to the yard at Rocker where a 60 car train, weighing an average of was compiled for transport on the main line to Anaconda. In the West Anaconda yard the train was broken up into groups and then taken by a single locomotive to the smelter for unloading.
De-electrification
The electrification was abandoned in 1967 as it had become cheaper to operate diesel-electric locomotives.
Sale
The railroad lost much of its business following the closure of the Anaconda smelter, and was sold to a consortium of local investors and reconstituted as the Rarus Railway in 1985.
On July 19, 2007, Patriot Rail Corporation, the parent company which had acquired Rarus Railway in May 2007, officially changed the railways name back to Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway.
Preservation
Many resources of the railway were included in the Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
Film credit
In 1985, The BA&P became the backdrop of full-length feature film Runaway Train. The film, directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, starred Jon Voight, who was nominated for an Academy Award & won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor, Eric Roberts, who was nominated for an Academy Award & Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, Rebecca DeMornay, John P. Ryan, Kyle T. Heffner, Kenneth McMillan & Edward Bunker who also co-wrote the script. It was filmed on BA&P tack and at the Anaconda roundhouse in March 1985. The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture - Drama.
See also
Milwaukee Road
Footnotes
References
External links
Butte, Anaconda & Pacific Railway Web site
Montana railroads
Former Class I railroads in the United States
Electric railways in Montana
Patriot Rail Company
Anaconda Copper | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte%2C%20Anaconda%20and%20Pacific%20Railway |
Streets of London is a text adventure published for the Commodore 64 in 1983 by the British software publisher Supersoft. Originally released for the Commodore PET as Pythonesque, the game's humour is almost entirely derived from comedy troupe Monty Python.
References
External links
Gamebase 64 entry for Streets of London
1980s interactive fiction
1983 video games
Adventure games
Commodore 64-only games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets%20of%20London%20%28video%20game%29 |
March 3 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - March 5
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 17 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For March 4th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 19 (February 20 on leap years).
Saints
Saint Julian of Alexandria, Bishop of Alexandria (189)
Martyrs Paul and his sister Juliana, and Quadratus, Acacius, and Stratonicus, at Ptolemais in Egypt (273) (see also: August 17)
Venerable Gerasimus of Jordan (475)
Saint Gregory of Constantius in Cyprus, Bishop.
Saint James the Faster, of Phoenicia, Syria (6th century)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Saint Lucius I, succeeded St Cornelius as Pope of Rome in 253, and was at once sent into exile.
Martyrs of Rome, a group of nine hundred martyrs buried in the Catacombs of Callistus on the Appian Way in Rome (260)
Saint Leonard of Avranches, Bishop of Avranches (ca. 614)
Saint Owen (Owin), a monk at Lastingham in England with St Chad, then settled at a monastery near Lichfield (ca. 680)
Saint Basinus, monk and Abbot of St Maximin in Trier in Germany, succeeded St Numerian as bishop of the city (ca. 705)
Saint Appian, a monk at the monastery of St Peter of Ciel d'Oro in Pavia, became a hermit in Comacchio and brought Christ to that region (ca. 800)
Saint Adrian of May and Companions, a bishop on the Isle of May in the Firth of Forth in Scotland, martyred by the Danes together with other monks (ca. 875)
Saint Felix of Rhuys, a monk at Fleury Abbey (Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire) in France (1038)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Saint Gregory, Bishop of Assos near Ephesus (1150)
Venerable Gerasimus, monk of Vologda, founder of the Holy Trinity Monastery (1178)
Blessed Basil (Basilko), Prince of Rostov (1238)
Saints of Pskov martyred by the Latins:
Saint Ioasaph of Snetogorsk Monastery, and St. Basil of Mirozh Monastery (1299)
Saint Daniel of Moscow, Great Prince (1303)
Saint Peter (Michurin), youth of Tobolsk (Peter of Tomsk) (1820)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyr Michael Kargopolov, Priest of Krasnoyarsk (1919)
New Hieromartyr Dimitry Ivanov of Kiev, Archpriest (1933)
New Hieromartyr Vyacheslav Leontiev of Nizhegorod, Priest (1937)
New Martyr John of Al-Sindiyana, Palestine (1937)
New Hieromartyr Alexander, Priest (1938)
Other commemorations
Translation of the relics (938) of Martyr Wenceslaus (Vaclav), Prince of the Czechs (935)
Repose of Schemamonk Mark of Glinsk Hermitage (1893)
Repose of Schema-Nun Agnia, Eldress of Karaganda (1976)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
March 4/March 17. Orthodox Calendar (PRAVOSLAVIE.RU).
March 17 / March 4. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
March 4. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR). St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 19.
March 4. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. p. 65.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 4 ΜΑΡΤΙΟΥ. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
Συναξαριστής. 4 Μαρτίου. ECCLESIA.GR. (H ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ).
Russian Sources
17 марта (4 марта). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
4 марта (ст.ст.) 17 марта 2013 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR).
March in the Eastern Orthodox calendar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%204%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 |
The Diocese of Broken Bay is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese the Catholic Church in Australia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolian Archdiocese of Sydney.
On 20 November 2014, Bishop Peter Comensoli was appointed as the third bishop of the diocese. He was enthroned on 12 December 2014. Bishop Comensoli was elevated to the position of Archbishop of Melbourne in June 2018 and was replaced by Bishop Anthony Randazzo as the fourth bishop of the diocese in November 2019.
History
The Diocese of Broken Bay was erected on 8 April 1986. Prior to this date, the area was considered within the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Sydney.
According to Roman Catholic Church records, in 1822 Governor Brisbane granted land near Pittwater to Father Therry for the purposes of establishing a church. However, attempts to established a church in 1859 were postponed due to the sparcity of Catholics. A church at Manly was established in 1873 and another erected at Careel Bay in 1875. Manly was the site of the first parish that was established in the area in 1876; followed by Gosford (1888) and Pymble (1889). Together these three parishes covered most of the present diocese until 1910. By 1885, work on St Patrick's College, Manly had commenced and was completed in 1888.
The Diocese covers and includes both bush and coastal communities. Symbolising the diocese is the lighthouse, based on the historic lighthouse at Barrenjoey.
Bishops of Broken Bay
The following men have been Bishop of Broken Bay:
{| class="wikitable"
!Order
!Name
!Date installed
!Term ended
!Term of office
!Reason for term end
|-
|align="center"| ||Patrick Laurence Murphy ||align="center" | 8 April 1986 ||align="center" |9 July 1996 ||align="right"| ||Resigned and appointed Bishop Emeritus of Broken Bay
|-
|align="center"| ||David Louis Walker ||align="center" |9 July 1996 ||align="center" |11 November 2013 ||align="right"| || Resigned and appointed Bishop Emeritus of Broken Bay
|-
|align="center"| ||Peter Comensoli ||align="center" |12 December 2014 ||align="center" |1 August 2018 ||align="right"| || Appointed Archbishop of Melbourne
|-
|align="center"| ||Anthony Randazzo ||align="center" |7 October 2019 ||align="center" | present ||align="right"| || (incumbent)
|}
Cathedral
On 10 February 2008 Our Lady of the Rosary, Waitara, was inaugurated as the cathedral of the diocese, succeeding Corpus Christi, the parish church of St Ives.
Derivative agencies and offices
The Diocese of Broken Bay operates a number of agencies and offices to manage various functions of the Diocese such as Catholic outreach and evangelism, family support, disability support, and education.
Office for Safeguarding and Professional Standards (Chancery) responsible for the administration and management of professional standards, child protection, and safeguarding responsibilities within the Diocese.
CatholicCare (Diocese of Broken Bay) belonging to Catholic Social Services Australia responsible for the provision and administration of services for families, children, and people with disabilities as well as foster care and out-of-home services.
Catholic Development Fund (CDF) responsible for the management of funds belonging to the Diocese and acts as its official treasury service for funds to religious, charitable, and educational services. The CDF is considered a charitable institution under the Australian Taxation Office's definitions.
Office of Evangelisation responsible for Catholic outreach and the promotion of the Diocese as well as individual parishes, members, and communities.
Catholic Schools Office responsible for the administration and oversight of private Catholic schools within the Diocese, currently 44 in total (36 primary schools and 8 high schools).
Bishop David L Walker Library responsible for the provision and management of information resources, especially that relating to Roman Catholicism and relevant teachings.
Parishes
Arcadia (St Benedict)
Carlingford (St Gerard) and Epping (Our Lady Help of Christians)
Chatswood (Our Lady of Dolours)
Frenchs Forest – combining the parishes of Davidson (St Martin de Porres), Forestville (Our Lady of Good Counsel), and Terrey Hills (St Anthony in the Fields)
Gosford (St Patrick)
Hornsby – combining the parishes of Waitara Cathedral (Our Lady of the Rosary) and Normanhurst (Queen of Peace)
Kincumber (Holy Cross)
Ku-ring-gai Chase – combining the parishes of Asquith (St Patrick), Berowra (St Bernard), and Brooklyn (Peace Chapel)
The Lakes – combining the parishes of Collaroy Plateau (St Rose) and Narrabeen (St Joseph)
Lindfield-Killara – combining the parishes of Killara (Immaculate Heart of Mary) and Lindfield (Holy Family)
Lower North Shore – combining the parishes of Naremburn (St Leonard), Northbridge (St Philip Neri), and Willoughby (St Thomas)
Manly Freshwater – combining the parishes of Harbord (St John the Baptist) and Manly (Mary Immaculate & St Athanasius)
North Harbour – combining the parishes of Balgowlah (St Cecilia) and Manly Vale (St Kieran)
Pennant Hills (St Agatha)
Pittwater – combining the parishes of Avalon (Maria Regina) and Mona Vale (Sacred Heart)
Pymble (Sacred Heart) and West Pymble (Our Lady of Perpetual Succour)
St Ives (Corpus Christi)
Terrigal (Our Lady Star of the Sea)
The Entrance (Our Lady of the Rosary)
Toukley (St Mary)
Warringah – combining the parishes of Dee Why (St Kevin) and Narraweena (St John, Apostle & Evangelist)
Wahroonga (Holy Name)
Warnervale (St Mary of the Cross MacKillop)
Willoughby (St Thomas)
Woy Woy (St John the Baptist)
Wyoming (Our Lady of the Rosary)
Wyong (St Cecilia)
Catholic Schools Office of the Diocese
the Diocese was responsible for overseeing the management of 43 Schools in the area (36 Catholic primary schools and 7 Catholic high schools) and was made up of approximately 15,000 students. The schools in the Diocese are:
Primary
Corpus Christi Catholic Primary School, St Ives
Holy Cross Catholic Primary School, Kincumber
Holy Family Catholic Primary School, Lindfield
Maria Regina Catholic Primary School, Avalon
Our Lady Help of Christians Catholic Primary School, Epping
Our Lady of Dolours Catholic Primary School, Chatswood
Our Lady of Good Counsel Catholic Primary School, Forestville
Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Catholic Primary School, West Pymble
Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Primary School, Waitara
Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Primary School, Shelly Beach
Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Primary School, Wyoming
Our Lady Star of the Sea Catholic Primary School, Terrigal
Prouille Catholic Primary School, Wahroonga
Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Mona Vale
Sacred Heart Catholic Primary School, Pymble
St Agatha's Catholic Primary School, Pennant Hills
St Bernard's Catholic Primary School, Berowra Heights
St Brendan's Catholic Primary School, Lake Munmorah
St Cecilia's Catholic Primary School, Balgowlah
St Cecilia's Catholic Primary School, Wyong
St Gerard's Catholic Primary School, Carlingford
St John Fisher Catholic Primary School, Tumbi Umbi
St John the Baptist Catholic Primary School, Freshwater
St John the Baptist Catholic Primary School, Woy Woy South
St John's Catholic Primary School, Narraweena
St Joseph's Catholic Primary School, Narrabeen
St Kevin's Catholic Primary School, Dee Why
St Kieran's Catholic Primary School, Manly Vale
St Martin's Catholic Primary School, Davidson
St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Manly
St Mary's Catholic Primary School, Noraville
St Patrick's Catholic Primary School, Asquith
St Patrick's Catholic Primary School, East Gosford
St Philip Neri Catholic Primary School, Northbridge
St Rose Catholic Primary School, Collaroy Plateau
St Thomas' Catholic Primary School, Willoughby
Secondary
Mater Maria Catholic College (Co-ed), Warriewood
Mercy Catholic College (Girls), Chatswood
St Joseph's Catholic College (Girls), East Gosford
St Leo's Catholic College (Co-ed), Wahroonga
St Paul's Catholic College (Boys), Manly
St Peter's Catholic College (Co-ed), Tuggerah
Primary & Secondary
MacKillop Catholic College (Co-ed), Warnervale
See also
Catholic Church in Australia
Patricia Madigan
References
External links
Diocese of Broken Bay
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Sydney
Broken Bay
Broken Bay
Broken Bay
Broken Bay | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Broken%20Bay |
The Great American Music Hall is a concert hall in San Francisco, California. It is located on O'Farrell Street in the Tenderloin neighborhood on the same block as the Mitchell Brothers O'Farrell Theatre. It is known for its decorative balconies, columns, and frescoes and for its history of unique entertainment, which has included burlesque dancing as well as jazz, folk music, and rock and roll concerts. The capacity of the hall is 470 people.
History
Blanco's and Music Box
The hall was established in 1907 during the period of rebuilding that followed the 1906 earthquake. Its interior was designed by a French architect. It was originally called Blanco's, after a notorious Barbary Coast house of prostitution.
In 1936, Sally Rand, known for her fan dance and bubble dance acts, acquired the property and branded it the Music Box. It closed with the end of World War II, reopened in 1948 as a jazz club that reused the name Blanco's, and in the 1950s the building was used by members of the Loyal Order of the Moose. The venue went into a long decline that nearly resulted in the demolition of the building.
Great American Music Hall
In 1972 the venue was purchased by Tom Bradshaw. Newly refurbished and painted, the building was renamed the Great American Music Hall. In 1973-1974 the Stuart Little Band became the GAMH house band and performed as opening act for many GAMH headliners: Cal Tjader, Sarah Vaughan, Carmen McRae, Marcel Marceau, Stan Getz, Mongo Santamaria, Dizzy Gillespie, pianist Bill Evans, Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders, Joe Pass, Cleo Laine, Herbie Mann, Buddy Rich, the Tubes, etc. In 1974, the new line-up of Journey debuted there, also Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead debuted and recorded a live album with Legion of Mary, his jazz influenced rock band in 1974, and again later with the Jerry Garcia Band as well as the Grateful Dead's album One from the Vault. In 1982, Robin Williams filmed his HBO special, "An Evening with Robin Williams". In the early '90s, radio station KKSF 103.7FM hosted several large "Music Without Borders Listener Appreciation Concerts", with performances by Opafire as well as other Contemporary Jazz groups. In May 2000, during the dot-com boom, the venue was acquired for a reportedly seven-figure sum by music website Riffage.com, and went to Diablo Management Group when Riffage.com ceased operations in December 2000. In 2013, the Great American Music Hall was named the sixth-best rock club in America in a Rolling Stone poll of artists and managers.
Live Performances at the Great American Hall
Recordings
Billy Joel recorded a set on June 8, 1975. He recorded “New York State of Mind” there that year which was released on Spotify, et al, on November 4, 2021. The album "Live from the Great American Music Hall" was released in April 2023.
The Grateful Dead's album One from the Vault, the first of its "From the Vault" series, was recorded at the Great American Music Hall in August 1975.
David Bromberg recorded portions of How Late'll Ya Play 'Til? at the Great American Music Hall in June 1976.
Ry Cooder recorded Show Time on December 14 & 15, 1976.
McCoy Tyner recorded The Greeting on March 17 & 18, 1978.
Sonny Rollins recorded Don't Stop the Carnival on April 13, 14 & 15, 1978.
Carmen McRae recorded "At The Great American Music Hall" in 1976.
Doc and Merle Watson recorded "Live and Pickin' " on October 11–13, 1978. At the Grammy Awards of 1980 "Big Sandy/Leather Britches" won the Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance.
Betty Carter recorded her live vocal jazz album The Audience with Betty Carter at the Great American Music Hall in 1979.
The Carmen McRae-Betty Carter Duets recorded on January 30 - Feb 1, 1987 at the Great American Music Hall.
Herbie Mann made a direct-to-disc recording, All Blues/Forest Rain, in 1980.
Carla Bley recorded Live! on August 19–21, 1981.
Robin Williams filmed his 1982 HBO special, "An Evening with Robin Williams" at the Great American Music Hall.
The Radiators (American band) Live at the "Great American Music Hall" in 1998.
Boz Scaggs recorded his CD/DVD Greatest Hits Live in 2004
The Secret Chiefs 3 recorded their DVD Live at the Great American Music Hall in 2007.
Jonathan Coulton recorded his album Best. Concert. Ever. in February 2008.
Fantômas recorded their album and video The Director's Cut Live: A New Year's Revolution on December 31, 2008.
Richard Thompson recorded portions of his album Dream Attic in February 2010.
The Mother Hips Live at the Great American Music Hall December 15-16 2017
Ry Cooder recorded his 2011 concert with Corridos Famosos at the Great American Music Hall
References
External links
Sally Rand and The Music Box at Virtual Museum of SF
Great American Music homepage on the website of Slim's Presents
Jazz clubs in the San Francisco Bay Area
Music venues in San Francisco
Nightclubs in San Francisco
Buildings and structures completed in 1907
Music venues completed in 1907
1907 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20American%20Music%20Hall |
Alice Temple is an English musician, singer and songwriter, born in London. She is best known for her collaboration with Eg White under the name and Alice. She is also notable for having been the first female UK and European BMX champion.
BMX
In her teens, Temple was the first female UK and European BMX champion. Tim March, ex-European BMX Champion, has said of Temple "She was the first Shanaze, she beat the boys easy".
Music
Temple began her music career with Eg White, founding member of 80s boyband Brother Beyond, at the age of twenty. Their collaboration, and Alice, released only one album, 24 Years of Hunger (1991), but this was described by Allmusic as "one of the finest, most refined and fully realized recordings of the era, employing a much more sophisticated and romantic style than anything else out of England at the time". Allmusic also notes the accolades that 24 Years of Hunger received from other music critics:
"Recorded by the pair when they were mere twentysomethings, and predominantly in White's home, it is nevertheless about as grown-up and elegant as pop music gets. A decade after the recording had all but vanished from circulation, rainsound.net had taken to calling it "one of the classic albums of the '90s," while Q Magazine went a step further when it placed the record on its list of best albums of the 20th century, describing it as having "the class of Steely Dan and the intriguing detachment of the Blue Nile."
While writing and collaborating with White, Temple caught the attention of James Lavelle of the electronic group UNKLE. She was then brought in to contribute to UNKLE's Psyence Fiction album. Her piece for the album, Bloodstain, won critical acclaim. Temple is also featured on the track Mistress, the B-side of the UNKLE single Burn my Shadow. The same track appeared on some editions of UNKLE's third album War Stories.
In 1999 Temple returned to working with White, and together they put together her debut solo album Hang Over, released on V2.
In 2005 Temple joined co-songwriter Lucie Barât to form the band The Fay Wrays, with Temple on guitar and vocals.
After 24 Years of Hunger, White concentrated mainly on songwriting and production, in which he was highly successful, but he also released two solo albums. His 2009 album, Adventure Man, included the song Pull Me Through, described in the pre-release sleeve notes as "a beautiful, harrowing ballad of survival written and sung nearly completely by Alice Temple... which was a way of 'closing the circle'".
In 2008 Temple wrote, recorded and produced a second solo album entitled Be With You in A Minute, which she released on her own label.
Modelling
Temple modelled in the mid 1980s, and was photographed by Mario Testino, Nick Knight and Bruce Weber. She appeared on the cover of i-D magazine in May 1986, and in another feature in 2009.
Personal life
Temple was noted as a friend of Boy George during the 1980s. They were both part of London's Blitz Kids scene, which is credited with launching the New Romantic cultural movement. She is believed to be the subject of George's song A Boy Called Alice, on his 1988 UK CD single Don't Cry, in which she can be heard declaring "My name's Alice and I am not a boy". She can also be seen in the video for Culture Club's 1986 single Move Away.
After 24 Years of Hunger Temple moved to the US for several years. She had a well-publicized relationship with American model Rachel Williams.
References
External links
[ Bio on Allmusic]
Bio on ArtistDirect
Alice Temple at last.fm
English women songwriters
English lesbian musicians
Singers from London
BMX riders
Living people
Lesbian singers
Lesbian songwriters
Lesbian sportswomen
Year of birth missing (living people)
English LGBT sportspeople
English LGBT singers
English LGBT songwriters
LGBT cyclists
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Temple |
Joseph Caldwell (April 21, 1773 – January 27, 1835) was a U.S. educator, Presbyterian minister, mathematician, and astronomer. He was the first president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, holding the office from 1804 until 1812, and from 1816 until his death in 1835.
Early life and ministry
Caldwell was born in Lamington, New Jersey and graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) as Latin salutatorian in 1791. After graduation he worked as a tutor and was an assistant teacher in Elizabethtown before studying for the ministry and obtaining a license to preach from the Presbytery of New Brunswick. He was ordained in North Carolina in 1811.
On October 5, 1822, the North Carolina Synod (Presbyterian) created the Education Society of North Carolina for "the education of indigent and pious youth for the ministry of the gospel", appointing Caldwell as its president.
Educator at the University of North Carolina
He became the presiding professor of mathematics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1797 and later became its president. After writing the textbook A Compendious System of Elementary Geometry (1822) and other academic works, Caldwell went on to write a series of letters, some under the pen name "Carlton", to advocate for a public education system and for improved transportation in North Carolina.
Writings as "Carlton"
In "The Numbers of Carlton", a set of 22 essays written in 1827-1828, Caldwell presented mathematical analyses to show that a building a central railroad for North Carolina would have economic and accessibility advantages over a system of canals. These essays, distributed as pamphlets and compiled in book form (in 1828) were influential in winning public support for the railroad. Newspapers like the Raleigh Register and the Hillsborough Recorder published them weekly.
Astronomer
In 1809, Caldwell was appointed as the "Astronomer" to the commission determining the boundary between North and South Carolina. When the university declined his request to fund an astronomy program, he purchased telescopes from France with his own money in 1824. When he constructed the university's astronomical observatory in 1830 in his backyard, it was the first one built solely for educational purposes in the United States.
Legacy
In 1841, Caldwell County in western North Carolina was named for him.
In October 2013, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill hosted a display to commemorate the role of Masons in the establishment of the first public university in the United States. Among items on display were the 18th and 19th-century papers from Eagle Lodge No. 19 in Hillsborough documenting the applications, or “petitions,” of Caldwell to receive the first and second degrees of Masonry.
References
External links
Autobiography and Biography of Rev. Joseph Caldwell, D.D., L.L.D., First President of the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, [N.C.]: J.B. Neathery, 1860.
Joseph Caldwell Papers at The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Caldwell Monument
1773 births
1835 deaths
18th-century American mathematicians
19th-century American mathematicians
19th-century astronomers
Leaders of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Caldwell |
Shining Star () is the third studio album of Fish Leong, released on 26 June 2001 by Rock Records.
Track listing
无条件为你 (Unconditionally for You)
闪亮的星 (The Shining Star)
最想环游的世界 (The World Desired Best to Travel)
明天的微笑 (Smiles of Tomorrow)
在晴朗的一天出发 (Set Out on a Sunny Day)
看海计划 (A Plan to Visit the Sea)
我是爱你的 (I Do love You)
这一天 (我们都健康快乐) (This Day (Wa Are Healthy and Young))
我不快乐 (I'm Not Happy)
这是你吗 (Are You True to Yourself)
为你而:P (Smile for You)
2001 albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining%20Star%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
Ann Murray, (born 27 August 1949) is an Irish mezzo-soprano.
Life and career
Murray was born in Dublin. Having won a number of prizes at the Feis Ceoil, she studied singing at the College of Music (now the DIT Conservatory of Music and Drama, Dublin) with Nancy Calthorpe, as well as arts and music at University College Dublin. In 1968, she made her Irish opera debut performing the shepherd role in a concert performance of Tosca. She pursued further studies with Frederic Cox at the Royal Manchester College of Music and made her stage debut as Alcestis in Christoph Willibald Gluck's Alceste in 1974. She has since sung at all major opera houses and is particularly noted for her performances in works by George Frideric Handel, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Richard Strauss.
Murray performs mainly at Covent Garden (where she performed as Siphare in Mozart's Mitridate, re di Ponto), the English National Opera and the Bavarian State Opera. Murray was the featured singer in volume three of the Hyperion Schubert Edition, Hyperion Records' complete Franz Schubert lieder project, in 1988, led by pianist Graham Johnson.
She maintains her links with Ireland and was a patron of the Young Associate Artists Programme of Dublin's Opera Theatre Company. In September 2010, she was appointed professor of singing at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where she was previously (since 1999) an honorary fellow.
Awards and honours
She received an honorary doctorate in music from the National University of Ireland in 1997. She was made Bavarian Kammersängerin in 1998.
In 2002, she was made an Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Diamond Jubilee Honours for her services to music.
She was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit in 2004.
Personal life
Murray was married to the late English tenor, Philip Langridge. The couple had one son, Jonathan, also a tenor.
Recordings
Mozart: Mass No. 18 in C Minor KV427 (with Amor Artis Chorale, English Chamber Orchestra, cond. Johannes Somary: LP, Vanguard, 1976)
Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor (with Ambrosian Opera Chorus, New Philharmonia Orchestra, cond. Jesús Lopez-Cobos: LP, Philips, 1977; re-issued CD, 1991)
Verdi: La Battaglia di Legnano (with Austrian Radio Chorus & Symphony Orchestra, cond. Lambert Gardelli: LP, Philips, 1979; re-issued CD, Philips, 1989)
Gay: The Beggar's Opera, arr. Bonynge/Gamley (with London Voices, National Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Richard Bonynge: LP, Decca, 1981)
Charpentier: Te Deum H.146, Magnificat H.74, with Academy Chorus of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, conducted by Neville Marriner. CD Emi Classics 1991
Stravinsky: Songs (with Ensemble Intercontemporain, cond. Pierre Boulez: LP, Deutsche Grammophon, 1982; re-issued CD, 1992)
Haydn: Stabat mater (with Lausanne Vocal Ensemble & Chamber Orchestra, cond. Michel Corboz: LP, Erato, 1983)
Purcell: Dido and Aeneas (with Arnold Schoenberg Choir, Vienna Concentus Musicus, cond. Nikolaus Harnoncourt: LP, Telefunken, 1983)
Gounod: Romeo et Juliette (with Midi-Pyrenées Regional Choir, Toulouse Capitole Chorus & Orchestra, cond. Michel Plasson: LP, HMV, 1985)
Offenbach: Les Contes d'Hoffmann (with Chorus & Symphony Orchestra of the Brussels Opéra National du Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie, cond. Sylvain Cambreling: LP/CD, EMI, 1988)
Brahms/Schumann: Voices of the Night (The Songmakers' Almanac: CD, Hyperion, 1989)
Hyperion Schubert Edition vol.3 (with Graham Johnson, pf: CD, Hyperion, 1989)
Mozart: Cosi fan tutte (with Vienna State Opera Chorus, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. James Levine: LP/CD, Deutsche Grammophon, 1989)
Berlioz: L'Enfance du Christ op.25 (with Choir of King's College Cambridge, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Stephen Cleobury: MC/CD, EMI, 1990)
Mahler: Songs from 'Des Knaben Wunderhorn''' (with London Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Charles Mackerras: CD, Virgin Classics, 1991)
Purcell: The Fairy Queen (with The Sixteen Choir & Orchestra, cond. Harry Christophers: CD, Collins Classics, 1992)
Vivaldi: Gloria in D major RV589 (with Academy of St Martin in the Fields Chorus & Orchestra, cond. Neville Marriner: LP/CD, EMI, 1992)
Rossini: La Cenerentola (with Vienna State Opera Chorus, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Riccardo Chailly: CD, Pioneer, 1993)The Last Rose of Summer: Best Loved Songs of Ireland (with Graham Johnson, pf: CD, Hyperion, 1993; re-issued 2005)
De Falla: El sombrero de tres picos (with Academy of St Martin in the Fields, cond. Sir Neville Marriner: CD, EMI, 1994)
Beethoven Folksong Arrangements vols 1 & 2 (with Marieke Blankestijn, vn, Elizabeth Layton, vn, Krysia Osostowicz, vn, Ursula Smith, vc, Malcolm Martineau, pf: CD, Deutsche Grammophon, 1997)Irish Songs: Bid Adieu (with Graham Johnson, pf: CD, Forlane, 1998)
Songs by Bizet (with Graham Johnson, pf: CD, Hyperion, 1998)
Fauré Requiem/Duruflé Requiem (with Corydon Singers, English Chamber Orchestra etc.: CD, Hyperion, 1998)
Vivaldi: Juditha triumpharis RV644 (with The King's Consort Choir, The King's Consort, cond. Robert King: CD, Hyperion, 1998)
L. Boulanger: D'un matin du printemps etc. (with City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra Chorus, BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. Yan Pascal Tortelier: CD, Chandos, 1999)
Handel: Serse (with Bavarian State Opera Chorus & Orchestra, cond. Ivor Bolton: CD, Farao Classics, 2000)
Hummel: Mass in E flat etc. (with Collegium Musicum 90, cond. Richard Hickox: CD, Chandos Chaconne, 2004)The Songs of Robert Schumann vol. 9 (with Felicity Lott, S, Graham Johnson, pf: CD, Hyperion, 2004)
Britten, Mahler, Schumann (with Malcolm Martineau, pf: CD, Avie/Crear Classics, 2005)
See also
Monteverdi: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Raymond Leppard recording)
Bibliography
"Soprano Is Discovery of 1968 Feis Ceoil", The Irish Times, 18 May 1968
"Memoranda: Busy Singer", The Irish Times, 29 September 1979
Edward Seckerson: "The Right Repertoire", Gramophone 65 (December 1988), p. 933
Gus Smith: Irish Stars of the Opera (Dublin, 1994), p. 113–30
David Nice: "Murray: Mezzo Ann Murray on the Art of Opera", Gramophone 71 (May 1994), p. 26–29
Michael Dervan: "Songs in the Key of Home", The Irish Times'', 15 January 1999, p. 14
References
External links
Artist page at Hyperion Records.
Short biography at Bach-Cantatas.com
Interview with Ann Murray, September 15, 1995
1949 births
Living people
20th-century Irish women opera singers
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
Honorary Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Dublin (city)
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Irish mezzo-sopranos
Singers awarded knighthoods
21st-century Irish women opera singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Murray |
Press was a daily middle-market tabloid newspaper published in Belgrade between 2005 and 2012.
Launched by a group of journalists who left Kurir and published by the company they established called Press Publishing Group, Press quickly developed sizable readership, reaching high circulation in the process. In time, the company parleyed the daily's market success into other print media projects such as another daily Biznis, aimed at business people, as well as a lifestyle weekly magazine Lola and a glossy monthly magazine FAME.
For years, much like many other Serbian media outlets, the paper faced speculation and accusations about its ownership structure. Rumours about the Press real owners being some of Serbia's most powerful politically connected business tycoons was rampant with individuals like Miroslav Mišković and Dragan Đilas often mentioned in this regard.
The daily was shut down in November 2012 amid great controversy that played out in the Serbian media when tycoon Miroslav Mišković announced his pull-out from the paper's ownership structure, thereby confirming his long-speculated association with the paper.
Ownership
The Press owners controlled the paper through an entity named Press Publishing Group d.o.o. which was registered in Serbia as a limited liability company in mid October 2006.
Initially, it was co-owned by the three parties: Amber Press Limited company from Cyprus (50%), individual Đorđe Stefanović (40%), and Mediavox d.o.o. company from Belgrade (10%). However, since Mediavox is also owned by Stefanović, Press Publishing Group was essentially a 50-50 joint venture between Stefanović and Cypriot Amber Press.
The company quickly established itself on the Serbian media market, receiving accolades and posting good business returns. According to its 2007 annual financial report submitted to the Serbian Economic Register Agency, the company had 136 employees and it posted an annual profit of RSD58,830,000 (approximately € 0.7 million at the time) for the calendar year 2007.
Then in May 2009, the ownership was restructured with Stefanović's 40% stake divided amongst 4 individuals: Biljana Kralj (22%), Đoko Kesić (6%), Dragan J. Vučićević (6%), and Svetomir Marjanović (6%).
Over the years, there were frequent speculation about the identity of the individuals behind the companies listed in the Press ownership structure. Serbian tycoons and businessmen Miroslav Mišković and Dragan Đilas were often mentioned in this regard. On 12 November 2012, that speculation was confirmed when politically influential Serbian tycoon Miroslav Mišković announced his decision to sell his stake in the paper, admitting in the process that he was the paper largest individual stakeholder. Reacting to Mišković's announcement, Serbian deputy prime minister Aleksandar Vučić claimed that Serbian businessman and the mayor of Belgrade Dragan Đilas also owns a large stake in the paper and called on him to publicly admit it.
History
In mid December 2005, Press became the latest in a growing list of Serbian print media outlets that came into existence due to a group of journalists leaving their previous place of employment en masse to launch a new paper. This is how Vreme weekly was started in 1990 (left Politika), Naša borba in 1994 (left Borba), and Glas javnosti in 1998 (left Blic).
In this case, the majority of Press staffers—including editor-in-chief Đoko Kesić and his deputy Dragan J. Vučićević—had worked at Kurir from its May 2003 inception until early December 2005 when a dispute over revenue sharing came to a head, resulting in about 90% of Kurirs staff leaving the paper. Public accusations of corruption and political skullduggery started flying thick and fast between Kurir owner Radisav Rodić on one side and Kesić-Vučićević editing duo on the other. During mid December 2005, Vučićević and newly named Kurir editor-in-chief Antonije Kovačević even publicly squared off in an impromptu TV duel on BKTV's talk-show Klopka hosted by Olivera Kovačević (no relation to Antonije Kovačević), but apart from a lot of shouting and theatrical rhetoric not many concrete facts were established.
Led by Kesić and Vučićević, the group that left Kurir announced their plan to start their own daily tabloid named Dnevni kurir, however, Kurir owner Rodić immediately filed a complaint with Trade Court, protesting copyright infringement. The court agreed with him and issued an immediate junction prohibiting publication under that name. Though they felt Kurir became what it is in large part due to their own efforts and skills, Kesić & Vučićević decided not to pursue the matter further legally and ended the issue by naming their new tabloid Press, instead.
Its premiere issue came out on 15 December 2005.
Press vs. Bojan Krišto
In late November 2008, Press began running a series of articles about Bojan Krišto, CEO of the state-owned company JP Aerodrom Beograd which operates Belgrade's Nikola Tesla Airport. The issue was his free-spending business practice when it came to approving salary bonuses for himself and members of the company's managing board. Since by the nature of the position, Krišto was politically delegated by G17 Plus, a member party of the ruling coalition For a European Serbia (ZES), the whole thing soon erupted into a political scandal. Opposition MPs demanded his resignation along with pressing criminal charges while even the President of Serbia Boris Tadić chimed in, calling the situation unacceptable. Much of the public's anger was directed at Krišto's party boss Mlađan Dinkić who was also the Minister of Economy and Regional Development as well as the Deputy Prime Minister. For a while it even appeared that this was the beginning of a rift in the Serbian ruling coalition and some even went as far as suggesting that together with other disagreements between government members such as the Russian gas deal, this airport case might just make the government fall.
No such thing happened, however, as Krišto resigned on 25 November 2008 under the weight of public pressure while Dinkić went on B92 programme Utisak nedelje on 30 November 2008 and more or less defended his party colleague. Dinkić repeatedly referred to the entire episode as "witch hunt" and even suggested that part of the motivation for Press to go after Krišto might lay in his apparent decision to make them pay the outstanding sum on the sponsorship deal that allowed the Press logo to be printed on the back of boarding passes issued at the airport. The very next day Press responded to this by saying they will present Dinkić with all the details of that particular business deal and demand that he issue a public apology for the "libelous remark".
Closing
On 15 November 2012, in the wake of Miroslav Mišković's announcement of his pulling out of the paper, the paper announced that day's issue to be its last in print. It was also announced on the same occasion that the issue for Republika Srpska would continue as well as the website. According to unofficial sources, the paper accrued debts of more than €16 million at the time of its folding.
Mišković's implicit admission of owning a stake in Press when he announced his pullout from the paper as well as the publication's demise three days later, caused a lot of reaction and controversy on the Serbian media scene as well as in the country's wider public. It again opened the issue of the real ownership behind Serbian print and electronic media outlets.
Reaction to the paper's demise
Ljiljana Smajlović
Ljiljana Smajlović, president of the Serbian Journalists' Association (UNS) said: "UNS supports the Press employees' demands of getting to the bottom of everything when it comes to Press — who were their real owners, what was the paper's circulation, and why weren't they given the opportunity to put together a newspaper the way they wanted to. UNS further appeals on the creditors of Press to show understanding of the situation the paper's employees find themselves in and to exercise restraint considering Miroslav Mišković's publicly stated promise to pay off most of the paper's outstanding debts. UNS is further criticizing the current Serbian government (led by Dačić and Vučić) for not delivering on one of its first promises upon taking office — discussing Verica Barać's report that clearly identified murky ownership structure of media outlets as the biggest threat to press freedom in Serbia. If it doesn't determine once and for all why the Serbian media market turned into Wild West where everybody deceives everybody when it comes to ownership structure and circulation figures, this government will share the responsibility for the situation with the previous one. It would be good if the Press' other owner — the still clandestine one — finally owned up and took responsibility for the paper's finances thereby helping the journalists re-form their newspaper, hopefully this time without debts to tycoons".
Dragan J. Vučićević
On 15 November 2012, at a press-conference he called over a different issue, former Press editor-in-chief, columnist, and one of its founders Dragan J. Vučićević (at the time the editor-in-chief of Informer) took several questions about the paper's demise. He said on the occasion: "Towards the end of 2010, Press got hijacked and taken away from me and the other founders by the people from top echelons of the authorities that ran Serbia at the time. They basically blackmailed us with a threat of laying off the 250 staffers that were employed at the paper at the time as well as the threat of making sure our loans don't get re-programmed. From the second half of 2010 until I eventually left in late December 2011 when they wouldn't allow me to continue writing my column, I was neither involved in the paper's business nor its editorial policy. All I did for the paper in 2010 and 2011 was writing a weekly column. Yes, I was listed at the same time as the managing board president of the Press Publishing Group, but it was only a formal title by the decision of some people that made decisions at the time — in reality I had nothing to do with the managing board, which by the way didn't even exist, and I'm not the right man to talk to about what went on in that paper during its last three years of existence. Yes, I was fictitiously listed as the managing board president. As far as Oliver Dulić and the payments from his environmental fund go, I learned of those only after I had already left Press. I had nothing to do with him. If you prove that I ever met him, signed any of his payments, or even talked to him over the phone I'll gladly go to jail. I never took a dinar from Dulić or anyone else from the Tadić authorities. I only suffered under those authorities. During the Tadić era in Serbia, only a few journalists dared to put up consistent and resolute resistance to his tyrannical rule and I feel that resisting Tadić and his cronies is one of the greatest highlights of my career in journalism. Especially under the circumstances when other journalists kept silent while cashing in their integrity from Dulić and other characters like Cole, Krle, and Šane".
This was in stark contrast to what Vučićević had to say on the same subject two years earlier in December 2010. Asked at the time about the Serbian tycoons' alleged clandestine involvement in the Serbian newspapers' ownership structure, Vučićević, the managing board president of Press Publishing Group, answered: "In Serbia there are constant conspiracy theories about different tycoons having a stake in various newspapers. That's not exactly the case and I'll tell why it isn't. The newspaper business in Serbia is not profitable enough for tycoons to be interested in it. They can turn much greater profits in other endeavours so why would they invest in newspapers. Do you know how long it takes to start making a profit on your investment in a newspaper? Between 5-7 years. Why would someone invest €1 million in a newspaper and then wait for 7 years to make that money back". Asked explicitly on the same occasion who owns Press, Vučićević answered: "Press is owned by Đoko Kesić, Sveta Marjanović, Biljana Kralj, and myself". Pressed further to say who is politically behind Press, Vučićević emphatically repeated: "No one".
Čedomir Jovanović
Speaking on the political talk-show Utisak nedelje, the leader of opposition Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) Čedomir Jovanović said that public revelation about Mišković and Đilas being the owners of Press wasn't news to him, before continuing: "Press was the price Mišković had to pay to the DS-led authorities. It was a government racket".
Editorial history
Đoko Kesić December 2005 – November 2007
Dragan J. Vučićević November 2007 – November 2010
Svetomir Marjanović November 2010 – January 2011
Veljko Lalić January 2011 – August 2012
Borislav Kasanski August 2012 - October 2012
Miša Brkić October 2012 – November 2012
References
External links
Press Online - Official website
Press
Newspapers established in 2005
Publications disestablished in 2012
Mass media in Belgrade | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20%28Belgrade%20newspaper%29 |
Rob-B-Hood (, also known as Robin-B-Hood, literally: Baby Project) is a 2006 Hong Kong action comedy drama film written, produced and directed by Benny Chan, feature an ensemble cast include Jackie Chan, Louis Koo, Yuen Biao, Michael Hui, Gao Yuanyuan, Charlene Choi, Chen Baoguo and Matthew Medvedev. It tells the story of a kidnapping gone wrong in Hong Kong; a trio of burglars consisting of Thongs (Chan), Octopus (Koo) and the Landlord (Hui) kidnap a baby from a wealthy family on behalf of triads. With the Landlord arrested, Thongs and Octopus take care of the baby for a short time, developing strong bonds with him. Reluctant to hand the baby over, the two are forced to protect him from the triads who hired them in the first place.
Originally announced in 2005, the film marked Benny Chan's third collaboration with Jackie Chan, following Who Am I? and New Police Story. It was produced with a budget of HK$16.8 million and filming took place in Hong Kong between December 2005 and January 2006. Rob-B-Hood is the first film in over 30 years in which Jackie Chan plays as a thief.
Rob-B-Hood was released in Hong Kong, China and Southeast Asia on 29 September 2006 based in Hong Kong to generally positive reviews. The film topped the Chinese box office in October 2006 and despite not being given a release in most European and North American countries, it grossed over US$20 million worldwide. The film was nominated for Best New Performer and Best Action Choreography at the 26th Hong Kong Film Awards.
Plot
Friends Thongs and Octopus evade security guards in a hospital, having stolen money and cancer medication from the safe. Meanwhile, a newborn baby to the wealthy Lee family is snatched by Max, the mother's ex-boyfriend, prompting the security guards give chase, ignoring the burglars, and corner Max on an escalator. Following a violent struggle, Max and the baby fall over the side—the baby is caught by Thongs, while Max plummets to his death. While the guards are distracted, Thongs and Octopus leave in the Landlord's minivan.
A few months later, the Landlord finds his flat burgled, his life savings gone. He receives a phone call from his middleman Uncle Seven, offering him a job to kidnap baby Lee on behalf of a triad boss, who claims the baby is his grandson. Enticed by the HK$7 million reward, Thongs and Octopus accept the job without knowing its objectives, finding out only after the Landlord has fled the Lees' mansion with the baby. Disgusted by the idea of kidnapping a baby, Thongs threatens to return him, but relents after the Landlord tells him of his predicament. En route to their rendezvous point in Sai Kung, the trio encounter a police road block which the Landlord attempts to outrun, only to crash his van down a hill. As the police close in on them, the stuck Landlord instructs Thongs and Octopus to leave with the baby. While in custody for reckless driving, the Landlord learns of the baby's value through the news. He phones Thongs, instructing him not to hand the baby over to anyone prior to his release so he can jack up the price. Over the next few days, Thongs and Octopus take care of the baby, developing a strong bond with him. The two begin to regret their vices: Thongs resists the urge to gamble, while Octopus feels sorry for cheating on his wife Pak Yin, who is getting pregnant. Meanwhile, both the triads and the police are after the baby. The triad boss, enraged by the non-delivery of his "grandson", sends his men to retrieve the baby from Thongs' flat. Confronted by both the triads and Police Inspector Mok, Thongs and Octopus go into hiding with the baby.
Shortly after his release, the Landlord is brought to the triad boss, who increases his offer to HK$30 million for the baby. He finds Thongs and Octopus at the hospital, where the baby is being treated for fever. The Landlord informs the two of the triads' latest offer, but Thongs and Octopus are more concerned about the baby's welfare than the cash. However, the two agree to bring the baby to the triad boss' mansion, where the Landlord will meet them with the rest of the money. They reach the triad boss' mansion and hand over the baby reluctantly. As the trio are about to leave, they hear the baby crying for them as a blood sample is taken from his arm. Thongs and Octopus experience a flashback of the days they spent with the baby. Overcome by their feelings, they fight their way into the triad boss' private amusement park to recover the baby while the Landlord leaves with the money. Thongs almost manages to escape with the baby, but is forced to surrender when the triads threaten to hurl Octopus to his death.
Thongs and Octopus are taken to the triad boss, who insists the baby is his grandson, only to be proven wrong by the blood test. Driven mad, the boss places the baby in a deep freeze room next to Max's corpse so the baby can be with his son, prompting Thongs and Octopus to fight for the baby. The two end up trapped in the room with two minions, but are saved when Inspector Mok arrives with the Landlord, who swiftly cracks the lock to the room. Thongs and Octopus run to the garage with the comatose baby, where Thongs attempts to revive him with a makeshift defibrillator powered by a car battery from a Pagani Zonda by holding onto the crocodile clips with his bare hands. Despite his efforts, the baby does not come to and is driven off in an ambulance, where his heart is found to be beating weakly. Imprisoned for kidnapping, Thongs, Octopus and the Landlord volunteer for a mock capital punishment demonstration during an open day, using the opportunity to apologise to their loved ones. After the demonstration, Inspector Mok informs the three that their sentences have been further reduced by the Department of Justice. Thongs, Octopus, and the Landlord then see the baby alive and well with his parents. As a token of appreciation for saving the baby's life, Thongs, Octopus and the Landlord are offered jobs by the Lee family as a bodyguard, chauffeur and head of security respectively.
Cast
Jackie Chan (成龍) as Thongs (人字拖): A professional burglar who has stolen a variety of expensive goods. A compulsive gambler, he has fallen out with his family over his lifestyle, resulting in his father having a stroke. Despite his vices, Thongs maintains a sense of ethics, making him reluctant to kidnap the baby. The name "Thongs" refers to his flip-flop footwear.
Louis Koo (古天樂) as Octopus (八達通): A fellow burglar working with Thongs. He uses the money he steals to buy expensive cars and to court a rich girl.
Michael Hui (許冠文) as The Landlord (包租公): The mentor of Thongs and Octopus for over 20 years. Unlike his trainees, the Landlord does not spend his share of the loot, instead stashing it in a safe in his home.
Matthew Medvedev as Matthew the Baby: The infant son of the wealthy Lee family, kidnapped by Thongs, Octopus and the Landlord on behalf of a triad boss.
Yuen Biao (元彪) as Inspector Steve Mok (莫史迪): The policeman in charge of the case involving the baby's disappearance.
Teresa Carpio as The Landlady (包租婆): The Landlord's wife. Driven mad by the death of her only son many years earlier, the Landlady carries a doll of a baby boy with her at all times.
Gao Yuanyuan (高圓圓) as Melody: A student nurse from the Peking University, who works as a part-time childcare consultant, teaching Thongs and Octopus how to take care of the baby, and later becomes Thong's love interest.
Charlene Choi (蔡卓妍) as Pak Yin (白燕), Octopus's pregnant wife who was being neglected, forcing her into a series of dead end jobs to make ends meet.
Terence Yin (尹子維) as Max: The former boyfriend of the baby's mother who claims the baby as his. He dies from a fall following a struggle for the baby in a hospital soon after it is born.
Cherrie Ying (應采兒) as Lee Man-yee: The girl of the wealthy Lee family who is the baby's mother.
Chen Baoguo (陳寶國) as The Triad boss: Having lost his only son Max, the triad boss will stop at nothing to capture the baby.
Ken Lo (盧惠光) and Hayama Go (葉山豪) as Balde and Tokyo Joe: Two high-ranking minions of the triad gang.
Conroy Chan and Gill Mohindepaul Singh as McDaddy and Hairy: These two are visited Thongs and Octopus residents when the both are finding him.
Daniel Wu as Daniel (cameo appearance), a security van driver.
Nicholas Tse as Nicholas (cameo appearance), a security van driver.
Jackie Chan stunt team
Chan Man-ching
Nicky Li
Ken Lo
Wu Gang
He Jun
Park Hyun-jin
Lee In-seob
Han Guanhua
Production
Rob-B-Hood was a joint production from JCE Movies Limited, a company set up by Jackie Chan in 2003, and Huayi Brothers Film & Taihe Investment Company, distributors of films such as Warriors of Heaven and Earth, The Banquet and Kekexili: Mountain Patrol. Chan has starred in over 50 action films, and has intimated in recent years that he has grown tired of being typecast as the "nice guy". The film is notable as the first in over 30 years, in which he plays a negative character—a criminal and compulsive gambler.
Development and writing
Jackie Chan contacted Benny Chan shortly after the release of New Police Story to discuss plans for a new action film. Chan stated that he did not want to play the typical nice guy role that has been the staple of his previous films. Eventually, Benny Chan and scriptwriter Alan Yuen came up with a daring idea: Chan will play Thongs, a petty criminal who has fallen out with his family over his gambling habit. Benny Chan had originally intended for Jackie to play a full-fledged villain, who "hits women and burns people with cigarettes". However, the script was toned down to appease the Chinese censors, who found the character to be too evil. Nevertheless, for only the third time in his acting career, Chan plays a character who is sentenced to prison.
Chan co-wrote the film and designed the action sequences, whilst director Benny Chan wrote the film's dramatic elements, completing the script by October 2005. Two additional protagonists were designed as Thongs' partners in crime, with the intention of increasing the comedic value of the film through their interactions. The film's Chinese title is Bo Bui Gai Wak (Cantonese: 寶貝計劃, literally Project BB, with "BB" being a homophone for "Baby"), a reference to Chan's award-winning 1983 film Project A (Cantonese: A Gai Wak, A計劃).
Casting
The cast of Rob-B-Hood includes actors ranging from newcomer Gao Yuanyuan to veteran actor Chen Baoguo. Daniel Wu and Nicholas Tse, who both starred in the film New Police Story, make cameo appearances as homosexual security van drivers during a car chase in the film.
Octopus, Thong's partner in crime, is played by Louis Koo, an award-winning actor with past appearances including the TVB drama series Detective Investigation Files IV and the films Election and Election 2. Although Koo co-starred with Jackie Chan, a number of action scenes involving his character were shot with a stunt double. In addition, Koo was the baby's favourite on set—Whenever the baby cried, Koo was always the first to cheer him up.
The Landlord, the leader of Thongs and Octopus, is played by Michael Hui, a Hong Kong Film Award-winning comedic actor who starred in various box office hits from 1970s to 1990s before emigrating to Canada shortly before the handover of Hong Kong. Hui was chosen for the part because he is the ideal actor to play a character who persuades others to do bad things. The producers had originally intended Hui to fight along with Chan and Koo, however, it was eventually decided that Hui would simply act as the brains of the gang.
Rob-B-Hood features a collaboration between Jackie Chan and Yuen Biao. The pair, along with Sammo Hung, were Peking Opera School classmates and co-starred in a number of action comedy films in the 1980s, including Project A, Wheels on Meals, and the Lucky Stars trilogy. Chan had originally intended to co-star with both Yuen and Hung, reuniting the trio for the first time since 1988 film Dragons Forever. However, Hung declined due to a scheduling conflicts. Yuen Biao plays the role of Police Inspector Steve Mok, assigned to investigate the baby's disappearance. Some of Yuen's past antics were revisited in Rob-B-Hood, including a fight in which he tried in vain to handcuff Chan's character.
Over 100 auditions were held before the suitable baby was found to star in the film. Benny Chan chose Matthew Medvedev, a one-year-old infant of Chinese and Colombian descent. Medvedev, known as Baby Matthew, was literally recruited off the street when an assistant director spotted him with his parents on the MTR. Although his family was simply visiting Hong Kong, they agreed to stay and let Matthew appear in Rob-B-Hood.
Filming and post-production
Rob-B-Hood is the third Jackie Chan film directed by Benny Chan, following Who Am I? and New Police Story. With a budget of HK$16.8 million, principal photography took place in Hong Kong, began on 14 December 2005 and concluded on 26 April 2006. Filming locations included Central, Sai Kung District, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Ocean Park, Cyberport, Tai Po Waterfront Park and Victoria Prison.
Benny Chan described the filming process as some of the darkest days of his career, explaining that the baby was a factor beyond his control, and could not work more than eight hours a day. Whenever a scene involving the baby was shot, the crew members had to be silent, communicating in sign language. Benny Chan stated it took time, patience, and money to guide the baby through each shot, and numerous retakes were required due to the baby's constant crying and napping. As a result, production went over budget. Special methods were sometimes used to coax the baby into co-operation. One scene required the baby to suckle Chan's nipple. The baby was initially hesitant, but relented after the crew brushed a large amount of honey onto the nipple.
Jackie Chan was the stunt director of Rob-B-Hood, having choreographed all the stunts with the Jackie Chan Stunt Team. He continued his tradition of performing his own stunts in the film, for example, jumping between several air-conditioners on the outer wall of a tall building to reach the ground. Several scenes required Chan to co-ordinate his stunts with the baby, including a car chase around the Sha Tin industrial area, in which he managed to snatch the baby away seconds before a car crashed into him; and a scene in Ocean Park in which he climbed on the underside of a roller coaster with the baby in hand. Chan suffered minor injuries attempting stunts in the film, having been kicked in the chest by a stuntman wearing the wrong boots and fallen off a quad bike, while attempting to perform a wheelie. Chan's combat choreography included the use of improvised weapons in combat; when he fought a pair of skilled henchmen in a deep freeze room, he defeated them by spraying them with milk and then using a large fan to blast them with cold air.
In the post-production process, the editing was held by Benny Chan's frequent collaborator Yau Chi-wai, while Chan Fai-young served as a score composer for the film.
Release
Theatrical release
Rob-B-Hood had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 8 September 2006. After the film's premiere at the Venice Film Festival, several scenes highlighting the personal relationships between characters were deleted from Rob-B-Hood prior to its release to the general public. Benny Chan explains that including too many dramatic scenes may distract the audience from the plot. The uncut version of Rob-B-Hood is included in the DVD release as the "Extended Version" feature.
The cut version of the film was released simultaneously in Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia and other Southeast Asian countries on 29 September. Afterwards, Rob-B-Hood was released in Japan on 7 April 2007. Greece remains the only European country in which Rob-B-Hood was released, on 13 February 2007. The film is rated IIA in Hong Kong (unsuitable for children), G in Singapore and U in Malaysia.
The Japanese title of Rob-B-Hood is プロジェクトBB (Purojekuto BB), literally Project BB, the name initially proposed for the film. In Greece, the film is known as Ασύλληπτοι Απατεώνες (transliteration: Asulliptoi Apateones), meaning Inconceivable Frauds. In the United States, the film is known as Robin-B-Hood.
Home media
The first pressing of the DVD was released in Hong Kong in November 2006 on Region 0. This has since been discontinued and the subsequent standard and limited edition releases were on Region 3. All Hong Kong versions contain two discs: a movie disc and an extras disc. The movie disc features both the cinematic and uncut versions of the film, along with a commentary track by Benny Chan. The extras disc contains a "behind-the-scenes" video, the post-production press conference, a collection of deleted scenes and the music video of the theme song.
The limited edition DVD is housed in a box-file style box and contains various pieces of merchandise including branded sandals and door signs. An even more limited release of 5000 units was briefly available, and handed out at various film festivals. This edition contained a crystal dummy, an imitation bank note and a branded 2007 calendar in addition to the merchandise in the other limited edition release.
The DVD was later released in other East Asian countries, including China (Region 6), Japan (Region 2), South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia (Region 3). On 26 December 2007, the DVD was released in the US (Region 1) by Dragon Dynasty in a "two-disc ultimate edition", which contains much of the same extras as the Hong Kong releases, including the commentary by Benny Chan, though with US trailers replacing the domestic ones. However, the runtime for this release is 126:28, which is somewhere between the theatrical cut (121:46) and the director's cut (135:11) on the Hong Kong releases.
On 24 May 2010, DVD was released by Cine Asia in a two-disc ultimate edition at the United Kingdom in Region 2.
Reception
Critical response
Rob-B-Hood was generally well received by critics. Jay Weissberg of Variety described the film as "a mildly fun ride that banked on Jackie's tried-and-true comic charm in a standard baby kidnapping farce enlivened by just enough action sequences to keep hoary diaper scenes from soiling the playpen". Credit was given to the stunt choreography and the acting partnership of Jackie Chan and Louis Koo, although some reviewers were disappointed about the absence of Sammo Hung.
The plot of Rob-B-Hood received mixed reviews: The Chinese newspaper Xiao Xiang Chen Bao found it concise, hilarious and touching, whereas Jay Weissberg criticised it for being unoriginal. In addition, Felix Cheong of Channel NewsAsia found the subplots involving the antagonists' families redundant, detracting from the main story and making the film "tediously long". However, Chan was praised for his decision to play a darker character in Rob-B-Hood. Andrew Sun of South China Morning Post stated that "one of the best things Chan can do for his flagging movie career is to play a heavy—a nasty, scum-of-the-earth antagonist, since you do not always have to play a hero to be a hero." Sun emphasised the need for Chan to show flexibility in his roles, citing a number of actors that have thrived by playing the occasional villain.
Box office
Rob-B-Hood grossed HK$1.2 million the day it was released in Hong Kong. In China, the film topped the box office during the four-day National Day holiday weekend, grossing ¥8.9 million. It went on to top the Chinese box office in October with box office figures exceeding ¥90 million. Rob-B-Hood performed well in Southeast Asia, grossing US$404,000 in Singapore, US$400,000 in Malaysia and US$604,000 in Thailand during its first four days. In total, Rob-B-Hood had a worldwide gross of US$20,434,179 despite not being released in North America and most of Europe.
Accolades
See also
Jackie Chan filmography
References
External links
HK cinemagic entry
2006 films
2006 action comedy films
2006 martial arts films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts films
2000s Cantonese-language films
2000s crime comedy films
2000s martial arts comedy films
Films directed by Benny Chan
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
Films about babies
Films with screenplays by Alan Yuen
2006 comedy films
2000s Hong Kong films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob-B-Hood |
Horizontal is the fourth studio album by the Bee Gees, and their second album to receive an international release. The LP was released in early 1968, and included the international hit singles "Massachusetts" and "World". On 5 February 2007, Reprise Records reissued Horizontal with both stereo and mono mixes on one disc and a bonus disc of unreleased songs, non-album tracks, and alternate takes. The album was released in Polydor in many countries and on Atco only in the US and Canada. "And the Sun Will Shine" (backed by "Really and Sincerely") was released as a single only in France. The influences displayed on the album range from the Beatles to baroque pop.
Background
Around July 1967, the Gibb brothers sang backup vocals on Johnny Young's cover version of "Craise Finton Kirk Royal Academy of Arts" from Bee Gees' 1st, released as a single the following month. Also in July 1967, the Gibb brothers sang backup vocals on Oscar's cover version of "Holiday", with an orchestral arrangement by Bill Shepherd. Around July or August, Barry and Robin wrote "Cowman, Milk Your Cow", which was recorded by Adam Faith, with the Gibb brothers on background vocals, Russ Ballard and Pete Salt on guitars (though one source would suggest the latter was in fact Fleetwood Mac's Peter Green), Milt Rogan on bass and Bob Henrit on drums.
Recording
The Bee Gees began their first studio session for Horizontal on 17 July 1967 just three months after the last session for Bee Gees' 1st and three days after that album's release. The earliest session for Horizontal was really just a demo date to tape rough versions of the brothers' new songs. Venturing to Denmark Street (known as London's Tin Pan Alley), the Bee Gees booked Central Sound for 17 July, quickly cutting several tracks.
They started to record the songs for this album on 17 July. The songs recorded on that day were "Ring My Bell", "And the Sun Will Shine" and "Day Time Girl". On 25 July, they re-recorded "And the Sun Will Shine" but it was rejected, and instead more work was done later on the first version. On 30 July, they recorded "Birdie Told Me", "Ring My Bell", "All So Lonely!" (written by Colin Petersen or Vince Melouney), "Barker of the UFO" and "Harry Braff". On 31 August, they recorded "Vince's Number", written by the brothers for guitarist Vince Melouney to sing but ultimately dropped,. The first two takes of "Harry Braff" was recorded during the Bee Gees' 1st sessions, but they recorded a third take and that version was included on Horizontal.
"Words", Sinking Ships", "Barker of the UFO" and "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World" were recorded during this album's sessions. Though none were included on the album, they all featured on singles. "Words" was a massive worldwide hit while the other three all appeared on B-sides. The leftovers from the Horizontal sessions, "Out of Line", "Ring My Bell", "Mrs. Gillespie's Refrigerator", "Deeply Deeply Me", "All My Christmases Came at Once", "Thank You for Christmas" and the medley "Silent Night/Mary's Boy Child" (the latter erroneously listed as "Hark the Herald Angels Sing", a different Christmas carol from which the phrase had been lifted for the lyric) were released on the 2006 remastered version of Horizontal on Reprise Records. Bill Shepherd's orchestra probably served to give The Gibb Brothers critical feedback on the songs since Shepherd's accompaniment is not just added to finished tracks but an integral part of the arrangement.
"The Change Is Made" was recorded on 29 November 1967 at IBC Studios, London with lead vocals by Barry Gibb. It was also the last song recorded which was included on the album. Barry has said that "The Change Is Made" was born out of the brothers' love of R&B. According to Robin Gibb: "Otis Redding, and people like the Stax artists influenced some songs -- "I Can't See Nobody" and "To Love Somebody. I remember that was done at 2 o'clock in the morning. It started out as a writing session which – Barry evolved." Guitarist Vince Melouney has since spoken fondly about his guitar solo on the track, as well as the album as a whole.
"Horizontal" was written by all three brothers; recorded on 7 September and 28 October with "Lemons Never Forget", it was released as the last track on the album. Barry Gibb sings lead on the verses while Robin Gibb sings lead on the refrain. Robin Gibb noted on the album notes that the song is "the end of sorrow, the end of bad stuff. It does have a positive message somewhere in there."
As the album reached completion, the Bee Gees closed out the year taping two songs for a television program How on Earth as it was televised at the Liverpool Cathedral.
Release
The album's release was followed by a Scandinavian tour, with concerts in Copenhagen, Stockholm and Gothenburg. On the group's return to England, they recorded their third BBC session at the Playhouse Theatre at London's Northumberland Avenue with a 19-member orchestra under the direction of Bill Shepherd.
Release and reception
After Horizontal was released, it seemed to get mixed reactions from fans, probably owing to it having a darker lyrical tone and a heavier musical sound than Bee Gees 1st. This was also the last Bee Gees album for some time that critics didn't accuse of being lightweight. Horizontal was considered the heaviest album ever recorded by the Bee Gees, due for the most part to an increased influence asserted by guitarist Vince Melouney and drummer Colin Petersen. The album cover for the American release was changed slightly in that the photo of the group was reversed and was adorned with an oval picture frame.
According to lead guitarist Vince Melouney:
Allmusic's Bruce Eder describes some songs in the album: "World" as 'a poignant, even somber yet gorgeous ballad filled with clever lyrics, and highlighted by a quavering Mellotron accompaniment, a very close grand piano sound and twangy fuzz-tone guitar' and "And the Sun Will Shine" as 'an even more serious, regretful ballad that is bearable because it is also prettier than "World"', and "Harry Braff" as 'cheerful'.
Track listing
Personnel
Bee Gees
Barry Gibb – lead and background vocals, rhythm guitar
Robin Gibb – lead and background vocals, Hammond organ, accordion
Maurice Gibb – harmony and background vocals, bass, rhythm guitar, piano, Mellotron
Vince Melouney – lead guitar
Colin Petersen – drums
Additional musicians and production
Bill Shepherd – orchestral arrangement
Mike Claydon, Damon Lyon Shaw, John Pantry – engineer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Bee Gees albums
1968 albums
Polydor Records albums
Atco Records albums
Albums produced by Robert Stigwood
Albums produced by Barry Gibb
Albums produced by Robin Gibb
Albums produced by Maurice Gibb
Albums recorded at IBC Studios
Psychedelic rock albums by English artists
Soft rock albums by English artists
Art rock albums by English artists
Psychedelic pop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20%28album%29 |
Yves Duteil (born 24 July 1949, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine) is a French singer-songwriter. He is the third child to be born in the family. Duteil is a noted proponent of the French language, the rights of children and the respect of environment. Duteil was the mayor of Précy-sur-Marne in Seine et Marne from 1989 to 2014.
Recordings
In 1972, Yves Duteil had first minor hit with a song called "Virages" (). Included on his 1974 debut album L'Écritoire, it shares fame with such songs as the title track and from his next album, "J'attends" (1976), "Tisserand", "Les Batignolles" (an area of Paris), etc.
His 1977 album "Tarentelle", which would become his most classic, included not only his most famous song ("Prendre un Enfant") but also such songs as the title track, "Le Petit Pont de Bois", "Le Mur De La Prison D'En Face" which have all become classics.
Duteil's ability to write love-filled, touching lyrics on sweet or catchy melodies have made him a singer much more loved than he is adulated by the public. He is probably not the first one to have achieved to stay outside of the show business spirit while managing to be very popular, after all Hugues Aufray did this too. But this is probably a touching side to know the man lives the simple life of a husband and father, doing concerts which are closer to a friendly grouping where pure emotions are shared.
In 2001, Duteil released "Sans Attendre", more introspective than ever and with much modesty, he tackles some aspects of his life in a way that can bring a deep sight on life, understood in the light of spiritual love. In a simple way, he sings about friendship in tough times ("Les Gestes Délicats"), compassion for a father who never showed him that much affection, which never prevents Duteil to answer with love and sings all the kind words he found to his father, no matter what his childhood was like ("Lettre À Mon Père"). And probably the most touching song: "Pour Que Tu Ne Meures Pas", which, for those who understand the lyrics, will bring tears of emotion as it deals with Yves Duteil's wife's disease, still in a very modest way and which brings a deep joy and belief in life and love as so much love is contained in this song. This is probably one of the most love filled, hope filled recording he has made. And leaves us, at the end of the listening, with a smile of joy and thankfulness that life is such a wonderful gift.
In Germany songs of Duteil are interpreted in French and German language by the Belgo-German singer Didier Caesar of the quartet Stéphane & Didier et Cie, who has translated in German the songs "La tarentelle" (Die Tarantella), "La puce et le pianiste" (Der Floh und der Pianist), "Lucile et les libelulles" (Sibyll und die Libellen), "Il me manquait toujours" (Es fehlt mir immer noch) and "Prendre un enfant par la main" (Nimm ein Kind an deine Hand). This song had been translated and sung in 2001 by the famous German Liedermacher Reinhard Mey with his title "Gib einem Kind deine Hand". The German song texts can be found on website www.deutsche-chanson-texte.de. Duteil has written a total of 208 songs to current date.
Discography
1972: Virages (single)
1974: L'écritoire
1976: J'attends
1977: Tarentelle
1978: En public au théâtre des Champs-Elysées
1979: Mélancolie (retitled J'ai la guitare)
1980: Yves Duteil chante pour les enfants
1981: Ça n'est pas ce qu'on fait qui compte
1982: L'Olympia
1982: Les saisons Grand-Père, disc-book
1983: La statue d'ivoire
1985: La langue de chez nous
1985: L'univers musical Jean Musy – instrumental
1987: Ton absence
1988: Côté scène – Olympia
1990: Blessures d'enfance
1991: En public – spectacle au Zénith
1992: Vos préférences , compilation
1992: La fleur de l'impossible – Alberville
1993: Ligne de vie
1994: Entre elles et moi – duos
1996: Pour les enfants , compilation
1997: Touché
1997: Correspondences, 4-CD compilation
2001: Sans attendre
2002: Yves Duteil chante les enfants
2003: Yves Duteil chante pour elle
2003: Yves Duteil par cœur
2004: Tous les droits des enfants
2004: Yves Duteil chante l'air des mots
2008: (fr)agiles
2010: Mes escales..., 2-CD compilation
2012: Fragrant délice
2013: Prendre un enfant
2018: Respect
Bibliography
Les mots qu'on n'a pas dits
1998: Ma France buissonnière
Livre blanc pour y voir plus vert dans les forêts
Dans l'air des mots – 30 ans de chansons en images
References
External links
Official website
1949 births
Living people
Musicians from Neuilly-sur-Seine
French male singers
French people of Jewish descent
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Pathé-Marconi artists
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves%20Duteil |
Diori Hamani International Airport is an airport in Niamey, the capital of Niger. It is located from Niamey in the south eastern suburbs of the city, along the Route Nationale 1, the major highway linking Niamey with the east of the nation. The airport complex also includes the major base for the Armed Forces of Niger's "Armee d'Air".
Overview
Traffic
In 2019, the airport served 363,093 passengers. The air traffic control for NIM is operated by the ASECNA, which bases one of its five air traffic zones for the continent at Niamey. The airport is named after Hamani Diori (1916–1989), the first President of Niger.
EAMAC
ASECNA operates the "African School for Meteorology and Civil Aviation/Ecole Africaine de la Météorologie et de l'Aviation Civile" at the Niamey airport complex, as well as in the Plateau quarter of Niamey city centre. Founded in 1963, EAMAC trains civil aviation professionals and aviation meteorologists from across Africa.
Base Aérienne 101
The Niger Air Force maintains Base Aérienne 101, collocated with Diori Hamani International Airport, and it is used by both the American and French armed forces for counter-terrorism operations.
In 2013, U.S. African Command spokesman Benjamin Benson confirmed that U.S. air operations conducted from Base Aérienne 101 at Diori Hamani International Airport were providing "support for intelligence collection with French forces conducting operations in Mali and with other partners in the region." In July 2013, The New York Times reported that the deployment had expanded from one Predator UAV to daily flights by a detachment of two larger MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft, supported by 120 U.S. Air Force personnel. The MQ-9 Reapers are scheduled to be relocated to Niger Air Base 201.
Around 2013, two Ku band arrays were constructed at the airport to allow for communication with EADS Harfang UAVs. The French Air and Space Force Escadron de Drones 1/33 Belfort has operated three MQ-9 Reapers out of the base since January 2014 in support of Operation Barkhane. France has also deployed Dassault Mirage 2000D aircraft from the French Air Forces detachment (DETAIR) to the base.
The Nigerien Air Force operates two Cessna-208 Caravans equipped for ISTAR operations at the airport.
A French Operational Transport Group is based at the airbase which currently controls Lockheed C-130J Hercules aircraft instead of the previous Transall C-160's.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Ground transportation
Road
Diori Hamani International Airport is situated on Route Nationale 1, which connects it to the city of Niamey to the northwest, as well as to Dosso, Maradi, Zinder, Goure, Diffa, and N'guigmi to the east.
Rail
The railway passing by the airport, which connects it to Niamey railway station and Dosso, is abandoned since its construction (and will not be operational in the near future).
See also
Niamey
Transport in Niger
References
External links
ais-asecna.org Aeronautical charts for NIAMEY/Diori Hamani (DRRN).
Airports in Niger
Buildings and structures in Niamey
Airport Diori Hamani | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diori%20Hamani%20International%20Airport |
Sam Sneed (born Samuel D. Anderson; February 29, 1968) is an American producer and rapper. He originally got his start working as a producer for K-Solo and the Hit Squad.
Biography
Early years
In 1993, he was signed to Death Row Records, releasing only one single, "U Better Recognize" featuring Dr. Dre in 1994. The single appeared on the Murder Was the Case soundtrack, and peaked at #16 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart, #18 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart and #48 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart.. He became well known for a catchphrase, "My name is Sam Sneed, you better recognize!" which originally appeared on the Snoop Dogg debut album, Doggystyle. He also appeared in the Death Row movie, Murder Was the Case.
Sam Sneed also co-produced the hit songs "Keep Their Heads Ringin'" and "Natural Born Killaz" with Dr. Dre. "Natural Born Killaz" was originally supposed to be a Sam Sneed and J-Flexx song called "The Heist". The original alternate version of "Natural Born Killaz" with Sam Sneed rapping a verse was released on the Ultimate Death Row Collection on November 24, 2009. He recorded an album on Death Row Records with his group Street Scholars in 1996 which included J-Flexx, Sharief (now known as Killer Ben) & Drauma (now known as Stocks McGuire) which remains unreleased.
Sneed was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1999, which put a temporary halt to his career; but has since recovered and is once again an active hip hop producer. He has since produced songs for the likes of G-Unit, Scarface, Jay-Z and many others, Sam went to work with Dr. Dre in 2007 again, but nothing manifested. He has since started a new company with his business partner Craig "Stretch" Mason, Nustarz Entertainment. The label features new artists managed by Sam such as The Boy Goldy, Money Ink and British rapper, producer and songwriter Nat Powers.
In 2010, Death Row/WIDEawake Entertainment announced the release date (January 25, 2011) for Sam Sneed's album Street Scholars, which contained four unreleased songs from Sneed's time at Death Row, along with 10 newly recorded tracks.
Discography
Street Scholars (2011)
References
1968 births
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American record producers
American hip hop record producers
Death Row Records artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
G-funk artists
Living people
People from McKeesport, Pennsylvania
Record producers from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Sneed |
Scanno may refer to:
Scanno, Abruzzo, a comune in Italy
Lago di Scanno, a lake in Abruzzo
the equivalent of a typo, resulting from imperfect optical character recognition of a document digitized with a scanner | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanno |
The Motorola E815 is a clamshell mobile phone that is the successor to the V710. It includes the following features:
1.3-megapixel camera with LED flash, 4x digital zoom, and self-portrait capability, video clips up to 3 minutes
Video capture and playback (3GP)
TFT LCD with 176x220 pixels supporting 262,000 colors.
Integrated stereo MP3 player
40 MB of internal flash memory
Expandability via TransFlash/microSD memory cards (up to 1 GB in capacity)
Full-duplex speakerphone
Speaker independent speech recognition with voice digit dialing
High-Speed Data Technology: cdma2000 1xRTT, EVDO
GPS Localization
Bluetooth 1.1: HSP, HFP, DUN, OPP, OBEX (Alltel) and FTP profiles
USB to PC Sync
Other technical data include:
Form Factor: Clamshell
Stub/Extendable Antenna
Battery Life: Talk: 4.67 hours, Standby: 280 hours (11.7 days)
2.5 mm jack
The E815 also supports picture and ringer ID's, up to 6 numbers per contact, using MP3's and MIDI files as ringtones, Openwave WAP 2.0, EMS/MMS/SMS picture messaging, voice memos, alarms, calculator and calendars.
Programming
The phone can be programmed over the air with one step by calling Verizon's programming service at *228, and then by calling any number. Same Code Also works when activating an Alltel branded E815 to activate to Alltel's Network.
Criticism
Unlike the V710, which inherently had no Bluetooth OBEX profile, the E815 includes OBEX compatibility. However, this feature was disabled by Verizon, as were (like the v710) the options to copy and move files between the TransFlash memory card and the phone's internal memory. However, several enthusiast groups dedicated to hacking Motorola phones exist, and despite Verizon's attempts to limit the phone's native features, several tutorials have surfaced providing detailed instructions on how to re-enable crippled features.
One of the most criticised restrictions imposed on the Verizon version of the E815 is the obscurity and deliberate lack of any documented explanation of how to upload one's own custom ringtones to the handset. Verizon Wireless has stated the reason for the restriction on uploads is a precaution against a subscriber uploading malware to their phone. A more cynical view might be that Verizon wishes subscribers to purchase ringtones from their "Get It Now" service. Owners of the E815 have found that it is possible to upload ringtones using Verizon's VZWPIX website. For those who do not have an unlimited picture messaging plan, there is a small fee for the upload, but it's considerably less than purchasing a ringtone. Phone owners have also found a way to put ringtones on the phone using a transflash card.
Another restriction applied to this phone (by all carriers) is the inability to use QNC data, which was still (and may still be) the only data service available in some areas of the country and this is usually not brought up when people purchase this handset. Bell Mobility (Canada) has also been known to disable EV-DO functionality of the phone on their network, and there is currently no way to circumvent this block. EV-DO data does work if the phone is activated on another carrier such as Verizon or Alltel.
The E815 as well as the E816 variant used on the ill-fated Amp'd Mobile network both suffered from flawed internal battery charger software causing difficulties in charging the phone's battery. As a result, users had to resort to external battery chargers in order to continue to use the phone due to the internal charger's growing inability to function over time.
Motorola E815 specifications
The complete Motorola E815 list of specifications are:
References
External links
Motorola E815 official page
Mark Venture's E815 information site
John Zdziarski's Hacking the Motorola E815 page
CNET Review: Motorola E815
E815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20E815 |
Latent tuberculosis (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have active tuberculosis (TB). Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not, and it is therefore not possible to get TB from someone with latent tuberculosis. The main risk is that approximately 10% of these people (5% in the first two years after infection and 0.1% per year thereafter) will go on to develop active tuberculosis. This is particularly true, and there is added risk, in particular situations such as medication that suppresses the immune system or advancing age.
The identification and treatment of people with latent TB is an important part of controlling this disease. Various treatment regimens are in use for latent tuberculosis. They generally need to be taken for several months.
Transmission
Latent disease
TB Bacteria Are Spread Only from a Person with Active TB Disease ... In people who develop active TB of the lungs, also called pulmonary TB, the TB skin test will often be positive. In addition, they will show all the signs and symptoms of TB disease, and can pass the bacteria to others. So, if a person with TB of the lungs sneezes, coughs, talks, sings, or does anything that forces the bacteria into the air, other people nearby may breathe in TB bacteria. Statistics show that approximately one-third of people exposed to pulmonary TB become infected with the bacteria, but only one in ten of these infected people develops active TB disease during their lifetimes.However, exposure to tuberculosis is very unlikely to happen when one is exposed for a few minutes in a store or in a few minutes social contact. "It usually takes prolonged exposure to someone with active TB disease for someone to become infected.
After exposure, it usually takes 8 to 10 weeks before the TB test would show if someone had become infected."Depending on ventilation and other factors, these tiny droplets [from the person who has active tuberculosis] can remain suspended in the air for several hours. Should another person inhale them, he or she may become infected with TB. The probability of transmission will be related to the infectiousness of the person with TB, the environment where the exposure occurred, the duration of the exposure, and the susceptibility of the host.In fact, "it isn't easy to catch TB. You need consistent exposure to the contagious person for a long time. For that reason, you're more likely to catch TB from a relative than a stranger."
If a person had latent tuberculosis, they do not have active/contagious tuberculosis. Once exposed, people very often have latent tuberculosis. To convert to active tuberculosis, the bacteria must become active.
In some Countries like Canada people have medical privacy or "confidentiality" and do not have to reveal their active tuberculosis case to family, friends, or co-workers; therefore, the person who gets latent tuberculosis may never know who had the active case of tuberculosis that caused the latent tuberculosis diagnosis for them. Only by required testing (required in some jobs) or developing symptoms of active tuberculosis and visiting a medical doctor who does testing will a person know they have been exposed. Because tuberculosis is not common in the United States, doctors may not suspect tuberculosis; therefore, they may not test. If a person has symptoms of tuberculosis, it is wise to be tested.
Persons with diabetes may have an 18% chance of converting to active tuberculosis. In fact, death from tuberculosis was greater in diabetic patients. Persons with HIV and latent tuberculosis have a 10% chance of developing active tuberculosis every year. "HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for the progression of latent M. tuberculosis infection to active TB. In many African countries, 30–60% of all new TB cases occur in people with HIV, and TB is the leading cause of death globally for HIV-infected people."
Reactivation
Once a person has been diagnosed with Latent Tuberculosis (LTBI) and a medical doctor confirms no active tuberculosis, the person should remain alert to symptoms of active tuberculosis for the remainder of their life. Even after completing the full course of medication, there is no guarantee that the tuberculosis bacteria have all been killed."When a person develops active TB (disease), the symptoms (cough, fever, night sweats, weight loss etc.) may be mild for many months. This can lead to delays in seeking care, and results in transmission of the bacteria to others."
Tuberculosis does not always settle in the lungs. If the outbreak of tuberculosis is in the brain, organs, kidneys, joints, or others areas, the patient may have active tuberculosis for an extended period of time before discovering that they are active. "A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a cough from time to time." However, these symptoms do not guarantee tuberculosis, and they may not exist at all, yet the patient may still have active tuberculosis. A person with symptoms listed may have active tuberculosis, and the person should immediately see a physician so that tuberculosis is not spread. If a person with the above symptoms does not see a physician, ignoring the symptoms can result in lung damage, eye damage, organ damage and eventually death.
When tuberculosis settles in other organs (rather than lungs) or other parts of the body (such as the skeletal), symptoms may be different from when it settles in the lungs (such as the symptoms listed above). Thus, without the cough or flu-like symptoms, a person can unwittingly have active tuberculosis. Other symptoms include back pain, flank pain, PID symptoms, confusion, coma, difficulty swallowing, and many other symptoms that would be a part of other diseases. (Please see the reference for more information on symptoms.) Therefore, seeing a physician and asking for a tuberculosis test is absolutely necessary to rule out tuberculosis when a patient has symptoms without a diagnosis of disease.
Risk factors
Situations in which tuberculosis may become reactivated are:
if there is onset of a disease affecting the immune system (such as AIDS) or a disease whose treatment affects the immune system (such as chemotherapy in cancer or systemic steroids in asthma or Enbrel, Humira or Orencia in rheumatoid arthritis);
malnutrition (which may be the result of illness or injury affecting the digestive system, or of a prolonged period of not eating, or disturbance in food availability such as famine or residence in a refugee camp. concentration camp);
degradation of the immune system due to aging.
certain systemic diseases such as diabetes, and "other conditions: debilitating disease (especially haematological and some solid cancers), long-term steroids, end-stage renal disease, silicosis and gastrectomy/jejuno-ileal bypass all confer an increased risk.
"Elderly patients: latent TB may reactivate in elderly patients."
young age.
Diagnosis
There are two classes of tests commonly used to identify patients with latent tuberculosis: tuberculin skin tests and IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma) tests.
The skin tests currently include the following two:
Mantoux test
Heaf test
IFN-γ tests include the following three:
T-SPOT.TB
QuantiFERON-TB Gold
QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube
Tuberculin skin testing
The tuberculin skin test (TST) in its first iteration, the Mantoux Test, was developed in 1908. Tuberculin (also called purified protein derivative or PPD) is a standardised dead extract of cultured TB, injected into the skin to measure the person's immune response to the bacteria. So, if a person has been exposed to the bacteria previously, they should express an immune reaction to the injection, usually a mild swelling or redness around the site. There have been two primary methods of TST: the Mantoux test, and the Heaf test. The Heaf test was discontinued in 2005 because the manufacturer deemed its production to be financially unsustainable, though it was previously preferred in the UK because it was felt to require less training to administer and involved less inter-observer variation in its interpretation than the Mantoux test. The Mantoux test was the preferred test in the US, and is now the most widely used TST globally.
Mantoux test
See: Mantoux test
The Mantoux test is now standardised by the WHO. 0.1 ml of tuberculin (100 units/ml), which delivers a dose of 5 units is given by intradermal injection into the surface of the lower forearm (subcutaneous injection results in false negatives). A waterproof ink mark is drawn around the injection site so as to avoid difficulty finding it later if the level of reaction is small. The test is read 48 to 72 hours later. The area of induration (NOT of erythema) is measured transversely across the forearm (left to right, not up and down) and recorded to the nearest millimetre.
Heaf test
See:Heaf test
The Heaf test was first described in 1951. The test uses a Heaf gun with disposable single-use heads; each head has six needles arranged in a circle. There are standard heads and pediatric heads: the standard head is used on all patients aged 2 years and older; the pediatric head is for infants under the age of 2. For the standard head, the needles protrude 2 mm when the gun is actuated; for the pediatric heads, the needles protrude 1 mm. Skin is cleaned with alcohol, then tuberculin (100,000 units/ml) is evenly smeared on the skin (about 0.1 ml); the gun is then applied to the skin and fired. The excess solution is then wiped off and a waterproof ink mark is drawn around the injection site. The test is read 2 to 7 days later.
Grade 0: no reaction, or induration of 3 or less puncture points;
Grade 1: induration of four or more puncture points;
Grade 2: induration of the six puncture points coalesce to form a circle;
Grade 3: induration of 5 mm; or more
Grade 4: induration of 10 mm or more, or ulceration
The results of both tests are roughly equivalent as follows:
Heaf grade 0 & 1 ~ Mantoux less than 5 mm;
Heaf grade 2 ~ Mantoux 5–14 mm;
Heaf grade 3 & 4 ~ Mantoux 15 or greater
Tuberculin conversion
Tuberculin conversion is said to occur if a patient who has previously had a negative tuberculin skin test develops a positive tuberculin skin test at a later test. It indicates a change from negative to positive, and usually signifies a new infection.
Boosting
The phenomenon of boosting is one way of obtaining a false positive test result. Theoretically, a person's ability to develop a reaction to the TST may decrease over time – for example, a person is infected with latent TB as a child, and is administered a TST as an adult. Because there has been such a long time since the immune responses to TB has been necessary, that person might give a negative test result. If so, there is a fairly reasonable chance that the TST triggers a hypersensitivity in the person's immune system – in other words, the TST reminds the person's immune system about TB, and the body overreacts to what it perceives as a reinfection. In this case, when that subject is given the test again (as is standard procedure, see above) they may have a significantly greater reaction to the test, giving a very strong positive; this can be commonly misdiagnosed as Tuberculin Conversion. This can also be triggered by receiving the BCG vaccine, as opposed to a proper infection. Although boosting can occur in any age group, the likelihood of the reaction increases with age.
Boosting is only likely to be relevant if an individual is beginning to undergo periodic TSTs (health care workers, for example). In this case the standard procedure is called two-step testing. The individual is given their first test and in the event of a negative, given a second test in 1 to 3 weeks. This is done to combat boosting in situations where, had that person waited up to a year to get their next TST, they might still have a boosted reaction, and be misdiagnosed as a new infection.
Here there is a difference in US and UK guidelines; in the US testers are told to ignore the possibility of false positive due to the BCG vaccine, as the BCG is seen as having waning efficacy over time. Therefore, the CDC urges that individuals be treated based on risk stratification regardless of BCG vaccination history, and if an individual receives a negative and then a positive TST they will be assessed for full TB treatment beginning with X-ray to confirm TB is not active and proceeding from there. Conversely, the UK guidelines acknowledge the potential effect of the BCG vaccination, as it is mandatory and therefore a prevalent concern – though the UK shares the procedure of administering two tests, one week apart, and accepting the second one as the accurate result, they also assume that a second positive is indicative of an old infection (and therefore certainly LTBI) or the BCG itself. In the case of BCG vaccinations confusing the results, Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) tests may be used as they will not be affected by the BCG.
Interpretation
According to the U.S. guidelines, there are multiple size thresholds for declaring a positive result of latent tuberculosis from the Mantoux test: For testees from high-risk groups, such as those who are HIV positive, the cutoff is 5 mm of induration; for medium risk groups, 10 mm; for low-risk groups, 15 mm. The U.S. guidelines recommend that a history of previous BCG vaccination should be ignored. For details of tuberculin skin test interpretation, please refer to the CDC guidelines (reference given below).
The UK guidelines are formulated according to the Heaf test: In patients who have had BCG previously, latent TB is diagnosed if the Heaf test is grade 3 or 4 and have no signs or symptoms of active TB; if the Heaf test is grade 0 or 1, then the test is repeated. In patients who have not had BCG previously, latent TB is diagnosed if the Heaf test is grade 2, 3 or 4, and have no signs or symptoms of active TB. Repeat Heaf testing is not done in patients who have had BCG (because of the phenomenon of boosting). For details of tuberculin skin test interpretation, please refer to the BTS guidelines (references given below).
Given that the US recommendation is that prior BCG vaccination be ignored in the interpretation of tuberculin skin tests, false positives with the Mantoux test are possible as a result of: (1) having previously had a BCG (even many years ago), or (2) periodical testing with tuberculin skin tests. Having regular TSTs boosts the immunological response in those people who have previously had BCG, so these people will falsely appear to be tuberculin conversions. This may lead to treating more people than necessary, with the possible risk of those patients developing adverse drug reactions. However, as Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine is not 100% effective, and is less protective in adults than pediatric patients, not treating these patients could lead to a possible infection. The current US policy seems to reflect a desire to err on the side of safety.
The U.S. guidelines also allow for tuberculin skin testing in immunosuppressed patients (those with HIV, or who are on immunosuppressive drugs), whereas the UK guidelines recommend that tuberculin skin tests should not be used for such patients because it is unreliable.
Interferon-γ testing
The role of IFN-γ tests is undergoing constant review and various guidelines have been published with the option for revision as new data becomes available.CDC:MMWR Health Protection Agency:UK
There are currently two commercially available interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs): QuantiFERON-TB Gold and T-SPOT.TB. These tests are not affected by prior BCG vaccination, and look for the body's response to specific TB antigens not present in other forms of mycobacteria and BCG (ESAT-6). Whilst these tests are new they are now becoming available globally.
CDC:
HPA Interim Guidance:
Drug-resistant strains
It is usually assumed by most medical practitioners in the early stages of a diagnosis that a case of latent tuberculosis is the normal or regular strain of tuberculosis. It will therefore be most commonly treated with Isoniazid (the most used treatment for latent tuberculosis.) Only if the tuberculosis bacteria does not respond to the treatment will the medical practitioner begin to consider more virulent strains, requiring significantly longer and more thorough treatment regimens.
There are 4 types of tuberculosis recognized in the world today:
Tuberculosis (TB)
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB)
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB)
Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR TB)
Treatment
The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is essential to controlling and eliminating TB by reducing the risk that TB infection will progress to disease. Latent tuberculosis will convert to active tuberculosis in 10% of cases (or more in cases of immune compromised patients). Taking medication for latent tuberculosis is recommended by many doctors.
In the U.S., the standard treatment is nine months of isoniazid, but this regimen is not widely used outside of the US.
Terminology
There is no agreement regarding terminology: the terms preventive therapy and chemoprophylaxis have been used for decades, and are preferred in the UK because it involves giving medication to people who have no disease and are currently well: the reason for giving medication is primarily to prevent people from becoming unwell. In the U.S., physicians talk about latent tuberculosis treatment because the medication does not actually prevent infection: the person is already infected and the medication is intended to prevent existing silent infection from becoming active disease. There are no convincing reasons to prefer one term over the other.
Specific situations
"Populations at increased risk of progressing to active infection once exposed:
Persons with recent TB infection [those infected within the previous two years]
Congenital or acquired immunosuppressed patients (in particular, HIV-positive patients)
Illicit intravenous drug users; alcohol and other chronic substance users
Children (particularly those younger than 4 years old)
Persons with comorbid conditions (ie, chronic kidney failure, diabetes, malignancy, hematologic cancers, body weight of at least 10% less than ideal, silicosis, gastrectomy, jejunoileal bypass, asthma, or other disorders requiring long-term use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants)."
Treatment regimens
It is essential that assessment to rule out active TB be carried out before treatment for LTBI is started. To give treatment for latent tuberculosis to someone with active tuberculosis is a serious error: the tuberculosis will not be adequately treated and there is a serious risk of developing drug-resistant strains of TB.
There are several treatment regimens currently in use:
9H — isoniazid for 9 months is the gold standard (93% effective, in patients with positive test results and fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis).
6H — Isoniazid for 6 months might be adopted by a local TB program based on cost-effectiveness and patient compliance. This is the regimen currently recommended in the UK for routine use. The U.S. guidance excludes this regimen from use in children or persons with radiographic evidence of prior tuberculosis (old fibrotic lesions) (69% effective).
6 to 9H2 — An intermittent twice-weekly regimen for the above two treatment regimens is an alternative if administered under Directly observed therapy (DOT).
4R — rifampicin for 4 months is an alternative for those who are unable to take isoniazid or who have had known exposure to isoniazid-resistant TB.
3HR — Isoniazid and rifampin may be given daily for three months.
2RZ — The two-month regimen of rifampin and pyrazinamide is no longer recommended for treatment of LTBI because of the greatly increased risk of drug-induced hepatitis and death.
3HP – three-month (12-dose) regimen of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid. The 3HP regimen has to be administered under DOT. A self-administered therapy (SAT) of 3HP is investigated in a large international study.
Evidence for treatment effectiveness
A 2000 Cochrane review containing 11 double-blinded, randomized control trials and 73,375 patients examined six and 12 month courses of isoniazid (INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis. HIV positive and patients currently or previously treated for tuberculosis were excluded. The main result was a relative risk (RR) of 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31 to 0.52) for development of active tuberculosis over two years or longer for patients treated with INH, with no significant difference between treatment courses of six or 12 months (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.73 for six months, and 0.38, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.50 for 12 months).
A Cochrane systematic review published in 2013 evaluated four different alternatives regimens to INH monotherapy for preventing active TB in HIV-negative people with latent tuberculosis infection. The evidence from this review found no difference between shorter regimens of Rifampicin or weekly, directly observed Rifapentine plus INH compare to INH monotherapy in preventing active TB in HIV-negative people at risk of developing it . However the review found that the shorter Rifampicin regimen for four months and weekly directly observed Rifapentine plus INH for three months "may have additional advantages of higher treatment completion and improved safety." However the overall quality of evidence was low to moderate (as per GRADE criteria) and none of the included trials were conducted in LMIC nations with high TB transmission and hence might not be applicable to nations with high TB transmission.
Treatment efficacy
There is no guaranteed "cure" for latent tuberculosis. "People infected with TB bacteria have a lifetime risk of falling ill with TB..." with those who have compromised immune systems, those with diabetes and those who use tobacco at greater risk.
A person who has taken the complete course of Isoniazid (or other full course prescription for tuberculosis) on a regular, timely schedule may have been cured. "Current standard therapy is isoniazid (INH) which reduce the risk of active TB by as much as 90 per cent (in patients with positive LTBI test results and fibrotic pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis) if taken daily for 9 months." However, if a person has not completed the medication exactly as prescribed, the "cure" is less likely, and the "cure" rate is directly proportional to following the prescribed treatment specifically as recommended. Furthermore, "[I]f you don't take the medicine correctly and you become sick with TB a second time, the TB may be harder to treat if it has become drug resistant." If a patient were to be cured in the strictest definition of the word, it would mean that every single bacterium in the system is removed or dead, and that person cannot get tuberculosis (unless re-infected). However, there is no test to assure that every single bacterium has been killed in a patient's system. As such, a person diagnosed with latent TB can safely assume that, even after treatment, they will carry the bacteria – likely for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, "It has been estimated that up to one-third of the world's population is infected with M. tuberculosis, and this population is an important reservoir for disease reactivation." This means that in areas where TB is endemic treatment may be even less certain to "cure" TB, as reinfection could trigger activation of latent TB already present even in cases where treatment was followed completely.
Epidemiology
Tuberculosis exists in all countries in the world, though some countries have a larger number of people infected than others. Per 100,000 people, Eswatini has the greatest number of tuberculosis cases in the world (627). Second is Cambodia (560), followed by Zambia (445), fourth is Djibouti (382), fifth is Indonesia (321), Mali (295), Zimbabwe (291), Kenya (291), Papua New Guinea (283) and Gambia (283).
The United States, Sweden and Iceland have some of the lowest rates of tuberculosis at 2 per 100,000. Canada, Netherlands, Jamaica, Norway, Malta, Grenada and Antigua and Barbuda also have low infection rates, at 3 per 100,000. In North America, countries over 10:100,000 include Mexico (14), Belize (18), Bahamas (19), Panama (28), El Salvador (36), Nicaragua (35), Honduras (46), Guatemala (48), and the Dominican Republic (88).
Most Western European countries have less than 10 per 100,000 except Spain (14), Portugal (16), Estonia (27), Latvia (43) and Lithuania (48), while Eastern and Southern European countries tend to have a greater number, with Romania (94) being the highest.
In South America, the countries with the greatest rates of tuberculosis per 100,000 are Bolivia (30) and Guyana (18), with the remaining countries having less than 10:100,000.
"One-third of the world's burden of tuberculosis (TB), or about 4.9 million prevalent cases, is found in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region."
"About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with disease and cannot transmit the disease," and most of those cases are in developing countries.
"In the US, over half of all active TB cases occur in immigrants. The reported cases of active TB in foreign-born persons has remained at 7000–8000 per year, while the number of cases in US-born people has dropped from 17,000 in 1993 to 6,500 in 2005. As a result, the percentage of active TB cases in immigrants has increased steadily (from 29% of all cases in 1993 to 54% in 2005)," and most of those cases are in developing countries.
Controversy
There is controversy over whether people who test positive long after infection have a significant risk of developing the disease (without re-infection). Some researchers and public health officials have warned that this test-positive population is a "source of future TB cases" even in the US and other wealthy countries, and that this "ticking time bomb" should be a focus of attention and resources.
On the other hand, Marcel Behr, Paul Edelstein, and Lalita Ramakrishnan reviewed studies concerning the concept of latent tuberculosis in order to determine whether tuberculosis-infected persons have life-long infection capable of causing disease at any future time. These studies, both published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in 2018 and 2019, show that the incubation period of tuberculosis is short, usually within months after infection, and very rarely more than two years after infection. They also show that more than 90% of people infected with M. tuberculosis for more than two years never develop tuberculosis even if their immune system is severely suppressed. Immunologic tests for tuberculosis infection such as the tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) only indicate past infection, with the majority of previously infected persons no longer capable of developing tuberculosis. Ramakrishnan told the New York Times that researchers "have spent hundreds of millions of dollars chasing after latency, but the whole idea that a quarter of the world is infected with TB is based on a fundamental misunderstanding." The first BMJ article about latency was accompanied by an editorial written by Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, Deputy Director-General of the World Health Organization, who endorsed the findings and called for more funding of TB research directed at the most heavily afflicted parts of the world, rather than disproportionate attention to a relatively minor problem that affects just the wealthy countries.
The World Health Organization no longer endorses the concept that all those with immunologic evidence of past TB infection are currently infected and so are at risk of developing TB some time in the future. In 2022, the WHO issued corrigenda to its 2021 Global TB Report to clarify estimates on the worldwide burden of infected people. These corrigenda deleted "About a quarter of the world's population is infected with M. tuberculosis" and replaced it with "About a quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis." The corrigenda also removed the prior estimate of the lifetime risk of TB of 5 to 10% among those with evidence of past TB infection, indicating that they no longer have confidence in earlier estimates that a substantial percentage of those with positive immunologic test results will develop the disease.
See also
Silent disease
References
Further reading
External links
Immunologic tests
tuberculosis
Tuberculosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20tuberculosis |
The Brighton Park crossing is a major railroad crossing in Chicago, Illinois, hosting three major freight railroads. The crossing is northwest of the intersection of Western Avenue and Archer Avenue, in the Brighton Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The railroads involved in the crossing are CSX, Canadian National and Norfolk Southern. The crossing consists of the CN's two-track Joliet Subdivision in a roughly east–west orientation intersecting five north–south tracks operated by NS and CSX. Collectively, these railroads operate approximately 80 trains per day through the crossing. The junction is visible from the CTA Orange Line trains that pass on an elevated structure immediately southeast of the crossing.
The CN line was formerly the main line of the Gulf Mobile & Ohio and its predecessor Alton Railroad, and this location hosted the GM&O's Brighton Park passenger stop. The line currently carries Metra Heritage Corridor commuter trains to Joliet and Amtrak passenger trains to St. Louis. Metra formerly operated a Brighton Park station located near the crossing, but this station was closed in 1984.
Until July 6, 2007, the crossing was controlled by a human switchtender in a cabin near the crossing using semaphore signals to govern train movements through the diamonds. Because the crossing was not interlocked, all trains were required to make a stop before proceeding over the crossing as signaled by the specific semaphore signal governing the track the train was on. As a major crossing, and one of the few remaining locations with this classic method of operation, Brighton Park was a major attraction for rail enthusiasts, but had become increasingly inefficient for Chicago area rail operations. As part of the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE) project, the Brighton Park crossing, the semaphore signals, and switchtender's cabin were taken out of service on the evening of Friday, July 6, 2007 and conversion to an interlocked crossing ensued over the following weekend. As part of the conversion project, some of the tracks at the crossing were realigned and new crossing diamonds were put in place.
History
By the early 20th century, the Brighton Park crossing comprised tracks belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad; the Chicago Junction Railroad, eventually controlled by the New York Central Railroad as the Chicago River and Indiana; and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, commonly known as the "Panhandle Route", which was controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) running north to south and crossing the Chicago and Alton main line running east to west. The PCC&StL was the first railroad to cross the C&A at Brighton Park in the 1860s and therefore was responsible for arranging the safe crossing of trains. As other railroads built along the Panhandle right of way, this arrangement remained in effect with the responsibility passing to the PRR.
For the PRR the Panhandle Route connecting Pittsburgh and Cincinnati via Indianapolis was of secondary importance to its Main Line via Fort Wayne, Indiana, with the latter having direct access to Chicago Union Station from the south, while the Panhandle route ran west of the city to loop around and access the station from the north. The Baltimore and Ohio was somewhat late arriving into the Chicago market and had to use trackage rights and the Panhandle right of way to eventually reach Grand Central Station via a similar out and back loop route and arrived south of downtown via the St. Charles Air Line Bridge. The Chicago Junction Railroad was a switching and terminal railroad that served the stockyard area and was eventually purchased by the New York Central.
At its peak the crossing involved a total of 8 tracks of the PRR, B&OCT and CR&I crossing the two tracks of the C&A. Also included in the complex were a number of hand-operated crossovers and wye tracks. Each of the 4 railroads involved in the crossing employed switchtenders on site to manage any crossover or connecting movements, with the PRR maintaining two tender stations, north and south of the crossing, to protect the two B&OCT to C&A wye tracks where they each crossed the Panhandle main line and the C&A crossing itself. Switchtender cabin "A" managed the Alton crossing and would continue to do so until the crossing was interlocked in 2007.
For both the B&OCT and PCC&StL, Brighton Park was one in a string of non-interlocked railroad crossings at grade with others at Ash Street, 26th St and 12th St. Maximum speed on the route was between 20-30 mph. Interlocking the Brighton Park crossing would have been of limited value without upgrading the entire line. As passenger traffic on the route dried up and the railroads entered financial hardship, investment in the line became less and less of a priority. With the formation of the Penn Central and later Conrail, the PCC&StL and CR&I lines through Brighton Park were united under a single railroad. The Panhandle route was ultimately abandoned with Conrail shifting traffic to the C&RI, ripping up the two Panhandle tracks, thus reducing the number of tracks crossing the Alton to 5. Under Conrail the CR&I was designated as an industrial track, its lowest classification. Since the PRR era crossing agreement with the Alton successor Illinois Central Railroad was still in effect, Conrail had little incentive to upgrade the signaling on the line.
Modernization
The modernization effort to automate the Brighton Park crossing was undertaken as part of the Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program (CREATE) in 2007. It involved Safetran Systems, (part of Invensys Rail) with the crossing's application development, site mock-up, and preliminary factory testing taking place in Rancho Cucamonga, California in an in-house project called "Brighton Park / Pershing Main." In addition to the full automation of the crossing, additional interlocked crossovers would be installed north and south, eliminating a number of hand-operated switches. This was all done in conjunction with a centralized traffic control project on both the ex-Conrail and B&OCT lines, upgrading them from dark territory and automatic block signaling respectively. Ultimately control of the new remote crossing would pass to the Norfolk Southern railroad, who had previously employed the switchtender.
Future
As a part of the CREATE project, a flyover on the CN/Heritage Corridor over the Western Avenue Corridor tracks would be constructed. The flyover project would reduce congestion to the 76 freight and passenger trains that go through the diamond crossing every day. The project is currently unfunded.
References
External links
Chicago Rail Junctions: Brighton Park
CREATE Project
Photos of trains passing Brighton Park Junction at Railpictures.Net
Rail infrastructure in Illinois
Transportation in Chicago
Canadian National Railway facilities
CSX Transportation
Norfolk Southern Railway
BNSF Railway
Railway stations closed in 1984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%20Park%20crossing |
The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) is a Western Australian government department responsible for regulating and advancing agricultural and food industries, fisheries and regional development within the state. It was formed by an amalgamation of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Department of Fisheries and Department of Regional Development in 2017.
The Minister for Agriculture and Food, the Minister for Regional Development and the Minister for Fisheries are responsible for the department.
In 2004 the department had operating costs of $215,000,000 approx with $120,000,000 provided directly by the state government. The balance was from federal government grants, public operating activities and user charges and fees.
This department was also responsible for quarantine control on all plants, soil and animal products brought into the state. The Agricultural Protection Board [needs updating] is also part of this and responsible for the eradication of pests in Western Australia; including the rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus), skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea), and Portuguese millipede (Ommatoiulus moreletii).
History
In 1894, Premier John Forrest, established the Bureau of Agriculture under the chairmanship of Charles Harper. The members were A.R. Richardson, W. Paterson (the first manager of the Agricultural Bank), J.H.D. Amherst, F.H. Piesse and G.L. Throssell. Initially, the bureau was not placed under the supervision of a minister. This changed in April 1898 when the bureau became the Agricultural Advisory Board and a new Department of Agriculture was gazetted under the control of Throssell as Commissioner for Crown Lands.
Professor William Lowrie was appointed director in 1908. He resigned in 1911. Sir James Mitchell was at this time Minister for Agriculture and he expanded the senior position to three commissioners: George Lowe Sutton, as Commissioner for the Wheat Belt, James M.B. Connor as Commissioner for the South-West; and James P. Moody as Commissioner for the Fruit Industries.
Names
Western Australian Bureau of Agriculture 1894 - 1898
Department of Agriculture 1898 - 2006
Department of Agriculture and Food (Western Australia) 2006 - 2017
Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development 2017
Research stations
The department operates the following research stations throughout Western Australia:
Avondale Agricultural Research Station
Badgingarra Research Station
Esperance Downs Research Station
Gascoyne Research Station - Carnarvon
Katanning Research Station
Kununurra: Frank Wise Research Institute
Manjimup Research Station
Medina Research Station
Merredin Research Station
Mount Barker Research Station
Newdegate Research Station
Vasse Research Station
Wongan Hills Research Station
See also
Buy West, Eat Best
References
Further reading
Articles about the first months of the Western Australian Bureau of Agriculture (predecessor of Department of Agriculture): bureau set up, list of members and tasks it should accomplish (January 1894); editorial on new bureau and its proposed functions (2 March 1894); report of meeting (21 March 1894); report of bureau's first 6 months (September 1894). West Australian, 27 January 1894, p. 4; 2 March 1894, p. 4; 21 March 1894, p. 2; 19 September 1894, p. 5,
Watt, Peter. Centenary, 1894-1994: Profiles of Progress: Department of Agriculture Perth, W.A.: The Dept., 1994
External links
Primary
Agriculture in Western Australia
Western Australia
Primary industry departments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Primary%20Industries%20and%20Regional%20Development |
Sunrise () is the fourth studio album by Fish Leong (), released on 7 February 2002.
Track listing
Sunrise
(Happy Breakup)
Wo Xi Huan (I Like)
(Have you)
(I and my date)
(A feeling of happiness)
(Joy)
(How to say)
(A little love)
(No solution)
(Happy Breakup - Chorus version)
2002 albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
Little Ship may refer to
The Little Ships of Dunkirk, vessels that took part in the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940
Little Ship (album), a 1997 album by Loudon Wainwright III
The Little Ship Club, a yacht club | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Ship |
Rita Gorr (18 February 1926 – 22 January 2012)
was a Belgian operatic mezzo-soprano. She possessed a large, rich-toned voice and was an intense singing-actress, especially in dramatic roles such as Ortrud (Lohengrin) and Amneris (Aida), two of her greatest roles.
Life and career
Gorr was born Marguerite Geirnaert into a working-class family in the industrial town of Zelzate, near Ghent, Belgium. After leaving school she worked as a nurse, where the family who employed her discovered her singing and paid for her first lessons.
After vocal studies in Ghent with Vina Bovy, and in Brussels with Jeanne Pacquot d'Assy and Germaine Hoerner, she won first prize at the vocal competition of Verviers in 1946, and made her professional debut at Antwerp as Fricka in Die Walküre the same year. She became a member of the Opera of Strasbourg from 1949 to 1952. She won another first prize at the vocal competition of Lausanne in 1952. That year she made her Paris debuts at the Opéra-Comique as Charlotte in Werther on 6 March 1952, and at the Paris Opéra on 31 October as Magdalena in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg; further roles in Paris included Dalila in Samson and Delilah, Venus in Tannhäuser, Mère Marie in the French premiere of Dialogues of the Carmelites (later in her career she sang Madame de Croissy), Carmen, Geneviève in Pelléas et Mélisande, Amneris in Aida, Eboli in Don Carlos and Marguerite in La damnation de Faust.
Her career then became international in scope, with debuts at Bayreuth in 1958, the Royal Opera House in 1959, La Scala in 1960, the Metropolitan Opera on 17 October 1962 as Amneris. In four seasons at the Met, she sang Santuzza in Cavalleria rusticana, Eboli in Don Carlos, Azucena in Il trovatore, and Dalila. She was a versatile artist, singing with equal success the French, Italian and German repertories. She enjoyed a very long career singing well into her 60s and 70s and her last role was as the Countess in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades which she performed in the summer of 2007 in Ghent and Antwerp.
Gorr believed that 'trouser-roles' did not suit her; she did however, sing Lel in The Snow Maiden in 1955 in concert and Octavian in 1958.
Although mainly active on stage, Gorr also sang occasionally in the concert hall, in works by Schumann, Duparc and Wagner; she recorded Mahler lieder.
Gorr can be heard in two of her greatest roles on recordings: Ortrud in Lohengrin in the 1965 studio performance under Erich Leinsdorf, opposite Sándor Kónya and Lucine Amara, as well as in the 1959 live performance from the Bayreuth Festival conducted by Lovro von Matačić; and Amneris in Aida in the 1961 studio performance under Georg Solti, opposite Leontyne Price and Jon Vickers. Other recorded roles include Dalila in Samson and Delilah under Georges Prêtre in 1962 (studio), Margared in Le Roi d'Ys under André Cluytens in 1957 (studio), Mère Marie in Dialogues des Carmélites under Pierre Dervaux in 1958 (studio), Fricka in Die Walküre under Erich Leinsdorf in 1961 (studio), as well as both roles of Fricka in Das Rheingold and Die Walküre, Grimgerde in Die Walküre and the Third Norn in Götterdämmerung —
all four in live performances at the Bayreuth Festival in 1958 under Hans Knappertsbusch. She also recorded excerpts from Orphée et Eurydice (Orphée), Hérodiade (title role) and La damnation de Faust, as well as recitals on Pathé.
Gorr can be heard in one of her rarest roles, in an excerpt from Cherubini's Medea (recorded in French) with the Orchestre du Theatre National de l'Opera under George Pretre on ASTX 130502 Pathe-Marconi, and in excerpts from two of her other Wagner roles — Isolde and Elisabeth — under André Cluytens on Testament SBT1256.
In her later life, Gorr made her home in Dénia, Spain. Oresko describes her as giving "the impression of regal grandeur and control by the solidness of her vocal production and a unique gift for instinctive authority".
References
Notes
Sources
Hamilton, D. (editor ), The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia: A Complete Guide to the World of Opera (Simon and Schuster, New York 1987);
Mancini, Roland and Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, (orig. H. Rosenthal and J. Warrack, French edition), Guide de l'opéra, Les indispensables de la musique (Fayard, 1995);
Pâris, Alain, Dictionnaire des interprètes et de l'interpretation musicale au XX siècle (2 vols), Ed. Robert Laffont (Bouquins, Paris 1982, 4th Edn. 1995, 5th Edn 2004);
External links
Rita Gorr biography at Cantabile-Subito.de
Discography
1926 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Belgian women opera singers
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
People from Zelzate
21st-century Belgian women opera singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita%20Gorr |
The Heroes of Karn is a 1983 adventure game written by Ian Gray. It was released by Interceptor Micros for the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. Music was written by Chris Cox. The Spectrum and Amstrad versions were adapted by David M. Banner with graphics by Terry Greer. A sequel, Empire of Karn, was released in 1985 on the Commodore 64.
Gameplay
The player must rescue four heroes who have been magically imprisoned, and thus save the land of Karn from dominion by evil creatures. The heroes are Beren the swordsman, Istar the wizard, Haldir the Elf-lord, and Khadim the dwarf.
The game's parser accepts relatively complex sentences for the time (e.g. "attack giant clam with shovel"). The puzzles are mostly straightforward, involving the use of an object found elsewhere to defeat the creature that is impeding progress. The creatures and NPCs in the game, including the heroes themselves, are rather inert and are very limited in their interactions. The game has 65 locations. The game is mostly text, with illustrations for some of the locations.
Reception
The Commodore 64 version of the game received criticism for slow loading of graphical scenes, which could take as long as several minutes to display completely. The Spectrum and Amstrad CPC versions were by a different artist (Terry Greer) and quicker to draw.
References
External links
The Heroes of Karn at GameFAQs
1983 video games
Adventure games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Fantasy video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Heroes%20of%20Karn |
Jannik Lindbæk (born 23 March 1939) is a Norwegian banker and businessperson.
Personal life
He was born in Oslo as a son of banker Jannik Lindbæk, Sr. (1906–1966) and chief physician Ellen Margrethe Lund. His aunt was journalist and war correspondent Lise Lindbæk, and he was a great-grandson of Elise Aubert In December 1963 he married teacher Grete Schjøttelvig.
Career
Lindbæk finished his secondary education in Oslo and earned a siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics in 1961. He later received a Fulbright scholarship to continue his business studies for one year at the University of Kansas. In 1962 he was hired in Vesta, where his father also worked. He quickly advanced through the ranks and became vice chief executive. In 1975 he was hired as chief executive officer in Storebrand, later Storebrand-Norden. Lindbæk's predecessor and later chairman, Gustav Aarestrup, was pressured out of the company in 1982, and Lindbæk resigned for unclear reasons in 1985.
Lindbæk became head of the Nordic Investment Bank in Finland in 1986, overseeing hundreds of millions in loans to develop the economies of the five countries that own the bank: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. He was executive vice president of the International Finance Corporation in Washington, DC from 1994 to 1999.
He then returned to Norway in order to work with different boards of directors. He chaired Den norske Bank from 1999 to 2003, and was the last chair of Statoil until 2007 when it merged to create StatoilHydro. He also chaired Bergen International Festival, the Norwegian branch of Transparency International and the Norwegian branch of Plan International.
References
1939 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Oslo
Norwegian School of Economics alumni
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian expatriates in Finland
Norwegian bankers
Norwegian businesspeople in insurance
Norwegian businesspeople in the oil industry
Storebrand people
DNB ASA people
Equinor people
World Bank Group people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannik%20Lindb%C3%A6k |
Trine Haltvik (born March 23, 1965) is a Norwegian handball coach and former player. Currently she is coach for the Norwegian girls' under-17 team.
Haltvik started her handball career at just 16 for Byåsen IL, with the exception of a year playing for Remudas Gran Canaria in Spain, she remained at the club. Her loyalty and relative old age for a professional athlete, has given her the nickname "Mor" or Mother. She has played in 241 games for the Norwegian national team, scoring 834 goals.
She was voted World Player of the Year 1998 by the International Handball Federation.
References
1965 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players
Olympic handball players for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Handball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Trondheim
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Expatriate handball players
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Norwegian handball coaches
Female sports coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trine%20Haltvik |
Beautiful () is the fifth studio album of Fish Leong (Chinese: 梁静茹), released on 12 February 2003.
Track listing
Beautiful
為我好 Wei Wo Hao (For My Own Good)
第三者 Di San Zhe (The Other Woman)
美麗人生 Mei Li Ren Sheng (Beautiful Life)
我不害怕 Wo Bu Hai Pa (I Don't Fear)
你還在不在 Ni Hai Zai Bu Zai (Are You Still Here)
惡性循環 E Xing Xun Huan (Vicious Cycle)
最快樂那一年 Zui Kuai Le Na Yi Nian (The Most Happy For That Year)
向左轉向右轉 Xiang Zuo Zhuan Xiang You Zhuan (Turn Left Turn Right)
眼淚的地圖 Yan Lei De Di Tu (The Map Of Tears)
旅程 Lu Cheng (Journey)
2003 albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
VF-74, Fighter Squadron 74, Be-Devilers was an aviation unit of the United States Navy in service from 1944 to 1994. Originally established as VBF-20 on 16 April 1945, it was redesignated as VF-10A on 15 November 1946, redesignated as VF-92 on 12 August 1948, redesignated as VF-74 on 15 January 1950 and disestablished on 30 April 1994. It was the third US Navy squadron to be designated as VF-74.
History
VBF-20 was established on 16 April 1945 flying the F4U-1 Corsair from NAS Wildwood in New Jersey. After six months they transitioned to the F6F Hellcat but soon changed to F8F Bearcat. On 15 November 1946 their designation was changed to VF-10A and was part of Carrier Air Group 9 on board and made their first deployment to the Mediterranean between February and June 1948. Before the cruise VF-10A had shifted to their new shore base of Naval Auxiliary Air Station Charlestown, Rhode Island. At the same time, the squadron had adopted their devil's insignia created by Ensign John P. Humphries. On 12 August 1948 the squadron became VF-92 and became part of CAG-7, moving to Naval Air Station Quonset Point and their final re-designation happened on 15 January 1950 when they became VF-74. They transitioned to the F4U-4 Corsair in 1951 and returned to the Mediterranean on board the .
With the Korean war raging, CAG-7 transferred to the Pacific in May 1952 and conducted a combat cruise on board . They were in combat for six months and flew 1500 combat sorties, mainly against North Korean targets. They also moved to the F9F-8 Cougar, their first jet aircraft.
Within 12 months the F9F-8 Cougar was replaced by the F4D-1 Skyray which was the US Navy's first supersonic fighter, although it was phased out in 1962. VF-74 deployed to the Mediterranean three times, twice on board and their final deployment was on USS Franklin D. Roosevelt.
On 8 July 1961 VF-74 began to transition to the McDonnell Douglas F4H-1 Phantom II becoming the first deployable F-4 squadron, giving rise to their "First in Phantoms" motto. They deployed aboard in August 1962 replacing VF-104's F4Ds in CAG-8{fact}. For 20 years VF-74 would deploy 15 times with the Phantom, 13 to the Mediterranean and two to South East Asia. Their first Vietnam cruise aboard Forrestal was marked by tragedy on 29 July 1967, when an ordnance explosion on the flight deck caused a massive ensuing fire. VF-74 lost 42 enlisted personnel and three F-4s. Many squadron members were commended for their heroic actions whilst fighting the fires.
In early 1972 they transitioned from the F-4B to the F-4J. Between July 1972 to February 1973 the squadron returned to combat in Vietnam on board . During seven periods on the famous Yankee Station VF-74 did not lose a single aircraft to enemy action. VF-74 was just as successful in peace time, winning the CNO Safety "S" in 1974 along with the Battle "E". In 1975, they moved to CVW-8 and took part in the maiden cruise of . In 1976 they won the Admiral Joseph Clifton Award, making them the top US Navy fighter squadron.
In 1982 they transitioned from the F-4J to the F-4S and made their final cruise with the F-4 Phantom from May{date} to 16 November 1982. In February 1983 they began the transition to the F-14 Tomcat and in October the same year the squadron reported back to CVW-17 and their first cruise was in April 1984 on board which ended in October the same year.
In 1985 VF-74 and VF-103 became famous in the fight against terrorism. On 7 October, members of the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) hijacked the Italian cruise liner . When the ship arrived in Syria the hijackers made their way to Egypt where they were promised free passage to Tunisia in return for the hostages' lives. The terrorists boarded an Egypt Air Boeing 737 on the night of 10 October. But based on US Intelligence, president Ronald Reagan ordered the Sixth Fleet to take action, to force down the 737 to Sigonella where US Special Forces could capture the hijackers. Four F-14s and an E-2C Hawkeye launched from Saratoga. The plan called for Saratogas planes to make night intercepts and identifications of air contacts on the airways crisscrossing the central Mediterranean as they flew eastward toward a common airway intersection south of Crete. After four interceptions, following two hair-raising, lights out intercepts of planes, the F-14s found the right aircraft. At about 2230, southeast of Crete they closed in on the 737 which showed the tail number 2843 which identified the aircraft as the one they were looking for. After identifying themselves to the airliner's pilot, the American planes eventually were able to convince the 737 to land at the NATO base in Sigonella, Sicily. Upon landing, the airliner was quickly surrounded by American and Italian soldiers. After one thrilling hour in which Americans and Italians were facing each other, after a long call between the Italian First Minister Bettino Craxi and US President Ronald Reagan, the terrorists ultimately were taken into Italian custody.
1986 was another busy year for VF-74 as they took part in Operation Attain Document and Operation El Dorado Canyon. During the next few years, VF-74 would make regular deployments to the Mediterranean Sea as part of CVW-17.
On 22 September 1987, an F-14A of VF-74 mistakenly shot down a United States Air Force RF-4C Phantom II of the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing over the Mediterranean during the NATO exercise "Display Determination 87". Both the pilot and RIO of the RF-4C ejected, suffering numerous injuries in the process, and were rescued by a helicopter from the Saratoga. The investigation that followed determined that the F-14 pilot, LTJG Timothy "Smoke" Dorsey, made a lapse in judgement when misinterpreting the "Red and Free" clearance as permission to open fire despite other participants of the exercise being aware of the phrase's usage to signal a simulated shootdown. Dorsey was removed from flying status and continued serving in the Navy as an intelligence officer. Although nominated for promotion to rear admiral in 2012, a Senate committee rejected Dorsey's promotion after finding out about the incident.
On 11 August 1988, VF-74 became the first squadron to receive the F-14A+ (now F-14B). By the end of the year they had finished the transition and VF-74 became the first squadron to launch an AIM-54 Phoenix from an F-14A+.
In 1990, VF-74 took part in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm. VF-74 relieved , they took up station in the Red Sea and worked with Saratoga''''. After eight months they returned to NAS Oceana on 29 March 1991. Within a year, VF-74 was back on cruise with Saratoga on 6 May 1992. Operations included taking part in support of the United Nations aid to the former republics of Yugoslavia in July. On 14 September, VF-74 F-14s flew from Saratoga operating in the Adriatic Sea, dropping ordnance on the Wadi Natrun target range in Egypt. The squadron returned home on 6 November.
As usual after returning from cruise, the squadron went straight to workups for the next deployment on board after the carrier had returned from Service Life Extension Program, they also conducted carrier qualifications on USS Saratoga. However, in August 1993 the Navy decided to deploy only one F-14 squadron on board Saratoga'', and as VF-74 was a non-TARPS squadron they were left back home and moved from CVW-17 to be under direct command of Fighter Wing Atlantic. Although they did not take part in any cruise VF-74 took up aggressor role with various Navy and Air Force squadrons. On 20 January 1994, VF-74 took part in the last deployment, this time to Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in February where VF-74 launched seven air-to-air missiles with 100% success rate. On 30 April 1994, VF-74 was disestablished after 50 years of service.
See also
History of the United States Navy
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
References
External links
The 1985 Achille Lauro affair
Operation Red Hat
:it:Strage di Ustica
VF-74 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-74 |
RC Lokomotiv Moscow is a professional Russian rugby football club based in Moscow, which from 2010 will field teams in both rugby league and rugby union. The club is one of the oldest in Russia. Originally a club for those who worked on the railways, they participated in the first USSR rugby union championship in 1937. Lokomotiv were Soviet Championship winners in 1983. During the existence of the USSR, RC Lokomotiv Moscow club was a part of the Lokomotiv Voluntary Sports Society.
In 1991, following York City Knights and Fulham's tour to the country, the club switched from rugby union to rugby league, owing mostly to rugby union's amateur status at the time, and the desire by players to be paid. Lokomotiv have gone on to dominate Russian rugby league. They have won seven Championships, including league and cup doubles in 2002–2005. Twelve players from the club were in the Russian national team in 2005.
Lokomotiv had their best season ever in 2005, winning the league and cup double in Russia, winning 21 out of 22 matches and scoring 1,560 points in the process. However, they have not yet transferred this success over to the Rugby League Challenge Cup. In their three previous games in this competition, they have failed to register a win.
In 2009 the club announced its intention to play rugby union in addition to rugby league from the 2010 season onwards, fielding their junior side in rugby league still and thereby partially reversing the club's 1991 switch from rugby union to rugby league. The decision to return to rugby union was primarily due to the desire of the Lokomotiv club to compete in the Russian rugby union sevens championship following the IOC's October 2009 decision to readmit rugby union as an Olympic sport in its seven-a-side format and the unwillingness of the Rugby Union of Russia to admit the Lokomotiv club to play in its rugby union sevens competition without also committing to the full 15-a-side version of rugby union.
2009 squad
Notable international players
Vadim Postnikov
Petr Sokolov
Honours
Russian Championship: 9
1983†, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
Russian Cup: 12
1978†, 1986†, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
†Rugby union honours
See also
FC Lokomotiv Moscow
Notes
External links
Official website
Official message board
Unofficial website
Unofficial message board
RC Lokomotiv on youtube
Lokomotiv Moscow
Lokomotiv Moscow
Lokomotiv Moscow
Rugby clubs established in 1937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC%20Lokomotiv%20Moscow |
The Angleterre Hotel () is a modern, luxury business-class hotel on Voznesensky Prospekt at Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The hotel opened in 1991, replicating a historic hotel originally opened in 1840 and reconstructed in 1876. The hotel has 192 rooms, including five suites.
History
The first hotel on the site was established by Napoleon Bokin in 1840, a three-story structure known as Napoleon's. From 1845–1846, the structure was expanded by architect Adrian Ruben with the addition of a fourth floor and converted to S. Poggenpol's apartment house.
In 1876 it was again rebuilt and converted back to a hotel, named the Hotel Schmidt-Angleterre, with the former for its proprietor, Teresa Schmidt and the latter meaning 'England' in French. Leo Tolstoy was a frequent guest. The hotel was again reconstructed from 1911–1912, at which point it became the Hotel d'Angleterre. At this point, the hotel had 75 rooms and numerous shops on the ground floor.
The neighboring Hotel Astoria, which opened in 1912, soon proved such a success that the Angleterre was set for demolition for a huge expansion of the Astoria designed by architect Fyodor Lidval, mirroring the existing Astoria building. However the outbreak of World War I prevented this. The hotel's name was changed in 1919, after the Russian Revolution, to Hotel International. It returned to its original name in 1925, the same year poet Sergei Yesenin hanged himself in the hotel on 28 December.
The hotel was converted to Evacuation Hospital No. 926 in September 1941, at the beginning of the Siege of Leningrad. The hospital closed in the summer of 1942 and the building remained vacant until the end of the war. Remodeling began in 1945 and the hotel reopened on December 30, 1948 as the Hotel Leningradskaya. In 1975, the hotel ceased to operate independently and was merged with the adjacent Hotel Astoria as "Block B" of the hotel.
In 1985 the Angleterre hotel structure was closed, and in 1987, during Perestroika, the city authorities decided to demolish the aging hotel and replace it with a modern building with a facade copying the original. Members of the public gathered on St. Isaac's Square to protest the plan. It was the first major public protest in the history of the Soviet Union to be left unpunished by the authorities. The hotel was ultimately demolished on 18 March 1987. The current hotel, designed by A.I. Pribulsky, opened in 1991.
Today, the hotel is owned and managed by Rocco Forte Hotels, which also owns and manages the adjacent Hotel Astoria. The Angleterre is marketed as the business-class wing of its more luxurious sister. The upper guest room floors of the two hotels are connected.
References
External links
Official website
Angleterre Hotel @ Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg
Hotel buildings completed in 1876
Hotel buildings completed in 1991
Hotels established in 1876
Hotels established in 1991
Buildings and structures demolished in 1987
Hotels in Saint Petersburg
Saint Isaac's Square
1889 establishments in the Russian Empire
Companies nationalised by the Soviet Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre%20Hotel |
W. S. "Fluke" Holland (April 22, 1935 – September 23, 2020) was an American drummer who played with Carl Perkins, and later for Johnny Cash in the bands The Tennessee Three, The Great Eighties Eight, and The Johnny Cash Show Band.
Holland was born in Saltillo, Tennessee in April 1935 and graduated from J.B. Young High School in Bemis.
He played drums on the 1955 Sun Records recording of "Blue Suede Shoes" and performed on the "Million Dollar Quartet" session that featured Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Perkins, and Cash. Holland appeared with the Carl Perkins band in the 1957 rock and roll movie Jamboree, performing "Glad All Over."
In 2014, Holland was honored at the Carl Perkins Center in Jackson, Tennessee for his 60 years of musical contributions.
In 2018, Holland was honored with the "Lifetime Achievement" award during the annual Tennessee Music Awards event at the University of Memphis Lambuth in Jackson, Tennessee. He was also inducted into the Radio Nostalgi Hall of Fame in Sweden on July 3, 2016.
Holland made a cameo appearance on the History Channel program Pawn Stars, accompanying a classic car collector who was trying to sell Johnny Cash's Rolls-Royce to Rick Harrison. They did not agree on a price.
He died at his home in Jackson, Tennessee on September 23, 2020, at the age of 85.
References
External links
(The "Official" WS Holland web site)
W. S. Holland Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (July 14, 2013)
1935 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American drummers
20th-century American male musicians
American country drummers
American male drummers
Country musicians from Tennessee
People from Hardin County, Tennessee
The Tennessee Three members
The Great Eighties Eight members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20S.%20Holland |
Chris D. (born Chris Desjardins; January 15, 1953) is a punk poet, singer, writer, rock critic, producer, actor, and filmmaker. He is best known as the lead singer and founder of the early and long-running Los Angeles punk/death rock band the Flesh Eaters.
Music (as performer)
Flesh Eaters
Desjardins was a feature writer at Slash magazine in 1977, when he formed the Flesh Eaters with several friends from the Los Angeles punk scene, including Tito Larriva. Their second album, A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die, recorded and released in 1981, featured John Doe and DJ Bonebrake from X, as well as Dave Alvin, Bill Bateman, and Steve Berlin from The Blasters. The band recorded two further albums; Forever Came Today (1982) and A Hard Road to Follow (1983) with Don Kirk on guitar, Robyn Jameson on bass and Chris Wahl on drums, Chris D. on vocals and occasionally Jill Jordan on backing vocals.
The Flesh Eaters were a staple of the L.A. punk scene in the 1980s. The band played alongside seminal bands like The Misfits and The Meat Puppets. A number of original Flesh Eaters releases, like River of Fever, were recorded through Shakeytown Music/BMI. Others were produced by Upsetter, Invasion/Bomp, Zippo/Demon or SST.
From 1989 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2000, Desjardins performed live with varying line-ups of The Flesh Eaters. During the first of these periods, three more albums came out on SST Records: Dragstrip Riot (1991), Sex Diary of Mr. Vampire (1992), and Crucified Lovers in Woman Hell (EP - 1993).Two additional albums, Ashes of Time (1999) and Miss Muerte (2004), were released.
In early 2006, to mark the 25th anniversary of A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die, Desjardins performed three shows in California and one in London, with Doe, Bonebrake, Alvin, Bateman, and Berlin. This Flesh Eaters lineup had not performed together since 1981.They reunited briefly in 2015 for a five-show tour and again for an eight-show run in 2018. They issued a new album, I Used to Be Pretty, in 2019.
Divine Horsemen
Desjardins was the co-leader, with then-spouse Julie Christensen, of the Divine Horsemen between 1984 and 1988. More than three decades later, Divine Horsemen reformed. A new album called Hot Rise of an Ice Cream Phoenix was released in 2021.
Solo and other works
Desjardins issued a solo semi-acoustic LP on America's Enigma Records and the French New Rose label, titled Time Stands Still by Chris D./Divine Horseman in 1984. The album was later released in Australia by Dog Meat Records of Melbourne. It features guest musicians John Doe, Jeffrey Lee Pierce, Linda "Texacala" Jones, and Dave Alvin.
Desjardins issued a second solo album titled I Pass for Human as "Stone By Stone" following the end of his marriage to Julie Christensen.
He released a further solo album Love Cannot Die through the Sympathy for the Record Industry label in 1995.
Music (as producer and in other roles)
Chris D. worked as an A&R and in-house producer for Slash and Ruby Records from 1980 until early 1984. He produced all the Flesh Eaters' albums and co-produced The Gun Club's debut album, Fire of Love, with Tito Larriva in 1982. Desjardins produced the debut albums of The Dream Syndicate (The Days of Wine and Roses), Green On Red (Gravity Talks) and The Lazy Cowgirls. He remixed The Misfits' LP Walk Among Us with Glenn Danzig and the Germs' What We Do Is Secret (EP) with Pat Smear.
Upsetter Records
Upsetter Records was a Los Angeles, California-based record label founded in 1978 by Chris D. and his then-girlfriend, the animation and graphic artist Judith Bell.
Named in tribute to Lee "Scratch" Perry and the dub reggae, popular with the early punks, Upsetter was specifically created to release the early discography of the Flesh Eaters, The only exception in the label's catalog is the seminal Tooth and Nail compilation released in 1979, an album full of outstanding early Californian punk rock from the Controllers, Middle Class, the Germs, U.X.A., Negative Trend, and the Flesh Eaters themselves.
In parallel with their record label, Desjardins and Bell, in collaboration with Exene Cervenka, published the short-lived punk zine The Upsetter.
Writer
Magazines, etc.
Desjardins wrote for Slash, Forced Exposure, Asian Trash Cinema and Cult Movies.
He also wrote liner notes and audio commentary tracks for DVDs of a variety of classic Japanese genre films, Italian cult and arthouse films.
Non-fiction
In 2005, Desjardins' tribute to fringe directors of Japanese cult, action and exploitation cinema of the period 1950 to 1980, was published by I.B. Tauris, entitled Outlaw Masters of Japanese Film.
Desjardins spent almost 20 years researching and compiling an encyclopedia of Japanese yakuza films. Titled Gun and Sword: An Encyclopedia of Japanese Gangster Films 1955-1980, research for the book was partly funded by the Japan Foundation Artist Fellowship. This work was published by Poison Fang Press in April 2013.
Fiction
No Evil Star
Dragon Wheel Splendor & Other Love Stories of Violence and Dread
Shallow Water
Mother's Worry
All were published in 2012.
Anthologies
Illiterati Press published Double Snake Bourbon, a 139-page collection of Desjardins' poetry, lyrics, and prose.
A Minute to Pray, A Second to Die, a 500-page anthology of Chris D.'s written work, was published at the end of 2009.
Writing for Slash: 1977-1981 - The Know-It-All Years, a collection of reviews, was issued in 2022.
Film
Desjardins has acted in a number of films, both independent and big budget. In 1987, he had a small role in the Orion film No Way Out alongside Kevin Costner and Gene Hackman as an assassin. The same year, Desjardins played a role in Border Radio, an independent film that was later released as part of the Criterion Collection. In Border Radio, Desjardins plays a musician who struggles with the consequences of a robbery.
In 2002, Desjardins wrote and directed his first feature film, I Pass For Human, which was produced and edited by Lynne Margulies. It was released in theaters in March 2004 and on DVD in October 2006. Desjardins had been attempting to produce the film since the 1980s under the original title "Hell's Belle".
He worked in the programming department of the American Cinematheque in Los Angeles from 1999, and was a programmer there from January 2006 until August 1, 2009.
He teaches film studies in California and also provided DVD commentary for several films.
Personal life
Desjardins was married to Julie Christensen. The pair divorced in 1988. Following the divorce, Desjardins sought help for drug and alcohol problems in a 12-step program.
References
External links
Galli, Stefano (January 9, 2015). "The Flesh Eaters: Spit in the Face of Evil" (interview with Chris D.). larecord.com.
1952 births
Living people
Singers from California
American male singers
Punk blues musicians
American punk rock singers
Film directors from California
Writers from Riverside, California
American music historians
American male screenwriters
21st-century American poets
21st-century American novelists
Record producers from California
American male novelists
American male poets
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from California
21st-century American screenwriters
Historians from California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20D. |
Lomé–Tokoin International Airport (French: Aéroport international de Lomé-Tokoin) , also known as Gnassingbé Eyadéma International Airport (French: Aéroport international Gnassingbé Eyadéma), is an international airport serving Lomé, the capital of Togo. ASKY Airlines, a subsidiary of Ethiopian Airlines, has its hub at the airport. The airport is named after Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the third President of Togo.
In 2014, the airport served 616,800 passengers. A new terminal at the airport opened in early 2016, with a capacity for up to 2 million passengers annually.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Gallery
Accidents and incidents
26 December 1974: A Grumman American G-1159 Gulfstream II (5V-TAA) of the Togolese government crashed on approach to Lome from Niamey, killing 3 of the 6 occupants (the 3 crew were killed, but all 3 passengers survived). The plane was returning from a flight carrying Nigerien president Seyni Kountche back to Niger. The presidential jet was a replacement for a Douglas C-47 lost in January 1974.
22 October 1977: a Lockheed L-749A-79-52 Constellation (N273R) of Lanzair, a British cargo airline, was destroyed by fire while standing.
2 February 2008: a Boeing 747-2D7B (N527MC) on Atlas Air Flight 14 (Lome-Amsterdam) had its cargo break loose during takeoff, breaking through the bulkhead and causing severe damage which led to the plane being written off.
References
Airports in Togo
Lomé | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93Tokoin%20International%20Airport |
InterAccess is a Canadian artist-run centre and electronic media production facility in Toronto. In August of1981, Bill Perry and Ric Amis started "Telidon at Trinity Square Video", with a "Norpak Telidon Information Provider System" given to Bill by Bell Canada. The project was so popular, within 18 months, Bill Perry, Nina Beveridge and Geoffrey secured operational funding and premises to establish a separate, artist run organization called Toronto Community Videotex, incorporated in March of 1983. The founding directors were Bill Perry, Nina Beveridge, Geoffrey Shea and Paul Petro. Known today as InterAccess, it is Ontario's only exhibition space devoted exclusively to technological media arts. The Centre for Contemporary Canadian Art places the founding of InterAccess as a key moment in both the history of Canadian electronic art but also within a timeline of developments in international art, science, technology and culture.
History
In 1983, InterAccess was incorporated as a not-for-profit, artist-run access centre, under the name Toronto Community Videotex (TCV). It provided artists access to the Telidon system, a precursor of the World Wide Web. The early conception of electronic art placed the organization within the production cooperative system in Canada. TCV's members created artworks which fell within the more systems-based notions of art production, rather than the beaux-arts aesthetic of the museum. The name change to InterAccess in 1987 reflected a new focus on Macintosh graphics, multimedia production and a dial-up artists’ network (much like a Bulletin Board System, or BBS) known as Matrix.
InterAccess moved to a larger facility in 1995 allowing InterAccess to offer a gallery and production space that expanded its activities beyond simply access to multimedia production. The exhibitions began to emphasize the finished production and there was a particular focus on establishing an international presence for the centre. The exhibition Pandoras Box, a collaboration between InterAccess and Fylkingen New Music and Intermedia Art in Stockholm, Sweden in 2000, was billed as "the first international interactive encounter with art using remotely controlled robots."
In 2005, InterAccess moved to a renovated two-floor, three thousand square feet stand-alone building, allowing for more production space, a surround sound studio and a machine shop for constructing large-scale physical computing projects and installation.
The exhibition This must be the place: Vera Frenkel, David Rokeby, Nell Tenhaaf and Norman White was a reconsideration of the centre and as well the place of electronic art within art history. The four featured artists are pioneers in electronic and interactive art and have a history with InterAccess as both members and exhibitors.
In May 2006, InterAccess received a Canada Council Media Arts Commissioning Grant for The Networked City, a series of five outdoor interactive installations on Yonge Street in Toronto.
In Dec 2015, InterAccess announced that it had acquired Vector Festival, a game and new media art festival dedicated to showcasing creative media practices. Vector Festival was founded in 2013 as the “Vector Game Art & New Media Festival” by an independent group of artists and curators: Skot Deeming, Clint Enns, Christine Kim, and Katie Micak, who were later joined by Diana Poulsen and Martin Zeilinger.
In 2016 InterAccess presented Canada's first exhibition related to drones, Once Is Nothing: A Drone Art Exhibition, "an art show completely dedicated to the rise of these suddenly ubiquitous machines, one that raises questions about borders, surveillance, identity and place".
References
Notes
Further reading
Bull, Hank. "Radio Art in a Gallery?" TDR Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring, 1993): 161-166.
Dick, Terence. "Controller: Artists Crack the Game Code." Border Crossings 25 No. 2 (June 2006): 113-14.
Dowler, Kevin. "Interstitial Aesthetics and the Politics of Video at the Canada Council." Mirror Machine: Video and Identity. Janine Marchessault, ed. Toronto: YYZ Books, 1995. 35-50.
Herst, Beth. Pandora's Box. PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art Vol. 24, No. 1, Intelligent Stages: Digital Art and Performance (Jan. 2002): 122-126.
Hough, Robert. "Beyond the Gallery (Electronic Mail Art)." This Magazine Vol. 27, Iss. 4 (Nov. 1993): 15.
Mann, Jeff. "The Matrix Artists' Network: An Electronic Community." Leonardo Vol. 24, No. 2, Connectivity: Art and Interactive Telecommunications (1991): 230-231.
Schilling, Mark. "This must be the place: Vera Frenkel, David Rokeby, Nell Tenhaaf and Norman White." para-para- 022: Parachute Magazine No. 122 (April 2006), 7-8.
Shaw, Nancy. "Cultural Democracy and Institutionalized Difference: Intermedia, Metro Media." Mirror Machine: Video and Identity. Janine Marchessault, ed. Toronto: YYZ Books, 1995. 26-34.
External links
Official website
Vector Festival Official website
Arts organizations established in 1982
Art museums and galleries in Ontario
Artist-run centres
Organizations based in Toronto
Culture of Toronto
Art galleries established in 1982
1982 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterAccess |
Dhangadhi is a sub-metropolitan city in Sudurpashchim, Nepal
Dhangadhi may also refer to:
Dhangadhi Airport, airport in Dhangadhi
Dhangadhi Premier League, T20 cricket competition in Nepal
Dhangadhimai, municipality in Siraha district, Nepal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhangadhi%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Bounces is a 1985 sports/fighting game released for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum.
Points are scored by catching and throwing the bouncing ball into a goal, or by knocking the opponent out with the ball or hand-to-hand combat. Each contestant is hampered by being attached to the wall by a length of elastic.
References
External links
1985 video games
Commodore 64 games
Fighting games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Fred Gray
ZX Spectrum games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Denton Designs games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounces%20%28video%20game%29 |
Lazar Vidovic (born 1 April 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Although originally from Carlton, he was recruited from Castlemaine and debuted in 1989 with St Kilda. He missed the 1990 season with a knee injury but returned in 1991.
Vidovic played in St Kilda's 1996 AFL Ansett Australia Cup winning side.
Vidovic played in 7 of 22 matches in the 1997 season home and away rounds in which St Kilda qualified in first position for the 1997 final series, winning the club's 2nd minor premiership and 1st McClelland Trophy.
In 1997, he played with the Saints as a backup ruckman when Peter Everitt suffered an injury, but he injured his knee again during the finals series, leaving Brett Cook as the number one ruckman for the 1997 AFL Grand Final. Following this he retired at the end of the season.
Vidovic was reported on many occasions during his league career, and known for his erratically aggressive on-field behaviour. In 2004 he pleaded guilty to five charges of forgery. He was fined $7,500 for these acts.
References
1965 births
Living people
Australian people of Serbian descent
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
St Kilda Football Club players
Castlemaine Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar%20Vidovic |
TVS Motor Company (commonly known as TVS) is an Indian multinational motorcycle manufacturer headquartered in Chennai. It is the third-largest motorcycle company in India in terms of revenue. The company has annual sales of three million units and an annual production capacity of over four million vehicles. TVS Motor Company is also the second largest two-wheeler exporter in India with exports to over 60 countries.
TVS Motor Company is the flagship company of the TVS Group, being the largest company of the group in terms of valuation and turnover. The logo for TVS Motor Company features a red horse.
History
T. V. Sundram Iyengar began with Madurai's first bus service in 1911 and founded TVS, a company in the transportation business with a large fleet of trucks and buses under the name of Southern Roadways.
Early history
Sundaram Clayton was founded in 1962 in collaboration with Clayton Dewandre Holdings, United Kingdom. It manufactured brakes, exhausts, compressors and various other automotive parts. The company set up a plant at Hosur in 1976, to manufacture mopeds as part of their new division. In 1980, TVS 50, India's first two-seater moped rolled out of the factory at Hosur in Tamil Nadu, India. A technical collaboration with the Japanese auto giant Suzuki Ltd. resulted in the joint-venture between Sundaram Clayton Ltd and Suzuki Motor Corporation, in 1987. Commercial production of motorcycles began in 1989.
Suzuki relationship
TVS and Suzuki shared a one-year-long relationship that was aimed at technology transfer for design and manufacture of two-wheelers specifically for the Indian market. Re-christened TVS-Suzuki, the company brought out several models such as the Suzuki Supra, Suzuki Samurai, Suzuki Shogun and Suzuki Shaolin. In 2001, after separating ways with Suzuki, the company was renamed TVS Motor, relinquishing its rights to use the Suzuki name. There was also a 30-month moratorium period during which Suzuki promised not to enter the Indian market with competing two-wheelers.
Recent
Recent launches include the flagship model TVS Apache RR 310, the TVS Apache RTR 200, TVS Victor and TVS XL 100. TVS has recently won 4 top awards at J.D. Power Asia Pacific Awards 2016, 3 top awards at J.D. Power Asia Pacific Awards 2015 and Two-Wheeler Manufacturer of the Year at NDTV Car & Bike Awards (2014–15).
In early 2015, TVS Racing became the first Indian factory team to take part in the Dakar Rally, the world's longest and most dangerous rally. TVS Racing partnered with French motorcycle manufacturer Sherco, and named the team Sherco TVS Rally Factory Team. TVS Racing also won the Raid de Himalaya and the FOX Hill Super Cross held at Sri Lanka. In three decades of its racing history, TVS Racing has won over 90% of the races it participates in.
In 2016, TVS started manufacturing the BMW G310R, a model co-developed with BMW Motorrad after their strategic partnership in April 2013. In December 2018, the Hosur plant where the motorcycle is manufactured rolled out its 50,000th G310R series unit.
On 6 December 2017, TVS launched their most-awaited motorcycle, the Apache RR 310 in an event at Chennai. The 310 cc motorcycle with an engine which was co-developed with BMW features the first ever full fairing on a TVS bike, dual-channel ABS, EFI, KYB suspension kits, etc. It is expected to rival bikes like KTM RC 390, Kawasaki Ninja 250SL, Bajaj Pulsar and Dominar and Honda CBR 250R after hitting the market. The Apache RR 310 is designed and realised entirely in India.
On 17 April 2020, it has been reported that TVS Motor Company acquired Norton Motorcycle Company in an all cash deal. In the short term, they will continue the production of motorcycles at Donington Park using the same staff.
Characteristics of TVS Motor Company
It was the first Indian company to deploy a catalytic converter in a 100 cc motorcycle and the first to indigenously produce a four stroke motorcycle. The list of firsts from the firm include:
India's first 2-seater moped – TVS 50
India's first Digital Ignition – TVS Champ
India's first fully indigenous motorcycle – TVS Victor
India's first company to launch ABS in a motorcycle - Apache RTR Series
Indonesia's first dual-tone exhaust noise technology – TVS Tormax
India's first connected scooter which claims to be India's first Bluetooth Connected Scooter with features like Call Assistance, Navigation and Engine Killswitch - TVS NTORQ
India's First 125cc bike with 3 Valve Engine, Inverted TFT display with Gear Shift Indicator, Underneath Storage - TVS Raider 125.
Current models
TVS Apache RR 310
TVS Apache RTR Series
TVS Apache RTR 310
TVS Apache RTR 200 4V
TVS Apache RTR 160 4V
TVS Apache RTR 160
TVS Apache RTR 180
TVS Apache RTR 165RP
TVS Ronin 225
TVS Raider 125
TVS Radeon
TVS Sport
TVS Star City Plus
TVS iQube
TVS iQube S
TVS iQube ST
TVS X
TVS Scooty
TVS Scooty Pep+
TVS Scooty ZEST 110CC
TVS Jupiter 110CC
TVS Jupiter 125CC
TVS Ntorq 125
TVS XL100
TVS XL100 Comfort
TVS XL100 Heavy Duty
TVS XL100 Comfort i-TOUCH start
TVS XL100 Heavy Duty i-TOUCH start
TVS XL100 Win Edition
TVS King Deluxe
TVS King Duramax
TVS King Kargo
Awards and recognitions
TVS Motor won the Deming Application Prize in 2002.
In the same year, the work done for the TVS Victor motorcycle made TVS Motor win the National Award for successful commercialization of indigenous technology from the Technology Development Board, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India. In 2004, TVS Scooty Pep won the 'Outstanding Design Excellence Award' from BusinessWorld magazine and the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.
The effective implementation of Total Productivity Maintenance practices gave TVS Motor the TPM Excellence Award, given by the Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance in 2008.
The company's Chairman Emeritus, Venu Srinivasan, was conferred with an honorary Doctorate of Science degree by the University of Warwick, United Kingdom in 2004, while the Government of India honoured him with Padma Shri, one of India's highest civilian distinctions in 2010.
Innovative implementation of Information Technology has won TVS Motor the Ace Award for Most Innovative NetWeaver Implementation in 2007, awarded by technology major SAP AG, and the Team Tech 2007 Award of Excellence for Integrated use of Computer-aided engineering Technologies.
Himalayan Highs, an initiative launched by TVS Motor Company has been included in the India Book of Records when Anam Hashim became the first woman on a 110 cc scooter to complete the trip to Khardung La, the world's highest motorable stretch.
During an episode of The Grand Tour, Richard Hammond bought a brand new TVS Star HLS 100 cc "for £800" and used it to complete the Feed the world challenge, transporting fish 200 miles from Maputo to Bingo. During the journey, the bike performed beyond the presenter's expectations, prompting the normally motorbike-critical Clarkson to comment, "That Ewan McGregor travelled the world on a BMW GS – why didn't he just get one of these?"
References
External links
Apache RTR 125
Motorcycle manufacturers of India
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1978
Manufacturing companies based in Chennai
Scooter manufacturers
Indian companies established in 1978
Indian brands
TVS Group
1978 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVS%20Motor%20Company |
The Power of Love (New + Best Collection) () is Malaysian Mandopop artist Fish Leong's () first compilation album. It was released on 26 November 2003 by Rock Records in a 2CD format.
The album contains five new and 15 previously released tracks. New track "聽不到" (Cannot Hear) is co-composed by Leong and Ashin, lead vocalist of the Taiwanese rock band Mayday.
The track, "聽不到" (Cannot Hear) won one of the Top 10 Songs of the Year and Longest Number 1 Single at the 2005 HITO Radio Music Awards presented by Taiwanese radio station Hit FM.
Track listing
Disc 1 - new tracks in bold
"Fly Away"
"聽不到" (Cannot Hear)
"Tiffany"
"愛是..." (Love is ...)
"一夜長大" (Grown Up Overnight)
"勇氣" (Courage)
"無條件為你" (All For You)
"分手快樂" (Happy Breakup)
"我喜歡" (I Like)
"為我好" (Good For Me)
Disc 2 - new tracks in bold
"不想睡" (Don't Want To Sleep)
"如果有一天" (If One Day)
"彩虹" (Rainbow)
"愛你不是兩三天" (Love You More Than a Day)
"最想環遊的世界" (Want To Go Around the World)
"對不起我愛你" (Sorry to Love You)
"只能抱著你" (Want to Hold You)
"第三者" (Third Person)
"昨天" (Yesterday)
"明日的微笑" (Tomorrow's Smile)
References
2003 compilation albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Power%20of%20Love%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
Best Value was government policy in the United Kingdom affecting the provision of public services in England and Wales. In Wales, Best Value is known as the Wales Programme for Improvement. A statutory duty of Best Value applies in Scotland.
Introduction
The predecessor to the UK Labour Government's Best Value policy was the Conservative Government's 1980s policy of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). This required public-sector organisations to enable private companies to bid for contracts to deliver public services (such as cleaning, transport, security, and catering) in competition with the public sector's own organisations. The idea was to improve services through competition. CCT requirements were relaxed upon the election of the Labour government in 1997, but similar concepts were soon promoted by the Labour government through its 'Best Value' policy.
Best Value was adopted in England and Wales by the Local Government Act 1999, introduced by the UK Labour Government. Its provisions came into force in April 2000. The aim was to improve local services in terms of both cost and quality:
Effects
The range of activities affected includes almost all local authority functions, including for example social services, environmental health, housing and planning.
The first details of Best Value were set out in the 'Twelve Principles of Best Value' announced in June 1997. The bill to provide the statutory framework was introduced in the 1998/9 parliamentary session.
In the period between announcement and introduction (May 1997 and April 2000) the government sponsored 37 voluntary council 'pilots', 22 of which contained a housing element. The purpose of the pilots was to "test elements of the best value framework, and assess the extent to which actual improvements in service quality and efficiency have flowed from the new approach". The rationale for the introduction of Best Value was summarised as follows:
{{blockquote|Under Compulsory Competitive Tendering service quality has often been neglected and efficiency gains have been uneven and uncertain, and it has proved inflexible in practice. There have been significant costs for employees, often leading to high staff turnover and the demoralisation of those expected to provide quality services. Compulsion has also bred antagonism, so that neither local authorities nor private sector suppliers have been able to realise the benefits that flow from a healthy partnership. All too often the process of competition has become an end in itself, distracting attention from the services that are actually provided to local people. CCT will therefore be abolished."}}
Thus, the rationale for Best Value emphasised three points: the failure of compulsory competitive tendering; the importance of partnership in service provision; and the adverse effect of competition as a prime objective.
History
Under the leadership of John Major the Conservative government pursued compulsory competitive tendering almost as a dogma, often against the wishes of local government. This led to an uncomfortable stand-off between the two, with CCT regulations being produced in increasing detail, and sometimes extending further than would have been the case in the private sector. The government was unambiguous about what was required – issue of tender, receipt of tender, selection of provider.
The term compulsory competitive tendering was superseded in 2000 by best value''. Labour's Best Value proved more difficult to define. The notion of Best Value prior to implementation was enshrined within one key consultation document: Modernising Local Government — Improving local services through best value. This set out four defining elements of Best Value.
The first was the duty to secure economic, efficient and effective services continuously (the '3 Es').
The second required service reviews within which the authority must demonstrate that in the fulfilment of their duties under Best Value they have: compared their service provision with that of other private and public providers; consulted with local business and community; considered competition in provision; and challenged the reasons for, and methods of, provision (the '4 Cs').
The third defining element introduced a regime of audit and measurement of performance, with the broad expectation that, year-on-year, costs would reduce and quality would increase. Performance would be monitored locally through Best Value Performance Reviews (BVPRs), partly through adherence to locally and statutorily determined Best Value performance indicators (BVPIs), and disseminated annually through Performance Plans (BVPPs).
The fourth defining element of Best Value outlined the consequence of performance: government intervention in cases of Best Value failure, and reward in cases of success.
In turn these four aspects of Best Value are bound by adherence to twelve principles of Best Value mentioned above. The answer to the question of what method of service delivery, precisely, the government expected to arise from Best Value seemed to centre on local interpretation as satisfactory. The lack of clear definition, in the context of housing services, was explained as follows:
Therefore, while the message was unequivocally that compulsory competitive tendering was to be withdrawn, the replacement was to be less prescribed, with the intention that local authorities follow a responsive and locally determined method of service provision within a centrally defined framework. Best Value was not, therefore, about what local authorities should do: it was a framework that prescribed how they should decide what to do.
Specifically Best Value would differ from compulsory competitive tendering in three respects: organisation performance, organisation process, and the relationship between process and performance (Boyne 1999, p. 2).
Measuring Best Value
For councils and authorities to be measured against Best Value, performance indicators, known as BVPIs (Best Value Performance Indicators) were introduced. They are a statutory set of 90 indicators developed by government departments to measure the performance of local authorities, that is, all local authorities must measure themselves against BVPIs. The data is collected and audited annually by the Audit Commission.
There Were 90 BVPIs, which cover many, but not all aspects of services provided by local councils. These were withdrawn in 2008.
In order to get a balanced view of performance the BVPIs cover four dimensions of performance:
Strategic objectives — why the service exists and what it seeks to achieve
Service delivery outcomes – how well the service is being operated in order to achieve the strategic objectives
Quality – the quality of the services delivered, explicitly reflecting users' experience of services, and
Fair access – ease and equality of access to services
Each year government departments work with each other to set indicators for the next year. BVPIs are set in line with the financial year (1 April to 31 March).
Many of the BVPIs have been in effect since the start of Best Value in April 2000, but some new indicators have been set, and some existing indicators were revised either to improve their definition or to be aligned with central government policy. Where a BVPI has a target attached to it, these targets are reviewed each year, in light of the most recent performance data provide by a local council.
As far as possible the government has tried to limit the number of changes. In fact, there were no amendments of additions to the BVPI set last year, and government has agreed to make no amendments to the present BVPIs until 2008/09.
Consequences of failing Best Value
Where a council fails to meet a statutory target, the Secretary of State is at liberty to take action, particularly where an authority is not meeting its duty of continuous improvement. In practice, the Secretary of State can direct the council to take specific action to secure improvement, or, in extreme cases, remove the functions concerned from its control altogether.
Scotland
The duty of Best Value in relation to Scotland applies to all public bodies. It is a statutory duty for Scottish local authorities and a formal duty for the Scottish Police Authority and its Chief Constable and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Authority and Chief Fire Officer. Elsewhere in the public sector it is a formal duty placed on Accountable Officers, such as the chief executives of NHS bodies and further education colleges.
See also
Privatisation
References
Sources
Boyne G (1999) in Boyne G (ed) Managing Local Services: From CCT to Best Value London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.
Department of the Environment (1997) The Principles of Best Value London: DoE.
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1997a) Criteria for project selection London: DETR
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998) Improving local services through best value: Consultation Paper London, DETR
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1998a) Modernising local government: Improving local services through best value London: DETR
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1999) Best Value in Housing Framework Consultation Paper London: DETR
LGA 1999 Local Government Act 1999 available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20060228014729/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/19990027.htm
Local government in England
Local government in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%20Value |
Super Pipeline is a puzzle game written by Andy Walker for the Commodore 64 published by Taskset in 1983. The objective is to keep a series of pipes unblocked so that water may flow through them. It was followed by Super Pipeline II by the same author in 1985.
Gameplay
Enemies include saboteurs that plug up the pipes, bugs that fall from the ceiling to kill the player, and a monster that patrols the pipe in later levels. The player is armed with a gun that can kill bugs, saboteurs, as well as the monster (but only from behind), and is followed by a helper that can remove plugs and kill the smaller bugs. In later levels, a series of walls protect the enemies as they climb the ladder on the right towards the roof. A level ends when a set amount of water enters the barrel at the end of the pipe.
Reception
Super Pipeline was placed at number 29 in the first issue of Zzap!64's top 64 games list.
References
1983 video games
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Pipeline |
James Shanahan (born 6 December 1967) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda and Melbourne in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Early career
He played with Hobart in the Tasmanian Football League from 1986 to 1990 and was in Hobart's 1990 TFL Premiership side, then also spent some time with Fitzroy pre-season in 1986 and had played with the Fitzroy reserves (at least one game at North Hobart) and became a police officer in Tasmania, when he was granted extended leave to play AFL.
St Kilda
Picked up as a late pick in the 1990 AFL Draft (pick 92), Shanahan spent two seasons with St Kilda's reserves before debuting in 1992 with the St Kilda Football Club.
Shanahan played in St Kilda's 1996 AFL Ansett Australia Cup winning side – the club's first AFL Cup win.
He was a tall, solid defender and was valuable to the club.
Shanahan played in 22 of 22 matches in the 1997 AFL Premiership Season home and away rounds in which St Kilda Football Club qualified in first position for the 1997 AFL Finals Series, winning the club's 2nd Minor Premiership and 1st McClelland Trophy.
His peak came in 1997 with the Saints when he performed brilliantly at full-back, but during the 1997 AFL Grand Final he suffered from a goal onslaught by Adelaide matchwinners Darren Jarman and Shane Ellen. Many St Kilda supporters still cringe at then-coach Stan Alves' refusal to move Shanahan off Jarman, who kicked five last quarter goals to win the Grand Final for Adelaide.
Melbourne
After the 1997 season had finished, Shanahan moved to the Melbourne Football Club due to the Saints not granting the then 30-year-old's request for a long-term contract. He played out his career at the Demons and played his last game at the end of 1999. He played at full back and did not score any goals in his career, only five behinds, one in 1996 and four in 1997.
References
External links
Demon Wiki profile
1967 births
Living people
Melbourne Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Hobart Football Club players
Australian police officers
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Allies State of Origin players
Tasmanian State of Origin players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Shanahan |
The National Policy Forum (NPF) of the British Labour Party is part of the policy-making system of the Party, set up by Leader Tony Blair as part of the Partnership in Power process. A Provisional National Policy Forum had been established by Blair's predecessor, John Smith, in May 1993.
The NPF is made up of 204 members representing parliament, European and devolved assemblies, local government, affiliated trade unions, socialist societies and others, and individual members of the Labour Party, who elect representatives through an all member ballot.
The body is responsible for overseeing policy development. It meets two or three weekends a year to discuss in detail documents produced by the policy commissions, of which there are five, jointly set up by the NPF, the Party's National Executive Committee and (under Blair) the Government. It submits three types of documents to Labour Party Conference: pre-decision consultative, final policy documents and an annual report on the work of the policy commissions.
There are also policy forums set up for the English regions and for Scotland and Wales, feeding into the National Policy Forum and discussing more local matters.
The Joint Policy Committee acts as a steering group for the National Policy Forum.
Membership of the National Policy Forum
As of 2018, there were 204 members:
Elected, for two year terms:
Constituency Labour Parties - 55
Affiliated Trade Unions - 30
Regional Conferences/Policy Forums - 22
Local Government Councillors - 10
Socialist societies - 3
BAME Labour - 4
Members of Parliament - 9
Members of the European Parliament - 6
Labour Students - 1
Members of the House of Lords - 2
Northern Ireland Labour - 1
Labour International - 1
LGBT Labour - 1
Disabled Members Group - 1
Ex officio:
Welsh Policy Forum officers - 4
Scottish Policy Forum officers - 4
Government/Shadow Cabinet - 8
Co-operative Party - 2
General Secretary of the Co-operative Party - 1
National Executive Committee - 39
Non-voting
one representative of all otherwise non-represented socialist societies
External links
National Policy Forum Report 2017
Labour's National Policy Forum, Nick Assinder, BBC Talking Politics, 5 June 1998
Results of elections to the National Policy Forum and Conference Arrangements Committee, Labour Party, 2015
2018 Labour Party Rule Book
Organisation of the Labour Party (UK) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Policy%20Forum |
Chandravati, popularly known as Chandroti, is a village situated near Abu Road on the bank of the West Banas River in the Indian state of Rajasthan. In ancient times it was an extensive town, and present villages such as Dattani, Kiverli, Kharadi and Santpura were its suburbs. The old ruins, such as temples, torans and images scattered over the large area, bear testimony to its past glory.
History
Archeological excavations suggested that there was a large settlement at the place before the establishment of Chandravati by Paramaras. Chandravati was ruled by the Paramaras of Abu. The first Paramara ruler of the area was Sindhuraja in the early tenth century.
Chandravati was the major city in past said to once been eighteen miles in circuit. Its prosperity seems to have lasted from the seventh to the beginning of the fifteenth century. Tradition gives it an earlier origin than Dhar, making it the metropolis of Western India, when the Parmara was paramount lord to whom the nine castles of the desert were the grand subordinate fiefs. In the seventh century,
then subordinate to Dhar, it proved a place of refuge to Raja Bhoj, when, by some northern invader, he was forced to flee from his capital. From the Parmars it was wrested by the Chauhan chieftains of Sirohi, and, on the establishment of the Chaulukya dynasty of Anhilwad Patan (942) the rulers of Chandravati became its vassals. The remains at Chandravati and on mount Abu seem to point to the eleventh and twelfth centuries as the time of greatest wealth and splendour. The materials recovered by excavation suggested that it was established around 7th century and expanded into a large settlement (about 50 hectare) around 10th or 11th century when it was a capital township.
In 1024 AD, Chandravati was attacked and plundered by Mahmud Ghazni when he passed through Rajasthan to attack Anhilwad Patan. After defeating Prithviraj III in 1192 AD, the Muslim army also attacked Chandravati.
In 1197, its rulers Prahladan and Dharavarsh, as feudatories to Bhimdev II (1178 - 1243) of Anhilwad, encamping near Abu, attempted to hold the entrance into Gujarat against Kutb-ud-din Aibak (1192 -1210). Notwithstanding their strong position they were attacked, defeated, and put to flight. Great wealth fell into the victor'shands, and, as he passed on and took Anhilvada, it is probable that, on his way, he plundered Chandravati. Kutb-ud-din's expedition was little more than a passing raid, and Dharavarsh's son succeeded
him. He, or his successor, was about 1270 defeated and driven out by the Chauhans of Nadol. In about 1315 AD Chandravati passed into the hands of Deora Chauhans.
Then (1304) came Alauddin Khalji's final conquest of Gujarat, and Chandravati, with Anhilwad as the centre of Muslim power, lost almost all independence. Another hundred years completed its ruin. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, by the founding of Sirohi (1405), Chandravati ceased to be the seat of a Hindu chief, and, a few years later (1411 - 1412), its buildings and skilled craftsmen were carried off to enrich the new capital of Sultan Ahmed Shah I (1411 - 1443) of Gujarat Sultanate. Since then Chandravati has remained
forsaken and desolate. Even its ruins, sold and carried off as building materials, have all but disappeared. Though some are more modern, most of the Chandravati remains belong to the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the best period of Abu architecture (1032-1247).
Sahasamala Devada shifted his capital to Sirohi around 1450 AD, and from then on Chandravati lost its glory.
In 1824 Sir Charles Colville and his party, the first European visitors to Chandravati, found twenty marble edifices of different sizes. One Brahmanic temple was adorned with rich, very well executed sculptured figures and ornaments in high relief, many of the figures almost quite detached. The chief images were of Brahma, two Shiva, Mahishasuramardini, Yama. The best executed were the dancing nymphs, with garlands and musical instruments, many of them extremely graceful. Except the roof of the domes, whoso outer marble cover was gone, the temple was white marble throughout, the lustre of tho prominent part undimmed. Near the temple, two richly carved columns, supporting an entablature and sculptured pediment, are probably triumphal pillars, kirti stambh, like those at Sidhpur. When visited by British explorer Burgess in 1874, of the twenty buildings not more than three or four were left.
The remains of Chandravati was destroyed further during the construction of the railway track between Malwa and Abu road before independence. It is now a small village.
Arts and literature
There were a large number of temples in Chandravati. They were mainly Shiva temples and Jain temples.
Many European scholars who visited this area in the nineteenth century have written about surviving artistic specimens. James Tod has given pictures of some of these temples in his Travels in Western India. In 1824 Charles Colville and his party visited Chandravati and found twenty marble edifices of different sizes. One temple to Brahma was adorned with rich and finely executed sculptured figures and ornaments in high relief. Another scholar, Ferguson, found the pillars so highly ornamented in details and varieties that no two pillars are exactly alike.
At present not a single temple is in order. The pieces of old temples were removed and used in temples in distant cities. The many monuments were destroyed by contractors of Rajputana Malwa Railway before independence. The remaining were stolen or were destroyed when Abu Road industrial area was extended and Palanpur-Abu Road Highway was constructed. It divided the ancient site into two parts.
Rulers of Chandravati also patronized literature. Jain monks wrote some literary works there.
Archeology
At least three fortified enclosures were discovered during excavations. The largest fortification is spread over four hectares and is located in the valley of Banas river. Three residential complexes; six room complex in south eastern corner, six room complex in north eastern corner and the large hall with few rooms in south central part of the fort; were discovered. Several minor objects were also discovered from the complexes like terracotta beads, copper and iron objects, animal figures.
The other two fortifications, a large settlement, about thirty six temples, around twelve bawaris are located in the valley of Sevarni river which is tributary of Banas.
References
Notes
Bibliography
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
History of Rajasthan
Villages in Sirohi district
Tourist attractions in Sirohi district
Abu Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandravati |
Motordrome may refer to:
Board track racing venues
Wall of death
Motordrome (album), a 2022 album by MØ
Places in Australia
Motordrome (Melbourne), a former sports venue
Places in the United States
Motordrome, California, a former streetcar stop and archaic placename in Los Angeles County
Newark Motordrome in Newark, New Jersey
Brighton Beach Motordrome in Brighton Beach, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motordrome |
Kikstart 2 is a motorcycle trials racing videogame released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. It enjoyed more success than its predecessor, Kikstart. The game allowed 2-player simultaneous (via a split-screen facility) or 1-player, vs-computer play.
The basic premise is to control a bike using acceleration, braking, "hopping" and "wheelies" to navigate across a course of various obstacles, from ramps and gates to telephone boxes and tyres.
The game was based on the BBC Television series Kick Start. An enhanced version of the original Kikstart was released for the Commodore 128, one of the few native mode game titles for that computer. This was initially titled Kikstart 2, as the initial boot screen shows.
Some obstacles only allowed travel across them in certain ways. For instance, fences and wooden beams can only be navigated at low speed, without "hopping" or falling onto them. Tyres would only allow travel at high speeds, driving slowly will "throw" the rider. When a rider lands badly (i.e. with the front wheel first) or "falls off" an obstacle, they are catapulted a certain distance forward, imposing a certain time penalty because the player is not put back into the game until the screen has scrolled to a "safe" (i.e. flat) area of the course on which to restart the bike.
Players can either play against their opponent in a straight-out race to the finish post, or they can "win" by aggregated finishing times. Courses are played in sets of five, denoted by a letter of the alphabet and can be edited by the player using the built-in course designer. This allowed the user to place any obstacles on a blank track and later save and share completed courses.
Reception
The game was well received with critics. Many lists of Commodore 128 games included the title, as it was one of the only games released for 128 mode.
References
External links
1987 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 128 games
Commodore 64 games
Magnetic Fields (video game developer) games
Mastertronic games
Motorcycle video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Racing video games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games with user-generated gameplay content
ZX Spectrum games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikstart%202 |
Wings of Love () is Malaysian Chinese Mandopop artist Fish Leong's () sixth Mandarin studio album. It was released on 9 September 2004 by Rock Records.
The track "別人的天長地久" (Someone Else's Eternity) is the ending theme of drama Feng Yun II; and "中間" (Middle) is the opening theme of Taiwanese drama Love Contract, starring Ariel Lin and Mike He.
The track "接受" (Accept) was nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2005.
Track listing
"寧夏" Níngxià
"給從前的愛" Gĕi Cóng Qián de Ài (For the Love of the Past)
"燕尾蝶" Yàn Wĕi Dié (Swallow-Tailed Butterfly)
"接受" Jiē Shòu (Accept)
"我都知道" Wŏ Dōu Zhīdào (I Know)
"我是幸福的" Wŏ Shì Xìngfú de (I'm Happiness)
"別人的天長地久" Bié Rén de Tiān Cháng Di Jiŭ (Someone Else's Eternity) - ending theme of Feng Yun II
"茉莉花" Mòlìhuā (Jasmine)
"中間" Zhōng Jiān (Middle) - opening theme of Love Contract
"L.I.E."
"純真" Chúnzhēn (Innocence)
References
2004 albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings%20of%20Love%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
Conair Group Inc. of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, formerly known as Conair Aviation, is a company specializing in retrofitting firefighting aircraft, maintaining customer and company-owned aircraft and aerial firefighting. Conair currently employs over 250 staff and has a fleet of aircraft that are broken down into two categories; air attack (a.k.a. bird dog), and airtankers (a.k.a. waterbombers). Conair specializes in fire management support by providing services and products to forest protection agencies around the world. In 1996 Conair became a Canadian Air Tractor dealer for the AT-802F air tanker. A former Conair Group division; Cascade Aerospace was acquired by the IMP Group of Halifax, Nova Scotia in 2012.
History
The company was started by a consortium led by Les Kerr consisting of: Leslie George "Les" Kerr, K. Barry Marsden, Herman Joseph "Slim" Knights, Ronald "Ron" F. Connelly of Whitehorse, Yukon, and John De Voin (a silent partner). Les Kerr had worked for Skyway Air Services for seventeen years and put together the five man group to take control of the fire control and aerial agricultural interests of Skyway. In the transaction, they took 35 employees and 19 single engine aircraft. This took place after the owner for Skyway (Art Seller), had suffered a stroke and wanted to eliminate some of his workload.
Skyway Air Services was started shortly after the close of WW2. They were pioneers in the development and operation of aerial firefighting, agricultural and pest control spraying. After the interests were sold, Skyway continued to operate as a flying school and charter business out of Langley, British Columbia.
The new company was called Conair Aviation Ltd. and was incorporated in April 1969, receiving their operating license on October 22, 1969. As part of the deal, the aircraft and assets that Conair purchased were: thirteen Grumman Avengers, five Boeing Stearmans, one North American Harvard and the existing Skyway hangar located at Abbotsford, British Columbia.
In 1978 Conair acquired a subsidiary; Frontier Helicopters based at Watson Lake, Yukon. This rotary division was renamed Conair Helicopters in 1999. Conair also went into the Air Cargo business in 1980 by starting a company named Swiftair Cargo. They filed for license in early July 1979, and flew for the first time on September 15, 1980, using two Douglas DC-8 aircraft flying in opposite directions across Canada. Swiftair Cargo went into receivership by May 1982.
By 1984 Conair had the world's largest private fleet of Air Tankers including 50 fixed wing aircraft and 15 helicopters and by the early 1990s has grown to over 90 aircraft. Conair Aviation Ltd. later became Conair Group Inc., and they continue to be based out of Abbotsford, British Columbia.
Fleet
As of October 2023, according to Transport Canada the Conair Group fleet numbers 70 aircraft.The list below only accounts for 57 known aircraft as the current updated aircraft numbers as of October 2023 aren’t known.
In addition Conair show at least one Canadair CL-215, operated by Aero-Flite, that has been retrofitted and converted into a CL-415EAF with turboprop engines.
The Dash 8 were originally two used Bombardier Dash 8 Q400s, acquired from Scandinavian Airlines System, that were modified by the Conair Group's former division Cascade Aerospace of Abbotsford, British Columbia. These aircraft are set up for dual roles and were modified for the Sécurité Civile to act both as fire-fighting water bombers in fire season and as civilian or cargo transport aircraft in the off season. This aircraft is designated the Q400-MR (Multi Role). The aircraft can be reconfigured into the passenger, cargo or aerial fire control role in under three hours and can drop in the tanker role. In recent years 14 Dash 8 Q400’s were purchase from Flybe and also converted into tankers.
Conair also previously converted three Fokker F27 Friendship turboprops for use as air tankers.
In January 2021, Conair announced that it had purchased 11 Q400s from defunct British airline Flybe for conversion into Q400AT and Q400MR configurations.
Air attack
Conair's air attack aircraft, more commonly known as "bird dogs", are aircraft that contain the pilot and Air Attack Officer. The bird dogs ensure the runs to be made by the laden airtankers are safe and free of obstructions. The crew inside the bird dog determine the run locations and drop types to be made, coordinate the aerial action with the ground crews if present and control the airspace around the fire. These aircraft are always used in conjunction with the airtankers.
Former attack aircraft include the Cessna T210, Cessna Skymaster T337 including the piston 337, and Piper Aerostars, since superseded by the Turbo Commander TC-690A and Cessna Caravan C208B. A single Cessna Citation was also used for a very brief period but is no longer in use.
Air tankers
Conair's tanker fleet currently includes the Air Tractor AT-802F and AT-802F Amphibious "Fireboss" variants, Avro RJ85, Canadair CL-415 and both the Bombardier Q400-AT and Q400MRE. Conair's headquarters are in Abbotsford at the Abbotsford International Airport which also is where their maintenance and retrofitting facility is located. Conair bases their aircraft under contract to fire control agencies throughout western Canada and the United States. Currently, Conair airtanker groups (a group consists of one birddog and from one to four airtankers) are contracted to agencies in BC, Alberta, Yukon and Alaska. Conair serves as the Canadian dealer for Air Tractor of Olney, Texas, which produces the AT-802F, one of only two types of aircraft specifically designed for aerial firefighting (the other being the Canadair CL-415 model).
Former air tankers include the Grumman Avenger, Douglas (A-26) Invader, Conair Firecat (retrofitted S-2 Trackers), Douglas DC-6, Convair CV-580 (retired in 2022) and Lockheed Electra (retired in 2020).
Accidents and incidents
References
External links
Conair Group Inc. company web site
Aerial firefighting
Aerospace companies of Canada
Seaplane operators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conair%20Group |
Mungathala is an old village in Sirohi district of in Indian state of Rajasthan. It lies about 10 km north to Abu Road. Its old name is Mungasthala. The Saiva temple of Mogadesvara and Jain temple of Mahavira were celebrated temples of the place.
Mundasthala (मुण्डस्थल) is one of the Towns and Villages of Balecha (Baliya) Chauhan Dominions.
This name occurs in number of epigraphs of 12th century as Mundasthala (मुण्डस्थल). This proves its antiquity. This was a sacred Shvetambara Jaina tirtha sacred to Mahavira. In an inscription of 14th century it is called Mahatirtha
Jain temples in Rajasthan
Villages in Sirohi district
Tourist attractions in Sirohi district
Abu Road | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungathala |
Silkroad of Love () is Malaysian Chinese Mandopop artist Fish Leong's () seventh Mandarin studio album. It was released on 16 September 2005 by Rock Records.
The track "絲路" (Silk Road), written by Leehom Wang and Mayday vocalist, Ashin was nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2005. The track "可惜不是你" (Sadly, It's Not You) was also nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards in 2006.
Track listing
"絲路" Si Lu (Silk Road)
"我還記得" Wo Hai Ji De (I Still Remember)
"瘦瘦的" Shou Shou De (Lean)
"路" Lu (Road)
"一對一" Yi Dui Yi (One to One)
"可惜不是你" Ke Xi Bu Shi Ni (Sadly, It's Not You)
"下一秒鐘" Xia Yi Miao Zhong (Next Second)
"很久以後" Hen Jiu Yi Hou (A Long Time Later)
"因為還是會" Yin Wei Hai Shi Hui (Because I'd Still)
"好夜晚 Good Night" Hao Ye Wan (Good Night)
References
2005 albums
Fish Leong albums
Mandopop albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkroad%20of%20Love |
Alberton Oval is a sports oval located in Alberton, a north-western suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It has been the home of the Port Adelaide Football Club since 1880. The ground is a public park and is exclusively leased to Port Adelaide for Australian rules football.
History
With the nearby Queenstown Oval built upon in 1876, the Alberton and Queenstown Council opted to construct a cricketing ground on the land adjacent Brougham Place in 1876. The land was donated by the former Mayor of Port Adelaide, John Formby. The Queen and Albert Oval was officially opened on 8 November 1877 for a game between the touring Tasmanian cricket team and a selected eleven of the Queen and Albert Cricket Association.
Port Adelaide Football Club
While several teams played at the Alberton Oval in the ground's early days, it is most famous for being the training and administration base for the Port Adelaide Football Club since it played its first game on 15 May 1880 and defeated the original, now-defunct Kensington Football Club 1-nil.
Port Adelaide has played all its South Australian National Football League (SANFL) home games at the ground since 1880. When the club commenced playing in the Australian Football League (AFL) in 1997, it played home matches at Football Park in West Lakes, until 2014 when AFL matches were moved to the Adelaide Oval near the city. The club continued fielding a team in the SANFL after accession to the AFL, and continued to play home matches at Alberton Oval. Initially the SANFL team was legally separate from the club's AFL operations, until the two were re-unified in 2010. Since 2014 Port Adelaide's SANFL team has been a reserve team for the club. The club commenced fielding a women's team in the AFL Women's league in 2022, and play home matches at Alberton Oval.
All of the club's teams, including its AFL, AFLW and SANFL teams, conduct their principal trainings at the ground.
The Allan Scott Power Headquarters stands adjacent to the oval. So too does The Port Club, a social venue for the club's supporters and players, which was opened on 14 November 1954.
Alberton is regarded as the "spiritual home" of Port Adelaide due to the club (in the SANFL) playing almost all of their homes games there since commencing its tenancy. The club's AFL team usually plays one or two trial games at the ground during the pre-season.
Many notable Australian rules footballers have played for Port Adelaide on the ground, including 3 time Brownlow and Sandover Medalist Haydn Bunton Sr, four time SANFL Magarey Medal winner and club games record holder (392) Russell Ebert, nine time premiership coach Fos Williams, local junior and future Carlton player Craig Bradley, 1992 Best and Fairest winner Nathan Buckley, 1993 Brownlow Medallist Gavin Wanganeen and Port Adelaide's first ever AFL coach, John Cahill who also coached the club to 10 SANFL premierships.
Cheltenham cemetery curse
For a long time such was the Port Adelaide Football Club's dominance at Alberton Oval with a win percentage of 78% from its first year at the ground in 1880 to joining the AFL in 1997 there has been conjecture that opposition teams became cursed as they passed by Cheltenham cemetery on the way to the ground.
Malcolm Blight as coach for Woodville played up the curse for his players in the lead up to a match, parking the bus before the cemetery, and making his players walk past Cheltenham cemetery. Unfortunately it didn't work and Woodville still lost but Blight suggests his team would've lost by more if he didn't make everyone walk past.
Interstate pre-season matches
1888 September 17 – Port Adelaide vs. Broken Hill
1913 July 26 – Port Adelaide vs. North Fremantle
1925 August 25 – Port Adelaide vs. South Fremantle
1931 October 15 – Port Adelaide vs. Geelong
1968 – Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne
1968 – Port Adelaide vs. South Melbourne
1969 March 22 – Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne
1971 March 14 – Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne
1979 March 31 – Port Adelaide vs. Footscray
1981 March 14 – Port Adelaide vs. Richmond
1982 March 13 – Port Adelaide vs. Richmond
1997 February 9 – Port Adelaide vs. Richmond
2014 March 8 – Port Adelaide vs. St Kilda
2019 March 9 – Port Adelaide vs. North Melbourne
2022/23 redevelopment
In 2021, Port Adelaide club officials revealed plans for a redevelopment of the Alberton Oval and surrounding precinct, to include an additional indoor training and administration venue for football, which would feature two basketball courts and an adjacent outdoor soccer pitch. Upgrades to the existing change-rooms and training buildings for men's and women's players were also proposed, as well as spectator amenities and additional spaces for parked cars. The plans were opposed by several local residents who claimed it would exacerbate traffic and congestion issues, though club officials pointed to the expanded car-park spaces available for staff and players, and the opportunities available for local community sports groups to utilise the facilities. The proposal was granted approval by the City of Port Adelaide Enfield council on 9 November 2021. The estimated cost of the redevelopment is $30 million, of which $15 million was financed from the federal government in an announcement made on 27 November 2021. The other half of the cost was raised by the South Australian government's Office for Recreation and Sport, the AFL and the club, and several undisclosed club benefactors.
The first completed component of the upgrades was The Precinct at Alberton, a multi-purpose events and administration centre attached to the Robert Quinn grandstand, which was completed in June 2022. The precinct includes the club museum, store, membership services, private event spaces and a large bar, restaurant and kitchen with views over Alberton Oval and toward the Adelaide Hills. Dedicated facilities for the women's team were completed prior to the August 2022 season. The women's football program is located within and along the length of the Fos Williams Stand, and includes expansive locker-rooms, player recovery and administration offices, a team meeting room and a lounge. The redevelopment of the Allan Scott HQ building and addition of the adjacent High Performance Centre and outdoor training/soccer field, located on the eastern side of the oval, commenced in October 2022. Four 39-metre LED light towers were installed in June 2023, allowing night matches to be broadcast on television. All upgrades are expected to be completed in late 2023.
Ground records
Highest score
33.24 (222) – Port Adelaide def. South Adelaide (1988).
Largest margin
160 – Port Adelaide def. West Adelaide (1903).
Most goals in a match
16 – Tim Evans, Port Adelaide (1980)
Longest winning streak
31 – Port Adelaide (1909, Round 9 → 1915, Round 7)
Cricket
Alberton Oval was used as a cricket ground during summer between 1877 and 1996. Following the opening game between Tasmania and the Queen and Albert Cricket Association in 1877, the ground became the home of the new Port Adelaide Cricket Club in 1897 and remained so until the end of 1996.
In the early years attention needed to be paid to the state of the outfield. An example of this need was when Port Adelaide batsman G.S.P. Jones was able to run 8 while making 143 not out against West Torrens in 1904-05 because the fieldsman could not find the ball amongst the weeds. Cricket and football shared the use of the oval for a century, until the Port Adelaide Football Club was elevated into the AFL in 1997 and required the full-year use of the ground.
The cricket club now plays games at the Port Reserve in Port Adelaide.
Grandstands
The grounds main stands and features are:
Fos Williams Family Stand
Opened in 1903. The oldest remaining structure at Alberton Oval, the Fos Williams stand houses the SANFL change rooms, coaching and media boxes. It also is the location of plaques commemorating members of the Williams family.
Robert B. Quinn MM Grandstand
Opened in 1964, the grandstand houses the Port Club bistro, Bob McLean sportsbar, Port Store and upstairs function room.
Allan Scott Power Headquarters
Built with donations provided by businessman Allan Scott, government grants and funding provided by the sale of personalised pavers laid around the Oval precinct, the Headquarters house the administration of the Port Adelaide Football Club along with the AFL training facilities. The Headquarters also have a balcony that overlooks the ground. In 2010 the HQ was upgraded, the cornerstone of which was the Mark Williams Facility, which allows players to train indoors during extreme weather conditions.
N.L. Williams Scoreboard
Named after Port Adelaide and South Australian cricketer Norman Williams, the scoreboard is located on the South East pocket.
Attendance records
Football
The attendance record at the ground for an Australian rules football match was 22,738 during a match against Norwood on 11 June 1977.
Concert
References and notes
External links
Official website of the Port Adelaide Football Club
Port Adelaide Cricket Club
Port Adelaide Football Club
Australian rules football grounds
Sports venues in Adelaide
Cricket grounds in Australia
Sports venues completed in 1877
1877 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberton%20Oval |
Huttwil is a municipality in the Oberaargau administrative district in the Swiss canton of Bern.
History
Early history
Huttwil is first mentioned in the 9th Century as Huttiwilare.
The Huttwil area was probably first settled in the 7th or 8th century, though it first appears in historic records in the 9th century. Initially it was part of the Upper Aargau lands of the Adalgoze family, though by the 11th and 12th centuries the Counts of Rheinfelden and Fenis-Neuchâtel owned land and rights in Huttwil. In the 12th century Fenis-Neuchâtel donated their Huttwil lands to Erlach Abbey. The village church is first mentioned in 1093 or 1108 when Agnes von Rheinfelden and her husband Berchtold II von Zähringen donated the patronage rights to the Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest. The remainder of the Rheinfelden rights passed to the Zähringens through Agnes' marriage. When the Zähringen family died out in 1218 the Counts of Kyburg acquired the growing town and surrounding lands. In 1313 the Counts of Neu-Kyburg gave Huttwil to their overlord, the Austrian Habsburgs. Following the surprising Swiss Confederation and Bernese victory at the Battle of Laupen in 1339, Bernese troops destroyed the Habsburg town of Huttwil in 1340. Though the town was rebuilt and the Kyburgs remained in power Huttwil came increasingly under the Bernese sphere of influence. Over the following centuries it was owned by a Bernese noble family before being completely absorbed into the Bernese bailiwick of Trachselwald in 1516.
In 1528 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and Huttwil converted along with the rest of the Bernese lands. When they suppressed Erlach Abbey in the same year, the Abbey's rights and lands from the Counts of Fenis-Neuchâtel were acquired by Bern.
Swiss peasant war of 1653
During the Swiss peasant war of 1653, Huttwil was a center of the rebellion. On 23 April 1653, representatives of the people of the countryside of Lucerne, Bern, Basel, and Solothurn met at Sumiswald and concluded an alliance to help each other to achieve their goals. A week later, they met again at Huttwil, where they renewed that alliance and elected Niklaus Leuenberger from Rüderswil in the Emmental as their leader.
On 14 May 1653, the peasants met again at a Landsgemeinde at Huttwil and formalized their alliance as the "League of Huttwil" by signing a written contract in the style of the old Bundesbriefe of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The treaty clearly established the league as a separate political entity that considered itself equal to and independent from the cities. The tax revolt had become an independence movement, based ideologically on the traditional Swiss founding legends, especially on the legend of William Tell. Legally, the peasants justified their assemblies and their union by the rights of old and in particular the Stanser Verkommnis of 1481, one of the important coalition treaties of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Though the Huttwil League was initially successful and forced Bern and Lucerne to sign peace treaties and grant concessions, on 3 June 1653 they were decisively defeated in the Battle of Wohlenschwil. Bernese troops then burned villages and crushed further resistance over the following month. Niklaus Leuenberger was beheaded and quartered at Bern on September 6, 1653; his head was nailed at the gallows together with one of the four copies of the Bundesbrief of the Huttwil League.
After the war to modern times
While the Swiss peasant war was unsuccessful, it forced Bernese authorities to reform the tax structure and respect the rights of the peasants. While Huttwil was the center of the revolt, it was not punished further by the authorities. Huttwil's location on the Bern-Lucerne road allowed it to continue to grow. While agriculture remained important, it became a regional market town and other industries began to develop. During the ancien regime period tensions rose between the well-off town citizens who owned much of the farming land and the poor sharecropper Tauner who worked the land and had few rights. Even the reforms of the 1798 French invasion and the Helvetic Republic failed to address the old power structure in the town. Finally in 1828, the citizens lost their special rights and the commons were divided between the former Tauner.
Throughout the 19th century a number of factories and small shops opened in the town, including canvas weaving, spinning wool, horsehair spinning, knitting mills, tanneries, sawmills and furniture manufacturing. Today the manufacturing sector in Huttwil provides about one-third of all jobs in the municipality.
On the night of 8/9 June 1834 much of the town was destroyed in a fire. The entire town was rebuilt according to plans from Bern's city architect, Johann Daniel Osterrieth. He planned a town center with three main roads around a central plaza with fountains. The streets were lined with half-timbered Country-Biedermeier houses which reflected the growing prosperity of the town. The village church was rebuilt on the old foundations, but with a higher tower and a new onion dome.
An attempt to build a railway from Bern through Huttwil and the lower Emmental to Lucerne in 1871 failed. It took almost two decades before Huttwil was eventually connected to a railway. The Langenthal–Huttwil railway opened in 1889, followed by the Huttwil–Wolhusen railway in 1895, the Ramsei-Sumiswald line in 1908 and the Eriswil line in 1915. The railway connected Huttwil to the rest of the country and allowed industry to grow in the town. The first three railways eventually merged into the United Huttwil Railway (Vereinigten Huttwil-Bahnen) which in 1997 became the Regionalverkehr Mittelland AG.
Due to Huttwil being a regional center a secondary school opened in the town in 1873. A district hospital opened a few years later, in 1903. The original hospital was replaced with a new building in 1929 and the old hospital became a retirement home. In 1939 a Roman Catholic church was built in Huttwil for the Catholic residents of the village. The Brother Klaus Church was rebuilt to its current appearance in 1983.
Geography
Huttwil has an area of . As of the 2006 survey, a total of or 64.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 22.0% is forested. Of rest of the municipality or 13.6% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes.
From the same survey, industrial buildings made up 1.7% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 6.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.6%. A total of 19.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 29.9% is used for growing crops and 32.0% is pasturage, while 2.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
It is situated in the lower Emmental on the border with the Canton of Lucerne between Eriswil, Wyssachen, Dürrenroth and Walterswil. The main town is near the confluence of the Langeten, Rotbach and Wyssachen rivers. It consists of the town of Huttwil and a number of surrounding hamlets.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Trachselwald, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Oberaargau.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure two Keys Argent in Saltire and in chief a Mullet Or.
Demographics
Huttwil has a population () of . , 9.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of -0.9%. Migration accounted for -0.6%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.7%.
Most of the population () speaks German (4,514 or 93.6%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (55 or 1.1%) and Albanian is the third (53 or 1.1%). There are 15 people who speak French and 2 people who speak Romansh.
, the population was 50.3% male and 49.7% female. The population was made up of 2,088 Swiss men (44.4% of the population) and 277 (5.9%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,139 Swiss women (45.5%) and 202 (4.3%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 1,877 or about 38.9% were born in Huttwil and lived there in 2000. There were 1,544 or 32.0% who were born in the same canton, while 759 or 15.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 451 or 9.3% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.0%.
, there were 1,996 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 2,280 married individuals, 359 widows or widowers and 190 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 682 households that consist of only one person and 156 households with five or more people. , a total of 1,907 apartments (90.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 114 apartments (5.4%) were seasonally occupied and 91 apartments (4.3%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 1.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 2.3%. In 2012, single family homes made up 46.7% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
, Huttwil had an unemployment rate of 1.81%. , there were a total of 3,080 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 254 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 87 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 1,192 people and there were 93 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 1,634 people, with 274 businesses in this sector. There were 2,399 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.6% of the workforce.
there were a total of 2,199 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 171, all in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 854 of which 663 or (77.6%) were in manufacturing and 184 (21.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,174. In the tertiary sector; 432 or 36.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 136 or 11.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 61 or 5.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 48 or 4.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 62 or 5.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 100 or 8.5% were in education and 223 or 19.0% were in health care.
, there were 1,199 workers who commuted into the municipality and 938 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. A total of 1,461 workers (54.9% of the 2,660 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Huttwil. Of the working population, 9.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 47.2% used a private car.
In 2013 the average church, local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Huttwil making 150,000 CHF was 11.6%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 17.8%. For comparison, the median rate for all municipalities in the entire canton was 11.7% and 18.1%, while the nationwide median was 10.6% and 17.4% respectively.
In 2011 there were a total of 1,842 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 449 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 11 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 481, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Huttwil was 118,044 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 136,785 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 2.4% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Sights
The entire town of Huttwil is designated as part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 35.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (16.9%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (13.5%) and the FDP.The Liberals (7.6%). In the federal election, a total of 1,695 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.5%.
Religion
From the , 3,447 or 71.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 629 or 13.0% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 30 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.62% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.04% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 188 individuals (or about 3.90% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 81 (or about 1.68% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 8 individuals who were Buddhist, 64 individuals who were Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church. 187 (or about 3.88% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 181 individuals (or about 3.75% of the population) did not answer the question.
Climate
Between 1981 and 2010 Huttwil had an average of 139.9 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was May during which time Huttwil received an average of of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 13.3 days. The driest month of the year was February with an average of of precipitation over 10.9 days.
Education
In Huttwil about 57.1% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 14.3% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 405 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 72.6% were Swiss men, 22.2% were Swiss women, 2.7% were non-Swiss men and 2.5% were non-Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2012–13 school year, there were a total of 638 students attending classes in Huttwil. There were a total of 88 students in the German language kindergarten classes in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 15.9% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 20.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality's primary school had 276 students in German language classes. Of the primary students, 13.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 15.2% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, the lower secondary school had a total of 274 students. There were 8.4% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 13.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were a total of 715 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 568 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 147 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 119 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Huttwil is home to the Bibliothek Huttwil library. The library has () 15,880 books or other media, and loaned out 64,451 items in the same year. It was open a total of 299 days with average of 17 hours per week during that year.
Notable people
Fritz Ryser (1873 in Huttwil – 1916) a Swiss cyclist. He won the UCI Motor-paced World Championships in 1908 and finished third in 1901
Anja Nyffeler (born 1992 in Huttwil) a Swiss competitor in synchronized swimming who competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics
References
External links
Official website
Pictures of Huttwil
Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities of the canton of Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huttwil |
Sir John Spelman (1594 – 24 July 1643) was an English historian and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1626. He is known for his biography of Alfred the Great.
Life
Spelman was the son of Henry Spelman, antiquary. He studied at Cambridge University and at Brasenose College, Oxford. He entered Gray's Inn on 16 February 1608 and later travelled in continental Europe In 1626 he was elected Member of Parliament for Worcester. He edited from manuscripts in his father's library. (1640), and wrote a Life of Alfred the Great which was translated into Latin and published in 1678. Whereas his father was a leading expositor of the idea of an "ancient constitution", John Spelman was a theorist of the Royalist cause. He was knighted by Charles I of England in 1641 and served the king actively at Oxford at the beginning of the First English Civil War. The House of Commons ordered Spelman to be sent for as a delinquent on 10 December 1642.
Spelman died in Brasenose College of the camp disease about 24 July 1643.
Family
Spelman married Anne Townshend, daughter of Sir John Townshend, of Raynham, Norfolk, and Anne Bacon, by whom he had a son, Roger Spelman. His brother, Clement Spelman, was Cursitor Baron from 1663 to 1679. His cousin, Ian Van Houten, was known for being a lesser known playwright in the 17th century.
Works
1642: Certain considerations upon the duties both of prince and people written by a gentleman of quality, a well-wisher both to the King and Parliament. Oxford: Printed by Leonard Lichfield, 1642 (Anonymous; attributed to Spelman) Excerpt
1642: A Protestants account of his orthodox holding in matters of religion, at the present indifference in the Church. Printed by Roger Daniel, printer to the Universitie of Cambridge. 1642. And are to be sold by John Milleson (This has been attributed both to John and Henry Spelman the elder; the latter's authorship is now thought more likely. Wing (ed 2) S4939; Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI, 1999- (Early English books online))
1644: Case of our affaires in law, religion, and other circumstances examined and presented to the conscience. [Oxford]: Printed [by Henry Hall?], in the yeare, 1643 [i.e. 1644]
1678: Aelfredi Magni, Anglorum regis invictissimi vita tribus libris comprehensa. Oxonii: E Theatro Sheldoniano, Anno Dom. MDC.LXXVIII. Thomas Hearne, responsible for the first edition in the original English, in 1709, identified the translator as Christopher Wase (cf. Madan).
Notes
References
1594 births
1643 deaths
Cavaliers
English MPs 1626
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English historians
Politicians from Worcestershire
Knights Bachelor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Spelman%20%28historian%29 |
Arden Street Oval (also known as North Melbourne Cricket Ground) is a sports oval in North Melbourne, Victoria. It is currently the training base of the North Melbourne Football Club, an Australian rules football club, and up to the end of the 1985 season it was used as the team's home ground for Victorian Football League (VFL) matches.
History
The North Melbourne Recreation Reserve is an inner-suburban sporting facility which is distinguished by its long standing association with the North Melbourne Football Club; it has served as the home of North Melbourne for more than 125 years.
Not much is known about the exact date that Arden St Oval was officially opened, but local history purports it as being as old as the suburb itself. The Hotham Cricket Club served as the ground's only tenants until 1882 when they amalgamated with the Hotham Football Club - as they were then known - to effect improvements to the ground. Before then, the Hotham Football Club had been playing home matches at Royal Park, near the present site of the Melbourne Zoo.
The first game of Australian football ever played at the ground took place on 29 April 1882, when Hotham defeated Royal Park. Three years later, the ground became permanently reserved to the Crown. The football and cricket clubs changed their names to North Melbourne on 23 March 1888, after the Town of Hotham reverted to the name of North Melbourne in August 1887.
The sharing agreement between the cricket and footy clubs was not all rosy, and by the late 1890s the two entities ended up in court over a dispute about the use of the cricket pavilion by a visiting football team. The court ruled in favour of the cricket club citing that since it was Crown land, it was illegal to fence off any part of it for the benefit of either party.
The playing surface, previously notorious for becoming a gluepot in inclement weather, was upgraded during the winter of 1897, so no football was played there during that season. 1906 saw the construction of the ground's first grand stand. By mid-1909, the control of the Recreation Reserve had shifted to the Parks and Gardens Committee of the Melbourne City Council, meaning that the State Minister for Lands had final say over the use of the reserve. In 1921, the Essendon Football Club attempted to move to the ground after its home ground, the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, was closed, and the North Melbourne Football Club disbanded as it sought to amalgamate with Essendon; but the State Minister for Lands vetoed Essendon's move. This prompted Essendon to move to the Essendon Recreation Reserve, and the re-formed North Melbourne returned the following season to Arden Street.
In 1922, management of the ground was transferred from the Melbourne City Council to the North Melbourne Football and Cricket Clubs. Improvements to the ground that year, made in an attempt to increase revenue, included the installation of hot showers in the change rooms.
In early 1925, North Melbourne was finally admitted to the Victorian Football League (VFL). The invitation to join the VFL came at a time when local support for the club was at an all-time high prompting further upgrading of facilities. This included the construction of the main grandstand in 1928, with seating for 2,000 spectators.
In 1965, North Melbourne moved its playing and training base from the Arden Street Oval to Coburg Oval. The move was intended to be permanent, with some initial negotiations seeking long-term leases for up to 40 years, but it was ultimately cancelled after only eight months, and North Melbourne returned to the Arden Street Oval in 1966.
Until the late 1960s, the 1906 and 1928 grandstands were the only major structures associated with the Recreation Reserve, until the construction of the new administration building and Social Club after 1966.
The North Melbourne Football Club continued to use the site as its home ground until 1985, when the club began using the Melbourne Cricket Ground for its home matches. The last VFL match was played there on 17 August 1985 when North Melbourne defeated Richmond by 50 points. The record attendance at the ground is 35,116 in 1949. The highest score was North Melbourne's 29.19 (193) in 1983 versus Carlton.
The club continued to maintain the Arden Street Oval as a training and administrative base after shifting home games away. From 2002 until 2010, the club based its administration to offices at Docklands Stadium (which was then serving as its home ground), before returning to upgraded Arden Street Oval offices in early 2010; but it has maintained Arden Street as its training base continuously throughout that time.
In 2006 the ground became the subject of an arson attack, with several portable buildings including the gymnasium, coaches' offices and players' lounge being destroyed by fire in the early hours of 22 July, the morning after the Kangaroos suffered a 72-point loss to the Adelaide Crows at AAMI Stadium. Links between the attack, the team's loss and speculation surrounding its future were quickly dismissed.
Ground Improvements
First Grand Stand
The first grandstand was built in 1906 on the Fogarty Street side of the ground, at a reputed cost of £850. Remnants of this stand, the concrete players’ race and the base of one of the external staircases, remain in the terraced area. The players’ race still connects the players’ dressing rooms in the Football Club administration building with the oval. In 1909, plans for a new grandstand, to cost £1,000, were drawn up by local councillor and club founder J H Gardiner. Despite the popularity of the club, it was deemed that too few finals games were scheduled for the ground to
warrant the construction of another stand.
1928 Grand Stand
North's move to the VFL in 1925 prompted significant upgrading of the club's facilities.
Almost symbolic of the club's new status as a member of the VFL was the construction of the brick grandstand in 1928, with seating for 2,000 spectators. Located to the south-east of the existing 1906 stand, it was built on the site of the small timber pavilion, which was demolished, and another even smaller structure to the south-east which was apparently re-located elsewhere. The designer was H E Morton and the builder was J E Morison.
The foundation stone reads as follows:
NORTH MELBOURNE RECREATION RESERVE
THIS TABLET WAS UNVEILED BY THE
RIGHT HONORABLE THE LORD MAYOR OF MELBOURNE
ALDERMAN SIR STEPHEN MORELL
ON SATURDAY 24TH MARCH 1928
COMMITTEE 1927-28
COUNCILLOR DR KENT HUGHES, CHAIRMAN
L. W. ABLEY REV. D. DALEY
A. J. HARFORD J. T. EDMONDS
C. W. LETTEY J. P. T. MORAN
G. P. RUSSELL W. J. WOODBRIDGE
R. ROUTLEY, J. C. CONNOLEY,
SECRETARY TREASURER
H. E. MORTON, J. C. MORISON,
ENGINEER BUILDER
The main grandstand seated prominent members and administrators of the football club up until the club stopped playing games there in 1984. From then on, it fell into disrepair and was eventually closed off to the public in 1991. It housed the club gym for a few years before bird droppings inside the roof began to present a safety hazard. The grandstand was eventually demolished in 2006 after failed attempts to find funds to repair the structure, much to the disappointment of the North-West Melbourne Association. A new administration and football facility was built in its place.
Harold R. Henderson Pavilion
The Harold R Henderson Pavilion is the latest stand to be built. It was constructed in the late '60s following the club's disastrous move to the Coburg City Oval. Led by Allen Aylett and Harold R. Henderson, a committee was formed that aimed to redevelop the ground so that there would never be a repeat of the club's relocation to Coburg. Along with new administration facilities, a new first rate social club was built that became the envy of other VFL clubs during the 70s.
The pavilion itself set a new benchmark in football standards, with the introduction of corporate hospitality where clients could enjoy the football in comfort. These improvements were responsible for the great success North achieved during the 70s.
After 1985, the Pavilion was converted into the 'Kanga Kasino' that housed the clubs pokie machines. In 2002, North Melbourne acquired the Captain's Bar at the newly constructed Docklands Stadium, and the pokies were moved there. From 2002-2009 the Pavilion held the club gym, and North's official merchandise store the 'Roo Shop'.
The Pavilion was demolished in 2009 as part of the development of the oval.
Betting Ring
The betting ring was a concreted area beneath a roof, behind the 1928 grandstand, on the corner of Arden and Fogarty streets. The betting ring was built for greyhound racing meetings that were held at Arden St from 1957-62. The dogs ran on a track that formed a perimeter around the cricket oval. While the betting ring was alive with punters and bookmakers, only those in the ring's top corner, at the northern end, had a view past the grandstand and across the terraces to the finishing line.
After the demise of greyhound racing at Arden Street, the betting ring served as a car park and equipment shelter. Much of the area was taken up by the Bob Dempster Memorial Nets, which were built on the oval in 1975, before being shifted to the corner of the betting ring closest to the intersection of Arden and Fogarty streets. furniture.
In 2006, the betting ring was destroyed in an arson attack.
Outer Shed
At the eastern goals, and along the Macaulay Street boundary, stood small shelters for the spectators. These shelters were demolished in the aftermath of the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire in England, when the Metropolitan Fire Brigade declared them a fire hazard.
The Gasometer
One of the iconic features of VFL football at Arden Street was the gigantic gasometer that towered over the ground. The giant gas works structure was located along Macaulay Road and became synonymous with North Melbourne in the football world. The gasometer was so well known that Mick Nolan was affectionately labelled the "Galloping Gasometer" by footy fans due to his large size and resemblance to the structure.
Tenants
Apart from its aborted move to Coburg in 1965, and times when the ground was being upgraded, the Arden St Oval has served as the permanent home of the North Melbourne Football
Club from 1882 until now. Apart from this, boxing, cricket, cycling, hurling and greyhound racing have all been accommodated at Arden Street Oval at some stage.
The original tenant of the oval was the North Melbourne Cricket Club. The cricket club first started playing at the ground in 1868. The cricket club began to share the oval with the football club in 1882, with the football club using the oval in winter, and the cricket club using the oval in the summer. Historically this arrangement has been difficult and the North Melbourne cricket and football clubs have not got along. In 2007, the cricket club moved its First and Second XIs playing base to J. J. Holland Park in neighbouring Kensington, but its Third and Fourth XIs remained at Arden Street; the club left Arden Street altogether in 2010, playing and training nomadically at Holland Park, Albert Park and Royal Park for a couple of years before moving permanently to the outer north-western suburb of Greenvale in 2013.
From 1957-62, the Melbourne Greyhound Racing Association used Arden St to hold its Greyhound racing meetings. The greyhounds ran on a track that formed a perimeter around the oval. Races were held on Monday nights and regularly attracted crowds of 5000, with double that number in attendance on the night when Rookie Rebel won the first Australian Cup in 1958. The Arden Street days are described as being the best in the history of Melbourne greyhound racing. Melbourne Greyhound Racing Association shifted its meetings to Olympic Park in 1962 after the Arden Street's ground committee sought to cash in on the popularity of the dogs by increasing the annual rent from £7,000 to £9,500.
In the winter of 1965, after North Melbourne had moved to Coburg, Arden Street Oval was rented by the VFL – in large part to prevent other football codes from renting it. The VFL used it junior football, umpire training, school programs, and from June it was used as a central ground for the Essendon District Football League game-of-the-week.
Redevelopment
In 2007, it was announced by Club Chairman Graham Duff that the facilities at the Arden Street Oval would get a $10 million upgrade, including new facilities for the State Fencing Centre. The new facilities would be ready in time for the 2009 AFL Season and allow the club to move administration from Etihad Stadium to the ground. The upgraded facilities will also serve the community with a Gymnasium, Basketball Courts and Change rooms. The new administration of James Brayshaw worked with various Government agencies including the Melbourne City Council, Victorian State Government, and the Commonwealth Government to have the new facilities increased in size and value from the original $10 million, to a final plan costing $16 million, and providing the NMFC and local community with some of the best amenities of any club in the AFL.
The new development was opened in time for the 2010 season. The development includes offices for the football department and administration of the NMFC as well as training facilities. As housed in the building is a fencing centre, community gym, basketball court and 'The Huddle' which is a community learning centre.
In 2013 Arden Street was touted as a possible location for the proposed new 'boutique Stadium' in Melbourne. Other possible sites included Punt Road Oval, home of the Richmond Football Club.
In 2016, the North Melbourne Football Club announced they would be playing a game against Hawthorn at Arden Street Oval as part of the 2017 pre-season competition.
Notes
External links
VFL/AFL Attendance Records
Team Scoring Records
"Around the Grounds" - Web Documentary - Arden Street
Defunct Australian Football League grounds
North Melbourne Football Club
Sports venues in Melbourne
Defunct greyhound racing venues in Australia
Defunct cricket grounds in Australia
Victorian Football League grounds
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Sport in the City of Melbourne (LGA) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden%20Street%20Oval |
Moorabbin Oval (also known as RSEA Park under a naming rights agreement) is an Australian rules football ground in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia at Linton Street in the suburb of Moorabbin.
The ground was most notable as the home of the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League, serving as its home ground for VFL/AFL matches from 1965 until 1992, and as its primary training and administrative base from 1965 until 2010. In 2018 the ground was once again reopened as the primary training and administrative base for St Kilda.
History
In 1951, the growing City of Moorabbin committed to developing a fenced football venue that was up to Victorian Football Association standards to be used by the Moorabbin Football Club. The strong club had been admitted from the Federal District League to the VFA in 1951, and its continued admission was contingent on the council developing Moorabbin Oval for its use. The venue became one of the highest quality venues in the Association and was noted for having the largest playing surface in the Association, similar in size to the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
Starting from 1960, the Moorabbin Council worked actively to bring VFL football to the venue. After it was found that the VFL was unlikely to admit the Moorabbin Football Club as a new team, the council began negotiating for existing VFL clubs, many of which were dissatisfied with their home grounds at the time, to move to Moorabbin. In 1963, both and were approached, and then in early 1964, the council came to an agreement with the St Kilda Football Club. St Kilda relocated its training, playing and administrative base from the St Kilda Cricket Club Ground (the "Junction Oval") to Moorabbin Oval at the end of the 1964 season.
The council invested a further £100,000 to bring the venue to VFL standards and expand its capacity to 50,000.
The St Kilda Football Club signed a 75-year - £5,000 per year (initially) deal for the ground with an up front lump sum payment, under which it became ground manager, and committed to invest £120,000 in establishing a licensed social club and to invest £375,000 for ground improvements over the first 45 years of the deal (a period which expired at approximately the end of 2009). The Moorabbin Football Club, then the defending VFA premiers, supported the move and attempted an amalgamation with St Kilda, actions which resulted in its suspension from the VFA. A new grandstand was finished before the 1965 VFL season. St Kilda FC also agreed to lease parkland belonging to the local council on the outer side of the ground outside the clubs property - so that if further spectator seating or carpark developments occurred there would be more room for the constructions.
The St Kilda Football Club completed its financial obligation to make ground improvements prior to the end of 2009, including redeveloping the G.G. Huggins Stand into the main training and administration base for the club when home games at Moorabbin ceased in 1992. The 75-year deal precludes Moorabbin Oval from being sold until approximately 2039.
St Kilda Football Club
The St Kilda Football Club left their original home ground, the Junction Oval after the 1964 season and moved to Moorabbin Oval, motivated by the desire to operate its own venue. In March 1964, the club arranged a deal to move its playing, training and administrative base to Moorabbin Oval with all home games at the new venue starting the 1965 season.
The club signed a preliminary purchase agreement in August 1964, locking the club into Moorabbin Oval facilities for 75 years with no bail-out clause, provided it completed required works at the ground to establish a social club, training facilities and spectator seating on the site in time for the 1965 Premiership season. The club had to invest a set amount, combined with funds from the local council, and complete the required works by a deadline date to ensure the agreement was ratified and the purchase was complete. The remaining purchase cost of Moorabbin Oval was scheduled to be repaid over the subsequent agreement period of 75 years, which ends in 2039.
St Kilda Football Club's move to Moorabbin Oval was highly successful. In its first season at the new ground the club played in front of capacity crowds. The Saints' first ever home game at Moorabbin attracted a record crowd of 51,370 against Collingwood in Round 1, 1965, a record that was never broken. When it was first used, Moorabbin Oval was the third largest ground by capacity in metropolitan Melbourne after the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Princes Park; it was relegated to fourth place following the opening of VFL Park in 1970. St Kilda FC won its first Minor Premiership in 1965 and played in the Grand Final.
St Kilda ceased playing home games at Moorabbin Oval after 1992 and began playing home fixtures at Waverley Park, as part of the AFL's grounds rationalization strategy of the early 1990s. The club received $430,000 upfront and $120,000 per year for three years from the AFL as part of the change, which helped to clear some of the club's debt. St Kilda's final home game for premiership points at Moorabbin Oval was the Round 20 match on 1 August 1992, an 18-point win over the Fitzroy Lions in front of 27,736.
The St Kilda Football Club played 254 matches for premiership points at Moorabbin Oval between 1965 and 1992, with an average attendance of 21,232. In the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, when St Kilda suffered from severe financial hardship and had generally weak results, the ground was often quite muddy due to ground management issues including security. Other organisations who did not own their home base or stadium took exception at St Kilda FC's "groundbreaking" deal to buy Moorabbin Oval in the 1960s with the 75-year payment deal and attempts to force St Kilda out of Moorabbin Oval by those who claimed to take offence at the club ownership of it were common – particularly after St Kilda won its first Premiership in 1966.
After home games ceased being played at Moorabbin Oval, the club maintained its training and administrative base at the ground. The ground was extensively renovated to provide training, administration and entertainment facilities within the Huggins Stand and a heritage museum in the Drake Stand. The G.G. Huggins Stand had three internal floors that contained player rooms, a fully equipped player gymnasium, football department meeting rooms, administration offices, a membership department, gaming room and bar, the Trevor Barker Room (a function room with a bar), club shop, trophy and memorabilia display areas and other facilities.
In 2007, the relationship between the club and the City of Kingston deteriorated, and St Kilda announced that it would move its primary administrative and training base away from Moorabbin. A new facility was built at Belvedere Park in Seaford, approximately 21 kilometers south of Moorabbin; the development was a St Kilda Football Club development in conjunction with the Frankston City Council, the State Government of Victoria and the AFL. St Kilda moved to the Seaford base after the 2010 season; but, the club still managed Moorabbin Oval and used it as a retail, museum, entertainment and occasional training venue.
RSEA Park Development and St Kilda Football Club return to the ground
Renamed RSEA Park - St Kilda's Moorabbin venue was approved for a $30 million redevelopment financed by the State Government, St Kilda Saints Football Club, Australian Football League, Kingston Council and local football leagues. The St Kilda Football Club returned to Moorabbin Oval as its primary training and administrative base in March 2018.
The venue will also serve as the home ground for the Sandringham Dragons and the Southern Football League and other local community clubs and leagues. Stage 1 was due for completion in November 2018. As part of the upgrade, the Drake Stand and G. G. Huggins stand were removed.
As part of the deal, the leased parkland outside the property borderline on the outer side of the ground was released back to the local council, with St Kilda FC no longer required to maintain rental payments.
Stage 2
Moorabbin Oval commenced a second stage of development after a state government grant of $13 million was publicly announced on 13 April 2018. Stage 2 will include the construction a Community Health & Wellbeing Centre, a four-lane lap pool, a hydrotherapy pool, male and female changerooms, an additional gym, integrated classroom/suite spaces and a 1000-seat grandstand. Work on Stage 2 commenced in August 2019. In November 2020 the Saints renamed the Health and Wellbeing Centre to the Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing, in honour of their former captain. The facility is a multi-purpose space capable of delivering wellbeing programs to schools and community groups of up to 250 participants and will also include dedicated mental health facilities and consultation rooms. It also houses a 25m lap pool, hydrotherapy pool, a community gym, recovery centre and yoga studio. The centre was opened on 1 March 2022 with VIPs in attendance including AFL CEO Gillion McLachlan, Nick Riewoldt, Stewart Loewe, Gary Lyon, Jason Dunstall and film star Eric Bana. Victorian Tourism Minister Martin Pakula and Senator Jane Hume also attended.
In August 2021, the Saints announced a multi-million dollar upgrade of the ground’s turf, drainage and irrigation system and footpaths. Funding was contributed by the Federal Government, Victorian Government, Kingston City Council and the AFL. The turf upgrade was expected to be completed by mid-February 2022.
Melbourne Reds
Moorabbin Oval was the home of the Melbourne Reds in the former Australian Baseball League from 1994 to 1999.
VFL/AFL Records
Highest attendance: 51,370 - St Kilda Football Club vs Collingwood - 1965
Highest winning margin: 140 points - Carlton Blues vs St Kilda - 1985
Most goals: 323 - Tony Lockett St Kilda Football Club - 1983 to 1992
Most goals in a game: 15 - Tony Lockett St Kilda Football Club vs Sydney Swans Football Club - 1992
Most games at Moorabbin: 128 - Barry Breen - 1965 to 1982
Highest Score: 26.20 (176) - Sydney Swans vs St Kilda - 1985
Lowest Score: Geelong 3.3 (21) vs St Kilda - 1971
St Kilda FC Club Records
Highest attendance: 51,370 - St Kilda FC vs Collingwood - Round 1, 1965
Highest winning margin: 131 points - St Kilda FC vs Adelaide Football Club - Round 7, 1991
Most goals: 323 - Tony Lockett - St Kilda FC - 1983 to 1992
Most goals in a game: 15 - Tony Lockett - St Kilda FC vs Sydney Swans Football Club - Round 13, 1992
Most games at Moorabbin: 128 - Barry Breen - St Kilda FC - 1965 to 1982
Highest Score: 27.12 (174) - St Kilda FC vs Brisbane Bears Football Club - Round 23, 1991
Most disposals in a game: Paul Callery - St Kilda FC vs Sydney Swans Football Club - Round 19, 1974
Most consecutive wins: 19 - St Kilda FC - Round 1, 2009 vs Sydney Swans Football Club to Round 19, 2009 vs Hawthorn Football Club
Grandstands
G. G. Huggins Stand (1965–2017)
Naming rights
RSEA Safety Park (Sponsorship deal with St Kilda Saints FC LTD 2017–present)
In popular culture
An abandoned Moorabbin Oval was the site of a police targeting sniper in Season 1 Episode 3 of the Melbourne-based police drama Rush.
Weddings Parties Anything references the Oval in their song A Decent Cup of Coffee
References
External links
Scoring records
Attendance records
St Kilda Football Club
Defunct Australian Football League grounds
Sports venues in Melbourne
World Series Cricket venues
Sport in the City of Kingston (Victoria)
Buildings and structures in the City of Kingston (Victoria) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorabbin%20Oval |
Empire of Karn is an adventure game released for the Commodore 64 in 1985 by Interceptor Software. It's a sequel to The Heroes Of Karn from 1983. It was written by Ian Gray with music and graphics by Chris Cox.
Reception
References
External links
1985 video games
Adventure games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Europe-exclusive video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire%20of%20Karn |
Brad Moran may refer to:
Brad Moran (ice hockey) (born 1979), Canadian ice hockey player
Brad Moran (footballer) (born 1986), Australian rules footballer with Adelaide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Moran |
Bradley Moran (born 29 September 1986 in England) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club and Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Since his retirement from the AFL in 2011, Moran has worked in business and founded two startup technology companies: NoQ in 2011 and CitrusAd in 2017. CitrusAd was acquired in July 2021 by French company Publicis for a reported $205 million.
Early life
Born in Solihull in the West Midlands of England to English parents, Moran's father Martyn was a former junior soccer player. Moran grew up in Stratford-upon-Avon with dreams of becoming a soccer player.
As a youth, he represented West Midlands county in rugby union. He was also a representative soccer player.
Moran moved to Australia with his family as a 15-year-old, looking to pursue a career in rugby.
One of his school friends encouraged him to try Aussie Rules with the Surfers Paradise AFC juniors, where he was mentored by former Brisbane Bears captain Roger Merrett. He took to the game quickly and developed a passion for it. His high school, The Southport School, had a policy against Australian Football, so he continued playing club football and instead also played basketball and rowing at school.
Moran quickly showed ability and talent in the ruck. He broke his wrist leading up to the Under 18 national championships, which set back his recruitment. However, after playing football with the Southport Sharks, at age 18 he was recruited to the elite level by the Kangaroos Football Club in the 2004 AFL draft.
AFL career
Wearing the number 18 guernsey, previously worn by Wayne Carey, Moran made his debut in 2006 against Hawthorn at Aurora Stadium. He played an effective game in one of the Roos' worst performances of the season. He collected 21 disposals, 10 marks and 10 hitouts, which earned a nomination for the AFL Rising Star Award. He continued his good form into the following week against Collingwood, where the Roos were comprehensively beaten in the second half.
Moran was traded to the Adelaide Football Club at the end of the 2007 Premiership season. He took up the number 2 guernsey, which was also previously worn by Carey during his brief stint at the Crows. After injuries ruined the first half of his 2008 season, he played his first game for the Crows in round 16 and impressed as a tall defender and ruckman, thereafter becoming a fixture in the lineup. When moved into the forward line against Carlton in round 18 to cover the loss of Jason Porplyzia, Moran booted four goals for the game to help the Crows to an eight-point victory, thus adding another string to his bow as a utility.
In 2009, Moran quickly became a regular in the Adelaide side, forming a ruck combination with Ivan Maric. However, midway through the season he injured his knee, which would keep him out for the remainder of the season.
Moran announced his retirement on 31 August 2011 after ongoing injuries.
International qualification
Moran was eligible to represent Great Britain at the 2008 Australian Football International Cup as the criteria at the time would have allowed him to compete as a part of the British team since he was born in England and moved to Australia as a teenager. However, Great Britain's national team deliberately overlooked Moran because he did not learn the game in England. Moran continues to be a strong advocate for the sport as an ambassador for Australia international rules football team, appearing in an England Dragonslayers guernsey for its junior league promotions.
Post-AFL career running startup technology businesses
In 2011, after his retirement from the Adelaide Crows, Moran jumped into a new field by launching a startup technology business called NoQ (pronounced no queue), which offered a smartphone application that allowed the user to dodge the queue by pre-ordering food and drinks such as coffee. During the next five years, Moran successfully raised capital for NoQ (now egrowcery.com) from investors including Bendigo & Adelaide Bank and secured clients such as Westfield Group and Noodle Box. He left the business in 2016 to move in to the customer experience sector.
Transactions became transformational in March 2017, when Moran and former NoQ colleague Nick Paech launched an advertising technology start-up called CitrusAd, based in Brisbane. By placing AI technology at the core of retailing strategy, Moran knew retailers could leverage their data in real time to improve sales and open a new line of revenue by allowing brands to easily and more effectively use the data for highly targeted ads at the point-of-purchase. With the impending deprecation of third-party cookies, sources of first-party data became a larger focus for marketers to target effectively. Retailer first-party data became coveted as software platforms such as the one Moran offered through CitrusAd would cull massive amounts of shopper data to ensure that relevant offers were served on retailer websites and apps in a more personalized manner. Moran’s self-serve, simple to use, white label platform became a “plug and play” option for retailers to compete with higher tech retailers such as Amazon. This upended the status quo as suddenly business roles reversed with retailers selling to suppliers and CPG suppliers / brands moving into buying roles to purchase retail media being supplied by their retail business customers. Moran used built in algorithms to reduce the inefficiencies of serving ads for products that were either out-of-stock or not relevant to the shopper while taking into account margin, velocity and other metrics.
Brands saw an advantage over traditional advertising tactics by having access to retailer data via the AI used for matching shoppers to applicable brands resulting in better ROAS (return on ad spend) for brand advertisers. Moran’s team built a closed-loop analytics dashboard on the CitrusAd platform to measure ROI from ads served to sales transactions. The platform became a key component in the digital transformation of retailing by delivering personalization at scale to improve shopper experiences.
In August 2018, Moran shared that 14 AU retailers including Dan Murphy’s were already using the platform. By June if 2019, CitrusAd signed Coles Group, Ocado, Techdata, Woolworths and the company’s first U.S.retailer, Hy-Vee.
In June 2020, MA Financial Group (part of Moelis & Company) announced investment of AU6.5 million, adding Moelis & Company to its list of growth-stage companies and funding CitrusAd’s international growth. Shortly thereafter, Moran announced CitrusAd had signed new international clients including Groupon in the U.S. and Sainsbury's in the UK.
In July 2021, French company Publicis Groupe announced it had acquired CitrusAd for an undisclosed amount. Moran continues to hold a senior executive role at CitrusAd under its new owner. In October 2021, the Australian Financial Review reported that Publicis had paid $205 million for CitrusAd.
In December 2021, Moran won the Digital Disruptor award in the 2021 Australian Young Entrepreneur Awards.
In a Forbes magazine article on February 28, 2022 Retail Media Networks Are One Of The Most Important Trends Of 2022, But They Need To Evolve, Moran is quoted as predicting that 2022 would see retailers and brands extend their long-standing knowledge of how in-store shelf placement affects sales to how online brand placement affects both online purchasing and in-store behavior.
Awards and recognitions
2019 Pearcey Queensland Entrepreneur Award Finalist.
Top 20 under 40 Young Business Stars.
Digital Disruptor award - 2020 & 2021 Australian Young Entrepreneur Awards.
Named as one of the Top 100 Digital Entrepreneurs in Australia.
References
External links
2006 WFN story – Brad Moran stars on debut for North Melbourne
1986 births
Living people
Adelaide Football Club players
Australian people of English descent
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
English players of Australian rules football
English rugby union players
North Melbourne Football Club players
Rugby union players from Solihull
Southport Australian Football Club players
VFL/AFL players born in England
West Adelaide Football Club players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Moran%20%28footballer%29 |
James Nelson Harrell (September 3, 1918 – February 1, 2000), also known as James N. Harrell, was an American actor.
Life and career
He was born in Waco, Texas, to Margaret Teny and Jefferson Whitfield Harrell, Chair of the Baylor University Mathematics Department, graduated from Waco High School and Baylor University. He held a master's degree in Drama from Trinity University. He studied acting at the original Baylor Theater with Paul Baker in the 1930s and in 1940 was invited to join Michael Chekhov's Acting Studio in Ridgefield, Connecticut. He toured the East Coast with that company and was playing Twelfth Night when the attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United States into World War II, and most plays closed. Harrell served in the United States Army for four years in a tank company, in Headquarters Eighth Service Command, in Special Services, and in Occupied Japan. James Harrell, also known as "little Jimmy Harrell from Waco, Texas", appeared in over 75 film productions; feature films and television. He taught acting at the Dallas Theater Center and had leading roles in numerous productions, including 'Anse Bundren' in Journey to Jefferson, which toured Paris, Belgium and Germany. He also taught stage and film acting at Southwest Texas State University for 24 years, retiring in 1994 as an associate professor. He had roles in such films as JFK, Varsity Blues, Michael, Hope Floats, Leap of Faith, Paper Moon, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2, Flesh and Bone, and Noon Wine. He worked often with Sam Shepard, Barry Corbin, Tommy Lee Jones, Jeff Bridges, Gary Busey, Roberts Blossom, Wilford Brimley, James Gammon and Harlan Jordan. He died in 2000 from a heart attack.
Partial filmography
1970 A Bullet for Pretty Boy as Mr. Sam Floyd
1972 Encounter with the Unknown as Brother Taylor
1973 Paper Moon as The Minister
1974 The Sugarland Express as Mark Fenno
1974 Don't Hang Up as Dr. Crawther
1975 The Great Waldo Pepper as Farmer
1975 Race with the Devil as Gun Shop Owner
1975 Mackintosh and T.J. as Doolen
1976 A Small Town in Texas as Old Codger
1977 Outlaw Blues as Cop Chauffeur
1977 Rolling Thunder as Grandpa
1978 The Whole Shootin' Match as Rhonda Lynn's Father
1980 Urban Cowboy as Minister At Gravesite
1980 Resurrection as "Doc" Lurkin
1981 Raggedy Man as Ticket Taker
1984 Country Jim, Bank Officer
1986 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 as Cut-Rite Manager
1987 Nadine as Deacon
1989 Riverbend as McBride
1989 Lost Angels as Shelby
1990 The Hot Spot as Elderly Man
1990 Texasville as Odessa Oil Man
1991 JFK as Sam Holland
1992 Leap of Faith as Ramsey
1993 Flesh and Bone as Woody
1996 Carried Away as Pastor
1996 A Family Thing as Earl Pilcher Sr.
1996 Michael as Old Geezer #1
1998 Hope Floats as Harry Calvert
1999 Varsity Blues as Murray
1999 A Slipping-Down Life as Doctor (final film role)
External links
1918 births
2000 deaths
Male actors from Texas
Trinity University (Texas) alumni
20th-century American male actors
Waco High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Harrell%20%28actor%29 |
Bruce Barber (born 1950 in New Zealand) is an artist, writer, curator, and educator based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he teaches at NSCAD University. His artwork has been shown at the Paris Biennale, the Sydney Biennial, the New Museum of Contemporary Art, the Walter Phillips Gallery, London Regional Gallery, and Artspace NZ in Auckland. Barber is the editor of Essays on Performance and Cultural Politicization and of Conceptual Art: the NSCAD Connection 1967–1973. He is co-editor, with Serge Guilbaut and John O'Brian of Voices of Fire: Art Rage, Power, and the State. His critical essays have appeared in numerous anthologies, journals and magazines. His art practice is documented in the publication Reading Rooms. He is best known for his early performance work, his Reading Rooms, Squat Projects and his writing and theory on Littoral Art.
Reading Rooms
In his Reading Rooms, Barber worked with Alexander Rodchenko's 1925 Reading Room as a model for a workers' library and study. These multi-part installations made use of multi-media formats to re-present various forms of corporate advertising and news reporting. The Red Room addressed the construction of masculinity through media representation. The imagery used for critical readings was obtained from various sites of popular culture including film, advertising, war history, weapons magazines and comic books. The Newsroom section contained newspaper accounts of male violence; the Viewsroom contained slide projections; the Videoroom contained video footage of x-rated films and a Marvin cartoon satirising male parenting behaviour; the Theory/Criticism Room provided tools with which readers could alter a selection of magazines. A theoretical essay titled "Excision, Detournement and Reading the Open Text" elaborated the process they would have then been using. Among some of the aphorisms contained in this essay are the following:
3) The excision is less a surgical operation than a cognitive procedure, opening up the possibilities for renegotiating the areas of signification both within and beyond the image or text. Excising elements from the image confirms the existence of a primary context, pretexts and within the image itself, subtexts which disclose the competing economies of the sign(s).
9) Warning: Excision should not become the servant of censorship.
25) Close reading has never been a good substitute for criticism.
29) Absence only becomes a problem where power is concerned. Absence is difference (Jacques Derrida). Open reading allows readers to acknowledge the provisionality of meaning. Power and political efficacy is a function of use. In this context history may represent change yet remain the same.
30) The open reader accepts his/her status as a political subject with all this may imply.
38) Open reading may assist the promotion of critical education.
39) Critical education may become education for criticism.
Operative art
In a number of texts, beginning in the early 1980s, Barber has considered the potential for performance work to avoid its ossification into a genre category. Clearly, the type of conceptual performance art that was common in the late sixties and early seventies had run its course. While emerging forms of postmodern performance were appropriating mainstream forms of entertainment, their critical function was often weakened or altogether abandoned. Performance could possibly withstand becoming affirmative culture (Herbert Marcuse) by rediscovering its sources in avant-garde theatre. Bertolt Brecht, for instance, echoed Karl Marx's critique of philosophy when he wrote: "The theatre became an affair for philosophers, but only for those philosophers as wished not just to explain the world, but also to change it." Brecht coined the term umfunctionierung (functional transformation) to enable theatre to become an instrument to serve the interests of class struggle. And in his famous essay, "The Author as Producer," Walter Benjamin extolled the virtues of the "operative" artist, providing as his example the communist author Sergei Tretyakov, who thought of his work not merely as descriptive reporting on reality, but an active intervention. Benjamin believed that cultural practice should refuse modish commerce and should give work a revolutionary use value. This meant the avoidance of the impulse to aestheticize and the ordination of critical agency as a post-aesthetic strategy, one that can contain values that are nominally subsumed under several progressive political/aesthetic ideologies. In an implicit effort to politicize advanced forms of performance, Barber placed the term performance under erasure with the formulation of [performance].
Since the publication of "Towards and Adequate Interventionist [Performance] Practice" (1985), Barber has explored the radical potential of performance. The table of binary oppositions below represents general differences between two types of political action, configured as acts of protest or resistance. Depending on the circumstances and the type of event, intervention can become an exemplary action, and thus devolve into a form of political posturing, closely implicated in extreme versions of behaviour characterized by violence, anarchic rejection or destructive nihilism. While exemplary actions are usually without theoretical support, interventions attempt to put theory into action. The intentions and ultimately the audience response are different. The exemplary action consists, instead of intervening in an overall way, in acting in a much more concentrated way on exemplary objectives, on a few key objectives that will play a determining role in the continuation of the struggle.
Among the artists that Barber has recognized for their contributions to [performance] practice - Martha Rosler, Adrian Piper, Guerrilla Art Action Group, Critical Art Ensemble and WochenKlausur, among others - he gave a privileged role to the Situationist International as an exemplary model of operative art. The SI and the students they influenced participated in occupations, sit-ins, teach-ins, theatrical agit-prop events and other forms of protest. The SI endorsed the fundamental importance of intervention as a post-theoretical and practical aspect of their critique of the "Society of the Spectacle" - as theorized by Guy Debord. Among the theoretically informed strategies that were developed by the SI is the constructed situation. The constructed situation is bound to be collective both in its inception and development. However, it seems that at least during an initial experimental period, responsibility must fall on one particular individual. This individual must, so to speak, be the 'director' of the situation. For example, in terms of one particular situationist project - revolving around the meeting of several friends one evening - one would expect (a) an initial period of research by the team, (b) the election of a director responsible for co-ordinating the basic elements for the construction of the decor, and for working out a number of interventions, (c) the actual people living the situation who have taken part in the whole project both theoretically and practically, and (d) a few passive spectators not knowing what the hell is going on should be reduced to action.
Communicative action and littoral art
According to Barber, communicative action is very different from direct action or intervention, although it may seem to employ some of the characteristics of both. Jürgen Habermas, who has arguably done more than anyone else to theorize various forms of political action within the public sphere, distinguishes between strategic, instrumental and communicative actions. The distinction, he argues, between actions that are oriented toward success and those toward understanding is crucial. In strategic actions one actor seeks to influence the behavior of another by means of the threat of sanctions or the prospect of gratification in order to cause the interaction to continue as the first actor desires. Whereas in a communicative action one actor seeks rationally to motivate another by relying on the illocutionary binding/bonding effect of the offer contained in the speech act (J.L. Austin). Donative and Littoral art practices work in a way that challenges the strategies of the postmodern era: taking, quoting, and appropriating.
In a number of essays on "littoral art," Barber has emphasized donative art practices as examples of communicative action. Donative art actions insist that giving can be used strategically to further a number of identifiable lifeworld and humanitarian goals, as well as provide some critical intervention into the ideological fabric of our culture. While donative practices may activate a cycle of reciprocity, gifts may remain unreciprocated. Each cultural intervention, exemplary or not, engages a "logic of practice" (Pierre Bourdieu) that encourages an infinite variety of exchanges or gifts, challenges, ripostes, reciprocations, and repressions. The logic of practice privileges agency in its unpredictability and provides, according to Habermas, an alternative to money and power as a basis for societal integration. Among the artists engaged in donative art practices and who are mentioned in Barber's writings are: Istvan Kantor, David Mealing, Yin Xiaofeng, REPOhistory, Kelly Lycan & Free Food, Bloom 98, WochenKlausur, Ala Plastica, Peter Dunn & Lorraine Leeson, Art Link, Hirsch Farm Project.
References
Further reading
Bruce Barber, ed. Condé and Beveridge: Class Works (Halifax: NSCAD Press, 2008).
Bruce Barber, Performance, [Performance] and Performers: Volume 1, Conversations, edited by Marc James Léger (Toronto: YYZ Press, 2007).
Allen, Jim "The Skin of Years" Interviews with Jim Allen by Phil Dadson and Tony Green Clouds Publishing and Michael Lett Gallery Auckland New Zealand 2014
Curnow, Wystan "The Critic's Part: Wystan Curnow Art Writings" 1971-2013 edited by Christina Barton and Robert Leonard Adam Art Gallery Te Pataka Toi Institute of Modern Art at Victoria University press, Wellington New Zealand 2014
"TRAFFIC: Conceptual Art in Canada 1965-1980" eds: Grant Arnold, Karen Henry, Douglas and McIntyre Co-published with Vancouver Art Gallery (2012)
"The Last Art College: Nova Scotia College of Art and Design 1968-1978 " Garry Neill Kennedy (Editor) MIT Press (2012)
External links
Official site
Official site
Living people
Canadian performance artists
New Zealand emigrants to Canada
Canadian expatriates in Switzerland
Academic staff of NSCAD University
1950 births
Canadian conceptual artists
European Graduate School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Barber |
Marise Ann Millicent Chamberlain (born 5 December 1935) is a New Zealand former middle-distance runner. She is the only New Zealand woman to win an Olympic medal in track athletics (Lorraine Moller won a medal in the marathon). She set world records over 440 yards, 400 metres and 1 mile.
At the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia, she won a silver medal over 880 yards, behind Australian Dixie Willis. Two years later, at the Summer Olympics in Tokyo, she won the bronze medal behind Ann Packer (gold) and Maryvonne Dupureur (silver), the top five runners beating the old Olympic record time set by Dupureur in the semifinals.
At the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica Chamberlain stumbled just before the finish line when leading in the 880 yds final and missed out on a medal.
In the 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, Chamberlain was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to athletics.
Chamberlain was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.
Honorific eponym
Chamberlain Place, in the Hamilton suburb of Chartwell, is named in Chamberlain's honour.
References
External links
Page with Photo at Sporting Heroes
1935 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
New Zealand female middle-distance runners
Olympic athletes for New Zealand
Olympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Athletes from Christchurch
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for New Zealand
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medallists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marise%20Chamberlain |
Corwith Yards is a railroad intermodal freight terminal located at Pershing Road (39th Street) & Kedzie Avenue in the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, in the neighborhood of Brighton Park. At the time it was built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1888, it was the world's largest railway yard (nowadays, that title belongs to Bailey Yard, another freight railroad yard owned and operated by BNSF's rival, the Union Pacific Railroad). With adjacent parking and buildings it covers nearly a square mile of land. In the late 19th century Corwith Yards was the end of the line for trains of livestock loaded at AT&SF stations such as Dodge City, Kansas, and bound for the Union Stock Yards, as well as grain and other cargo from the western United States.
Now called the Corwith Intermodal Facility, it now handles much more freight than it did in its 19th-century heyday, for the BNSF Railway, mostly in the form of shipping containers. Corwith container cranes load approximately 1900 containers per day. Human Intelligence systems are used to sort & route the containers.
References
External links
Track Plans and Map of Corwith Yards
Rail yards in Illinois
BNSF Railway
Landmarks in Chicago
Transportation buildings and structures in Chicago
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
1888 establishments in Illinois
1888 in rail transport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwith%20Yard |
Nerola is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome, Latium, Italy.
Name
The name Nerola is probably derived from the Sabine word nero or nerio, which meant "strong" and "brave". The inscription on the fountain in the piazza of the town hall A Nerone tuum Nerola nomen habet traces the origin of the name back to the Roman emperor Nero, who belonged to the gens Claudia, which had distant Sabine origins. Traces of a Roman era villa have been found on that site, which legend attributes as belonging to Nero himself.
History
Acquaviva
Within the comune is the frazione of Acquaviva, on the ancient Via Salaria. This may have been the seat of the bishopric called Aquaviva in Latin, whose bishops took part in synods held in Rome in the second half of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th: Paulus or Paulinus in 465, Benignus in 487, 497, and 502, and Bonifacius in 503. No longer a residential bishopric, Aquaviva is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Castello Orsini di Nerola
In the second half of the 10th century, the castle Castrum Nerulae was founded by the "Sabine chancellor" Benedetto Crescenzi, and the Crescenzi family held it until 1235, when it came under the direct control of the pope. At the end of the 12th century, the fiefdom was granted to the Orsini family, who built the present Castello Orsini. At the end of the 15th century, the castle was subsequently reinforced with strong towers and other defensive fortifications around the village. Near the castle, the chiesa vecchia (Old Church) was built in 1483.
In 1644, the castle and the territory of Nerola were yielded to the Barberini family along with the Montelibretti family and, in 1728, entered into possession of the Sciarra clan, and thence to the Lante della Rovere family, who founded the charitable institution of the Ospedale dei Pellegrini to assist travellers on the Via Salaria.
In 1867, the castle was occupied by a contingent of partisans of Giuseppe Garibaldi who were fighting against papal troops.
Since passing to Marquis Ferrari-Frey in 1939, the castle has been restored and now houses a hotel.
COVID-19
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Nerola suffered a particularly high infection rate, and was entirely quarantined by authorities around the end of March 2020. Public health officials then attempted to test every one of its more than 1800 inhabitants to better understand the spread of the virus.
References
Cities and towns in Lazio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerola |
Pinkerton Syndrome is a term for the perceived tendency of some Asians to regard Whites as superior or more desirable, especially for marriage or relationships.
Etymology
Pinkerton Syndrome is derived from the 1904 opera Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini, based on the 1898 short story Madame Butterfly by John Luther Long. The term "Pinkerton" is in reference to the character of United States Navy Lieutenant B. F. Pinkerton, an upper class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant, who marries a Japanese girl for convenience while docked in Nagasaki, but plans to abandon her as soon as he leaves Japan and to find a suitably upper class White American wife. Lt. Pinkerton's young Japanese wife, and initially her family, are very excited about her marriage to an American man. However, when she later finds out that Pinkerton has indeed abandoned her and re-married a white American woman, she commits Seppuku.
Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence for the Pinkerton syndrome was first examined in Singapore. After a cursory search of Singapore's online media, it was argued that the Pinkerton syndrome is not restricted to interpersonal attraction. As such, the Pinkerton syndrome was redefined broadly "as the tendency for Asians to be prejudiced and to discriminate in favor of white people." In a simulated hiring decision task, Singaporean Chinese participants rated a white job applicant as more suitable for the job and recommended them a higher salary than an equally qualified Chinese applicant. The study provided the first and only empirical evidence of the Pinkerton syndrome in Singapore.
See also
Amejo
Sarong party girl
Yellow cab (stereotype)
References
Culture-bound syndromes
East Asian culture
Dating | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton%20Syndrome |
Santa Clara station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) located in the Historic District of Downtown San Jose, California on 1st and 2nd Streets just south of Santa Clara Street. The northbound platform is on 1st Street; the southbound platform is on 2nd Street. The platforms are connected via a pedestrian paseo called Fountain Alley. This station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
Santa Clara station is a major transit transfer point in the VTA system. Downtown San José station, a proposed underground Bay Area Rapid Transit station, is planned to be co-located with the existing VTA station.
History
VTA closed the station for refurbishment from January to May 2007 to allow level boarding at all doors, thus making the station fully wheelchair accessible.
Santa Clara station is planned as a future transfer point between BART (in the second, unfunded phase of an extension from Fremont) and VTA light rail. The BART downtown San Jose subway station is proposed to be built under Santa Clara Street.
Service
Station layout
Notable places nearby
The station is within walking distance of the following notable places:
Fountain Alley
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Clara%20station%20%28VTA%29 |
Greg Tivendale (born 19 April 1979) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Recruited from the Gippsland Power and Rythdale-Officer-Cardinia Football Club, Tivendale debuted in 1998 with the Richmond Football Club and was noted for talents including his long-kicking and long-range goals of his left boot.
In Round 20, 2006, as the Tigers defeated Carlton by 45 points, Tivendale was awarded the second Terry Wallace Medal for best afield in Richmond's tenth win for the season.
In 2008, Tivendale was informed he was not a required player for the 2009 season by the Richmond Football Club, and was given a farewell game in the last game of the 2008 season against Melbourne (Round 22). He told media at the time that he was considering electing for the 2008 AFL Pre-Season draft.
On 31 November 2008, it was announced that Tivendale had signed for his junior club, the Rythdale-Officer-Cardinia Football Club, as a player for the 2009 season in the Casey-Cardinia Football League, a division of the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League.
Tivendale ended his AFL career after 188 games and kicking 125 goals in an 11-year stint at Richmond.
Notes
1979 births
Living people
Richmond Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Gippsland Power players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Tivendale |
In mathematics, the blancmange curve is a self-affine curve constructible by midpoint subdivision. It is also known as the Takagi curve, after Teiji Takagi who described it in 1901, or as the Takagi–Landsberg curve, a generalization of the curve named after Takagi and Georg Landsberg. The name blancmange comes from its resemblance to a Blancmange pudding. It is a special case of the more general de Rham curve; see also fractal curve.
Definition
The blancmange function is defined on the unit interval by
where is the triangle wave, defined by ,
that is, is the distance from x to the nearest integer.
The Takagi–Landsberg curve is a slight generalization, given by
for a parameter ; thus the blancmange curve is the case . The value is known as the Hurst parameter.
The function can be extended to all of the real line: applying the definition given above shows that the function repeats on each unit interval.
The function could also be defined by the series in the section Fourier series expansion.
Functional equation definition
The periodic version of the Takagi curve can also be defined as the unique bounded solution to the functional equation
Indeed, the blancmange function is certainly bounded, and solves the functional equation, since
Conversely, if is a bounded solution of the functional equation, iterating the equality one has for any N
whence . Incidentally, the above functional equations possesses infinitely many continuous, non-bounded solutions, e.g.
Graphical construction
The blancmange curve can be visually built up out of triangle wave functions if the infinite sum is approximated by finite sums of the first few terms. In the illustrations below, progressively finer triangle functions (shown in red) are added to the curve at each stage.
Properties
Convergence and continuity
The infinite sum defining converges absolutely for all : since for all , we have:
if
Therefore, the Takagi curve of parameter is defined on the unit interval (or ) if .
The Takagi function of parameter is continuous. Indeed, the functions defined by the partial sums are continuous and converge uniformly toward , since:
for all x when
This value can be made as small as we want by selecting a big enough value of n. Therefore, by the uniform limit theorem, is continuous if |w| < 1.
Subadditivity
Since the absolute value is a subadditive function so is the function , and its dilations ; since positive linear combinations and point-wise limits of subadditive functions are subadditive, the Takagi function is subadditive for any value of the parameter .
The special case of the parabola
For , one obtains the parabola: the construction of the parabola by midpoint subdivision was described by Archimedes.
Differentiability
For values of the parameter the Takagi function is differentiable in classical sense at any which is not a dyadic rational. Precisely,
by derivation under the sign of series, for any non dyadic rational one finds
where is the sequence of binary digits in the base 2 expansion of , that is, . Moreover, for these values of the function is Lipschitz of constant . In particular for the special value one finds, for any non dyadic rational , according with the mentioned
For the blancmange function it is of bounded variation on no non-empty open set; it is not even locally Lipschitz, but it is quasi-Lipschitz, indeed, it admits the function as a modulus of continuity .
Fourier series expansion
The Takagi–Landsberg function admits an absolutely convergent Fourier series expansion:
with and, for
where is the maximum power of that divides .
Indeed, the above triangle wave has an absolutely convergent Fourier series expansion
By absolute convergence, one can reorder the corresponding double series for :
putting yields the above Fourier series for
Self similarity
The recursive definition allows the monoid of self-symmetries of the curve to be given. This monoid is given by two generators, g and r, which act on the curve (restricted to the unit interval) as
and
A general element of the monoid then has the form for some integers This acts on the curve as a linear function: for some constants a, b and c. Because the action is linear, it can be described in terms of a vector space, with the vector space basis:
In this representation, the action of g and r are given by
and
That is, the action of a general element maps the blancmange curve on the unit interval [0,1] to a sub-interval for some integers m, n, p. The mapping is given exactly by where the values of a, b and c can be obtained directly by multiplying out the above matrices. That is:
Note that is immediate.
The monoid generated by g and r is sometimes called the dyadic monoid; it is a sub-monoid of the modular group. When discussing the modular group, the more common notation for g and r is T and S, but that notation conflicts with the symbols used here.
The above three-dimensional representation is just one of many representations it can have; it shows that the blancmange curve is one possible realization of the action. That is, there are representations for any dimension, not just 3; some of these give the de Rham curves.
Integrating the Blancmange curve
Given that the integral of from 0 to 1 is 1/2, the identity allows the integral over any interval to be computed by the following relation. The computation is recursive with computing time on the order of log of the accuracy required. Defining
one has that
The definite integral is given by:
A more general expression can be obtained by defining
which, combined with the series representation, gives
Note that
This integral is also self-similar on the unit interval, under an action of the dyadic monoid described in the section Self similarity. Here, the representation is 4-dimensional, having the basis . Re-writing the above to make the action of g more clear: on the unit interval, one has
From this, one can then immediately read off the generators of the four-dimensional representation:
and
Repeated integrals transform under a 5,6,... dimensional representation.
Relation to simplicial complexes
Let
Define the Kruskal–Katona function
The Kruskal–Katona theorem states that this is the minimum number of (t − 1)-simplexes that are faces of a set of N t-simplexes.
As t and N approach infinity,
(suitably normalized) approaches the blancmange curve.
See also
Cantor function (also known as the Devil's staircase)
Minkowski's question mark function
Weierstrass function
Dyadic transformation
References
Benoit Mandelbrot, "Fractal Landscapes without creases and with rivers", appearing in The Science of Fractal Images, ed. Heinz-Otto Peitgen, Dietmar Saupe; Springer-Verlag (1988) pp 243–260.
Linas Vepstas, Symmetries of Period-Doubling Maps, (2004)
Donald Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, volume 4a. Combinatorial algorithms, part 1. . See pages 372–375.
Further reading
External links
Takagi Explorer
(Some properties of the Takagi function)
De Rham curves
Theory of continuous functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancmange%20curve |
Japantown/Ayer station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. The station is located in San Jose, California on 1st Street just north of Empire Street. This station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
Nearby points of interest
Japantown – Historic neighborhood, with business district along Jackson Street
References
External links
Transit Unlimited
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority bus stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
1987 establishments in California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japantown/Ayer%20station |
Civic Center station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. The station is located in San Jose, California, on 1st Street just north of Mission Street. The station is located in and named after the Civic Center area where many city and county government buildings are located, including the County Administration Campus, San Jose Police Department, Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office, and Santa Clara County Superior Court. The station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority bus stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic%20Center%20station%20%28VTA%29 |
Roddy McMillan OBE (23 March 1923 – 9 July 1979) was a Scottish actor and playwright, possibly most famous for his comedy role as Para Handy for BBC Scotland's television series, The Vital Spark. He also played the lead role in Edward Boyd's private eye series, The View from Daniel Pike.
Biography
The Glasgow-born McMillan worked for a time in a glassworks. His theatre work began in the mid-1940s with the Glasgow Unity Theatre. Later that decade, he began acting with the Glasgow Citizen's Company before moving on to Edinburgh's Gateway Theatre in the mid-1950s.
His first play, All in Good Faith, about a Glasgow family which unexpectedly comes into possession of £15,000, was first staged in 1954. He performed in his second play, The Bevellers, which premiered at the Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh and achieved success at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow during 1973 and then as a televised Play for Today for the BBC. McMillan also played Detective Inspector "Choc" Minty in the late 1970s private eye series, Hazell, starring Nicholas Ball.
McMillan was awarded the OBE in the 1978 Queen's Birthday honours.
Death
Roddy McMillan died following a heart attack, aged 56, not long after completing filming on the second series of Hazell.
Filmography
Reviews
Findlay, Bill (1980), review of All in Good Faith in Bold, Christine (ed.), Cencrastus No. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 43 & 44, .
References
External links
Roddy McMillan at the British Film Institute
1923 births
1979 deaths
People from Anderston
Theatre in Scotland
Male actors from Glasgow
20th-century Scottish male actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
20th-century Scottish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddy%20McMillan |
Jayson Daniels (born 19 February 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL/AFL.
Debuting in the VFL in 1988, he was recruited from Parkmore, Victoria to the St Kilda Football Club. The red-headed Daniels, known as "Jack", was used in a number of defensive roles. In 1993 he debuted for the Sydney Swans, where he played until 1995. In 1996 he moved back to his original AFL team, the St Kilda Football Club. He was injured with a shoulder problem in 1997 and his final season of AFL was in 1998. Daniels played 173 AFL games in total.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
St Kilda Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayson%20Daniels |
Feld is a surname of German origin. The name means "field" in English.
Feld Entertainment, entertainment company formed by Israel and Irvin Feld
People
A. Spencer Feld (1891–1987), New York politician
Bernard T. Feld (1919–1993), American physicist
Brad Feld (born 1965), American venture capitalist
Donald Lee Feld, better known as Donfeld (1934–2007), American costume designer
Fritz Feld (1900–1993), German-American actor
Irvin Feld, co-founder of an American entertainment company
Jindřich Feld (1925–2007), Czech composer
Judy Feld Carr (born 1938), Canadian musicologist and Jewish activist
Kenneth Feld (born 1948), American entertainment entrepreneur
Mark Feld, better known under his stage name Marc Bolan (1947–1977), English musician with T.Rex
Val Feld (1947–2001), Welsh politician
Fictional characters
Zieg Feld, a character in The Legend of Dragoon
Dart Feld, a character in The Legend of Dragoon
See also
Feld-Tai reciprocity or Feld-Tai reciprocity theorem; in Reciprocity (electromagnetism)
Feldt
Felt (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feld |
Gish station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. The station is located in San Jose, California, United States in the center median of 1st Street near Gish Street. The station has a split platform. The northbound platform is located just north of Gish Street, while the southbound platform is located just south of it. This station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
References
External links
Transit Unlimited
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gish%20station |
Che with diaeresis (Ӵ ӵ; italics: Ӵ ӵ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (Ч ч Ч ч).
Che with diaeresis is used only in the alphabet of the Udmurt language, where it represents the voiceless palato-alveolar affricate , like the pronunciation of in "chicken". It is the thirtieth letter of this alphabet.
Computing codes
See also
Cyrillic characters in Unicode
References
Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter Che (ЧX ч ЧX ч).
Cyrillic letters with diacritics
Letters with diaeresis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%20with%20diaeresis |
Karina station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. The station is located in San Jose, California in the center median of 1st Street near Karina Court. The station's street address is 1900 N. First Street.
Karina has a split platform. The northbound platform is located just north of Karina Court, the southbound platform is located just south of Karina Court. This station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
References
External links
Transit Unlimited
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karina%20station |
Samuel Richard Shockley, Jr. (January 12, 1909 – December 3, 1948) was an inmate at Alcatraz prison, who was executed for his participation in the Alcatraz uprising or Battle of Alcatraz in 1946.
Background
Sam Shockley was born in Cerro Gordo, Caney Township, Little River County, Arkansas. His father, Richard Shockley, was a sharecropper who married three times and had eight children. As a newborn baby, Sam survived an accident when his 9-year-old sister, Myrtle, was looking after the other children while their parents worked on the land; with baby Sam on her arm, she came too close to the fireplace and her dress caught fire. She ran out of the house and collapsed, throwing the baby clear, and both lay outside for six hours. Both were burned, and Sam had fallen hard.
Sam's mother, Annyer Eugenia, Richard's second wife, died when Sam was 7 years old. Sam started running away from home after his stepmother, Sally Barton, died of malaria in 1920. When he was 12, his father took him out of school to work in the fields; his formal education ended at the third grade. By the age of 13 he exhibited signs of serious instability. In 1927 he left the family for good and became a transient. Soon after that he was arrested for stealing chickens, automobile tires and accessories in Garvin County, Oklahoma, and on July 3, 1928, was sentenced to one year in the Oklahoma State Reformatory at Granite.
While in prison Sam Shockley was beaten by a fellow inmate, suffering brain damage and numerous scars on his head and neck. He was released in July 1929. In the early 1930s he was arrested several times for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, escaped from the jail in Birmingham, Alabama, and was beaten by a police officer, receiving further head trauma. In June 1936, Shockley married Betty Moore (born 1923 in Shoshone, Idaho), but the marriage only lasted a year and a half. They divorced in June 1939.
In March 1938, Shockley was arrested with Edward Johnson for robbing a man of his car, robbing the bank of Paoli, Oklahoma, and kidnapping two employees, Mr. and Mrs. D. F. Pendley; Shockley attempted to escape during the arrest. They were both convicted of kidnapping. Although the Pendleys had not died, the prosecution still requested death sentences. However, the jury spared both of them from execution and they were instead sentenced to life in prison on May 16, 1938. When examined by prison psychiatrists at Leavenworth, Shockley was determined to have an IQ of 68 and a mental age of 10 years, 10 months. According to the report, he suffered episodes of hallucinations and demonstrated serious emotional instability and was incapable of coping with the normal prison environment, presenting a risk to himself and others. Rather than transferring him to the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri, officials at Leavenworth sent him to Alcatraz on September 23, 1938, where it was believed the strict routine would better manage him.
Alcatraz
Shockley was placed for three years in the D block isolation section, for most of the time in the "Hole" or "Dungeon", the darkened, stripped cells on the ground level, where he spent most of his time in darkness. At night, he was allowed a blanket and a mattress; during the day he was sitting and lying on the cold concrete. His condition deteriorated. He displayed classic schizophrenic symptoms: delusions, auditory hallucinations, and disorientation. His IQ dropped to 54, indicating a mental age of 8. In 1942 the Alcatraz prison physician described him as emotionally very unstable with episodes of hallucinations.
On May 21, 1941, Shockley was involved with Joe Cretzer, Arnold "Shorty" Kyle, and Lloyd Barkdoll (an Oregon bankrobber) in an attempted escape from one of the island's workshops. The men held a number of guards hostage while attempting to saw through the steel bars from the inside. After an hour of unsuccessful sawing, they surrendered and released their hostages unharmed after the arrival of the guard captain, Paul Madigan. Barkdoll managed to speak with Warden James Johnston and convinced him that Shockley was not involved in the plot, and Shockley was released and sent back to his cell.
On May 2, 1946, during an attempted escape, inmates Bernard Coy, Joseph Cretzer, and Marvin Hubbard took custodial guard Cecil Corwin by surprise. They had planned to take control of the cell house and the D isolation cell block in order to free inmate Rufus Whitey Franklin from the isolation block, but none of the keys they had fit the rear door leading to the recreation yard, their intended escape route; custodial guard Joseph Burdett had hidden this key under the wall seat of cell 404. As designed, the lock jammed after repeated attempts to open it with the wrong key. A 48-hour armed confrontation ensued, in which two custodial guards, Bill Miller and Harold Stites, and three inmates, Coy, Cretzer and Hubbard, were killed. 13 guards were injured, three critically.
Shockley was tried for participation in the attempted escape and the killing and injury of the guards. Judge Louis Goodman appointed William A. Sullivan to defend Shockley. Goodman elicited a statement from custodial guard Carl W. Sundstrom that he had at no time seen a weapon in Shockley's hands, and that while Shockley did attack Sundstrom, he did not injure Sundstrom at any time. Sundstrom also stated that Sam Shockley was running around and acting like a crazy man. Other inmates such as Jack Pepper, James Quillen, Howard Butler, Edwin Sharp, and Louis Fleish made statements that Sam Shockley was running up and down the corridors carrying a wrench and wearing an officer's jacket several sizes too large for him, and repeatedly swore at the hostages. Also the men all established that Shockley was in the D block when the shooting began that injured the guards taken hostage, and later killed guard W. H. Miller. Inmate Joseph Moyle testified that Sam Shockley did not say anything; he was just standing at the hostage cells, and he did not think Shockley knew what was going on. He and other inmates who testified in court denied that they ever heard Sam Shockley urge Joseph Cretzer to shoot the guards. Sam Shockley was not a part of the plan at all and merely tagged along because no one told him he could not. If Sam Shockley was to have been a key figure in helping Bernie Coy enter the gun gallery, he would not have risked being placed in a solitary cell by smashing and setting fire to his cell in the riot of March 1946. If there had been enough solitary cells available, Shockley would have been locked up in one as Franklin had been. The failure to release Rufus Franklin was a good indication that no one in D Block had been aware of the break prior to its occurrence. Joseph Moyle agreed to testify as an important defense witness, but Warden Johnston handed Sullivan a letter in which Moyle declared that he no longer wished to be summoned as a witness in the court case because it would not be in his interest. With this, Sullivan lost one of his best witnesses in the case.
Judge Goodman denied a motion for a separate trial for each of the defendants, on the ground that they could not receive a fair trial if they were tried together because the acts of each defendant would be considered by the jury to be acts of all, and also a motion for transfer of the trial, on the ground that the widespread adverse publicity and press coverage would prevent the defendants from obtaining a fair trial. Judge Goodman also denied a request for two lawyers to assist Sam Shockley, and a request for an independent psychiatrist to testify that Shockley was mentally ill or insane. Dr. Alden, the court-appointed psychiatrist, was the only medical witness to testify regarding the issue of Shockley's sanity, and had only an hour to examine Shockley.
Frank Hennessy, the U.S. Attorney, and Judge Goodman feared a repetition of the 1941 trial of Henri Young, in which the jury publicly attacked Warden Johnston's administration as cruel and inhumane, and demanded that Alcatraz be closed and the administration investigated by the United States Marshals Service. Young, like Shockley, was mentally handicapped, had been confined for lengthy periods in isolation and had a long record of minor misbehavior for which he had been harshly punished, and had almost complete lack of recall of the events for which he was on trial.
On December 21, 1946, Sam Shockley, along with Miran Thompson and Clarence Carnes, was found guilty of murder in the first degree at their trial before the Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. Carnes, who was 19, was spared the death penalty after some custodial officers who had been taken hostage testified that he had refrained from following instructions from Cretzer to kill them, but also due to the strong defense of his lawyer, Archer Zamloch. Although Sam Shockley's lawyer, W. A. Sullivan, pleaded insanity, Sam Shockley and Miran Thompson both received death sentences, to the great disbelief of their lawyers and even the prosecuting U.S. attorney, Hennessy. President Truman, a good friend of Warden Johnston, denied the bid for clemency. Shockley accepted his fate and rejected any further efforts to stay the execution. He and Thompson were executed simultaneously in the San Quentin gas chamber on December 3, 1948. Sam Shockley is buried at Pollard cemetery in Haworth, Oklahoma.
See also
Capital punishment by the United States federal government
List of people executed by the United States federal government
References
General references
Inside Alcatraz, my time on the rock by Jim Quillen.
Alcatraz Justice - The Rock's most famous Murder trial by Ernest B. Lageson.
Battle at Alcatraz - A Desperate Attempt to Escape the Rock by Ernest B. Lageson.
https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/166/704/1475755/ on 2019-03-23
www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1202535
https://legacy.sfgenealogy.org/sf/history/sfoealcb.htm on 2022-04-20
http://www.notfrisco2.com/alcatraz/bios/hyoung/hyoung5.html 2019-04-03
1909 births
1948 deaths
20th-century executions of American people
20th-century executions by the United States federal government
People from Little River County, Arkansas
American people executed for murder
Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government
People executed by the United States federal government by gas chamber
Executed people from Arkansas
People convicted under the Federal Kidnapping Act | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Shockley |
The Willys MB and the Ford GPW, both formally called the U.S. Army Truck, ton, 4×4, Command Reconnaissance, commonly known as the Willys Jeep, Jeep, or jeep, and sometimes referred to by its Standard Army vehicle supply nr. G-503, were highly successful American off-road capable, light military utility vehicles. Well over 600,000 were built to a single standardized design, for the United States and the Allied forces in World War II, from 1941 until 1945. This also made it (by its light weight) the world's first mass-produced four-wheel drive car, built in six-figure numbers.
The -ton jeep became the primary light, wheeled, multi-role vehicle of the United States military and its allies, with President Eisenhower once calling it "one of three decisive weapons the U.S. had during WWII." With some 640,000 units built, the ton jeeps constituted a quarter of the total military support motor vehicles that the U.S. produced during the war, and almost two-thirds of the 988,000 light 4WD vehicles produced, when counted together with the Dodge WC series. Large numbers of jeeps were provided to U.S. allies, including the Soviet Union at the time. Aside from large amounts of 1- and 2ton trucks, and 25,000 ton Dodges – some 50,000 ton jeeps were shipped to help Russia during WWII – against Nazi-Germany's total production of just over 50,000 Kübelwagens, the jeep's primary counterpart.
Historian Charles K. Hyde wrote: "In many respects, the jeep became the iconic vehicle of World War II, with an almost mythological reputation of toughness, durability, and versatility." Not only did it become the workhorse of the American military, literally replacing the use of horses and other draft animals (still heavily used in World War I), but also motorcycles (and sidecars) in every role, from messaging and cavalry units to supply trains – but improvised field modifications also made the jeep capable of just about any other function soldiers could think of. Moreover: military jeeps were adopted by countries all over the world, to this day – so much that they have become the most widely used and recognizable military vehicle in history.
Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe in World War II, wrote in his memoirs that most senior officers regarded it as one of the five pieces of equipment most vital to success in Africa and Europe. General George Marshall, Chief of Staff of the US Army during the war, called the vehicle "America's greatest contribution to modern warfare." In 1991, the MB Jeep was designated an "International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark" by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
After WWII, the original jeep continued to serve, in the Korean War and other conflicts, until it was updated in the form of the M38 Willys MC and M38A1 Willys MD (in 1949 and 1952 respectively), and received a complete redesign by Ford in the form of the 1960-introduced M151 jeep. Its influence, however, was much greater than that — manufacturers around the world began building jeeps and similar designs, either under license or not — at first primarily for military purposes, but later also for the civilian market. Willys turned the MB into the civilian Jeep in 1945, making the world's first mass-produced civilian four-wheel drive. The "Jeep" name was trademarked, and grew into a successful, and highly valued brand.
The success of the jeep inspired both an entire category of recreational 4WDs and SUVs, making "four-wheel drive" a household term, and numerous incarnations of military light utility vehicles. In 2010, the American Enterprise Institute called the jeep "one of the most influential designs in automotive history". Its "sardine tin on wheels" silhouette and slotted grille are perhaps even more instantly recognizable than the VW Beetle, and it has evolved into the currently produced Jeep Wrangler still largely designed like the original jeep design.
History
The design challenge and achievement
By 1940, U.S. policies had caused a stark disadvantage compared to Nazi Germany's aim, building a standard fleet of Wehrmacht (German armed forces) motor vehicles. From 1933, German industry could only produce Wehrmacht approved trucks. The U.S. Quartermaster's only significant success for standardization, through late September 1939 Army Regulations on tactical trucks, was that the War Department limited procurement to just five payload chassis types (categories), from ton to 7ton — but only "models produced commercially by two or more competing companies..." The Army was still to use "commercially standard" trucks and parts, with only minor modifications, like brush-guards, tow-hooks, etc. Specially designed vehicles or a standardized truck fleet were still ruled out. "This policy was intended to assure speedy production at the outbreak of war, regardless of the maintenance and spare parts problems that might develop later". The new rules more or less allowed the Army to order in late 1939 the U.S. military's first ever light, quantity-produced 4x4 trucks: the half-ton Dodge G-505 VC-series trucks, delivered in first half of 1940, but these were still not light enough for the jobs that both the Infantry and Ordnance branches required it for. By contrast, Germany had already completed a development program to produce off-road capable "Standardized Military Vehicles" (the Einheits-PKW der Wehrmacht), from 1933–1938, which had already yielded a fleet of tens of thousands of standardized vehicles for the German Army. Moreover, lessons were learned, and a second program to develop a cheap, light, nimble multipurpose off-roader, the Volkswagen Kübelwagen, had already started in 1938. America's military faced a severe catch-up situation, both in time and knowledge. In June 1940 the race was on to produce a lightweight, 4-wheel drive cross-country vehicle for the U.S. Army, capable of carrying equipment and personnel across rough terrain.
The idea of the jeep originated with the infantry, which needed a low-profile, powerful vehicle with four-wheel drive and it was turned over to commercial companies (chiefly Bantam, Willys, and Ford) to deliver – the development repeatedly being described as a "design by committee". In fall 1941, Lt. E.P. Hogan of the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps wrote: "Credit for the original design of the Army's truck ton, 4x4, may not be claimed by any single individual or manufacturer. This vehicle is the result of much research and many tests." Hogan credited both military and civilian engineers, especially those working at the Holabird Quartermaster Depot.
Nevertheless, Willys' advertising and branding during and after the war aimed to make the world recognize Willys as the creator of the jeep. When Willys first applied to trademark the "Jeep" name in February 1943, Bantam, Ford and other companies objected, because of their contributions to the jeep and the war effort. Although many other companies advertised their patriotic efforts to producing the ton jeeps, including Ford, featuring their own GPW jeeps in their ads – nobody took their claims as far as Willys-Overland, and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened a case, charging Willys-Overland with misrepresentation in their advertising and news claims, on 6 May 1943. According to the New York Times, the FTC ruled that Willys did not perform the "spectacular achievement" of creating, designing and perfecting the "jeep" together with U.S. Army Quartermaster officers, but that: "The idea of creating a "jeep" was said by the FTC .. to have been originated by the American Bantam [Co.] of Butler, PA "[with U.S. Army officers]" and to have been [conceived and] developed by that company." Willys appealed this ruling, and after a five-year investigation, in 1948 the FTC again ruled that "Willys was unfairly taking credit for the creation and was thus using unfair methods of competition. The FTC ordered Willys to stop claiming they were the sole creator of the Jeep."
Some 70 years later, in a late 2012 article, the Defense Acquisition Research Journal still called the jeep design "..a product of a massive team effort, including all three manufacturers as well as Army engineers, both military and civilian."
Moreover, in 2015, the Pennsylvania General Assembly unanimously adopted a non-controversial House Resolution (382): "..commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Bantam jeep, invented and originally manufactured in Butler, Pennsylvania", therein explicitly resolving that the American Bantam Car co. of Butler, PA, invented the jeep, calling it "one of the most famous vehicles in the world," were the only party to deliver a working prototype of a light four-wheel drive reconnaissance car within the required seven weeks, which withstood 30 days of Army testing at Camp Holabird, then further developed that car, and manufactured 2,675 jeeps, before losing further production contracts to Willys and Ford Motor Co's, for fear that Bantam wouldn't be able to ramp up production to 75 jeeps a day, and after the Army handed Ford and Willys the blueprints of Bantam's detailed technical drawings – though Bantam proved highly capable and productive during the war, entrusted with manufacturing torpedo-motors and more.
However, on 7 April 1942, U.S. patent 2278450 for the WW II jeep, titled "Military vehicle body" had been awarded to the U.S. Army, which had applied for it, listing Colonel Byron Q. Jones as the inventor on the patent, though he had performed no work on the design of the vehicle. Filed on 8 October 1941, stating in the application that "The invention described herein, if patented, may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty thereon", the patent relates to a "small car vehicle body having convertible features whereby it is rendered particularly desirable for military purposes" and describes the purpose as being "a convertible small car body so arranged that a single vehicle may be interchangeably used as a cargo truck, personnel carrier, emergency ambulance, field beds, radio car, trench mortar unit, mobile anti-aircraft machine gun unit, or for other purposes."
First motorizations and World War I
For centuries, horses were used for reconnaissance, communications, and pulling loads, whenever wars were fought, but after the start of the 20th century, motorcycles were the first motor vehicles eagerly adopted by the military, either to replace mounted/ridden cavalry horses, or to motorize infantry.
The armies of World War I relied on marching men, horses, and railways for movement but its new technologies introduced motor vehicles: the first tanks, armoured car, and artillery tractors. Motorcycles were the most prolific motor-tools in the Allied arsenal.
Cavalry, mounted infantry, scouts and messengers could now be mobilized in combat with much greater speed, agility, and near tireless machines, exactly what was wanted for relaying critical orders, getting munitions to machine guns, and scouting miles ahead of advancing units. The quick and nimble motorcycle, "ridden hard through shot and shell to secure victory", has made itself irreplaceable in specific roles on the battlefield to this day.
But motorcycles also had serious limitations. One could be fast on a decent road, but many roads were still so bad, that the U.S. already had a Good Roads Movement in the late 19th century, as increased usage of bicycles required improving the surfaces of existing wagon and carriage trails. The motorcycles of the era were not ideal; only the best motorcyclists could endure a muddy battlefield trail, control the bike and keep it from stalling, damage, or flipping over; and driver training was both costly in terms of time and money. They had poor off-roading ability and lacked payload capacity. Adding a sidecar provided more stability, but payload and cargo space remained very limited, and having only one powered wheel out of three, still meant the combination got stuck a lot. Royal Page Davidson used patents of Charles Duryea to modify chassis, with machine-guns and armor shield, from 1898.
At the same time, the arrival and growing use of automobiles led to various individuals pioneering cross-USA vehicle trips, followed by the first transcontinental trips by convoys of vehicles. After the U.S. Army purchased its first truck in 1907, of 5ton payload capacity, in the late summer of 1913, the Army Medical and Quartermaster Corps (QC) took a 3/4ton QC field-truck, on a multi-leg experimental trek through Alaska for the state's Road Commission – both to try the truck's bad-road supply and maintenance abilities as well as test the state of several important overland connections in the rough territory. In 1915 followed the first successful transcontinental motor convoy, traveling the entire Lincoln Highway, from New York City to the Panama-Pacific World Exhibition in San Francisco, taking four months – for making a film about it.
Starting 1916, the Quartermaster Corps was servicing over 100 'motor trucks', of as many as 27 'varieties'; and in March that year, the U.S. Army decided to form its first two motor companies, to be used immediately in the Pancho Villa Expedition in Mexico, starting 14 March 1916. One company got 27 four-wheel drive, 2ton, Jeffery off-road Quad trucks. The other got 27 heavy-duty, 1ton, long wheelbase, rear-wheel drive White trucks. The U.S. War Department procured the vehicles as rolling chassis, which the manufacturers had to expedite to El Paso, Texas. The wagon bodies for the chassis came from the Quartermaster Depot. The most suitable truck capacity found by the Quartermaster General for Army use to be 1ton, matching both the country roads nature, the strength of bridges, as well as the existing troop supply system, at the time also using standard 1ton, four-mule wagons.
Meanwhile, World War I had been raging in Europe since 1914. More than five years before, Henry Ford had launched his Model T. ".. its speed, durability, stamina, and ease of maintenance (compared to a horse) had already won over many civilians," and British and French forces also wanted them. Ford, an isolationist, would not sign a contract with an overseas government, but local dealers sold over 50,000 Fords to European forces, who militarized them locally, most famously into ambulances. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, Ford sold directly to his country, delivering another 15,000 cars before peace was signed.
Britain, France, and Russia were already buying American-made four-wheel drive trucks from the Four Wheel Drive Auto Company, and Jeffery / Nash Quads, because on the muddy roads and European battlefields, they wouldn't get stuck all the time.
The United States procured thousands of motor vehicles for its military, including some 12,800 Dodges, plus thousands of four-wheel drive trucks: 1ton Nash Quads, and 3 and 5ton FWD trucks. General John J. Pershing viewed horses and mules as acceptable for the previous three U.S. wars, but in the new century, his cavalry forces had to move quicker, with more range and more personnel. He was the first to deploy motorcycles, in the Mexican Border War, predominantly a cavalry campaign over wide regions of the Southwest, where Harley-Davidson motorcycles provided to the Army gave the U.S. the advantage over the horse-mounted Mexicans. The U.S. Army was so pleased with further innovations, like a sidecar as a platform to mount machine-guns, that the U.S. procured many more motorcycles than 4WD trucks for World War I. "Entire infantry units were mobilized on motorcycles, and they also provided an ideal way to rapidly deploy machine gun crews into position. Medical units used them to evacuate wounded on stretcher-equipped sidecars, and to return medical supplies and ammunition"
"By the end of the war, the whole world saw the horse as hopelessly outclassed." Nevertheless – crucially – using four-wheel drive still remained tied to heavier trucks, of to capacity. All through World War I — there weren't any light four-wheel drive vehicles yet.
Interbellum tests, and formulating the need for a standardized, 4x4, quarter-ton
Immediately after World War I, the further and future use of motor vehicles was considered. In many roles, motorized vehicles had successfully replaced horses and other draft animals, but several roles remained that required better or more specialized vehicles. In 1919 already, the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps recommended the acquisition of a new kind of military vehicle, "..of light weight and compact size, with a low silhouette and high ground clearance, and possess the ability to carry weapons and men over all sorts of rough terrain." The U.S. Army started looking for a small vehicle suited for reconnaissance and messaging, while at the same time searching for a light cross-country weapons carrier.
However, after World War I, the United States had a big public debt, and the military had masses of left-over war vehicles, so vehicle budgets were drastically cut. During the first half of the interwar period, the Roaring Twenties, despite a booming economy, United States non-interventionism and neutrality policies were supported by both elite and popular opinion, to the point of isolationism, and no real budgets were allocated. Then, the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the following Great Depression resulted in economic austerity policies lasting until the end of the 1930s, thus curtailing any development of new military vehicles, like a light 4WD car.
At the same time, there was a drive for standardization. By the end of World War I, U.S. forces overseas had a total of 216 different makes and models of motor vehicles to operate, both foreign and domestic, and no good supply system to keep them running.
Various light motor vehicles were tested — at first motorcycles with and without sidecars, and some modified Ford Model Ts. But what was needed was a very light, small, battlefield utility vehicle to replace motorcycles (with or without sidecar) — more user-friendly to control, but just as easy to get in and out of. In the early 1930s, the U.S. Army experimented with a bantam weight "midget truck" for scouts and raiders. A , low-slung mini-car with a pick-up body, provided by American Austin Car Company, was shown in a 1933 article in Popular Mechanics magazine. One of the pictures showed that the vehicle was light enough to be man-handled — four soldiers could lift it from the ground entirely. But it was still only rear-wheel drive.
After 1935, when the U.S. Congress declared World War I vehicles obsolete, procurement for "remotorization of the Army" gained more traction, but pre-war, peacetime budget restrictions still meant that the U.S. Comptroller General imposed open bidding on every additional, or even incremental procurement. Each time, the Army was forced to award the contract to the lowest bid that met requirements and specifications, often different makers – however, saving a small percentage initially, on the procurement, overall proved "penny wise, pound foolish" because it led to problematic diversity of the fleet, requiring too much training of operators and mechanics for maintenance and repairs, and an unmanageably large supply of non-interchangeable spare parts – “The commanding officer at Holabird reported in 1935 that, the 360 different models of vehicles now in the Army ... involve nearly a million items of spare parts which neither the War Department nor any other authority can control.” This was bad for logistics in times of war, both in terms of supply chains, as well as hindering troops' mobility by, blocking the ability to repair one vehicle by scavenging parts off another. And the Army could still only get multi-axle drive on 'tactical' trucks, "requiring the greatest battlefield mobility".
Meanwhile, in Asia and the Pacific, Japan had invaded Manchuria in 1931 and was at war with China from 1937. Its Imperial Army used a small, , three-man crew, four-wheel drive car for reconnaissance and troop movements, the Kurogane Type 95, produced in limited numbers from 1936.
In 1937 Marmon-Herrington presented five 4x4 Fords, and American Bantam (previously American Austin) once again contributed — delivering three Austin derived roadsters in 1938. The U.S. Army itself had also built an experimental light, low-profile scout and gun mover, the Howie-Wiley Machine Gun Carrier, ordered by General Walter Short, then Assistant Commander of the Army's Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, and built by Captain Robert G. Howie and Master Sergeant Melvin C. Wiley. Completed in April 1937, with a driver and a gunner laying prone, operating a .30 caliber machine gun, the vehicle was nicknamed the "belly flopper".
By 1939 the U.S. Army began standardizing its general-purpose truck chassis types by payload rating, initially in five classes from . The Quartermaster Corps saw that the Army needed truck chassis to be standardized in crucial basic functional 'types' (body models), and within 'payload capacity' classes. Additionally, some crucial features could not be equipped by the QC to commercial trucks after procurement. Cross-country capabilities, like increased ground clearance and multi-axle drive, had to be designed and built into the trucks from the factory. The Quartermaster Corps Technical Committee concurred, and in June 1939 requested the Chief of Staff's approval, to start standardizing truck chassis and bodies procured for the Army into five payload classes: ton, 1ton, 2ton, 4ton, and 7ton and all tactical trucks had to have (part-time) all-wheel drive capability. Furthermore, to achieve the needed level of standardization, the Quartermaster General urged trucks should be bought en masse from there on. Acting Chief of Staff, George C. Marshall, approved the procurement policy in the summer of 1939. The Quartermaster Corps also wanted to require the truck industry to use dimensionally interchangeable components, but further standardization measures were not approved until 1940.
However in 1940, the Army revised the categories. For the first time, a quarter-ton truck tactical (4x4) chassis class was introduced, at the bottom of the range, and the ton chassis was supplanted by a ton payload class.
By the eve of entering World War II, the United States Department of War had determined it needed a ton, cross-country reconnaissance vehicle. Although ton four-by-fours had outperformed ton 4x4 trucks during testing in 1938, the half-ton 4x4 trucks – both from Marmon-Herrington Ford, and the 1940 Dodge VC series – still proved too large and heavy, and insufficiently agile off-road. Anxious to have a quarter-ton truck in time for America's entry into World War II, the U.S. Army solicited proposals from domestic automobile manufacturers. Recognizing the need to create standard specifications, the Army formalized its requirements on 11 July 1940, and submitted them to 135 U.S. automotive manufacturers.
Development start – Bantam Reconnaissance Car
In the early 1930s, the Infantry Board at Fort Benning had become interested in the British Army's use of the tiny Austin 7 car in a reconnaissance role, and in 1933 received a car from the American Austin Car Company in Pennsylvania which built them under license. Ever since then, their devout on-the-road salesman and (Washington) lobbyist, ex-military Harry Payne kept approaching many U.S. Army and Defense branches and officers, hoping to sell the idea of a small, lightweight reconnaissance car to someone Army or Defense, getting some much-needed government contract business for his company. And Payne kept pushing while American Austin had gone bankrupt and its assets were reincorporated into American Bantam. In 1938, American Bantam again loaned three much-improved cars to the Pennsylvania National Guard for trials during summer maneuvers, which were received as reliable, economical and practical.
During the first days of September 1939, World War Two had escalated in Europe, with Hitler's invasion of Poland, and the Nazi German forces showed the world a new, highly mobile form of warfare, dubbed ‘Blitzkriegʼ, or lightning war, by a coordinated combination of fast moving tanks and motorized infantry, (self-propelled) artillery, and air support. In response, President Franklin Roosevelt, made an emergency proclamation on September 8, 1939. It authorized the U.S. an increase in size of both the regular Army and the National Guard. The War Department was also authorized to spend an additional $12 million on motor transport.
The Army then ordered the U.S. military's first ever production quantity of light, ton, 4x4 tactical trucks: going on 5,000 Dodge G-505 VC series, which arrived by the Spring of 1940. Until that point, only a few third party after-market modified four-wheel drive ton trucks, mainly Marmon-Herrington derived Fords, had been bought after 1935, for testing, but the prevailing belief amongst military higher-ups and Congress was, that all the extra 4-wheel drive hardware would make any truck lighter than a ton payload model, so much heavier that the weight-gain would cancel out any benefits gained from adding 4-wheel drive. But after the ton 4x4 Dodges arrived, two decisions were made: greatly more of these ton Dodges were ordered (some 80,000 for the 1941 model year revisions), but also, in June 1940, the Army's tactical trucks payload categories were revised. For the first time, the Army introduced a quarter-ton 4x4 truck chassis class, and just above that, the ton chassis were going to be supplanted by a ton class.
Bantam officials met with chiefs of Infantry and Cavalry and suggested a contract to further develop military versions of their light car. But in June 1940 – as a collaboration with the Quartermaster Corps (QMC), still responsible for U.S. unarmored tactical military vehicles in 1940 – the Ordnance Corps initiated a Technical (sub-)Committee, for the QMC to formulate comprehensive, exact specification for this new, very lightweight, cross-country tactical vehicle, capable of carrying personnel and equipment across rough terrain. The committee included the now major Robert Howie, invited for his expertise, having actually built an ultra-light prototype infantry-support vehicle, officers representing the Quartermaster Corps, and the Army's using arms: Infantry, Cavalry, and the two Coastguard divisions, as well as civilian engineers, mainly from Camp Holabird and Bantam. To begin with, the committee sent an Army delegation including Howie, and Camp Holabird vehicle testing engineers, to Butler, Pennsylvania, to visit American Bantam's factory, being invited to an extensive demonstration there, to evaluate their compact cars and production facilities. Once there, Howie stayed several days, and also Robert Brown, a Camp Holabird civilian engineer, who was instructed to disregard the presentation, but changed his mind after seeing it. Brown also stayed at the Bantam plant where both Howie and he worked out specifications with Crist for the proposed vehicle.
By the end of June 1940, with American Bantam's consultation, the Quartermaster Corps issued their initial specifications. They specified a part-time 4-wheel drive vehicle, with a 2-speed transfer case, three bucket seats, a fold-down windshield, and blackout and driving lights, of just , with a payload up to , on a wheelbase no longer than (the wheelbase of American Bantam's pickup truck), a maximum (collapsible) height of (three inches above the Howie-Wiley machine-gun carrier), and an engine and drivetrain, capable of smoothly pulling at speeds ranging from . Its body design was to be rectangular in shape, including a sketch drawing, handed to the Ordnance Technical Committee.
By now the war was underway in Europe, so the Army's need was urgent, but also very demanding. No sooner than July 1940, some 135 manufacturers of automotive or similar equipment were approached by a government letter to submit bids, to be received by 22 July, a span of just eleven days. In the first stage, the winning manufacturer(s) were given just seven weeks (49 days), from the moment of awarding the contract, to submit their first fully functional prototype and 75 days for completing 70 test vehicles in total. The Army's Ordnance Technical Committee specifications were equally stringent: the vehicle would be four-wheel drive, have a crew of three, on a wheelbase no longer than , later stretched to , and tracks no wider than . The height with the windshield folded down was also raised, to . The diminutive dimensions were similar in size and weight to American Bantam's compact truck and roadster models. It was now to carry a payload and be powered by an engine capable of of torque. The most daunting demand, however, was an empty weight of no more than .
Initially, only American Bantam Car Company and Willys-Overland entered the competition. And only Bantam provided a proper set of technical drawings. Ford joined later, after being approached directly. Although Willys was the low bidder, Willys was penalized for needing more days to make a prototype, and the dollars penalty per extra day put Willys' price above Bantam's – earning them the contract, as the only company committing to deliver a pilot model in 49 days and 70 more pre-production units days.
American Bantam's chief engineer and plant manager, Harold Crist, was an experienced automobile engineer who had early-on worked on the first Duesenberg and been an engineer at Stutz Motor Company of Indianapolis for 18 years, worked a spell for Marmon, and then for Bantam from 1937–1942. drafted freelance Detroit designer Karl Probst to collaborate. Probst initially turned Bantam down, but agreed to work without pay after an Army request and began work on 17 July 1940. Probst laid out full design drawings for the American Bantam prototype, known as the Bantam Reconnaissance Car, or BRC Pilot, in just two days, and worked up a cost estimate the next day. Bantam's bid was submitted, complete with blueprints, on the 22 July deadline.
American Bantam had purchased the assets of American Austin Car Company from the bankruptcy court and had developed their own line of small cars and engine technology, free of licenses from the British Austin Motor Company. As the only small car manufacturer in the United States at the time, their design concept was initially to leverage their commercial off-the-shelf components as much as possible. Bantam adapted front sheetmetal body-stampings from its car line: the cowl, dashboard, and curvy front fenders.
However, once Brown returned to Camp Holabird, Crist reviewed their thinking, and realized that the new vehicle would have to be mostly new, rather than simply a modified version of an existing Bantam model. He and others at Bantam immediately set about sourcing the right components: transmission, transfer case, driveshafts and axles. Bantam's own engines made just 22 hp, and not even a straight-4 Hercules engine would do, so a Continental four-cylinder, making 45 horsepower and of torque was selected, mated to a Warner Gear transmission. Custom-built four-wheel drive-train components included the Spicer transfer case to send power to the front and rear axles. They were both Spicer-made, originally Studebaker Champion rear axles, but modified for four-wheel drive use.
Using off-the-shelf automotive parts where possible had helped to design the car and draw up its blueprints quickly. By working backwards, Probst and American Bantam's draftsmen converted what Crist and a few other engineers and mechanics had rigged together in the factory, back into drawings. The hand-built prototype was then completed in Butler, Pennsylvania, and basically untested, driven by Crist and Probst, to the Army vehicle test center at Camp Holabird, Maryland. It was delivered at 4.30 pm on 23 September 1940, just half an hour within the deadline. The American Bantam Pilot, initially called the "Blitz Buggy."
Enter Willys and Ford – early production jeeps
As the War Department deemed American Bantam to not have the production capacity or financial resources to deliver on the scale the Army would need, the other two bidders, Ford and Willys, were encouraged to complete their own pilot models for testing. The contract for the new reconnaissance car would be determined by trials. While Bantam's prototype underwent testing at Camp Holabird from 27 September to 16 October, Ford and Willys' technical representatives were invited and given ample opportunity to observe the vehicle and study its performance. To expedite Ford and Willys' prototypes, the War Department forwarded the Bantam's blueprints to them, claiming the government owned all designs in the proposals submitted to it in the bidding contest. American Bantam chose not to dispute this.
Bantam continued building the further 70 prototypes, as per the initial contract. Bantam's original no.01 first remained at Holabird for incessant shake-down and breaking point testing, and ad-hoc fixes and improvements of weaknesses, while by November 1940, Ford and Willys also submitted their first prototypes to compete in the Army's trials. Exterior changes, mainly mounting flat and square front fenders, instead of the first car's bulbous round ones, identify the BRC (Bantam Reconnaissance Car) Mark IIs, also called the .
Both the Willys "Quad" and the Ford "Pygmy" prototypes were very similar to the Bantam Pilot and were joined in testing by Bantam's Mark II models. The Willys Quad immediately stood out because of its strong engine of 60 gross Hp (SAE), which the soldiers liked very much, in such a lightweight, open-top car. Chief engineer Delmar 'Barney' Roos had been working on Willys' 4-cylinder car-engine for years, and with many detail changes had managed to get it to 60 hp from an initial low forties output. The Ford Gypsy on the other hand was held back by its tractor engine, Ford's only four-cylinder engine still made in 1940 – despite serious efforts to make it stronger. Dale Roeder was Ford's team leader behind the Pygmy, and his team managed to tune the motor from 30bhp to the specified 40bhp, by using a different camshaft and a bigger carburettor. More importantly, the Ford's front sheetmetal design was the cleverest, fusing all the front lighting behind a straight grille grate, side by side, into one cheap, integrated whole, under a wide, flat, and horizontal hood, useful as a makeshift table. And with its simple piano hinge, it allowed opening the hood all the way to the upright windshield, without even needing a prop-rod, and giving excellent access to the engine, also because of its wide opening.
By then the U.S. armed forces were in such haste, and allies like Britain, France, and USSR wanted to acquire these new "Blitz-Buggies", that after initially considering 1,500 pre-production units in total, all three cars were declared 'acceptable', and orders for 1,500 units per company were given for field testing and export. At this time, it was acknowledged the original weight limit (which even Bantam's Mk.II could not meet) was unrealistic, and it was raised to . On 22 January 1941, the Quartermaster Corps Technical Committee advised standardization of the jeeps across all manufacturers.
For the ensuing pre-production runs, each maker's vehicles received further revisions, and new names once more. For 1941, Bantam's got called the Production began on 31 March 1941, with a total of 2,605 built up to 6 December — the number ordered was raised because Britain and the USSR already wanted more of them supplied under Lend-Lease.
The Bantam BRC-40 was the lightest and most nimble of the three early production models, and the Army lauded its good suspension, brakes, and high fuel economy. However, as the company could not meet the Army's demand for 75 vehicles a day, production contracts were also awarded to Willys and Ford.
Ford's pre-production jeep was named the "GP", with "G" indicating a "Government" contract, and "P" chosen by Ford to designate a car with a wheelbase of . The Ford GP was not only the most numerous (at about 4,458) early production jeeps — it was also the first jeep fielded in some numbers to U.S. Army units. Ford's overall design and quality of construction had advantages over the Bantam and Willys models, but the GP's engine, an adaptation of their Model N tractor engine, was underpowered and not sufficiently reliable. Ford built fifty units with four-wheel steering, of which four have survived.
Willys-Overland was the last of the three manufacturers to start early production, waiting until 5 June 1941 to kick-off production, needing to reduce the Quad's weight by . After many painstaking detail changes, Willys renamed their vehicle "MA", for "Military" model "A". Only 1,555 MAs were built, most of which went to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease. Only 27 units are still known to exist. After enough comparative testing, Willys were also tasked with integrating whatever features were seen as better on the Ford and Bantam, into their design – for instance copying the Ford's front sheetmetal, to arrive at an optimal 'MB' model, for mass-production.
Eventually, virtually all of the Willys-Overland and most of the American Bantam and Ford GP early production jeeps were provided to Britain and USSR, leaving a few hundred Bantam BRCs and under 1,000 GPs for the home troops.
Full production – Willys MB and Ford GPW
By July 1941, the War Department desired to standardize and decided to select a single manufacturer to supply them with the next order for 16,000 vehicles. Willys won the contract mostly due to its much more powerful 60 hp engine (the L134 "Go Devil"), which soldiers raved about, and its lower cost and silhouette. The design features in the Bantam and Ford entries which represented an improvement over Willys's design were incorporated into the Willys, moving it from an "MA" designation to "MB". Most obvious is the front design from the Ford GP, with a wide, flat hood, and the headlights moved inward from the fenders to under the hood, protected by a single wide, straight front grille and a brush guard.
The jeep, once it entered mass production, introduced several new automotive technologies. Having four-wheel drive for the first time introduced the need for a transfer case, and the use of constant-velocity joints on the driven front wheels and axle, to a regular production car-sized vehicle.
In early October 1941, it became clear that Willys-Overland could not keep up with procurement needs, and Ford received government contracts to build 30,000 units, according to Willys' blueprints, drawings, specifications, and patents, including the more powerful Willys engine. When Ford offered to increase the displacement and power of the tractor engine in their GP model, the government declined and insisted that Ford produce jeeps identical to the Willys, both for the much stronger engine, and for complete commonality/interchangeability of the components. Willys received no license fees, and Ford complied. The Ford was designated "GPW", with the "W" indicating the "Willys" licensed design and engine. Ford retooled at a cost of $4 million (~$ in ) to build Willys engines and produced the first GPW as quickly as 2 January 1942. Just days before, in late December 1941, the Quartermaster Corps had ordered another 63,146 GPWs.
One extra condition to Ford's jeep orders was to manufacture them in several different Ford assembly plants, in addition to Ford's primary 'River Rouge' plant in Dearborn (Michigan). The QC expressly demanded Ford decentralize their jeep manufacturing to facilitate the Army's logistics, shipping from all three coasts. Besides Dearborn, Ford also assembled jeeps in their Louisville, Chester (Pennsylvania), Dallas (Texas), and Richmond (California) plants. Ford's Edgewater (New Jersey) plant also built jeeps in the first four months of 1943.
During World War II, Willys produced 363,000 Jeeps and Ford some 280,000. Some 50,000 were exported to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program. Ford's assembly across plants distributed as: River Rouge 21,559; Dallas and Louisville almost tied at 93,748 and 93,364 units respectively; Chester 18,533, and Edgewater just 1,333 units. Bantam stopped further jeep production and made two-wheel jeep trailers. This was sufficient to keep the firm going until it was taken over in 1956.
Ford built jeeps with functionally interchangeable parts and components, in part facilitated by using components from common sources: frames from Midland Steel, wheels from Kelsey-Hayes, and axles and transfer cases from Spicer. However, Ford had replaced the welded grate front grille by a single pressed/stamped sheet steel part, with nine vertical open slots to ventilate the radiator, and circular openings in front of the lights, to simplify production, and save costs. Willys also adopted this in their production of the MB after unit 25,808. Predictably, there were still many minor differences; the Ford chassis had an inverted U-shaped front cross member instead of a tubular bar, and a Ford script letter "F" was stamped onto many small parts.
Many body detail differences remained for as long as January 1944, when a composite body, fabricated by American Central, was finally agreed upon by both Ford and Willys. American Central had been making the jeep's bodies from the first 1500 units order for the Willys MA and had also built Ford's jeep bodies for two years already, but until January 1944, Ford and Willys contracts retained detail differences. However, from then on features of both designs were integrated. Through the chaotic circumstances of war, sometimes peculiar deviations from regular mass-production came off the assembly line, that are now prized by collectors. For instance: the earliest Ford GPWs had a Willys design frame, and in late-1943, some GPWs came with an unmodified Willys body; and in 1945 Willys produced some MBs with a deep mud exhaust system, vacuum windshield wipers, and a Jeep CJstyle parking brake.
The Ford GPA, the amphibious jeep
Approximately 13,000 additional amphibious jeeps were built by Ford as the Ford GPA (nicknamed "Seep" for "Sea Jeep"). Its design directly inspired by the larger DUKW, and by the same designer and company, Rod Stephens Jr. of Sparkman & Stephens yacht designers, the vehicle was produced too quickly, or its operational capability and limitations misunderstood. Although the GPA came out barely heavier, wider or taller than standard jeeps, it was one third longer, and proved unwieldy on land. Adding insult to injury, the Seep would often get stuck in mud or when wading, where the MB jeeps would not.
In water, its disappointing performance was even more problematic, because contrary to the DUKW, it had insufficient freeboard for coastal landings from open sea, leading to mixed success and tragic losses in the allied Sicily landings in July 1943. Many GPAs were passed on under the Lend-Lease program – some 3,500 (more than a quarter of total production) to the USSR alone. The Soviets, however, were sufficiently pleased with its ability to cross the rivers and swamps in their territories, that they developed their own version of it after the war: the GAZ-46.
By contrast, Ferdinand Porsches engineering bureau designed an even lighter four-wheel drive amphibious vehicle, the VW Type 166 'Schwimmwagen', that quickly became popular in the German ranks, because of its excellent off-road performance, contrary to the limitations of their regular VW Kübelwagens without 4-wheel drive – and they only used them on inland waters. The U.S. Ford GPA amphibious jeeps thus also became one of the rare allied vehicle types that was numerically outproduced by their direct German counterparts – the 15,000 plus VW Schwimmwagens.
Accessories and equipment fittings
Unlike the various Dodge WC series models of larger, light 4x4 trucks, the Willys and Ford jeeps were all the same from the factory, and specialization happened only through standardized accessories, field kits, and local / in field modifications. Frequently made additions to the standard jeeps were to fit weaponry, communications equipment, Litter carriers, wire cutters, or rudimentary armor.
Jeep trailer
Some 150,000 -ton trailers were made by over ten different companies, specifically built to be towed by the jeep – most of them by Bantam and Willys. These doubled the jeeps' nominal payload.
Radio gear
The jeep's primary command and reconnaissance roles of course necessitated fitting many kinds of tactical communication equipment. The first standard production fitting was for the SCR-193 radio, placed on either side in the rear of a jeep, on top of the rear wheel well. For proper reception, this included radio interference suppression shielding, so indicated by a suffix 'S' on the jeep's hood registration number. In 1943/1944, the Army shifted to FM radios, and new fittings were developed for those. At least fourteen Signal Corps Radio set fittings were standardized, including for the SCR-187, SCR-284, SCR-499, SCR-506, SCR-508, SCR-510, SCR-522, SCR-528, SCR-542, SCR-608, SCR-610, SCR-619, SCR-628, SCR-694, SCR-808, SCR-828, and VRC-l.
Gun mounts
Two of the original uses of the ton truck were reconnaissance and the support of infantry with machine guns. These roles led to the desire to mount automatic rifles, to be fired from the jeep. To mount either a .30-caliber M1919 Browning machine gun or .50-cal (12.7 mm) M2 Browning heavy machine gun, the M31 pedestal, a tubular pedestal with bracing in three directions, was developed. This was the most common factory jeep machine-gun mount during the war, with 31,653 produced. It was followed by the improved M31C in March 1945, but this came too late for much combat in World WarII. Besides these, units often created their own pedestal mounts in the field or adapted other pedestal mounts as available. Additionally, in 1943 the M48 bracket mount was standardized, to attach the .30-cal. machine gun or .30-cal. M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle in front of the passenger seat. Like with the pedestals, troops improvised many gun-holding brackets in the field. Troops frequently preferred a .30 cal machine gun on a pivot, to fire from the front passenger seat.
Aside from actual fielding intentions, the jeep was widely used for various weapons mounts trials during World WarII, simply because the jeep was a handy platform to test all kinds of ring mounts, multiple gun mounts, as well as different weapons. The widespread adoption of the jeep in other armies also meant many different armaments. The most rigorous efforts were by the British. Perhaps the most well-known are the jeeps modified by the SAS for the 1942 desert raids in Egypt. These had several armaments, commonly using twin 0.303-inch Vickers K machine guns on the passenger side.
Field kits
Many field kits originated as locally made modifications and additions, for which standard kits were later produced by both the U.S. and Britain. Frequently used examples were rear baggage racks, ambulance litters and frames to transport lying wounded on jeeps, and wire cutters. Soldiers frequently ran into (literally) wires — either inadvertently, inconveniently strung communication wires, or deliberately placed by the enemy, to injure or kill motorcycle and vehicle personnel. The typical countermeasure was to mount a tall vertical steel bar to the front bumper, that would either cut offending strings or deflect them over the heads of the jeep crew. This was first used in Tunisia, 1943, but became frequent in Italy (1943–1945), and especially necessary in France (1944).
More specific kits were created to enhance off-roading and mechanical capabilities, dealing with extreme climates, and technical support applications, like laying communication cables, or a field arc welder kit.
Many solutions made the jeep run on rails, popular in the Pacific theater with U.S., Britain, and Commonwealth troops, especially in Burma. A-frames on the front bumper enabled two jeeps to tow heavy trailers (for 2ton trucks) in tandem. For desert cooling, radiator surge tanks were used in North Africa in 1942. Equally, there were winterization kits, even snowplows, and the jeep's go-anywhere capability was further aided with deep water fording kits, tire air compressors, and a winch option. For communications, jeeps were modified with rear ditch plows and cable laying reels, such as the RL-31 reel unit.
Off-road enhancements
To disembark jeeps in amphibious landings, in 1943 a deep-water fording kit for the jeep was produced. This enabled jeeps to be driven off landing craft like the Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM), wading into relatively deep water, without flooding the engine or short-circuiting the electrical system. After several interim kits were issued, the U.S. Army standardized the universal WV-6 kit (later G9-5700769) which served all WWII ton to 2ton trucks. The kit contained flexible hoses for both the exhaust and the air intake, as well as proper waterproofing equipment. Westinghouse developed a T1 air compressor, to be used in conjunction with special tires, to deflate the tires off-road, in soft mud or snow, and be able to pressurize them again after. It could be fitted under a maintenance work order, from October 1944. There was even a small capstan winch field kit made for the jeep, driven off the motor, for self-extracting, or pulling other jeeps trapped in mud or snow. The winch was very small and made hand-cranking of the jeep impossible. The latter two features remained rare.
Arctic weather measures
Willys developed a winterization kit for very cold climates. This included a cold-starting stove, crankcase ventilator, primer, hood insulation blanket, radiator blanket, a body enclosure kit, defroster/de-icer, and snow chains. These kits were however frequently unavailable, so units took their own measures in the field, particularly improvising various body enclosures, to protect the crew from extreme weather. In addition, two companies fabricated snowplows for the jeep. Geldhill Road Machinery Company made the 7T1NE plow, an angled single blade, while the JV5.5E was a V-shape design. The Wausau Iron Works built two similar designs, designated as the J and JB snowplows. Neither of these seem to have been commonly issued in combat. Photos of snowplows in use in the European theater mostly show improvised plows, likely adaptations of snowplows locally found at hand.
Further development of the jeep
Although no other light jeeps were taken into production, it was not for lack of trying. Both key military men, who had been championing the development of military vehicle concepts they had formulated for years – sometimes already since World War One – had led to conclusions about the logic of military mechanization, as well as automakers large and small, who now saw that in wartime, all of a sudden there were budgets available to work with. Of course, this was primarily true for the firms involved so far.
After losing out on mass-production of the four-wheel drive ton, Bantam built the Army one 4x2 quarter-ton chassis in 1942, but to no further consequence.
An exception was an order for a series of some 200 to 500 standardized jeeps to be modified, by Holden (then G.M. of Australia), into field ambulances for the U.S. Marine Corps in the Pacific Theater, because they found the standard ton Dodge WC-54 ambulances too unwieldy, and even their own ton, 4x4 International M-1-4 vehicles both too ponderous and too scarce. In 1942, Lt. Cmdr. French Moore, MC, a battalion surgeon with the 2nd Marine Division (Camp Elliott, CA) started developing his design for an MB/GPW-based 'light field-ambulance'. He submitted blueprints, and records of performance of his prototype to Marine Corps Commandant Lt. Gen. Thomas Holcomb. It could carry up to "35 patients 1,000 yards and return, in an hour." Rebuilt to Moore's design, it was approved for fielding in time for the Solomon Island Campaign in 1943. Three series were built in modest numbers but totaling more than the USMC's own ambulance versions of their International M-1-4 and M-2-4s.
Lightweight jeeps
After the initial design specification of a maximum weight had been raised to almost double that in production, to achieve the necessary ruggedness on the main ton, the Army still wanted a truly lightweight model for airborne missions and use in the jungles of the Pacific theaters. In 1942 and 1943, at least five companies proposed designs: Crosley, Chevrolet, Ford, Willys, and Kaiser. The Crosley CT-3 "Pup" prototypes were superlight, one- or two-passenger, but still four-wheel-drive buggies, that were transportable and air-droppable from a Douglas C-47 Skytrain. Six of the 2-cylinder, 13 hp, Pups were deployed overseas after undergoing tests at Fort Benning, Georgia, but the project was discontinued due to several weak components. Seven of 36 Pups built are known to
Most of the competitors' models were more similar to standard jeeps, just lighter and smaller. Willys managed to reduce the weight on their 'MB-L' (MB Lightweight) to some in 1943; and Army engineers were impressed by the Chevrolet and its advanced features: a single center spar frame, and an integrated gearbox and transfer case. Kaiser created six prototypes with a 42 hp engine but including some unfavorable design trade-offs.
Willys eventually produced even more radical designs. The Willys WAC (Willys Air Cooled) had three seats, built around a centrally mounted 24 hp Harley Davidson engine, weighed only , but was noisy and not user-friendly. Still, it showed promise, and was further developed, eventually resulting in the Willys JBC, or 'Jungle Burden Carrier'. By early 1945 this had turned into a mere motorized wheeled load-carrying platform, with a single seat, that preceded the 1950s Willys M274 'Mechanical Mule'.
In Britain, Nuffield Mechanizations and Aero cut down a Willys MB in length and width, and stripped it for minimum weight, to serve airborne forces. The Airborne Forces Development Centre in Wiltshire oversaw an entire modification program for jeeps in airborne units, involving many modifications to reduce both weight and or size, including to wedge them into Horsa gliders, for operation Market Garden.
Antitank jeeps
Besides towing 37mm antitank guns, it was also tested mounted directly on the quartertons. In early 1941, the US Army's Tank Destroyer Command was urgently looking to make their antitank guns more mobile, to better serve their tactical doctrine. One of the first prototypes, the T2 37mm Gun Motor Carriage (GMC), mounted a standard 37mm gun and gun shield on a Bantam BRC-40, aiming forward over the hood. Seven of these were built and tested, starting in May 1941, but were found awkward. So instead, eleven T2E1 GMC units aimed the 37mm gun rearwards for trials. Shooting rearwards had advantages, but this configuration also proved difficult to man and operate the gun. The units were all dismantled to regular jeeps. In 1942, the larger ton Dodge WC-52 was converted and standardized as the M6 Gun Motor Carriage, with a rear-aiming 37mm M3 gun, but these also worked poorly in the field, and most were rebuilt back to regular WC-52 trucks.
Late in the war, in 1945, the first large-caliber recoilless rifles became available, and the first jeep-mounted tests were performed, but they only came to fruition after World WarII. One rare exception was Operation Varsity, for which two 75-mm. recoilless rifles were issued to the 17th U.S. Airborne Division, that could be mounted on their jeeps, proving useful in anti-tank fights.
Rocket jeeps
The jeep being too light to mount substantial guns, it was more suited later in the war, as a platform for rocket artillery, that didn't have the enormous recoil as conventional tube artillery. The California Institute of Technology developed two different 4.5-inch jeep-based rocket launcher systems for the U.S. Navy. Several other initiatives all used 4.5-inch rockets and tubes. Testing was also done by both U.S. Army and Marine Corps, but none of the jeep-mounted rocket launchers were built in any significant number because it was more efficient to use larger trucks that could carry more rockets. The Soviet Red Army deployed twelve units fitted with 12-rail M-8 82mm rocket launchers in the bed of a jeep, from December 1944 in the Carpathian Mountains.
Stretched and uprated jeeps
To extend the jeep's luggage space, the simplest, and most frequently used method was the addition of a rear baggage rack. In exceptional cases, units would actually stretch both body and frame of a jeep, to give it more passenger and luggage space, but for this usage, a Dodge WC model was available in many cases. Nevertheless, building stretched, 6x6 jeeps with ton cross-country payload, was explored with much interest. As early as July 1941, after the unsuccessful testing with the T2 and T2E1 37mm antitank guns mounted on Bantam jeeps, the U.S. Quartermaster Corps (QMC) thought to lengthen ton jeeps into 6WD for specialized roles, including the 37mm gun. Willys was contracted that month for both a T13 and a T14 Gun Motor Carriage, based on the Willys MA – one firing forward, and one rearward, like the earlier Bantams. In reality, two models of rearward firing T14 were built, based on Willys MBs, one slat grille in late 1941, and one or more stamped grilles, by January 1942.
Nevertheless, the QMC and Willys kept developing the ton 6x6, in various versions, as the "Super-Jeep". By March 1942, the T14 GMC was revised as a cargo / prime mover, named Willys 'MT-TUG', that could compete in some roles with the ton Dodges. The Army tested these in various configurations, up to a 1ton rated version, as a light, multi-purpose tractor truck, cargo, or personnel carrier. For the United States Army Air Force (USAAF), several MT-Tug units were built with a fifth-wheel coupling on the cargo floor, for various Fruehauf trailers, and loaded with sandbags on the cargo bed, even as aircraft tugs.
The Willys MT models had the same ton rating as the new for 1942 Dodge WC series, but weighed only , with a range, and a top speed of . Willys pointed out that every 6x6 'Super Jeep' would save of steel for their construction, as well as 40% in fuel usage, compared to the Dodge trucks. Moreover, it comprised 65% unaltered standard jeep components, and many of the other parts were also just modified standard jeep parts. By January 1943, the Willys MT-TUG was further evaluated by the Army Transport Command at Camp Gordon Johnston, FL. It was positively reviewed there for its effortless operation in deep sand. Although the Willys ton's performance was even called 'exemplary' by some.
Fifteen 6x6 Willys MT(-Tug)s alone were built as "Truck, ton, 6×6, Tractor", under Ordnance production contract W303ORD4623, production order T6620, and even a maintenance supplement for the "6x6 Willys MBTug" was printed with the 1943 TM101513 technical manual. Including miscellaneous test units, a total of 24 units are believed to have been built, with six known survivors.
An even smaller number of ton jeeps with a slightly stretched wheelbase were built as the Willys MLW(−1) through MLW-4 "Jungle Jeep". LW stood for Long(er) Wheelbase, to accommodate significantly larger wheels and 7.50–20 tires with a tractor-like profile, with the objective to serve in the jungles of the Pacific theater, after a September 1943 request from the South West Pacific for a truck with payload and mobility over mud and swamps of jungle terrain, superior to that of the regular jeep.
Tracked jeeps
Several tracked jeep prototypes were built, because of such a need in Alaska and Canada. After America entered the war, a Japanese attack on the Aleutians] suddenly made the Alaskan military base a zone of great military importance. The snow-rich circumstances created a need for tracked, jeep-like, all-purpose vehicles, and the Canadian Bombardier company and Willys created the T29 jeep half-track out of one of the existing 6x6 Willys MT chassis. The T-29 'Snow Tractor' (Jan 1943) expanded the rear chassis to a total of six wheels: three on each side, with a broad rubber belt serving as a track, running around two Ford model A wheels, followed by a notably larger wheel at each back corner. Instead of front wheels, the rig got skis, and the front-wheel driveline was omitted, to save cost and weight. It was followed up with the T29E1, on which front wheels returned, but mounted on the front skis, and still non-driven, just so that the front could now both glide and roll.
Due to Willys' workload, International Harvester helped assemble a further five T29E1 prototypes. Under the steering front wheels, skis could be mounted or removed. An Aberdeen test report critiqued that the T-29E1 was difficult to steer, as the tracks could not be controlled independently, and that prolonged use caused excessive track component wear. A completely rearranged rear was then proposed, and a T28 litter-carrier was completed for testing by August 1944. The only known surviving half-track WWII jeep is a WillysT28 named 'Penguin'. Further (fully) tracked "jeeps" were also armored, and developed for, and by Canada — see armored jeeps.
Armored jeeps
Many jeeps received added armor in the field, especially in Europe in 1944–1945. Frequently, a rear slanting armor plate was added in front of the grille, and replacing the windshield, as well as the sides, in place of where doors would be.
Since reconnaissance was one of the jeep's primary purposes, there was a demand for some armor from the start of production. Starting April 1942, the second T14 GMC 6x6 Willys MT-Tug chassis was converted to the T24 Scout Car. Though performing well in trials, the T24 was abandoned in the autumn in favor of the M8 & M20 Light Armored Car. Concurrently, the Ordnance Corps was pushed to work on a lightly armored reconnaissance design, based on the standard Willys 4x4 jeep. Different armor configurations were tested on the T25 through T25E3 prototypes respectively.
Canada created a light, tracked, armored, and armed vehicle using Jeep automotive components. In late 1942, the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND)'s Directorate of Vehicles and Artillery (DVA) began work at No.1 Proving Ground in Ottawa on a small tracked vehicle successively named: 'Bantam Armoured Tracked Vehicle', the 'Light Recce Tank', and finally: the 'Tracked Jeep', TJ.
The Canadian "Tracked Jeep" Mk.1 measured long, and wide, by high; it had a maximum armor of 12mm (-inch), and aimed at top speeds of 56 km/h (35 mph) on land and 8 km/h (5 mph) in the water. The vehicle was intended for taking messages over contested ground, armored reconnaissance, and engaging unarmored enemy troops in airborne and combined operations. Willys and Marmon-Herrington were contracted for five more prototypes, Willys for power train components, and MH for the armored hulls and the Hotchkiss-type running gear. The Tracked Jeep showed excellent cross-country performance and uphill mobility was better than other light tracked utility vehicles, while its amphibious capability was adequate, despite its low freeboard. There were however serious shortcomings with the running-gear and tracks. Work to fix this delayed testing until late 1944, and British insights demanded such fundamental changes, that a Mk.2 version was developed, of which another six units were fabricated, and not ready until after the war had ended. The problems with tracks and running gear were still not sorted out, and development halted.
Flying jeep
The most extreme concept tried was to turn the jeep into a rotor kite (or gyrokite), similar to an autogyro – the Hafner Rotabuggy (officially Malcolm Rotaplane). Designed by Raoul Hafner in 1942 and sponsored by the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE), after their Rotachute enjoyed some success, a passive rotor assembly was added over the jeep cabin, along with a lightweight tail, for stabilization. This jeep could be towed into the air by a transport or bomber tug. The Rotabuggy would then be towed to the drop zone as a rotary-wing glider. It took until autumn 1944 to achieve a decent test flight, and other military gliders, particularly the Waco Hadrian and Airspeed Horsa) made the Rotabuggy superfluous. Incidentally, it was first named the "Blitz Buggy", but that was soon dropped for "Rotabuggy".
Etymology
There is no consensus among historians as to how the U.S. Army's World War II quarter-ton reconnaissance car became known as the "jeep", let alone how the word originated in the first place. Explanations have proven difficult to verify. With certainty, the term "jeep" was already in use before the war, designating various things, while the 'ton trucks' at first had many different designations and nicknames.
Eugene the Jeep and prior usage of "jeep"
According to several knowledgeable authors, the word "jeep" was used well before World War II; career soldiers used it since World War I – both as casual U.S. Army slang for new, uninitiated recruits or other personnel who still had to prove their mettle, as well as used by Army motor pool mechanics, about any new, unproven vehicles or prototypes. Zaloga also describes use as an adjective: "jeepy," similar to 'cooky' or 'goofy,' to mean anything insignificant, silly, awkward or foolish.
Later, in mid-March 1936, a character called Eugene the Jeep was created in E. C. Segar's Popeye cartoons. Eugene the Jeep was Popeye's "jungle pet" and was small, able to walk through walls and move between dimensions, and could go anywhere and solve seemingly impossible problems. The Eugene cartoon character brought new meaning to the Jeep name, diverging from the initial, somewhat pejorative meaning of the term, instead changing the slang to mean a capable person or thing. King Features Syndicate, publisher of the 'Thimble Theater' comics that featured Popeye and Eugene the Jeep, trademarked the name "Jeep" in August 1936.
Eugene the Jeep's go-anywhere ability resulted in various industrial and four-wheel drive vehicles getting nicknamed "Jeep" in the late-1930s. Around 1940, converted 4WD Minneapolis-Moline tractors, supplied to the U.S. Army as prime movers, were called "jeeps", and Halliburton used the name for an electric logging device, or for a custom built four wheel drive exploration/survey vehicle. A small, anti-submarine, escort aircraft carrier was called a "jeep carrier" in the U.S. Navy in WWII, and also several aircraft – prototypes for both Kellett autogyros, and for the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, as well as the 1941 Curtiss-Wright AT-9 were called "jeeps". Additionally, in 1936/1937, Canadian soldiers had received a ton Marmon-Herrington half-track and called it a "Jeep" (with a capital'J').
In 1940–1942, soldiers initially used "jeep" for half-ton or three-quarter-ton Dodge Command Reconnaissance cars, with the three-quarter ton Command Cars later called "beeps" (for "big Jeeps"), while the quarter-ton cars were called "peeps", "son of jeep", "baby jeep", "puddle-jumper", "bug"; or "bantams" or "quads". A seven-page article in Popular Science (Oct 1941) headlined introducing the quarter-ton as "Leaping Lena" – also one of the nicknames of the ubiquitous, same length Ford Model T – and further called it a buggy, or just a bug. Originally, "peep" seemed a fitting name, because the quarter-ton was considered primarily a reconnaissance (peeping) car.
The early 1940s terminology situation is summed up in the definition given in Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders, a dictionary of military slang published in 1942, in the Pentagon library: "Jeep: A four-wheel drive car of one-half to one-and-one-half-ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the ton command car. Also referred to as 'any small plane, helicopter, or gadget'." – The term "Jeep" could still mean various things, including light-wheeled utility vehicles other than the jeep.
Moreover, in April 1942, the Sarasota Herald-Tribune reported that the Army was still "hopelessly divided" on how to define "jeep" or "peep". Despite opening with the definition, the of the lexicographer Dr. Charles E. Funk of the United Service Organizations (U.S.O.), identical to the above ("jeep: a four-wheel drive car of one-half to one-and-one-half-ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty"), a survey of Army camp editors in thirty states, conducted by the NCCS branch of the U.S.O. revealed that less than 25% agreed with that meaning for posterity. Twenty-six percent of camp editors still called the small combat rigs "Bantam cars", and 28% used names or definitions not even listed in the questionnaire. Ten percent considered that "jeeps are not peeps", whereas 6.6% contradicted that they are. "In May of 1942, newspapers announced the armored division [still] officially named the quarter-ton command/reconnaissance car the 'Peep', while the half-ton armored [division] car was called the 'Jeep'." The Milwaukee Journal published two photos to help readers distinguish between the two. In May 1942, an article in the Pittsburgh Press confirmed that the Army had legitimized the slang terms "jeep" and "peep" as words used by the Army, in official orders.
Relation with presence of light 4WDs in numbers
In the first years of the war, this usage of the term 'jeep' logically meshes with the ratios of U.S. light-wheeled military truck production. In 1940, the U.S. government took delivery of 8,058 light trucks – 6,583 of which were tons, 4x4, Dodge G-505 VC- and WC-models (82%). The ton jeep was yet to be designed. The half-tons provoked two insights: the military wanted many more, but also needed another vehicle – even smaller, lighter, and more agile. In 1941, Dodge ramped up the ton WC-series, delivering some 60,000 units, compared to some 15,000 quarter tons, almost all still early production units, built by three different manufacturers. Even in 1942, when production of the standardized ton jeep really got up to speed, it didn't catch up to the WC-series' numbers — the 170,000 jeeps built still only amounted to half of the total 356,000 light trucks the Army had received by end of that year. It took until early 1943 for the Ford and Willys jeeps to outnumber the ton and ton Dodge WC models in service.
Whether "jeep" was derived from "GP"
One of the most frequently given explanations is that the designation "GP" was slurred into the word "Jeep", in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV (for "High-Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle") has become known as the 'Humvee' — either from the initial Ford model "GP" – or from the military 'G.P.', for "General Purpose" (vehicle). Although prior existence of the term "jeep" dismisses this as an etymology in the strict sense.
The first version, based on the Ford "GP" model code, was already given in an article in the San Francisco Call-Bulletin in late 1941, and is to an extent plausible, because the pre-standardized Ford GP was the first of the ton jeeps to reach GIs by the hundreds, starting from early 1941. So, it is possible "GP" could have evolved into "Geep" and then "jeep".
The latter 'GP'-based explanation though this does appear in the TM9-803 Manual, and the car is designated a "GP" in the TM9-2800 Manual — these were published in late 1943 and early 1944, and their influence on the jeep's name is dubious. One reason being: the jeep wasn't the only of the Quartermaster Corps' "general purpose" vehicles – so if this was the source, people would have nicknamed others "geeps" or "jeeps" as well, as they did before. More influential perhaps, was the 1943 short propaganda / documentary film The Autobiography of a 'Jeep', by the U.S. Office of War Information, in which the jeep itself literally propagates this origin story of its nickname.
Willys-Overland's positions and promotion
Joe Frazer, president of Willys-Overland from 1939 until 1944, claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P., possibly related to Willys-Overland's 1943 trademark and 1946 copyright claims to the Jeep name. However, the company handling Willys' public relations in 1944 wrote that the jeep name probably came from the fact that the vehicle made quite an impression on soldiers at the time, so much so that they informally named it after the go-anywhere Eugene the Jeep.
In early 1941, when the test cars went by names like BRC / "Blitz-Buggy", Ford Pygmy and others, Willys-Overland staged a press event in Washington, D.C., a publicity stunt and Senate photo opportunity demonstrating the car's off-road capability by driving it up and down the U.S. Capitol steps. Irving "Red" Hausmann, a test driver on the Willys development team who had accompanied the car for its testing at Camp Holabird, had heard soldiers there referring to it as a jeep. He was enlisted to go to the event and give a demonstration ride to a group of dignitaries, including Katherine Hillyer, a reporter for the Washington Daily News. When asked what it was, Hausmann said "it's a Jeep". Hausmann preferred "Jeep", to distinguish the Willys rig from the other funny-named quarter tons at Camp Holabird. Hillyer's syndicated article appeared in the newspaper on 20 February 1941, with a photo showing a jeep going up the Capitol steps and a caption including the term "jeep". This is believed to be the most likely origin of the term being fixed in public awareness. Even though Hausmann did not create or invent the word "Jeep", he likely contributed to its mainstream media usage indicating the quarter-ton vehicle.
Convergence from mixed origins and media coverage
It is plausible that the origin was mixed and converged on "jeep" from multiple directions. Ford Motor Company pushed its Ford GP hard, to get the military contract, putting the term "GP" into use. Military officers and G.I.s involved in the procurement and testing of the car may have called it jeep from the WWI slang. Civilian contractors, engineers, and testers may have related it to Popeye's "Eugene the Jeep" character. People may have heard the same name from different directions, and as one person heard it from another, put their own understanding and explanation on it. Overwhelming presence of the nickname 'jeep' in the public's opinion was probably the deciding factor.
From 1941 on, a "constant flow of press and film publicity", as well as Willys advertising as of 1942, proclaiming it had created and perfected the jeep, cemented the name "Jeep" in the civilian public's mind, even when "peep" was still used at many army camps, and President Roosevelt spoke of the vital role the "peep" had to play in defending the shores of Fort Story, Virginia (04-1942).
One other particularly influential article may have been the January 1942 full review of the military's new wonder buggy in Scientific American, reprinted as "Meet the Jeep" in Reader's Digest, the best-selling consumer magazine of the day. Author Jo Chamberlin was duly impressed by the "midget combat car" and wrote:
In a prescient footnote, Chamberlin wrote: "Some army men call the bantam a "peep", reserving "jeep" for the larger command car in which the brass hats ride. However, the term 'jeep' (born of GP, an auto manufacturing classification) is used by newspapers and most soldiers, and apparently will stick'".
Grille
Willys made its first 25,000 MB Jeeps with a welded flat iron "slat" radiator grille. It was Ford who first designed and implemented the now familiar and distinctive stamped, vertical-slot steel grille into its vehicles, which was lighter, used fewer resources, and was less costly to produce. Along with many other design features innovated by Ford, this was incorporated into the design and implemented by April 1942.
In order to be able to get their grille design trademarked, Willys gave their post-war jeeps a seven-slot grille instead of the Ford nine-slot design. This applies both to Willys' "Civilian Jeeps", as well as the M38 and M38A1 military models. Through a series of corporate takeovers and mergers, AM General Corporation ended up with the rights to use the seven-slot grille.
Service
The USA provided jeeps to almost all of the Allies in World War II. Britain, Canada, Australia, India, the Free French, USSR, and China all received jeeps, mostly under the American Lend-Lease program. Some 182,500 units were provided to Allies under Lend-Lease alone. Almost 105,000 to the British Empire, including Australia and India, plus over 8,000 to Canada, and some 50,000 to the Soviet Union. The Free French (almost 10,000) and China (almost 7,000) were medium takers, and many other countries received a small number. America shipped a total of 77,972 various "jeeps" to the Soviet Union – consisting of 49,250 tons, 25,200 Dodge tons, and 3,520 Ford GPA.
In the deserts of the North African campaign, the jeep's abilities so far surpassed those of British vehicles that it wasn't unusual for jeeps to rescue a three-ton truck stuck in the sand. In combat, the British would use their jeeps in groups of up to fifty or sixty to raid Rommel's supply lines by surprise, exploiting the jeep's low silhouette; able to remain unseen, hide behind dunes, and surprise the enemy.
Within the U.S. military, jeeps were used by every branch. In the U.S. Army, an average of 145 units were assigned to each infantry regiment. Around the world, jeeps served in every overseas theater of operation, in every environment, under all weather and climatic conditions — in North Africa and the Pacific Theater, the Western Allied invasion of Europe in 1944, as well as the Eastern Front. From deserts to mountains, from jungles to beachheads, jeeps could be pulled out of thick mud by their riders, and they were even flown into battle on light glider planes. In the European theater, they were so ubiquitous that some German troops believed that each American soldier was issued their own jeep.
Jeeps served as indefatigable pack horses for troop transport and towing supply trailers, carrying water, fuel, and ammunition, and pulling through the most difficult terrain. They performed nimble scout and reconnaissance duty, were frequent ambulances for the wounded, and did hearse service. They also doubled as mobile field command headquarters or weapons platforms – either with mounted machine guns or pulling small artillery pieces into "unreachable" areas over inhospitable terrain. The Jeep's flat hood was used as a commander's map table, a chaplain's field altar, the G.I.s' poker table, or even for field surgery. In the cauldron of war, the jeeps served every purpose imaginable: as a power plant, light source, improvised stove for field rations, or a hot water source for shaving. Equipped with the proper tools, it would plow snow, or dig long furrows for laying heavy electrical cable along jungle airfields – laid by another jeep following it.
Battle-hardened warriors learned to weld a roof-top height vertical cutter-bar to the front of their jeeps, to cut any trip wires tied across roads or trails by the Germans, placed to snap the necks of unsuspecting jeepers. Fitted with flanged steel wheels, they could pull railroad cars. In Europe, "The service of this vehicle was excellent, considering all the abuse it was obliged to take from bad roads, high speeds, overloading, and lack of maintenance. It performed tasks that it was never intended to perform, from carrying ammunition to locations where other wheeled vehicles could not travel, to serving as a cross-country ambulance traversing roads and country considered practically impassible." Pulitzer Prize–winning war journalist Ernie Pyle wrote: "It does everything. It goes everywhere. It's as faithful as a dog, as strong as a mule and as agile as a goat. It constantly carries twice what it was designed for, and still keeps on going."
Despite some shortcomings, the jeep was generally well-liked, seen as versatile, maneuverable, reliable, and almost indestructible. The seats were found uncomfortable, sometimes caused the so-called "Jeep riders' disease" and cramped in the rear, but many soldiers enjoyed driving the nimble jeep, appreciating its powerful engine; and with its light weight, low-cut body sides, bucket seats, and manual floor-shifter, it was as close to a sportscar as most GIs had ever driven. Enzo Ferrari called the Jeep "America's only real sports car." Nazi generals admired the jeep more than any other U.S. materiel, and it was the vehicle they most liked to capture for general use.
Post-war
Willys-Overland filed to trademark the "Jeep" name in 1943. From 1945 onwards, Willys marketed its four-wheel drive vehicle to the public with its CJ (Civilian Jeep) versions, making these the world's first mass-produced 4WD civilian cars. Even before actual civilian purpose jeeps had been created, 3 January 1944 issue of Life magazine featured a story titled: 'U.S. Civilians Buy Their First Jeeps'. A mayor from Kansas had bought a Ford GP in Chicago in 1943, and it performed invaluable work on his 2,000-acre farm.
Already in 1942 industrial designer Brooks Stevens came up with an idea on how to make a civilian car called Victory Car on the jeep chassis. It never went into production, but Willys liked the idea and gave Brook Stevens notable design jobs, including the 1946 Willys Jeep Station Wagon, 1947 Willys Jeep Truck, and 1948 Willys-Overland Jeepster, as well as the 1963–1993 Jeep Wagoneer.
In 1948, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission agreed with American Bantam that the idea of creating the Jeep was originated and developed by American Bantam in collaboration with the U.S. Army as well as Ford and Spicer. The commission forbade Willys from claiming, directly or by implication, that it had created or designed the jeep, and allowed it only to claim that it contributed to the development of the vehicle. The trademark lawsuit initiated and won by Bantam was a hollow victory: American Bantam went bankrupt by 1950 and Willys was granted the "Jeep" trademark the same year.
The first CJs were essentially the same as the MB, except for such alterations as vacuum-powered windshield wipers, a tailgate (and therefore a side-mounted spare tire), and civilian lighting. Also, the civilian jeeps had amenities like naugahyde seats, chrome trim, and were available in a variety of colors. Mechanically, a heftier T-90 transmission replaced the Willys MB's T84 in order to appeal to the originally considered rural buyer demographic.
In Britain, Rover were also inspired to build their own, very jeep-like vehicle. Their first testing prototype was actually built on the chassis of a war-surplus jeep, on the Welsh farm of then Rover chief engineer Maurice Wilks and by his older brother, managing director Spencer Wilks. Production of their "Land Rover" started after its presentation model was well received at the first post-war Amsterdam International Auto show or 'AutoRAI' in 1948.
Willys-Overland and its successors, Willys Motors and Kaiser Jeep continued to supply the U.S. military, as well as many allied nations with military jeeps through the late 1960s. In 1950, the first post-war military jeep, the M38 (or MC), was launched, based on the 1949 CJ3A. In 1953, it was quickly followed by the M38A1 (or MD), featuring an all-new "round-fendered" body in order to clear the also new, taller, Willys Hurricane engine. This jeep was later developed into the civilian launched in 1955. Similarly, its ambulance version, the M170 (or MDA), featuring a 20-inch wheelbase stretch, was later turned into the civilian .
Before the CJ-5, Willys offered the public a cheaper alternative with the taller F-head, overhead-valve engine, in the form of the 1953 , simply using a body with a taller hood. This was quickly turned into the M606 jeep (mostly used for export, through 1968) by equipping it with the available heavy-duty options such as larger tires and springs, and by adding black-out lighting, olive drab paint, and a trailer hitch. After 1968, M606A2, and -A3 versions of the were created in a similar way for friendly foreign governments.
In 1976, after more than two decades, Jeep complemented the with a new CJ model, the . Though still a direct evolution of the round-fendered CJ5, it had a longer wheelbase. And, for the first time, a CJ had doors, as well as an available hardtop. Since then, new evolutions were derived from the – from 1987 onwards as Jeep "Wranglers". Nevertheless, these are considered direct descendants of the WWII jeep. The 2018 Wranglers still have a separate, open-topped body and ladder-frame, solid live axles front and rear, with part-time four-wheel drive, and high and low gearing. The compact body retains the Jeep grille and profile and can even still be driven with the doors off, and the windshield folded forward.
Licenses to produce jeeps, especially for were issued to manufacturers in many different countries, starting almost straight after WWII, with the Willys MB pattern. Some firms, like Mahindra and Mahindra Limited in India, continue to produce them in some form or another to this day. Chinkara Motors of India produces the Jeepster, with FRP body. The Jeepster can be delivered a diesel engine or the 1.8L Isuzu petrol.
In France, the army used Hotchkiss M201 jeeps – essentially licensed Willys MBs, and in the former Yugoslavia, the arms manufacturer Zastava rebooted their car building branch, making 162 Willys jeeps. In Japan, Mitsubishi's first jeeps were versions of the , and in 1950 Toyota Motors was given an order by U.S. forces to build a vehicle to Jeep specifications, resulting in Toyota's BJ and FJ series of utility vehicles, slightly bigger and more powerful jeep-type vehicles. After the , several countries also built the Willys MD / M38A1 under license. For instance, the Dutch built some 8,000 "NEKAF" jeeps, which remained in service for some 40 years. In Israel, AIL continues building military derivatives of Jeep Wrangler models for the Israeli Security Forces, ongoing since 1991. Their current AIL models are based on Africa Automotive Distribution Services (AADS) of Gibraltar's Jeep J8 model.
The compact military jeep continued to be used in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. In Korea, it was mostly deployed in the form of the MB, as well as the M38 and M38A1 (introduced in 1952 and 1953), its direct descendants. In Vietnam, the most used jeep was the then newly designed Ford M151, which featured such state-of-the-art technologies as a unibody construction and all-around independent suspension with coil springs. The M151 jeep remained in U.S. military service into the 1990s, and many other countries still use small, jeep-like vehicles in their militaries.
Apart from the mainstream of — by today's standards — relatively small jeeps, an even smaller vehicle was developed for the U.S. Marine Corps, suitable for helicopter airlifting and manhandling, the M422 "Mighty Mite".
Eventually, the U.S. military decided on a fundamentally different concept, choosing a much larger vehicle that not only took over the role of the jeep, but also replaced all its other light-wheeled vehicles: the HMMWV ("Humvee").
In 1991, the Willys-Overland Jeep MB was designated an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Postwar conversions
Filipino jeepney
When American troops began to leave the Philippines at the end of World War II, hundreds of surplus jeeps were sold or given to local Filipinos. The Filipinos stripped down the jeeps to accommodate several passengers, added metal roofs for shade, and decorated the vehicles with vibrant colors and bright chrome hood ornaments.
The jeepney rapidly emerged as a popular and creative way to re-establish inexpensive public transportation, which had been virtually destroyed during World War II.
Argentine Autoar
Starting in 1950, a Jeep-engined utility vehicle was produced by Autoar in Argentina. Starting from 1951, a new sedan was introduced using the same 2199 cc Jeep engine and manual transmission. It was fitted with overdrive to compensate for the Jeep's low axle ratio. In 1952, a new overhead valve 3-litre six-cylinder was announced but was probably never built. At that time, Piero Dusio returned to Italy. In the 1950s, production was sporadic, and models built included a station wagon with a Jeep-type 1901 cc engine.
Commemorative edition
Inspired by the U.S. Army Willys MB, Jeep produced about 1000 Willys editions of the 2004 Wrangler TJ and hoped to sell twice that number for the 2005 model year.
Production numbers
Gallery
Operators
See also
Austin Champ
The Autobiography of a 'Jeep'
CUCV
DKW Munga
Einheits-PKW der Wehrmacht
Fath Safir (Iran)
Ford GTB 'Burma jeep'
GAZ-64 and GAZ-67
Hafner Rotabuggy
Hotchkiss M201
HMMWV
Kaiser Jeep
Jeep CJ
Jeep trailer
Jeep train
Land Rover Defender
Land Rover Perentie
Land Rover (original series)
List of U.S. military jeeps
List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation
Mercedes-Benz G-Class
M151 Truck, Utility, l/4-Ton, 4×4
Willys M38
Willys M38A1
M422 Mighty Mite
Mowag Eagle
Mitsubishi Type 73 Light Truck
Ñandú (vehicle)
Peugeot P4
Suzuki Jimny
UAZ-469
Universal Carrier
Volkswagen Iltis
Volkswagen Kübelwagen
Volkswagen Schwimmwagen
Willys FAMAE Corvo
Footnotes
References
General references
Publications Catalog
Further reading
399 pages. – Documents the jeep from conception of the (Bantam) Reconnaissance Car, to the Quarter Master Corps' awarding of the jeep contract to Willys.
External links
British Army Jeep Research – Non-profit resource on the jeep in British service
History of the Jeep – How Stuff Works — links to several further detailed chapters
Military jeeps – The U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum
– Historic timeline
The Jeep – One of the Most Famous Vehicles in the World – is Celebrated at its Birthplace. - Voice of America
Jeep
World War II vehicles of the United States
Military trucks of the United States
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Military light utility vehicles
GPW
MB
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys%20MB |
Peter Speliopoulos, born in 1961 in Springfield, Massachusetts, is an American fashion designer.
Life as a designer
Speliopoulos studied fashion at Parsons School of Design in New York and graduated with a BFA in 1981. Speliopoulos is best friends with fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi who also attended Parsons. His first job as a fashion designer was as assistant stylist with Laura Biagiotti in Rome in 1982. He then worked briefly at the French couture house of Christian Dior and later for New York sportswear designer Gloria Sachs whose label went out of business in 1992. In 1985, Speliopoulos was named creative director at Carolyne Roehm Inc., a New York fashion house that had been created in 1984. He left in 1991 to become fashion director with Joseph Abboud.
From 1993 to 1997, Speliopoulos then worked as a designer for Donna Karan in New York. He replaced Narciso Rodriguez as head of design for the women's collection at Nino Cerruti in mid-1997. While at Cerruti, he gave the label a fresh modern look using fine detail and exquisite fabrics. He left Cerruti in 2002 to return to New York as Vice President of Design for Donna Karan New York. He has stayed with Donna Karan, a fashion house owned by the French LVMH Group, since then. In 1998 he said that his time at Donna Karan between 1993 and 1997 "was invaluable to me in getting to where I am now at Cerruti."
Speliopoulos has also worked as a costume designer for Karole Armitage, a New York ballet dancer who owns her own dance company. In the summer of 2000, he designed the costumes for the Athens Opera production of The Birds by Aristophanes. The collaboration with Armitage continued until 2003. He has also worked as a costume designer with the Rambert Dance Company in London for which Karole Armitage was a choreographer.
He says that he is always inspired by the construction of Balenciaga, the essentialism of Halston and the genius of Yves St. Laurent. He tries to make his garments a mix of feminine sensuality and men's tailoring, creating versatility in a woman's wardrobe.
Speliopoulos - together with his partner for more than 20 years, Robert Turner - is a Friends for Life Annual Fund donor at the GMHC.
References
External links
Picture of Peter Speliopoulos
Karole Armitage Foundation
American people of Greek descent
American fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
Artists from Springfield, Massachusetts
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Speliopoulos |
Squirt or squirting can refer to the following:
Animals
Sea squirt, a marine animal
Arts and entertainment
Squirt, a comic strip in the Funday Times
"Squirt" (Fluke song), a song by Fluke
Squirt (TV series), a New Zealand children's television series
Squirt TV, a public-access television cable TV channel
Squirtle, a Pokémon character
Squirt (Camp Lakebottom), a character from the animated television series Camp Lakebottom
Squirt, a baby sea turtle from the animated film Finding Nemo
Squirt, a character in the animated television series Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends
Products
Squirt (soft drink), a citrus-flavored soda
Squirt (Pillow Pal), a Pillow Pal plush elephant toy made by Ty
Squirt, a pocket knife made by Leatherman
Science, health and medicine
Squirt, a slang term for female ejaculation
SQuiRTs, the Screening Quick Reference Tables for pollutants, published by the US National Ocean Service's Assessment and Restoration Division
Sports and games
Squirt (horse) (foaled 1732), a Thoroughbred racehorse, grandsire of Eclipse
, in billiard and related games
Squirt division, in minor ice hockey, a level of play in North America for children aged 10 and under
Other
Squirt, slang for a person of short stature (often a child), or a small thing
Humorous pronunciation of the sqrt (square root) function in various programming languages.
Squirt.org, a cruising/hookup site for gay and bisexual men
See also
Spray (disambiguation)
Spurt (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirt |
Red Stars Theory is an American rock band from Seattle, Washington.
History
The band was formed in early-1995 when James Bertram was looking for someone to play guitar with and found Tonie Palmasani (guitar/vocals), Jeremiah Green (drums/percussion/vocals) and Jason Talley (bass guitar/vocals). Later in 1995, the group released a 10-inch on Deluxe Records, the "Slow Curve/Castle Rock" seven-inch and the LP/CD But Sleep Came Slowly. The seven-inch and LP were released by the RX Remedy label, a division of Sub Pop. Seth Warren was asked to play violin on But Sleep Came Slowly and has since been a member of the group. The LP/CD Life In A Bubble Can Be Beautiful was the group's debut album for Touch and Go Records. But Sleep Came Slowly and Life In A Bubble Can Be Beautiful both featured Lois Maffeo as a guest vocalist. Sarah May Cates was a guest cellist on Life In A Bubble....
Red Stars Theory took a hiatus for several years following the release of an eponymous EP for Touch and Go Records in 2000. Due to Jeremiah and James’ hectic touring schedules (playing in both Modest Mouse and 764-HERO), the band has had a fairly infrequent touring schedule.
Suicide Squeeze has released a compilation CD combining the band's out-of-print Rx Remedy seven-inch and Deluxe Records 10-inch. In 2000 Suicide Squeeze released the "Naima" seven-inch, a minimalistic cover of a song from John Coltrane's Giant Steps album. The b-side of "Naima" is "North to Next (exit)", a remix by Scientific American featuring prominent samples from the first two tracks of Life in a Bubble....
In 2006, the band contributed the track "Evergreen and Ivorbean" to Suicide Squeeze's 10th anniversary compilation, the CD/LP Slaying Since 1996.
Discography
self-titled 10 inch EP on Deluxe Records (1995)
Slow Curve/Castle Rock 7 inch EP on Rx Remedy (1995)
But Sleep Came Slowly album on Rx Remedy (1997)
Life in a Bubble Can Be Beautiful album on Touch And Go Records (1999)
Red Stars Theory EP on Touch And Go Records (2000)
Naima/North to Next (exit) 7 inch EP on Suicide Squeeze (2000)
Evergreen and Ivorbean track on compilation album Slaying Since 1996
References
External links
Touch and Go Records
last.fm
Luckyhorse Industries
Sub Pop Records
SuicideSqueeze.net
Suicide Squeeze Records artists
Indie rock musical groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups from Seattle
Touch and Go Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Stars%20Theory |
The Cole Inquiry, formally the Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme, was a Royal Commission established by the Australian government pursuant to the Royal Commissions Act 1902 to investigate "whether decisions, actions, conduct or payments by Australian companies mentioned in the Volcker Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme breached any Federal, State or Territory law."
The inquiry commenced on 10 November 2005 and was overseen by a sole Royal Commissioner, Justice Terence Cole . Justice Cole handed the commission's five volume report to the Governor-General on 24 November 2006; and the report was tabled in parliament on 27 November 2006.
Background
The Volcker Inquiry was set up to investigate the systematic corruption of the Oil-for-Food Programme (or Program) by the Arab nationalist and Arab socialist government of the fifth President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein.
The Volcker Inquiry
The United Nations Independent Inquiry Committee was formed to investigate allegations of corruption and fraud in the UN Oil-for-Food Programme. Paul Volcker's report, released in October 2005, found that AWB was the biggest single source of kickbacks made to the Iraqi government. In exchange for trouble-free disembarkation of wheat purchased under the Oil for food program, AWB paid 'trucking charges' totaling A$300 million to Alia, a Jordanian trucking company. Volcker found that Alia kept a small percentage of the 'charges', and passed the remainder to the government of Saddam Hussein. An accompanying statement released with the report by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan requested that "national authorities take steps to prevent the recurrence of such practices in the future and that they take action, where appropriate, against companies falling within their jurisdiction".
Establishment of the Cole Inquiry
In response to Volcker's findings, the Australian Government established a Royal Commission to further investigate the claims raised by the UN report. By Letters Patent issued on 10 November 2005 the commission was asked to inquire into and report on:
whether any decision, action, conduct, payment or writing of any of the three Australian companies mentioned in the Final Report ("Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime") of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, or any person associated with one of those companies, might have constituted a breach of any law of the Commonwealth, a State or Territory; and
if so, whether the question of criminal or other legal proceedings should be referred to the relevant Commonwealth, State or Territory agency.
Commissioner and Counsel
The Royal Commissioner was Justice Terence Cole , a former Judge of Appeal of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. The Cole Inquiry was the second Royal Commission where Justice Cole was the sole Commissioner. The 2001–2003 Royal Commission into the Building and Construction Industry is commonly referred to as the Cole Royal Commission hence to avoid confusion the 2005–06 Royal Commission is commonly referred to as the Cole Inquiry.
Cole was supported by John Agius SC, Counsel Assisting and three other barristers, Gregory Nell, Michael Wigney and Miles Condon.
The three Australian companies adversely mentioned in the UN report (AWB, Alkaloids of Australia Pty Ltd, and Rhine Ruhr Pty Ltd) were granted leave to be represented by counsel before the Royal Commission
Hearings
Prior to the public hearings the commission held a series of closed hearings in December 2005 and January 2006. Some witnesses who were examined in the closed hearings also gave evidence in the public hearings.
The commission's public hearings commenced on 16 January 2006. During the first six weeks of public hearings evidence led by Agius and cross examination by him of witnesses brought out a series of revelations that showed the conduct of AWB's executives and directors in a very poor light. Apart from interrupting assisting counsel's question to ask witnesses his own probing questions, Cole frequently made reproving comments about the behaviour and evidence of witnesses particularly those in responsible and often highly remunerative positions with AWB and the Wheat Export Authority, who among other things frequently claimed memory loss, inability to locate diaries and notes and notoriously, in the case of former AWB board chairman Trevor Flugge, hearing loss.
On 6 February 2006 the inquiry's terms of reference were extended to include the activities of BHP Billiton in relation to the Oil for Food Program.
On 16 February 2006 Commissioner Cole invited broadcast media into the inquiry's hearing room to record an invitation to anyone with information about kickbacks or the Iraqi oil-for-food scandal to appear before his inquiry. Cole emphasised that this appeal applied to anyone saying: "I am extending a specific invitation to any Member of Parliament, any member of the media, any public servant, or any member of the public who believes that they have information relevant to this aspect of the inquiry to provide any such information to those assisting me".
On 2 March 2006 counsel assisting, John Agius, threatened to serve search warrants on AWB following claims of memory lapses and loss of documents by a former company manager, Andrew McConville. This was countered by counsel for AWB who suggested that the search for documents by the company was being conducted in a rigorous manner and at considerable expense.
On 3 March 2006, Cole applied for the inquiry's terms of reference to be amended to extend the period of the inquiry for up to two months (i.e. from the end of March to May 2006). Prime Minister John Howard indicated the government's agreement to this request two days later.
Howard was asked to write and submit a statement in regard to this matter, and was cross examined on 13 April for 53 minutes. Howard previously stated to a media conference held in Sydney, "If asked I will naturally be happy to appear." "I've said all along that this is an utterly transparent process, which is not protecting the Government, which is designed to get to the truth of this matter and I am more than happy to comply with the request made by the commission."
Outcome
On 28 August 2009 the Australian Federal Police (AFP) decided to drop its investigation into the scandal in which wheat exporter AWB was found to have been funding the Iraqi regime in breach of UN sanctions. It was found that it was not even clear that breaching a UN sanction is a criminal offence and a conviction "was not in the public interest". The decision means no former employee or director of AWB will face criminal charges, although an investigation by corporate watchdog Australian Securities & Investments Commission continued. The AFP announced that the decision to drop the investigation was made after a review of the evidence by senior barrister Paul Hastings QC, who declared the prospect of convictions was limited and "not in the public interest".
In 2009, The Australian reported "It has hardly been a secret that the AFP investigation was under-funded and under-resourced, and it received little co-operation from AWB, which sees itself as a new entity, with all staff associated with the corrupt dealings having left." Hastings told the AFP that in his opinion there was no reasonable prospect of a conviction. It was not even clear that breaching a UN sanction is a criminal offence.
See also
Oil-for-Food Program Hearings
AWB Oil-for-Wheat Scandal
References
External links
Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme - inquiry's website
The Commissioner's reports - five volumes (PDF and HTML available)
Wheat Export Authority
Royal Commissions Act 1902 (Cth)
Independent Inquiry Committee into the Oil for Food Programme - Volker Inquiry website
Commentary
- in depth report on the Cole Inquiry and the evidence before it
Commonwealth of Australia royal commissions
Grain industry of Australia
2005 establishments in Australia
2006 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole%20Inquiry |
The Lunar New Year Cup, previously known as the Carlsberg Challenge or the Carlsberg Cup, is an annual invitational football tournament organised in Hong Kong by the Hong Kong Football Association (HKFA) since 1908. It is usually held on the first and the fourth day of the Lunar New Year as a part of the new year celebrations. The tournament was called the Carlsberg Cup from 1986 to 1989, from 1993 to 2006 as Carlsberg was the major sponsor of the event.
Since the 2007 edition of the event, the competition has officially been known as the "Lunar New Year Cup" by the Hong Kong Football Association. This is because Carlsberg is now no longer the major sponsor but a mere co-sponsor. During 2011 and 2012, the name of the event was changed to "Asian Challenge Cup".
History
Initially, a touring team (usually European) visited Hong Kong playing exhibition matches vs local combined. In the period before and around the Second World War, the Lunar New Year Cup was competed for by teams from Hong Kong and mainland China. Since 1950, HKFA has invited at least one overseas team to enter the competition. Before 1982, there were three exhibition matches in the tournament. The first two were usually played by the Hong Kong national football team, Hong Kong player team and Hong Kong League XI while the Chinese XI played the last match.
In 1983, there was a main sponsorship for the competition for the first time and the number of invited teams was increased to three. From 1993 onwards, national teams rather than club teams were invited to participate in the competition. Many of the matches in that period were recognised as "full internationals" by FIFA.
Competition name and sponsorship
Results
Notes
References
External links
Lunar New Year Cup results RSSSF
HKFA Website 漫談賀歲足球賽事(一) (in Chinese)
International association football competitions hosted by Hong Kong
International men's association football invitational tournaments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20New%20Year%20Cup |
Component station is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. The station is located in San Jose, California in the center median of 1st Street near Component Drive. The station's street address is 2540 North First Street.
Component has a split platform. The northbound platform is located just north of Component Drive, the southbound platform is located just south of Component Drive. This station is served by the Blue and Green lines of the VTA Light Rail system.
References
External links
Transit Unlimited
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20station |
William Roderick Collins (4 December 1934 – 20 June 2019) was an Australian film critic and film historian, radio and television presenter, journalist, author and lecturer best known for presenting Hollywood films on television in Australia.
Collins specialised in the era of Classical Hollywood cinema, and his favourite film was Gone with the Wind. He was well known for his association with Network 10, presenting Bill Collins' Golden Years of Hollywood for fifteen years, and later with Foxtel, presenting movies on the cable channel FOX Classics from 1995 to 2018.
Biography
Bill Collins was born in Sutherland, Sydney, the son of a policeman and school teacher. He was educated at Canterbury Boys' High School and the University of Sydney, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Latin in 1959, a Diploma of Education in 1960 and a Master of Education in 1965.
Originally an English school teacher at East Hills Boys High School and his alma mater Canterbury Boys' High School, and later lecturer at Sydney Teachers College, Collins' appreciation of cinema led him to write reviews in the early 1960s and resulted in him working as a film presenter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (then the Australian Broadcasting Commission). He moved from the ABC to TCN Channel 9 working there between 1967–74; later moving to ATN Channel 7 from 1975 to 1979. In 1980 he moved to Channel Ten to present movies nationally.
He was widely recognised in Australia for his passionate enthusiasm for films, and his profile allowed him to meet and become acquainted with a range of film makers from the "Golden Age of Hollywood". His presentations usually consisted of a brief review of the film and its actors, specific discussion of filming techniques, theme music, as well as personal recollections and quotes from the film makers he had interviewed. From 23 October 1995 until his retirement on 20 October 2018, he presented films for the Foxtel cable television network FOX Classics. His celebrity status allowed him to take cameo roles in film and television, notably Prisoner (1985) and Howling III (1987).
In addition to his television work, he lectured at the University of Sydney on film and related subjects. In 1987, he published a book of film reviews and essays, Bill Collins Presents "The Golden Years of Hollywood".
Personal life
Collins met his wife Joan in 1983 when he was 48. They both lived in Vincentia, New South Wales. From Vincentia they moved to Winmalee, New South Wales. In 2005, they moved to a large house in Berry, New South Wales, which they listed for sale in August 2017, but which Joan still owned as of February 2020.
Collins died in his sleep on 20 June 2019.
Awards and honours
In 1987, Collins was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for services to film and television. In 2009, he was inducted into the Logies Hall of Fame. In 2013, he received the inaugural ASTRA Lifetime Achievement Award.
See also
Ivan Hutchinson
John Hinde
Margaret Pomeranz
David Stratton
References
External links
1934 births
2019 deaths
Australian television presenters
Australian film critics
Logie Award winners
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
University of Sydney alumni
People educated at Canterbury Boys' High School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Collins%20%28television%20presenter%29 |
Bonaventura station is an at-grade light rail station located in the center median of First Street at its intersection with Bonaventura Drive, after which the station is named, in San Jose, California. The station is owned by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) and is served by the Blue Line and the Green Line of the VTA light rail system.
Services
Platform layout
Bonaventura has a split platform with the northbound platform north of Bonaventura Drive and the southbound platform just to the south.
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
1987 establishments in California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaventura%20station |
Orchard station is an at-grade light rail station located in the center median of First Street at its intersection with Orchard Parkway, after which the station is named, in San Jose, California. The station is owned by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) and is served by the Blue Line and the Green Line of the VTA light rail system.
Services
Platform layout
Orchard has a split platform with the northbound platform north of Orchard Parkway and the southbound platform just to the south.
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority bus stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard%20station%20%28VTA%29 |
River Oaks station is an at-grade light rail station located in the center median of First Street at its intersection with River Oaks Parkway, after which the station is named, in San Jose, California. The station is owned by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) and is served by the Blue Line and the Green Line of the VTA light rail system.
Services
Location
The station is located in San Jose, California in the center median of 1st Street at River Oaks Parkway. The stop serves its immediate San Jose neighborhood, which includes VTA's administration office, as well as a nearby portion of Santa Clara opposite the Guadalupe River, accessible via a bicycle-pedestrian bridge. The bridge makes River Oaks one of VTA's few North San Jose light rail stops to serve a residential neighborhood, as North San Jose is almost entirely industrial.
It is within walking distance of River Oaks Park.
Platform layout
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority bus stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987
1987 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Oaks%20station |
Poke (Hawaiian for "to slice" or "cut crosswise into pieces"; sometimes anglicised as poké to aid pronunciation as two syllables) is diced raw fish served either as an appetizer or a main course.
History
Pre-contact period
Most fish were cultivated in large fishponds or caught near shore in shallow waters and reefs. Fishing and fish caught beyond the reef in the deep sea were reserved for chiefs according to the kapu system which regulated the way of life in Ancient Hawaii.
Poke began as cut-offs from catch to serve as a snack. Fish was preferably eaten for immediate consumption, raw with sea salt, inamona, and sometimes seasoned with blood from the gills. A typical relish was made of inamona mixed with dried (octopus inksac), (fish liver), and salt. The poke was accompanied with limu and a large bowl of .
Post-contact period
When Captain James Cook arrived in 1778, he brought along with him onion seeds. He would later be followed in the 1790s, Spanish horticulturist Francisco de Paula Marin who was the first to successfully cultivate and raise tomatoes. De Paula Marin would further popularize the planting of onions which became a popular accompaniment. The onion cultivar known as sweet Maui onion would be developed over the years.
Continued Western influence eventually led to the abolishment of the kapu. The prohibition on eating certain types of fish was lifted in 1819 and by 1839 Kamehameha III had opened up fishing grounds beyond the reefs. By this time, Hawaiians were first introduced to salmon, as contract laborers sent to the Pacific Northwest in the fur trading and timber industries. Salmon would have likely been prepared as initially which would later evolve into lomi salmon.
Beginning in the mid-19th century, immigrants from China and Japan moved to the islands as plantation laborers, bringing with them foods such as namerō, soy sauce and sesame oil.
Tuna industry
Tuna fishing has been important in Pacific Island countries for centuries, but prior to 1900 this
activity was restricted to small-scale fishing, mainly using canoes just outside the reef. Between the 1920s and 1930s, almost all the fishing vessels in Hawaiian waters belonged to the Japanese, primarily longline fishing for albacore and skipjack tuna. Most of these tuna would be canned for export, but some would be reserved fresh for the local market. By the 1970s, the increasing affluence of the Japanese consumer created greater demand for sashimi grade tuna.
An increase in yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna landing between the 1970s and 1980s resulted in competition for the fresh tuna market, reducing the available market for skipjack tuna. Yellowfin and bigeye tuna are preferred over skipjack tuna for sashimi in the export markets. Skipjack tuna is usually priced lower on average but is widely appreciated by locals. In 1985, the average price for yellowfin tuna was 26% higher than bigeye tuna, increasing to 58% by 1991. Flash-frozen skipjack and yellowfin tuna imported to Hawaii from Japan also competes with the Hawaii fishery for a share of the local market.
Hawaii Regional Cuisine
According to the food historian Rachel Laudan, the present form of poke became popular around the 1970s. However, poke made at home or found at seafood counters were only limited to one or two "flavors", onion and/or limu. Sashimi which was already popular by this time evolved into a Japanese-Hawaiian sashimi salad-like fusion, very similar to tataki.
In the early 1990s, a group of local chefs advocated for a distinct Hawaiian fusion style, cuisine which drew from local ingredients and a fusion of ethnic culinary influences. Master chef Sam Choy, was a founding chef of this movement, started a festival in 1992 which consisted of a recipe contest for professional chefs and amateur cooks. The initial contest offered more than $15,000 in cash and prizes. Chefs showcased many new combination of flavors, and made the rather common dish into an upscale item at restaurants.
Ingredients
Fish
There are many commercial caught local fish that can be eaten raw according to the FDA. However, the most commonly caught fish in Hawaiian waters for poke found at local seafood counters include (alternate Japanese names are indicated in parentheses):
: albacore tuna (tombo), bigeye tuna (mebachi), yellowfin tuna (kihada)
: skipjack tuna (katsuo)
: blue marlin (kajiki), striped marlin (nairagi), shortbill spearfish (hebi), broadbill swordfish (shutome), sailfish
: octopus (tako)
Opihi: yellowfoot, blackfoot
The influence of the Japanese fishing market still remains strong, that these fish are often recognized locally by both their Hawaiian and Japanese names. But it also recalls that deep sea fishing was not an ordinary practice to the ancient Hawaiians who were adept at naming many fish species.
Kona kampachi (kanpachi) is farmed off the coast of the Island of Hawaii. Imported fish such as yellowtail (hamachi) and farmed salmon, such as Atlantic (including Atlantic "Scottish"), King Salmon (from New Zealand) are hugely popular. Wild salmon largely remains unsafe because of the risk of parasites. Most imported fish from Japan are typically served as sashimi or for sushi but are suitable for as well, such as madai, maguro, and saba. Most fresh shellfish, including octopus, can be safely consumed raw with caution but are often cooked (or at least cured) especially when being sold commercially as poke.
While is associated as a raw fish dish, in contemporary times, it is rather freeform. It can be cured like ceviche or cooked, not made with fish, nor does it have to be cut into cubes. Chef Sam Choy had popularized "fried poke". (Hawaiian-style beef jerky), (raw beef liver) and tripe, and tartare of beef can be prepared into as well. Imitation crab (kanikama) is also common, along with tofu a common vegetarian option.
Additions
The traditional relish is inamona, alaea salt, and limu. The most common flavor profile today is simply soy sauce and sesame oil, followed by additions of Maui onions and scallions, and ogo. Sriracha and mayonnaise are the base for the popular "spicy ahi".
Other additions include oyster sauce, ponzu, teriyaki sauce, chili pepper or crushed red pepper, sweet chili sauce, jalapeno, sea urchin or salmon roe, tobiko (or masago), chopped kimchi, ginger, shredded imitation crab, toasted sesame seeds, or wasabi (or hot mustard).
California roll includes avocado and cucumbers. Around 2020, the ginger-scallion condiment (geung yung) used in the Chinese dish cold ginger chicken has become a mildly popular flavor. Other ingredients include mushrooms, fried onions, cilantro, pineapple, edamame and a variety of other vegetables.
Hawaii Chef Alan Wong, another Hawaii Regional Cuisine founding member, was a guest judge on the show Top Chef was inspired by a contestant to create a similar Mediterranean-inspired using lemons, lemon zest, capers, shiso and canned anchovies.
Contemporary times
Since the 1960s, most local grocery chains and standalone fish markets, and sometimes older superettes, in Hawaii have dedicated counters for where it is made in bulk and sold by weight. A few fast casual restaurants will prepare them made to order. Locally, a " bowl" means served over cooked rice. In dining restaurants, it is often served as like tartare (sans egg yolk) or tostada with chips of fried wonton wrappers or with prawn crackers, sometimes referred to as "poke nachos". In casual sushi restaurants, fills inari sushi.
became increasingly popular in North America starting in 2012. From 2014 to mid-2016, "the number of Hawaiian restaurants on Foursquare, which includes those that serve poke," doubled, going from 342 to 700. Many of these restaurants serve both traditional and modern versions of the dish. A modern version of a poké bowl features fully customizable ingredients that are often carefully arranged like bibimbap, to allow the customer to mix the dish before consuming it.
One of these larger chains based in Chicago became embroiled in controversy in 2018, after it sent cease and desist letters to specific shops in Hawaii and on the mainland. Shop owners, some of Native Hawaiian ancestry, were told to stop using the words "aloha" and "" in its business name. As a result, several shops were forced to rebrand their businesses.
The annual festival started in 1992 by Sam Choy still occurs, although going through a couple different hosts. In 2023, chefs Ronnie Rainwater and Aarón Sánchez were the guest judges at the competition. The first place prize offering in 2022 was a $1,000 cash prize and 6-night stay at the sponsoring hotel. Started in 2009, a 3-day "I Love Poke" festival is held annually in San Diego to celebrate the dish.
Similar dishes
Raw fish dishes are not uncommon. Common throughout Oceania is 'ota 'ika (or ). In Europe, fish carpaccio and tartare, Chinese yu sheng, Korean hoe-deopbap, Latin American ceviche, and Japanese namerō, sashimi and tataki. In Inuit cuisine, fish was best eaten raw, and Filipino kinilaw and kilawin where it is known as kelaguen in Guam.
Most of the Filipinos in Hawaii who arrived in the early 20th century to work in the sugar plantations were of Ilocano descent, known as sakadas, often referred to as kilawin (as opposed to kinilaw, a Tagalog term). Today, Ilocanos comprise 85% of the Filipinos in Hawaii. The Ilocano dish poqui poqui, a scrambled egg dish with grilled eggplants and tomatoes, likely derived its name from , from returning Ilocano sakadas.
See also
bibimbap
Buddha bowl
Crudo
Hoe
Kinilaw
List of hors d'oeuvre
List of raw fish dishes
List of salads
Lomi salmon
'Ota 'ika
Sam Choy
Singju
Tataki
Yusheng
Cuisine of Hawaii
References
Further reading
Stanford, Lois. “When the Marginal Becomes the Exotic: The Politics of Culinary Tourism in Indigenous Communities in Rural Mexico.” Reimagining Marginalized Foods: Global Processes, Local Places, edited by ELIZABETH FINNIS, University of Arizona Press, 2012, pp. 67–87. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1814g4b.7.
Titcomb, Margaret, and Mary Kawena Pukui. “MEMOIR No. 29. NATIVE USE OF FISH IN HAWAII. INSTALMENT No. 1. Pages 1-96.” The Journal of the Polynesian Society 60, no. 2/3 (1951): 1–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20703302.
External links
Appetizers
Native Hawaiian cuisine
Raw fish salads
National dishes
Uncooked fish dishes
Seafood dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poke%20%28Hawaiian%20dish%29 |
764-HERO was an American indie rock band from Seattle, Washington. They were active from 1995 to 2002 and briefly reunited in 2012 and 2016. The group released three albums on Up Records, a fourth on Tiger Style Records, and several other releases, including a collaborative single with their frequent touring partners Modest Mouse.
The band initially comprised singer and guitarist John Atkins and drummer Polly Johnson. The lineup was expanded with the addition of bassist James Bertram in 1998, followed by his replacement Robin Peringer in 2000. The band's music was frequently likened to that of other groups from the Pacific Northwest, and described as the "perfect soundtrack" for the region.
History
Formation, Salt Sinks & Sugar Floats and singles (1995–1998)
The group was formed in 1995 by John Atkins, a Seattle native and member of Hush Harbor, and Polly Johnson of the band Bell Jar. The two met through David Dickenson, Atkins's coworker and Johnson's partner, who would soon establish Suicide Squeeze Records. The new group remained nameless until its first show, when a friend recommended that they use the Washington State Department of Transportation telephone number for reporting carpool lane violators. The duo debuted with the "High School Poetry" 7" on Up Records later that year.
In the following year, they issued both the "Now You're Swimming" 7" on Suicide Squeeze and their debut album, Salt Sinks & Sugar Floats, on Up. AllMusic critic Ari Wiznitzer described the latter as especially derivative of Pacific Northwestern music in a retrospective review. The group began attracting a national audience, next releasing the We're Solids EP in 1997.
In early 1998, they released Whenever You See Fit, a collaborative single with Modest Mouse. The single's A-side consisted of a single, 14-minute long track that the two groups co-composed and performed while touring together. The B-side contained two remixes, one each by DJ Dynomite D and Scntfc. The record received mixed reviews, though critics praised the remixes.
As a trio, Get Here and Stay and Weekends of Sound (1998–2000)
In 1998, the band asked James Bertram from Red Stars Theory, and formerly Lync and Beck, to join them as bass guitarist during a radio session. The session was successful, and Bertram joined the band officially thereafter. The new lineup recorded the band's second full-length record, Get Here and Stay, recorded with Built to Spill producer Phil Ek. PopMatters critic Jeremy Schneyer called the album a mix of melancholia and pop sensibilities that stood as "the band's high water mark".
After several tours, the band recorded Weekends of Sound in early 2000, again with Ek. Writing for Pitchfork, Ryan Kearney described the album as "their most accomplished work to date" and characterized by "crisp production".
Nobody Knows This Is Everywhere, breakup (2000–2002)
After a tour of the United States with Modest Mouse in support of the album, Bertram left the band. Robin Peringer, whom Atkins and Johnson had met as a touring guitarist with Modest Mouse, replaced Bertram. Peringer was initially a temporary replacement but soon became a full member.
In 2001, Atkins joined with friend Joe Plummer to perform songs he felt would not fit 764-HERO. The two formed The Magic Magicians and released their debut album Girls later that year.
764-HERO moved to Tiger Style Records for their final release, Nobody Knows This Is Everywhere, and began touring in its support in March 2002. The album name was a reference to Neil Young's album Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere. The album met with mixed reviews; it was praised by loud paper critic Antonio Girafez as "beautiful and unsettling", but was criticized by Pitchforks Rob Mitchum for being "mediocre" and "boring" overall. The band broke up later that year, on the eve of their first tour of Japan.
Post-breakup and reunions
The Magic Magicians continued, releasing their self-titled album in 2003. In 2004, Atkins formed The Can't See with friends Thomas Wright and Ken Jarvey. In 2006 they released Coma Comma no More. Atkins later collaborated with Spencer Moody of the Murder City Devils in the John and Spencer Booze Explosion.
Ten years after disbanding, 764-HERO reunited on March 4, 2012 for a secret show in Seattle. A week later, the band belatedly toured Japan, embarking on five dates with Japanese band Moools. Atkins and Johnson were joined by Ken Jarvey on bass.
The original two-piece lineup reunited briefly in 2016, playing the Suicide Squeeze Records 20th Anniversary Party on August 25. Their two-song set comprised "Now You're Swimming", the first song ever released on the label, and a cover of Elliott Smith's "Division Day".
Band members
John Atkins – vocals, guitar, keyboards (1995–2002, 2012, 2016)
Polly Johnson – drums, percussion (1995–2002, 2012, 2016)
James Bertram – bass, guitar, keyboards (1998–2000)
Robin Peringer – bass, guitar (2000–2002)
Ken Jarvey – bass (2012)TimelineDiscographyAlbums Salt Sinks & Sugar Floats (Up Records, 1996)
Get Here and Stay (Up Records, 1998)
Weekends of Sound (Up Records, 2000)
Nobody Knows This is Everywhere (Tiger Style Records, 2002)EPs and singles'''
High School Poetry 7" (Up Records, 1995)
Now You're Swimming 7" (Suicide Squeeze, 1996)
We're Solids EP (Up Records/Suicide Squeeze, 1997)
Whenever You See Fit 12" (Up Records/Suicide Squeeze, 1998)
Garrison'' 7" (Up Records, 2000)
References
External links
[ 764-Hero at allmusic.com]
764-Hero at Up Records
The Can't See
Sun Breaks (2005 - Present)
Suicide Squeeze - Sun Breaks
Indie rock musical groups from Washington (state)
Suicide Squeeze Records artists
Musical groups from Seattle
Up Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/764-HERO |
Line Barfod (born 24 May 1964, in Copenhagen) is a lawyer and politician in Denmark. She is a former member of the Folketing (Danish parliament) for the Red-Green Alliance.
Line Barfod is the daughter of retired assistant librarian Werner Brandstrup Andreasen and social worker Åse Barfod. She is married to Klaus Hansen. They have four children.
Parliamentary career
Prior to her current tenure, Barford was a member of the Folketing for the Red-Green Alliance in Eastern Copenhagen constituency from 20 November 2001 to 8 February 2005, a temporary member of the Folketing for the Red-Green Alliance in Århus County constituency from 8 October to 30 November 1998, the Red-Green Alliance's candidate in Nørrebro nomination district, 1999 to 2001, in Århus West nomination district, 1998 to 1999, and in Frederiksborg County nomination district, 1996 to 1998.
Education and Profession
Barford attended Rysensteen Upper Secondary School, 1980–1983, and Tidens High School, 1983–1984. She has a master's degree in law from the University of Copenhagen, which she attended 1985–1992. Solicitor with Advokatfirmaet Foldschack & Forchhammer from 2002. Junior solicitor and solicitor with Advokaterne Ulla Paabøl & Knud Foldschack 1993–2002. Junior solicitor with Advokat Jørgen Lokdam 1992. Tutor in criminal law at the University of Copenhagen, 1992–2000. Counsellor in study debt with the Students' Council from 1991.
Affiliations
She was chairwoman of "Fælles Kurs Ungdom" (Common Course youth wing), 1984–1985. Technical secretary with the Communist Students 1987–1989. Member of the presidium and finance committee of the Student Council, the University of Copenhagen, 1989–1990. Member of the governing body of the DIS Fund, 1990–1992, Chairwoman of "Studenterbogladens Fond" (Student Bookshop Fund), 1991–1997, Chairwoman of "Foreningen Kulturbyens Venner" (Association of Friends of Culture Town), 1994–1998. Member of the council of representatives of the Housing Fund for single mothers and fathers from 1997, on the Central Board of the Red-Green Alliance from 1998 to 2002, and from 2003 to 2005, on the editorial committee of the Association of Solicitors' legal-political periodical 'Lov & Ret' (Law and Justice) from 1997, and on the council of representatives of the financial institution 'Fælleskassen', from 2000.
References
External links
The Danish Red-Green Alliance
1964 births
Living people
21st-century Danish women politicians
Red–Green Alliance (Denmark) politicians
Members of the Folketing 2001–2005
Members of the Folketing 2005–2007
Members of the Folketing 2007–2011
Women members of the Folketing
Common Course politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20Barfod |
The Giblet Boys is a British comedy about three brothers, Pud, Kevin and Scurvy, and their adventures usually involving their devious Mum. The show was broadcast between 7 January 2005 and 1 December 2005.
Even though it only ran for two series, the show was still repeated frequently on the CITV channel between 2006 and March 2015.
Cast
Scurvy – Jack Bannon
Kevin – Michael Kosminsky
Pud – Scott Chisholm
Mum – Anna Mountford
Dad – Rupert Holliday-Evans
Miss. Cabin – Charlie Mudie
Jeweller – Barnaby Edwards
Mr Saunders – Ross O'Hennessy
External links
2005 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
2000s British children's television series
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Giblet%20Boys |
Frank Dobias (born May 11, 1900) was an illustrator of children's books. Among many other works, his illustrations for the Japanese version of Little Black Sambo made the book a bestseller in Japan, selling well over a million copies between 1953 and 1988.
Early life and career
He was born in Gloggnitz, Austria and moved to the United States 1923, where he started his professional career as illustrator mostly for Macmillan Publishers books. The illustrations used in the Japanese best-seller were originally drawn for Little Black Sambo published from Macmillan in 1927.
The Macmillan 1927 version was revived from Komichi Shobo Publishing, a Japanese publisher in Tokyo, in 2008.
Selected works
Bannerman, Helen. Little Black Sambo. The Happy Hour Books. Macmillan Publishers, 1927.
Siebe, Josephine. Kasperle’s Adventures. Translated by Florence Geiser. Macmillan Publishers, 1929.
Morris, William. Sons of the Volsungs. Adapted by Dorothy Hosford from Sigurd the Volsung by William Morris. Macmillan Publishers, 1932.
Junior Bible. Macmillan Publishers, 1936.
Cook, Canfield. Sky Attack. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1942.
Kelsey, Alice (Geer). Once the Hodja. Longman’s 1943. Jeremy Schiff's Hodja homepage contains some illustrations by Frank Dobias for Once the Hodja.
Bannerman, Helen. Chibikuro Sambo. Komichi Shobo Publishing, 2008. (A Japanese translation of Macmillan's 1927 version.)
References
1900 births
Year of death missing
American illustrators
Austrian emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Dobias |
Race station, sometimes listed as Race Street, is a light rail station operated by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). The station consists of a single platform with a single trackway. Trains from both directions arrive on the same track. Race station is served by the Green Line of the VTA Light Rail system.
Location
Race station is located near the intersection of Race Street and Parkmoor Avenue.
History
Race station was built as part of the Vasona Light Rail extension project. This project extended VTA light rail service from the intersection of Woz Way and West San Carlos Street in San Jose in a southwesterly direction to the Winchester station in western Campbell.
The official opening date for this station was October 1, 2005.
The construction of this station and the rest of the Vasona Light Rail extension was part of the 1996 Measure B Transportation Improvement Program. Santa Clara County voters approved the Measure B project in 1996 along with a half-percent sales tax increase. The Vasona Light Rail extension was funded mostly by the resulting sales tax revenues with additional money coming from federal and state funding, grants, VTA bond revenues, and municipal contributions.
Platforms and tracks
References
External links
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail stations
Railway stations in San Jose, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2005
2005 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20Street%20station |
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