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Popular Power was a company founded in January 2000 that sold
distributed computing software for CPU scavenging. The company was led by Marc Hedlund, CEO, and Nelson Minar, CTO.
The "Popular Power Worker" software was a downloadable Java-based application that Internet users could install onto their computers. It allowed users' computers to participate in a non-profit project to develop an influenza vaccine.
Although Popular Power was able to raise $1.6 million in
angel round funding, it was unable to close the venture capital it needed to continue. As a result, it had to permanently shut down operations in March 2001.
See also
Distributed computing
External links
You Got the Power (Aug 2000)
OpenP2P: Popular Power Turns Off the Lights (03/19/2001).
Defunct software companies of the United States
Grid computing products
Software companies established in 2000
Software companies disestablished in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20Power |
Victorian Premier Cricket is a club cricket competition in the state of Victoria administered by Cricket Victoria. Each club fields four teams (firsts through to fourths) of adult players and usually play on weekends and public holidays. Matches are played on turf wickets under limited-time rules, with most results being decided on a first-innings basis.
Outstanding players in the competition are selected to play for the Victorian Bushrangers at first-class and List A level, in the Sheffield Shield and Marsh One Day Cup competitions respectively. The competition commenced in the 1906–07 season when it was known as "District cricket", and was renamed in 1990. Separate competitions for one-day matches (2002–03) and Twenty20 (2005–06) were later established.
History
Inter-club cricket in Melbourne had its beginnings during the 1850s, with matches arranged on an informal basis. The newspapers usually decided the season's best team via the consensus of journalists. In 1870, the Challenge Cup was introduced, beginning an era of more structured competition.
For the 1889–90 season, a program of Pennant Matches was devised over eight rounds, which began the era of club competition recognisable today. The original competing teams were Carlton, Essendon, East Melbourne, Fitzroy, Melbourne, North Melbourne, Port Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, South Melbourne, University of Melbourne and Williamstown. There were no restriction on the recruitment of players and the stronger clubs (such as East Melbourne, Melbourne and South Melbourne) attracted the leading players, and other teams remained very weak. By the turn of the twentieth century, the unevenness of the competition resulted in a lack of public support.
The solution was found in "electorate" or "District" cricket whereby players needed a residential qualification to play for their club. In 1903, a VCA sub-committee recommended the implementation of the system. Due to many differences of opinion (most notably, the powerful Melbourne Cricket Club dissented), District cricket did not commence until 1906.
The twelve inaugural District teams were Carlton, Collingwood (newly formed), East Melbourne, Essendon, Fitzroy, Hawksburn (which became Prahran the following year), Melbourne, North Melbourne, Richmond, St Kilda, South Melbourne and University of Melbourne. A promotion and relegation system between two grades was originally envisioned, and the premier club of second grade, Northcote, was promoted for 1907–08. However, last-placed Collingwood was not relegated and the idea dispensed with. The second grade was re-constituted as the Victorian Sub-District competition, comprising Brighton, Caulfield, Coburg, Elsternwick, Hawthorn, Malvern, Port Melbourne and Williamstown.
The uneven number of teams necessitated a bye, which remained 1929–30 when the VCA Colts team was included. The Colts team competed for eleven seasons but disbanded during World War II. Matches continued through the war (although they were not for points) and Footscray was admitted for 1948–49, which eliminated the bye. The next expansion occurred in 1974 when two clubs representing outer-suburban areas, Ringwood and Waverley, were promoted from Sub-District. Eighteen sides have participated since 1993–94 when teams from Geelong and the Mornington Peninsula were admitted. The finals system, previously consisting of four teams, was enlarged to a final six in 1997–98 season, later changing to a final eight.
Victorian Premier Cricket Clubs
Victorian Premier Cricket Club Teams (Current)
Premierships correct to the end of 2022/23 season.
First XI premierships
Two-day/Pink-ball/Red-ball
1906-07 East Melbourne (1)
1907-08 East Melbourne (2)
1908-09 Prahran (1)
1909-10 St Kilda (1)
1910-11 Prahran (2)
1911-12 Northcote (1)
1912-13 Collingwood (1)
1913-14 St Kilda (2)
1914-15 Melbourne (1)
1915-16 Not held Due To WWI
1916-17 Not held Due To WWI
1917-18 Not held Due To WWI
1918-19 Not held Due To WWI
1919-20 Melbourne (2)
1920-21 Prahran (3)
1921-22 Prahran (4)
1922-23 Prahran (5)
1923-24 St Kilda (3)
1924-25 St Kilda (4)
1925-26 St Kilda (5)
1926-27 St Kilda (6)
1927-28 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (3)
1928-29 University (1)
1929-30 Melbourne (3)
1930-31 Fitzroy (1)
1931-32 St Kilda (7)
1932-33 Melbourne (4)
1933-34 St Kilda (8)
1934-35 Melbourne (5)
1935-36 Melbourne (6)
1936-37 Melbourne (7)
1937-38 Melbourne (8)
1938-39 Fitzroy (2)
1939-40 Fitzroy (3)
1940-41 Not held Due To WWII
1941-42 Not held Due To WWII
1942-43 Not held Due To WWII
1943-44 Not held Due To WWII
1944-45 Not held Due To WWII
1945-46 Carlton (1)
1946-47 Richmond (1)
1947-48 Carlton (2)
1948-49 Melbourne (9)
1949-50 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (4)
1950-51 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (5)
1951-52 Melbourne (10)
1952-53 South Melbourne (1)
1953-54 Fitzroy (4)
1954-55 Prahran (6)
1955-56 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (6)
1956-57 Carlton (3)
1957-58 Carlton (4)
1958-59 Melbourne (11)
1959-60 South Melbourne (2)
1960-61 Fitzroy (5)
1961-62 St Kilda (9)
1962-63 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (7)
1963-64 Essendon (1)
1964-65 St Kilda (10)
1965-66 Northcote (2)
1966-67 Fitzroy (6)
1967-68 South Melbourne (3)
1968-69 Carlton (5)
1969-70 Essendon (2)
1970-71 Collingwood (2)
1971-72 Hawthorn-East Melbourne (8)
1972-73 Melbourne (12)
1973-74 Northcote (3)
1974-75 Collingwood (3)
1975-76 Melbourne (13)
1976-77 Richmond (2)
1977-78 Carlton (6)
1978-79 Carlton (7)
1979-80 Footscray (1)
1980-81 Carlton (8)
1981-82 Melbourne (14)
1982-83 Richmond (3)
1983-84 Prahran (7)
1984-85 St Kilda (11)
1985-86 St Kilda (12)
1986-87 Northcote (4)
1987-88 Collingwood (4)
1988-89 Melbourne (15)
1989-90 Richmond (4)
1990-91 University (2)
1991-92 St Kilda (13)
1992-93 Melbourne (16)
1993-94 Fitzroy Doncaster (7)
1994-95 Melbourne (17)
1995-96 University (3)
1996-97 Northcote (5)
1997-98 Melbourne (18)
1998-99 Hawthorn-Waverley (9)
1999-00 Richmond (5)
2000-01 St Kilda (14)
2001-02 Fitzroy Doncaster (8)
2002-03 St Kilda (15)
2003-04 St Kilda (16)
2004-05 St Kilda (17)
2005-06 St Kilda (18)
2006-07 Dandenong (1)
2007-08 Ringwood (1)
2008-09 Ringwood (2)
2009-10 Melbourne (19)
2010-11 Dandenong (2)
2011-12 Richmond (6)
2012-13 Melbourne (20)
2013-14 Footscray Edgewater (2)
2014-15 Ringwood (3)
2015-16 Fitzroy Doncaster (9)
2016-17 Fitzroy Doncaster (10)
2017-18 Dandenong (3)
2018-19 Carlton (9)
2019-20 Melbourne (21)
2020-21 Prahran (8)
2021-22 Carlton (10)
2022-23 Melbourne (22)
Source
One-day/White-ball
2002-03 Prahran (1)
2003-04 Northcote (1)
2004-05 St Kilda (1)
2005-06 St Kilda (2)
2006-07 St Kilda (3)
2007-08 Carlton (1)
2008-09 Melbourne (1)
2009-10 St Kilda (4)
2010-11 Carlton (2)
2011-12 Prahran (2)
2012-13 Melbourne (2)
2013-14 Melbourne (3)}
2014-15 Monash Tigers (1)
2015-16 Fitzroy Doncaster (1)
2016-17 Melbourne (4)
2017-18 Dandenong (1)
Source
Twenty-20/White-ball
2005-06 Richmond (1)
2006-07 Dandenong (1)
2007-08 Melbourne (1)
2008-09 St Kilda (1)
2009-10 Geelong (1)
2010-11 Not held
2011-12 Prahran (1)
2012-13 Melbourne (2)
2013-14 Footscray Edgewater (1)
Source
Ryder Medal
First presented in 1972–73, the award for the best player of the season is named after Jack Ryder, the former Australian captain who had a long and distinguished career with Collingwood.
John Scholes Medal
Presented in season 2001–02 under the name of Cricket Victoria Medal, the John Scholes medal is awarded to the best player in the Victorian Premier Cricket 1st XI final. The name was changed for the 2003–04 season.
Administration
Victorian Premier Cricket was run by the Cricket Victoria's Pennant Committee until the end of the 2013/14 season. The role of the Pennant Committee was in relation to dealings with grounds, fixtures, playing dates, venues, umpires, ladders, player eligibility and registrations, disputes, rules changes etc. The Pennant Committee comprised five delegates elected at the AGM of Cricket Victoria held every August. The members of the final Pennant Committee were John McConville (chairman), Kevan Carroll, John Malligan, Ken Stone, Oswin Wright and Peter Binns (ex-officio). Matters concerning player behaviour are dealt with a tribunal convened by Cricket Victoria and is made up of an independent chairman two Pennant Committee members, providing that their club is not involved in the match in question.
Since 2014/15, the Premier Cricket Management Team (PCMT) began overseeing the administration of Premier Cricket at Cricket Victoria. As of season 2021/22, this has now become a Premier Cricket Department listed in charge of the day-to-day operations with Victorian Premier Cricket.
See also
Cricket in Australia
Victorian Sub-District Cricket Association
References
External links
List of 1st XI premiers
Grade cricket competitions in Australia
Cricket in Victoria (state)
Recurring sporting events established in 1906
1906 establishments in Australia
Sports leagues established in 1906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20Premier%20Cricket |
Michael Rossi is a fictional character in the novel Peyton Place by Grace Metalious. Michael Rossi is a teacher and high school principal who had replaced Abner Firth, the preceding teacher and principal who had died of a heart attack. He becomes the love interest of Constance MacKenzie, a woman with a hidden past.
The character of Rossi originally was called Tomas Makris, bearing the name and description of a Laconia resident and co-worker of Metalious's school teacher husband. However, Makris sued for libel, winning an out-of-court settlement for $60,000. Makris was renamed Michael Rossi in later printings, and in the film and TV series which derived from the novel. In editions published in the United Kingdom, he was called Michael Kyros; in Return to Peyton Place, he was named Michael Rossi.
In the 1957 movie Peyton Place, Michael Rossi is played by Lee Philips.
In the TV series Peyton Place, which ran from 1964 to 1969, the character of Dr. Rossi was played by Ed Nelson. Rossi's profession was changed from high school principal to doctor. The former doctor, Matthew Swain, becomes the editor of the Peyton Place Clarion.
In the 1972-1974 daytime series Return to Peyton Place, the role of Dr. Rossi was played by Guy Stockwell.
Peyton Place characters
Fictional schoolteachers
Literary characters introduced in 1956
Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Drama film characters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Rossi%20%28Peyton%20Place%29 |
Crowchild Trail is a major expressway in western Calgary, Alberta. The segment from the 12 Mile Coulee Road at the edge of the city to 16 Avenue NW (Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 1) is designated as Highway 1A by Alberta Transportation (although inside the City of Calgary the 1A designation is not signed except at the Alberta Transportation built interchange with Stoney Trail). The road is a critical north-south link in West Calgary for both downtown bound traffic and travel between the two quadrants of the city it passes through. Although planned to be one single freeway from Glenmore Trail to the city limits, the route is currently divided by a section of slow moving arterial road with four signalized intersections between 24 Avenue and Memorial Drive. This causes the freeway in the northwest to separated from the freeway south of the Bow River. Filling the gap and making the whole route a minimum six lane freeway is currently planned for construction beyond 2027.
Route description
Crowchild Trail's south terminus is located at North Glenmore Park as a minor park access road. It soon exits the park and becomes a minor arterial road where it intersects several residential streets within the communities of Lakeview and North Glenmore Park, several residential dwellings are located on the Trail itself. Continuing northward, its first major intersection is with Glenmore Trail at an interchange that was built in 1981. Traffic flows freely from Westbound Glenmore on to Crowchild north and vice versa through a 2-lane flyover but all other movements on Crowchild pass through signal lights. North of this interchange Crowchild becomes a freeway, following Glenmore there are interchanges at 50th Avenue SW, Flanders Avenue SW, 33 Avenue SW and 17 Avenue SW. From there it enters a system interchange with 10 Avenue SW and Bow Trail before crossing the Bow River on an eight-lane bridge. The south section of freeway from Glenmore to Bow Trail has eight through lanes, however the outermost set are HOV lanes for public transit only, leaving six lanes for drivers. After crossing the Bow River it passes through an incomplete systems interchange at Memorial Drive before the freeway ends. The speed limit on the freeway sections of Crowchild are to .
Traffic slows immediately north of the Memorial Drive (dropping to a seven lane wide principal arterial with a limit), passing signal-controlled intersections at Kensington Road NW and 5 Avenue NW. Then it climbs out of the river valley passing through an outdated interchange complex from the 60s at 16th Avenue and University Drive. Through that interchange Crowchild trail narrows to a total of four lanes forming a major bottleneck. It then continues up the hill widening to six lanes again before passing lights at 23 Avenue and 24 Avenue. This section of the road is heavily used by football fans from McMahon Stadium and students of the University of Calgary at certain times of the day. After 24 Avenue NW the road veers northwest, and once again becomes an uninterrupted freeway. CTrain tracks enter the median of the road at that point and run along the freeway for the rest of its distance with five CTrain stations located on the median all accessed by pedestrian bridges. Crowchild passes through eight interchanges until the Stoney Trail ring road where a cloverleaf interchange was completed in 2012. The total number of lanes then drops from six to four as it passes Tuscany Station which is the end of the CTrain line. At Twelve Mile Coulee Road the freeway ends and it passes through a set of signal lights before exiting the city as Highway 1A (The Crowchild Trail name is dropped when the road leaves the city). The highway continues as Bow Valley Trail (Highway 1A), eventually reaching Cochrane and Canmore.
History
Part of this road was the Morley Trail when it was an actual trail. It was first paved in the 1930s. It then became the main highway to Banff and was the home of Eamon's Bungalow Camp and service station. When the Trans-Canada Highway was created it dropped in importance.
The road was originally signed as 24 Street SW from North Glenmore Park to the Bow River, 24 Street NW from the Bow River to the intersection with 16 Avenue NW, and Highway 1A from 16 Avenue NW to the city limits. The interchanges at Memorial Drive, 16 Avenue/University Drive, 17 Avenue and Bow Trail were constructed in the 60s in conjunction with the six lane bridge across the river, this was largely before plans for a road network were put together. Starting in 1969 the city began to plan a large freeway network and Crowchild trail was included in the plans. Most freeways originally proposed for the west side of the city never ended up being constructed to a large extent, these roads include 16 Avenue, Sarcee Trail, 14 Street, Bow trail Downtown Feeder and Shaganappi Trail. In March 1971, it was renamed Crowchild Trail in honour of David Crowchild, Chief of the Tsuu T'ina Nation from 1946 to 1953.
The first detailed plans for the whole length of Crowchild were created in 1978 and included a north project and a south project. Prior to then, Crowchild was a 4-lane road with signal lights for most of its length with the exception of the few interchanges from the 60s in the Bow River Bridge area. The south project was completed as shown in the plans, with phase one built in the early 1980s which including the Glenmore flyover and the interchange at 33 Avenue. Phase two was completed in 2003 when an interchange opened at 50 Avenue SW and the whole south section was widened to its present 8-lane arrangement.
The north plan provided plans for a full freeway from the river to the future ring road and LRT in the median past 24 Avenue. This plan was never properly implemented. While the first phase was supposed to included an interchange constructed at Kensington Road, the city ended up leaving the signal lights in this section and widened the road to six lanes as a temporary solution. Soon much of the other north plan was dropped including rebuilding the 16 Avenue interchange and an interchange at 24 Avenue, all of which was supposed to be complete before work began on the section of freeway beyond 24 Avenue. However in 1990s extension of the CTrain along the Crowchild Trail corridor beyond 24 Avenue renewed interest in upgrading that section to a freeway. In subsequent years the freeway got longer as the train was extended farther west with new interchanges being built at former signalized intersections. The train and freeway reached Dalhousie in 2003, Crowfoot in 2008 and the last interchange at Stoney was built in 2012 when the train reached Tuscany. Meanwhile the section between 24 Avenue and the Bow River without the C-Train right of way, which actually was planned to be built first, never was constructed resulting in traffic jams.
Future
The original design of Crowchild Trail contained many bottlenecks and traffic congestion had become a growing problem on the route. Some problems were that the mostly six lane road narrowed to four lanes at Bow Trail, Memorial Drive and 16th Avenue and that the freeway between 24th Avenue and Memorial Drive was never built leaving four sets of signal lights and an old interchange complex with 16 Avenue. Congestion at the signal lights had become a daily issue as traffic volumes continue to climb. The biggest problem however was farther south on the six lane Bow River Bridge and neighboring interchanges. It was so poorly designed that northbound freeway traffic traveling between south of Bow Trail and north of Memorial Drive only had one through lane to travel on leading to large back-ups and queuing as people attempted to merge into that one lane. An oddly designed left-hand exit coming out of Downtown that forced traffic wishing to continue west on Memorial to merge across two lanes of congested traffic on the bridge only contributed to the problem. Northbound Traffic often backed up as far as 33 Avenue every rush hour and an accident would cause the back-up to be even worse. On many weekdays northbound delays of up to half an hour were common. The issue however was more than just poor road designed on the Crowchild Bridge and failure to complete the missing link in the freeway. Two other freeway routes crossing the Bow River farther west, Shaganappi Trail and Sarcee Trail were originally intended to complement Crowchild and evenly distribute north-south traffic flow in west Calgary. However both the Sarcee and Shaganappi river crossing projects were canceled in the early 2000s due to citizen opposition forcing Crowchild trail to carry more traffic than it was originally planned to take. The opening of Stoney Trail in the far west provided some relief, but traffic volumes continued to climb on the bridge. Another commonly congested area is approaching the Glenmore flyover southbound on Crowchild. This is due to a bottleneck on Glenmore at 14 Street that causes traffic to back-up Glenmore onto the Crowchild flyover, which contributes to half of Glenmore's traffic volume. The traffic then spills onto Crowchild trail, blocking two out of Crowchild's three lanes causing back-ups sometimes as far back as Flanders Avenue. Signs prohibiting U-turns are set up in Lakeview forbidding drivers from going straight into the neighborhood, performing a U-turn and then entering Glenmore after passing most of the traffic jam, however despite being illegal this maneuver is still made regularly.
In the spring of 2017, the City of Calgary approved the recommendations of the Crowchild Trail Study which specifically was meant to address the congestion and design issues between 17 Avenue SW and 24 Avenue NW. Short-term improvements include adding additional lanes across the Bow River Bridge and modifying the Bow Trail Interchange so the ramps entered from the right when going northbound rather than the left. Doing this tripled the number of through lanes from one to three eliminating the southbound traffic jam. Corrections of the Memorial Drive interchange to allow for a longer weave distance between Bow Trail and a fourth northbound lane through the two sets of traffic lights between Memorial Drive and University Drive were also included to additionally mitigate congestion, construction commenced in fall 2017 and was completed in fall 2020. As part of a separate Banff Trail Area improvement project, congestion mitigation for northbound traffic is being implemented by adding a fourth lane through the 24 Avenue signalized intersection. A ramp directly from eastbound 16 Avenue to northbound Crowchild is also included as part of the same project.
Medium-term improvements are meant to upgrade the section between the Bow River and 24 Avenue to a freeway. This include new interchanges at Kensington Road, 5 Avenue NW, and 24 Avenue NW, as well as replacement of the existing University Drive and 16 Avenue NW interchanges. The section between Kensington road and University Drive will be particularly expensive since houses will need to be expropriated in Sunnyside and the freeway will have to be trenched similar to Glenmore trail at Elbow Drive. A church at the corner of 24 Avenue and a set of apartment buildings at Suncourt Place will also have to be torn down to make room for the new road. Once the medium-term recommendations would be implemented, the remaining traffic signals would be removed and Crowchild Trail would be a freeway between Glenmore Trail and 12 Mile Coulee Road as was originally planned.
Major intersections
From south to north, the following intersections are observed along Crowchild Trail.
Gallery
See also
Highway 1A
Transportation in Calgary
References
External links
Crowchild Trail Upgrades - City of Calgary
Crowchild
Roads in Calgary | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowchild%20Trail |
The ceremonial start of the 34th annual (XXXIV) Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race across the U.S. state of Alaska began amidst the crowds of Anchorage on March 4, 2006, and the start of the competitive race, or "restart", began the next day in Willow. The race followed a modified version of the northern route for 1,151 mi (1,852 km) across the Alaska Range, through the sparsely inhabited Interior, along the Yukon River, and then up the coast of the Bering Sea to the city of Nome. Unlike in previous years, where the teams had to deal with unseasonably warm temperatures and soft, mushy snow, the weather was cold, with temperatures reported as low as −40 °F (−40 °C).
Eighty three competitors started the race, eleven "scratched", and one was withdrawn from the race. The field of racers was extremely competitive, with pundits like Cabela's John Little listing more than half a dozen possible winners. The ultimate winner was Jeff King, who crossed under the "burled arch" on March 15, becoming one of the few four-time champions. Fellow four-time winner Doug Swingley of Montana came in 2nd place, followed by Paul Gebhardt. Each of the 83 teams was composed of 16 dogs, four of whom died during the event.
Note: All times are Alaska Standard Time/AKST (UTC-9).
Competitors
There were 83 mushers that entered to race. The 51 Alaskans included four-time champion and speed-record holder Martin Buser, three-time winner Jeff King, 2004 winner Mitch Seavey, and the only five-time champion Rick Swenson, including a few Alaska Natives like Ramy Brooks, John Baker, and Ed Iten. There were 23 mushers as well from the lower 48 states, including four-time champion Doug Swingley.
Internationally, Canada is represented by three-time Yukon Quest winner Hans Gatt, Karen Ramstead, the owner of the only all-Siberian Husky team in the race, Sebastian Schnuelle, and rookie Warren Palfrey. Norway had three mushers in the race in that year, the 2005 rookie of the year, Bjørnar Andersen, and newcomers Tore Albrigtsen and Tove Sørensen (2005 champion Robert Sørlie is not racing this year). Fabrizio Lovati of Italy and Ben Valks of the Netherlands brought the European total to 5 mushers.
Celebrity mushers included Gary Paulsen, who ran his rookie race in 1983, scratched in 1985, withdrew prior to the race in 2005, and became the first musher to scratch in 2006, on March 6 at 1:08 a.m. at Skwentna. Legally blind musher Rachael Scdoris of Bend, Oregon, has also attempted the Iditarod for the second time, after she scratched in Eagle Island in 2005. Her visual interpreter for that year was Tim Osmar.
According to Iditarod reporter Little, the field was just as competitive as it was during the 2005 Iditarod, making it very hard to pick a winner. Former champions Buser, King, Swingley, and Seavey were all strong candidates to win. Of that elite crowd, King won the Kobuk 440 last year and the Kusko this year; while five-time winner Swenson, who scratched for the first time in 2005, is probably out of the running. The last of the likely winners is Bjørnar Andersen. As this year's representative of Team Norway, he inherited half of Robert Sørlie's winning 2005 team of dogs, and even without them Andersen's 4th-place finish in 2004 was the best finish by a rookie since the race first started in the 1970s.
Other racers who expected to finish well were Lance Mackey, who won the 1,000 mi (1,600 km) Yukon Quest, three-time runner up DeeDee Jonrowe, 2005's 2nd-place finisher Ed Iten, two-time runner up Ramy Brooks, perennial top-10er John Baker. A third tier of capable racers included winner of the 2005 Klondike 300 Cim Smyth (who also recorded the fastest time from Safety to Nome in 2005, despite only having 5 dogs left), Jessie Royner, winner of the 2005 Sheep Mountain 150 Ken Andersen, Aaron Burmeister, 2nd-place finisher in the 2005 Klondike 300 Matt Hayashida, Melanie Gould, Paul Gebhardt, and former Yukon Quest winner Aliy Zirkle. A win by either Aliy Zirkle or Lance Mackey would place them in the elite company of mushers to have won both the Yukon Quest and the Iditarod — in Lance's case, in the same year, an historical first. Hans Gatt is normally a contender, but this year he is running a team of young, inexperienced dogs.
Warren Palfrey of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Tore Albrigtsen or Tove Sorensen from Norway were likely candidates for rookie of the year.
Awards
Doug Swingley won the PenAir Spirit of Alaska Award on March 8 at 0:12 a.m. for being the first to reach McGrath, on the bank of the Kuskokwim River. He was awarded a "spirit mask" by artist Orville Lind and USD $500 in credit to cover travel or freight shipments at the checkpoint by PenAir's Chief Operating Officer, Danny Seybert.
Doug Swingley also won the CGI Dorothy Page Halfway Award on March 9 at 0:09 a.m. for being the first to reach Cripple, which is officially designated as the halfway point on even years when the northern route is run. He was awarded USD $3,000 in gold nuggets at the checkpoint by CGI Logisitics' Rick Westbrook.
Paul Gebardt won the Millennium Alaskan Hotel's First to the Yukon Award on March 10 at 12:05 a.m. for being the first to reach Ruby, on the bank of the Yukon River. He was awarded USD $3,500 in one-dollar bills at the checkpoint and had a gourmet seven-course meal prepared on a camp stove by Millennium Alaskan Hotel's Executive Chef Stephen England and Food and Beverage Director Brooke McGrath. The "Yukon Fox" Emmitt Peters, 1975 winner of the Iditarod and Ruby native, participated.
Jeff King won the Wells Fargo Gold Coast Award on March 12 at 12:26 p.m. for being the first to reach Unalakleet, an Inupiaq Eskimo community on the Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. He was awarded the Gold Coast trophy and USD $2,500 in gold at the checkpoint by Wells Fargo' Community Banking President for Nome and Kotzebue, Jennifer Imus.
Jeff King won the XXXIV Iditarod on March 15, at 1:11:36 a.m. for being the first to reach the Burled Arch in Nome. He was awarded USD $69,000 by Wells Fargo, and a 2006 pickup from Anchorage Chrysler Dodge. Only King, Martin Buser, Susan Butcher, and Doug Swingley have won the race four times; and only Rick Swenson has won it five times. At 50 years of age, King also became the oldest musher to win the race.
Mike Jayne won the Rookie of the Year Race on March 16 at 3:07:15 a.m. for being the first rookie to reach the finish. He arrived in 25th place, beating out Tove Sorensen, who finished in 28th and 29th place, both at 4:30:30 a.m.. Jayne beat five-time winner Rick Swenson, who finished his 30th Iditarod at 3:27:30 a.m. in 26th position, his worst place ever. Swenson is a member of the Iditarod Trail Committee board of directors, and has been making intimations of retirement.
Glenn Lockwood received the red lantern award for being the last to finish the race.
The awards will be presented again to the winners during the Awards Banquet at the Nome Recreation Center on March 19.
Scratches
Eleven mushers "scratched" (withdrew from the race):
Gary Paulsen was in 62nd place when he scratched on March 6 at 5:30 a.m. in Skwentna for "personal reasons"
Lori Townsend was in 44th place when she scratched on March 6 at 9:40 p.m. in Rainy Pass due to a possible rib injury.
Sandy McKee was in 78th place when she scratched on March 7 at 8:00 p.m. in Rainy Pass.
Rookie Sue Morgan from Richmond, Utah, was in 78th place when she scratched on March 8 at 8:00 a.m. in Rainy Pass due to a possible cracked rib.
Terry Adkins of Sand Coulee, Montana, was in 67th place when he scratched on March 10 at 10:15 a.m. in Takotna.
Rich Larson of Sand Coulee, Montana was in 69th place when he scratched on March 10 at 11:15 a.m. in McGrath due to the "lack of leaders in his team"
Richard Hum of Talkeetna, Alaska, scratched on March 10 at 11:20 a.m. in McGrath "because his team was young".
Jim Warren of Linwood, Michigan, scratched on March 10 at 12:07 p.m. in Takotna "based on well being of his remaining young team".
Matt Hayashida of Willow, Alaska scratched on March 11 at 7:45 a.m. in Cripple "based on the well being of his dog team".
Veteran Iditarod competitor John Barron of Helmsville, Montana, scratched on March 11 at 3:00 p.m. in Galena "because his team was sick".
Dave Tresino scratched on March 11 at 4:30 p.m. in Cripple due to a "lack of leaders".
One musher was withdrawn from the race. Withdrawing a musher is at the sole discretion of Race Marshall Mark Nordman:
Ben Valks of the Netherlands was withdrawn from the race after arriving in Shaktoolik on March 18 at 4:00 p.m. as the red lantern in last place. According to Norman's report, "Valks had taken good care of his team and himself throughout the race, but that in his judgment Valks' team was no longer considered competitive".
Canine fatalities
Each of the 83 teams was composed of 16 dogs at the start of the competitive race in Willow. Mushers are allowed to drop dogs at any checkpoint, usually because of concern over their performance, but also or for their health. Veterinarians examine the dogs at each checkpoint, and also have the discretion to withdraw dogs. Dropped dogs are flown to Anchorage or Nome, where they are provided with medical care. Teams are usually reduced to between 9 and 12 dogs by the time they arrived in Nome.
An average of 3 dogs die each year. A necropsy by a board certified veterinary pathologist is conducted after every fatality to determine the cause of death.
Yellowknife, a 4-year-old male from Noah Burmeister's team, died on March 9 at 6:00 a.m.. Yellowknife was initially dropped at Rohn on March 7, and was provided medical care in Anchorage. The preliminary necropsy indicated pneumonia as the cause of death.
Bear, a 3-year-old male from David Sawatzsky's team, died on March 11 between Cripple and Ruby. The gross necropsy found no abnormalities.
Cupid, a 4-year-old female from Jim Lanier's team, died on March 12 between Galena and Nulato. The gross necropsy found regurgitation and aspiration were the likely cause of death, and secondarily gastric ulcers.
Jack, a 5-year-old male from Wisconsin musher Ron Cortte's team, died on March 18 at White Mountain. Jack was examined by veterinarians on arrival and appeared normal, but died of unknown causes 30 min later.
Route
The race ran over the Alaska Range, where an avalanche claimed the life of Richard Strick Jr. in mid-February, into the former Gold Rush country of the Alaska Interior, past Athabaskan villages. Since 2006 is an even numbered year, the race followed the northern route from Ophir, past the halfway point at Cripple, before rejoining the main route at Kaltag, on the Yukon River. From Kaltag the race swings west to the Norton Sound, on coast of the Bering Sea.
March 4: Ceremonial start in Anchorage
Ceremonial start at Anchorage: The mushers departed Anchorage on March 4, 2006. A large crowd watched as 83 teams composed of a musher and twelve dogs pulling a dogsled, left the starting chute at the corner of Fourth and D Streets, and followed the 11 mi (18 km) route through the urban center. The mushers were accompanied on the sled by "Idita-riders", the high bidders in a pre-race auction.
Eagle River: After the mushers arrived at Eagle River, the dogs were transported by vehicle to the "restart" location. Normally this is at Wasilla, the headquarters of the Iditarod Trail Committee, and the race continues from there to the next checkpoint at Knik, before reaching Yentna Station. In 2006, the restart was pushed back to Willow, and continued on directly to Yentna, skipping Wasilla and Knik entirely.
March 5: Restart at Willow
Restart at Willow: The mushers departed the Community of Willow two minutes apart, in Bib order. The first musher (Loni Townsend, Bib 2) left on March 5 at 2:00 p.m. AKST, and the last (Paul Gebhardt, Bib 83) left 2 hr 44 min later at 4:44 p.m. The teams were increased to 16 dogs each. No additional dogs could be added, but they could be left behind at any of the checkpoints along the route.
Yentna: Four-time winner Doug Swingley departed Yentna in first place, on March 5 at 5:35 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Bryan Bearss (at 5:42 p.m.), Jim Lanier (5:47 p.m.), Lori Townsend (5:48 p.m.), and Jessie Royer (5:51 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 35 min (by 6:10 p.m.), the top 20 within 1 hr 2 min (by 6:37 p.m.), and the last within 8 hr 49 min (by March 6 at 2:24 a.m.). The last to leave, in 83rd place was Ben Valks.
Skwentna: Bryan Bearss departed Skwentna in first place, on March 5 at 9:19 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Ramy Brooks (at 9:46 p.m.), Melanie Gould (9:50 p.m.), Ramey Smyth (10:19 p.m.), and three-time winner Jeff King (10:21 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 2 hr 24 min (by 11:43 p.m.), the top 20 within 4 hr 54 min (by March 6, at 2:13 p.m.), and the last within 17 hr 30 min (by March 6 at 2:49 p.m.). The red lantern in 82nd place was Ben Valks, after Gary Paulsen scratched.
March 6: Alaska Range
Finger Lake: John Baker departed Finger Lake in first place, on March 6 at 9:15 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were fellow Alaska Native Ramy Brooks (at 9:31 a.m.), Doug Swingley (9:32 a.m.), Jeff King (9:53 a.m.), and Melanie Gould (10:00 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 1 hr 9 min (by 10:24 a.m.), the top 20 within 2 hr 55 min (by 12:10 p.m.), and the last within 1 day 0 hr 16 min (by March 7 at 9:31 a.m.). The red lantern in 82d place was Ben Valks.
Rainy Pass: Ramey Smyth departed Rainy Pass in first place, on March 6 at 2:46 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jessica Hendricks (at 6:18 p.m., 3 hr 32 min later), Lance Mackey (6:19 p.m.), the Norwegian Bjørnar Andersen (6:38 p.m.), and Paul Gebhardt (6:40 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 4 hr 42 min (by 7:28 p.m.), the top 20 within 5 hr 44 min (by 8:30 p.m.), and the last within 1 day 20 hr 32 min (by March 8 at 11:18 a.m.). The red lantern in 79th place was Ben Valks, after Lori Townsend, Sandy McKee, and Sue Morgan scratched.
Rohn: Doug Swingley departed Rohn in first place, on March 6 at 10:45 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jeff King (at 11:23 p.m.), Ramy Brooks (11:59 p.m.), Aliy Zirkle (March 7 at 0:11 a.m.), and 2004 winner Mitch Seavey (0:15 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 2 hr 46 min (by March 7 at 1:31 a.m.), the top 20 within 6 hr 5 min (by 4:50 a.m.), and the last within 2 days 3 hr 43 min (by March 9 at 2:28 a.m.). The red lantern in 79th place was Ben Valks.
March 7: Alaska Interior
Nikolai: Doug Swingley departed Nikolai in first place, on March 7 at 7:09 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jeff King (at 7:15 p.m.), Aliy Zirkle (7:45 p.m.), Ed Iten (8:46 p.m.), and Mitch Seavey (8:55 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 2 hr 16 min (by 9:25 p.m.), the top 20 within 4 hr 53 min (by March 8 at 0:02 a.m.), and the last within 2 days 15 hr 54 min (by March 10 at 11:03 a.m.). The red lantern in 79th place was Ben Valks.
March 8
McGrath: Doug Swingley departed McGrath in first place, on March 8 at 0:18 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jeff King (at 0:47 a.m.), Aliy Zirkle (2:21 a.m.), three-time runner up DeeDee Jonrowe (3:33 a.m.), and John Baker (5:13 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 6 hr 2 min (by 6:20 a.m.), the top 20 within 9 hr 14 min (by 9:32 a.m.), and the last within 3 days 8 hr 56 min (by March 11 at 9:14 a.m.). The red lantern in 77th place was Trent Herbst, after Richard Hum and Rick Larson scratched.
Takotna: Doug Swingley departed Takotna in first place, on March 8 at 8:19 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jason Barron, Mitch Seavey, John Barron (all three departed at 11:00 a.m.), and Ed Iten (11:08 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 5 hr 28 min (by 1:47 p.m.), the top 20 within 20 hr 29 min (by March 9 at 4:48 a.m.), and the last within 3 days 14 hr 48 min (by March 11 at 11:07 p.m.). The red lantern in 75th place was Ben Valks, after Terry Adkins and Jim Warren scratched.
Ophir: Doug Swingley departed Ophir in first place, on March 8 at 11:01 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were DeeDee Jonrowe (at 4:55 p.m.), Cim Smyth (4:58 p.m.), John Baker (5:26 p.m.), and Paul Gebhardt (6:35 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 19 hr 46 min (by March 9 at 6:46 a.m.), the top 20 within 28 hr 00 min (by March 9 at 3:01 p.m.), and the last within 3 days 15 hr 44 min (by March 12 at 2:45 a.m.). The red lantern in 75th place was Ben Valks.
March 9: Halfway
Cripple: Paul Gebhardt departed Cripple in first place, on March 9 at 1:48 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jeff King (at 10:45 p.m., 6 hr 57 min later), Aliy Zirkle (11:43 p.m.), Doug Swingley (March 10 at 3:05 a.m.), and Aaron Butmeister (March 10 at 4:34 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 17 hr 52 min (March 10 at 7:40 a.m.), the top 20 within 19 hr 13 min (by March 10 at 10:01 a.m.), and the last within 3 days 22 hr 14 min (by March 13 at 12:02 p.m.). The red lantern in 73rd place was Ben Valks, after Matt Hayashide and Dave Tresino scratched.
March 10: Yukon River
Ruby: Paul Gebardt departed Ruby in first place, on March 10 at 8:34 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Jeff King (at 4:01 p.m.), Doug Swingley (7:45 p.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (9:09 p.m.), and Aliy Zirkle (11:00 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 16 hr 22 min (by March 11 at 0:56 a.m.), the top 20 within 20 hr 38 min (by March 11 at 5:12 a.m.), and the last within 4 days 6 hr 27 min (by March 14 at 3:01 p.m.). The red lantern in 73rd place was Ben Valks.
March 11
Galena: Jeff King departed Galena in first place, on March 11 at 3:28 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 7:52 a.m.), Mitch Seavey (8:00 a.m.), Ed Iten (8:17 a.m.), and Jason Barron (also 8:17 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 8 hr 10 min (by 11:38 a.m.), the top 20 within 14 hr 5 min (by 5:33 p.m.), and the last within 4 days 6 hr 28 min (by March 15 at 9:56 a.m.). The red lantern in 72nd place was Ben Valks, after John Barron scratched.
Nulato: Jeff King departed Nulato in first place again, on March 11 at 1:06 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 1:27 p.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (3:27 p.m.), Lance Mackey (7:58 p.m.), and Paul Gebhardt (8:42 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 8 hr 26 min (by 9:32 p.m.), the top 20 within 16 hr 52 min (by March 12, at 5:58 a.m.), and the last within 4 days 10 hr 27 min (by March 15 at 11:33 p.m.). The red lantern in 72nd place was Ben Valks.
March 12: Bering Sea
Kaltag: Jeff King departed Kaltag in first place for the third straight checkpoint, on March 12 at 0:21 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 0:57 a.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (3:30 a.m.), Aliy Zirkle (3:37 a.m.), and John Baker (7:33 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 9 hr 9 min (by 9:30 a.m.), the top 20 within 15 hr 49 min (by 4:10 p.m.), and the last within 4 days 13 hr 29 min (by March 16 at 1:50 p.m.). The red lantern in 72nd place was Ben Valks.
Unalakleet: Jeff King departed Unalakleet in first place again, on March 12 at 6:50 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 8:40 p.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (March 13 at 0:48 a.m.), Bjørnar Andersen (2:52 a.m.), and John Baker (2:54 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 12 hr 7 min (by 6:57 a.m.), the top 20 within 19 hr 43 min (by 2:33 p.m.), and the last within 5 days 1 hr 49 min (by March 17 at 8:39 p.m.). The red lantern in 72nd place was Ben Valks.
March 13
Shaktoolik: Jeff King departed Shaktoolik in first place, on March 13 at 5:22 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 8:03 a.m.), Paul Gebhardt (8:44 a.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe(10:37 a.m.), and Bjørnar Andersen (12:27 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 11 hr 23 min (by 4:45 p.m.), the top 20 within 16 hr 53 min (by 10:15), and the last within 5 days 6 hr 55 min (by March 18 at 12:17 p.m.). The red lantern in 71st place was Katrina Pawlaczyk, after Ben Valks scratched.
Koyuk: Jeff King departed Koyuk in first place, on March 13 at 3:51 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 7:16 p.m.), Paul Gebhardt (9:33 p.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (9:35 p.m.), and Aliy Zirkle (9:42 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 12 hr 12 min (by March 14 at 4:03 a.m.), and the top 20 within 19 hr 1 min (by 10:52 a.m.).
Elim: Jeff King departed Elim in first place, on March 13 at 10:23 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (March 14 at 2:19 a.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (5:19 a.m.), Paul Gebhardt (5:27 a.m.), and John Baker (6:01 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 14 hr 7 min (by 12:30 p.m.), and the top 20 within 19 hr 8 min (by 5:31 p.m.).
March 14
White Mountain: Jeff King departed White Mountain in first place, on March 14 at 2:34 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 5:41 p.m.), Paul Gebhardt (8:00 p.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (8:29 p.m.), and John Baker (9:14 p.m.). The top 10 departed within 12 hr 33 min (by March 15 at 3:07 a.m.), and the top 20 within 18 hr 26 min (by 9:00 a.m.).
Safety: Jeff King departed Safety in first place, on March 14 at 9:53 p.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (March 15 at 0:57 a.m.), Paul Gebardt (2:31 a.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe(3:23 a.m.), and John Baker (4:31 a.m.). The top 10 departed within 11 hr 38 min (by 9:31 a.m.), and the top 20 within 17 hr 57 min (by 2:50 p.m.).
March 15: Burled arch
Nome: Jeff King passed under the "burled arch" on Front Street in Nome in first place, on March 15 at 1:11 a.m.. The remainder of the top 5 were Doug Swingley (at 4:18 a.m.), Paul Gebhardt (5:23 a.m.), DeeDee Jonrowe (6:25 a.m.), and John Baker (7:37 a.m.). The top 10 arrived within 10 hr 57 min (12:08 p.m.), and the top 20 within 18 hr 14 min (by 6:31 p.m.).
Notes
References
Checkpoint summary. (March 17, 2006, 13:15:46 AKST). 2005 Iditarod Trail Committee, Inc. Retrieved March 17 from Official Site of the Iditarod, 2006 Iditarod, Checkpoint Summary.
Gephardt first to reach Ruby: Receives "Millennium Alaskan Hotel First to the Yukon Award". (March 10, 2006). Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
Klott, Kevin. March 17, 2006. Jayne earns Iditarod rookie of the year. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved March 17, 2006.
Little, Jon. (March 4, 2006). A no-brainer for Iditarod fantasy leaguers: Andersen is the team to beat. Retrieved from Cabela's Iditarod 2006 Race Coverage on March 13, 2006.
—. (March 4, 2006). Sun shines as teams launch into Iditarod 34. Retrieved from Cabela's Iditarod 2006 Race Coverage on March 13, 2006.
Nordman, Mark. (March 9, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 9, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 11, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advistory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 12, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved March 13, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 13, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved March 13, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 13, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved March 13, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 18, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Nome, Alaska. Retrieved March 18, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 18, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Nome, Alaska. Retrieved March 19, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 18, 2006). Iditarod XXXIV advisory. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Nome, Alaska. Retrieved March 19, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
St. George, Chas. (March 6, 2006). Paulsen scratches in Skwentna. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 6, 2006). Townsend scratches in Skwentna. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 7, 2006). McKee scratches in Skwentna. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 8, 2006). Morgan scratches in Rainy Pass. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 8, 2006). Swingley wins PENAIR Spirit of Alaska Award. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 9, 2006). Swingley is first to reach Cripple and a pot of gold nuggets. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 10, 2006). Adkins scratches in Takotna. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 10, 2006). Hum scratches in McGrath. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 10, 2006). Larson scratches in McGrath. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 10, 2006). Warren scratches in Takotna Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 11, 2006). Barron scratches in Galena. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 11, 2006). Hayashida scratches in Cripple Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 11, 2006). Tresino scratches in Cripple. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 12, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 12, 2006). First to Unalakleet. Tresino scratches in Cripple. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 13, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
—. (March 15, 2006). King makes it number four. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. Anchorage, Alaska. Retrieved on March 13, 2006, from Official Site of the Iditarod, For Press (pdf of press release).
External links
The official site
Blogging the Iditarod Trail
Cabela's coverage
Anchorage Daily News coverage
Iditarod Podcast Coverage (unofficial site, podcast and vodcast coverage of start and restart)
Student Broadcast Team Coverage (Students who live on the trail produce Iditarod race reports, interviews & stories)
Daily pictures from a school in Shageluk
Nome Alaska Radio Station broadcasts the finish live!
Musher home pages
Team Norway (Bjørnar Andersen)
Ramy Brooks
Martin Buser
Lance Mackey
Karen Ramstead
Ed Stielstra
Aliy Zirkle
Iditarod
Iditarod
Iditarod | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Iditarod |
Quilmesaurus is a genus of carnivorous abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Patagonian Upper Cretaceous (Campanian stage) of Argentina. It was a member of Abelisauridae, closely related to genera such as Carnotaurus. The only known remains of this genus are leg bones which share certain similarities to a variety of abelisaurids. However, these bones lack unique features, which may render Quilmesaurus a nomen vanum (more commonly known as a nomen dubium, or "dubious name").
Discovery and naming
During the late 1980s, a field crew from the Universidad Nacional Tucumán, led by Jaime Powell, uncovered forty kilometres south of Roca City, in Río Negro province, southern Argentina, the remains of a theropod near the Salitral Ojo de Agua. In 2001, Rodolfo Aníbal Coria named and described the type species Quilmesaurus curriei. The genus name is derived from the Quilme, a Native American people, and the specific name honours Dr. Philip John Currie, a Canadian theropod specialist.
The holotype and currently only specimen was designated the collection number MPCA-PV-100, in the Museo Provincial "Carlos Ameghino". It consists of the distal (lower or outermost) half of the right femur (thighbone), and a complete right tibia (inner shinbone), collected from the Allen Formation of the Malargüe Group in the Neuquén Basin. These deposits date from the Campanian to Maastrichtian. The specimen came from the fluvial sandstones at the bottom of the Allen Formation. The taxon is notable as it represents one of the youngest records of a non-avian theropod from Patagonia.
Description
The preserved portion of femur is robust and boxy in shape. The rear face of the tip of the bone possessed prominent condyles (joint bumps) for connecting to the tibia (on the inner face of the leg) and fibula (on the outer face of the leg). The lateral condyle (which connected to the fibula) is slightly lower from front-to-back compared to the medial condyle (which connected to the tibia), but it is also wider from side-to-side. An additional finger-like bone spur (an epicondyle) would have also been present on the lateral condyle, although this spur is broken off in the only known Quilmesaurus femur. Just above the medial condyle is a low yet noticeable ridge which juts away from the rest of the bone, towards the midline of the animal's body. This ridge is known as a mesiodistal crest. The area immediately above the condyles possesses a shallow yet wide lowered area known as an extensor groove. Overall the femur is almost identical to that of other abelisaurids.
The proximal (upper or innermost) part of the tibia possesses a myriad of complex features. A large and hatchet-shaped structure known as a cnemial crest points forwards at the proximal portion of the tibia. The tip of the cnemial crest is hooked due to the presence of a downward pointing spur, known as a ventral process. Although Coria (2001) considered a hooked cnemial crest to be unique to Quilmesaurus, Valieri et al. (2007) noted that this structure was also possessed by Aucasaurus and Majungasaurus, as well as the ambiguous abelisaurid Genusaurus. The distal part of the tibia possesses its own projections for connecting to ankle bones, known as malleoli. This part has the form of an asymmetrical triangle when seen from the front, with the massive lateral malleolus projecting further distally than the smaller medial malleolus. This combination of distal tibia features was also once presumed to have been unique to Quilmesaurus. However, Valieri et al. (2007) note that the distal tibia of Rajasaurus was very similar to that of Quilmesaurus.
In 2016, Quilmesaurus was estimated to have measured in length. This would have made it among the smallest derived abelisaurids, although its legs were proportionally robust like those of Pycnonemosaurus, one of the largest members of the family.
Classification
When originally described, Coria could not find a more precise placement for Quilmesaurus than Theropoda. The presence of a notch in the distal articular surface of the tibia was cited by him as evidence of a possible relationship with basal Tetanurae, which would be surprising as Quilmesaurus lived during a time when South American theropod assemblages were dominated by abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurs. Other theropod material has been recovered from within these same strata and has in 2005 also provisionally been referred to the Tetanurae. However, in a 2004 abstract (and later a 2007 full paper), Rubén Juárez Valieri et al. concluded that Quilmesaurus, in view of the hatchet-shaped cnemial crest, was a member of the Abelisauridae.
Unlike members of Megalosauroidea, the tibia of Quilmesaurus does not possess a noticeable anteromedial buttress, and instead it includes a large cnemial crest. Quilmesaurus is also not a coelurosaur due to the distal part of the tibia being asymmetrical in shape as well as having a socket for the astragalus which is lower than that of coelurosaurs. Finally, the shallow and wide (rather than deep and thin) extensor groove excludes Quilmesaurus from Carnosauria, as does the possession of parallel upper and lower edges of the cnemial crest.
However, some features do support its placement within Ceratosauria. These include a pronounced cnemial crest of the tibia and large mesiodistal crest of the femur. The asymmetrical distal part of the tibia and small socket for the astragalus specifically place it within the family Abelisauridae. The preserved bones share features with various abelisaurid taxa throughout the family, although such similarities are widespread and seemingly pop up at random among the taxa, thus making more specific placement difficult. The hook-like shape of the cnemial crest suggests that Quilmesaurus was a member of the subfamily Carnotaurinae, which Sereno (1998) defined to include all abelisaurids closer to Carnotaurus than to Abelisaurus.However, the validity of Carnotaurinae has been debated. Although Valieri et al. (2007) considered the subfamily to include taxa such as Majungasaurus, Carnotaurus, Aucasaurus, and Rajasaurus, other studies have found different results. Tortosa et al. (2014) found that Carnotaurinae was an invalid group, as very few abelisaurids could actually apply to the definition set forth by Sereno. According to their analysis, Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus were actually closer to Abelisaurus than they were to Majungasaurus and Rajasaurus, thus forcing the latter two taxa to be excluded from the subfamily. Quilmesaurus was retained as close to Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus, although Sereno's name and definition of Carnotaurinae was completely demolished. In its place the tribe Carnotaurini was used, which includes all abelisaurids descended from the last common ancestor of Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus. Tortosa et al. (2014)'s result has largely been supported over that of Valieri et al. (2007). Filippi et al. (2016) created a new clade, Furileusauria, to include abelisaurids more closely related to Carnotaurus than to Ilokelesia, Skorpiovenator, or Majungasaurus. They included Quilmesaurus among the furileusaurians.
Valieri et al. (2007) were unable to establish a single autapomorphy (distinctive or unique trait) of the taxon, concluding that Quilmesaurus were a nomen vanum.
Paleoecology
The Allen Formation is believed to have been a humid coastal environment which gradually transitioned from a freshwater floodplain to marshy estuaries and then shallow lagoons as sea levels rose. A diverse assemblage of aquatic life inhabited the area, including various fish, frogs, and turtles. More recent intervals of the formation even include a few marine reptiles, such as various plesiosaurs including elasmosaurids and polycotylids. Plant life includes palm trees and conifers of the family Podocarpeaceae ("plum pines"), which formed dense forests and wetlands.
Remains of land animals were also common in this formation. An indeterminate rhynchocephalian is known, as well as numerous snake taxa including the madtsoiids Patagoniophis and Alamitophis. Other non-dinosaur animals in the area include the pterosaur Aerotitan and a variety of mammals.
Dinosaur remains recovered from the Allen Formation include a diverse and abundant assortment of titanosaurs (Saltasaurus, Aeolosaurus, Laplatasaurus, Rocasaurus, etc.) and a hadrosaurid of dubious validity (Willinakaqe). Theropods other than Quilmesaurus were also present; they include the large unenlagiine dromaeosaurid Austroraptor, a basal ornithuran bird (Limenavis), and a cimolopterygid bird (Lamarqueavis). A tooth has been referred to the family Carcharodontosauridae; this tooth is one of the most recent carcharodontosaurid fossils found as more well known members of this family (Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus) lived millions of years earlier in the Cretaceous. Indeterminate nodosaurid remains have also been found at this formation, consisting of vertebrae, osteoderms, a femur, and a tooth.
The Allen Formation is also notable for the high amount of sauropod eggs discovered there. Nesting grounds have been discovered in the bajo de Santa Rosa area of the upper Allen Formation. Some (but not all) of these eggs were designated as the oogenus Sphaerovum. The structure of their eggshells indicate that they were laid in a very damp environment.
See also
Timeline of ceratosaur research
References
Brachyrostrans
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Allen Formation
Fossil taxa described in 2001
Taxa named by Rodolfo Coria
Nomina dubia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilmesaurus |
Chan Siu Ki (; born 14 July 1985) is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Hong Kong First Division club Eastern District. He is the all-time top scorer for the Hong Kong national team with 40 goals.
Club career
Early career
Chan was spotted by the management of Tai Po when he was playing amateur football. At that time, he was working in a store operated by his family. He was responsible for stock delivery and eventually developed a strong physique. He played for Tai Po in the Hong Kong Third Division. He was spotted by Rangers and joined them. However, he was almost immediately loaned and then sold to Kitchee and thus never played for Rangers.
At Kitchee, Chan developed into a strong and pacy striker as the club employed a 4–3–3 system. As he continued to impress, he was called up to the Hong Kong team in 2005. However, he was later involved in several disciplinary incidents at Kitchee and was suspended from playing duties by the club management. At the end of 2007–08 season, he joined arch-rivals South China for HKD $800,000, breaking the former transfer fee record of $500,000, paid by South China for Chan Wai Ho.
South China
At South China, Chan inherited the no. 7 shirt vacated by Au Wai Lun. In the 2008–2009 season, he primarily played on the right wing because the centre forward position was often occupied by Detinho or Cacá. In the 2009–10 season, with the signing of right winger Lee Wai Lim, Chan competed with new signing Leandro Carrijó for his preferred centre forward position after Cacá's return to Brazil. On 1 August 2009, at the Panasonic Invitation Cup, Chan scored the first goal in South China's 2–0 victory over Tottenham Hotspur with an dipping half-volley from 30 yards. Subsequently, after the two clubs forged a partnership, he joined the Spurs for a ten-day trial at some point during December 2009.
His trial was terminated prematurely as he was recalled by the Hong Kong U-23s progressed into the final of the 2009 East Asian Games. He was ranked 63rd in IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year by International Federation of Football History & Statistics alongside Eduardo Da Silva, Mario Gómez and Fernando Torres.
In the 2009 AFC Cup, Chan was red-carded at the end of the quarter final first leg against Neftchi Farg'ona and was suspended for two games. He returned in the semi-final second leg to a packed Hong Kong Stadium, but was unable to help South China overturn a 1–2 deficit to Kuwait SC. The club eventually lost 1–3 and went out of the tournament.
On 15 December 2009, Chan scored a hat-trick for South China against Shatin. On 24 January 2010, Chan scored 4 goals against Happy Valley as South China won 6–2. This was the first time he had scored 4 goals in a local league match. On 30 January, Chan scored a goal to help South China overturn a 0–2 deficit to win the 2009–10 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield, 4–2. Chan was the tournament's top scorer with 4 goals and he was also named the Best Player. On 5 May, he was diagnosed with an osteophyte. But he still played in the second half of the game against Al Riffa in the 2010 AFC Cup. South China in the end lost the game 1–3.
In the 2010–11 season, Chan scored against Sun Hei but was then involved with a collision with teammate Kwok Kin Pong, which resulted in a left knee ligament injury that sidelined him for a month. He returned from injuries in November to score two goals for South China against Kitchee, but could not prevent Kitchee from winning 4–3. On 2 February 2011, he scored two goals against Sun Hei SC to help South China win 3–2 and move back to the top of the league table.
In the 2011 AFC Cup, Chan scored the equalising goal from a Mateja Kezman cross for South China at home against Persipura Jayapura. In the away game to East Bengal, he was sent off after two bookable offences. In May, after teammate Kwok Kin Pong scored with a diving header in a Hong Kong FA Cup match between South China and Sun Hei SC, Chan rushed in to celebrate with Kwok, but his slide did not stop in time and caught Kwok in the face. The video was posted on the internet and picked up by Yahoo!'s Dirty Tackle.
On 20 November 2011, Chan was involved in a scuffle in a match away to Pegasus. In the confusion, he was seen on television to slapping Karl Dodd. Dodd retaliated and punched Chan in the face, resulting in him rolling on the ground. Dodd was sent off but Chan only received a yellow card. Chan has since apologised on his Facebook account. Chan only received a warning letter and escaped punishment from HKFA's disciplinary committee for his altercation with Dodd, and Chan was himself surprised by the verdict. He scored his first goal of the season for South China on 24 November when he headed in a cross from Kwok Kin Pong to help South China progress to the semi-final of the 2011–12 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield by beating Sham Shui Po by 2–1 (aggregate 3–2). Amidst his second smoking scandal in 4 months, South China's chairman Steven Lo announced on his official blog on 23 May 2012 that Chan's contract had been terminated by the club.
Guangdong Sunray Cave
On 10 July 2012, Chan announced that he had joined China League One club Guangdong Sunray Cave for a 12-month contract. On 11 August 2012, he scored his first goal in China League One in the match between Guangdong Sunray Cave and Chengdu Blades, where Guangdong Sunray Cave lost to Chengdu Blades 1–2.
Return to South China
On 31 December 2013, South China's boss Steven Lo announced that Chan would rejoin South China and be given the number 7 shirt. With Chan in the lineup, South China won their first silverware in three years, capturing the 2013–14 Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield.
At the first annual Hong Kong Community Cup in 2014, Chan scored a goal and assisted on another as South China triumphed, 2–0.
On 26 November 2014, Chan scored the deciding goal in the club's 2–1 victory over Eastern. Chairman Wallace Cheung determined that night to award Chan with a "brave gold shield" and award all future players with one if they followed Chan's work ethic and dedication. Chan remarked after receiving the award, "The club recently experienced a lot of adversity lately, but I hope that the fans will continue to focus on our results and push us on!"
On 18 March 2015, Chan scored a goal against Pahang en route to helping South China top their 2015 AFC Cup group and ensuring qualification into the Round of 16. Later in the month, he was named the HKPL March Player of the Month. At the end of the season, Chan was rewarded with a new contract.
For 2015–16, Chan was switched to central midfield and asked to take more free kicks, corners and throw-ins. On 23 October 2015, South China defeated Metro Gallery, 3–1, in their League Cup group stage encounter thanks to Chan's first goal of the domestic season. On 27 December 2015, Chan missed a penalty in a Senior Shield semi final shootout against Eastern, allowing the latter team to advance to the Final.
On 24 October 2016, South China were upset by Rangers, 4–2, leading Chan to vent "General loans out troops, soldiers fight their own! Ridiculous! Ridiculous!" on his Facebook page. This was reflecting that Lai Yiu Cheong, who had been loaned to Rangers by Rambo, scored two goals in the match against South China. The criticism was met by action on the part of the board the following day as manager Ricardo Rambo was demoted. On 2 November 2016, Chan scored his first goal under new manager Dejan Antonic in a 2–0 victory over R&F.
Pegasus
Frustrated by a lack of playing time under Antonic, Chan handed in a transfer request in early January 2017. His request was granted and on 27 January, Chan was sold for $200,000 HK to Pegasus with the player singing a two and a half-year contract with the club.
On 8 April 2018, Chan scored a crucial goal off a free kick to lead Pegasus to a 2–1 win over Eastern in the quarterfinals of the 2017–18 Hong Kong FA Cup.
On 6 June 2020, Chan announced he would retire from professional football and transition to a career in managing karaoke bars.
Chan contributed 4 goals in 17 matches in his last season as a professional, including 3 goals in the Sapling Cup and 1 goal in the HKPL.
International career
Chan has represented Hong Kong at both senior and under-23 international levels. He scored 9 goals in 15 games for the U-23 side and 40 goals in 70 games for the senior side.
Chan was urgently recalled by the Hong Kong U-23 team from Tottenham Hotspur for the final of 2009 East Asian Games on 12 December 2009. He arrived just before the match and was called into play at half-time. Two minutes after half-time, he equalised for Hong Kong. He also scored a penalty in the penalty shootout a.e.t, helping Hong Kong to their first international football tournament title. On winning the gold medal, he exclaimed to the assembled media: "We are gold medalists too!" (我哋都係金牌運動員) The line has since been associated with him. Due to a ligament injury to his left knee, Chan was replaced by Kitchee captain Lo Kwan Yee for the 2010 Asian Games.
In the second round of the preliminary competition of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship held in Kaohsiung in August 2009, he missed a penalty against North Korea but scored 4 goals against Guam. In a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, he scored a hat trick in a game against Timor-Leste, which Hong Kong went on to win 8–1. On 3 June 2011, Chan scored a goal against Malaysia in a friendly, adding his goal tally to 27 and helping him surpass Au Wai Lun to become Hong Kong's all-time top scorer. On 4 October, he scored the first goal in Hong Kong's 6–0 win over Chinese Taipei in the 2011 Long Teng Cup. Hong Kong thus successfully defended the trophy. he also won the Most Valuable Player award. On 29 February 2012, in Hong Kong's first match under new coach Ernie Merrick, Chan scored a hat-trick against Chinese Taipei as Hong Kong won the match 5–1.
Personal life
In 2009, soon after his move to South China and subsequent success at the East Asian Games, Chan became a celebrity throughout Hong Kong, leading to his private life becoming a matter of interest to the local paparazzi. He was suspected to have committed adultery after pictures of him and TVB actress Helen Lee had been leaked. Later on, he denied the accusations, claimed to have broken up with Lee in August and reunited with his usual partner, known only as Natalie, in October.
Political views
He appeared on the government's television advertisement for the 2012 Legislative Council electoral reforms, in which he urged people to take their opportunity if they want to score a goal. The advertisement attracted a barrage of criticism against him on South China's official blog. Chan explained through his management company that he has no political views and he would not persuade people to support or oppose the LegCo reforms. He only accepted the invitation to appear in the advert due to the government's sincerity and he received no payment.
Endorsements
Chan is a spokesman for Jockey International along with teammate Man Pei Tak. Both claimed to be embarrassed at the photo shoot but were happy with the pay.
Honours
Kitchee
Hong Kong League Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2005–06
South China
Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong
2009 East Asian Games football event: Gold
Individual
Hong Kong First Division League Best Young Player: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07
Hong Kong First Division League Best Eleven Squad: 2008–09
East Asian Football Championship preliminary competition top scorer: 2009
Hong Kong FA Cup top scorer: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield Player of the Tournament: 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield top scorer: 2009–10
MVP of the Long Teng Cup: 2011
Hong Kong Footballer of the Year: 2011
Career statistics
Club
Updated 23 August 2011
International
Hong Kong
International goals
Scores and results list Hong Kong's goal tally first.
Hong Kong U-23
Updated 9 January 2010
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Hong Kong men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Kitchee SC players
South China AA players
Hong Kong Pegasus FC players
Shaanxi Wuzhou F.C. players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Hong Kong expatriate men's footballers
Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong
Hong Kong League XI representative players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan%20Siu%20Ki |
World Cinema: Diary of a Day is a 1995 collection of journals from filmmakers around the world. It includes entries from filmmakers as famous as Terry Gilliam to accomplished but little-known independents, such as Jurgen Vsych.
References
Aminia Brueggermann, "World Cinema: Diary of a Day," (review essay), The Journal of popular film and television, Vol. 25 No. 2 (1997): 91.
External links
Amazon.com
Education Resources Information Center
Academic works about film theory
1995 books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Cinema%3A%20Diary%20of%20a%20Day |
The 2000 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 68th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 17 and 18 June 2000.
Pre-race
After the 1999 race, most of the manufacturers in the top classes went in different directions. BMW and Toyota went into Formula One, while Mercedes-Benz left sportscar racing after the CLR accidents, returning to the DTM. Nissan also left due to financial difficulties.
Other than the French privateers Pescarolo, Oreca and DAMS, only Audi and Panoz remained from the previous year, while newcomer Cadillac joined.
Race notes
The 1-2-3 finish of the Audi LMP900s marked the beginning of two dynasties, Audi's and Tom Kristensen's in the top-finishing Audi.
The Oreca team's GTS class winning, seventh place, 333 lap finish with the Chrysler Viper was the best ever with that car. It faced serious competition within its class from Corvette Racing's new C5.R., which would within the next two years top the Viper's distance record and establish itself as the car to beat among the GT classes.
Race results
† - #83 Dick Barbour Racing was disqualified for an illegally sized fuel tank in post-race inspection.
Statistics
Pole Position — Allan McNish, #9 Audi Sport Team Joest - 3:36.124
Fastest Lap — Allan McNish, #9 Audi Sport Team Joest - 3:37.359
Distance - 5007.99 km
Average Speed - 207.00 km/h
Highest Trap Speed — Audi R8 - 337 km/h (race)
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans |
The Boeing KB-29 was a modified Boeing B-29 Superfortress for air refueling needs by the USAF. Two primary versions were developed and produced: KB-29M and KB-29P.
The 509th and 43d Air Refueling Squadrons (Walker AFB, NM and Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ respectively) were created in 1948 to operate the KB-29M tankers. The 303d Bombardment Wing at Davis-Monthan AFB flew B-29s and KB-29s from 1951 to 1953 that provided training for strategic bombardment and air refueling operations to meet SAC's global commitments. Deployed at Sidi Slimane AB, French Morocco, 5 Oct – 6 November 1952.
Variants
KB-29M
Section source: Baugher and National
The B-29 played an important role in developing the effective use of aerial refueling during the late 1940s. The first aircraft involved in this programme were the KB-29M tanker and B-29MR receiver. At first, a grappling system, known as the looped hose method, was used; the tanker would enter formation flight behind, above and to the left of the receiver. It would then unreel a hauling cable attached to a 55lb weight (to make it dangle near vertically). The receiver would trail a hauling cable ending in a drag cone (to make this trail near horizontally) and a grapnel. With both cables trailed, the tanker would cross to the right of the receiver so the two cables snagged each other. With cables snagged, the tanker hauled both into its fuselage where the receiver's cable was connected to the tanker's hose. This was then hauled into the receiver. After connecting with internal fuel compartments pumping would begin. When the receiver was full the process was reversed allowing the tanker to recover its hose and the receiver its hauling cable. While this system was clumsy, it was often used in the late 1940s before a better system was developed. It was most notably used to refuel the Lucky Lady II during her famous circumnavigation of the globe in 1949. This helped sway the argument as to whether the USAF or US Navy should provide the US's nuclear delivery capability. The USAF won with the consequential massive expansion of the USAF's Strategic Air Command and cancellation of the US Navy's super carriers.
The looped hose method was only of use with large multi crew planes since crew members were required to assist in the hauling in. A modified method known as the probe and drogue system was developed to allow single seat aircraft to be refuelled in the air. With jet fighters suffering from short range there was a need for these to be refuelled in the air and several KB-29Ms were modified to use 'probe-and-drogue' systems, in which the refueling hose has a torus-shaped para-drogue attached to the end, and the receiving aircraft has a probe on its nose or wing, which the pilot manoeuvers into the drogue to link the hose.
One KB-29M, redesignated YKB-29T, was modified to have another two refueling hoses on its wingtip. It served as the prototype for the KB-50D.
The refuelling systems were developed and installed by Flight Refuelling Ltd, at Tarrant Rushton in the United Kingdom.
KB-29P
Section source: Baugher and National
In an effort to improve on the probe-and-drogue system, Boeing developed a rigid flying boom system, which was first used on the KB-29P. The boom was mounted on the aftmost end of the KB-29P, and used a V-tail-like set of control surfaces for stabilization at its far end. With the V-tail-style surfaces, still used on most USAF tanker aircraft in the 21st century, the boom could be manoeuvered by the operator. The flying boom system was selected by SAC as the preferred method for refuelling their bombers and, because of the massive size attained by SAC, it became the most common method for In-Flight Refueling in the USAF and was used on KC-97s and also on modern tankers such as the KC-135 Stratotanker, the KC-10 Extender, and the KC-46 Pegasus. The KB-29P was operated by 420th Air Refueling Squadron based at RAF Sculthorpe Norfolk during the mid-1950s. From 1954 to 1957, the 407th Air Refueling Squadron was based at Great Falls Air Force Base. Later the base name was changed to Malmstrom Air Force Base.
Specifications (KB-29P)
See also
References
Sources
Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London:Putnam, First edition, 1963.
External links
Baugher's Encyclopedia of Bombers B-29 Index Page
1940s United States special-purpose aircraft
1940s United States military tanker aircraft
KB-29
United States military tanker aircraft
Air refueling
Four-engined tractor aircraft
KB-29
Mid-wing aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20KB-29%20Superfortress |
Matthew White (born 16 April 1970) is an Australian sports broadcaster, television executive, television presenter and journalist at Network 10, where he returned to in 2014. He has previously been Network 10's Head of Sport and host of the motorsports panel show RPM.
He previously worked at the Seven Network for a decade, where he was a host and commentator for various Seven Sport events, presented sport on Seven News Sydney, and presented current affairs program Today Tonight between 2008 and 2012.
Prior to joining Seven in mid-2004, he was originally at Network Network 10, where he was a host on the original Sports Tonight and was involved in the Australian Grand Prix, V8 Supercars, and Melbourne Cup coverage for the network.
Career
White began his journalism career at a local newspaper in Manly before moving to radio and joining Newcastle's NEWFM to present breakfast news. He moved to television in 1992 when he became weekend sports presenter for NBN News.
After another radio stint at Triple M, White joined Network Ten as a sport reporter. He became weekend host of the network’s flagship sports program Sports Tonight in 1993. During his time at Ten, White covered sports including Supercars, Big Bash League, Formula One, the Spring Racing Carnival and the AFL. He was a commentator for the Supercars in 2002 and 2003. He left Sports Tonight and Network Ten in mid-2004.
Move to Seven Sport
White joined the Seven Network in mid-2004 and became a major presenter in the Seven Sport stable. White was involved in the network’s Athens 2004 Olympics coverage, their Australian Open coverage, and was host of Seven’s (now-defunct) flagship sports program, Sportsworld. He also hosted evening events from Seven's main studio during the Beijing 2008 Olympics.
Following Seven attaining the Supercars rights in 2007, he hosted and commentated their coverage alongside Neil Crompton, Mark Skaife, Mark Larkham and Mark Beretta until mid-2014.
News and current affairs
Since arriving at Seven, White presented sport on Sydney's weeknight edition of Seven News, from mid-2004 until mid-2008.
On 13 August 2007, White joined Melissa Doyle as host of Sunrise filling in for David Koch. He filled in as co-host of Sunrise over the summer period, while David Koch was on holidays. White co-hosted alongside Melissa Doyle and Kylie Gillies. Additionally he presented weekend editions of Seven News in Sydney over the 2007/08 Christmas/New Year period.
On 30 September 2008, the Seven Network announced that White would replace Anna Coren as the presenter of the East Coast edition of Today Tonight. This meant he had to leave his regular position as sport presenter on Seven News, although he continued with his Supercars commitments. In November 2012, White resigned as presenter of Today Tonight after four years to pursue other roles at the Seven Network. In August 2013, White was appointed presenter of Seven Afternoon News with Melissa Doyle.
In 2009, White was a competitor on Dancing with the Stars while continuing his position at Today Tonight. He finished in second position. White hosted Carols in the Domain in 2012 with Natalie Barr and in 2013 with Melissa Doyle.
Return to Ten
In July 2014, White returned to Network 10 after spending a decade with the Seven Network. He covered the 2014 Commonwealth Games for Ten.
Following Ten winning the shared broadcast rights with Fox Sports to Supercars in 2015, White became a host of the network's coverage alongside Mark Webber and Aaron Noonan, as well as their Formula One coverage, replacing Greg Rust. White also hosts a revived version of the motorsports panel show RPM. He also hosts Wallabies Rugby Union matches on Ten.
White also is an occasional co-host on The Project.
In May 2018, White was appointed Head of Sport at Network 10, replacing David Barham.
In May 2020, it was announced that White had been made redundant from Network 10 due to a series of cutbacks by the network.
Personal life
White is married and has two children and lives in Sydney.
References
External links
Profile at Today Tonight
Seven News presenters
10 News First presenters
Australian television journalists
1970 births
Living people
Motorsport announcers
Australian sports journalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20White%20%28journalist%29 |
Tinto de verano (literally "summer red [wine]") is a cold, wine-based drink popular in Spain. It is similar to sangria and is typically made up of 1 part of table red wine and 1 part soda, usually lemonade. Traditional brands of soda, or gaseosa, such as La Casera, can be replicated by mixing Sprite or 7-Up with carbonated water. The drink is served over ice, often with a slice of lemon or orange.
Rum is sometimes added to the drink. Other variations include red wine mixed with lemon soda, orange soda, or bitter lemon; rosé wine mixed with lemon or orange soda; and red wine mixed with cola (known as calimocho).
The drink has its origins in the early 20th century, when Federico Vargas created a mix of a red wine and soda pop for his patrons at Venta Vargas in Cordoba, Spain. The drink was at first called un Vargas but soon came to be known as Tinto de Verano.
As the name suggests, tinto de verano is usually served during the summertime. It is often home-made, or bought ready-bottled from supermarkets. In the Costa del Sol and other Southern regions of Spain it is common for locals to drink tinto de verano as it is easy to make oneself, or has many variations of preprepared varieties for the same price as many cola drinks. Sangria is considered more commercial and "touristy" as it requires more time to make and is often sold in restaurants at a more expensive price, whereas tinto de verano is common at parties, festivals, and dive bars where drinks are affordable and consumed in volume.
Notes and references
Cocktails with wine
Spanish wine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinto%20de%20verano |
Common Threads may refer to:
A long-time radio show broadcast on station WKMK (WHTG-FM)
An organization, supported by Gail Simmons, that teaches low-income children to cook wholesome, affordable meals
Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt, a documentary film about the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt
Common Threads (album) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Threads |
Introduction is Alex Parks' debut album, released on 24 November 2003. Recorded and released within only two weeks of Parks winning the BBC's Fame Academy, it included seven original compositions, mostly co-written with songwriters Helen Boulding, Gary Clark and Boo Hewerdine, as well as six cover songs from John Lennon, Tears for Fears, R.E.M., Christina Aguilera, Eurythmics and Coldplay.
The album reached number 5 in the UK Top 40 Album charts. It has been classified platinum in the UK.
Introduction includes rock influences on "Dirty Pretty Words" and "Wandering Soul", as well as a folk pop acoustic track, "Not Your Average Kind of Girl".
The lead single "Maybe That's What It Takes" was released on 17 November 2003 and peaked at number 3 in the UK Top 40 the following week. The second single "Cry" was released on 16 February 2004, and charted at number 13.
The song "Stones & Feathers" was adapted in French under the title "De l'Eau" (Some Water) and used as the debut single of Elodie Frégé, winner of the third season of "Star Academy".
Track listing
"Maybe That's What It Takes" - 3:54 (Alex Parks, Helen Boulding)
"Cry" - 3:49 (Parks, Gary Clark, Boo Hewerdine)
"Dirty Pretty Words" - 3:10 (Parks, Clark, Hewerdine)
"Imagine" - 3:13 (John Lennon)
"Not Your Average Kind of Girl" - 3:37 (Parks, Carolynne Good, James Fox)
"Mad World" - 3:03 (Roland Orzabal)
"Everybody Hurts" - 5:44 (Bill Berry, Mike Mills, Peter Buck, Michael Stipe)
"Beautiful" - 3:59 (Linda Perry)
"Stones & Feathers" - 3:07 (Justin Gray, Blair MacKichan, Stefan Skarbek, Parks)
"Here Comes the Rain Again" - 3:20 (Annie Lennox, David A Stewart)
"Yellow" - 4:30 (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Chris Martin)
"Wandering Soul" - 3:31 (Parks, Clark, Hewerdine)
"Over Conscious" - 3:37 (Parks, Glenn Skinner, Luciana Caporaso)
Chart performance
In the United Kingdom, Introduction debuted at #5.
Certifications
References
External links
Allmusic - Alex Parks
Radiohead praise Alex Parks, Feb 2004
Shakenstir - INTRODUCTION album review
Guardian Unlimited - INTRODUCTION album review
Playlouder - INTRODUCTION album review
2003 debut albums
Alex Parks albums
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20%28Alex%20Parks%20album%29 |
Yimenosaurus (meaning "Yiman reptile") is an extinct genus of plateosaurid sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived in China in the Early Jurassic. The genus was first named in 1990 by Ziqi Bai, Jie Yang and Guohui Wang, along with its type and only species, Yimenosaurus youngi. The species name honours renowned Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian, the father of Chinese paleontology, known as C.C. Young in English. Known material includes the holotype, an almost complete skull and mandible, as well as incomplete cervical and dorsal vertebrae, a mostly complete sacrum, an ilium, ischia, partial ribs and complete femur, and a paratype, a well-preserved postcrania with a fragmentary skull. In 2010 Paul estimated its length at and its weight at .
Discovery and naming
Known from two specimens, Yimenosaurus is relatively complete for its type of sauropodomorph. The specimens were described originally in 1990 by Ziqi Bai, Jie Yang and Guohui Wang, and the describers named for them a complete binomial, Yimenosaurus youngi. Bai et al. created the genus name from Yimen county, the place of discovery in Yunnan Province, and the Latin word saurus, meaning "reptile". For the species, it was chosen to honour Yang Zhongjian, the father and founder of all Chinese paleontology, who was well known for his work on "prosauropods", and called in English C.C. Young. Of the two specimens, the holotype was chosen, known from a more complete skull. The holotype, YXV 8701, is known from a complete skull and mandible only lacking the anterior end of the jaw and minor fragments of bone around the orbit, as well as the postcranial elements of fragmentary cervical and dorsal vertebrae, all sacral vertebrae, an ilium, both ischia, a complete femur, and incomplete and damaged ribs. YXV8702, the paratype, is known from an only incomplete skull, many cervical and dorsal vertebrae, three sacrals, a few caudal vertebrae, a scapula-coracoid, an entire pelvis, and almost both entire hindlimbs. All specimens were recovered from the Fengjiahe Formation.
References
External links
Dinosauria
Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Plateosauridae
Fossil taxa described in 1990
Paleontology in Yunnan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yimenosaurus |
The Baitarani (also spelled Vaitarani) is one of six major rivers of Odisha, India. Venerated in popular epics and legends, the Baitarani River is a source of water for agricultural irrigation. The coastal plain of Odisha has the name of "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". These deltas divide the coastal plain into three regions from north to south. The Baitarani, the Mahanadi and the Brahmani rivers form the Middle Coastal Plain, with evidence of past "back bays" and present lakes.
Sources
The Baitarani originates from the Gonasika/Guptaganga (Cow Nose Shaped) hills, and starts flowing over a stone looking like the nostril of a cow. Afterwards for about half a kilometre the river flows underground and is not visible from outside. The Baitarani is known here by the name Guptaganga or the Gupta Baitarani, in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Odisha state of India at an elevation of above sea level. The uppermost part of the river, about in length, flows in a northerly direction; then it changes its path suddenly by 90 degrees and flows eastward. The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the small part of boundary between the states of Odisha and Jharkhand.
Course
The river enters a plain at Anandapur and creates a deltaic zone at Akhuapada. The river travels a distance of to drain into the Bay of Bengal after joining of the Brahmani at Dhamra mouth near Chandabali. The river has 65 tributaries, of which 35 join from the left side and 30 join from the right side. The river basin in Odisha is spread among 42 blocks of eight districts. Budhi, Kanjori, Ambajhara, Mushal, Kusei, Salandi are some of the tributaries of Baitarani.
Location
A major portion of the river basin lies within the state of Odisha, while a small patch of the upper reach lies in Jharkhand state. The upper Baitarani basin on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats, comprising the Panposh-Keonjhar-Pallahara plateau, is one of the two plateaus forming "The Central Plateaus"—one of Odisha's five major morphological regions.
Dams and barrages
Dams and barrages on the Baitarani and its major tributary, the Salandi, irrigate . The proposed Bhimkund and upper Baitarani multi-purpose projects envisage many more dams across this river and its tributaries to provide irrigation to more than .
A new barrage was established near Anandapur and it was inaugurated by the CM of Odisha, Naveen Patnaik.
Flooding
Flooding is a regular phenomenon in the Baitarani basin. The inhabitants, near the river, live in a fear of loss to life and property. Even a two-day rain in July 2005 caused the river to overflow its banks, affecting 140,000 people in 220 villages of Jajpur and Bhadrak districts. In at least two places the embankments were breached and marooning occurred, inflicting massive losses of life and property. Apart from the long pending construction of a dam at Bhimkund and proposed other measures like river bed excavation and construction of embankments etc. in the deltaic region, there remain the unaddressed land use issues in the upstream, to which, till date, no serious thoughts or efforts have been directed.
Industry and water quality
Due to drainage into the Bay of Bengal, its water become salty as it heads towards the end of the River.
Baitarani basin, with its rich mineral and agricultural resources and with availability of cheap labour, offered an ideal ground for establishment and operation of various industries. However, the principal development activities in the industrial, agricultural and mining sectors have contributed significantly towards deterioration in the water quality.
Cultural impact
It forms part of the boundary between Balasore district and Undivided Cuttack district. There is a saying that "he who bathes in it and gives alms will always be free from torments inflicted by Yama."
The district Jajpur is the gift of river Baitarani. Historical evidences show early civilization on the bank of this river. Currently the district is subject to massive floods which are common during monsoon.
References
Rivers of Jharkhand
Rivers of Odisha
Geography of Odisha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitarani%20River |
Islam is the second largest religion in Norway after Christianity. As of 2023, the number of Muslims living in Norway was 182,607 (3.3% of the population of 5,514,042). The majority of Muslims in Norway are Sunni, with a significant Shia minority. 55 percent of Muslims in the country live in Oslo and Akershus. The vast majority of Muslims have an immigrant background, and very few Norwegians are Muslim.
History
Icelandic annals date the arrival of representatives from the Muslim sultan of Tunis in Norway in the 1260s, after King Håkon Håkonsson had sent embassies to the Sultan with rich gifts. However, the number of Muslims in the country was not significant until the latter half of the 20th century. By 1958, Ahmadiyya missionaries had attracted a small number of converts and established a small community in Oslo. Immigration from Muslim countries to Norway began late compared to other western European countries and did not gather pace until the late 1960s. However, due to the oil boom, labor migration lasted longer than in other countries. The first Pakistani immigrant laborers arrived in 1967. In 1975, labor immigration to Norway was halted, but rules for family reunification were relatively relaxed for several more years. As a result, while most immigrants until the 1970s were laborers, immigration in the 1980s and 1990s was dominated by those seeking asylum.
The number of Muslims in Norway was first registered in official statistics in 1980 when it was given as 1006. These statistics were based on membership of a registered congregation. The actual number is likely to be higher given that few Muslims were then members of a mosque. Historian of religion Kari Vogt estimates that 10% of Norwegian Muslims were members of a mosque in 1980, a proportion which had increased to 70% by 1998. Being a member of a mosque was an alien concept to many immigrants from Muslim countries. The number of registered members of mosques increased to 80,838 in 2004, but then dropped to 72,023 in 2006. Part of the reason for the drop could be a new methodology in the compilation of statistics.
At the end of the 1990s, Islam passed the Roman Catholic Church and Pentecostalism to become the largest minority religion in Norway, provided Islam is seen as one group. However, as of 2013, the Roman Catholic Church regained its position as the largest minority religion in Norway due to increasing immigration from European countries and less immigration from Muslim-majority countries. In 2009, the total number of registered Muslim congregations was 126. More than 40 prayer locations exist in the city of Oslo.
In 2010 a Muslim from Örebro in Sweden wanted to build a mosque in Tromsø with money from Saudi Arabia but the Norwegian government declined to give permission on the grounds that Saudi Arabia has no freedom of religion and potential Norwegian money to churches in the opposite direction would be stopped as churches are illegal there.
In June 2018, the parliament of Norway passed a bill banning clothing covering the face at educational institutions as well as daycare centres, which included face-covering Islamic veils. The prohibition applies to pupils and staff alike.
Religiosity
Studies conducted for a TV channel in 2006 found that 18% of Norwegian Muslims reported visiting the mosque once a week. A similar study in 2007 reported that 36% of Muslim youth visit the mosque less than once a month.
According to a 2007/2008 survey of students at upper secondary schools in Oslo, 25% of Muslims pray regularly while 12% attend religious services weekly.
Opinion
According to a survey in 2016, about 98% of Norwegian Muslims believed that Human rights are important, about 94% believed Democracy is important, and 95% believed that Muslims should live in peace with Non-Muslims. In the same poll a minority of 47% said that it is not important to follow Sharia law.
According to a 2017 poll, 3 out of 10 Muslims agree it's important to follow Sharia law.
According to a survey of 4,000 Muslims in 2017, only two percent agreed to statements such as "Islam allows the use of violence" and that the September 11 attacks on America in 2001 can be justified.
Radicalizations
About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.
In May 2019 it was announced that those who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway. And in September 2019, 15 foreigners in Norway had their residence permits revoked.
Conversion
In 2004, it was estimated that 500-1,000 Norwegians have converted to Islam. Many Norwegians, both men and women, have converted in order to marry Muslims.
Demographics
Muslims in Norway are a very fragmented group, coming from many different backgrounds. Kari Vogt estimated in 2000 that there were about 500 Norwegian converts to Islam. The rest are mostly first or second-generation immigrants from a number of countries. The largest immigrant communities from Muslim countries in Norway are from Pakistan, Iraq and Somalia:
An unknown, but presumably high, proportion of these immigrant populations is Muslim. In other words, the largest group of Norwegian Muslims originate in Pakistan, but no single nationality constitute as much as a quarter of the total population.
The Turkish, Pakistani and Iranian communities are quite established in Norway. 55% of Iranians have lived in Norway for more than 10 years. The Iraqis are a more recent group, with 80% of the Iraqi community having arrived in the past 10 years.
In the 1990s there was a wave of asylum seekers from the Balkans, mostly Bosniaks. In recent years most immigrants arrive as part of family reunification.
According to the Verdens Gang newspaper, during the 1990s around 500 people converted to Islam in Norway and this number increased to around 3,000 in 2019.
By county (2019)
By region (2019)
Organizations
Mosques have been important, not just as places of prayer, but also as a meeting place for members of minority groupings. Several mosques also do different forms of social work, e.g. organising the transport of deceased members back to their countries of origin for burial. The mosques are mostly situated in regular city blocks, and are not easily visible features of the cities.
Some of the earliest attempts to organize Islamic worship in Norway was done by labor organizations as early Muslims were labor migrants. The first mosque was established in 1972 by Pakistani immigrants. Another mosque, the Islamic Cultural Centre (ICC) opened in Oslo in 1974. The initiative for the mosque came from Pakistanis who were helped by the Islamic Cultural Centre which had already opened in Copenhagen in Denmark. The new mosque adhered to the deobandi branch of Sunni Islam. Adherents of the Sufi inspired Barelwi movement, who constituted the majority of Pakistanis in Norway, soon felt the need for a mosque of their own, and opened the Central Jamaat-e Ahl-e Sunnat in 1976. Today this is the second largest mosque in Norway, with over 6,000 members. The first Shia mosque, Anjuman-e hussaini, was founded in 1975, and until 1994 was the only Shia congregation. The Tablighi Jamaat came to Norway in 1977. An Albanian mosque was established in 1989, and a Bosnian mosque in the 1990s. Until the 1990s, mosques and Islamic organizations in Norway were established along ethnic lines. Such establishments were by immigrants from Pakistan, Turkey, Morocco, Arab world, Somalia, The Gambia and Bosnia.
Starting , Muslims of different ethnicities and sects came together to form umbrella organizations. The Muslim Defence Committee was established in 1989 to give an Islamic response to the Salman Rushdie affair. The Islamic Women's Group of Norway and Urtehagen Foundation were established in 1991, and in 1993 the Islamic Council of Norway was established to conduct dialogue with the Church of Norway. Another major change in the 1990s was that mosques became more inclusive to women. For example, in 1999 the ICC began offering Arabic and Qur'an classes to women and including women in Eid prayers.
Also in the 1990s, Muslim youth and student associations were established. In 1995, the Muslim Student Society (MSS) was founded at the University of Oslo, driven by a need to find prayer space for Islamic prayer. The MSS soon expanded its activities to include conducting interfaith dialogue, courses on dawah, iftar during Ramadan, and other community projects. In 1996, the Muslim Youth of Norway (NMU) was founded. In 1999, NMU began publishing Explore (later called Ung Muslim) a magazine geared towards Norwegian Muslim youth.
By 2005, only one purpose-built mosque existed in Norway, built by the Sufi-inspired Sunni Muslim World Islamic Mission in Oslo in 1995. Minhaj-ul-Quran International established its mosque and centre in 1987. In 2000, this was the first Norwegian mosque to start performing the adhan - the call to prayer. Initially, the mosque received permission from Gamle Oslo borough to perform the adhan once a week. This was appealed to county authorities by the Progress Party. The ruling of the fylkesmann (county governor) of Oslo and Akershus stated that no permission was required for performing the adhan, leaving the mosque free to perform it at their own discretion. The mosque decided to limit themselves to performing the adhan once a week.
While less than 10% of Muslims were members of an Islamic organization in 1980, this figure rose to 50% in 1990, and increased to 55% by 2007.
Umbrella organisations
The main umbrella organization in Norway is the Islamic Council Norway, which was set up in 1993. As of 2008, it comprises 40 member organisations totalling 60,000 members. One researcher estimates it represents 50-75% of all Norwegian Muslims. Since 1997, the Islamic Council has also had Shia representation. The Islamic Council is regularly consulted by the government in matters of religion. The Council is also involved with interfaith dialogue, particularly with the Church of Norway. In 2009, the Islamic Council publicly denounced harassment of homosexuals. Minhaj-ul-Quran has a branch in Norway and community centre was established in Oslo in 1987. In 1991, the Islamic Women's Group Norway (Islamsk Kvinnegruppe Norge) was founded, after an initiative by the Norwegian convert Nina Torgersen. In 1995, a Muslim Students' Society (Muslimsk Studentsamfunn) was established at the University of Oslo, with some of its officers, such as Mohammad Usman Rana, becoming important voices in the Norwegian public sphere. The Islamic foundation Urtehagen was established in 1991 by the Norwegian convert Trond Ali Linstad, at first running a kindergarten and youth club. In 1993, Linstad applied for the first time to establish a Muslim private school. The Labour Party government of Gro Harlem Brundtland rejected the application in 1995, stating that it would be "detrimental to the integration of the children". After the Labour government was replaced by the government of Kjell Magne Bondevik of the Christian People's Party in 1997, Linstad applied again, and his application was approved in 1999. In August 2001, Urtehagen School (Urtehagen friskole) opened with 75 pupils. However, internal conflicts at the school led to its closure in the spring of 2004. Plans to open a similar school in Drammen in 2006 were blocked after the new center-left government stopped all new private schools after coming to power in 2005.
Ahmadiyya
Various Ahmadi mosques include Noor Mosque, opened in Oslo August 1, 1980, and Baitun Nasr Mosque in Furuset, Oslo. There are about 1,700 Ahmadi Muslims in Norway. The majority of the Ahmadi Muslims in Norway are from Pakistan.
Salafi
Profetens Ummah is a Salafist organisation notorious for its statements and vocal demonstrations praising Islamic terrorism. Many Norwegian jihadi fighters for ISIL have links with the organizations, and some Norwegians who joined ISIL were also members of the radical organization Islam Net, founded in 2008.
Non-Denominational Islam
In June 2017, Thee Yezen al-Obaide revealed plans to create a mosque in Oslo named Masjid al-Nisa (The Women's Mosque). In an interview, al-Obaide described the mosque as "a feminist mosque where women have as much space as men. Both men and women should be able to lead prayers, and all genders should be able to pray in the same room." The mosque will also be open to LGBT people and has been compared to the Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Germany and the Mariam Mosque in Denmark.
Culture
Since 2007, the Islamic Cultural Centre stages an Eid Mela annually that attracts around 5,000 visitors. The event involves food, concerts, and other activities.
Islamic dress
In 2007, a debate arose over banning face veils in higher education but institutions advised against such a bill. Similar debates occurred in 2010 but again did not result in a ban. In 2012, a student at the University of Tromsø was expelled from class by a professor but no general ban was adopted. However, the Oslo City Council and County Board of Østfold banned niqabs in teaching situations at their high schools. Norwegian law does not make reference to the right for people to wear religious headgear, but the issue is part of by the Working Environment Act and the Gender Equality Act. The Norwegian Labour Inspectorate considers refusal to accommodate religious headgear as discrimination. Hijabs have been incorporated into uniforms in the army, healthcare, etc.
In a 2014 poll conducted by the Norwegian Directorate of Integration and Diversity, a majority of Norwegians held negative views over the wearing of the hijab outside the home. Stronger disagreement (75%) was expressed towards the hijab being part of the police uniform in Norway. Concerning the full-cover niqab, 86% expressed a negative or very negative opinion.
In June 2017, the Norwegian government proposed rules banning female students from wearing full-face veils. Education Minister Torbjørn Røe Isaksen said that in their perspective, full-face veils like the hijab have no place in educational settings since they hinder good communication. The administration is subsequently examining the likelihood of controlling the utilization of such pieces of clothing in childcare focuses, schools and colleges.
The Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg stated in an interview that in Norwegian work environments it is essential to see each other's faces and therefore anyone who insists on wearing a niqab is in practice unemployable. Solberg also views the wearing of the niqab as a challenge to social boundaries in the Norwegian society, a challenge that would be countered by Norway setting boundaries of its own. Solberg also stated that anyone may wear what they wish in their spare time and that her comments applied to professional life but that any immigrant has the obligation to adapt to Norwegian work life and culture.
In June 2018, the parliament of Norway passed a bill banning clothing covering the face at educational institutions as well as daycare centres, which included face-covering Islamic veils. The prohibition applies to pupils and staff alike.
In April 2019, telecom company Telia received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off her hijab in a commercial. Although the police considered unlikely that the threat would be carried out, delivering such threats is still a crime in Norway.
Interfaith relations
Following the 2015 Copenhagen shootings, Norwegian Muslims were among those taking part in a vigil on February 21, 2015, evening, in which they joined hands with Norwegian Jews and others to form a symbolic protective ring around the Norwegian capital's main synagogue.
In 2010, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation after one year of research, revealed that antisemitism was common among Norwegian Muslims. Such antisemitism was condemned by Muslim organizations in Norway.
A 2017 study by the Norwegian Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities found that negative attitudes towards Muslims and Jews were prevalent. 34% of Norwegians had negative attitudes towards Muslims. Among Muslim immigrants who have lived in Norway for at least 5 years, 28.9% had negative attitudes towards Jews (compared to 8.3% for the population). The survey also found that a majorities of Norwegian Jews and Norwegian Muslims believed in cooperating with one another to fight discrimination.
Discrimination
Islamophobia refers to the set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings fear, towards Islam and Muslims in Norway. Islamophobia can manifest itself through discrimination in the workforce, negative coverage in the media, and violence against Muslims. In 2004 the slogan, "Ikke mobb kameraten min (Don't touch my hijab)," was adopted by a Norwegian protest movement focused around the case of Ambreen Pervez and a proposed hijab ban. Pervez was told by her employer that she was not to wear her hijab to work. The slogan was an adaption of the French slogans, "Ne touche pas a mon pote (Don't touch my buddy)," and, "Touche pas à mon foulard (Don't touch my hijab.)" A number of employment discrimination cases in Norway arose over the wearing of the hijab.
Public opinion
A 2005 study analyzed the portrayal of Muslims in the 8 largest newspapers of Norway. It found that Muslims were generally portrayed negatively, even more negatively than other immigrants, and only 3% of the articles portrayed Muslims positively.
In a 2014 poll conducted by the Norwegian Directorate of Integration and Diversity, 5 of 10 Norwegians considered Islamic values to be either completely or partially incompatible with Norwegian society.
According to a 2017 poll study by the Norwegian Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities, 34.1% of the population showed strong prejudice against Muslims: 27.8% feels "disgusted" by Muslims; 19.6% would not want Muslims as neighbors; 42% thought that Muslims did not want to integrate into Norway; 39% saw Muslims as a "threat" to Norwegian culture; 31% thought that Muslims wanted to take over Europe. These figures were slightly lower than those from a similar study made in 2011. Nevertheless 75% of Norwegians condemned acts of anti-Muslim violence.
According to a 2020 poll conducted by the Norwegian Directorate of Integration and Diversity, a slight majority of people of Norway (52%) consider Islam incompatible with fundamental values of the Norwegian society. This result had been similar for the last 15 years. By comparison, only a minority (22%) considered Buddhism incompatible with Norwegian values.
See also
Iraqis in Norway
Norwegians with Pakistani background
Syrians in Norway
Norwegian Iranians
Ahmadiyya in Norway
History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions
References
Sources
- Northern Scholar lecture, University of Edinburgh
External links
Minhaj-ul-Quran, Norway
"Religious communities and life stance communities, 1 January 2012," Statistics Norway (Published: 4 December 2012). Retrieved 24-11-2013.
Statistics Norway: Who do immigrants in Norway marry?
Statistics Norway: Focus on Immigration and Immigrants
Links: Islam in Western Europe: Norway
Islamic Council Norway in Norwegian
Jacobsen, Christine M. and Oddbjørn Leirvik (2013) "Norway" in Jørgen S. Nielsen (ed.) Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, Leiden: Brill, Vol. 5, updated 2013.
Jørgen S. Nielsen, Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh, 1992) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20in%20Norway |
A source-to-source translator, source-to-source compiler (S2S compiler), transcompiler, or transpiler is a type of translator that takes the source code of a program written in a programming language as its input and produces an equivalent source code in the same or a different programming language. A source-to-source translator converts between programming languages that operate at approximately the same level of abstraction, while a traditional compiler translates from a higher level programming language to a lower level programming language. For example, a source-to-source translator may perform a translation of a program from Python to JavaScript, while a traditional compiler translates from a language like C to assembler or Java to bytecode. An automatic parallelizing compiler will frequently take in a high level language program as an input and then transform the code and annotate it with parallel code annotations (e.g., OpenMP) or language constructs (e.g. Fortran's forall statements).
Another purpose of source-to-source-compiling is translating legacy code to use the next version of the underlying programming language or an API that breaks backward compatibility. It will perform automatic code refactoring which is useful when the programs to refactor are outside the control of the original implementer (for example, converting programs from Python 2 to Python 3, or converting programs from an old API to the new API) or when the size of the program makes it impractical or time-consuming to refactor it by hand.
Transcompilers may either keep translated code structure as close to the source code as possible to ease development and debugging of the original source code or may change the structure of the original code so much that the translated code does not look like the source code. There are also debugging utilities that map the transcompiled source code back to the original code; for example, the JavaScript Source Map standard allows mapping of the JavaScript code executed by a web browser back to the original source when the JavaScript code was, for example, minified or produced by a transcompiled-to-JavaScript language.
Examples include Closure Compiler, CoffeeScript, Dart, Haxe, Opal, TypeScript and Emscripten.
Assembly language translators
So called Assembly language translators are a class of source-to-source translators converting code from one assembly language into another, including (but not limited to) across different processor families and system platforms.
Intel CONV86
Intel marketed their 16-bit processor 8086 to be source compatible to the 8080, an 8-bit processor. To support this, Intel had an ISIS-II-based translator from 8080 to 8086 source code named CONV86 (also referred to as CONV-86 and CONVERT 86) available to OEM customers since 1978, possibly the earliest program of this kind. It supported multiple levels of translation and ran at 2 MHz on an Intel Microprocessor Development System MDS-800 with 8-inch floppy drives. According to user reports, it did not work very reliably.
SCP TRANS86
Seattle Computer Products' (SCP) offered TRANS86.COM, written by Tim Paterson in 1980 while developing 86-DOS. The utility could translate Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 assembly source code (with Zilog/Mostek mnemonics) into source code for the Intel 8086 (in a format only compatible with SCP's cross-assembler ASM86 for CP/M-80), but supported only a subset of opcodes, registers and modes, and often still required significant manual correction and rework afterwards. Also, performing only a mere transliteration, the brute-force single-pass translator did not carry out any register and jump optimizations. It took about 24 KB of RAM. The SCP version 1 of TRANS86.COM ran on Z80-based systems. Once 86-DOS was running, Paterson, in a self-hosting-inspired approach, utilized TRANS86 to convert itself into a program running under 86-DOS. Numbered version 2, this was named TRANS.COM instead. Later in 1982, the translator was apparently also available from Microsoft.
Sorcim TRANS86
Also named TRANS86, Sorcim offered an 8080 to 8086 translator as well since December 1980. Like SCP's program it was designed to port CP/M-80 application code (in ASM, MAC, RMAC or ACT80 assembly format) to MS-DOS (in a format compatible with ACT86). In ACT80 format it also supported a few Z80 mnemonics. The translation occurred on an instruction-by-instruction basis with some optimization applied to conditional jumps. The program ran under CP/M-80, MP/M-80 and Cromemco DOS with a minimum of 24 KB of RAM, and had no restrictions on the source file size.
Digital Research XLT86
Much more sophisticated and the first to introduce optimizing compiler technologies into the source translation process was Digital Research's XLT86 1.0 in September 1981. XLT86 1.1 was available by April 1982. The program was written by Gary Kildall and translated source code for the Intel 8080 processor (in a format compatible with ASM, MAC or RMAC assemblers) into source code for the 8086 (compatible with ASM86). Using global data flow analysis on 8080 register usage, the five-phase multi-pass translator would also optimize the output for code size and take care of calling conventions (CP/M-80 BDOS calls were mapped into BDOS calls for CP/M-86), so that CP/M-80 and MP/M-80 programs could be ported to the CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 platforms automatically. XLT86.COM itself was written in PL/I-80 for CP/M-80 platforms. The program occupied 30 KB of RAM for itself plus additional memory for the program graph. On a 64 KB memory system, the maximum source file size supported was about 6 KB, so that larger files had to be broken down accordingly before translation. Alternatively, XLT86 was also available for DEC VAX/VMS. Although XLT86's input and output worked on source-code level, the translator's in-memory representation of the program and the applied code optimizing technologies set the foundation to binary recompilation.
Others
2500 AD Software offered an 8080 to 8086 source-code translator as part of their XASM suite for CP/M-80 machines with Z80 as well as for Zilog ZEUS and Olivetti PCOS systems.
Since 1979, Zilog offered a Z80 to Z8000 translator as part of their PDS 8000 development system. Advanced Micro Computers (AMC) and 2500 AD Software offered Z80 to Z8000 translators as well. The latter was named TRANS and was available for Z80 CP/M, CP/M-86, MS-DOS and PCOS.
The Z88DK development kit provides a Z80 to i486 source code translator targeting nasm named "to86.awk", written in 2008 by Stefano Bodrato. It is in turn based on an 8080 to Z80 converter written in 2003 by Douglas Beattie, Jr., named "toz80.awk".
In 2021, Brian Callahan wrote an 8080 CP/M 2.2 to MS-DOS source code translator targeting nasm named 8088ify.
Programming language implementations
The first implementations of some programming languages started as transcompilers, and the default implementation for some of those languages are still transcompilers. In addition to the table below, a CoffeeScript maintainer provides a list of languages that compile to JavaScript.
Porting a codebase
When developers want to switch to a different language while retaining most of an existing codebase, it might be better to use a transcompiler compared to rewriting the whole software by hand. Depending on the quality of the transcompiler, the code may or may not need manual intervention in order to work properly. This is different from "transcompiled languages" where the specifications demand that the output source code always works without modification. All transcompilers used to port a codebase will expect manual adjustment of the output source code if there is a need to achieve maximum code quality in terms of readability and platform convention.
Transcompiler pipelines
A transcompiler pipeline is what results from recursive transcompiling. By stringing together multiple layers of tech, with a transcompile step between each layer, technology can be repeatedly transformed, effectively creating a distributed language independent specification.
XSLT is a general-purpose transform tool that can be used between many different technologies, to create such a derivative code pipeline.
Recursive transcompiling
Recursive transcompilation (or recursive transpiling) is the process of applying the notion of transcompiling recursively, to create a pipeline of transformations (often starting from a single source of truth) which repeatedly turn one technology into another.
By repeating this process, one can turn A → B → C → D → E → F and then back into . Some information will be preserved through this pipeline, from A → , and that information (at an abstract level) demonstrates what each of the components A–F agree on.
In each of the different versions that the transcompiler pipeline produces, that information is preserved. It might take on many different shapes and sizes, but by the time it comes back to , having been transcompiled six times in the pipeline above, the information returns to its original state.
This information which survives the transform through each format, from , is (by definition) derivative content or derivative code.
Recursive transcompilation takes advantage of the fact that transcompilers may either keep translated code as close to the source code as possible to ease development and debugging of the original source code, or else they may change the structure of the original code so much, that the translated code does not look like the source code. There are also debugging utilities that map the transcompiled source code back to the original code; for example, JavaScript source maps allow mapping of the JavaScript code executed by a web browser back to the original source in a transcompiled-to-JavaScript language.
See also
a source-to-source compiler framework using explicit pattern-directed rewrite rules
a source-to-source compiler from Fortran 77 to C
(running IBM 1401 programs on Honeywell H200)
a source-to-source compiler framework
Notes
References
Further reading
1984-11-11 version 1.05 (NB. The DOS executable XLT86.COM [12 KB] translates Intel 8080 assembly language source code to Intel 8086 assembly language source code. Despite its name this implementation in 8086 assembly is not related to Digital Research's earlier and much more sophisticated XLT86.)
and , also available as
(9 pages) (NB. This software translator was developed by ST and translates Motorola 6805/HC05 assembly source code in 2500AD Software format into ST7 source code. The MIGR2ST7.EXE executable for Windows is available from "MCU ON CD".)
External links
Utility software types | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-to-source%20compiler |
Nuala Hafner is an Australian media personality of Ghanaian descent. She is also a psychologist.
Early life and education
Hafner was born in London, England, to Ghanaian-born Australian Dorinda Hafner. Her parents met in England, where her father, Julian, was a psychiatrist, and migrated to Adelaide in 1977, where Nuala was raised. The couple subsequently split up.
She attended Adelaide's Pembroke School, Adelaide, where she was dux of her year before travelling to the UK and Europe. She taught drama in London till 1995. She completed a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws at Flinders University in 2000 and was admitted to the bar.
Television career
Hafner began her media career at the age of three months when she appeared in an advertisement for baby formula. She also starred in children's program The Book Place, and on Seven Adelaide's lifestyle program Discover.
Nuala joined Seven News Sydney in April 2003. She presented the weather and Canberra bulletins until she left on 22 December 2006 to work overseas, filing reports from Seven's London Bureau. In 2008, she took another role, appearing on Sunrise, Weekend Sunrise and the Seven HD show The NightCap.
In 2009, she moved back to Australia and became the entertainment editor on Sunrise, Weekend Sunrise and The Morning Show. In 2010, she was appointed Sunrise Melbourne correspondent. In November 2011, she resigned to return to her studies. In January 2012 she filled in for Grant Denyer and returned as a guest reporter.
In July 2013, Hafner was appointed as Melbourne news presenter for Network Ten's new breakfast show Wake Up hosted in Sydney by Natarsha Belling and James Mathison. By November 2013, the programme lost 50% of its audience share and rated lower than Breakfast, which was axed the year before due to low ratings.
In November 2014, Nuala returned to the Seven Network and appeared on Sunrise and Weekend Sunrise.
Other qualifications and roles
Hafner studied drama at Flinders University and occasionally acts on stage. She continued her studies in psychology during her television career, for which she was awarded the Capstone Prize, and completed a Master of Clinical Psychology.
References
Australian television journalists
Mass media people from Adelaide
Australian people of Ghanaian descent
Australian people of English descent
Living people
10 News First presenters
People educated at Pembroke School, Adelaide
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuala%20Hafner |
Yunnanosaurus ( ) is an extinct genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived approximately 199 to 183 million years ago in what is now the Yunnan Province, in China, for which it was named. Yunnanosaurus was a large sized, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore, that could also walk bipedally, and ranged in size from 7 meters (23 feet) long and 2 m (6.5 ft) high to 4 m (13 ft) high in the largest species.
Discovery
Yang Zhongjian (also known as C. C. Young) discovered the first Yunnanosaurus skeletons in the upper Zhangjiawa Member of the Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China, dating to the Sinemurian stage of the Early Jurassic. The fossil find was composed of over twenty incomplete skeletons, including two skulls, it was excavated by Tsun Yi Wang. These remains were the basis for the species Y. huangi (the type species) and Y. robustus.
In 2007, Lü Junchang and colleagues described another species of Yunnanosaurus, Y. youngi (named in honor of C. C. Young). In addition to various skeletal differences, at 13 meters (42 ft) long Y. youngi was significantly larger than Y. huangi (which reached only 7 meters [23 ft]). The holotype specimen CXMVZA 185 consists of ten cervical vertebrae, fourteen dorsal vertebrae, three fused sacral vertebrae, seventeen caudal vertebrae, both pubic bones, both ischia, and the right ilium. The skull of this species is not known.
The type specimen of Yunnanosaurus youngi was recovered at the Banqing Houshanliangzi locality of the Fengjiahe Formation, previously thought to be from the Zhanghe Formation, in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province, China. The holotype specimen CXMVZA 185 was collected in 2000 in terrestrial sediments deposited during the Pliensbachian stage of the Early Jurassic period, approximately 191 to 183 million years ago. This specimen is housed in the collection of the Chuxiong Museum.
In 2013, Sekiya et al. described the discovery of a juvenile individual which was assigned to Yunnanosaurus robustus. Specimen ZMNH-M8739 consists of partial cranial material and an almost complete post-cranial skeleton. This individual possesses characteristic dentition that suggests a potentially unique feeding mechanism as evidenced a tooth–tooth wear facet on its mesial maxillary and dentary teeth, and maxillary teeth that have coarse serrations. Comparison of this juvenile specimen with adult specimens of Yunnanosaurus huangi reveals very distinctive growth changes.
Description
Dentition
There were more than sixty spoon-shaped teeth in the jaws of Yunnanosaurus, and were unique among early sauropodomorphs in that its teeth were self-sharpening because they "[wore] against each other as the animal fed." Scientists consider these teeth to be advanced compared to other early sauropodomorphs, as they share features with the sauropods. However, scientists do not consider Yunnanosaurus to be especially close to the sauropods in phylogeny because the remaining portions of the animals body are distinctly "prosauropod" in design. This critical difference implies that the similarity in dentition between Yunnanosaurus and sauropods might be an example of convergent evolution.
Classification
The type species, Y. huangi, was named by C. C. Young in 1942, who erected the family Yunnanosauridae to contain it, though the family currently comprises only this genus and sometimes Jingshanosaurus. The specific name honours Huang Chiching ("T.K. Huang"), the director of the National Geological Survey of China. Young also named a second species, Y. robustus, in 1951, but this has since been included in the type species. The confusion in classification arose due to that the earliest specimens of Y. huangi were of juvenile individuals while the Y. robustus specimens represented fully grown adults. However, Sekiya et al. (2013) described a juvenile of Y. robustus and were able to differentiate it from Y. huangi. Yunnanosaurus had been assigned to several taxa over the years, including Thecodontosauridae and Plateosauridae, but a more recent phylogenetic analysis conducted by Novas et al. (2011) shows that this genus is part of the taxon Massopoda in a clade with Anchisaurus and Jingshanosaurus. Apaldetti et al. (2011) also found that Yunnanosaurus belonged in Massopoda, but found that this genus was more primitive than both Jingshanosaurus and Anchisaurus.
Distinguishing anatomical features
A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism.
Y. huangi
According to Barrett et al. (2007), the skull of Y. huangi can be distinguished from other sauropodomorphs based on the following characteristics:
a small external naris
a robust expanded nasal process of the premaxilla
a downward projection from the rear of the maxillary ascending process
no nutritive foramina on the lateral surface of maxilla
a shallow circular depression on the lateral surface of the ventral lacrimal process
a midline boss near the front of the frontals
a prominent midline boss on the parietals
the anterolateral process of the parietal is expanded relative to the width of the posterolateral process
the maxillary teeth are narrow and do not have denticles
Additionally, Sekiya et al. (2013) add one more character distinguishing Y. huangi: a hemispherical neural spine in the posterior cervical vertebrae.
Y. youngi
According to Lu et al. (2007), Y. youngi can be distinguished from Y. huangi based on the following characteristics:
the sixth cervical vertebra is the longest among the vertebral column
the neural spines of the posterior cervical vertebrae are short with an expanded distal end, which is wider than its anteroposterior length
three sacral vertebrae are tightly fused with a stout sacrocostal yoke
the ventral margin of the postacetabular process of the ilium is slightly concave
the ischium is longer than the pubis
the distal end of the pubis is round
Y. robustus
According to Sekiya et al. (2013), Yunnanosaurus robustus can be distinguished from other sauropodomorphs based on the following characteristics:
the absence of the anteroposterior expansion on the medial end of the astragalus
the shaft of the metatarsal IV is dorsoventrally compressed
Paleoecology
The type specimens of Yunnanosaurus huangi and Yunnanosaurus robustus were recovered in the Huangchiatien (Dahungtien) locality of the Lufeng Formation in Yunnan, China. The Y. huangi holotype specimen IVPP V20 and the Y. robustus holotype specimen IVPP V93, were collected by Chung Chien Young in terrestrial sediments from the upper dark/deep red beds of the Zhangjiawa Member of this formation, that are believed to have been deposited during the Sinemurian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 199 to 190 million years ago. Several other specimens assigned to Y. huangi (IVPP V54, IVPP V47, IVPP V61, IVPP V62, IVPP V63, IVPP V96, IVPP V264), and Y. robustus (IVPP V39, IVPP V94) were also recovered by Young in this locality. These specimens are all housed in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, in Beijing, China. In the years to come several more specimens assigned to these two species were recovered from Zhangjiawa Member of this formation.
Chung Chien Young had also explored the lower dark/dull purple beds of the Shawan Member of the Lufeng Formation and found more specimens that he later assigned to Y. huangi. Specimen IVPP V32 was collected by Young in 1938 in dark red, argillaceous sandstone that is believed to have been deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201 to 199 million years ago. Specimens IVPP V57, IVPP V60 and IVPP V272 were collected by Young in blue mudstone from the same formation and were also assigned to Y. huangi. These specimens from the Shawan Member are also housed in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology.
Yunnanosaurus huangi and Yunnanosaurus robustus shared their paleoenvironment with the ornithischians Bienosaurus, and Tatisaurus, the sauropodomorphs Gyposaurus, Lufengosaurus, and Jingshanosaurus, and the theropods Sinosaurus triassicus and Eshanosaurus.
Notes
References
Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Massopoda
Paleontology in Yunnan
Fossil taxa described in 1942
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Early Jurassic first appearances
Middle Jurassic extinctions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnanosaurus |
Bridget and Jerome Dobson are American television screenwriters and artists.
Together, through there company Dobson Productions, they are notable for their work as the head writing team for several soap operas, and the creators and head writers of the NBC soap opera Santa Barbara.
Career
Bridget Dobson is the daughter of Frank and Doris Hursley, TV soap opera creators and screenwriter, best known for the series General Hospital. Bridget and Jerome Dobson married in 1961. Bridget began writing scripts for General Hospital in the early 1970s, and Jerome joined her soon after.
In 1975, the Dobsons were hired as the head writers for the long-running CBS Daytime soap opera Guiding Light. They spent the rest of the 1970s at Guiding Light where they created alluring nurse Rita Stapleton (who became the show's heroine for the remainder of the 1970s), the rich, upper class Spaulding family in 1977 (who would remain one of the show's core families until the show's cancellation in 2009), and wrote the infamous storyline of Holly Norris Bauer's rape by her own husband Roger Thorpe in 1979.
The Dobsons were hired by another Procter and Gamble soap opera, As the World Turns where, among other stories, they created the infamous character of James Stenbeck and also paired the characters of Tom and Margo.
Santa Barbara
In 1984, Santa Barbara, the show created by the Dobsons for NBC, premiered. After years of working with both the network and the sponsor (Procter & Gamble) at earlier shows, the Dobsons had creative control of the show. The Dobsons attempted to create a richer canvas of character, including a Hispanic family and a romance between Latino Cruz Castillo and WASPy Eden Capwell. They also infused many stories and scripts with humor.
In 1988, a long running dispute between the Dobsons and NBC offices came to a head after the Dobsons tried several times to fire head writer, Anne Howard Bailey. Unbeknownst to the Dobsons, Bailey's contract contained a provision that only NBC could terminate her employment; when the Dobsons challenged that, NBC and New World Television, the production company, locked them out of their studio. The Dobsons responded by filing a $53 million lawsuit against NBC and New World Television. That same year, when claiming Santa Barbara's Outstanding Daytime Drama Emmy, a bittersweet Bridget Dobson – who made it to the winners' podium first – taunted, "Though New World Television locked me out of the studio, they couldn't lock me out of the Emmys!" By 1991 the case was settled out of court, and the Dobsons returned to the show they created. The show ended in 1993.
In 1995, the Dobsons moved to Atlanta, where Bridget transitioned into a career in painting. More than sixty of her paintings were featured in a solo traveling museum tour. Bridget Dobson's series of fine china, crystal, and giftware—sold by the company Bridget Dobson Studios—was unveiled in 2006 in New York City. Jerome Dobson (as Jerome John Dobson) published a novel in 2018.
Awards and nominations
Daytime Emmy Awards
NOMINATIONS
(1976 & 1978; Best Writing; Guiding Light)
(1987; Best Writing; Santa Barbara)
Writers Guild of America Award
WINS
(1980 season; Guiding Light)
(1992 season; Santa Barbara)
NOMINATIONS
(1993 season; Santa Barbara)
Positions held
References
Living people
American soap opera writers
Married couples
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers Guild of America Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridget%20and%20Jerome%20Dobson |
Robert I (died 1120), count of Aversa and prince of Capua from 1106, on the death of his elder and heirless brother Richard, was the second eldest son of Jordan I of Capua and Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno.
He tried to be the papal protector which his father and grandfather had been and he sent three hundred knights to rescue Pope Paschal II and his sixteen cardinals during their imprisonment by Emperor Henry V in 1111. However, his troops were turned back by the count of Tusculum, Ptolemy I, and never made it to their goal.
In 1114, he and Jordan of Ariano assaulted papal Benevento, but the Archbishop Landulf II made peace with them.
In 1117, Paschal fled to him and he hosted his successor, Gelasius II, later in 1118, even escorting him back to Rome with his army.
Though he did not recognise the Apulian suzerainty which his brother had been forced to acknowledge, he was nonetheless a petty and secondary power in the Mezzogiorno. He died in 1120, leaving a son and successor in the infant Richard III. An unnamed daughter of his was married to King Stephen II of Hungary in the same year.
References
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
1120 deaths
Italo-Normans
Norman warriors
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20I%20of%20Capua |
The United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands is a united church formed on 1 December 1965 as the "United Church of Jamaica and Grand Cayman" by bringing the Protestant denominations "Presbyterian Church in Jamaica" and "Congregational Union of Jamaica" together. The "Disciples of Christ in Jamaica" joined on 13 December 1992, at which time the current name was adopted.
Background
In 1800 when the Scottish Missionary Society established the Presbyterian denomination in Jamaica. In 1848 the first Synod was held.
Congregational churches were formed by the assistance of the London Missionary Society from 1834. Later the Colonial Missionary Society take over the congregational work. The Congregational Union of Jamaica was formed in 1877.
The Disciples of Christ (United States) started mission in 1839. Between 1870 and 1950 over 30 congregations were established. It became independent in the 1950s.
Since the United Church was established, it has represented a strong presence of the Reformed faith in Jamaica.
Interchurch organisations
It is affiliated with the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the Council for World Mission and the World Council of Churches.
Statistics
It is governed by a council called the Synod. It has a head called a Moderator whose duty is to give pastoral oversight of the ministers within the denomination
.
The United Church is divided into 4 Regional Mission Councils, and had approximately 60,000 members in 204 congregations served by 86 pastors in 2006.
See also
Protestantism in Jamaica
Regunta Yesurathnam
External links
Official website
Cayman Islands Regional Mission Council
References
United and uniting churches
Protestantism in Jamaica
Presbyterian denominations in the Caribbean
Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches
Jamaica
Members of the World Council of Churches
Christian denominations in the Caribbean
Christianity in the Cayman Islands
Reformed denominations in the Caribbean | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Church%20in%20Jamaica%20and%20the%20Cayman%20Islands |
Richard III (died 10 June 1120) was count of Aversa and prince of Capua briefly in 1120 between his anointing on 27 May and his death; he was the only son and heir of Robert I of Capua. He was an infant when his father died, and he fell under the regency of his uncle, Jordan. Richard III died within a few months and, though no contemporary chronicler blames him, some modern historians have cast doubt on Jordan's innocence. Jordan did succeed unopposed to the diminished Capuan throne.
1120 deaths
Italo-Normans
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20III%20of%20Capua |
The Opel Trixx (stylised as TRIXX) is a concept city car created by German car manufacturer Opel. It was unveiled at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show.
The brief was set out by Opel CEO Carl-Peter Forster to the Opel and Saab design studios, and was led by executive director of design Martin Smith and chief designer Stefan Arndt. The car was built at Carrozzeria Coggiola in Italy. This concept influenced future small-car designs for Opel, such as the 2007 Opel Agila.
The three-metre long car features an asymmetrical door layout, with sliding doors and a sliding roof hatch for large cargo. A cycle rack is concealed in the pull-out rear bumper feature. The Trixx is powered by a 1.3-litre diesel engine with common rail direct injection. This gives the car a claimed top speed of 70 mph (112.6 km/h). The Trixx featured the Flex 3 layout. This offers seating for three adults and one child on a folding seat, or a single-seater format with a large, 1,010-litre luggage area. The rear passenger seat is inflatable to save space when not in use; it is inflated by pulling up the head restraint.
It was anticipated that an electric concept car based on the Ampera and the Trixx would follow in 2009, but this was not forthcoming.
References
Trixx
Cars introduced in 2004
City cars
Hatchbacks
Front-wheel-drive vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel%20Trixx |
Jutta Speidel (; born 26 March 1954) is a German actress.
She had her first television role at the age of 15. Jutta Speidel appeared in Schulmadchen Report 1 (1970), which was directed by Ernst Hofbauer and produced by Wolf C. Hartwig. She acted mainly in German television series and TV films like Rivalen der Rennbahn. She is remembered for playing several roles in the very popular TV series Derrick.
She has two daughters. She founded the HORIZONT e.V. charity in 1997 for homeless children and their mothers.
As of 3 November 2012 she is living in Rome, Italy.
Selected filmography
We'll Take Care of the Teachers (1970)
Twenty Girls and the Teachers (1971), as Ina
Morgen fällt die Schule aus (1971), as Lydia Meier
Our Willi Is the Best (1971), as Biggi Hansen
The Heath Is Green (1972), as Hanna Engelmann
Old Barge, Young Love (1973), as Elke Steubels
The Twins from Immenhof (1973), as Anke
Blue Blooms the Gentian (1973), as Kuni
Auch ich war nur ein mittelmäßiger Schüler (1974), as Julia
The Secret Carrier (1975), as Lisa Hopfen
(1975, TV film), as Beate Rehberg
(1977, TV series), as Charlotte Möller
Bier und Spiele (1977, TV series), as Liz Meier
Derrick, as Season 5, Episode 6: "Klavierkonzert" (1978, TV), as Helga Kling
Kidnapped (1978, TV miniseries), as Barbara Grant
Derrick, as Season 6, Episode 10: "Das dritte Opfer" (1979, TV), as Gabriele Voss
Fleisch (1979, TV film), as Monica
Mathias Sandorf (1979, TV miniseries), as Rena Sandorf
The Rebel (1980), as Vivien
Derrick, as Season 8, Episode 5: "Die Schwester" (1981, TV), as Doris Menke
(1981), as Britta Schmidt
Danny's Dream (1982, TV film), as Sandra
Dr. Margarete Johnsohn (1982, TV film), as Klara
(1983), as Julia
Crooks in Paradise (1985, TV film), as Madeleine
Judgment in Berlin (1988), as Sigrid Radke
Rivalen der Rennbahn (1989, TV series), as Monika Adler
Forsthaus Falkenau (1989–1995, TV series), as Silva Baroneß von Bernried
Kartoffeln mit Stippe (1990, TV miniseries), as Gertrud Gräfin von Retzlow
Success (1991), as Katharina von Radolny
(1993), as Luzie
Alle meine Töchter (1995–2001, TV series), as Margot Sanwaldt
Tricked (2000, TV film), as Renate Rehberg
Um Himmels Willen (2002–2012, TV series), as Lotte Albers
(2006, TV film), as Hilde Döbbelin
Donna Roma (2007, TV series), as Frederike Heise
Aber jetzt erst recht (2010, TV film), as Katharina Pfeiffer
(2012, TV film), as Jutta Riedl
Jet Set, Jitters and Jealousy (2013, TV film), as Jutta Riedl
Two Fools in Sardinia (2015, TV film), as Jutta Riedl
Club der einsamen Herzen (2019, TV film), as Helga
References
External links
German film actresses
German television actresses
20th-century German actresses
21st-century German actresses
Actresses from Munich
1954 births
Living people
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta%20Speidel |
The law of supply is a fundamental principle of economic theory which states that, keeping other factors constant, an increase in sales price results in an increase in quantity supplied. In other words, there is a direct relationship between price and quantity: quantities respond in the same direction as price changes. This means that producers and manufacturers are willing to offer more of a product for sale on the market at higher prices, as increasing production is a way of increasing profits.
In short, the law of supply is a positive relationship between quantity supplied and price, and is the reason for the upward slope of the supply curve.
Some heterodox economists, such as Steve Keen and Dirk Ehnts, dispute the law of supply, arguing that the supply curve for mass-produced goods is often downward-sloping: as production increases, unit prices go down, and conversely, if demand is very low, unit prices go up.
Definition
A supply is a good or service that producers are willing to provide. The law of supply determines the quantity of supply at a given price.
The law of supply and demand states that, for a given product, if the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, then the price increases, which decreases the demand (law of demand) and increases the supply (law of supply)—and vice versa—until the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.
For example, a job paying £20/hr attracts more interest than a job paying £15/hr, and a high interest rate attracts lenders and deters borrowers.
Affecting factors
There are various non-price determinants that can cause a shift in a supply curve. For example, if the costs of production, such as wages, decrease, then the manufacturers can produce more goods for the same price, so the quantity supplied will increase. If the number of suppliers increases, or if the capacity of a factory producing the goods increases, the quantity supplied will increase.
Other factors can include government policy—government subsidies to encourage certain products decreases the overall cost of production. However, government taxation can cause the cost of production to rise. For some products, such as in agriculture, the quantity supplied is dependent on the weather.
See also
Demand curve
Economies of scale
Law of demand
Supply (economics)
Supply and demand
References
Supply
Economics laws | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20supply |
The Santa Cruz cypress (Hesperocyparis abramsiana; formerly classified as Cupressus abramsiana) is a species of North American tree within the Cypress family. The species is endemic to the Santa Cruz Mountains within the Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties of west-central California. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the species on the Endangered Species Act in 1987 due to increasing threats from habitat loss and disruption of natural forest fire regimes. In 2016, the conservation status of the Santa Cruz cypress changed to Threatened. The cited reasoning was a decrease in threats against their habitat.
Physical description
Individuals can grow 10 to 25 meters tall with branches 5–10 cm in diameter covering the trunk to nearly the ground. The shape of the tree is pyramidal, with branches longer toward the base. The tree’s leaves are light green and scale-like and can grow up to 15mm in length, persisting on branches for many years. The bark of the trunk is fibrous with thin grey vertical stripes. Individuals begin to produce cones at 11 years in age. Pollen cones can grow up to 4mm long and produce large amounts of pollen that spread in the wind. Female seed cones are produced annually on the tree and grow up to 20 to 30mm in diameter. They remain on the tree until the supporting branches die, typically as a result of natural fires. Individuals can live beyond 100 years, with one of the oldest individuals identified as being between 127 and 162 years old.
Reproduction and phenology
The reproductive age of the Santa Cruz cypress is on average 11 years of age. Seed viability falls to 10 percent by the time a tree is 30 years old. Like some other coniferous trees, the seed-bearing cones of the Santa Cruz cypress depend on fire to heat open the cone and release the seeds. The fires burn the vegetation in the area, including the parent tree. The seeds of the cypress are then able to germinate without the competition of other plants in the area.
Ecology
The habitat of the Santa Cruz cypress consists of the chaparral and closed-cone pine forest communities in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The habitat ranges from 300 to 750m in elevation, consisting of poorly developed sandstone or granitic soils. The climate of this area produces cool, wet winters and hot, dry summers, and natural fire regimes periodically destroy the vegetation in the area. The Santa Cruz cypress have evolved to be dependent on these fires for reproduction. The trees are obligate seeders, meaning they do not regenerate after burning up in a fire. Instead, the seeds germinate after the fire to minimal competition. They are then able to regenerate and grow the population. If fires are too frequent, seedlings will not be able to reach reproductive age. If fires are too infrequent, the trees do not reproduce often enough to maintain population size.
Distribution
This species grows only in a 16 km2 (6.2 mi2 or 356 acres) stretch of land in California. Within this range are five different localities with stands of the trees. The range covers parts of the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties. Historically, the populations had a much larger range, covering at least 76 km2 (30 mi2 or 19,200 acres). The estimated total population is less than 300 individuals, but abundance varies between localities. Some stands of the cypress only have a few individuals left.
One exceedingly rare type, the Butano cypress, exists in only one grove, of about 10 acres. This grove was described by William Dudley in the early 1900s. All of the adult trees died during the CZU Lightning Complex fires in 2020. Thousands of young Butano cypress seedlings were found growing in the grove in 2022.
Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) added the Santa Cruz cypress to the Red List in 1998 as endangered. In 2011, the IUCN updated the listing to critically endangered.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added the Santa Cruz cypress to the United States' Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1987, listing it as endangered. In 2009, a 5-year review recommended the status lower from endangered to threatened. Following petitions from local cattle and agricultural organizations and reconsideration of the review, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reclassified the tree as threatened in 2016.
Current population threats
Alteration of fire regimes
The modern habitat of the Santa Cruz cypress no longer experiences fires at its natural frequency. Without disturbances like fire, the trees undergo little population growth and decreasing reproduction. Existing trees become post-reproductive and no longer produce viable seeds. Human-created fires can occur too often, destroying immature trees before reaching reproductive age. The U.S. Fishing and Wildlife Service cited the altered fire regime as one of the most important threats to the populations.
Nonnative species
Nonnative species serve as competition and habitat modifiers that can limit cypress success. Acacia dealbata and Genista monspessulana impact Santa Cruz populations by blocking sunlight and by competing for soil space to germinate. More nonnative invasions are possible in the future due to the cypress’ closeness to residential areas. The foot travel and human activities in these areas can bring more invasive species.
Genetic Introgression
In 2016, the conservation status of the Santa Cruz cypress was reduced to threatened. The cited reasoning was a decrease in threats against their habitat. However, a lengthy section of the 2016 federal report titled "Genetic introgression" (also known as introgressive hybridization) explains how the integrity of this species is also threatened by nearby horticultural plantings of a sister species, Monterey cypress, whose historically native range is nearby: on the opposite side of Monterey Bay. Hybridization is known to occur between the two endemics — as well as with a widely planted sister species native to Arizona: Arizona cypress. The ease of hybridization of cypress species in the American southwest has fostered a parallel history of taxonomic disagreements of where genus and species distinctions should apply. It thus provides a case study of neoendemism in conifers. As well, it illustrates an element of ongoing human impact — wind-dispersed pollen contamination from horticultural plantings — that cannot easily be corrected to meet conservation goals.
Additional threats
Another major human-derived threat to the species is climate change. Rising temperatures may push populations northwards, as well as further alter the fire regime. The species is also damaged by vandalism and unauthorized recreational activities. Actions like carving into bark damage the trees, encouraging infections and disease. In the past, the conversion of habitat into agricultural lands and residential areas was a major threat. But as populations became protected and preserved, the threat has since decreased.
Current conservation efforts
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released the first recovery plan for the Santa Cruz cypress in 1998. In 2009, the updated recovery plan recommended the reclassification of the species to threatened when protection for all five populations and their habitat is secured. Downlisting from endangered to threatened was authorized in the 2016 update of the recovery plan. The listed primary threats to control are logging, agricultural conversion, and development. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists all 356 acres of habitat as a necessary/critical habitat in conserving the species. The plan also recommends delisting the species if all five populations experience long-term reproductive success. They provide insurance against failure by the availability of stored seeds. The plan also classified the Recovery Priority Number to a 6. This is the lowest priority and represents a species with low impact on human activities.
Updated resource-use plans and ordinances from the Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties currently protect some populations. More than half of all the individuals in the species occur on private lands owned by conservationists. State and county parks protect the remaining individuals. Watershed management plans have begun for some of these areas to aid in protections.
References
External links
IUCN
Calflora
ECOS Profile
abramsiana
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
Natural history of San Mateo County, California
~
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Plants described in 1948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus%20abramsiana |
A wash sale is a sale of a security (stocks, bonds, options) at a loss and repurchase of the same or substantially identical security (judging by CUSIP or Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures numbers) shortly before or after. Losses from such sales are not deductible in most cases under the Internal Revenue Code in the United States. Wash sale regulations disallow an investor who holds an unrealized loss from accelerating a tax deduction into the current tax year, unless the investor is out of the position for some significant length of time. A wash sale can take place at any time during the year, or across year boundaries.
In the United Kingdom, a similar practice which specifically takes place at the end of a calendar year is known as bed and breakfasting. In a bed-and-breakfasting transaction, a position is sold on the last trading day of the year (typically late in the trading session) to establish a tax loss. The same position is then repurchased early on the first session of the new trading year, to restore the position (albeit at a lower cost basis). The term, therefore, derives its name from the late sale and early morning repurchase.
Wash sale rules don't apply when stock is sold at a profit. A related term, tax-loss harvesting is "selling an investment at a loss with the intention of ultimately repurchasing the same investment after the IRS's 30 day window on wash sales has expired". This allows investors to lower their tax amount with the use of investment losses. Wash sales and similar trading patterns are not themselves prohibited; the rules only deal with the tax treatment of capital losses and the accounting of the ongoing tax basis. Tax rules in the U.S. and U.K. defer the tax benefits of wash selling at a loss. Such losses are added to the basis of the newly acquired security, essentially deferring the tax benefits until a non-wash sale occurs, if ever.
Identification
According to the Merriam-Webster Legal Dictionary, the legal definition is "a sale and purchase of securities that produces no change of the beneficial owner." The IRS broadened its definition of wash sales in 1993. In the United States, wash sale laws are codified in "26 USC § 1091 - Loss from wash sales of stock or securities". The corresponding treasury regulations are given by CFR 1.1091-1 and 1.1091-2.
Under Section 1091, a wash sale occurs when a taxpayer sells or trades stock or securities at a loss, and within 30 days before or after the sale:
Buys substantially identical stock or securities,
Acquires substantially identical stock or securities in a fully taxable trade,
Acquires a contract or option to buy substantially identical stock or securities, or
Acquires substantially identical stock for an individual retirement account (IRA).
The "substantially identical stock" acquired in any of these ways is called the "replacement stock" for that original position. The IRS has not formally defined what "substantially identical" funds are constituted of.
Consequences
In the United States, the wash sale rule has the following consequences:
The taxpayer is not allowed to claim the loss on the sale (the loss is not "realized").
Basis Adjustment: The disallowed loss is added to the cost basis of the replacement stock.
Holding Period: The holding period for the replacement stock includes the holding period of the stock sold.
In the United States, reporting wash sale loss adjustments is done on the 1099-B form. According to Forbes, "most brokers don't report wash sale (WS) loss calculations during the year". For the IRS, taxpayers in the United States must calculate their WS losses "across all taxpayer's brokerage accounts, including IRAs and spousal accounts if married/filing joint. Wash sale rules can also be avoided by "not buying a security within 30 days of selling the same one or a similar one for a loss."
Basis adjustment
After a sale is identified as a wash sale and if the replacement stock is bought within 30 days before or after the sale then the wash sale loss is added to the basis of the replacement stock. The basis adjustment preserves the benefit of the disallowed loss; the holder receives that benefit on a future sale of the replacement stock. However, if the replacement shares are in a tax-advantaged account, such as an IRA, the disallowed loss cannot be added to the basis and there is no benefit for the loss.
Tax loss harvesting
Tax loss harvesting (TLH) is a technique for "generating" capital losses. It occurs when an investor sells a security that has depreciated in value. CBS News describes tax loss harvesting specifically as "selling an investment at a loss with the intention of ultimately repurchasing the same investment after the IRS's 30 day window on wash sales has expired." This allows investors to lower their tax amount with the use of investment losses. Tax loss harvesting can be done throughout the fiscal year, allowing investors to "offset capital gains with capital losses." If an investor has more capital losses than gains in a year, that year they can use up to $3,000 as a deduction to "offset ordinary income", with the remainder carrying over into future years if unused. Loss harvesting defers taxes, but doesn't eliminate them, and is essentially receiving a loan without interest from the federal government, assuming marginal tax rates are the same. If marginal rates are different, then there can be additional tax savings (e.g., deducting excess losses against a higher ordinary income rate in one year in exchange for additional long term capital gains tax at a lower rate in a later year) or even a tax penalty (e.g., deducting at a lower capital gains tax rate in several years in exchange for a much larger gain in one later year that puts one in a higher capital gains tax and Medicare investment income tax bracket.)
Most simply, if "tax-loss harvesting is not done properly, it will create a wash-sale that will eliminate the tax benefits of the buying and selling". The investor can employ a number of techniques to avoid triggering the wash sale rule.
The investor can wait 30 days to repurchase the security.
The investor can purchase a security that is similar to the original, but that does not meet the IRS's definition of "substantially identical". For example, an investor can sell an ETF and buy another with similar investment objectives.
Most tax loss harvesting historically has been performed in December. Tax-loss harvesting is still most common in the year's fourth quarter. The practice has been both praised and criticized by investors, as deferring the taxes can result in higher rates later on relating to capital gains.
Investment companies
The IRS has published no exact definition of what constitutes a "substantially identical" security. Therefore, it is not clear whether or not the securities of different investment companies can be "substantially identical", even if their investment objectives are identical. As a result, if an investor trades in and out of ETFs or mutual funds with almost identical holdings, some have held that it does not trigger the wash sale rule.
For example, State Street's SPDR S&P 500 ETF (NYSEARCA: SPY) and iShare's Core S&P 500 ETF (NYSEARCA: IVV) both track the S&P 500. If an investor purchases shares in SPY and the market price declines, the IRS has not provided guidance on whether the investor can sell their shares in SPY, purchase shares in IVV, and claim a capital loss without triggering the wash sale rule, despite the fact that the two ETFs have nearly identical returns.
Methods of optimal tax loss harvesting
Mean-variance portfolio optimization
With an initial set of portfolio weights and benchmark weights , it is possible to do TLH within the confines of mean-variance optimization by developing an objective function that maximizes the difference between tax alpha and the portfolio's tracking error:
where is a penalty term for excess tracking error and is the covariance matrix of asset returns. For each asset that is bought/sold, it is necessary to include the constraints:
With this formulation, the TLH optimization may be applied within a mean-variance framework. The solution is readily computed using quadratic programming.
See also
Ex-dividend date, where favorable tax treatment of qualified dividends is contingent on a 60-day holding period, similar to the wash sale rules.
Round-tripping, a type of accounting fraud practiced through asset swapping, resembling wash sales within a group of participants.
References
External links
Stock market
Taxation in the United States
Tax avoidance in the United States
Tax terms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash%20sale |
3:10 to Yuma is a 2007 American western action drama film directed by James Mangold and produced by Cathy Konrad, starring Russell Crowe and Christian Bale in the lead roles with supporting performances by Peter Fonda, Gretchen Mol, Ben Foster, Dallas Roberts, Alan Tudyk, Vinessa Shaw, and Logan Lerman. It is about a drought-impoverished rancher (Bale) who takes on the dangerous job of taking a notorious outlaw (Crowe) to justice. It is the second adaptation of Elmore Leonard's 1953 short story "Three-Ten to Yuma", after the 1957 film of the same name. Filming took place in various locations in New Mexico. 3:10 to Yuma opened September 7, 2007, in the United States and received positive reviews from critics. It grossed $71 million worldwide on the budget of $48–55 million.
Plot
In 1884 Arizona, Dan Evans is a poor rancher and Civil War veteran who owes money to the wealthy Glen Hollander. One night, Hollander's men burn down his barn and scatter his cattle as a warning to pay his debts. The next morning Evans and his two sons are searching for their lost herd when they stumble upon Ben Wade and his gang robbing an armored stagecoach staffed by Pinkertons. Wade sees Evans and his two sons watching from the hills and decides that they aren't a threat to his gang, so Wade takes their horses, promising to leave them tied up "on the road to Bisbee", so that Evans can recover them, but won't be able to give warning immediately. After Wade's gang departs, Evans rescues the lone surviving coach guard, Byron McElroy, left alive but severely wounded.
Wade and his gang ride to Bisbee to drink at the local saloon and divide up the loot. The gang departs but Wade chooses to stay behind to enjoy the company of the barmaid. Evans brings McElroy to veterinarian/lawman Doc Potter, then tries in vain to negotiate his debt with Hollander. Evans then finds Wade emerging from an upstairs room in the saloon and coaxes a few dollars from Wade over the trouble he caused Evans. As the two talk, lawmen surround the saloon and arrest Wade.
Grayson Butterfield, the railroad's representative, hires a posse consisting of McElroy, Potter, Tucker (one of Hollander's men), and Evans to take Wade to Contention, where Wade is to be put on the 3:10 afternoon train to Yuma Territorial Prison. Evans asks for $200 () to deliver Wade, which Butterfield agrees to. The group meets at Evans's ranch, where McElroy arranges for a decoy wagon to distract Wade's gang.
During the journey, both Tucker and McElroy provoke Wade; he stabs Tucker to death with a stolen fork and throws McElroy off a cliff. Wade attempts to escape but is stopped when Evans's son William appears. The group is ambushed by Apaches, allowing Wade to use the confusion to flee into a Chinese laborer construction camp. The foreman of the camp captures Wade and the posse arrives to collect him, but the foreman, holding an old grudge against the outlaw, wants to kill Wade. A gunfight breaks out between the two groups, killing Potter while the rest escape with Wade. They arrive in Contention hours before the train's departure time and check into a hotel, where several local marshals join them.
Wade's gang members ambush the decoy wagon and kill everyone after finding out that Wade is in Contention. The gang, now led by Charlie Prince, offers a $200 cash reward to anyone who kills one of Wade's captors. Numerous men volunteer, causing the town's marshals to desert immediately; Wade's men kill them when they try to surrender. Butterfield resigns as well, but agrees to keep William safe at Evans's behest. Evans agrees to put Wade on the prison train if Butterfield pays him $1000, escorts his son safely home, grants his farm access to river water, and gets Hollander to leave his family alone.
Evans escorts Wade out of the hotel, and the two make their way across town, evading continuous gunfire from the gang and the townsmen. Wade surprises Evans and nearly strangles him, but relents when Evans reveals that delivering Wade to the train is not only for his family but his honor as well. Wade then admits he has already been to Yuma Prison and escaped twice, and agrees to board the train, allowing Evans's contract to be fulfilled and redeeming Evans to his sons.
Wade helps Evans evade his gang and finally boards the train, congratulating Evans on his efforts. Charlie appears and shoots Evans despite Wade's order to stop. Wade steps off the train, comforting Evans in his final moments. When Charlie returns Wade's gun belt, he abruptly executes Charlie along with the rest of his gang. William appears and draws his gun on Wade but does not kill him, instead turning to his dying father. Wade boards the train and politely surrenders his weapon. Evans dies as William tells him he accomplished his mission and got the money. Butterfield watches the train depart with Wade on it. As the train disappears around a bend, Wade whistles, and his faithful horse pricks up his ears and gallops after the train, indicating that Wade is already planning his next escape.
Cast
Russell Crowe as Ben Wade, the ruthless leader of a gang of outlaws
Christian Bale as Dan Evans, a one-legged war veteran turned rancher
Logan Lerman as William Evans, Dan's eldest son, who dreams of adventure
Dallas Roberts as Grayson Butterfield, an agent of the Southern Pacific Railroad
Ben Foster as Charlie Prince, Ben's ruthless right-hand
Peter Fonda as Byron McElroy, an elderly bounty hunter working for the railroad who has history with Wade
Vinessa Shaw as Emma Nelson
Alan Tudyk as Doc Potter, a veterinarian and volunteer lawman
Gretchen Mol as Alice Evans, Dan's wife
Lennie Loftin as Glen Hollander, Dan's creditor
Johnny Witworth as Darden
Kevin Durand as Tucker, a sadistic ranch hand employed by Glen Hollander
Luke Wilson as Zeke
Production
In June 2003, Columbia Pictures announced a negotiation with Mangold to helm a remake of the 1957 Western film 3:10 to Yuma, based on a script written by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas. After being apart from the project for several years, Mangold resumed his role as director in February 2006. Production was slated to begin in summer 2006. In the same month, Tom Cruise expressed an interest in starring as the villain in the film. Eric Bana also briefly sought a role in the film.
In summer 2006, Columbia placed the film in turnaround, and the project was acquired by Relativity Media. Crowe and Bale were cast as the main characters, and Relativity began seeking a distributor for the film. By September, Lions Gate Entertainment signed on to distribute the film. Later in the month, Peter Fonda, Gretchen Mol, Dallas Roberts, Ben Foster, and Vinessa Shaw were cast. Filming was slated to begin on October 23, 2006, in New Mexico. On the first day of filming, a rider and his horse were seriously injured in a scene when the horse ran directly into a camera-carrying vehicle instead of veering off as planned. The rider was hospitalized, and the horse had to be euthanized on the set. The animal's death prompted an investigation from the American Humane Association. By November, the AHA concluded its investigation, finding that the horse did not respond accordingly due to having received a dual training approach and the rider not being familiar with the mount. The organization recommended no charges against the producers. Principal photography took place in and around Santa Fe, Abiquiú, and Galisteo. The Bonanza Creek Ranch represented the film's town of Bisbee as a "kinder, gentler frontier town" while Galisteo was set up to be Contention (now a ghost town), a "much rougher, bawdier, kind of sin city". Others locations were the scenic Diablo Canyon and the Gilman Tunnels () along New Mexico State Road 485. Filming concluded on January 20, 2007.
After filming concluded, the owners of the Cerro Pelon Ranch petitioned to keep a $2 million expansion to the movie set on their property, which was supposed to be dismantled within 90 days. The set of 3:10 to Yuma made up 75% of the overall sets on the ranch. The county's development review committee granted their request, which enabled the possibility of future revenue generation.
Release
3:10 to Yuma was originally slated for an October 5, 2007 release, but Lionsgate moved the film's release a month earlier to September 7, 2007, to beat competing Western films The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and No Country for Old Men. As a result of the move, the studio was not able to use the Toronto International Film Festival as a platform for the film's release, but it was released before a cluster of films similarly vying for awards. According to Lionsgate president Tom Ortenberg, "In what is shaping up to be a very impressive and crowded field of upscale commercial motion pictures this fall, we wanted to be one of the first ones out, so that everything else will be measured against us." The earlier theatrical run positioned it for a prominent high-definition Blu-ray Disc and DVD release in the first week of January, during awards seasons. Lionsgate similarly planned this strategy for Crash (2004), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture that year.
In Germany, the film was released by Columbia Pictures, which had produced the 1957 original.
Reception
Box office
3:10 to Yuma debuted in the United States and Canada on September 7, 2007, in 2,652 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $14 million and ranked #1 at the U.S. and Canadian box office. 3:10 to Yuma grossed $53.6 million in the United States and $17.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $71.2 million.
Critical response
On film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 223 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "The remake of this classic Western improves on the original, thanks to fiery performances from Russell Crowe and Christian Bale as well as sharp direction from James Mangold." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.
Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer said "There is more greed-driven corruption in the remake than there was in the original" and that the film is less a remake "than a resurrection of both the film and its now unfashionable genre." Sarris said Fonda and Foster "are especially memorable" and said "the performances of Mr. Crowe and Mr. Bale alone are worth the price of admission."
The New Yorker film critic David Denby wrote that the film "is faster, more cynical, and more brutal" than the 1957 film. Denby wrote that Fonda "gives an amazingly fierce performance" and that Crowe "gives a fascinating, self-amused performance", saying "Crowe is an acting genius." Denby said "this is by far [director James Mangold's] most sustained and evocative work." Denby wrote that "much of this Western is tense and intricately wrought."
Ty Burr of The Boston Globe called the film "lean, almost absurdly satisfying." Burr wrote that Crowe and Bale "are among the best, most intuitively creative we have, and whatever transpires offscreen in Crowe’s case, onscreen they only serve their characters. Neither man showboats here, and it’s a thrill to watch them work." Burr said that the character of Ben Wade is "a snake and a snake charmer in one irresistible package" and said Foster as Charlie Prince is "mesmerizing." Burr said "Bale and Crowe never once misstep" and that Mangold "steers clear of Deadwood revisionism." Burr, however, wrote that the ending "makes little to no sense in a post-Clint Eastwood universe."
Bruce Westbrook of the Houston Chronicle gave the film 3½ stars and called it "the best Western since Unforgiven", calling it "both cathartic and intelligent." He wrote that the film "draws clear inspiration from the lonely heroics of High Noon" and said "While a wildly eventful action-adventure and outlaw shoot-'em-up, it's also a vibrant story of heroism, villainy and hard-earned redemption." Westbrook said that Crowe and Bale are "at the top of their game" and "Crowe is reliably charismatic as a man who's less craven and bloodthirsty than wise, resourceful and expedient." Shawn Levy of The Oregonian gave the film a "B+" and said the film is "grounded in something like the credible realism of a John Ford Western but which also can appease the thirsts for blood, wit and tension harbored by fans of Quentin Tarantino." Levy wrote "The original film spends much time on conversation between Wade and Evans and focuses more on Evans's wife, whereas the new film has more action sequences and is infused subtly with themes that echo vexing contemporary political and moral issues." Levy said "Christian Bale gives us another of his wounded, desperate, stubborn men" and "Russell Crowe fills a role originated by Glenn Ford with a big dose of the mocking charisma, cool discernment and casual cruelty of Robert Mitchum." Levy said the climax "sews up the narrative too quickly", but called the film "a fine and sturdy picture."
The Christian Science Monitor critic Peter Rainer gave the film a "B+" and wrote "what Alfred Hitchcock once said about thrillers also applies to Westerns: The stronger the bad guy, the better the film. By that measure, 3:10 to Yuma is excellent." Comparing the film to the 1957 film, Rainer wrote that the film "is larger in scope than its predecessor, and significantly altered in its ending, but essentially it's the same old morality play." Rainer said the "drippy father-son stuff is the least successful aspect of the movie." Rainer also wrote "Bale acts as if he's still playing the POW survivalist from Werner Herzog's Rescue Dawn" and said "his hyperrealistic performance is a drag next to Crowe's dapper prince of darkness." Rainer said Crowe's "underplaying here is in many ways as hammy as if he were overplaying, and that's just fine."
Richard Schickel of Time said "when a movie is as entertaining as this one, you begin to think this formerly beloved genre is due for a revival." Schickel said the 1957 film "was, in my opinion, not as good as a lot of people thought" and said Crowe "never settles for predictability when he's on screen and never lets us settle into complacency as we watch him." Schickel wrote that director Mangold "never loses his crispness or his narrative efficiency." Schickel said the comparisons to Unforgiven "are not entirely apt", saying that "Mangold's offering lacks the blackness and absurdity" of that film. He wrote, "It is more in the vein of Anthony Mann's westerns of the 1950s — trim, efficiently paced, full of briskly stated conflicts that edge up to the dark side, but never fully embrace it."
IGN praised Foster's performance as Charlie Prince, saying, "the real scene-stealer in the film, though, is Foster. Crazy-eyed gunslinger Charlie Prince is like a loyal but wild dog who will maul anyone seeking to hurt his master and would follow him into hell if need be. There is a glance between Ben and Charlie near the end that is one of the most moving and dramatic moments seen in any film this year." UGO ranked Foster's character #50 in their "Best Second-In-Commands", saying that "Stepping up to fill Ben Wade's shoes is tough business, but that's the task the psycho cowboy Charlie Prince was left with when his bank robbing leader was wrangled by the police."
Awards and nominations
The film received two Academy Award nominations for the 80th Academy Awards. Marco Beltrami was nominated for Best Original Score, and Paul Massey, David Giammarco, and Jim Stuebe were nominated for Best Sound Mixing. The film also received a nomination for Best Cast at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards.
See also
List of American films of 2007
3:10 to Yuma (1957 film), the first film adaptation directed by Delmer Daves and starring Glenn Ford (as Wade), Van Heflin (as Evans), and Felicia Farr (as Emmy).
References
External links
3:10 to Yuma at MoviePress
Production notes
2007 films
2007 Western (genre) films
Remakes of American films
American Western (genre) films
2000s English-language films
Films based on adaptations
Films based on American short stories
Films based on works by Elmore Leonard
Films directed by James Mangold
Films produced by Cathy Konrad
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Films set in Arizona
Films set on trains
Films shot in New Mexico
Lionsgate films
Relativity Media films
Revisionist Western (genre) films
Western (genre) film remakes
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%3A10%20to%20Yuma%20%282007%20film%29 |
Daniel Jay Shanefield (April 29, 1930 – November 13, 2013) was a United States ceramic engineer.
Shanefield was born in Orange, New Jersey, and earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Rutgers University in 1956; he went on to graduate studies at the same university, receiving his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Rutgers in 1962. He worked from 1962 to 1967 at ITT Research Laboratories, and from 1967 to 1986 at Bell Laboratories. In 1986 he returned to Rutgers as a Professor II (a professorial rank at Rutgers that is one step above a normal full professor).
At Bell Laboratories, Shanefield was the co-inventor with Richard E. Mistler of the tape casting technique for forming thin ceramic films. He pioneered the development of a phase-change memory system based on an earlier patent of Stanford R. Ovshinsky; Shanefield's work in this area "represented the first proof of the phase change memory concept". Beginning in the mid-1970s, Shanefield was an early proponent of double-blind ABX testing of high-end audio electronics; in 1980 he reported in High Fidelity magazine that there were no audible differences between several different power amplifiers, setting off what became known in audiophile circles as "the great debate".
Shanefield is the author of two books, Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing (Kluwer, 1995; 2nd ed., Kluwer, 1996) and Industrial Electronics for Engineers, Chemists, and Technicians (William Andrew Publishing, 2001).
He was a four-time winner of the AT&T Outstanding Achievement Award and was elected as a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society in 1993.
Shanefield died in Honolulu, Hawaii, aged 83.
References
1930 births
2013 deaths
American engineers
Rutgers University alumni
People from Orange, New Jersey
American physical chemists
Ceramic engineering
Engineers from New Jersey
Fellows of the American Ceramic Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20J.%20Shanefield |
Calocedrus decurrens, with the common names incense cedar and California incense cedar (syn. Libocedrus decurrens Torr.), is a species of coniferous tree native to western North America. It is the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called incense cedar without the regional qualifier.
Description
Calocedrus decurrens is a large tree, typically reaching heights of and a trunk diameter up to . The largest known tree, located in Klamath National Forest, Siskiyou County, California, is tall with a circumference trunk and a spread. Specimens form a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The bark is orange-brown weathering grayish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees. Specimens can live to over 500 years old.
The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, with only inconspicuous stomata. The foliage, when crushed, gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish.
The seed cones are long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate. The cones turn orange to yellow-brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are long.
Distribution
The bulk of the tree's range is in the United States, from central-southwestern Oregon through most of California and the extreme west of Nevada, as well as a short distance into northwest Mexico in northern Baja California.
It grows at altitudes of .
Ecology
At lower elevations, associated trees include oaks and ponderosa pine. Giant sequoia bears similarities to the species, but has sharp leaves. In the south–southwest U.S. some have confused bushy junipers for incense cedar.
With its thick basal bark, the incense cedar is one of the most fire- and drought-tolerant plants in California. Although the tree is killed by hot, stand-replacing crown fire, it spreads rapidly after lower-intensity burns. This has given the incense cedar a competitive advantage over other species such as the bigcone Douglas-fir in recent years. Incense cedar is more shade tolerant than Douglas-fir, but not as much so as grand or white fir. It grows slowly when needed to outlast competition.
This tree is the preferred host of a wood wasp, Syntexis libocedrii a species which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire. The tree is also host to incense-cedar mistletoe (Phoradendron libocedri), a parasitic plant which can often be found hanging from its branches. Fire scars provide an entry point for Tyromyces amarus (pocket dry rot). Gymnosporangium rust disease afflicts the trees, but is rarely fatal.
For numerous birds during the wintertime, Calocedrus decurrens has been seen to be used for foraging. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, in areas of the Western Sierra Nevada in California, numerous species of birds are thought to use the incense cedar as a "foraging substrate" so that they can attain as much food as needed. Human impacts on these trees due to forest management practices have caused issues for many of these birds, threatening the use of the incense cedar as a forage substrate.
Uses
The wood is soft and light, and has a pleasant odor and is generally resistant to rot. It has been used for external house siding, interior paneling, and to make moth-resistant hope chests. It was once the primary material for wooden pencils, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters.
Native Americans
Indigenous peoples of California use the plant in traditional medicine, basket making, hunting bows, building materials, and to produce fire by friction. A Northern California tribe used branchlets to filter out sand from water when leaching toxins from acorn meal; foliage also served as a flavoring.
The Maidu Concow tribe name for the plant is hö'-tä (Konkow language).
Cultivation
Calocedrus decurrens is cultivated as an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. It is used in traditional, xeriscapic, native plant, and wildlife gardens; and also in designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects in California. It is valued for its columnar form and evergreen foliage textures.
The tree is also grown in gardens and parks in cool summer climates, including the Pacific Northwest in the Northwestern United States and British Columbia, eastern Great Britain and continental Northern Europe. In these areas it can develop an especially narrow columnar crown, an unexplained consequence of the cooler climatic conditions that is rare in trees within its warm summer natural range in the California Floristic Province. Other cultivated species from the family Cupressaceae can have similar crown forms.
Award of Garden Merit
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, and has the cultivar 'Berrima Gold'.
Essential oils
Various species in the family Cupressaceae can be utilized for the creation of essential oils. Scientific studies have shown that these essential oils have "strong antimicrobial properties." Antimicrobial properties are those properties of a substance that lower the levels of microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. These antimicrobial properties could potentially be used for therapies in developing countries, although more testing and clinical trials should be done before such measures are implemented.
See also
Cedar wood
List of California native plants
Gallery
References
External links
decurrens
Least concern plants
Trees of Baja California
Trees of the Northwestern United States
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Least concern flora of North America
Least concern flora of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calocedrus%20decurrens |
Mechanical Horizon is the seventh album by electro-industrial duo Decoded Feedback, the fifth full-length CD, and the first released on Germany's Bloodline record label. The album peaked at #36 on the CMJ RPM Charts in the U.S.
Track listing
"Reflect in Silence" – 6:35
"Atlantis" – 5:28
"Celestia" – 5:57
"Dark-Star" – 4:46
"Immortal" – 4:57
"A Kill to an End" – 5:57
"Existence" – 5:12
"The Sequel (Cover Version)" – 2:34
"Desire" – 5:45
"Mechanical Horizon" – 5:22
"Fear 2000" – 3:21
Personnel
Marco Biagiotti
Yone Dudas
References
2000 albums
Decoded Feedback albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20Horizon |
N.Y.C. The Big Apple (also known as New York City) is an action game written by Russ Segal for the Atari 8-bit family and published by Synapse Software in 1984. Segal previously wrote Picnic Paranoia for Synapse. New York City was ported to the Commodore 64 by Greg Nelson.
As part of a "Double Play" promotion, New York City was sold as part of a two-game combo, with Electrician on the other side of the disk.
Gameplay
The gameplay involves visiting tourist destinations of New York City such as Grant's Tomb and the U.N. building, as well as less important locations such as the automat and bank. Each location consists of a mini-game, accessed by walking, driving or taking the subway in a stylised rendition of Manhattan island.
The game begins in a parking lot somewhere inside a randomly generated city. The player is given a car to drive along the city streets and avoid the other traffic as long as they have gas to spare. If they run out of gas or crash, a tow truck will deliver the vehicle back to the parking lot, and the player must walk from then on. If the player gets run over by a vehicle they are transported to the hospital. Minigames include the subway, where a token must be collected before boarding the train; the Central Park Zoo, where animals must be rounded up; and the automat, where food must be collected before other diners. A clock prompts the player when to search for food and when go on with the next mission. The clock runs from 9am to 5pm, and the goal is to survive New York City for seven days.
References
External links
New York City at Atari Mania
Review in Zzap!64
1984 video games
Commodore 64 games
Atari 8-bit family games
Synapse Software games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City%20%28video%20game%29 |
Contrast fabric is a term used in sewing used to refer to a fabric piece or embellishment made from a different fabric than the main fabric. The term contrast fabric directly contrasts with the term self-fabric.
Contrast fabric is used in certain pattern pieces such as facings and linings to produce design details that stand out from the rest of the garment. It is also used as embellishment, such as in ric rac, piping) or appliqué. For example, to make buttons a design feature, a special type of button is often covered in the contrasting fabric.
Sewing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast%20fabric |
Handgun effectiveness is a measure of the stopping power of a handgun: its ability to incapacitate a hostile target as quickly and efficiently as possible.
Overview
Most handgun projectiles have significantly lower energy than centerfire rifles and shotguns. What they lack in power, they make up for in being small and lightweight, lending to concealability and practicality. Handgun power and the effectiveness of different cartridges are widely debated topics. Experimental research among civilians, law enforcement agencies, militaries, and ammunition companies is constantly ongoing. Factors that can influence handgun effectiveness include handgun design, bullet type, and bullet capabilities (e.g. wound mechanisms, penetration, velocity, and weight).
Factors
Cavitation
Most handgun projectiles wound primarily through the size of the hole they produce, known as a permanent cavity or simply a bullet hole. Rifles are capable of much higher velocities with similar cartridges and add Temporary cavitation for additional lethality. Many handgun bullets move too slowly to cause temporary cavitation, but it may occur if the bullet fragments, strikes inelastic tissue (liver, spleen, kidneys, CNS), or transfers at least of energy into the subject. This last instance usually requires a larger and/or higher velocity projectile than is commonly used with handguns.
Penetration
One factor used to measure a handgun's effectiveness is penetration. The FBI's requirement for all service rounds is penetration in calibrated ballistic gelatin. This generally ensures a bullet will reach the vital human organs from many angles and through many different layers and materials of clothing. Penetration is often argued as the most important factor in handgun cartridge wounding potential outside the skill of the shooter.
Ballistic Pressure Wave/Hydrostatic Shock
There is a significant body of evidence that Hydrostatic shock (more precisely known as the ballistic pressure wave) can contribute to handgun bullet effectiveness.
Recent work published by scientists M Courtney and A Courtney provides compelling support for the role of a ballistic pressure wave in incapacitation and injury.
This work builds upon the earlier works of Suneson et al. where the researchers implanted high-speed pressure transducers into the brain of pigs and demonstrated that a significant pressure wave reaches the brain of pigs shot in the thigh.
These scientists observed neural damage in the brain caused by the distant effects of the ballistic pressure wave originating in the thigh.
The results of Suneson et al. were confirmed and expanded upon by a later experiment in dogs
which "confirmed that distant effect exists in the central nervous system after a high-energy missile impact to an extremity. A high-frequency oscillating pressure wave with large amplitude and short duration was found in the brain after the extremity impact of a high-energy missile ..." Wang et al. observed significant damage in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus regions of the brain due to remote effects of the ballistic pressure wave.
Caliber
Handgun calibers are a frequently discussed and disputed factor in handgun effectiveness. It is generally agreed that most intermediate handgun calibers will yield similar terminal results if using modern, quality ammunition. Caliber selection often can be reduced to balancing a handgun's physical features; weapon size, magazine or cylinder capacity, recoil, and ease of use. These features are all largely determined by the cartridge that the weapon fires. A list of many handgun calibers can be found at List of handgun cartridges.
One-shot stops
The only scientifically proven and biologically possible way to guarantee instant incapacitation is through the destruction of the central nervous system or brain. This will usually cease all motor-related and voluntary actions. If the central nervous system is not damaged or destroyed, there will be no immediate, physiological incapacitation. Since a central nervous system hit is very difficult in a dynamic situation, some people will use expanding ammunition or larger calibers. These can increase the odds of striking a part of the central nervous system.
For example, a popular caliber in the United States is .45 ACP. It is among the largest practical handgun calibers in use, featuring a diameter bullet. With well-made expanding ammunition, a .452 bullet often expands to .70 caliber or larger. With a 9 mm Luger cartridge, the normal .355 bullet may expand to .50 or larger. Theoretically, a larger caliber should cause slightly more dangerous wounds. However, the unpredictable and uncontrolled nature of handgun use outside a laboratory environment makes this difficult to determine.
Other situations where a single shot stops an attacker are most likely psychologically based. The attacker may be surprised that their subject is armed, and could flee without ever being struck. Alternatively, an attacker may be frightened after being shot and decides to disengage rather than press the assault.
See also
Pistol-whipping
References
External links
Ballistics By The Inch Relationship between barrel length and bullet velocity.
Effectiveness
Ballistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun%20effectiveness |
Ann Sanders (born 15 March 1960), is an Australian television journalist and news presenter.
Sanders currently presents Seven Morning News and Seven Afternoon News Sydney.
Career
Sanders began her broadcasting career with SAS-7 in Adelaide, South Australia as a weather presenter before moving to Seven Perth. During this time she won two consecutive (1981/1982) Logie Awards for Most Popular Female Personality in Western Australia. She moved to Sydney in 1983 to join Network Ten as a consumer reporter and news presenter before returning to the Seven Network as a news presenter in 1988.
Sanders joined the national morning news program 11AM in 1990 and travelled to Chernobyl, reporting on the radiation fall-out disaster. Sanders started presenting the weeknight edition of Seven News Sydney in 1995, before being joined by Ross Symonds in 1998 until she moved to weekends in 2004. She stayed until May 2006 when she swapped roles with Chris Bath to present Seven Morning News.
Sanders was in Thredbo at the scene of the landslide disaster in 1997 and collected a Logie Award on behalf of the Seven News team for coverage of the event. Other major stories she has covered include the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in London; the Port Arthur massacre in Tasmania and the Waterfall train disaster. She was also involved in Federal and State election coverages and the Sydney Olympics in 2000 for Seven News.
Sanders previously presented hourly news updates on The Morning Show with Kylie Gillies and Larry Emdur from 2007 until 2015. Ryan Phelan replaced her due to her taking on Seven Afternoon News.
Sanders has filled in for Natalie Barr on Sunrise. She is also a fill-in presenter for Seven News Sydney. She previously hosted the national Seven Afternoon News bulletin at 4pm, before it was replaced by state-based bulletins in 2017. Sanders continues to host the local Sydney edition of this bulletin on Mondays to Thursdays, with Sally Bowrey presenting on Fridays.
Personal life
Sanders is patron of The Children's Music Foundation, is on the women's advisory committee for the National Breast Cancer Centre, and is an ambassador for Osteoporosis Australia.
References
External links
Australian television journalists
Seven News presenters
10 News First presenters
Living people
1960 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Sanders |
Honey Ryder is a male/female British music group, consisting of Lindsay O'Mahony and Sara Eker on vocals, Matt Bishop on rhythm guitar, and Jason Huxley on lead guitar. The band's style of music varies from rock to folk and indie. Originally a duo, they scored two UK top 40 hits in the late 2000s.
Early years
Lindsay O'Mahony and Martyn Shone came together through a mutual friend at MTV. They then spent several years honing their sound with various bands on the London circuit before striking out on to the commercial scene in 2008. O'Mahony was working alongside the likes of Chris Evans, Edith Bowman, Russell Brand and Alex Zane at MTV, whilst Shone was working as a banker in the city and jobbing as a musician.
Recording career
Rising Up was the debut album by the duo and featured 10 tracks, including the singles "Numb", "Fly Away" and "Choices". The album was produced by Jon O'Mahony who had worked with Natasha Bedingfield. The album was mixed by Brad Gilderman (Madonna, Outkast) and Bob Kraushaar (Pet Shop Boys, Robbie Williams). The album was released on CD and for Digital Retail on 22 June 2009. A fourth single, "Love in Time" (a cover of a Roy Orbison song) was released in July 2009.
After the first album, Shone decided to leave the group for personal reasons. They had been working with musician Jason Huxley, who then joined the band officially. Recruiting a third member, they teamed up with guitarist Matt Bishop while working on the second album. Working in Nashville, they came up with what would become their next single "Marley's Chains". This track was also used on the US ABC networked show Body of Proof. The album, also titled Marley's Chains, was released in August 2012. Three further singles were released; "You Can't Say That", "World's Away" and a cover of John Denver's "Annie's Song". However, none of the releases charted in the UK.
In December 2014, Honey Ryder (with the same line-up as the second album) returned with their third album, Born in a Bottle. The first single from it was "Drink With Me" in March 2015.
In September 2022, Honey Ryder announced the addition of Sara Eker to the band as a second vocalist.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Awards and nominations
References
English rock music groups
English pop music groups
English country music groups
Musical groups established in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Ryder%20%28band%29 |
Honesty is Alex Parks' second album, co-written with producers Greg Wells, Alan Branch, John Reynolds and Peter-John Vettese, as well as songwriters Judie Tzuke, Karen Poole and Marcella Detroit. It was released on 24 October 2005.
The lead single "Looking for Water" was released prior to the album as an exclusively internet-download release, and failed to make the charts on downloads alone.
The album received mixed reviews and charted at number 24. There were hopes that a second single, the title track "Honesty", released on 23 January 2006, would revive interest in the album. However, the single received minimal promotion and radio airplay, despite strong video airplay on The Hits and B4, as well as limited distribution, and entered the chart at number 56.
Honesty represents a distinct shift in genre from Parks' first album Introduction, which was clearly in the commercial pop genre. Honesty is predominantly alternative folk pop with some rock and chill out influences, and includes a hidden track, "Tail and All", with a French samba rhythm.
Three very distinctive rock B-sides — "Near Death Experience", "Just Love" and "Black & White" — were released with the two singles from this album.
Track listing
"Lie" - 4:21 (Alex Parks, Alan Branch, John Reynolds)
"Out of Touch" - 4:04 (Parks, Helen Boulding)
"Looking for Water" - 4:05 (Parks, Judie Tzuke, Graham Kearns)
"So Emotional" - 3:59 (Parks, Tzuke, Kearns)
"Lost Without a Name" - 4:13 (Parks, Marcella Detroit)
"Get Out" - 3:49 (Parks, Tzuke, Kearns)
"Honesty" - 3:39 (Parks, Tzuke, Kearns)
"Adore" - 4:45 (Parks, Greg Wells)
"From the Inside" - 4:26 (Parks, Karen Poole, Stephen Lipson)
"Sweeter & Sweeter" - 3:59 (Parks, Wells)
"Truth or Dare" - 6:24 (Parks, Peter-John Vettese, Felix Howard)
"Moment" - 3:11 (Parks, Wells)
"Tail and All" - ~ - 3:36 (hidden track, starts 9 minutes and 26 seconds into Moment)
External links
Allmusic - Alex Parks
Shakenstir - HONESTY album review
musicOHM.com - HONESTY album review
BBC Pop/Chart Reviews - HONESTY album review
Shakenstir - Shepherds Bush Empire gig review, Feb 2006
Shakenstir - Special Awards for 2006, Dec 2006
2005 albums
Alex Parks albums
Albums produced by Stephen Lipson
Albums produced by Greg Wells
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty%20%28Alex%20Parks%20album%29 |
New York State Route 32A (NY 32A) is a state highway in the Hudson Valley region of New York in the United States. It serves as a connector between NY 32 in the town of Saugerties and NY 23A in the town of Catskill. The road allows traffic from the Saugerties area, particularly from the New York State Thruway, to directly reach the interior of the Greene County portion of Catskill Park. The majority of traffic is tourism-oriented, from hikers in summer to skiers bound for Hunter Mountain in winter. If NY 32A did not exist, drivers would have to go several miles out of their way to the intersection of NY 32 and NY 23A.
Route description
NY 32A forks off to the west-northwest from NY 32 at a junction in the Ulster County town of Saugerties, seven miles (11 km) southwest of New York State Thruway exit 20. The two-lane route runs on level ground, although the Catskill Escarpment looms to the west from many open areas. Heading away from NY 32, the first mile (1.6 km) of the route traverses mostly wooded areas, although there are some open fields near the NY 32 intersection. The road soon begins to run along the south side of Kaaterskill Creek, and NY 32A follows the stream across the nearby Ulster–Greene county line and into the hamlet of Palenville.
In Palenville, the highway initially serves a handful of scattered homes on the south bank of Kaaterskill Creek. After several blocks, NY 32A briefly turns northward to cross the creek and reach Palenville's small central business district. Here, the route passes Palenville's fire department before ending at a signalized intersection with NY 23A across from the National Register of Historic Places-listed Rowena Memorial School. The junction lies just east of the Catskill Park Blue Line and NY 23A's long climb up Kaaterskill Clove toward the Catskill High Peaks.
History
The origins of NY 32A date back to the 1920s when the highway was acquired by the state of New York and first improved to state highway standards. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the road became part of the new NY 32, which initially had a gap in the route between Palenville and Cairo. The gap was filled in the early 1940s by a new highway extending from Cairo to a point southeast of Palenville. NY 32 was realigned to bypass Palenville on the new road while its former routing into the hamlet was redesignated as NY 32A.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
032A
Transportation in Ulster County, New York
Transportation in Greene County, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2032A |
Terrance B. Lettsome International Airport , previously known as Beef Island Airport, is the main airport serving the British Virgin Islands, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean. The airport serves as the gateway to just about all of the islands within the BVI. The airport is also a gateway for inter-Caribbean travelers headed to the nearby U.S. Virgin Islands. Many travellers fly into Beef Island, with the intention of taking a ferry to the other smaller British Virgin Islands. The airport is located on Beef Island, a small island off the main island of Tortola, to which it is connected by the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge.
Overview
The Terrance B. Lettsome airport underwent a major $55 million renovation in 2004. After dredging was completed, the runway was expanded to allow larger planes to operate into the airfield. This renovation was the largest capital project ever undertaken in the territory at that time.
Some of the highlights of the renovation and expansion project include:
A new terminal building
An enlarged flight apron
A new control tower
runway extension
New airport road with expanded parking (150 parking stalls)
There is a $20 departure tax for anyone over the age of five years.
The airport houses the BVI Outstation of the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority.
Expansion
In 2016 the Government announced an expansion of the airport to increase the runway size by 2,504 feet. This followed years of speculation and proposals; discussions about expansion and how to finance it were being undertaken in 2014. Although initial reports indicated that the United Kingdom had approved the necessary financial borrowing, later reports suggested that the UK's consent had been withheld in connection with concerns about the financial viability of the project. Under agreed financial protocols, external borrowing by the BVI Government needs to be approved by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
On 27 December 2016 the Government announced that the tender to expand the airport had been won by China Communications Construction Company. The Premier, Orlando Smith, said "Negotiations will now get underway with the preferred bidder with a view to concluding a contractual agreement within three months, which delivers the right outcome for the people of this territory." According to Government, the runway was proposed to be extended from 4,645 feet to approximately 7,100 feet, and would thereby allow mainline jetliner types such as Boeing 737-800 and Airbus A320 aircraft to fly directly to and from the continental United States and Latin America.
However, in June 2017 the Government appeared to confirm that the proposed runway expansion would not be going forward.
In 2019, a Titan Airways-operated Airbus A318-100 jet landed at the airport, which is the largest aircraft ever operated into the airport.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Historically, in 1986 the airport had scheduled passenger jet service operated by British Caribbean Airways, with direct flights to Miami. British Caribbean operated a British Aerospace BAe 146-100 jetliner. This was only jet service operated into Tortola at that time.
The proposed return of jet service to Miami
Thirty years after the short-lived British Caribbean Airways offered jet service to Miami utilizing British Aerospace BAe 146-100 aircraft, Tortola-based BVI Airways announced the start of new nonstop Miami service using Avro RJ100 jet airliners with this aircraft being a later version of the Bae 146 jet. However the new service never flew, and BVI Airways is now presumed to be defunct having laid off all of its staff shortly before Hurricane Irma stuck in 2017.
American Airlines has announced it would initiate a new nonstop jet service between Tortola and Miami on June 1, 2023, with these flights being operated by its American Eagle code sharing affiliate with Embraer 175 regional jets.
Air BVI
Air BVI was an airline based at the airport which operated scheduled passenger service from the early the 1970s to the mid 1990s with Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander and Douglas DC-3 prop aircraft as well as with Hawker Siddeley HS 748 turboprops during its existence. The regional air carrier served Anegada, Antigua, La Romana, Dominican Republic, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, San Juan and Virgin Gorda besides Tortola and also operated a small hub at the airport.
Cargo
Accidents and incidents
On 5 April 1971, a Vinair Douglas C-47 with registration N57372 operating an international cargo flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico crashed upon landing. The aircraft was heavily damaged and was written off.
On 6 May 1993, a Short 330 turboprop operated by Atlantic Air BVI overran the runway and landed in the sea after aborting on takeoff. All passengers and crew survived. The airframe was damaged beyond economic repair and was sunk as a scuba diving site off Great Dog Island.
On 18 July 2018, a private plane crashed after takeoff. The pilot, who was the sole occupant in the plane, died.
See also
Terrance B. Lettsome
References
External links
http://www.bviaa.com
Airports in the British Virgin Islands
Buildings and structures in Road Town | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance%20B.%20Lettsome%20International%20Airport |
Pleymo is a French nu metal band formed by Mark Maggiori, Benoît Julliard, Fred Ceraudo, and Mathias Borronquet in Paris in 1997. Pleymo has sold over 100,000 albums to date. The band's name apparently originates from the lead singer once having a haircut as a child that was similar to that of Playmobil figures.
History
Beginning, Keçkispasse? and record deal (1997–2000)
Pleymo started in 1997 under the name of "Pleymobill", but the name was eventually shortened to the name they have now when the band's lineup expanded to five due to the inclusion of turntablist DJ Frank (Frank Bailleul). The same year, Mathias, the guitarist at the time, exited the band and Erik De Villoutreys eventually replaced Mattias as the guitarist. Little by little the group was growing and then caught the attention of the producer Stéphane Kraemer. On June 15, 1999 they released their first album called Keçkispasse? signed to the label Wet Music.
Epic (a branch of Sony) offered the band a record deal in 2000.
Episode 2 : Medecine Cake (2001–2002)
In 2002, they released Episode 2: Medecine Cake, produced by Fabrice Leyni. Sales of Pleymo's second album topped the 50,000 mark, establishing the band as a major new French band. In August 2002, Pleymo went on to perform at the Summer Sonic Festival in Tokyo and also in Osaka, sharing the stage with major international stars such as The Offspring and No Doubt. With this, they were already well known in Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, UK and also Japan (where they played a lot of concerts in 2002 and 2004). They also released an English version of this album, called Doctor Tank's Medicine Cake, with English lyrics.
In November 2002 the group released a six-track "(Ep)Live", recorded at Les Eurockéennes festival in Belfort.
Rock (2003–2004)
Their third album title, Rock, announced a major change of musical direction, with greater emphasis on melody and vocals. The members of the group stated that this third album was influenced by the work of bands like Pink Floyd and The Smashing Pumpkins. Rock is a concept album about a blind four-year-old boy and his imaginary double.
Sales of Rock topped the 50,000 mark in France and 18,000 in Japan. Pleymo were nominated in the "Best Pop/Rock Album of the Year" category at the "Victoires de la musique" Awards. Some of the band's older fans felt alienated at the perceived change in direction and sound.
In September 2004 recorded a duet with teen pop'n'rock idols Kyo, resulting in the single "On ne changera rien".
Alphabet Prison and hiatus (2005–2007)
On October 9, 2006, they returned with Alphabet Prison, an album that encompasses all that they have done until that date, and has slower and calm songs (Un parfum nommé 16 ans) and heavier songs (Zéphyr, Blockout).
In 2007, they announced that they were going on hiatus. Mark confirmed that in a concert.
Mark was going to Los Angeles, where he was going to film a movie. Franck was going to the EUA to promote his brand Kill.
Benoît was going to play in a new group called Empyr, that has members from Watcha, Vegastar and the former singer of Kyo.
Fred was also going to play in a new group called Hewitt.
Davy was to continue in the group Enhancer.
In 2008, the song "New Wave" from Medecine Cake was released as a downloadable track for the game Rock Band.
Reunion (2017–present)
On March 29, 2017, Pleymo announced their reformation for a Pleymo Revival Tour celebrating the band's 20th anniversary. The first reunion show occurred on March 9, 2018 in their native France.
On February 23, 2018, the group released a limited edition vinyl. 500 copies will be sold out in less than 48 hours.
Influences
Their influences range from Rage Against the Machine to bands like Korn, Deftones and Primus.
Members
Current members
▪ Mark Maggiori(Kemar) - lead vocals (1997-2007, 2017–present), Blue.
▪ Erik De Villoutreys (Riko) - guitars (1998-2007, 2017–present), Green.
▪ Davy Portela (Vost) - guitars (1999-2007, 2017–present), Yellow.
▪ Benoît Juillard (B1) - bass guitar (1997-2007, 2017–present), Red.
▪ Fred Ceraudo (Burns) - drums (1997-2007, 2017–present), White.
▪ Franck Bailleul (Kefran) - turntables, vocals (1998-2007, 2017–present), Black.
The nicknames and colors attribute to the "Medecine Cake" era.
Former members
Mattias Borronquet - guitars (1997-1998)
Matthieu Gibson - guitars (1998)
Timeline
Discography
Keçkispasse? (1999)
Episode 2: Medecine Cake (2002)
Rock (2003)
Alphabet Prison (2006)
Videography
Ce Soir C'est Grand Soir (2005, Live, Double DVD)
Videoclips (music videos)
Blöhm (2000)
New Wave (2001)
United Nowhere (2002)
Divine Excuse (2003)
Rock (2003)
On Ne Changera Rien (2004)
Moddadiction (2004)
Adrenaline (2006)
L'instinct et l'envie (2006)
References
External links
Official website
Royal Artist Club - Official Mobile Blog
New album official website
Official Myspace
Alternative metal musical groups
French nu metal musical groups
Rap metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
1997 establishments in France
Musical groups reestablished in 2017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleymo |
Gahirmatha Beach () is a beach in Kendrapara district of the Indian state of Odisha. The beach separates the Bhitarkanika Mangroves from the Bay of Bengal and is the world's most important nesting beach for olive ridley sea turtles. The beach is part of Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, which also includes the adjacent portion of the Bay of Bengal.
Location
Gahirmatha is the only marine wildlife sanctuary of Odisha. This was notified as such in Government of Odisha, Forest & Environment Department Notification No. 18805/ F&E dated 27 September 1997 and published in the Odisha Gazette, extraordinary No. 1268 dated 17 October 1997. It is located between 86 degrees 45' 57" to 87 degrees 17' 36"- east longitude and 20 degree 17' 32" to 20 degree 45'58" - north latitude. The total area of the sanctuary is 1435.0 km2 which includes 1408.0 km2 of the water body and 27.0 km2 of land mass including reserve forests, mud flats, and accreted sandbars. The core area of the sanctuary consists of 725.50 km2 and the buffer zone accounts for 709.50 km2. The entire sanctuary area comes within the revenue district of Kendrapara.
Olive ridley sea turtles
The Odisha coast has the world's largest known rookery of olive ridley sea turtle. Apart from Gahirmatha rookery, two other masses are there where nesting beaches have been located which are at the mouth of rivers Rushikulya and Devi. The spectacular site of the mass congregation of olive ridley sea turtles for mating and nesting enthralls both the scientists and the nature lovers throughout the world. An event that took place in April 2017 validates this phenomenon. In this month, it was reported by forest officials that at least two lakh (200,000) baby olive ridley turtles have come out of their pits within a span of 24 hours. This news was received well by conservation societies and wildlife lovers. Events like these are expected to last at least a week at the Gahirmatha Beach. That rarity of mass congregation and the cruelty meted out to these innocent marine creatures, paved the way for declaration of the stretch of water body from old lighthouse near Batighar to Maipura river mouth as Gahirmatha (Marine) Wildlife Sanctuary.
Olive ridley sea turtles migrate in huge numbers from the beginning of November, every year, for mating and nesting along the coast of Odisha. Gahirmatha coast has the annual nesting figure between one hundred to five hundred thousand, each year. there has been decline in the population of these turtles in the recent past due to mass mortality. Olive ridley sea turtle has found place in Schedule - I of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (amended 1991). All the species of sea turtles in the coastal water of Odisha are listed as "vulnerable" as per IUCN Red Data Book. The sea turtles are protected under the 'Migratory Species Convention' and CITES (Convention of International Trade on Wildlife Flora and Fauna). India is a signatory nation to all these conventions. The 'Homing' characteristics of the ridley sea turtles make them more prone to mass casualty. The voyage to the natal nesting beaches is the dooming factor for the sea turtles. Since Gahirmatha coast serves as the natal nesting beach for millions of turtles, it has immense importance on turtle conservation.
Food habits
Olive ridley sea turtles feed on marine snails, smaller forms of fish, fish eggs, crustaceans, and jellyfish. The algal material is also used as food by the ridleys. Ridleys generally crush and grind the food materials before intaking.
Migration
The best feeding ground of sea turtles may not be the best nesting ground for them. The sea turtles migrate thousands of kilometers to meet both the ends. It has been observed that olive ridley sea turtles migrate from the coastal water of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean to the coastal water of Gahirmatha in the north. The 'Homing' characteristics and the uncanny ability to orient itself in open sea help the sea turtles to migrate over long distance without getting lost in the vastness of the sea.
Mating
immediately after the arrival of ridley sea turtles in the coastal water of Gahirmatha, they indulge in mating activities. Males mount over the females and are often seen floating on the surface with the intermittent movement of flippers. Sometimes more than one male is seen mounting over one female. The courtship continues for hours unless there is any external threat. A female will continue to mate with several males throughout the breeding season. Mostly the mating pairs are seen off the coast of Ekakula.
Nesting
The mass nesting behavior of olive ridley sea turtles is known as "Arribada". Thousands of female carrying turtles scramble on the nesting beach at Nasi - I & II islands to release the eggs in flask-shaped cavities. The turtles scoop the soft sand to a depth of 45 cm with the help of flippers and release 100 to 180 eggs. Before scampering on to the beach, the turtles survey the nesting ground from the sea and in case they smell and danger, they shun the beach and search for safer breeding ground. The urge to release the egg is so intense that they are so oblivious of the presence of any foreigner, at the time of nesting. Generally, dark nights are preferred by the ridleys for nesting. It has been observed that nesting takes place once the southerly wind starts blowing. The period of emergence and retreat into the sea after nesting takes 45 to 55 minutes. Due to the shrinkage of the nesting beach, overcrowding of turtles is observed during nesting. The eggs which are scooped out by successive nesters is known as "doomed" egg as it would never be able to hatch. Sporadic nesting is also not uncommon. These eggs are mostly damaged by predators. The nesting females emit hissing noise at the time of laying eggs as the intake of oxygen is maximum at that moment. After laying eggs, the female turtle fills up the pit with sand by the flippers and tries to camouflage the pit site. The mother turtle rams the pit with the help of its body's heaviness.
Hatching
The eggs inside the flask-shaped pits, being incubated by the sun and the metabolic heat, hatch after 50 to 60 days. The hatching takes place during the night or in the predawn period to avoid predation by jackals, dogs, and birds. The walls of the pit gradually collapse, thereby allowing the eggs on the lower strata to rise upwards. After the emergence of hatchlings, they immediately head for the open sea. The tiny replicas of turtles are in a frenzy to enter the sea water. This is the most spectacular sight. The hatchlings orient themselves by the reflection of stars on seawater or by the brighter horizon and head en masse towards the sea. The hatchlings swim deep into the sea until they reach the sea current. During this period large-scale mortality of hatchlings take place. It is studied that 1 in 1000 survives. Bigger fishes, ghost crabs or seagulls either predates the hatchlings. Then the period of "lost year" begins.
References
Beaches of Odisha
Bay of Bengal
Environment of Odisha
Marine sanctuaries
Protected areas of Odisha
Turtle conservation
Turtles of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahirmatha%20Beach |
The Planets is an documentary miniseries produced by the BBC and A&E and released in 1999. The series was remastered in 2004. It documents the Solar System and its nature, formation, and discovery by humans during the Space Age. The series of eight episodes includes a substantial amount of archival footage from both the United States and Soviet space programs. It also depicts the Solar System through computer graphics. There were a total of eight episodes produced for the series. The series featured appearances from famous pioneering space scientists and explorers, and was narrated by Samuel West in the original 1999 edition, and Mark Halliley in the 2004 remastered edition.
Episodes
Commentators in episode 1 include Hal Levison, George Wetherill, and David Levy.
Commentators in episode 4 include Apollo 17 Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmidt, while episode 5 features Apollo 12 Commander Charles Conrad and solar physicist Eugene Parker (of whom the NASA Parker Solar Probe was named in tribute), episode 6 retired USAF Colonel and Project Excelsiot pilot Joe Kittinger, and episode 8 Apollo 17 Commander and last human to walk on the Moon Eugene Cernan.
Commentators in episode 5 include Douglas Gough. It also talks about Angelo Secchi who pioneered the field of astronomical spectroscopy.
Other notable commentators include James Van Allen, Sergei Khrushchev (son of Nikita Khrushchev and aerospace engineer), Alexei Leonov, Boris Chertok and Carolyn Porco.
DVD release
The DVD of the series was released on 24 January 2000.
Book
A hardcover book accompanying the series broadcast was released on 22 April 1999. The Planets. David McNab and James Younger. Yale University Press.
External links
References
1999 British television series debuts
1999 British television series endings
1990s British documentary television series
Documentary television series about astronomy
Science education television series
BBC television documentaries about science
English-language television shows
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The Swiss League is the second tier of the main professional ice hockey league in Switzerland, behind the National League. The winners of the league each season plays a best-of-seven series against the bottom team of the NL, and if they win, they are promoted, while the National League team is relegated to the Swiss League.
Prior to the 2017–18 season, the league was formerly called National League B. The league attendance in 2018–19 was about 2,700 spectators.
Current teams
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Forward-Morges HC - withdrawal at the end of the 2005–06 season
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Swiss 1. Liga
References
External links
Swiss Ice Hockey, official site - in French and German
Puck.ch Results of Swiss Ice Hockey - in English, French, German and Italian*
Swiss
Professional ice hockey leagues in Switzerland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20League |
Asimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit. Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae, and Asimina triloba has the most northern range of all. Well-known tropical fruits of different genera in family Annonaceae include the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, and soursop.
The pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree of hardwood forests, which is found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and also hilly upland habitat. It has large, simple leaves with drip tips, more characteristic of plants in tropical rainforests than within this species' temperate range. Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States (not counting gourds, which are typically considered vegetables rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in botany they are classified as fruit).
Pawpaw fruits are sweet, with a custard-like texture, and a flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and pineapple. They are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to make ice cream and baked desserts. However, the bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds contain the potent neurotoxin annonacin.
Names
This plant's scientific name is Asimina triloba. The genus name Asimina is adapted from the Native American (probably Miami-Illinois) name or combining the root terms rassi= “divided lengthwise into equal parts” and min= “seed, fruit, nut, berry, etc.” through the French colonial . The specific epithet triloba in the species' scientific name refers to the flowers' three-lobed calyx (green in photo at right) and doubly three-lobed corollas, the shape not unlike a tricorne hat.
The common name of this species is variously spelled pawpaw, paw paw, paw-paw, and papaw. It probably derives from the Spanish papaya, an American tropical and subtropical fruit (Carica papaya) sometimes also called "papaw", perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits and the fact that both have very large leaves. The name pawpaw or papaw, first recorded in print in English in 1598, originally meant the giant herb Carica papaya or its fruit (as it still commonly does in many English-speaking communities, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa). Daniel F. Austin's Florida Ethnobotany states that:
The original "papaw" ... is Carica papaya. By 1598, English-speaking people in the Caribbean were calling these plants "pawpaws" or "papaws" ... [yet later, when English-speakers settled in] the temperate Americas, they found another tree with a similarly aromatic, sweet fruit. It reminded them of the "papaya", which had already become "papaw", so that is what they called these different plants ... By 1760, the names "papaw" and "pawpaw" were being applied to A. triloba.
Yet A. triloba has had numerous local common names, many of which compare it to a banana rather than to Carica papaya. These include wild banana, prairie banana, Indiana banana, Hoosier banana, West Virginia banana, Kansas banana, Kentucky banana, Michigan banana, Missouri banana, Appalachian banana, Ozark banana, Indian banana, banango, and the poor man's banana, as well as American custard apple, asimoya, Quaker delight, and hillbilly mango.
Due to increased interest in the foraging and locavore food movement during the late 2010s and the COVID-19 pandemic, the pawpaw has been referred to tongue-in-cheek as the "hipster banana".
Several tribes of Native Americans have terms for the pawpaw such as (Pawnee), (Kansa), and (Choctaw).
Description
A. triloba is a large shrub or small tree growing to a height of , rarely as tall as , with trunks or more in diameter. The large leaves of pawpaw trees are clustered symmetrically at the ends of the branches, giving a distinctive imbricated appearance to the tree's foliage.
The leaves of the species are simple, alternate and spirally arranged, entire, deciduous, obovate-lanceolate, long, broad, and wedge-shaped at the base, with an acute apex and an entire margin, with the midrib and primary veins prominent. The petioles are short and stout, with a prominent adaxial groove. Stipules are lacking. The expanding leaves are conduplicate, green, covered with rusty tomentum beneath, and hairy above; when fully grown they are smooth, dark green above, and paler beneath. When bruised, the leaves have a disagreeable odor similar to a green bell pepper. In autumn, the leaves are a rusty yellow, allowing pawpaw groves to be spotted from a long distance.
Pawpaw flowers are perfect, about across, rich red-purple or maroon when mature, with three sepals and six petals. They are borne singly on stout, hairy, axillary peduncles. The flowers are produced in early spring at the same time as or slightly before the new leaves appear, and have a faint fetid or yeasty smell.
The fruit of the pawpaw is a large, yellowish-green to brown berry, long and broad, weighing from , containing several brown or black seeds in diameter embedded in the soft, edible fruit pulp. The conspicuous fruits begin developing after the plants flower; they are initially green, maturing by September or October to green, yellowish green, or brown. When mature, the heavy fruits bend the weak branches down. Full ripening often happens only after the fruit falls naturally, thus signifying a seed dispersal strategy aimed at ground-based, rather than arboreal, mammals.
Other characteristics:
Calyx: Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy
Corolla: Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud; inner row acute, erect, nectariferous; outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity; petals at first are green, then brown, and finally become dull purple or maroon and conspicuously veiny
Stamens: Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle; filaments short; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudinally
Pollen: Shed as permanent tetrads
Pistils: Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens; ovary one-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many
Branchlets: Light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves
Winter buds: Small, of two kinds, the leaf buds pointed and closely appressed to the twigs, and the flower buds round, brown, and fuzzy
Bark: Light gray, sometimes blotched with lighter gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided by shallow fissures; inner bark tough, fibrous; bark with a very disagreeable odor when bruised
Wood: Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy with a specific gravity of 0.3969 and a density of
Longevity of fruit production: Undetermined
Range and ecology
Asimina triloba is a member of the Annonaceae family, commonly referred to as the “custard-apple” or “soursop” family. Annonaceae are a diverse group comprising the single largest family of the order Magnoliales. They are a tropical family consisting of 112 accepted genera with about 2,200 species spread primarily across South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
The pawpaw is an exception to this pattern, as it is the most temperate member of its family. Its range extends as far north as the southern portion of Ontario, Canada. Within the United States, pawpaw is native to the eastern, southern, and midwestern states, ranging from New York westward to southeastern Nebraska, southward to eastern Texas and the panhandle of Florida. The tree is commonly found in the wild within or along the slopes of floodplains and shady, rich bottomlands, but it requires somewhat elevated slopes because it has a deep-reaching taproot.
Hybridization with other Asimina species
The common pawpaw is the largest and most well known of the 13 species of the Asimina genus in North America. Of those 13, 11 prefer very warm weather and have ranges rarely extending northward of Florida or coastal Alabama. Their ranges do not overlap with Asimina triloba.
One southern USA species, Asimina parviflora, does overlap in range with pawpaw. This species is smaller than pawpaw in both its flower and its woody growth. A. parviflora is more shrublike, rarely growing even a third as tall as pawpaw. Genomically verified hybrids of A. triloba and A. parviflora have been classified as Asimina piedmontana.
Pollination
Pawpaw are self-incompatible, meaning pollen cannot fertilize flowers on the same plant. This, coupled with the pawpaw's tendency to form clonal patches can reduce fertilization success. A single patch consisting of many stems may therefore produce no fruit if all stems are genetically identical. Fruitless pawpaw patches have been documented in Ohio.
The floral scent of Asimina triloba has been described as "yeasty," which is one of several features that signify a "beetle pollination syndrome." Other floral features of pawpaw indicative of beetle pollination include petals that curve over the downward-pointing flower center, along with food-rich fleshy bases of the inner whorl of petals. A "pollination chamber" is thereby created at a depth that only small beetles can access during the initial female-receptive stage of floral bloom. As with other well-studied species of Annonaceae, the delay in the shift from female to male floral stage offers beetles a secure, and possibly thermogenic, residence in which not only to feed but also to mate. Receptive stigmas at their arrival, followed by pollen-shedding stamens during pollinator departure, are regarded as an early form of mutualism evolved between plants and insects that is still dominant in the most ancient lineages of flowering plants, including the Magnoliids (of which Annonaceae is the most species-rich taxonomic family).
Beetles are the dominant form of pollinator ascribed for genera and species within the Annonaceae family. However, two species of genus Asimina (Asimina triloba and Asimina parviflora) bear a floral character that has given rise to an alternative hypothesis that carrion or dung flies are their effective pollinators. That floral characteristic is the dark maroon color of the petals. Hence, while no scholarly papers have documented carrion or dung flies as effective pollinators in field observations, the strength of this hypothesis has led to placement of carrion during the bloom time in pawpaw orchards by some horticultural growers.
Professional papers on genus Asimina and its species have warned of the difficulties in discerning whether insects observed on or collected from flowers are effective pollinators or merely casual and thus opportunistic visitors.
A citizen science project in southern Michigan utilized natural history forms of observation, along with video and photo documentation, during a "pawpaw pollinator watch" in May 2021. Two species of tiny sap beetle were reported as the most abundant and the most consistently present insect types at depth within the flowers, and thus as the most likely effective pollinators. The two species are Glischrochilus quadrisignatus and Stelidota geminata. Both are in the taxonomic family Nitidulidae. Nitidulid beetles are described by Clemson University as likely "night flying" pollinators of pawpaw. Larvae and adult beetle stages of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus were also documented by the citizen project on the ground-level side of rotting fruit in a pawpaw orchard in Michigan following the fruit harvest.
Seed dispersal
Until the expansion of humans into North America at the end of the Pleistocene, dispersal of pawpaw seeds would primarily have occurred via the dung of certain megafauna (such as mastodons, mammoths, and giant ground sloths). The fruit of pawpaw is thus recognized as having coevolved with large mammals serving as long-distance seed dispersers.
The megafaunal dispersal syndrome is a common feature of some plants native to the Western Hemisphere, where a large proportion of megafauna went extinct near the end of the glacial episodes. Such fruits are now regarded as evolutionary anachronisms. Their anatomical features, such as seeds too big for today's fruit eaters to swallow and then defecate, means they are no longer well adapted for current ecological conditions.
Another indicator of dispersal adaptation for megafauna is that pawpaw fruit (wild types and most cultivars) tend to remain green or become blotched with brown when at peak ripeness. Mammals (other than primates) rely on olfactory rather than visual clues for discerning ripe fruit, so fruit color is no signal of ripeness for large mammals. An advantage of maintaining green fruit skin throughout the ripening process is that photosynthesis can continue during this time.
Following the extinction of much of the ice age megafauna, bears would have continued dispersing pawpaw seeds in their dung. Hand carrying of fruit and seeds by humans expanding from Asia into North America would have extended the range of long-distance seed dispersal. Humans intentionally continue this role today via horticultural plantings, along with wild plantings as far north as Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. Small mammals, including raccoons, gray foxes, opossums, and squirrels, assist in local movements of seeds.
Interactions with herbivores
Pawpaw defends against herbivory by producing strong-smelling natural toxins known as acetogenins. Pawpaw leaves, twigs, and bark are therefore seldom consumed by rabbits, deer, or goats, nor by insects. However, mules have been seen eating pawpaw leaves in Maryland.
Larvae of the zebra swallowtail (Eurytides marcellus), a butterfly, feed exclusively on young leaves of A. triloba and various other pawpaw (Asimina) species, but do not occur in great numbers on the plants. Chemicals consumed by the caterpillars confer protection throughout the butterflies' lives, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators. A citizen-led project in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is restoring pawpaw along a river for the purpose of encouraging return of the zebra swallowtail. (See image at right.)
Other insects which have evolved the ability to consume pawpaws include Talponia plummeriana, the pawpaw peduncle borer, whose larvae can be found in flowers, and Omphalocera munroei, the asimina webworm, whose larvae mostly feed upon leaves.
Patch-forming clonal growth
Pawpaw is well suited to life as an understory tree. Its large seed enables significant below-ground growth before the above-ground growth needs to access sunlight for photosynthesis. As well, the species is so shade-adapted that propagation of seedlings in nursery and landscape settings may fail if the emerging plants are not protected from direct sunlight.
Patch-forming clonal growth is achieved by way of shallow, horizontally spreading stems (rhizomes). By retaining these interconnections, photosynthates can be shared among the stems (ramets). Stems that access sunlight can grow as tall as 30 feet and will bear the most fruit. Stems that develop under canopy shade tend to curve and bend in quest of sunlight patches, with a greater density of small stems than where the tallest stems have captured the canopy positions.
Pawpaws are not the first to colonize a disturbed site, but because they are capable of growing in deep shade, they can establish from seed beneath mature deciduous trees and then spread into a subcanopy patch. They may even become dominant through time by depriving native canopy trees from re-establishing via seed in a treefall gap, owing to the dense shade within a pawpaw patch. Under such circumstances, the pawpaw subcanopy becomes the forest canopy, albeit at a height half as high as the usual canopy of native trees. Accessing full sunlight, the patch is then capable of producing more fruit.
Shifting dynamics
Pawpaw is predominantly a lowland species associated with moist but well-drained soils. Recently it has been colonizing drier upland forests.
Upslope expansion has been attributed to a lessening of human-set fires within forested habitats of the eastern United States. Unlike common canopy trees such as oaks and pines, pawpaw has no resistance against ground fires. So a reduction in fires has enabled pawpaw, as well as other shade-adapted native trees (including American beech and striped maple), to become more common. As well, because toxins in the bark, twigs, and leaves of pawpaw repel herbivory, forests browsed by overpopulated deer offer pawpaw even more competitive advantages.
Pawpaw exhibits a high tolerance for intense shading, even compared with other shade-adapted species such as striped maple. Pawpaw leaves cast very heavy shade, and this chokes out seedlings and saplings of most canopy species (though not native spring herbs that benefit from the late-leafing habit of pawpaw). This helps pawpaw outcompete rival species and is a contributor to its increased abundance in forests across its range.
Conservation
On a global (range-wide) scale, the common pawpaw (A. triloba) has a NatureServe global conservation rank of G5 (very common). The species is, however, listed for conservation concern in the northernmost parts of its range, owing to the happenstance of where governmental boundaries exist. In the United States, the species has an N5 (very common), but is considered a threatened species in New York, and an endangered species in New Jersey. In Canada, where the species is found only in portions of southern Ontario, it has a rank of N3 (vulnerable), and a NatureServe subnational conservation rank of S3 (vulnerable) in Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has given the species a general status of "Sensitive", and its populations there are monitored.
In areas in which deer populations are dense, pawpaws appear to be becoming more abundant locally, since the deer avoid them but consume seedlings of most other woody plants.
Disease
The genus Asimina exists on only one continent, North America. This gives the pawpaw a distinct advantage in the modern world of transcontinental commerce. In contrast to North American tree genera whose ranges extend into Europe or Asia (notably, chestnut and elm), global horticultural trade is therefore unlikely to introduce diseases that could decimate pawpaw.
As for native disease, the pawpaw fares very well. There are no known disease agents (including insects) that are especially damaging. Consequently, planting of pawpaw for landscaping or fruit production requires little to no attention to disease management.
Habitat restoration
Pawpaws are sometimes included in ecological restoration plantings, as they have many characteristics that make them ideal for repair of riparian ecosystems. The tree’s fondness of wet soil and tendency to multiply clonally to form dense and well-rooted thickets can protect against erosion and runoff. As a native species, pawpaw can be planted on river slopes for erosion control, as introduced species formerly used in the eastern United States for this purpose (such as bamboo and Amur honeysuckle) are now discouraged or prohibited because of their invasiveness. The nonexistent commercial demand of pawpaw timber also protects trees used for ecological reasons from potential future harvest.
In the eastern United States, where large predators are almost entirely lacking, pawpaw is one of the few native subcanopy trees whose bark and leaves are too poisonous for deer to browse. It is therefore a viable species for forest understory restoration in areas where fragmented landscapes, dwellings, and parks status preclude hunting as a population control.
Human uses
Uses other than food
The tough, fibrous inner bark of the pawpaw has traditionally been used by Native Americans and settlers in the Midwest for making ropes, fishing nets, and mats, and for stringing fish. Because the exotic emerald ash borer beetle is destroying black ash trees (Fraxinus nigra) in its native range, a basketmaker in Michigan whose ancestors traditionally used this northern species of ash has begun planting pawpaw seeds as a potential fiber replacement. The planting is occurring several hundred miles north of pawpaw's historically native range, so it is an example of assisted migration of a plant in a time of rapid climate change.
Pawpaw logs have been used for split-rail fences in Arkansas. The hard, brown, shiny lima-bean-sized seeds were sometimes carried as pocket pieces in Ohio. Due to the presence of acetogenins, the leaves, twigs, and bark of pawpaw trees can be used to make an organic insecticide.
Edible fruit
The earliest documented mention of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the Spanish de Soto expedition, who found Native Americans east of the Mississippi River cultivating what some have identified as the pawpaw. The tree's scientific name (Asimina triloba) comes from the Powhatan word Assimina, which a Jamestown settler transcribed in 1612 as “wheat plum". The Lewis and Clark Expedition consumed pawpaws during their travels. Thomas Jefferson planted it at Monticello, his plantation in Virginia. Legend has it that chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington.
Historically, the pawpaw was a commonly eaten fruit throughout its native range. With the advent of motor travel and refrigeration it has been phased out of popularity to the point of obscurity in favor of other commercial fruits.
As described by horticulturist Barbara Damrosch, the fruit of the pawpaw "looks a bit like mango, but with pale yellow, custardy, spoonable flesh and black, easy-to-remove seeds." Wild-collected pawpaw fruits ripen in late August to mid-September through most of their range, but a month later near their northward limit. They have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America, and on occasion are sold locally at farmers' markets.
Pawpaw fruits have a sweet, custard-like flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and cantaloupe, varying significantly by source or cultivar, with more protein than most fruits. Nineteenth-century American agronomist E. Lewis Sturtevant described pawpaws as "a natural custard, too luscious for the relish of most people." Ohio botanist William B. Werthner wrote, "The fruit ... has a tangy wild-wood flavor peculiarly its own. It is sweet, yet rather cloying to the taste and a wee bit puckery – only a boy can eat more than one at a time."
Fresh fruits of the pawpaw are commonly eaten raw, either chilled or at room temperature. However, they can be kept only 2–3 days at room temperature, or about a week if refrigerated. This short shelf life and difficulty shipping whole are a primary barrier to the pawpaws success as a commercial fruit. The easily bruised pawpaw fruits do not ship well unless frozen. Where pawpaws grow, the fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes, with pawpaw substituted with volumetric equivalency in many banana-based recipes.The sweet and creamy fruit is also popular mixed into ice cream or blended into pancakes and other breads.
Nutrition
According to a report from the KSU Pawpaw Program (right table), raw pawpaw (with skin) is 19% carbohydrates, 1% protein, 1% fat, and 79% water (estimated). In a 100-g reference amount, the raw fruit provides 80 Calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (22% DV), magnesium (32% DV), iron (54% DV), and manganese (124% DV). The fruit also contains a moderate amount of vitamin A (11% DV).
Pawpaw fruit is very rich in many minerals and micronutrients compared to most other fruits; apples, oranges, bananas, etc.
Phytochemicals
Pawpaw pulp contains phenolic acids and flavonols, particularly epicatechins and procyanidins. Phytochemical extracts of the bark, leaves, twigs, and seeds contain acetogenins, including the neurotoxin annonacin, as well as other phytochemicals.
Cultivars
Over the years, a variety of cultivars of A. triloba have been developed or discovered, although some have been lost and are no longer available commercially. Most named cultivars derive from the northern parts of the species range.
Kentucky State University (KSU) has a pawpaw research program which seeks to develop methods and varieties to increase the viability of the pawpaw to be grown as a commercial fruit crop.
The named varieties producing large fruit and performing well in Kentucky per research trials are 'NC-1', 'Overleese', 'Potomac', 'Shenandoah', 'Sunflower', 'Susquehanna', 'Wabash', KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell'.
Research
Kentucky State University (KSU) has the only full-time pawpaw research program in the world; it was started in 1990 with the aim of developing pawpaw as a new tree-fruit crop for Kentucky. Pawpaw is the largest edible native fruit in North America and has very few diseases compared to other orchard crops. KSU is the site of the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina species and the pawpaw orchards at KSU contain over 1,700 trees. Research activities include germplasm collection and variety trials, and efforts are directed towards improving propagation, understanding fruit ripening and storage, and developing orchard management practices. Cultivation is best in hardiness zones 5-9 and trees take 7–8 years from seedling to fruiting. KSU has created the three cultivars KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell', with foci on better flavors, higher yields, vigorous plants, and low seed-to-pulp ratios.
Cultivation
Cultivation is best in hardiness zones 5-9 and trees take 7–8 years from seedling to fruiting. Cross-pollination of at least two different genetic varieties of the plant is recommended. Scholarly research is insufficient for horticulturalists to adopt best methods for attracting insect pollinators, as effective pollinators have not yet been distinguished from casual insect visitors. Therefore, some growers resort to hand pollination or use pollinator attractants, such as spraying fish emulsion or hanging chicken necks or other meat near the open flowers to attract carrion-feeding beetles.
Pawpaws have not been cultivated for their fruits on the scale of apples or peaches, primarily because pawpaw fruits ripen to the point of fermentation soon after they are picked, and only frozen fruit stores or ships well. Other methods of preservation include dehydration, production of jams or jellies, and pressure canning (using the numerical values for bananas). Methods of separating seeds from the pulp are still in the experimental phase. Mechanical methods are most efficient, but any splitting or injury of seeds can contaminate the remaining pulp with seed poisons.
Cultivation of pawpaws for fruit production has attracted interest, particularly among organic growers, as a fruit with few to no pests that can successfully be grown in its native environment without pesticides. The commercial cultivation and harvesting of pawpaws is strongest in southeastern Ohio and also being explored in Kentucky and Maryland, as well as various areas outside the species' native range, including California, the Pacific Northwest, and Massachusetts.
The pawpaw is used for landscaping due to its distinctive growth habit, the appeal of its fresh fruit, and its relatively low maintenance needs once established.
Changing perspectives of the general population towards a healthier and environmentally conscious diet has led to increased interest in the pawpaw as food in recent years. Using pawpaw puree as a substitute for other sweeteners and creamers adds micronutrients such as iron and manganese while typically reducing the total sugar content as well as glycemic index of most recipes. If done correctly this will not negatively impact the quality of baked goods or desserts. In a study conducted using pawpaw puree in muffins, the pawpaw muffins were preferred in the blind taste test over the control (sugar) and other sweeteners (apple puree).
Commercial pawpaw production tends to be less intensive than other fruit trees. Pawpaw requires very little pesticide/herbicide, even when planted as a monoculture. Because of its long taproot, pawpaw grows well even in drier upland plantings. Also attractive to fruit growers is its ability to be grown in more northern climates of the eastern United States and southern Canada than commercial fruit species grown primarily in the warmth of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and California.
Propagation
Trees are easily grown from seed. Seeds should not be permitted to dry, as they lose viability if they dehydrate to 5% moisture. The seeds need to be stratified by moist cold storage for 60–100 days at (some publications suggest 90–120 days). They will lose their viability if stored for three years or more; some seeds survive if stored for two years. Germination is hypogeal. This means that the cotyledons remain within the seed coat, acting as a food store for early growth until the plumule emerges from the soil on the epicotyl, or true stem. Because the large seeds contain enough energy to produce a long taproot prior to seeking photosynthetic opportunities above ground, the seed itself will be pushed upward and into the air if shallow planted in standard pots.
Given the 6 to 7 year maturity time and relatively poor success rates for dispersal and germination, it often requires 7 to 10 years for a sapling-to-sapling life cycle to occur for a given individual.
Propagation using cuttings has generally not been successful.
Desirable cultivars are propagated by chip budding or whip grafting onto a root stock. Pawpaw seeds do not grow "true to type" — each individual seed in a fruit is genetically different from the others and from its parent tree. Purchased cultivars do not produce seeds true to type, either, which is why cultivars are all grafted trees. Root sucker seedlings, however, are all genetically identical to their host.
Commercial nurseries usually ship grafted cultivars in containers. Other nurseries, such as the Kentucky Division of Forestry, ship bareroot seedlings for reforestation projects and area homeowners.
Harvesting small stems within a wild pawpaw patch is usually unsuccessful because most are clones of (and still connected to) adjacent stems and therefore lack fully developed roots.
Cultural significance
Old song
A traditional American folk song portrays wild harvesting of pawpaws; Arty Schronce of the Georgia Department of Agriculture gives these lyrics:
He notes that "picking up pawpaws" refers to gathering the ripe, fallen fruit from beneath the trees, and that the "pocket" in the song is that of an apron or similar tie-on pocket, not a modern pants or blue-jeans pocket, into which pawpaws would hardly fit. A "pawpaw patch" refers to the plant's characteristic patch-forming clonal growth habit.
Place names
The pawpaw is the basis for various place and school names in the United States, almost all using the older spelling variant "paw paw".
The Paw Paw Tunnel on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in Maryland is a 3118-foot (950-m) canal tunnel completed in 1850 to bypass about 5 miles of the 6-mile-long Paw Paw Bends of the Potomac River near the town of Paw Paw, West Virginia, all ultimately named after the pawpaw tree.
In Michigan, the Paw Paw River is named for the pawpaw trees that grew along its banks. Paw Paw Lake and Little Paw Paw Lake are both tributaries to the river. The town of Paw Paw, Michigan, is located at the junction of two branches of the Paw Paw River. The Paw Paw Railroad (1857–1887) operated a 4-mile (6.4-km) rail line between Lawton and Paw Paw, in Van Buren County, Michigan.
The village of Paw Paw, Illinois, was named after a nearby grove of pawpaw trees.
The community of Paw Paw, Indiana, in Miami County, and Paw Paw Township in DeKalb County and Paw Paw Township in Wabash County are all named after groves of native pawpaw trees.
Paw Paw, Kentucky, a community in easternmost Kentucky, was named after the native fruit tree.
The (now empty) town of Paw Paw, Missouri, was named after the trees.
Art
Nineteenth-century naturalist and painter John James Audubon included pawpaw foliage and fruits in the background of his illustration of the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) in his classic work, The Birds of America (1827–1838).
Pawpaw fruits and a pawpaw leaf are featured in the painting Still Life with Pawpaws (circa 1870–1875) by Edward Edmondson, Jr. (1830–1884), at the Dayton Art Institute in Dayton, Ohio.
The Paw Paw is mentioned in the song "Bear Necessities" from the movie "The Jungle Book" : "Now when you pick a paw-paw or a prickly pear And you prick a raw paw, well, next time beware Don't pick the prickly pear by the paw When you pick a pear try to use the claw But you don't need to use the claw When you pick a pear of the big paw-paw Have I given you a clue?"
Other
The third Thursday in September has been designated as National Pawpaw Day by the National Day Calendar. It was announced on September 19, 2019, at Kentucky State University's monthly sustainable agriculture workshop, the Third Thursday Thing.
The pawpaw was designated as Ohio's state native fruit in 2009.
Since 1999, the Ohio Pawpaw Growers' Association has sponsored an annual Ohio Pawpaw Festival at Lake Snowden, near Albany, Ohio.
Since 2012, Delaware's Alapocas Run State Park has hosted an annual Pawpaw Folk Festival featuring tastings of the fruit.
The larva of the Pawpaw sphinx moth feeds on pawpaw leaves.
Since 2019, the pawpaw has been the official state fruit tree of Missouri.
The endangered Missouri variety of French is known by outsiders and some native speakers as "Paw-Paw French."
References
Further reading
External links
Kentucky State University Pawpaw Program
The Pawpaw: Foraging For America's Forgotten Fruit''
triloba
Crops originating from North America
Edible fruits
Fiber plants
Medicinal plants of North America
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of the North-Central United States
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the Southern United States
Trees of Ontario
Trees of the South-Central United States
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Trees of the United States
Fruit trees
Fruits originating in North America
Trees of North America
Trees of the Eastern United States
Trees of Canada
Trees of Eastern Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina%20triloba |
Colin Fickes ( ) is an American actor known for his recurring roles in One Tree Hill and Dawson's Creek.
Early life
Fickes was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. He attended Broughton High School, where he was a classmate of Nick Karner and actress Aubrey Dollar.
Career
He is best known as high school teenager Jimmy Edwards on the hit series One Tree Hill. In one of the series' most notable episodes, the character committed suicide after bringing a gun to his school Tree Hill High, resulting in a hostage situation.
Fickes also appeared in the 2007 film Transformers. Additionally, he has appeared in several other feature films and made guest television appearances, including a recurring role on Dawson's Creek. In 2007, he appeared in The Go-Getter alongside Lou Taylor Pucci, Zooey Deschanel and Jena Malone.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Male actors from North Carolina
Actors from Raleigh, North Carolina
Needham B. Broughton High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Fickes |
The Battle of Ko Chang took place on 17 January 1941 during the Franco-Thai War in which a flotilla of French warships attacked a smaller force of Thai vessels, including a coastal defence ship. The battle resulted in a tactical victory by the French Navy over the Royal Thai Navy although the strategic result is disputed. The Japanese intervened diplomatically and mediated a ceasefire which was in Thailand's favor as all disputed territories in French Indochina were ceded by Vichy France to Thailand.
In the end, two Thai ships were sunk and one was heavily damaged. Within a month of the engagement, the French and the Thais negotiated a peace which ended the war.
Background
Situation
The Franco-Thai War was going quite poorly for the French land forces, who were ill-equipped to deal with the larger Thai Army.
The French Governor General of Indochina and Commander-in-Chief Naval Forces, Admiral Jean Decoux, decided Indochina's best chance at stopping the incursions would be attempt a naval attack on the Thailand's fleet and coastal cities. This would clear the way for bombardment missions to support a counter-offensive along the Cambodian frontier.
Thai Navy
Although comparatively small, the Royal Thai Navy had been modernized with the recent acquisition of vessels from both Japan and Italy. The major units of the fleet included two Japanese-built armored coast defence vessels, which displaced and carried 8-inch (203 mm) guns, two older British-built armored gunboats with 6-inch (152 mm) guns, 12 torpedo boats, and four submarines.
In addition, the Royal Thai Air Force had on its rosters over 140 aircraft, including relatively modern Mitsubishi Ki-30 (Allied reporting name "Ann") light bombers, which saw extensive service against the French during the war. These aircraft were quite capable of disrupting any French naval operation which might be mounted. Other less capable aircraft in the Thai inventory included P-36 Hawk fighters, 70 Chance-Vought O2U-2 Corsair biplanes, six Martin B-10 bombers, and several Avro 504 trainers.
French Navy
Admiral Jean Decoux formed a small squadron called the Groupe Occasionnel (ad hoc group) on 9 December 1940 at Cam Ranh Bay, north of Saigon. In command he placed Capitaine de Vaisseau Régis Bérenger.
The squadron consisted of:
the light cruiser : a light cruiser built in 1923. The ship was fast but poorly armored.
the modern avisos and . Those ships were especially designed for colonial service and could embark a company of infantry. They were very lightly armed and without armor.
the older avisos Tahure and Marne.
There was no air cover, except for nine Loire 130 seaplanes based at Ream, which provided reconnaissance. Additional scouting was done by three coastal survey crafts, and intelligence gleaned from local fishermen.
Plan of attack
Bérenger's squadron began training manoeuvres in Cam Ranh Bay shortly after assembling. On 13 January 1941, Admiral Decoux formally requested that Bérenger lead the squadron against the Thai Navy to support a land offensive planned for 16 January. The land action was meant to force back the Thai ground forces that had been advancing along the coast. Because of the disparate speeds of the French ships, Bérenger sent the slower sloops on ahead, while he remained in Saigon to complete the final elements of the plan.
Several options were being prepared, the Admiralty in France having given its approval to use naval forces to support the army. The final planning meeting on 13 January saw an immediate delay in the execution for 24 hours. Once the plans were completed, Bérenger sailed in Lamotte-Picquet. The delay in starting the operation allowed him to refuel at Cape St. Jacques before his rendezvous with the slower ships at 16:00 on 15 January, north of Poulo Condore.
Admiral Decoux's order were simple: "Attack the Siamese coastal cities from Rayong to the Cambodian frontier to force Siamese government to withdraw its forces from the Cambodian frontier". On the evening of 15 January, following a last conference on board the flagship, the squadron weighed anchor at 21:15 and closed the Thai coast at , the top speed of the sloops. The French ships remained undetected as they entered the Gulf of Siam, but their quarry was not as fortunate. The Loire 130s from Ream had completed a sweep of the coast from Trat to Sattahip. They had sighted one coastal defence ship and one torpedo boat at Ko Chang, and one gunboat, four torpedo boats, and two submarines at Sattahip.
Their report was forwarded to Marine Headquarters in Saigon, who re-transmitted it to the Lamotte-Picquet. Bérenger considered his options and decided on a dawn attack against the Thai ships at Ko Chang. He ignored Sattahip because the sloops would not be able to reach it until later in the day, when the element of surprise would already have been lost. Also, the strength of Sattahip's harbour defences was unknown. The Thai Naval force at Ko Chang was weaker and thus offered a better chance of victory.
Bérenger approached Ko Chang at dawn from the southwest. Because the anchorage was surrounded by islands and islets, many over high, the squadron would separate and use the cover of the islands to concentrate fire on portions of the Thai squadron, while also covering all the avenues of escape. The easternmost channel was the most likely route by which a breakout would be made. It was the most suitable route and where the reconnaissance had placed the largest Thai ships. The Lamotte-Picquet would head to the eastern side of the anchorage to block the route, while the sloops blocked the center and pounded the Thai ships there. The smaller French ships would concentrate to the west.
Battle
The French squadron closed on the anchorage at 05:30 on 17 January. At 05:45, they split into the three groups as planned, the Lamotte-Picquet heading for the eastern part of the anchorage, Dumont d'Urville and Amiral Charner continuing to the central position, and the Tahure and Marne heading for the western side. Conditions were perfect. The weather was fine, the seas calm and almost flat. Sunrise was at 06:30, and the scene was lit only by the first rays of light on the horizon and by the dim moonlight.
A final aerial reconnaissance of the target area had been arranged, using one of the Ream-based Loire 130s. The Lamotte-Picquet carried two such aircraft, but these could not be launched due to catapult problems. At 06:05, the Loire 130 overflew the anchorage and reported two torpedo boats. This came as a nasty surprise to the French. Previous reports led them to believe that only one was present, but during the night HTMS Chonburi had arrived to relieve the HTMS Chantaburi, which was to return to Sattahip later that day for repairs.
Once their presence had been passed to the Lamotte-Picquet, the aircraft attempted a bombing attack, but were driven off by a heavy barrage of anti-aircraft fire. The effect of this mission was double edged. The French were now aware of what they faced, but the element of surprise had been wasted and thirty minutes remained until sunrise. Caught with their crews asleep, the Thai ships desperately began to raise steam and prepared to slip their anchors. However, both torpedo boats were soon sunk by heavy gunfire from the Lamotte-Picquet. The cruiser also destroyed a shore observation post, preventing the Thai from quickly relaying information to their air forces at Chantaboun.
[[File:Diorama shown inside HTMS Thonburi during the Battle of Koh Chang (2).jpg|left|thumb|Reproduction scene of the HTMS Thonburi'''s bridge during the Battle of Ko Chang, National Memorial, Lam Luk Ka District, Pathum Thani Province]]
At 06:38, lookouts on the Lamotte-Picquet spotted the coastal defence ship heading northwest, at a range of . A running battle began, with the fire of both ships frequently blocked by the towering islets. The fire from the Thai ship was heavy, but inaccurate. By 07:15, fires could be seen on the HTMS Thonburi, which then found herself engaging not only by the cruiser but also the sloops. At the beginning of the engagement, a lucky shot from the Lamotte-Picquet killed the captain of the Thonburi, Commander Luang Phrom Viraphan, and disrupted her operations. Believing they had a better chance of hurting the smaller French ships, the Thais shifted their fire onto the Amiral Charner, which soon found 8-inch (203 mm) salvoes falling around her.
The Thonburi shifted fire back to the Lamotte-Picquet after a salvo from the French cruiser put her aft turret out of action. She soon reached the safety of shallow water, which the French ships could not enter for fear of grounding, but the Thonburi was already burning fiercely and listing heavily to starboard. Her remaining turret was jammed and could not fire unless the manoeuvres of the ship put it in an appropriate position. At 07:50, the Lamotte-Picquet fired a final salvo of torpedoes at , but lost sight of the Thonburi behind an island from which she was not seen to emerge.
At 08:40, Bérenger ordered the squadron to head for home, but this coincided with the start of the expected Thai air attacks. Thai planes dropped several bombs close to the Lamotte-Picquet and scored one direct hit; however, the bomb failed to explode. The Lamotte-Picquets anti-aircraft guns put up a vigorous barrage and further attacks were not pressed home. The final raid occurred at 09:40, after which the French squadron returned to Saigon.
Aftermath
The French left behind them a scene of total devastation. The Thonburi was heavily damaged and grounded on a sand bar in the mouth of the Chanthaburi river, with about 20 dead. The Thai transport HTMS Chang arrived at Ko Chang shortly after the French departed and took the Thonburi in tow, before purposefully running her aground again in Laem Ngop. The ship capsized in the shallow waters.
The torpedo boat Chonburi was sunk with a loss of two men, as was the HTMS Songkhla with fourteen dead. The survivors were rescued by the torpedo boat HTMS Rayong, the minelayer HTMS Nhong Sarhai, and the fishery protection vessel Thiew Uthok. These three ships, which had been sheltering to the north of Ko Chang, wisely chose not to break cover and were not spotted by the French. On the other hand, the French sailors were elated, believing they had inflicted a decisive defeat while not suffering losses of significance, with only 11 men killed.
The French did not have the time to capitalize on their success. Fearing that any further action by the French might turn back the Thai invasion, the Japanese government offered to mediate a peaceful settlement. The agreement ultimately confirmed the Thai annexations of the territory they had lost to France in the late-19th century. However, even this interim of peace did not last long, as the Imperial Japanese Army invaded Thailand in December of that year as part of its attempt to capture British Malaya. At the conclusion of World War II, Thailand was forced to return all of its short-lived gains to French Indochina.
The Thonburi was later raised by the Royal Thai Navy. She was repaired in Japan and was used as a training ship until she was finally decommissioned. Her guns and bridge are preserved as a memorial at the Royal Thai Naval Academy at Samut Prakan.
During the post-action investigations, the Thai Navy claimed, based on statements by Thai sailors and the fisherman around Ko Chang and merchantmen in Saigon, that heavy damage was seen to have been caused to the Lamotte-Picquet and her squadron. The report claimed the crew of the Lamotte-Picquet spent all of the following night repairing the damage. Such claims are not mentioned in any French documentation, nor in the ships' logs.
See also
Military history of France
Military history of France during World War II
List of French wars and battles
Notes
References
Further reading
Romé, Contre-Amiral Paul, Les oubliés du bout du monde: Journal d'un marin d'Indochine de 1939–1941'' 1998. Danclau, Dinard, France.
External links
La bataille de Koh Chang, netmarine.net
Battle of Ko Chang
1941 in France
1941 in Thailand
Naval battles of World War II involving France
Battles of the Franco-Thai War
Naval battles involving France
Naval battles involving Thailand
World War II naval operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre
Conflicts in 1941
January 1941 events
1941 in Southeast Asia
Battles involving France
Battles involving Thailand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Ko%20Chang |
The 2006 AFC Cup was the third edition of the AFC Cup. Al-Faisaly from Jordan became the first side to win the competition two years in a row.
Qualification
The 'developing' 11 nations in the Asian Football Confederation were invited to nominate one or two clubs to participate in the 2007 competition. 2005 winners, Al-Faisaly qualify to the group stage.
Bahrain are relegated AFC Cup.
Group stage
Matchday dates are: 7 and 21 March, 11 and 25 April, 5 and 16 May 2006
Group winners and 2 best runners-up qualify for quarter-finals
Group A
Matches:
Group B
Matches:
Group C
Matches:
Group D
Matches:
Group E
Matches:
Group F
Matches:
Best runners-up
Team in group of 4, result to bottom of the group uncounted.
Knockout stage
Bracket
Quarter-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Semifinals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
References
2
AFC Cup seasons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20AFC%20Cup |
Kendrapara is a Town and a municipality in the Kendrapara district of the Indian state of Odisha. It is the headquarters of Kendrapara district.
Geography
Kendrapara is located at . It has an average elevation of . It is surrounded by Bhadrak, Jajpur, Cuttack and Jagatsinghpur districts and the Bay of Bengal to the east.
The river Chitroptala (a branch of the Mahanadi) flows through Kendrapara district. Other rivers in Kendrapara include the Luna, the Karandia, the Gobari, the Brahamani, the Birupa, the Kani, the Hansua, the Baitarani, the Kharasrota, and the Paika. This district has 9 blocks, which are Aul, Derabish, Garadpur, Mahakalapada, Marshaghai, Kendrapara, Rajanagar, Rajkanika, Pattamundai.
Transport
To reach Kendrapara one can take the Jagatpur-Salipur state highway SH9A or National Highways No.16 and 53. Kendrapara is a two and a half hour drive from Bhubaneswar Airport on the National Highway 16 and State Highway 9A. The nearest railway station is at Cuttack, which is 54 kilometres from the Kendrapara township on State Highway 9A.
Demography
As of the 2011 Indian census, Kendrapara district has a population of 1,439,891, roughly equal to the nation of Eswatini or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a population ranking of 344th in India (out of a total of 640 districts). The district has a population density of 545 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,410 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 10.59%. Kendrapara has a sex ratio of 1006 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 85.93%. The mother tongue of most of the residents of Kendrapara is Oriya (Odia). However, there is also a sizable population of Bangla and Urdu speakers. Hindi and English are also widely understood.
Hindus encompass the majority of the population. There is a substantial Muslim minority.
Most of the residents of Kendrapara are farmers. Some do business and some fish in the rivers and the Bay of Bengal. Some people also grow prawn near the sea shore, as it is profitable. Many small-scale industries are appearing in the area and bringing job opportunities.
Culture
The Baladevjew Temple is located in Kendrapara district of Odisha. A Chariot Festival, or Rath Yatra, is held in the month of Ashadha(June/July) every year. The chariot of Lord Baladevjew is known as Brahma Taladhwaja and is considered the biggest chariot of its type in the world.
The Gajalaxmi puja on Kojagari Purnima or Kumar Purnima Durga Pujaat Amruta manohi village is celebrated in the month of October, and Kartikeya Puja and Maa Kali Puja at Olaver are held in November each year. Gajalaxmi puja is a big festival in Kendrapara and is celebrated for 7 days.
Maa Basanti Durga Puja in Basupur has been one of the region's most famous festivals for over 80 years. The Oriya sweet dish, Rasabali, originated in Kendrapara. Kendrapara is also known as Tulasi Ksherta (as Tulasi, different from basil tulsi, the wife of Lord Balabhadra) and Gupta Kshetra (Lord Balabhadra wished to stay here secretly). Different types of prasad prepared and used in Baladevjew Temple are Rasabali, Potali Pitha, Magaja Ladoo, Kakaraa, Khaja, Karanji, Chhena Kheeri, Ghanabrata, Dahipakhala, Khiri, and Puri.
One of the most popular festivals, Kartikaswar Puja, is held on the banks of the Luna at Kalapada Kendrapada. It has also been known as the Kendrapada Boita Bandhana Utchav ingratiation every year since 2005.
Tourist Places
Bhitara Kanika
Bhitarakanika is covered in deep mangrove forests and saline rivers. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary on 21 April 1975. It is known as a natural crocodile breeding ground. Other animals like deer, wild boar, monkeys, monitor lizards, pythons, and king cobra are also found here. The national park has an area of around 145 square kilometres. It is 160 kilometers away from the state capital of "Bhubaneswar".
Batighar is the location of the first lighthouse on the Eastern coast of India. It is situated on the bank of the Kharinasi River. The height of the lighthouse is 125 feet. Construction of the lighthouse was started on 6 December 1836 and it was lighted on 16 October 1837.
Kanika Palace is a massive palace constructed by the King of Kanika. It was constructed on an area of 4 acres of land and height of the structure is of 75 feet. It is situated in Rajkanika Block.
Aali Palace is situated near Aul Township. It is an ancient palace spread over 40 acres of land.
Lakhmi Varaha Temple is a 500-year-old Indian temple dedicated to Varaha, the boar incarnation of Vishnu. The temple is located in Aul. The temple is about one kilometer away from the center of Tehsil Aul, which is situated about 146 km from the state capital of Bhubaneswar. It is 17 km from Pattamundai and 38 km from Kendrapara.
Garteswar Temple is situated at Gosigan near Rajnagar, Kendrapara. It is an ancient Shiv temple.
Shri Dadhivaman temple is a 14th-century-old Jaganath temple worshipped by Srila Bhakti Vinod Thakur's forefather Krishnananda.
Sakhibata is a 500-year-old banyan tree at Sakhibata in Kendrapara district. The large tree, spread across 1.3 acres of land with about 600 trunks and sub-trunks, has been granted tourist spot status by the state government following active tourism in the area throughout the year. District Tourist Officer Bijoy Kumar Mohanty stated that funds had been sanctioned for building tourism infrastructure. The banyan tree withstood the devastation of the 1999 Super Cyclone. A 200-year-old temple is still intact at the spot, a reminder of the location's historic importance.
Badakotha is an old building near the Kendrapara bus stand. It used to be the only 2 floor building in Radhashyam Narendra.
Harihar Kshetra, Mahala is a famous temple situated at Mahala of Bangalpur GP in the Garadpur Block.
"Sri Chhualia Shakti Peeth" is a tourist attraction and shrine in Pattamundai block. It is equidistant from the nearest towns of Kendrapara and Pattamundai (12 km). The attraction is surrounded by Sahada trees. Other trees like Kadamba, Krushnachuda, Panihenduli, Ashosth are also available here. Maa, the deity, takes nonvegetarian food offerings (bhoga) such as fish. However, meats and wine are strictly prohibited. Dola Melan, Raja, Panchuka, Biswasanti Mahayajnya, Asta Prahar Namayajnya are the main yearly festivals of this Peeth.
Hukitola is a storm proof bunker constructed on Jamboo island by British, led by Captain Harris. It consists of 11 large size and 9 small size chambers.
Eka Kula is a unique island in Kendrapara, which can be reached via bike during low tide and via boats from Jambu.
There are many picnic spots in and around Kendrapara. Paradeep is a 20–30 km drive from Kendrapara.
Most popular Udaya Giri & Ratna Giri is a 10–15 km drive from Kendrapara. Mainly Budhu Murti and Budhu pratima are conserved there.
There also a picnic spot called Sakhi Bata situated near the Luna River.
The Lord Mahaveer temple is located at new Chandan Pokhari, Ichhapur, Kendrapara.
Pentha is situated in between the rivers Chitrotpala & Luna (Karandia). It's only 12 km from Kendrapara township and 5 km from Patkura. Direct buses are available from Cuttack to Pentha. The village is known for the Maa Sata Bhauni Temple (among the most ancient temples of Odisha), which is situated in the middle of the village, and Maa Kharakhai (Goddess Dhumabati), Gopinathjew Temple, Ram Mandir, Sarala Mandir, Tarini Temple, Hanumanjew Temple, and Nilakantheswar Temple. The Sandhha Nacha (in the memory of Sandha Raja of Kunjang Garh) is celebrated at Dola Purnima. The Rama Charita Manas & Parayan is celebrated for 9 days of every year on the occasion of Lord Hanuman's birthday. Pentha is also the birthplace of the poet and writer Kabibar Parida.
Sialiaa is situated in the Rajkanika block. The main attraction of this village is that there are no doors in the houses of the villagers.
Ma Patharakani Temple is situated at the SH-9A Main Road near Gogua Market, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kendrapara. It is situated between Kendrapara and Pattamundai.
Education
There are many schools and colleges in Kendrapara. Kendrapara Autonomous College, situated in Kendrapara town is the largest college of higher education in the district. Other institutions include Pattamundai College, Sailendra Narayan College in Rajkanika, and Kendrapara High School (the oldest high school in the district, established in 1863). The second oldest high school in the district is R. N. High School Rajkanika, which was established in the year 1918.
Notable people
Kendrapara has produced a number of well-known personalities like astronomer, mathematician, and writer Suskhma Sphuta Siddhanta Pandit Sri Gokulananda Routroy (1947–2009), Pandit Binod Behari Dash, media personalities like Itishree Nayak (Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavana Award for Electronic Media Oriya 2006). Another notable person from this area is Dr. Prafulla Kumar Behera, one of the scientists involved in the development of silicon pixel detectors, which played a big part in the success of the Higgs Boson experiment. Dr Mahendra Tripathy, Chief Consultant Cardiologist at CARE Hospital, Bhubaneswar is from Kendrapara.
Politics
Kendrapara is part of Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency). Its current Member of Parliament is Anubhav Mohanty. The three major political parties in the Kendrapara Assembly and Parliament are the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Biju Janata Dal and the Indian National Congress Party.
Politics has remained within local parties since the 1970s. Kendrapara has played a crucial role in Odisha's politics, producing leaders like Member of Parliament Rabi Ray, the Speaker in Loksabha, and Biju Patnaik, former Chief Minister of Odisha.
The current MLA from Kendrapara Assembly Constituency is Sashi Bhusan Behera from BJD, who won the seat in state elections of 2019.
Previous MLAs of this seat include:
Kishore Tarai of BJD in 2014
Sipra Malick of BJD in 2009
Utkal Keshari Parida of OGP in 2004
Bed Prakash Agarwalla representing BJP in 2000, representing JD in 1990, and representing JNP in 1977
Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty of INC in 1995 and in 1985
Indramani Rout of INC (I) in 1980
References
Cities and towns in Kendrapara district
Port cities in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrapara |
The Metropolitan Cathedral Church of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Francis of Assisi is the main ecclesiastical building of the Catholic Church in Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico. It is considered perhaps the finest example of colonial architecture in northern Mexico and it was built between 1725 and 1792. The cathedral is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chihuahua. the archbishop was Constancio Miranda Weckmann.
Style and architecture
The building is situated on the Plaza de Armas. It is designed in the Spanish Baroque style, and is in the form of a latin cross, with a dome above the crossing.
The façade is interesting in that it involves the use of solomonic columns which were not widely used in New Spain at the time. It has an octagonal window that was shipped from Germany and is considered a fine specimen of the glassmakers art. In addition, the front contains a collection of monuments celebrating the twelve apostles, with a clock above, crowned with the sculpture of an angel that was added in the 19th century. The royal Spanish coat of arms occupied the area below the angel, but was removed by architect José Félix Maceira in 1874 and the clock, which was acquired in London, was added, giving the façade its present appearance.
The nave is divided from the ambulatories by arches which support the massive ceiling, and has a fine baptistry chapel on the right, or north side, just inside from the narthex. Directly opposite, on the south side, inside the Chapel of Christ of Mapimí, is the tomb of St Peter of Jesus Maldonado, a priest and martyr who was ordained in the Cathedral Parish of Saint Patrick in El Paso, Texas, and canonised by Pope John Paul II in 2000. The chapel is decorated with an 18th-century retablo, or reredos containing a venerated image of Christ, in which Primitive and Baroque elements are mingled. The chancel contains an unusual double altar, in which a smaller altar of Carrara marble was incorporated into the existing larger one of local quarry stone, after the church was built. The organ in the east gallery was built in 1885 by Hook and Hastings, Op. 1244 (2 manuals, 18 registers), and rebuilt and expanded by E F Walcker & Cie. in 1960. The Hook and Hastings instrument had, in turn, replaced a George Jardine organ that was built in 1837, and rebuilt by Jardine in 1869.
The Blessed Sacrament Chapel, of baroque and rococo design, is reached by a door in the south side of the nave. The sculpture above the entrance depicts Our Lady of Regla and her supplicants, Ss Francis of Assisi and Rita of Cascia, the patrons of the city, above the Hebrews Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in the fiery furnace (see illustration below). The Sacred Art Museum is located in the crypt, adjacent to the tombs of the past prelates of the archdiocese. It displays a collection of paintings by such known Colonial-era artists as Miguel Cabrera, José de Alcíbar, José de Páez and Antonio de Torres; portraits of Pope John Paul II and the prelates of Chihuahua are represented as well. The throne that the Pope used during his 1990 Mass in Chihuahua and the large and ornate former archbishops cathedra and canopy are on display, as are contemporary paintings of the cathedral and several life-sized statues of the saints, some of which are two centuries old.
History
Originally, Sergeant-Major Don Juan Antonio Trasviña y Retes, one of the leading Spanish citizens of the village, donated the land for the first church in the villa, where the cathedral would later stand.
The first stone was placed on 21 June 1725 by the Bishop of Nueva Vizcaya in Durango, Don Benito Crespo y Monroy (in those times, Chihuahua depended religiously upon, and was a part of, the Diocese of Durango.) The church was paid for with local commercial donations and by mine owners in the city and in Santa Eulalia, a pueblo to the east, and also by a tax of one real on each mark of silver that was mined in the province.
The first superintendent of construction was Pedro Coronado, followed by Miguel de la Sierra and then Master Architect José de la Cruz, who finalised the plans, and was buried in the church upon his death in 1734. Others followed until Architect Bernardo del Carpio began the construction of the towers in 1758. The bells had been cast in 1730, and were placed in the newly completed towers in 1780, directed by Superintendent Melchor Guaspe.
Construction of the church was completed in 1792. The building was slightly damaged during the French intervention in Mexico, repaired, and was designated a cathedral on 23 June 1891, with the erection of the Chihuahua diocese from the Diocese of Durango. At that time, the new diocese was responsible for the faithful throughout the entire state. Chihuahua was elevated to the status of an archdiocese on 22 November 1958 and now is the metropolitan archdiocese for five suffragan dioceses in the state of Chihuahua.
In 1910, with the commemoration of the century of the Independence of Mexico, the cathedral was decorated with lights. It was not until 2005 when the cathedral was illuminated again, this time permanently. In October 2008 celebrating the upcoming tricentenary of the city of Chihuahua, a lights display show took place at the cathedral.
Other photographs
Notes
External links
Official Cathedral of Chihuahua website (Spanish)
Gob.mx: Cathedral of Chihuahua (Spanish)
Archdiocese of Chihuahua website (Spanish)
Organsociety.org: Chihuahua Cathedral's pipe organ
Chihuahua City
Buildings and structures in Chihuahua (state)
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Mexico
Museums in Chihuahua (state)
Art museums and galleries in Mexico
Religious museums in Mexico
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1792
Landmarks in Chihuahua (state)
National Monuments of Mexico
1725 establishments in New Spain
1720s establishments in Mexico
Tourist attractions in Chihuahua (state)
Spanish Colonial architecture in Mexico
Baroque church buildings in Mexico
Church buildings with domes
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Mexico
it:Arcidiocesi di Chihuahua | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of%20Chihuahua |
Studded Left, formerly Indian Jewelry, is an American band led by Houston-based artist Erika Thrasher and writer Tex Kerschen.
The Rhapsody music service page dedicated to the band describes them thus: "Indian Jewelry are classic Lone Star State freaks."
The LA Weekly said of the band: "The most mind-controlling band I ever saw was Indian Jewelry. During a set at the Echo four or five or six years ago, they found some top-secret dial on the back of their synthesizer and slowly started turning up the insanity, pounding away at the same unrelenting riff until a roomful of people was twitching and frothing at the mouth. So you could say I've got high hopes for this appearance at Part Time Punks' anniversary show. These weapons-grade Texan psychedelicists match truly primitive electronics, rhythms like Konono N°1, bleeps and wooshes from some kind of Soviet radar system, etc., to unending slo-mo distorto guitar that fills the room like boiling oil and ghost vocals from the other side. Like all Indian Jewelry releases, new album Peel It demands your total commitment. So hear ... and obey." (Chris Ziegler)
Paul Hanford of Dazed described their place as such: "Indian Jewelry stand at a kind of musical crossroads where the gloriously dark moments of rock n'roll's past hang side by side with clunky rave synths and a droned-out attitude."
Furthermore, much has been made of the band's use of strobe lights in a live context: "Urban tribalists Indian Jewelry come on like a fever dream with leathery, swaggering riffs and strobe lights, leaving you wet on the floor." Craig Hlavaty, Houston Press.
Like other underground music bands and their psychedelic rock predecessors, Indian Jewelry are known for sonic and comic experiments.
Tom Murphy of the Denver Westword said of the band: "The state of Texas has sure given us some interesting and innovative musical figures over the years, including the likes of Roky Erickson, Gibby Haynes and Randy Turner. Erika Thrasher and Brandon Davis are certainly sound pioneers in their own right, and whether performing under the name of Indian Jewelry or one of their myriad other monikers (including the hilariously ghoulish Corpses of Waco), this is one act that doesn’t sit comfortably as a noise band, post-punk outfit, no-wave project, psychedelic rock collective or experimental shoegaze freakout. At the same time, there are elements of all that and more in the group’s mind-bending performances. With song titles that suggest more than a passing familiarity with esoteric knowledge and mysticism, Indian Jewelry will mesmerize you with far more than clever rhetoric."
History
Swarm of Angels was a noise-rock band from Houston, Texas, in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The original lineup was made up of members of competing bands. With the formation of Swarm of Angels, The Fever's Erika Thrasher ended the "Westheimer Street Festival albino-cobra custody" dispute with Japanic's Tex Kerschen. Ralf Armin of the Vulgarians joined Matty & Mossy's Matt Frey and Domokos/A Pink Cloud of Rusted Shut, members of bands competing for the #1 slot on Rice Radio's top 35 charts. This lineup shifted, and led to the formation of what became Indian Jewelry. In early 2016 the band changed their name to Studded Left.
Partial discography
Albums
Popular Intuition (Studded Left, Ltd), 2019
Doing Easy (Studded Left/The Reverberation Appreciation Society), 2015
Peel It (The Reverberation Appreciation Society)
Totaled (We Are Free, 2010)
Free Gold! (We Are Free/Lovepump United, 2008)
Fake and Cheap (Deleted Art/Girlgang, 2008)
Invasive Exotics (Monitor Records/Lovepump United, 2006)
Sangles Redux (Girlgang/Skinny Wolves Records, 2005)
As NTX + Electric
We are the Wild Beast (Girlgang, 2003)
As Swarm of Angels
Plessure EP 7-inch (Girlgang Records & Tapes, 2002)
EPs
Western Groove, maxi-single/micro-album, (Girlgang, 2017)
Indian Jewelry/Future Blondes split Zing Zang/Heartless 12-inch (Dull Knife, 2008)
Rattling Death Train, cd-r, (Kimosciotic 2005)
In Love With Loving 7-inch (ON ON Switch, 2005)
Indian Jewelry/Sugarbeats split Pentecostal/One Year Real 7-inch (Girlgang, 2005)
As Bialystok Players
I Am Donkey Mini CD-R (Girlgang, 2003)
As NTX + Erika Thrasher
Chasing the Rats Out 7-inch (Girlgang, 2004)
Pain Reliever/Titanium split 7-inch (Girlgang, 2002)
References
External links
American art rock groups
American noise rock music groups
Musical groups from Houston
Psychedelic rock music groups from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studded%20Left |
Virgin Gorda Airport is an airport on Virgin Gorda in the British Virgin Islands, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
History
Historically, Virgin Gorda was served in the past by American Eagle with this code sharing service being operated by Executive Airlines on behalf of American Airlines from San Juan (SJU). This regional air carrier became a wholly owned subsidiary of American Airlines and flew CASA 212-200 twin turboprop aircraft into the airport.
Sunaire flying as Eastern Express on behalf of Eastern Airlines via a code sharing agreement served Virgin Gorda as well, primarily with flights between the airport and San Juan as well as the U.S. Virgin Islands. This wholly owned subsidiary of Metro Airlines operated de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter STOL (short take-off and landing) turboprop aircraft. Other airlines which served Virgin Gorda with Twin Otter aircraft were Crown Air/Dorado Wings and Virgin Island Airways with these commuter air carriers operating nonstop flights between the airport and San Juan. Before introducing service with larger Twin Otter aircraft, Dorado Wings operated smaller Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander aircraft into the airport.
Another airline that served Virgin Gorda in the past was Air BVI which was based in neighboring Tortola. Air BVI operated eight-passenger seat Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander twin prop, STOL capable aircraft into the airport with nonstop flights to San Juan as well as to nearby Tortola According to the December 16, 1980 Air BVI timetable, "no reservation shuttle" service was being operated at the time between the Beef Island Airport on Tortola and Virgin Gorda and the one-way flight time between the two airports was a very short five minutes. Another airline which served Virgin Gorda with Britten-Norman Islander aircraft was Vieques Air Link while Air Sunshine flew Cessna 402 twin prop aircraft into the airport with both commuter air carriers operating nonstop flights to San Juan in 1999. Air Sunshine continues to serve Virgin Gorda at the present time.
Island Birds Air Charter, having served Virgin Gorda since the year 2000, currently operates on demand, non-scheduled charter service to the airport.
The airport is owned and operated by the Government of the VI (UK). The government purchased the airport from Little Dix Bay Resort for $2.9 million in 2005.
The runway at the airport remains an unpaved, sand and gravel airstrip. In January 2010 the airport was closed for major construction work. It reopened in December 2010 with limitations and restrictions put in place by the ASSI regulatory agency. It is currently restricted to a small handful of airlines that must be fully approved by both ASSI and the FAA to operate at the field.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
References
Citations
Bibliography
Virgin Gorda Airport on Air Sunshine
Airports in the British Virgin Islands
Virgin Gorda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin%20Gorda%20Airport |
Bhadrak is a city of Odisha state in eastern India. The city is the district headquarters of Bhadrak district. According to legend, the city derives its name from the Goddess Bhadrakali, whose temple is on the banks of the Salandi River.
History
According to legend, Bhadrak derives its name from the Goddess Bhadrakali, whose temple is situated on the southwest outskirts of the town. It is an ancient land, dating from the age of the Puranas.
Bhadrak's contribution to Odisha's maritime and agrarian prosperity, trade, and commerce throughout the ages is a part of history. In the Mughal period, Bhadrak was a subah, or province, under the Nawabs of Bengal. When the imperial power of the Mughals waned, the area consisted of principalities such as Kanika, Nampo, and Agarapada, with administrative sub-units called chowparhies, all ruled by Kshatriya chiefs.
After the occupation of Odisha by the British in June 1804, Bhadrak constituted one of the two administrative divisions of Cuttack and Balasore. In 1828, when Balasore was made a separate district, Bhadrak became one of its sub-divisions with an assistant magistrate and deputy collector as the sub-divisional head; but the munsif's court remained in Jajpur until 1901.
Bhadrak was at the forefront during the period of national struggle. In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement was launched. In March 1921, Gandhi visited Bhadrak, after being impressed by its nationalistic fervor and fighting spirit. In 1922, he started the rebellion of Kanika which British troops stationed at Bhadrak attempted to suppress; but ultimately the tenants' movement triumphed, under the leadership of Chakradhar Behera, the doyen of Kanika.
When the civil disobedience movement was launched in 1930, Bhadrak became ardent with patriotic zeal, the salt law was defied, and success achieved against the government. Harekrushna Mahatab's role in this success has become cherished in Bhadrak, and a part of the history of modern India. Gandhi, who visited Bhadrak again in 1934, staying in Mahatab's residence at Nuabazar, addressed a meeting of the Harizan workers in Jimbaran Ashram (Nuasahi, Ashram, Garadpur). It was during this time that Banchhanidhi Mohanty of Eram was by his patriotic songs shaping, stimulating, and sensitizing the national consciousness among the people.
Since independence, the history of Bhadrak has been of progress in education, industry, agriculture, trade, and commerce.
Climate
Transportation
Bhadrak town is well connected with the state of Odisha, and to other parts of the country as well. The town lies on National Highway 16, northeast of Bhubaneswar, the state capital.
Bhadrak town has three bus stop, one on NH 16(New Bus stand/Main Bus Stand), the others near Bant square and Charampa. There are frequent buses to and from Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Balasore, and Calcutta.
Bhadrak railway station is at Charampa, which is north of Bhadrak city.
The nearest airport is Biju Patnaik International Airport, southwest, near Bhubaneswar.
The nearest port is Dhamra Port, around 75 kilometers east of the town.
Demographics
, Bhadrak has a population of 107,463. Males constitute 51% (55,090) of the population and females 49% (52,373). Bhadrak has an average literacy rate of 79.49%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 83.99% of males, and 74.77% of females, literate. 12% (13,138) of the population is under 6 years of age.
Politics
Bhadrak is part of Lok Sabha Constituency 3 Bhadrak(SC). The present Member of Parliament is Manjulata Mandal, of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD).
The current MLA from the Bhadrak assembly constituency is Sanjib Mallick, of the BJD, who won the seat in 2019. Previous MLAs from this seat were Jugal Kishore Pattnaik (BJD), who was the MLA for two terms up to 2019; Naren Palei, of the INC, elected in 2004; Biren Palei, INC, in 2000; Prafulla Samal (BJD), who won in 1995 and in 1990; Jugal Kishore Pattanayak, who won in 1985, as a member of the INC, and in 1980, as a member of INC(I); and Ratnakar Mohanty, of JNP, in 1977.
Education
The higher education institutions of the district are the Bhadrak Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET) and Bhadrak Autonomous College, among others. There are six new industrial training institutes (ITI) in Bhadrak, whose courses impart technical skill to students.
There are also numerous secondary schools. Bhadrak High School, established in 1882, is one of the oldest schools in Odisha. Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab, first chief minister of Odisha, studied at this school. Schools using English as a medium of instruction include Durga Prasad Saraf Vidyapeeth, Sathya Sai Vidya Vihar School, SBD International School, Jyothi Convent School, Happy Home School, Sunshine Mission School, Carmel School, Kendriya Vidyalaya Bhadrak, and St. Xavier's School.
Tourism and culture
The Akhandalamani Temple, the abode of Lord Siva is located on the bank of the Baitarani River, at Aradi, from the district headquarters. On the outskirts of the city, southwest, is situated Maa Bhadrakali Temple, whose deity, it is believed, gave the town its name.
In the city itself one can worship and get blessing at Maa Banka Basuli Temple and Baba Lokanath Shiva Temple. Historical places and monuments to visit in the Bhadrak district include several Hindu temples; such as the Maa Santoshi Temple, located in Korkora village; Sri Radha Madanmohan temple; the temple of Akhandalamani; the Kali Puja held at Charampa; Prasanna Khemeswar Mahadev Temple in Anijo village, which is a Shiva temple that has existed for 150 years.
Apart from above there is a famous temple situated at kharida binayakpur under basudevpur block in the name of Aankudeswari Temple.The temple is too much popular in Bhadrak district and every year on the occasion of Maha vishuba sankranti / pana sankranti / vaishakhi there is a festivals conducted by the temple authority for almost 15th days.
There are also Muslim mosques such as the Sufi Saint Mujahid-e-Millat's Shrine (Mazaar) at Dhamnagar. This shrine is also known as Khanquah-E-Habibah. It is the center of an annual celebration called Eid-Miladun-Nabi, which commemorates the prophet Mohammad's birthday.
Other sites in Bhadrak include the Maa Patana Mangala temple and the biggest pond in Odisha.
As a religious hub, Bhadrak is also home to festivals and religious celebrations. The Pana Sankranti held at Chhatrapada from 14 to 21 April is one of the most famous. Dol Purnima or Holi (Melana) is also another major festival; it is celebrated in several locations in Bhadrak. The Cart Festival (Ratha Yatra), on the other hand, is celebrated in Jharpata, Gamal, Hide, Ghanteswar, Totapada, Chhatrapada, Bhadrak, and Bhatia village Sri Jagannath matha. This last location is one of the oldest places which observes Ganesh puja (150 years).
Cuisine
Bhadrak is famous for its traditional sweet, popularly known as palua ladu.
See also
1991 Bhadrak riot
References
Cities and towns in Bhadrak district
Port cities in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrak |
In sewing and crafts, an embellishment is anything that adds design interest to the piece.
Embellishments allow individuals to express their personal style and identity. Clothing can be a form of self-expression, and the choice of embellishments can communicate one's personality, taste, and cultural background.
Examples in sewing and craft
appliqué can be made by sewing machine of decorative techniques and or
embroidery, done either by machine or by hand
piping made from either self-fabric, contrast fabric, or a simply a cord.
trim (sewing)
lace, either pre-made or home-made
Fringe (trim)
beads
batik
Items that normally serve a function may also be used as embellishment. For example:
buttons can be placed anywhere on the piece
zippers can be unzipped and be used as piping, or simply stitched on
buckles can be placed anywhere on the piece
grommets can be placed anywhere even when there is no cord is looped through them
sequins can be placed anywhere
References
Handicrafts
Fashion design
Sewing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embellishment |
The Metlar House, also known as the Knapp House, the Bodine House, or the Metlar–Bodine House, is an historic house, now museum, located along River Road in Piscataway, New Jersey. It is also believed to be haunted. In 2003 a fire badly damaged the house. The museum has undergone major renovations over the past decade and, as of Summer 2014, is once again open to the public.
The Metlar–Bodine House's "Red, White, and Boom" Madeira wine tasting event on July 6, 2014, kicked off its campaign to raise money to build a new educational wing to house the historically significant Ross Hall Wall.
In July 1778, George Washington headquarters were at Ross Hall and his 11,000 patriots camped along the Raritan River in Piscataway. It was there that General Washington wrote the first order for the United States Army to celebrate the 4th of July – a tradition that continues to this day. The troops were ordered to march across the river on Landing Lane Bridge, line the banks of the Raritan in New Brunswick, and shoot their rifles down and up the line in the first organized salute to the nation's independence. They were then given an extra ration of rum and that evening the General had a party for officers (including Alexander Hamilton, the Marquis de Lafayette and Baron Von Stuben) and their ladies at Ross Hall. The building was destroyed in the 1960s but because of its significance, a parlor wall was saved and was exhibited at the New Jersey Historical Society until it was given to the Township and the Metlar–Bodine House in 2000.
Currently, the parlor wall is dismantled and stored in a large warehouse owned by Piscataway Township. The wall must be restored and relocated to a facility that is climate controlled and protected. It is estimated that the wall's restoration and an addition to the Metlar–Bodine House will cost close to $1 million.
History
In the early 1700s, Raritan Landing, New Jersey had 70 homes belonging to Dutch merchants. In 1728 Peter Bodine, who owned a storehouse, built a two-story house near the Raritan River. In 1733 he sold his house to Hendrick Lane (?-1761). After Lane's death in 1761 this widow, Margaret lived in the house, but in 1780 she sold the property to William French, the son of a sea captain. Isaac Lawrence bought the house from French in 1814. In 1840, William Phillips was the owner and he added an addition to the house. In 1853 Samuel Knapp purchased the house and of the property, and he may have added a second addition to the house around 1870.
In the 1890s, the house was owned by George Metlar, of New Brunswick, New Jersey . He used it to house his property manager, John Mason. Metlar's son John moved to the home with his wife in 1904 and shared it with the Mason. In 1914 John Metler inherited the property. John sold some of the land and in 1955 sold the house and the remaining to John P. Newton.
In 1977 the state of New Jersey purchased the property. They planned to use the property for the New Jersey Route 18 bridge to cross the Raritan River from New Brunswick, New Jersey to Piscataway, New Jersey. It is now owned by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.
On July 17, 2003, a fire damaged the house.
Recent Events
07/06/14: "Red, White and Boom" Madeira wine-tasting event complete with a George Washington impersonator, a colonial dance troupe and a wide variety of catered hors d'oeuvres (including Madeira-roasted clams, a pickelled vegetable bar and ham salad on grilled cornbread).
04/05/14: Spring annual auction dinner held at Rutgers University. Some of the items up for grabs were a Franklin mint coin set, the services of a professional sommelier and an exotic vacation getaway to Baja, Mexico!
Annual Events
Spring Annual Auction Dinner
Summer Annual Beer & Pretzel Potluck Picnic (members only)
Bi-annual Antiques River Road Show- Appraisal Fair & Book Sale
Fall Wine Tasting
Holiday Tea
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Cornelius Low House
Road Up Raritan Historic District
Ross Hall
List of the oldest buildings in New Jersey
References
External links
Official website
History of the house
HJGA Consulting - restoration plans for the house
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Houses in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Museums in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey
Houses completed in 1728
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
1728 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metlar%E2%80%93Bodine%20House |
The Renault Racoon is a concept car created by Renault, was first shown in 1992.
The Racoon used a twin-turbocharged V6 engine of 2963 cc, a six-speed manual transmission and an all wheel drive system. It produced 193 kW (262 bhp) of power at 6.000 r.p.m. and 363 Nm (37 mkg) of torque at 2.500 r.p.m.
Overview
To enter the Racoon, the driver had to open a canopy door. The car had seating space for three passengers and had much luggage space. The vehicle was also aquatic-capable. The Racoon could be raised upwards to provide additional ground clearance. The construction of its suspension meant this was achieved with a levered effect.
The car also had many radical features such as rain-diffusing glass, remote controlled entry, computer control, satellite navigation and cameras as opposed to rear view mirrors. While these technologies have become much more affordable and reliable, at the time of its launch most of this technology was still in its infancy.
The Renault Racoon's industrial designer was Patrick Le Quément.
References
External links
Renault Racoon shown on the Discovery Channel
Renault concept vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Racoon |
Kebira may refer to:
Kebira (sponge), a calcareous sponge genus
Kebira Crater, the name that has recently been proposed for a circular topographic feature in the Sahara desert | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebira |
Transmetal is an extreme metal band formed in Ciudad Azteca, Ecatepec, Mexico in 1987 by brothers Javier, Juan, and Lorenzo Partida. They are known as one of the most important metal bands in Latin America. Their most well known song is "Killers" from the Desear un Funeral EP (1989), which is a cover of French band .
During their career, Transmetal have released over 30 albums which experiment in thrash and death metal, with the vocals styles based on growling. The band has also participated in shows with other notable bands such as Slayer, Sepultura, Overkill, and Kreator.
Band members
Current
Juan Partida – lead guitar (1987–present)
Lorenzo Partida – bass (1987–present)
Javier Partida – drums (1987–present)
Sergio Burgos – lead vocals (2014–present)
Adrián Tena – rhythm guitar (2018–present)
Former
Alberto Pimentel – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1987–1990, 1992–1998, 2007–2009)
Alejandro González – lead vocals (1990–1992)
Mauricio Torres – lead vocals (1998–2004)
Bruno Blázquez – lead vocals (2005–2007)
Chris Menpart – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2009–2014)
Juan Carlos Camarena – rhythm guitar (1990–1992, 2004–2005)
Ernesto Torres – rhythm guitar (1998–2003)
Antonio Tenorio – rhythm guitar (2005–2007)
Arturo Cabrera – rhythm guitar (2014–2018)
Live Members
Glen Benton – lead vocals (1993)
Arturo Huizar – lead vocals (1998; died 2020)
Timeline
Discography
Muerto en la Cruz (1988)
Desear un Funeral (1989) (EP)
Sepelio en el Mar (1990)
Zona Muerta (1991)
Amanecer en el Mausoleo (1992)
Burial at Sea (1992)
En Vivo Vols. 1 & 2 (1992) (live album)
Crónicas de Dolor (1993)
El Infierno de Dante (1993) (also available as Dante's Inferno)
Veloz y Devastador Metal (1994)
El Llamado de la Hembra (1996)
Las Alas del Emperador (1996)
México Bárbaro (1996)
Debajo de los Cielos Púrpura (1999)
XIII Años en Vivo Primera Parte/XIII Años en Vivo Segunda Parte (2000) (live album)
Tristeza de Lucifer (2002)
El Amor Supremo (2002)
Lo Podrido Corona La Inmensidad (2004)
17 Years Down in Hell (2004)
Temple De Acero (2004)
El Despertar de la Adversidad (2006)
Progresión Neurótica (2006)
20 Años Ondeando La Bandera Del Metal (2007)
Odyssey In the Flesh (2008)
En Vivo Desde Tijuana (2010) (live album)
Decadencia en la Modernidad (2011)
Indestructible (2012)
Clasicos (2013)
Peregrinación a la cabeza de Cristo (2014)
Clásicos II (2015)
References
External links
Official band website
Mexican heavy metal musical groups
Mexican death metal musical groups
Mexican thrash metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups from Michoacán | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetal%20%28band%29 |
Rose Troche (; ; born 1964) is an American film and television director, television producer, and screenwriter.
Early life and education
Troche was born to Puerto Rican parents and grew up on the north side of Chicago. In an interview she stated, "My parents thought moving to the suburbs was a sign of success," and "We were always the family that made everyone say, 'There goes the neighborhood.'" She and her family moved to the suburbs when she was a teen. She started working part-time at a movie theater where her interest in film developed. She earned her undergraduate degree in art history from the University of Illinois at Chicago and went on to get a graduate degree in film.
Personal life
Troche is a lesbian. She met Guinevere Turner (her then partner) in the early 1990s. They began to work on a film based on their own experiences and their friends in the Chicago lesbian community, which they originally titled "Ely and Max," but was changed to Go Fish. By 1993, Troche and Turner ended their relationship and Troche moved to New York where she wrote several scripts. Rose Troche says mixing business and romance on a lesbian film set can be a recipe for disaster. Turner and Troche detail how their breakup during the middle of Go Fish's production was not only difficult for them personally but also trying for their cast and crew, who felt compromised by the fighting couple's palpable tension on the set. Troche lived in London from (1997–1999) until she returned to United States to direct The Safety of Objects (2001).
To make sure she would not forget the film's lesson, she had "remember that this life is short" tattooed on the inside of her left wrist, in Spanish, as she was writing the script.
Career
Troche began her professional filmmaking career in the 1990s. Troche is just one of several lesbian directors who launched their careers with independent gay-themed films and have gone on to find work in Hollywood, where women make up just 12% of the Directors Guild of America membership.
Early career
While studying at the University of Illinois at Chicago, Troche made several short films while in school such as Let's Go Back to My Apartment and Have Sex (1990), This War Is Not Over (1991) and Gabriella series of short films in (1991–1993).
Rose Troche did three features before she went into television, Go Fish, Bedrooms and Hallways and The Safety of Objects. These three films were made over the course of ten years.
After completing The Safety of Objects, Troche realized that she had only directed so much content and wanted to work on her craft of directing. She wanted to work on projects that were immediate work not something that was going to take three years to make.
Films
Her directorial debut was the groundbreaking film Go Fish (1994), a lesbian love story. Made on a shoestring budget, it was one of the truly "independent" films of the mid 90s, and certainly one of the first in the lesbian genre. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1994. The film was co-written and co-produced with Guinevere Turner, who was Troche's girlfriend at the time. Her next feature film was Bedrooms and Hallways (1998) which explored sexuality.
She also directed The Safety of Objects (2001), which was adapted from the short stories of A. M. Homes and focused on heterosexual love in suburbia.
She was also a producer for both Go Fish and The Safety of Objects, as well as for Stacie Passon's 2013 film Concussion.
Go Fish
Rose Troche, a Latina director teamed up with her then partner and co-writer to finance on their own an experimental lesbian feature. It was the first film to be sold to a distributor during the Sundance Film Festival. With the small amount of approximately $8000, started their road to a Samuel Goldwyn $450,000 sale. Help along the way with Vachon's company Killer Films who contributed $5000 when funds ran out and John Pierson bankrolled the remaining $53,000. "Troche's Latina identity was (problematically) written out of the marketing campaign and the film was promoted on the basis of her gender and sexuality." The film was released during gay pride month in June 1994 and eventually grossed $2.4 million. Go Fish proved the marketability of lesbian issues for the film industry. Troche mentioned that during the filming of Go Fish (1994), at one point she didn't have money to pay her phone and electric bills. The film also put a label on her and critics considered her "a professional queer", a fact that she sometimes hated: "Go Fish made me such a card-carrying member. It is, like, boring. I go into interviews for Bedrooms and Hallways and all anyone can talk about is being gay, gay, gay." "If you're gay, and you sleep with someone of the opposite sex, does that make you straight? Troche muses afterward. "I've done it, and I don't consider myself straight at all."
Bedrooms and Hallways
In 1997, Troche moved to London to direct the film Bedrooms and Hallways (1998) with British producer Dorothy Berwin and her partner Ceci Dempsey. The film was backed by a major studio so it was completed fast. It was a film that was exploring the romantic complications among a diverse group of gay, straight, and undecided characters. Troche said she wanted to make a film "that's genderless, without sexual identity and politics." The movie is a sex farce that tries to challenge conventional and rigid views on gender and sexual orientation. The film won the Audience Award at the 1998 London Film Festival.
The Safety of Objects
Troche returned to the United States, and to her previous supporter, Christine Vachon, and British financiers in order to direct The Safety of Objects (2001). The film was made from the short stories of A.M. Homes, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Troche. Troche used seven of the 11 stories in the collection, melding the suburban vignettes into one story. The ensemble cast with Glenn Close, Timothy Olyphant, Mary Kay Place, Patricia Clarke and Dermot Mulroney does an excellent job of delivering Troche's vision of one emotional arc to the seamlessly blended narratives.
Television
Her television work is just as extensive as her film work. She directed an episode of the HBO hit drama Six Feet Under. And for three seasons, she has been a director and writer for the Showtime series The L Word, a show about lesbian friends living in Los Angeles. She has served as the associate producer for the series and was recently promoted to co-executive producer. She has also expanded her writing and directing credits, writing an episode for the series South of Nowhere and directing an episode of the series Touching Evil, as well as Ugly Betty and Law & Order. Troche got offered to do and episode of Six Feet Under (2001), and she enjoyed the beauty of being able to work with three cameras, it opened up her world to a different way of filming. Since she had filmed low budget independent film it was a nice change and more opportunity to be creative.
2001 Six Feet Under episodic series – (2001-2005)
Season 2 Episode 3 was written by Kate Robin and was directed by Troche. In 2002, Six Feet Under won the Peabody Award and Rose Troche was one of the directors for one of the episodes.
2004 The L Word (TV Show) – episodic series – various episodes
Troche was the co-executive producer and writer, of this popular series about a group of Los Angeles lesbians of which she has also directed several episodes. For Troche, casting for The L Word, "a lot of convincing" and some volleying of "you don't understand, but our audience will." Troche says her films are all connected to various stages in her life. Making a lesbian film was important to her when she was younger; she is very pleased with her current project, writing and directing the first lesbian series to screen on American television. The L Word discussed hot topics such as selecting a sperm donor, bringing out a "straight" girl, lesbian bed death, bisexuality, living in the closet and the number of degrees of separation between lesbian ex-lovers.
2005 South of Nowhere (TV Show)
Troche was the consulting producer on five episodes.
Themes
In the end, Troche believes that even if she eschews queer themes (which she did in The Safety of Objects), every film she makes is, philosophically, gay. "For example, I write my women like I like my women. They don't let people get away with anything. They're tough-talking," she says. "The truth is, everything I do is informed by being queer. My homosexuality doesn't go away just because, the characters aren't gay."
Troche seems to always have a character that relocates from the East Coast to the West Coast, and shows their struggle with Los Angeles. She also has a wide variety of multi-racial cast, which ties back to her life. She lived on the East Coast and was an outcast in her suburban community by being queer in a Puerto Rican community.
Filmography
Awards
See also
List of female film and television directors
List of lesbian filmmakers
List of LGBT-related films directed by women
List of Puerto Ricans
References
External links
Rose Troche Yahoo Movies Page
Bio from The L Word Online
1964 births
Living people
American film directors
American television directors
American television writers
American women film directors
American women film producers
American women screenwriters
English-language film directors
American lesbian artists
American LGBT film directors
LGBT television directors
LGBT film producers
LGBT television producers
American LGBT screenwriters
American women television directors
American women television producers
American women television writers
American people of Puerto Rican descent
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
Film producers from Illinois
Screenwriters from Illinois
Television producers from Illinois
LGBT people from Illinois
Writers from Chicago
Lambda Literary Award for Drama winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Troche |
Sachse High School is a public high school located in Sachse, Texas (USA). Sachse High School enrolls students in grades 9–12 and is a part of the Garland Independent School District. The first graduating class was the Charter Class of 2005.
In 2009, the school was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.
Statistics (per 2009)
The attendance rate for students at the school is 96%, equal to the state average of 96%. 25% of the students at Sachse are economically disadvantaged, 10% enroll in special education, 6% enroll in gifted and talent programs, 39% are enrolled in career and technology programs, and 7% are considered "limited English proficient."
The ethnic makeup of the school is 50% White, non-Hispanic, 27% Hispanic, 16% African American, 7% Asian/Pacific Islander, and less than 1% Native American.
The average class sizes at Sachse are 24 students for English, 24 for foreign language, 25 for math, 23 for science, and 27 for social studies.
Teachers at the school carry, on average, 9 years of teaching experience and 6% of the teachers on staff are first-year teachers.
In 2011 Sachse High School made it to the state playoffs for football for the first time in the school's history.
Feeder patterns
Garland ISD is a Free Choice school district, which allows the parent to choose which school his or her children want to attend within the district.
Sports
Sachse High School has a strong athletic department, and offers its students the following sports: Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Powerlifting, Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Track, and Volleyball. Sachse was put into the UIL Class 5A for the 2013–2014 school year, but will be moved to the UIL Class 6A Region 2 District 11 for the 2014–2015 school year and onwards.
Fine Arts
Sachse High school has a fine arts program with Band, Choir, and Theater
Extracurricular
Two Sachse High School students won the 2014 HOSA National Championship for Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)Skills.
Notable alumni
Devine Ozigbo - Football player for the Detroit Lions, the New Orleans Saints, the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Denver Broncos.
Devin Duvernay - Football player for the Baltimore Ravens.
Jared Mayden - DB Football player for the San Francisco 49ers and the Buffalo Bills.
Micheal Clemons - Football player for the New York Jets.
Tyler Lacy - Football player for the Jacksonville Jaguars.
See also
Garland Independent School District
Garland, Texas
List of high schools in Texas
References
External links
Garland Independent School District
Sachse High School Band
Sachse Swingsters Drill Team
Garland Independent School District high schools
2002 establishments in Texas
Educational institutions established in 2002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachse%20High%20School |
The Milwaukee Bears were a Negro National League team that operated during the 1923 season, its only season in the league representing Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Founding
The team was one of two (the Toledo Tigers being the other) created to fill one of the vacancies created in the NNL after the Cleveland Tate Stars and Pittsburgh Keystones had been dropped after the previous season. It drew much of its personnel from the disbanded Keystones and from the New Orleans Crescent Stars, an independent southern team. Hall of Fame outfielder Pete Hill, 40, was asked by Rube Foster to manage the team, and remaining roster spots were filled from tryouts held in Chicago in April, and by castoffs from other teams.
League play and demise
With limited financing and an inexperienced ownership, the team quickly fell out of the running in the league. Primarily due to poor home attendance at Athletic Park (later known as Borchert Field), the club played most of its games on the road, and finished in last place with a 12–41 record in league play, disbanding after the season.
Players
Outfielders Pete Duncan (.321), Percy Wilson (.314), and Sandy Thompson (.310) were among the better hitters. Fulton Strong led the pitching staff with only four victories, against 14 defeats. Hill hit .296 in a part-time role as the Bears' player-manager.
MLB throwback jerseys
In 2006, the Milwaukee Brewers wore Bears throwback uniforms in games against the Washington Nationals (at Miller Park) and Kansas City Royals (on the road) as part of a tribute to the Negro leagues. On June 23, 2007, the Brewers wore the Bears' uniform for another Negro leagues tribute game against the Royals (who wore Kansas City Monarchs uniforms). On July 5, 2008, the Brewers also wore the Bears' uniforms against the Pittsburgh Pirates, who wore Pittsburgh Crawfords uniforms. The same happened on June 7, 2019. On May 29, 2010, the Brewers wore Bears uniforms in a game against the New York Mets who wore New York Cubans uniforms. On July 9, 2011, the Brewers wore Bears uniforms against the Cincinnati Reds.
The uniforms worn in the games from 2006 to 2008 were white with black pinstripes, black letters spelling Milwaukee, black socks, and a white pinstriped cap. From 2009 to 2011, the Brewers wore a different version of the Bears' uniforms, which were cream colored with blue sleeves and trim, plus blue socks and caps.
See also
History of professional baseball in Milwaukee
References
Bibliography
External links
1923 Milwaukee Bears at Baseball-Reference.com
1923 establishments in Wisconsin
1923 disestablishments in Wisconsin
African-American history of Milwaukee
Baseball in Milwaukee
Negro league baseball teams
Professional baseball teams in Wisconsin
Defunct baseball teams in Wisconsin
Baseball teams disestablished in 1923
Baseball teams established in 1923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee%20Bears |
The Green Scare is legal action by the US government against the radical environmental movement, that occurred mostly in the 2000s. It alludes to the Red Scares, periods of fear over communist infiltration of US society.
The term was popularized by environmental activists. It is first known to have appeared in the wake of the February 12, 2002 congressional hearings titled "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism", which discussed groups including the Earth Liberation Front (ELF) and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). The spring edition of the prisoner support zine Spirit of Freedom defined the term as "the tactics that the US government and all their tentacles (FBI, IRS, BATF, Joint Terrorism Task Forces, local police, the court system) are using to attack the ELF/ALF and specifically those who publicly support them."
The term has been used by activists to describe a sweep of arrests, convictions and grand jury indictments of ELF and ALF operatives on charges relating to acts of property damage, conspiracy, arson and use of destructive devices.
Origin of the phrase
Journalist Will Potter first notably used the term 'Green Scare' in his publication Green is the New Red.
Cases
Since 2000, the US government has prosecuted over 20 cases involving environmentalists, which Los Angeles CityBeat claims "redefined not only free speech, but also redefined environmentally motivated property destruction - like torching Hummers or tree-felling equipment." These arrests, indictments and trials, which have collectively been termed the Green Scare by environmentalists, include:
Individuals
Rod Coronado, a prominent Native American eco-anarchist, who was arrested on a felony charge of demonstrating the use of a destructive device. His indictment indirectly related to an August 1, 2003 fire in San Diego that destroyed an apartment complex causing an estimated $50 million worth of damage. Coronado, a self-described "unofficial ELF spokesman", stood trial in 2007. After two days of deliberations, the jury remained deadlocked so the judge declared a mistrial. He subsequently entered a guilty plea and accepted a deal for a one-year prison term.
Jeff "Free" Luers, a veganarchist from Los Angeles, California, who served a prison sentence of almost ten years for arson. His initial sentence was over 22 years, but the Oregon Court of Appeals overturned it, and the Lane County Circuit Court determined a new sentence of 10 years in February 2008, after what The Independent described as an "international campaign for a more appropriate sentence for a crime in which no one was hurt." In 2000 he set fire to three SUVs at Romania Chevrolet dealership in Eugene, Oregon as a protest against excessive consumption and global warming. He has become a cause célèbre among some radicals, anti-prison activists, and people associated with the Earth Liberation Front, although Luers has said that he does not consider himself an ELF member. Upon his resentencing, Judge Billings said that he expected Luers would be treated as an "elder statesman" among some activists, and hoped that Luers would use that influence in a productive way. Luers declared that he was looking forward to "promoting activism through legal means."
Christopher McIntosh, who was sentenced to eight years in prison for setting fire to a Seattle McDonald's restaurant in January, 2003. McIntosh admitted guilt as part of a plea agreement, in which the prosecution said they would not ask that he spend more than ten years in prison. Supporters criticized the sentence as excessive "for someone who caused $5,000 damage". Prosecutors argued it was important to "protect the public" from some one who expressed no remorse, saying McIntosh was "proud of his crime, and, given the chance, he would do the same thing again."
Peter Daniel Young and a friend, Justin Samuel, who were indicted in by a federal grand jury in September 1998 on four charges of "Extortion by Interfering with Interstate Commerce", and two charges of "Animal Enterprise Terrorism". They released over 8,000 animals from various fur farms in Iowa, South Dakota, and Wisconsin and disposed of the breeding records at each farm. Samuel was arrested on September 4, 1999 in Belgium and was extradited to the United States to face trial. He agreed to cooperate with the government in exchange for a reduced sentence of two years. Young was arrested in San Jose, California on March 21, 2005 on charges of shoplifting from a local Starbucks and was extradited to Wisconsin to face trial for the fur farm raids. He was sentenced to two years in federal prison; 360 hours of community service at a charity; $254,000 restitution; and one year probation.
Groups
SHAC 7, six animal rights activists, who were found guilty of using their website to incite threats, harassment, vandalism and attacks against the company Huntingdon Life Sciences and their business partners. Originally seven individuals were charged, leading sympathizers to describe the defendants as the SHAC 7, but the case against one of the defendants was dropped. Pamelyn Ferdin, the current president of SHAC USA, told the jury that "for the government to say you can't say this and you can't say that is going down a very scary path of going toward fascism." However, the US Attorney's Office described the convicts as "thugs who went far beyond protected speech and lawful protest to engage in and incite intimidation, harassment and violence." The judge sentenced the individuals to an aggregate of 24 years in prison, and ordered to pay a joint restitution of $1,000,001.00.
Operation Backfire, a multi-agency criminal investigation into destructive acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes in the United States, that resulted in the December 7, 2005 arrest of seven people. At least six people were subpoenaed to testify before grand juries. Three of the individuals subpoenaed ended up on a January 20, 2006, 65 count, 84-page-long indictment. The new indictment charged 11 people with conspiring to commit 18 acts of arson and vandalism over a 5-year period across multiple states. Some of the charges relate to a 1998 arson attack on the Vail Ski Resort in Colorado and the sabotage of a power line near Bend, Oregon, in 1999. The FBI considers these crimes to be acts of domestic terrorism and the ELF to be the nation's top domestic terror threat.
Response
The Christian Science Monitor reports that the Operation Backfire indictments have elicited concern, from activists, that authorities have "cracked the super-secrecy of ALF and ELF". Alternative media organizations have condemned the arrests, some calling them a "witch-hunt", "aimed at disrupting and discrediting political movements". Activists, maintaining the Red Scare allusion, claim the operations are "fishing expedition[s]" carried out "in the midst of 9/11 McCarthyism. The FBI disputes these claims, with former Director Robert Mueller stating the agency takes action "only when volatile talk crosses the line into violence and criminal activity."
See also
Craig Rosebraugh
Earth First!
Eco-terrorism
Green anarchism
Lavender scare
Marius Mason
Security culture
References
External links
Green Is the New Red
Portland Indymedia Green Scare Page
"Green Scared? Preliminary Lessons of the Green Scare", Rolling Thunder - overview from an anarchist perspective
The Green Scare - Will Potter's article on the Vermont Law Review, Volume 33, Number 4, Summer 2009
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Animal Liberation Front
Earth Liberation Front
Animal rights movement
Environmentalism
Patriot Act
2000s neologisms
Scares | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Scare |
Burning feet syndrome, also known as Grierson-Gopalan syndrome, is a medical condition that causes severe burning and aching of the feet, hyperesthesia, and vasomotor changes of the feet that lead to excessive sweating. It can even affect the eyes, causing scotoma and amblyopia. The condition occurs more frequently in women, and usually manifests itself when a person is between twenty and forty years old.
Presentation
The burning heat is usually limited to the soles of the feet, but may extend up to the ankles or lower legs of some patients. The burning can sometimes be accompanied by feelings of 'pins and needles' or tingling in these regions. Nighttime is when almost all people with this syndrome report the heat symptoms being the worst, with the condition getting better as morning comes. Those who have psychosomatic disorders sometimes display psychological symptoms along with the burning of feet associated with the syndrome. For most, there is no redness of the skin of their feet during the heat sensations, and almost never is there accompanying tenderness along with it.
Causes
Burning feet syndrome can be inherited, or it can be caused by pressure being put on the nerves. Links also exist between this syndrome and diseases such as hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis; links are also believed to exist between this syndrome and Zinc deficiency. It is also linked to vitamin B (specifically pantothenic acid) deficiencies and kidney failure.
It seems to be a small fiber neuropathy.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is mainly clinical.
Symptoms are burning sensation in soles, sometime ankles and legs in many patients. Tingling sensation and pin prick sensations are also common.
Sweating of legs and soles is seen. In some case hypertrophy of one of the legs is seen mainly in tropical region where external temperature is also higher.
Eponym
Termed Grierson-Gopalan syndrome after Coluther Gopalan and J. Grierson.
See also
Erythromelalgia
Small fiber peripheral neuropathy
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema
References
External links
Foot diseases
Syndromes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning%20feet%20syndrome |
Peter G. Tsouras is a military historian and author. A Greek-American, he served in the United States Army and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He served in armor, military intelligence, and civil affairs assignments. He currently works as a senior analyst with the Battelle Corporation and resides in Alexandria, Virginia. He has written extensively in the field of military alternative history.
Selected works
Author
Alexander: Invincible King of Macedonia
Britannia's Fist: From Civil War to World War - An Alternate History
A Rainbow of Blood: The Union in Peril
Bayonets, Balloons, & Ironclads: Britain and France Take Sides with the South
Changing Orders: The Evolution of the World's Armies, 1945 to the Present
Disaster at D-Day: The Germans Defeat the Allies, June 1944
Disaster at Stalingrad: An Alternate History
Gettysburg: An Alternate History
The 'Great Patriotic War': The Illustrated History of the Soviet Union at War With Germany, 1941-1945
Hancock
Montezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs
United States Army: A Dictionary
Warlords of the Ancient Americas: Central America
Warlords of Ancient Mexico: How the Mayans and Aztecs Ruled for More Than a Thousand Years
Editor
Anvil of War: German Generalship on the Eastern Front
Battle Of The Bulge: Hitler's Alternate Scenarios
Civil War Quotations: In the Words of the Commanders
Cold War Hot: Alternative Decisions of the Cold War
Dixie Victorious: An Alternate History of the Civil War
Fighting in Hell: the German Ordeal on the Eastern Front
The Greenhill Dictionary of Military Quotations
Hitler Triumphant: Alternate Decisions [Histories] of World War II
Operation Just Cause: U.S. Intervention in Panama (co-edited with Bruce W. Watson)
Panzers on the Eastern Front: General Erhard Raus and His Panzer Divisions in Russia, 1941-1945
Rising Sun Victorious: The Alternative History of How the Japanese Won the Pacific War
Third Reich Victorious: Alternate Decisions of World War II
Warrior's Words: A Quotation Book - From Sesostris III to Schwarzkopf, 1871 B.C.-1991 A.D.
References
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American military writers
American book editors
Alternate history writers
United States Army officers
Writers from Alexandria, Virginia
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American writers of Greek descent
1948 births
Historians from Virginia
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20G.%20Tsouras |
Things Change is a 1988 American comedy-drama film directed by David Mamet and starring Joe Mantegna and Don Ameche. It was co-written by Mamet and Shel Silverstein.
Plot
Gino, a humble shoe-shiner in Chicago, is approached by Mafia Don "Mr. Green", who offers him a large sum of money to take the blame for a murder committed by another gangster. When he refuses, the don starts to order what may be a hit on him. Gino then agrees, planning to buy a fishing boat with the money he will earn after a three-year sentence. He signs a confession and allows his fingerprints to be put on the murder weapon.
While preparing for his court confession, Gino is watched over by Jerry, a bottom-rung gangster who has recently gotten into trouble for failing to follow orders. Facing a boring stay at a local hotel and faced with Gino's inability to suggest recreations he would like for his last few days of freedom, Jerry decides to give Gino a weekend to remember in Lake Tahoe before he goes to prison.
Arriving at the resort and casino, Jerry's tall tales and Gino's quiet dignity immediately get Gino mistaken for a powerful mafioso, resulting in them being treated as VIPs. However, they are then summoned to the Nevada home of Joseph 'Don Giuseppe' Vincent, where a frantic Jerry is certain that their lowly status will be found out. However, Don Giuseppe takes a liking to Gino and the two elderly Sicilians bond.
Narrowly escaping after Mr. Green turns up at Vincenzo's home as part of a mafia meeting, a relieved Jerry manages to get Gino back to Chicago safely. Jerry, who has become sympathetic to Gino, now urges Gino to flee but he refuses to break his word. However, on the day Gino is to confess in court, Jerry discovers that his superiors were merely stalling for time; Gino is to be killed, and Jerry is to be the one who does the killing. Instead, Gino calls Don Giuseppe, taking him up on his promise to do anything to help Gino due to their friendship. Mr. Green's henchman Frankie is shown pleading guilty to the crime and receives a 20-year sentence. Jerry begins working with Gino, shining shoes.
Cast
Film connections
Things Change was Mamet's directorial follow-up to House of Games and also takes place in the world of crime. The two films share many cast members, including Joe Mantegna, Ricky Jay, Mike Nussbaum, William H. Macy (credited as W.H. Macy), and J. T. Walsh, as well as many production staff members. In addition, other recurring collaborators from Mamet's resident ensemble at Atlantic Theatre Company appeared in the film, including Felicity Huffman and Clark Gregg.
Awards
Co-stars Mantegna and Ameche received Volpi Cups at the Venice Film Festival for their performances in the film.
Release and reception
Things Change was released on October 21, 1988, in 99 U.S. theaters, grossing US$3.5 million. The film carries an 85% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 13 reviews, with an average score of 7/10.
See also
List of American films of 1988
References
External links
1988 films
1980s crime comedy-drama films
American crime comedy-drama films
Columbia Pictures films
1980s English-language films
Films directed by David Mamet
Films set in Chicago
Films about gambling
Works by Shel Silverstein
Films with screenplays by David Mamet
1980s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things%20Change%20%28film%29 |
Balboa Park Gardens are cultivated areas of Balboa Park in San Diego, California.
Gardens
There are multiple individual gardens throughout the park, including Alcazar Gardens, the Botanical Building and Reflecting Pool, the Cactus Garden, the Casa del Rey Moro Garden, the Inez Grant Parker Memorial Rose Garden, the Japanese Friendship Garden, the Marston House Garden, Palm Canyon, and Zoro Garden. In addition, the San Diego Zoo includes a noteworthy collection of plants.
Plants
Balboa Park contains 350 species of plants on of rolling hills and canyons, with approximately 1,500 trees. Many of the trees were selected and planted by horticulturalist Kate Sessions, often referred to as "the Mother of Balboa Park".
See also
Kate Sessions
List of Parks in San Diego
Gold Gulch
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in California
References
Further reading
External links
Official San Diego Parks Department - Balboa Park website
Balboa Park Foundation garden section
Balboa Park (San Diego)
Parks in San Diego
Landmarks in San Diego
Botanical gardens in California
Gardens in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa%20Park%20Gardens |
Hyperesthesia is a condition that involves an abnormal increase in sensitivity to stimuli of the sense. Stimuli of the senses can include sound that one hears, foods that one tastes, textures that one feels, and so forth. Increased touch sensitivity is referred to as "tactile hyperesthesia", and increased sound sensitivity is called "auditory hyperesthesia". In the context of pain, hyperaesthesia can refer to an increase in sensitivity where there is both allodynia and hyperalgesia.
In psychology, Jeanne Siaud-Facchin uses the term by defining it as an "exacerbation des sens" that characterizes gifted individuals: for them, the sensory information reaches the brain much faster than the average, and the information is processed in a significantly shorter time.
Other animals
Feline hyperesthesia syndrome is an uncommon but recognized condition in cats, particularly Siamese, Burmese, Himalayan, and Abyssinian cats. It can affect cats of all ages, though it is most prevalent during maturity. Detection can be somewhat difficult as it is characterized by brief bursts of abnormal behavior, lasting around a minute or two. One of its symptoms is also found in dogs that have canine distemper disease (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV).
See also
Auditory processing disorder
Hyperacusis
Multisensory integration
Sensory overload
Sensory processing
Sensory processing disorder
Sensory processing sensitivity
References
External links
Medical signs
Symptoms and signs: Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Cat diseases
Dog diseases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperesthesia |
Oliver Francis Luck (born April 5, 1960) is an American business executive and former football quarterback. He is currently the executive director of the United Athletic Conference, a new NCAA Division I FCS conference starting play in 2023 as a football-only merger of the ASUN Conference and Western Athletic Conference. He was the CEO and Commissioner of the XFL until it suspended operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to that, he was Director of Intercollegiate Athletes at West Virginia University (WVU), his alma mater, and an executive with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in charge of the organization's regulatory functions. Luck is a retired American football player who spent five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) as a quarterback for the Houston Oilers (1982–1986). He was also the first president and general manager of the Houston Dynamo of Major League Soccer (MLS). Under his watch, the Dynamo won the MLS Cup in 2006 and 2007.
He is the father of former Indianapolis Colts quarterback Andrew Luck.
Football career
Collegiate career
Luck attended St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland, where he was a standout quarterback. He then enrolled at WVU, playing quarterback from 1978 to 1981. In his freshman season, Luck only had 151 yards passing and five interceptions. As a sophomore in 1979, he passed for 1,292 yards and eight touchdowns, but threw 12 interceptions. He also rushed for 407 yards and five touchdowns, including a career-high 120 yards against Tulane.
In his junior season of 1980, Luck earned first-team Academic All-American honors. Luck's 19 touchdown passes was a school record, while he also added 1,874 yards. As a senior in 1981, he led the Mountaineers to the Peach Bowl where they defeated the Florida Gators by a score of 26–6. Also named Academic All-American for the second consecutive season, Luck threw for a school record 216 completions and 394 attempts to add to his 2,448 yards and 16 touchdowns. He added career-highs 360 passing yards and a school-record 34 completions in a loss to Syracuse that season.
Luck, who was a three-year starter, ended his career with school records of 43 career touchdown passes, 466 completions, and 911 pass attempts. His 5,765 career passing yards currently ranks fourth on the all-time school list. Luck still ranks in the top ten in nearly every career passing category.
Luck was a finalist to be a Rhodes Scholar (but he did not obtain the scholarship), a National Football Foundation Scholar, and a two-time GTE/CoSIDA Academic All-American who graduated magna cum laude from WVU in 1982. He was named the team MVP in 1980 and 1981 and won the 1981 Louis D. Meisel Award. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Luck was inducted into the Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 2000.
Professional career
Luck was the 44th overall selection in the 1982 NFL Draft, taken in the second round by the Houston Oilers. He was the third quarterback taken, after Art Schlichter (4th to Baltimore) and Jim McMahon (5th to Chicago). As a rookie in the strike-shortened 1982 season, Luck saw no action. In his second season, the Oilers inserted him at the starting quarterback position, from which he threw eight touchdowns and 13 interceptions, completing 124 of 217 pass attempts for 1,375 yards as the Oilers struggled to a 2–14 record. He was a teammate of fellow quarterback Archie Manning during the 1982 and 1983 seasons.
In 1984, the Oilers signed Canadian Football League star Warren Moon. Luck played as Moon's back-up for the majority of the season. He completed 22 of 36 pass attempts for 256 yards, two of which were touchdown passes, with one interception. Luck also had some success running the ball, with 10 carries for 75 yards and one touchdown.
In 1985 and 1986, Luck continued to play back-up to Moon. He threw 100 passes in 1985, completing 56 of them with two touchdowns and two interceptions. In 1986, Luck's final season in the NFL, he completed 31 of 60 passes for 341 yards with one touchdown and five interceptions.
Post-football career
After retiring from pro football, Luck earned a J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law in 1987. He graduated with honors, then accepted a fellowship to study the European Union and its legal system in Germany. Luck is also a long-time member of the American Council on Germany. In 1990, he was the Republican nominee for Congress from West Virginia's 2nd congressional district, which included his alma mater, but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Harley O. Staggers Jr. An ethical controversy arose after his campaign used a mailing list generated by the non-profit Mountaineer Athletic Club to send a photo of himself as WVU's quarterback, along with a letter from Luck, to over 4000 of the club's contributors. A state ethics commission report subsequently found that the list had been generated at Luck's request, and Luck apologized.
In 1991, he became general manager of the Frankfurt Galaxy of the fledgling World League of American Football. He held the post for two years until the league was suspended. Upon its resumption in 1995, he became general manager of the Rhein Fire, and was named league president the following year. Luck held that role until 2000, during which time he oversaw the league's rebranding as NFL Europe, intended to strengthen the connection between the league and its parent, the NFL.
In 2001 Luck was sworn in as Chief Executive Officer of the Houston Sports Authority. In this role he oversaw the operations of the Harris County Houston Sports Authority, the governmental entity created in 1997 to provide the financing, construction and management oversight of the three large sports and entertainment venues in Houston: Minute Maid Park (home of the Houston Astros), Reliant Stadium, (home of the Houston Texans and the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo), and the new Downtown multi-purpose arena (home of the Houston Rockets and Comets).
Prior to joining the Sports Authority, Luck was a top-ranking executive with the National Football League for more than ten years, where he served as Vice President of Business Development and President and CEO of NFL Europe. In 2005, he was named president of the Houston Dynamo of Major League Soccer. Luck worked with the City and County to create a publicly funded downtown soccer stadium, BBVA Compass Stadium, which opened to much fanfare in March 2012.
On June 27, 2008, Luck was appointed by West Virginia Governor Joe Manchin to the West Virginia University Board of Governors, effective July 1. On June 9, 2010, Luck was hired as the athletic director of West Virginia University. Two years later his name surfaced as a potential candidate to fill the open athletic director's slot at Stanford University, where his son Andrew played quarterback and one of his daughters played volleyball. But Luck announced on May 17, 2012, that he was staying at WVU.
During Luck's tenure the WVU athletic program made significant changes, including: WVU's move from the Big East Conference to the Big 12 Conference; the resignation of head football coach Bill Stewart and subsequent promotion of Dana Holgorsen to that spot; and the firing of baseball coach Greg Van Zant, instituted beer sales at football stadiums, restructured the WVU compliance office, and took the school off of major probation; facilitated multi-media rights to IMG in a 12-year, $86million guaranteed deal, added men's golf after a 32-year hiatus; hired baseball coach Randy Mazey who led the team to a 3rd-place finish in the Big 12, and organized state TIF funding to build a new baseball stadium eventually known as Monongalia County Ballpark.
As of October 12, 2012, WVU amended Luck's employment agreement, extending his contract through 2017.
On October 14, 2013, Luck was one of 13 members unanimously chosen by the College Football Playoff Management Committee to select the four teams to compete in the first College Football Playoff which was to be held in 2015.
On December 17, 2014, the NCAA announced that Luck would take a newly created post as executive vice president for regulatory affairs. Luck is in charge of all national office regulatory functions, including academics, membership, eligibility, and enforcement. The position had been created by current NCAA president Mark Emmert as part of a major restructuring of his senior staff. Notably, the NCAA offices are in Indianapolis, where Andrew played at the time.
On June 5, 2018, the XFL announced that Luck would be the league's Commissioner and CEO. After a start that was possibly "the best launch of a new sports league in the last 30 years, if not ever," the league suspended play on March 12, 2020, due to the outbreak of the coronavirus. On Thursday April 9, XFL owner Vince McMahon fired Oliver Luck two working days before the league filed for bankruptcy. Luck sued XFL owner Vince McMahon for wrongful termination on April 21. As XFL President Jeffrey Pollack noted: "Our shutdown and our bankruptcy filing had nothing to do with anything other than the pandemic. Our business was working, our proof of concept was successful, and we were on our way to a phenomenal first season."
Luck was named on January 5, 2023 as the executive director (de facto commissioner) of the newly formed ASUN–WAC Football Conference. The football-only merger of the ASUN Conference and Western Athletic Conference is set to start play in the 2023 season in the second tier of NCAA Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision.
Personal life
Luck is married to the former Kathy Wilson, with whom he has four children: Andrew, Mary Ellen, Emily, and Addison. The three oldest are graduates of Stanford University, where Andrew played football and Mary Ellen played volleyball. When Luck's NCAA employment was announced, Addison was attending Morgantown High School. Andrew played quarterback at Stanford and was selected number one overall by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft.
In addition to his professional pursuits, Luck was actively involved as a coach for youth sports.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American soccer chairmen and investors
Houston Dynamo FC
Houston Oilers players
Major League Soccer executives
NFL Europe executives
Players of American football from Cleveland
Saint Ignatius High School (Cleveland) alumni
Sportspeople from Cleveland
University of Texas School of Law alumni
West Virginia Mountaineers athletic directors
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
College Football Playoff Selection Committee members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Luck |
MacBreak was an internet television show hosted by Leo Laporte, Kendra Arimoto, Alex Lindsay, iJustine and Emery Wells from TWiT.tv and the Pixel Corps. The podcast was dedicated to Apple's Macintosh computers and other Apple products such as the iPod.
MacBreak was the first podcast in 1080p high definition format, with the release of an episode on the TWiT web site in the format. According to Leo Laporte on This Week in Tech, MacBreak caused bandwidth problems for its service provider, Libsyn.
MacBreak is a production of the TWiT.tv network in association with Pixel Corps. It is filmed in San Francisco, California on a greenscreen set at the San Francisco School of Digital Filmmaking. Each episode, the live-action greenscreen footage is keyed and composited over a virtual 3D set by members of the Pixel Corps. This process is explained in the "Road to 1080p" episodes.
Starting in April 2007 with the release of MacBreak #65, "MacBreak Minutes" hosted by Merlin Mann and Kenji Kato began to appear along with full MacBreak episodes. MacBreak Minutes are short tips that consisted of an application or tool featured in a one-minute condensed video.
Regular MacBreak guests/alternate host have included Weezer drummer Patrick Wilson, Kenji Kato, Mark Spencer, Craig Syverson, Cali Lewis, Don McAllister and Dr. Kiki Sanford.
As of MacBreak #29, the opening titles were changed to reflect the new lineup of hosts. Amber MacArthur was no longer listed, replaced by Merlin Mann and Kendra Arimoto. iJustine became a host on January 12, 2007. The latest episode was produced May 3, 2011.
MacBreak Weekly
A spin-off called MacBreak Weekly was started on August 13, 2006. It distributed in audio and video formats and features many of the video version hosts as well as special guests. The intro theme is made by Ashley Witt at tenthauser.com. The usual "Mac pundits," as they refer to themselves, are Leo Laporte, Rene Ritchie, Alex Lindsay, and Andy Ihnatko. The content differs from MacBreak in that the discussion mainly covers Apple related news from the previous week. Other segments include a "Pick of the Week", where the hosts discuss various software and hardware they find useful.
Sections and features
There used to be a "Whine" section where the hosts complain about certain features of various Mac OS X applications they wish would be improved. A running joke is that Alex Lindsay tends to pick products with exorbitant price tags, and thus the panel has created a unit of currency, the “Alex” which is equivalent to the retail price of the current version of Adobe Photoshop (approximately $700.00 US). It is sometimes used as a unit of price for the "Picks of the Week" segment, while free items are said to be “zero Alexes”. MacBreak Weekly 125 saw the introduction of two new units of price; the "Scott" is equal to 11 "Alexes", and the "Great Scott" is equal to 10 "Scotts." The show is often very casual and relaxed, and the hosts get off topic quite a bit which seems to contribute to the overall tone of the show. A recent feature on the show includes a special jingle first introduced by Merlin Mann and then supplied as a full blown song titled "Rathole!" which is played when the conversation veers very far off from the original topic. Another recurring theme is Leo Laporte's habit of buying Apple products just before they are discontinued, the price cut or the product changes. This started when he bought a Power Mac G4 Cube on the day it was discontinued. (This was referenced in episode 12; "Smokin'") It has become a joke throughout the shows, mostly between Merlin Mann and Scott Bourne. Due to other commitments Merlin Mann has been absent for most shows since episode 104, although he appeared in episode 122.
The podcast has show notes published on the TWiT Wiki, under the MacBreak Weekly section.
See also
List of technology podcasts
References
External links
– official site
– official site
– YouTube channel containing clips of MacBreak; now inactive
Video podcasts
Technology podcasts
2006 podcast debuts
2011 podcast endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBreak |
Sir Edward James Gent (28 October 1895 – 4 July 1948) was the first appointed Governor of the Malayan Union in 1946. He was most famous for heading early British attempts to crush a pro-independence uprising in Malaya led by the Malayan Communist Party during the Malayan Emergency, before dying during the first year of the war in an aviation accident.
Life
Gent was born in 1895, the son of John Gent (1844–1927) and Harriet ( Frankland) Randall. His original name was Gerard Edward James Gent, but for unknown reasons he changed it to Edward James Gent. He was educated at The King's School, Canterbury, and Trinity College, Oxford.
Gent married Guendolen Mary Wyeth in 1923, and they had four children, Marcus James Gent, Gerard Nicholas Gent, Ann Monica Gent and Janice Mary Gent.
Military career
Gent served with the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry in the First World War in Flanders and Italy. He was wounded twice and was awarded the Military Cross in 1917 and the Distinguished Service Order in 1919.
Diplomatic career
He was the first appointed Governor of the Malayan Union. He was an instrumental figure in the formation of the Malayan Union, which was established on 1 April 1946 in Kuala Lumpur.
Malayan Emergency
Gent remained as the High Commissioner for Malaya when the Malayan Union was dissolved and replaced by the Federation of Malaya. But he did not remain at his post for long. He was sacked by the Colonial Office and recalled to London on 29 June 1948 at the onset of the Malayan Emergency after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia, lobbied Whitehall.
Gent disbelieved the communists were of any threat and refused to act. When the communists first launched their attacks on Malayan rubber estates, Gent on 16 June declared an emergency only in parts of Perak and Johor, much to the disappointment of the rubber planters, who called for a nationwide declaration of emergency. Gent was only forced to widen the declaration to the whole of Malaya the next day when the Straits Times wrote "Govern or Get Out" on its front page, thus galvanising public sentiment against him.
Death
Gent was returning to the United Kingdom in an Avro York transport aircraft of the Royal Air Force when it collided with a Douglas DC-6 of Scandinavian Airlines System near Northwood, north London, a week after he was recalled to London.
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Notes
References
Gent Family History
1895 births
1948 deaths
Colonial Administrative Service officers
Administrators in British Malaya
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in England
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry officers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Military Cross
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Kingston upon Thames
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Gent |
The Order of the Band, Knights of the Band, or Equites Bindae, was a military order in Spain, instituted by Alfonso XI, King of Castile in 1332. It took its name from the banda, band, sash or red ribbon which was once worn by knights belonging to the order.
Membership of the order was awarded to certain distinguished knights and squires of the king, and had roots back as far as 1324. This order was only for nobility; the eldest sons of grandees were excluded; and a prerequisite to admittance was to have served at least ten years either in the army, or at court. They were bound to take up arms for Catholicism against infidels. The King himself was Grand Master of the order. After a period of decline it is considered to have been extinct by 1474.
See also
Female order of the Band
Royal Bend of Castile
References
External links
Members of the Order of the Band
Band
Orders of chivalry of Spain
14th-century establishments in Castile
History of Catholicism in Spain
Catholic orders of chivalry
1332 establishments in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20the%20Band |
Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (born 1948) is a Togolese politician, human rights activist, and a poet who served as Prime Minister of Togo from 27 August 1991 to 23 April 1994. Elected as Prime Minister by the opposition-dominated National Conference in 1991, Koffigoh was given full executive powers and tasked with overseeing a transition to multiparty elections. Beginning in December 1991, however, President Gnassingbé Eyadéma increasingly reasserted his authority at Koffigoh's expense. Although Koffigoh remained in office, the opposition eventually abandoned him, feeling he had become too cooperative with Eyadéma.
Koffigoh has been the President of the Coordination of New Forces (CFN) since 1993. He was replaced as Prime Minister after the 1994 parliamentary election, in which the CFN performed poorly, although Koffigoh himself won a seat in the National Assembly. Later, he was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1998 to 2000 and Minister of Regional Integration, in charge of Relations with Parliament, from 2000 to 2002.
Background and political career during the early 1990s
Koffigoh was born in Kpélé Dafo. He served as the head of Togo's Bar Association and in August 1990 he founded the first human rights organization in the country, the Togolese League of Human Rights (Ligue togolaise des droits de l'homme, LTDH), which quickly won support both at home and abroad. He was elected as Prime Minister by the National Conference on 27 August 1991; President Gnassingbé Eyadéma was stripped of his powers and was left as a ceremonial president. Koffigoh was tasked by the Conference with forming a transitional government leading to elections that were then planned to be held in 1992, in which neither Koffigoh nor Eyadéma were to be allowed to run. Although Eyadéma had sought to suspend the Conference, surrounding the venue with soldiers, he subsequently accepted Koffigoh's appointment. Aside from serving as Prime Minister, Koffigoh also became Minister of Defense. According to the opposition, Koffigoh's subsequent appointments of supporters and friends to head public enterprises led to some criticism and antipathy from other members of the opposition; he was accused of strengthening his own power base rather than the unity of the opposition, thus weakening the opposition in the ongoing struggle against Eyadéma.
In the months following his appointment, troops loyal to Eyadéma repeatedly tried to oust Koffigoh. On 1 October 1991, they seized the national radio and television station and demanded that Koffigoh resign before leaving the station; Koffigoh said afterwards on the radio that order was restored. A week later, they unsuccessfully tried to kidnap Koffigoh, and four people were reported killed in protests and violence that followed. After Eyadéma's party, the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), was banned by the transitional High Council of the Republic (HCR) in November 1991, soldiers began a siege of Koffigoh's official residence in Lomé in late November, demanding that Koffigoh's government be replaced and threatening to "reduce the city to ashes"; they also demanded that the RPT be legalized again and that the HCR be dissolved. Koffigoh called for French military aid. Eyadéma publicly called on the soldiers to return to their barracks and expressed continued trust in Koffigoh, but also invited him to begin consultations on the formation of a new national unity government. Following Eyadéma's call, as well as talks between Eyadéma and Koffigoh and between Eyadéma and the soldiers, the soldiers lifted their siege after two days; however, they promptly resumed it. To appease the soldiers, Koffigoh offered to include supporters of Eyadéma in the government, but he refused to dissolve his government altogether, and he again called for French aid.
On 3 December 1991, soldiers succeeded in capturing Koffigoh in a heavy assault, involving tanks and machine guns, on his official residence. Many people were killed in this violence: at least 17, and possibly more than 200. The soldiers took Koffigoh to meet with Eyadéma, and later on the same day, Eyadéma released a statement saying that he and Koffigoh would form a new transitional government to replace Koffigoh's previous government. Although Eyadéma did not take responsibility for the soldiers' actions, he was widely believed to have behind them. Koffigoh said in a news conference that he was not being held prisoner and that he was working on "getting things back on track"; although he remained in office, his power was considered curtailed. On 31 December, a new government headed by Koffigoh, including three members of the RPT, was announced; most members of Koffigoh's previous government remained, and Koffigoh himself continued to serve as Minister of Defense.
The transitional period, which was originally set to end in August 1992, was extended at that point to 31 December 1992. Koffigoh dissolved his government on 1 September 1992, although it remained in place in a caretaker capacity; he and Eyadéma agreed on 2 September to holding elections—local, parliamentary, and presidential, along with a constitutional referendum—in stages before the end of the year. Koffigoh formed a new government on 14 September, with 18 ministers, including six from the RPT. On 9 November 1992, he dismissed two RPT members of the government, Minister of Territorial Administration and Security Agbéyomé Kodjo and Minister of Communications and Culture Benjamin Agbéka, but Eyadéma prevented their dismissal. A rally in support of Koffigoh, who said that he would appeal the matter to the Supreme Court, was held in Lomé on 11 November. The opposition called a strike in the same month, but on 29 December Koffigoh called for the strike to end; as a result the Collective of Democratic Opposition-2 refused to participate in talks with Koffigoh on 3 January 1993. Eyadéma reappointed Koffigoh as Prime Minister later in the month, although the opposition and the HCR disputed this on the grounds that only the HCR had the right to appoint the Prime Minister. Having adopted a more cooperative attitude towards Eyadéma, Koffigoh became the subject of opposition criticism.
The Coordination of New Forces was established in 1993 as a six-party coalition, led by Koffigoh. In the second round of the February 1994 parliamentary election, Koffigoh was elected to the National Assembly as the UDR/CFN candidate in the Third Constituency of Kloto Prefecture. He was the only CFN candidate to win a seat. Following the election, he resigned as Prime Minister, along with his government, on 21 March 1994. Eyadéma appointed Edem Kodjo to replace Koffigoh as Prime Minister in April, and Kodjo succeeded Koffigoh in office on 25 April. In the National Assembly, Koffigoh was considered a reliable ally of the RPT during the parliamentary term that followed the 1994 election.
Political career after 1994
In 1997, Koffigoh was chairman of the organizing committee of the ACP-EU roundtable conference that was held in Lomé. Koffigoh subsequently became Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in the government named on 1 September 1998. As Foreign Minister, he headed peace talks in Lomé between the government of Sierra Leone and rebels of the Revolutionary United Front in mid-1999. Koffigoh served as Foreign Minister until he became Minister of Regional Integration, in charge of Relations with Parliament, in the government named on 8 October 2000. He served in the latter position until December 2002.
Following the April 2005 presidential election, in which Eyadéma's son Faure Gnassingbé was officially elected President but which the opposition denounced as fraudulent, serious violence broke out in Togo. On 25 May 2005, Gnassingbé created a special 10-member commission of inquiry to examine the violence and deliver findings about it within three months, and he appointed Koffigoh as the head of the commission. The commission eventually delivered its report on 10 November 2005. The report cast blame for the violence widely; it included criticism of the government, the opposition, and the media, placed the death toll at 154, and gave recommendations for improving the electoral process.
Koffigoh remains President of the CFN as of 2007. In the October 2007 parliamentary election, he was the first candidate on the CFN's candidate list in Kloto Prefecture, but the party did not win any seats in the election.
In November 2010, Koffigoh served as head of the African Union observer mission on the presidential election in Côte d'Ivoire. Koffigoh's report was highly critical of irregularities and shortcomings in the electoral process in the north of the country and documented significant abuses in regions held by former rebel troops. Nevertheless, Koffigoh attended the disputed inauguration of the incumbent president Laurent Gbagbo in a private, non-official capacity, leading the African Union to distance itself from him.
In recent years, Koffigoh has embraced poetry, publishing 4 collections whose topics generally celebrate Togolese and African cultures, and explore challenges facing the African continent.
References
1945 births
Members of the National Assembly (Togo)
Prime Ministers of Togo
Foreign ministers of Togo
Living people
Coordination of New Forces politicians
Government ministers of Togo
21st-century Togolese people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Kokou%20Koffigoh |
Public Speaking and Influencing Men In Business () is a 1937 revision of Dale Carnegie's 1926 book Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men. Dorothy Carnegie produced 2 separate revised editions: How to Develop Self-Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking (1956), aimed at the general public, and The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking (1962), as a replacement textbook for the Dale Carnegie Course. A more recent revised edition is Public Speaking for Success (2005), revised by Arthur Pell, which restores content that was left out of the Dorothy Carnegie-revised works.
Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men, Public Speaking and Influencing Men In Business, and The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking served as standard textbooks in the Dale Carnegie Course.
The main focus of this book is to present a thorough understanding of the principles of public speaking, as well as guidance into conquering the fears attributed to public speaking.
Contents
Developing Courage and Self Confidence
Self-Confidence thru Preparation
How Famous Speakers Prepared Their Addresses
The Improvement of Memory
Keeping the Audience Awake
Essential Elements in Successful Speaking
The Secret of Good Delivery
Platform Presence and Personality
How to Open a Talk
Capturing Your Audience at Once
How to Close a Talk
How to Make your Meaning Clear
How to Be Impressive and Convincing
How to Interest your Audience
How to Get Action
Improving your Diction
Appendices
Acres of Diamond by Russell Conwell
A Message to Garcia by Elbert Hubbard
As a Man Thinketh by James Allen
External links
Keynote Speakers
Influence Speaker
Full text of Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men at HathiTrust Digital Library: Volume 1 Volume 2
1926 non-fiction books
Business books
Public speaking
Books by Dale Carnegie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Speaking%20and%20Influencing%20Men%20in%20Business |
The purple-crowned fairy (Heliothryx barroti) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae, the mangoes. It is found from southeastern Mexico south into northern Peru.
Taxonomy and systematics
The purple-crowned fairy was originally described as Trochilus Barroti. It and the black-eared fairy (Heliothryx auritus) were treated as conspecific by some authors but are now considered to be a superspecies; they are the only members of the genus. Its scientific name commemorates Adolphe Barrot (1801–1870), a French diplomat who served in Colombia from 1831 to 1835.
The purple-crowned fairy is monotypic.
Description
The purple-crowned fairy is long and weighs about . It is slender and has bright emerald green upperparts, pure white underparts, and a long pointed tail which has blue-black central and white outer feathers. It has a black patch through the eye and the bill is short, straight, and black. The male has a metallic violet forecrown; the eye patch has a metallic violet spot behind it and bright emerald green below it. The female has a green crown and the face has less black, no violet spot, and no green below the black. Immatures have cinnamon fringes on their upperpart's plumage and the throat and breast have sparse dusky spots.
Distribution and habitat
The purple-crowned fairy is found from eastern Chiapas and southern Tabasco in Mexico through the Caribbean slopes of Belize, Guatemala, and Nicaragua; both slopes of Costa Rica; much of Panama; and the Pacific slopes of Colombia, Ecuador, and far northern Peru. In Colombia it also occurs east into the lower valley of the Magdalena River. In elevation it ranges from sea level to in Mexico and northern Central America, to in Costa Rica, to in Colombia, and to in Ecuador. It inhabits the canopy and edges of humid lowland forest, shady plantations, and mature secondary forest.
Behavior
Movement
The purple-crowned fairy is resident throughout its range.
Feeding
The purple-crowned fairy mostly forages in the mid-story and canopy, though at forest edges it will forage lower. It takes nectar from a variety of flowering plants, both by inserting its bill into the corolla and by piercing the base of the flower to "rob" nectar. It also feeds on small arthropods (favoring spiders) by hovering and gleaning from foliage. It does not take insects on the wing like many other hummingbirds. Although it is not particularly territorial, this species is quite aggressive, and will resist the attacks of territorial hummingbird species.
Breeding
The purple-crowned fairy usually breeds between October and March in Costa Rica; its breeding seasons elsewhere have not been documented. The female alone builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and cares for the young. It makes a small conical cup nest of plant down without the attached lichens of many other hummingbird nests. It places the nest near the tip of a thin branch, usually between above the ground and often over water. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation time is 16 to 17 days with fledging 20 to 24 days after hatch.
Vocalization
The purple-crowned fairly is not highly vocal. It does make a call that has been described as "a high, thin, slightly metallic sssit, which may be run into longer rapid series."
Status
The IUCN has assessed the purple-crowned fairy as being of Least Concern. Its population is estimated to be at least 50,000 individuals but is believed to be decreasing. "Human activity probably has little short term effect on [the] Purple-crowned Fairy".
References
Further reading
Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
External links
Purple-crowned fairy videos at the Internet Bird Collection
Photo; Article fireflyforest.net Photo-2
purple-crowned fairy
Hummingbird species of Central America
Birds of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
purple-crowned fairy
purple-crowned fairy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple-crowned%20fairy |
Eugene Koffi Adoboli (born 3 October 1934) is a Togolese politician. He was Prime Minister of Togo from 21 May 1999 to 31 August 2000. In 2011 he was sentenced to five years in jail in absentia stemming from an embezzlement scandal while he was Prime Minister.
Political career
Adoboli was named Prime Minister on 21 May 1999, replacing Kwassi Klutse. He was previously an international civil servant at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in Geneva and the United Nations Joint Inspection Unit for over 40 years. At the time of his appointment by President Gnassingbé Eyadéma following the March 1999 parliamentary election, Adoboli was virtually unknown in Togolese politics. During his tenure, Adoboli faced criticism of his inability to improve Togo's economic position.
On 7 April 2000, the United Nations "Millennium Report" was officially launched in Lome, personally sponsored by Adoboli and Cecile Molinier, the UN coordinator in Togo. Adoboli praised the report, stating, "And it was with the same attention that the President welcomed the Secretary-General's projects aimed at creating a `world free from fear'." Adoboli met with Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan on 9 July 2000. On 27 August 2000, Adoboli resigned as prime minister and Eyadéma accepted his resignation. Togolese Communication Minister Koffi Panou announced the move, which came a day after the legislature conducted a vote of no confidence against his government. Eyadéma appointed Agbéyomé Kodjo to replace Adoboli on 29 August.
Adoboli moved to Switzerland in 2002. He delivered a keynote speech to the World Meteorological Association in April 2010, encouraging the organization to improve climate information and climate services to African people and governments to reduce the impacts of natural disasters caused by climate change. Adoboli urged African countries to come together to face the looming climate issues. In 2011, he was accused of embezzling 800 million CFA francs in a construction project in Lome in 1999 while he was prime minister. The villas were intended to be used by leaders at a summit of the Organisation for African Unity. In July 2011, he was one of three individuals sentenced to five years in prison in absentia for his role in embezzling the funds. Adoboli denied the accusation, stating, "At no time have I dipped into the accounts of the Togolese government. This judgment borders on the ridiculous and does not honour our country." Instead, he insisted that Togo owes him money.
References
1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Togo
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
21st-century Togolese people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Koffi%20Adoboli |
Roy Haynes is an American jazz drummer.
Roy Haynes may also refer to:
Roy Asa Haynes (1881–1940), Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of Prohibition enforcement
Roy Haynes (designer), car designer and stylist
See also
Roy Martin Haines, British historian | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Haynes%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Messan Agbéyomé Gabriel Kodjo (born 12 October 1954) is a Togolese politician who served as Prime Minister of Togo from 29 August 2000 to 27 June 2002.
Political career
Kodjo was born in Tokpli, Yoto Prefecture, Togo in 1954 to Dossou Kodjo and Kédjé Flora Dosseh. He received a degree in organizational management from the University of Poitiers in France in January 1983.
Back in Togo, Kodjo was Commercial Director of SONACOM from 1985 to 1988 before President Gnassingbé Eyadéma appointed him to the government as Minister of Youth, Sports, and Culture on 19 December 1988. He remained in that post until September 1991, when a transitional government led by Prime Minister Joseph Kokou Koffigoh took office. He was appointed as Minister of Territorial Administration and Security in September 1992, but Koffigoh dismissed him, along with another member of the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), Minister of Communications and Culture Benjamin Agbéka, on 9 November 1992. Kodjo and Agbéka, with Eyadéma's support, refused to leave the government, despite protests and Koffigoh's intent to take the matter to the Supreme Court; Kodjo remained in his position until February 1993, when he became Director-General of the Autonomous Port of Lomé.
Kodjo served for more than six years as Director-General of the Autonomous Port of Lomé. In the March 1999 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as the RPT candidate in the Third Constituency of Yoto Prefecture; he was the only candidate and received 100% of the vote. Following the election, he was elected as President of the National Assembly in June 1999. After a little over a year in that position, President Eyadéma appointed Kodjo as Prime Minister on 29 August 2000, replacing Eugene Koffi Adoboli after Adoboli was defeated in a no-confidence vote.
Kodjo said on 30 August 2001 that the Constitution should be changed to enable Eyadéma to run for a third term in 2003. Although Kodjo was widely speculated to be Eyadéma's intended successor after becoming prime minister, he and Eyadéma came into conflict and was dismissed as Prime Minister by Eyadéma on 27 June 2002 reportedly due to differences within the RPT. In an article published in Le Scorpion newspaper on 28 June, he criticized Eyadéma. He promptly left Togo, and in early July 2002, he was declared wanted by a court for allegedly dishonoring the President and disrupting public order. On 6 August 2002, the RPT Central Committee voted unanimously to expel Kodjo from the party, along with former National Assembly President Dahuku Péré, for high treason; he was also expelled from the prestigious Order of Mono on 18 July.
After leaving Togo, Kodjo lived in exile in France, and from there, he continued his criticisms of Eyadéma. The Togolese government issued an international arrest warrant for Kodjo in mid-September 2002, falsely accusing him of corruption and saying that he had fled Togo to avoid prosecution for it. The government also complained about Radio France Internationale's broadcasting of an interview with Kodjo in September, which RFI had done despite government pressure. He denounced the amendment to eliminate presidential term limits, saying that Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba initially made that proposal publicly and supported the proposal for the RPT's internal reasons.
Following the disputed June 2003 presidential election, Kodjo said in an interview with the newspaper Motion d'information that Eyadéma had lost the election contrary to the official results. Accusing Eyadéma of remaining in power through violence, Kodjo said that Eyadéma should admit defeat and leave politics to resolve the country's political troubles and prevent civil war.
He later ran for election to the position of President of the Togolese Football Federation, but at its extraordinary congress on 9 January 2007, he placed second behind Avlessi Adaglo Tata, receiving 14 votes from delegates against 24 for Tata; he placed ahead of Eyadéma's son Rock Gnassingbé, who was the Federation's incumbent president and received eight votes.
Kodjo announced in early August 2008 that he would stand as the candidate of a new party, the Organisation pour bâtir dans l'union un Togo solidaire (OBUTS), in the 2010 presidential election. He formally submitted his candidacy on 14 January 2010. Although the deadline for submitting candidacies was 15 January, Kodjo was the first person to submit his candidacy formally. Upon learning that he was first, Kodjo declared that it was "a very good sign" and that he would also be "the first" to be declared the winner of the election.
Kodjo announced he would run in the 2020 presidential elections for Togo. He lost, getting 18% of the vote. After the election, the National Assembly accused him of plotting a coup, which has been disputed.
References
External links
Text of the letter sent by Kodjo to the press on 27 June 2002.
Agbeyome's O.B.U.T.S website.
1954 births
Presidents of the National Assembly (Togo)
Prime Ministers of Togo
Living people
Togolese prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Togo
Democratic Alliance for the Fatherland politicians
People from Maritime Region
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
21st-century Togolese people
20th-century Togolese people
University of Poitiers alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agb%C3%A9yom%C3%A9%20Kodjo |
Donald Rodney Schain (February 26, 1941 – December 26, 2015) was an American director, writer, and producer of many films and TV movies, most notably for the Disney Channel.
Schain joined the movie industry in the early 1970s, directing his then-wife, Cheri Caffaro, in a number of low-budget exploitation films, including the Ginger trilogy.
In the 1990s, he moved to Utah and went on to produce movies of a more family-oriented nature for the Disney Channel, including High School Musical, Wendy Wu: Homecoming Warrior and Read It and Weep. He was the first president of the Motion Picture Association of Utah.
References
External links
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
1941 births
2015 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Schain |
"I'll Wait" is a song by American rock band Van Halen, taken from their sixth studio album, 1984 (1984). The song was written by band members Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen, Michael Anthony and David Lee Roth, along with Michael McDonald and produced by Ted Templeman.
It was the second single released from the record and reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. Despite the song being a hit, no video was ever filmed for it.
Writing and composition
The song was written as a collaboration between Van Halen and Doobie Brothers singer Michael McDonald, who was brought in by Templeman when David Lee Roth had trouble completing the melody and lyrics to the song. The song is in the key of D minor, having a moderate common time tempo of 114 beats per minute.
Like "Jump," the song features keyboards almost entirely, including a synthesizer bass line, and also features heavy use of Alex Van Halen's Rototom drum kit.
The song's subject was inspired by a woman wearing men's underwear in a Calvin Klein print media advertisement. Roth pinned up the ad beside his Sony Trinitron television and addressed the lyrics to the model.
The single's original cover featured the band posing in the same location where the cover for the "Hot for Teacher" single had been shot.
David Lee Roth and producer Ted Templeman wanted to remove the song from the album, while Eddie Van Halen and engineer Donn Landee pushed for its inclusion.
Reception
Cash Box said that "this mid-tempo solid rocker is sure to catch the ear of both heavy metal and pop fans" and that "lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen sculpts some masterful backing riffs, and also creates a thoughtful and tasty guitar solo."
Chuck Klosterman of Vulture.com ranked it the 43rd-best Van Halen song, noting its "mammoth drums, mammoth synth, not much verve or panache."
Track listing
US 7" single
UK 7" single/US 12" single
Personnel
David Lee Roth – lead vocals
Eddie Van Halen – guitar, keyboards
Alex Van Halen – drums
Michael Anthony – keyboard bass, backing vocals
Charts
References
Further reading
1984 singles
1984 songs
Van Halen songs
Songs written by Michael McDonald (musician)
Songs written by Michael Anthony (musician)
Songs written by David Lee Roth
Songs written by Alex Van Halen
Songs written by Eddie Van Halen
Song recordings produced by Ted Templeman
Warner Records singles
Synth rock songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll%20Wait |
Smoky Dawson AM, MBE (19 March 191313 February 2008), born as Herbert Henry Brown, was an Australian country, Western and folk performer, radio star, entertainer, and icon. He was widely touted as Australia's first singing cowboy complete with acoustic steel string guitar and yodel, in the style of Americans Gene Autry and Roy Rogers.
Dawson had an extraordinarily long and prolific career, releasing his first single in 1941 and his last album in 2005, aged 92. Through his high-rating syndicated radio serials (at their height broadcast on 100 stations), "The Adventures of Smoky Dawson", as well as television appearances, comic books and songs he created the persona of a happy-go-lucky singing cowboy.
Dawson did his own version of Wild Colonial Boy, rewriting the words and music with American country singer Glen Campbell.
Dawson also met The Kelly Family, and wrote a ditty about Jim Kelly, the brother of Ned Kelly.
Family
Smoky Dawson was born as Herbert Henry Brown on 19 March 1913 in Collingwood, Victoria. His father, Parker Frederick Peter Brown (21 November 1884 – 1957), was a labourer of Irish descent; his mother, Olive "Amy" Muir (ca. 1880 – June 1919), was of Scottish descent. His parents married in 1905, and they had five children, Leslie Muir Wood "Les" (1904–1920), Laura Olive Emily (1906–1941), Peter Frederick James (1908–1972), Herbert Henry "Herbie", and Edward Parker Peter "Ted" (aka Ted Dawson) (1915–1978).
The Browns initially lived in Melbourne and briefly moved to the rural area of Warrnambool. His father, Parker, also worked in a dispensary, and had performed as a baritone under the name Frederick Parker, at the Bijou, a theatre in Melbourne. Parker had studied as a medical student before serving in World War I.
Parker Dawson enlisted in the Australian Army in June 1915 and fought at Gallipoli from October until January 1916 and also served in Borneo. He was diagnosed with neurasthenia and was honourably discharged in August 1916 on medical grounds. Dawson later remembered, "[m]y dad went to Gallipoli ... but unfortunately he suffered a lot from it and so did the family". In June 1919 his mother, Amy, died of unspecified causes and the following year his brother, Les, died by drowning on Christmas Day. By that time his father had remarried. Smoky marched every year in the annual ANZAC day marches, right up until his death
Early life
Dawsons early life was unsettled, as his father Parker was prone to heavy drinking and violence, he repeatedly ran away from home after his beatings. Once he was nearly choked to death, ran off and, after being caught, he was chained in a dog's tent by his father. From the age of eight or nine he was "making up little ditties" which soothed him. At about nine-years-old, Dawson was so severely beaten that he ran away from home again. He travelled to his mother's family, the Muirs, in Melbourne and was sent, by a court order, to live for three years at the St. Vincent de Paul Boys' Orphanage, in South Melbourne. It was administered by the Catholic Church's Christian Brothers, and Dawson was baptised in that faith and took the confirmation name, Aidan. For school holidays he was sent to a farm in Eurack near Colac, run by the Carews. He had learned to sing at the orphanage and Jack Carew taught him to play the harmonica and piano accordion. At the age of thirteen Dawson left the orphanage to join his older brother, Peter, working on a farm at Stewarton (about from Goorambat). Each Saturday night he would sing at the local town hall with a repertoire that included "Funiculi, Funicula", "Little Brown Cottage" and "Good Morning, Good Morning".
Music and performing career
In 1932 Smoky Dawson worked at a tannery and on weekends he played a lap steel guitar in a duo, The Coral Island Boys, with his younger brother, Ted, on Spanish guitar. Both sang lead vocals, with Ted's singing described by Dawson as "a much richer voice than mine. He had more depth in his voice". They performed then-popular songs, such as "Gee But I'm Lonesome for You Caroline" and "Southern Moon Keep on Shining". In 1934, Dawson formed a Western group with an accordionist, a bass guitarist, and Malcolm on violin; which cut a test acetate at Fidelity Records with Jack Murray recording. It was the first professional use of Dawson's nickname, "Smoky" – he had tried pipe smoking when living at Stewarton but it had sickened him. The recording led to sponsorship by Pepsodent – a toothpaste company – and so the group were named, Smoky and the Pepsodent Rangers. In 1935 they were the first Western group to be broadcast live on an Australian radio station, 3KZ, and by 1937 Dawson had his own radio show. His show was re-broadcast into New South Wales on 2CH as "Hill-billy Artists" by "Smoky" Dawson and His Boys. In 1941, he signed with Columbia Records, where he recorded his first commercial releases, including "I'm a Happy Go Lucky Cowhand" and "The Range in the Western Sky". He also toured around Australia.
Dawson had used music as a way of comforting himself and during World War II he took this talent to boost the morale of others. In 1939 upon the outbreak of the war he had attempted to enlist, but was rejected on medical grounds for a "bumpy heart". In 1940, with Smoky Dawson's Five-Star Rangers, he would perform at soldier's socials. In 1941 when the Japanese forces approached Australia, he enlisted as a non-combatant nursing orderly and was commandeered by the First Australian Army Entertainment Unit. On 13 March 1944, while still in the army, he married Florence "Dot" Cheers (12 October 190627 October 2010), an elocution teacher – they had met nine years earlier when both worked in radio. Western Mails Louis Clark, described Dawson as an "Australian outback songster" and the unit as "an array of genius". Aside from music, Dawson would also perform at rodeos, circuses and country shows demonstrating his skill at knife-throwing using machetes, commando knives, tomahawks, or two-edged axes. By October 1949, Dawson had recorded about 60 tracks from his songbook of 280 tunes – all of them "have a cowboy setting—with a dash of romance". Dawson travelled around Australia for eight months a year while Dot remained behind as Auntie June on her own radio show for 3KZ.
In March 1951 Dawson, as a cowboy entertainer, narrated a documentary film, directed by Rudall Hayward, on Australian rough riders at a Kyabram rodeo, which was to be broadcast on United States TV. Dawson sang a self-written song praising their skills and noted "there's nothing half-baked about Australian rodeos or the boys who ride in them. They're entitled to all the credit we can give them ... Rodeos and rough riders are just as much a part of our national heritage as symphonies and seascapes". In June that year Dawson and Dot travelled to the US where he played and recorded demos in Nashville. While in New Jersey, he took the role of Petruchio in a stage version of the musical, Kiss Me, Kate. His trip to the US was cut short after he was injured in a car crash in Chattanooga, Tennessee; while driving to Shreveport, Louisiana, for an invitation to appear on Louisiana Hayride hosted by Jim Reeves, Dawson absent-mindedly ran a red light and his car was hit by a Cadillac going the opposite direction; he was hospitalised and his appearance on Louisiana Hayride never eventuated. When Dawson returned to Australia in September 1952 he was hailed as an "Australian singing 'cowboy' who has made good in the US at the expense of the world's best". For trick riding his palomino horse, Flash (1951–1982), was bedecked in American-style tack rather than Australian. Flash lived to be 31 years old and Dawson supplemented his feed by giving him porridge with a spoon.
The Adventures of Smoky Dawson radio show
Echoing US singing cowboy, Roy Rogers, on 8 December 1952 Dawson starred in his own radio show, The Adventures of Smoky Dawson, which stayed on the air for ten years until 1962.
At its peak, Dawson's show was broadcast on 69 stations across the country. Dot also had her own radio shows for children. A related comic book of the same name was published from 1953 to 1962 and both featured "Dawson's persona [which] became 'Australia's favourite cowboy', with his faithful sidekick Jingles, his horse Flash and their young friend Billy fighting the evil outlaw Grogan, adhering to Smoky's 'code of the west', pausing for a song, a moral and sometimes a bowl of cornflakes, courtesy of the program's sponsor". For the radio show Dawson provided "rendition[s] of a magpie, kookaburra, rooster, turkey, pig, cow, an impatient horse, a posse with bloodhounds (with the bandit being shot), a pack of dogs fighting and next door's dog howling in the middle of the night". In 1957 he founded the Smoky Dawson Ranch on farm at Ingleside as a venue to host country music shows, a horse riding school and a holiday camp for children.
Television
In 1974 a TV series, Luke's Kingdom, was shot at Dawson's ranch. The following year he featured on This Is Your Life hosted by Mike Willesee.
In 1988 he appeared in two episodes of TV soap opera, A Country Practice, as a drifter, "Charlie McKeahnie", who passes through the fictional location of Wandin Valley and proposes to town gossip, "Esme Watson" (portrayed by Joyce Jacobs). His performance was so popular with viewers that he made another appearance the following year. Dawson was a Freemason.
Death
In his later years Smoky Dawson was diagnosed with arthritis, emphysema and two hernias. In June 2000 he was knocked down by a hit-and-run driver and had spinal injuries. As of 2004 he and Dot presented a radio show on 2NSB and lived in Lane Cove, New South Wales.
Herbert Henry "Smoky" Dawson died on 13 February 2008 after a short illness, aged 94. He was survived by his wife, Florence "Dot" Dawson, an elocutionist, radio actress and presenter, who died on 27 October 2010 at 104 years of age. In a 2005 interview Dawson indicated how he would like to be remembered, "Ah well, just as Herb. Just as one who's tried his best, he's carried out, lover of his country and always thought about the good things in life. Being honest and true to yourself, the main thing, true to yourself. And ah, I think to be remembered as an old friend".
Awards and legacy
Smoky Dawson continued his long career of recording and performing after his radio show, and enjoyed performing until his death. He has frequently been recognised for his contributions to music and entertainment.
On 31 December 1982 Dawson was awarded an Order of the British Empire – Member (Civil) with the citation, "In recognition of service to country music".
In 1978 Dawson was inducted into the Australian Roll of Renown.
In 1985 he published his autobiography, Smoky Dawson: A Life. An updated and expanded addition was released in 2021.
In the 1999 Australia Day Honours Dawson was made a Member of the Order of Australia with the citation, "In recognition of service to country music".
In 2005 he was inducted into the Australian Record Industry Association Hall of Fame. In April 2007 he donated his first electric guitar to the Australian Stockman's Hall of Fame.
Smoky's Bar and Grill was opened in his name in 2005 at the West Diggers Club in Tamworth – he attended with Dot. His recording career spanned more than six decades, his last album, Homestead of My Dreams, was released in 2005.
Powerhouse Museum described him as "a singer, showman, songwriter, scriptwriter, knife and double-headed axe thrower and all round performer who has lived a long life entertaining audiences. Through his radio serials, comic books and songs he created the persona of a happy-go-lucky singing cowboy". From 2001 the museum has displayed his signed copy of the comic book, The Adventures of Smoky Dawson, and other memorabilia, which was subsequently donated by Dawson in 2004.
Near Dawson's former ranch in Terrey Hills is the "Smoky Dawson Pavilion", a multi-purpose hall (containing a full-sized basketball court) situated within Galstaun College at Ingleside. Smoky Dawson Pavilion opened in late 2014 with money from the estate of Dawson and Dot.
Australian Roll of Renown
The Australian Roll of Renown honours Australian and New Zealander musicians who have shaped the music industry by making a significant and lasting contribution to Country Music. It was inaugurated in 1976 and the inductee is announced at the Country Music Awards of Australia in Tamworth in January.
|-
| 1978
| Smoky Dawson
| Australian Roll of Renown
|
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Dawson was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005.
|-
| ARIA Music Awards of 1989 || High Country (with Trevor Knight) || ARIA Award for Best Country Album ||
|-
| ARIA Music Awards of 2005
| Smoky Dawson
| ARIA Hall of Fame
|
Country Music Awards of Australia
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973.
In 1988 Dawson and Trevor Knight won The Heritage Golden Guitar at the Country Music Awards of Australia for "The Days of Old Khancoban" – written by Dawson about the droving days of his youth in the Snowy Mountains. The following year Dawson and Knight won a second Golden Guitar for their song, "High Country", as Best Vocal Duo or Group.
|-
| 1977
| himself
| Hands of Fame
|
|-
| 1988
| "The Days of Old Khancoban" Smoky Dawson & Trevor Knight's Newport Trio
| Heritage Award
|
|-
| 1989
| "High Country" Smoky Dawson & Trevor Knight
| Vocal Group or Duo of the Year
|
Note: wins only
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Smoky Dawson won one award in that time
(wins only)
|-
| 2007
| Smoky Dawson
| Outstanding Contribution to Country Music
|
|-
Tamworth Songwriters Awards
The Tamworth Songwriters Association (TSA) is an annual songwriting contest for original country songs, awarded in January at the Tamworth Country Music Festival. They commenced in 1986. Smoky Dawson won four awards.
(wins only)
|-
| 1987
| Smoky Dawson
| Song of the Year Award
|
|-
| 1989
| Smoky Dawson
| Traditional Bush Ballad Award
|
|-
| 1990
| Smoky Dawson
| Songmaker Award
|
|-
| 1997
| Smoky Dawson
| Tex Morton Award
|
|-
Bibliography
References
External links
Report on death
Australian Biography entry
Listen to an excerpt of "Smoky Dawson and the Smoking Bullet" on australianscreen online
1913 births
2008 deaths
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian people of Scottish descent
ARIA Award winners
ARIA Hall of Fame inductees
Australian Army soldiers
Australian country singers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian radio personalities
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Singers from Melbourne
Yodelers
Australian Freemasons
Australian country guitarists
Australian male guitarists
20th-century guitarists
Acoustic guitarists
20th-century Australian male singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky%20Dawson |
Roy Donald Haynes (12 March 1924 – 22 March 2020) was a British automobile designer. Haynes worked for Ford as Model Line Director for Ford of Europe where he was responsible for the design of the 1966 Cortina MkII and worked on the design for the 1966 Ford Zodiac/Zephyr Mk4.
Life and career
Roy Donald Haynes was born on 12 March 1924.
In 1967, he was recruited to BMC by Joe Edwards, working from the Pressed Steel Fisher studios in Cowley. While at BMC, Haynes put forward a plan to build models on just five platforms and reduce the number of brands to make the company profitable.
His first job was to work on the shortly to be released Austin Maxi, where he redesigned the front and rear ends. Further work was done on facelifting the successful AD016 Austin/Morris 1100 range, which failed to appear after the formation of the British Leyland (BL) in 1968 and was replaced by the Austin Allegro. Further projects included the 1969 Mini Clubman facelift for the Mini which had been planned as a hatchback in 1968 and designed the 1971 Morris Marina, which were accepted by the management team at BL with minimal modifications, unexpected as he was up against designs by Pininfarina and Michelotti. Further projects included Project Condor which was a sports car based on the Morris Marina.
Haynes left BL in 1969, just 16 months after joining from Ford's, as the new management team closed the Pressed Steel design studio at Cowley, moving the department to Longbridge. It was reported that the journey from his home to Essex was a step too far. Haynes was replaced as chief stylist of, what was by then, British Leyland in 1970 by Harris Mann, whom he had taken with him to BMC from Ford's.
In 1976, Roy Haynes formed ElecTraction Ltd Maldon, Essex and designed several electric vehicles for the company through his other company Roy Haynes Automotive International, including the Rickshaw, Tropicana and the concept Precinct but the company closed in 1979. In 2012 in an interview with This is Total Essex, Roy Haynes was promoting his idea for a new London Airport design for Foulness Island, in Essex.
Roy Haynes died in Essex on 22 March 2020, at the age of 96.
References
1924 births
2020 deaths
Ford designers
British automobile designers
Place of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Haynes%20%28designer%29 |
Tipu Zahed Aziz, FMedSci (; born 9 November 1956) is a Bangladeshi-born British professor of neurosurgery at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, Aarhus Denmark and Porto, Portugal. He specialises in the study and treatment of Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, dystonia, spasmodic torticollis, fixed abnormal posture of the neck, tremor, and intractable neuropathic pain. Besides his medical work, he is also notable as a public commentator in support of animal experimentation.
Early life and education
Aziz was born in Bangladesh into what The Guardian called a "medical dynasty". He arrived in Britain at the age of 17 with just three O-levels, but after passing A-levels, he studied Neurophysiology at University College London, where he became interested in deep brain stimulation. He went on to study for a doctorate at Manchester University, where he began his research on animals.
Career
In February 2006, Aziz came to public prominence in the UK when he spoke out in favour of the use of animals in medical research to several hundred demonstrators during a rally held by Pro-Test, a new British group set up to promote the construction by Oxford University of a new biomedical centre in which research on animals, including primates, will be conducted. Aziz is one of two Oxford neurosurgeons who sit on the Pro-Test committee. Pro-Test was formed to counter SPEAK, an animal rights organisation aiming to end vivisection in the UK.
In March 2006, he came to public attention again when he defended the use of animals in cosmetics testing, which is banned in Britain. His comments were described as "perhaps unfortunate" by one colleague.
Research interests
Aziz's work involves inducing Parkinsonian symptoms in monkeys, either surgically or using drugs, then switching off the symptoms using electrodes he has implanted in their brains. During development of his techniques he has used around 30 monkeys in tests over 20 years, and many believe that as many as 40,000 people around the world have benefitted from the techniques.
The Guardian writes that some patients have described the surgery as "miraculous". In a 2006 BBC Two documentary Monkeys, Rats and Me: Animal Testing, animal rights philosopher Peter Singer described Aziz's research as "justifiable" on utilitarian grounds. Singer later clarified his statement saying that it would only be justified, in his opinion, if Aziz were willing to do the same experiments on humans of a similar mental capacity.
Aziz has said that the emphasis of his future research will be upon viral, gene, and stem cell therapy to treat Parkinson's and similar movement disorders.
Research criticism
According to The Oxford Student, Malcolm Macleod, a clinical neuroscientist, was asked by Animal Aid to conduct a systemic review into Aziz's research. Macleod accidentally sent an email intended for a colleague to the animal rights group. The e-mail stated he felt that deep brain stimulation was an "area of weakness often trumpeted as a success, but which in reality is probably a failure." He asked for "advice" and suggested he would "avoid, play a straight bat or price [himself] out of the market" for the review requested.
Animal Aid said about the e-mail "He [Dr Macleod] feared that an objective investigation of the associated animal research would expose the treatment's shortcomings. He was determined to avoid being drawn into the front line of the vivisection debate."
Dr Macleod claimed that he stood by his choice not to do the review "I was not comfortable taking part in a study which was motivated by a desire to undermine Aziz."
Animal testing controversy
Aziz has been vocal in support of animal testing and his criticism of the animal liberation movement, calling them "misinformed and sometimes illiterate anti-vivisectionists who adopt terrorist tactics" and who "[undermine] the process of democracy" through "intimidation". Britain has "probably the most violent and absurd animal rights movement in the world." He told The Guardian, "The problem with British society is it has a humanoid perception of animals that’s almost cartoon-like."
Defence of cosmetics testing
In an interview published on 4 March 2005, Aziz condoned testing cosmetics on animals, a practice banned in the UK since 1998 and fully across the European Union by 2013. He said that to argue cosmetics testing is wrong is "a very strange argument", and that "[p]eople talk about cosmetics being the ultimate evil. But beautifying oneself has been going on since we were cavemen. If it's proven to reduce suffering through animal tests, it’s not wrong to use them. To say cosmetics is an absolute evil is absurd."
Other scientists who use animals in research have "distanced themselves" from Aziz's remarks. Clive Page, a researcher at the University of London, said: "I don't think we can justify using animals for cosmetics research. [Prof Aziz], like myself and a few others who talk out about this have worked very hard to try and explain to the public why we do medical research on animals and why it's still necessary. To muddy the waters by bringing back an issue of using animals for something that’s not actually approved in the UK is perhaps unfortunate."
Simon Festing, director of the pro-animal experimentation lobby group Research Defence Society said of Aziz: "He's not involved in cosmetic testing himself, [Britain's] not involved in cosmetic testing, it's been banned here. There's no movement from the scientific community or the cosmetics industry to have it brought back in. I can't see it being particularly relevant apart from being his personal view."
Felix
An animal rights campaign has formed around a seven-year-old macaque monkey that Aziz has used in his research. Named Felix by Aziz himself, he is one of 100 purpose-bred monkeys used in animal experiments by Oxford University. Felix was featured in a November 2006 BBC documentary about Aziz's work, "Monkeys, Rats and Me". The monkey was shown being "shaped", that is, being encouraged to perform certain tasks by having food and water withheld, in advance of having the symptoms of Parkinson's disease induced. Electrodes were implanted in his brain to test the effects of deep brain stimulation on the Parkinsonian symptoms and on his ability to perform the tasks. He will be destroyed at the end of the experiment, which could continue for several years.
Since the BBC documentary aired, SPEAK, a British animal rights campaign formed in 2002, has used the "Fight for Felix" as a public focus of their efforts to halt the construction of a new £20 million animal-testing facility in South Park Road, Oxford
Awards and nominations
In January 2013, Aziz was nominated for the Service to Medicine award at the British Muslim Awards.
See also
British Bangladeshi
List of British Bangladeshis
John Stein (Professor of Physiology)
Kevin Warwick
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
British Muslims
Bangladeshi emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
British neurosurgeons
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Physicians of the John Radcliffe Hospital
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu%20Aziz |
Emmanuel Bodjollé (born 1928) is a Togolese former military officer who was Chairman of the nine-member Insurrection Committee that overthrew the government of President Sylvanus Olympio on 13 January 1963.
Biography
Bodjollé, a former master-sergeant in the French army, had been among a group of around 300 soldiers who on discharge from the French services had not been integrated into the Togolese army. He led a conspiracy of around thirty other former non-commissioned officers, who arrested the ministers of Olympio's government. The coup saw former president Olympio shot dead at the gate of the US embassy compound by Etienne Eyadéma, later known as Gnassingbé Eyadéma, a later president of Togo.
Bodjollé's coup installed Nicolas Grunitzky as Togolese leader.
References
1928 births
Possibly living people
People of French West Africa
Togolese politicians
French military personnel
Togolese military personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Bodjoll%C3%A9 |
Cub Scouts is the Cub Scout section of Scouts Canada for children aged from 8 to 10. Originally the "Wolf Cubs," the program offers badges to youth members as a mark of achievement in an interest area. The badges are grouped into six activity areas as described in The Cub Book (Scouts Canada, 2005). While youth experience fun and excitement presented by the program, each activity area focuses on a specific purpose and goal, intended to be relevant to modern children while meeting developmental needs. Originally the requirement entry was age 7 until 2001. Each activity area offers a variety of badges that youth may earn and sew onto their uniform sash:
A uniquely coloured "Star", awarded for completing a set of introductory requirements in the area. The requirements for a star are flexible, allowing youth to select tasks that are easier than full-blown badge requirements, align with their personal interests, or present an exciting challenge to them.
A number of "Activity Badges", which focus on a variety of challenging activities in the activity area. Requirements for activity badges vary, and many may be tailored for youths' interests and talents. These activities may be completed individually or with others.
One or two advanced badges known as "Awards". Typically, youth may only aspire to acquire the awards after first earning the star and a number of badges in the activity area.
The six activity areas are outlined in separate sections below.
Uniform
Recently, the full uniform consists of a grey Cub Scout shirt, khaki shorts or pants, and a neckerchief indicating the youth's group membership. The old uniform was a sandstone Cub Scout shirt which required jeans or black long pants.
The activity badges described here are generally worn on the uniform shirt sleeve, with additional badges being held on campfire blankets or display books.
A diagram of the uniform, including placement of awards and crests, is provided on the Scouts Canada Website.
There is active interest in collecting Canadian Scouting memorabilia, even after youth have completed their years in the program. In addition to merit badges and awards that are worn on the uniform, youth often collect souvenir patches that may be displayed off the uniform; for example, they are often sewn onto campfire blankets or ponchos. Uniform badges will frequently find their way onto these items as well, as youth progress through the program, and are popular conversation pieces at Jamborees and campfires.
Symbols
Cub Scout Promise
The Cub Scouts division has evolved since the 1950s and 1960s when it was extremely large in numbers. The original Cub Scout Promise, written by Scouting's founder Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, is, "I promise to do my best, to do my duty to God and the Queen, to keep the law of the Wolf Cub Pack, and do a good turn every day."
In recent years, this Promise has been changed to, "I promise to do my best, to love and serve God, to do my duty to the Queen; to keep the law of the Wolf Cub Pack, and to do a good turn for somebody every day." The alternative promise, "I promise to do my best, to be true to myself, to do my duty to my country; to keep the law of the Wolf Cub Pack, and to do a good turn for somebody every day," is available beginning in summer 2020.
The Jungle Book
Numerous symbols and references from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book are used in Cub Scouts. These include the use of the term Akala as the leader of the Cub Scout Pack, encouragement of use of nicknames of characters in the book for Scouters (the pack's adult leaders), and others.
Structure
Cub scout groups in Scouts Canada are known as Packs. These are typically divided into smaller sections, Lairs.
Badges
The Natural World - Black Star activities
The Natural World activities are intended to create a feeling of care and concern for the natural world, and an interest in nature study. Activities in this area provide opportunities for youth to explore the wonders of nature, learn about the connections between the environment and the life it supports, explore and develop an understanding of the effects people have on the environment, and give direct ideas about how to help the environment in everyday situations. (Scouting and the Family, p.vi)
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Black Star
Astronomer Badge
Observer Badge
Gardener Badge
Naturalist Badge
Recycling Badge
Climate Change Badge
World Scout Environment Award
Canadian Wilderness Award
The Outdoors - Green Star activities
The Outdoor activity area exists to develop confidence and early leadership skills through basic camping and outdoor interests. Activities in this area instruct youth on how to safely enjoy the outdoors, and encourage learning and participation in a variety of outdoor pursuits. (Scouting and the Family, p.vi) These activities also serve to prepare Cub aged youth to progress to the outdoor activities that are central to Scouting.
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Green Star
Camping Badge
Cooking Badge
Fishing Badge
Hiking Badge
Trailcraft Badge
Watercraft Badge
Winter Cubbing Badge
Canadian Camper Award
Creative Expression - Tawny Star activities
The purpose of the Creative Expression activity area is to encourage youth to creatively explore and express themselves through activities applying imagination and innovation. Activities are intended to provide creative outlets for children's interests through the use of music, arts, and crafts, increase awareness of how modern technology can be used for creative expression, and promote literacy and reading skills. Youth can also develop a sense of accomplishment by pursuing a project from start to finish. (Scouting and the Family, p.vi)
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Tawny Star
Artist Badge
Carpenter Badge
Collector Badge
Computer Badge
Entertainer Badge
Handicraft Badge
Musician Badge
Photographer Badge
Reader Badge
Canadian Arts Award
Health and Fitness - Red Star activities
Having an active lifestyle is the first step in being fit and healthy! These activities teach youth the basics of fitness, and encourage physical activity.
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Red Star
Athlete Badge
Cyclist Badge
Skater Badge
Skier Badge
Snowboarder Badge
Swimmer Badge
Team Player Badge
Canadian Healthy Living Award
Home and Community - Blue Star activities
The activities in this area encourage youths' involvement in their homes and communities.
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Blue Star
Disability Awareness Badge
Family Helper Badge
Family Safety Badge
First Aider Badge
Guide Badge
Home Repair Badge
Law Awareness Badge
Pet Care Badge
Emergency Preparedness Badge
Canadian Family Care Award
Canada and the World - Purple Star activities
The activities in this area explore themes of national and international relevance. Additional activities (Specialty Badges) encourage youth to set special challenges for themselves as individuals and as a group.
The badges awarded in this activity area are:
Purple Star
Aboriginal Awareness Badge
Canadian Heritage Badge
International Trade Badge
World Cubbing Badge
Space Exploration Badge
World Religions Badge
Cub Individual Specialty Badge
Pack Specialty Badge
Language Strip(s)
Awarded for fluency in a language, is worn on the uniform, not the sash.
Religion in Life
Various badges are awarded for various religions based on the requirements set in conjunction with those groups.
World Citizen Award
References
Scouts Canada. The Cub Book,
Scouts Canada. Bylaw, Policies and Procedures, Sections 5000, 8000.
Scouts Canada. Scouting and the Family, A Grownup's Guide to the Wolf Cub Program, 2005. (Appendix to The Cub Book.)
External links
Scouts Canada, and their "Cubs" page.
Details of requirements for the various badges are provided in The Cub Book (see References). Additionally, some Cub Packs have provided on-line resources that reflect the content of The Cub Book. The "Cubs" page from 14th Gloucester Scouts is an example.
Scouting and Guiding in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub%20Scouts%20%28Scouts%20Canada%29 |
Interaction design patterns are design patterns applied in the context human-computer interaction, describing common designs for graphical user interfaces.
A design pattern is a formal way of documenting a solution to a common design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander for use in urban planning and building architecture and has been adapted for various other disciplines, including teaching and pedagogy, development organization and process, and software architecture and design.
Thus, interaction design patterns are a way to describe solutions to common usability or accessibility problems in a specific context. They document interaction models that make it easier for users to understand an interface and accomplish their tasks.
History
Patterns originated as an architectural concept by Christopher Alexander. Patterns are ways to describe best practices, explain good designs, and capture experience so that other people can reuse these solutions.
Design patterns in computer science are used by software engineers during the actual design process and when communicating designs to others. Design patterns gained popularity in computer science after the book Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software was published. Since then a pattern community has emerged that specifies patterns for problem domains including architectural styles and object-oriented frameworks. The Pattern Languages of Programming Conference (annual, 1994—) proceedings includes many examples of domain-specific patterns.
Applying a pattern language approach to interaction design was first suggested in Norman and Draper's book User Centered System Design (1986). The Apple Computer's Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines also quotes Christopher Alexander's works in its recommended reading.
Libraries
Alexander envisioned a pattern language as a structured system in which the semantic relationships between the patterns create a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts, much like the way that grammatical relationships between words make language meaningful. While some collections of patterns attempt to create the structural relationships needed to form a language, many others are simply an assemblage of patterns (and thus are more appropriately termed pattern libraries.)
Mobile interaction pattern libraries
The popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets usher in a need for a library of mobile interaction design patterns.
This need is driven by:
Differences in user behavior and interaction on mobile devices such as swipe and tap gestures, vis-a-vis interaction on a Desktop GUI, which is mouse-driven
Differences in physical attributes between a mobile and a desktop device e.g. screen size, touch screen, etc.
Design guidelines recommended by mobile OS e.g. iOS, Android
Elements
For patterns to be helpful to the designers and developers who will make use of them, they need to be findable and readable.
Common elements
Though pattern descriptions vary somewhat, many pattern libraries include some common elements:
Pattern Name: Choosing a clear and descriptive name helps people find the pattern and encourages clear communication between team members during design discussions.
Pattern Description: Because short names like "one-window drilldown" are sometimes not sufficient to describe the pattern, a few additional lines of explanation (or a canonical screenshot) will help explain how the pattern works.
Problem Statement: Written in user-centered language, this communicates what the user wants to achieve or what the challenge is to the end-user.
Use When: "Context of use" is a critical component of the design pattern. This element helps people understand situations when the design pattern applies (and when it does not.)
Solution: The solution should explain "how" to solve the problem, and may include prescriptive checklists, screenshots, or even short videos demonstrating the pattern in action.
Rationale: Providing reasons "why" the pattern works will reinforce the solution, though time-pressed developers may prefer to ignore this explanation.
Examples: Each example shows how the pattern has been successfully applied This is often accompanied by a screenshot and a short description.
Comments: Including a place for team members to discuss the use of the pattern helps maintain an active resource and keeps the team engaged.
Optional elements
Pattern libraries can also include optional elements, depending on the needs of the team using them. These may include:
Implementation Specifications: A style guide with detailed information about font sizes, pixel dimensions, colors, and wording for messages and labels can be helpful for developers.
Usability Research: Any supporting research from usability tests or other user feedback should be captured. This can also include feedback from developers, customer service, or the sales team.
Related Patterns: The pattern library may include similar patterns, or it may be organized into a hierarchy of parent and child patterns.
Similar Approaches: Since there are likely to be many possible solutions to this problem, teams may want a place to capture similar alternatives.
Source Code: If the code is modular enough to be reused, then it can be included in the library as well.
Reasons to use design patterns
Benefits of using interaction design patterns include:
Teaching novices some best practices and common approaches
Capturing collective wisdom of designers across many uses and scenarios
Giving teams a common language, reducing misunderstandings that arise from the different vocabulary
Reducing time and costs in the design and development lifecycle
Making usable designs the "path of least resistance"
Eliminate wasted time spent "reinventing the wheel"
Ensuring users have a consistent and predictable experience within an application or service
Advantages over design guidelines
Guidelines are generally more useful for describing requirements whereas patterns are useful tools for those who need to translate requirements into specific software solutions. Some people consider design guidelines as an instance of interaction design pattern as they are also common approach of capturing the experience in interaction design. However, interaction design patterns usually have the following advantages over design guidelines:
Abstract guidelines, like the Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design by Shneiderman, do not suggest how to solve a problem like many interaction design pattern, and cannot be used for interdisciplinary communication. Furthermore, guidelines do not provide an explanation as to why a particular solution works.
Concrete guidelines, like Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines, are too tailored to a specific interface, and therefore are not as effective when applied to other interfaces (especially non-Macintosh interfaces).
Other problems with guidelines are that they tend to be too numerous which makes it difficult for designers to apply the right guidelines. Also guidelines assume an absolute validity while usually they can only be applied in a particular context. A result of that is also that guidelines often tend to conflict just because they lack describing a context.
Guidelines and patterns are not necessarily conflicting, and both can be used in conjunction to identify the problem and then create a valid solution.
See also
Design pattern
Gameplay
Elements of Design
Information architecture
Interaction design
Interactivity
Interface design
Mobile interaction
Sonic interaction design
Usability
User-centered design
References
Further reading
A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design, by Jan Borchers,
A Pattern Language for Web Usability, by Ian Graham,
Interaction Design Patterns für NFC-basierte Electronic Data Capture Anwendungen by Andreas Prinz, Prinz Publishing, Dieburg 2014, .
The Design of Sites: Patterns for Creating Winning Websites (Second Edition), by Douglas K. van Duyne, James A. Landay, and Jason I. Hong,
Designing Interfaces: Patterns for Effective Interaction Design, by Jenifer Tidwell,
Designing Social Interfaces: Principles, Patterns, & Practices for Improving the User Experience, by Christian Crumlish and Erin Malone,
Interaction Design for Complex Cognitive Activities with Visual Representations: A Pattern-Based Approach, by Kamran Sedig and Paul Parsons, AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction 5(2), 84-133.
External links
10 Great Sites for UI Design Patterns at Interaction Design foundation
Yahoo Design Pattern Library
Software design patterns | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction%20design%20pattern |
Julian Rowe (born 25 May 1985) is an Australian rules footballer with the Old Carey Football Club in the Victorian Amateur Football League, formerly with the AFL's Collingwood Football Club.
Originally from Old Carey, the youngster was considered a 'surprise pick' in the 2003 AFL Draft by Collingwood coach Mick Malthouse because Rowe was still available at No. 60 overall. He made his senior debut mid-season and showed potential of becoming a long-term midfielder/half-forward, having a good debut season, playing 8 games. In 2005 he started with a string of games, becoming a regular, before being dropped despite lifting his form. He managed only 2 games in 2006 and was delisted at the end of the season.
Rowe joined Port Melbourne in 2007, along with the other Magpies Brayden Shaw and David Fanning.
He has now gone back to his original club Old Carey which plays in the Premier section of the VAFA.
External links
Julian Rowe at the Collingwood Football Club website
1985 births
Collingwood Football Club players
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Oakleigh Chargers players
People educated at Carey Baptist Grammar School | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Rowe |
Multikulti is a slogan of the multiculturalism public policy approach. Its etymological origin is with the German progressive movements of the 1970s and 1980s. It was popularised by the German Green Party and gained popularity throughout Europe.
References
External links
multikulti.org.uk, British site offering "information, advice, guidance and learning materials" in different languages
multikulti.de, German radio station (German)
multikulti.eu, friends of the former German radio station 'radiomultikulti'(rbb)(German)
multicult20.de, internet radio (German + other languages), follower of the former 'radiomultikulti' (rbb)
multikulti.com, Polish site on Multikulti music (Polish)
multikulti.at, Austrian site organising Multikulti festivities (German)
multikulti.ru, (Russian)
multikulti.nl, Dutch foundation on intercultural exchange
multikulti.it, Italian site
Slogans
German words and phrases
Multiculturalism in Europe
de:Multikulti | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikulti |
Everyday Italian is a Food Network show hosted by Giada De Laurentiis. In the show, De Laurentiis focuses for her viewers on traditional Italian cuisine with an American flair.
Popularity
The show is recorded (shot at 24 frames for a cinematic feel) on location in Malibu, Pasadena and the Pacific Palisades, shunning the traditional Food Network sets and instead using a series of rented homes. All of the cooking on the show is shot live on set during an initial run and later the close up shots are recorded during a second run. De Laurentiis often features family members in episodes, most notably fashion designer husband Todd Thompson. Her mother, aunt, brother, and sister have also appeared in several episodes, occasionally working side-by-side with De Laurentiis in the kitchen. Giada's Aunt Raffy is the family member featured most often on the show; bringing recipes for such specialties as Chestnut Stuffing and Turkey Tonnato. Just before the birth of her first child in February 2008, Giada made an announcement on the Food Network website that the show was no longer being produced.
The success of Everyday Italian has led to the publication of three related cookbooks, Everyday Italian: 125 Simple and Delicious Recipes, Giada's Family Dinners, and Everyday Pasta.
Awards and honors
The show was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards in 2006, as well as in 2007. Giada de Laurentis won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle Host, and the series won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle Program in 2008.
The show has also given rise to other shows starring De Laurentiis, including Giada's Weekend Getaways, Behind the Bash, and a number of specials, including Giada's Italian Holiday, featuring chef Mario Batali.
References
External links
Everyday Italian on The Food Network
2000s American cooking television series
Food Network original programming | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday%20Italian |
Sevenoaks Weald is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. The parish is located on the Low Weald, immediately south of Sevenoaks town, with the village of Sevenoaks Weald at its centre. It was formed in 1894 from part of the ancient parish of Sevenoaks.
The village was originally named simply Weald.
The parish church is dedicated to St George. It was built in 1821 and was provided as a chapel of ease so that parishioners did not have the long climb to St. Nicholas, the parish church of Sevenoaks. Land and funds were given for the chapel and churchyards by the Lambarde family. Architect Thomas Graham Jackson added a chancel in 1871; the funds were provided by the Hodgson family. Weald Methodist Church on the village green opened in 1843; and also in the village is a former Brethren Gospel Hall dating from 1875 and the former St Edward the Confessor's Roman Catholic Church.
Long Barn is a property with a historic garden, begun in 1915 by Harold Nicolson and Vita Sackville-West and further developed by Edwin Lutyens in 1925. The nearest train station is Sevenoaks.
Nearest Settlements
See also
List of places of worship in Sevenoaks (district)
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Map of parish
Sevenoaks Wildlife Reserve and Visitor Centre (Kent Wildlife Trust)
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent
Sevenoaks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks%20Weald |
Sean Rusling (born 6 October 1986) is a former professional Australian rules football player who played for in the Australian Football League.
His career was plagued by injuries and only managed a total of seventeen games for Collingwood over the course of six years at the club.
Background
A mid-sized forward with an athletics background, Rusling was educated at Westminster School in Adelaide, South Australia. He was recruited from West Adelaide, and was drafted in the 2004 AFL Draft by Collingwood in the second round, at No. 23 overall. He made his debut in 2005 against Hawthorn in an injury-riddled side, where he played six games before a shoulder injury ended his season, requiring surgery. He showed his explosive pace and impressive vertical leap to suggest he was a player of the future. With 2006 on the fringes, he re-injured the same shoulder in a pre-season match against Sydney, forcing him out for the first three-four months. A return mid-season in the VFL saw him return after the mid-season break.
Career
He played the last four games, including a final in 2006, damaging Port Adelaide in a half with three goals and many marks on the lead to continue his expectations. Expecting big things in 2007, Rusling once again required a shoulder reconstruction (on the other shoulder) in the pre-season, with his season ruled out. He did however play two half games in the VFL, before an encouraging round 20 comeback game against Melbourne. He kicked a goal in his return, but a week later he dominated the Sydney defence with four goals and 9 marks. He missed the next week with a thigh injury, but returned for finals, kicking another three goals against the Sydney Swans at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG). His ten goals in five games kept hope of a start to a great career.
After a somewhat injury-free pre-season, 2008 saw Rusling play round one against Fremantle at the MCG, but he suffered his fourth serious shoulder injury in as many seasons. Scans revealed the need for a reconstruction, and he missed the remainder of the 2008 season.
Rusling had been making steady progress on his rehabilitation during 2009, however during his VFL comeback match in May, Rusling fractured a cheekbone after a marking contest.
At the age of 23, Rusling announced his retirement from the AFL on 8 September 2010.
Following two years living in Canada, Rusling returned to Australia and signed with South Australian Amateur Football League club Adelaide University.
See also
Collingwood Football Club roster 2006
References
External links
Sean Rusling at the Collingwood Football Club website
1986 births
Collingwood Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, Adelaide
Australian rules footballers from South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Rusling |
Chicken and waffles is an American dish combining chicken with waffles. It is part of a variety of culinary traditions, including Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine and soul food, and is served in certain specialty restaurants in the United States. Originating as a Pennsylvania Dutch meal, the dish has received notability in the Southern United States.
Description
Chicken and waffles, as a combined recipe, first appeared in the United States' colonial period in the 1600s in Pennsylvania Dutch country. The traditional Pennsylvania Dutch version consists of a plain waffle with pulled, stewed chicken on top, covered in gravy.
A version using fried chicken is associated with the American South. The soul-food version of chicken and waffles grew in popularity after the opening of the Wells Supper Club in Harlem, New York, in 1938. The waffle is served as it would be for breakfast, with condiments such as butter and syrup. This version of the dish is popular enough in Baltimore, Maryland to become a local custom.
History
The origins of the dish are unknown. Waffles entered American cuisine in the 1600s with European colonists. The food's popularity saw a notable boost after 1789 with Thomas Jefferson's purchase of four waffle irons in Amsterdam.
In the early 1800s, hotels and resorts outside Philadelphia served waffles with fried catfish. Such establishments also served other dishes such as fried chicken, which gradually became the meat of choice due to catfish's limited, seasonal availability. Waffles served with chicken and gravy were a common Sunday dish among the Pennsylvania Dutch by the 1860s. By the end of the 19th century, the dish was a symbol of Pennsylvania Dutch Country, brought on in part by its association with tourism. A 1901 memoir recalled a tavern in the Pittsburgh neighborhood East Liberty in western Pennsylvania that was known for "suppers of spring chickens and waffles".
By the 1840s, broiled chicken and waffles were the celebrated specialty at Warriner's Tavern in Springfield, Massachusetts, owned by "Uncle" Jeremy Warriner and his wife "Aunt" Phoebe, two well-known abolitionists. Prior to the Civil War, chicken and waffles were extravagant breakfast staples in plantation houses through much of the South, prepared by the well-trained cooks.
In 1909, a Griswold's waffle iron advertisement promised, "You can attend a chicken and waffle supper right at home any time you have the notion if you are the owner of a Griswold's American Waffle Iron."
A traditional story about the origin of the dish in soul food states that because African Americans in the South rarely had the opportunity to eat chicken and were more familiar with flapjacks or pancakes than with waffles, they considered the dish a delicacy. For decades, it remained "a special-occasion meal in African American families." The combination of chicken and waffles does not appear in early Southern cookbooks such as Mrs. Porter’s Southern Cookery Book, published in 1871, or in What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, published in 1881 by former slave Abby Fisher. Fisher's cookbook is generally considered the first cookbook written by an African American. The lack of a recipe for the combination of chicken and waffles in Southern cookbooks from the era may suggest a later origin for the dish. Popular culture may have associated the dish with the South by 1917, when Edna Ferber's Fanny Herself mentioned a Chicago restaurant falsely advertising "Southern chicken dinner with waffles and real maple syrup, 35 cents each."
Fried chicken and waffles came to Los Angeles by 1931, when they were served at The Maryland, a restaurant that marketed the dish as a Southern specialty. James M. Cain's 1941 novel Mildred Pierce concerns a woman who finds success serving "chicken-and-waffle dinner" at her Glendale restaurant.
In New York City , the dish was served in the African-American community in Harlem as early as the 1930s in such locations as Tillie's Chicken Shack, Richard Wells' jazz nightclub, and particularly the Wells Supper Club. In 1935, the trumpeter Bunny Berigan composed a jazz instrumental titled "Chicken and Waffles".
Since the 1970s, chicken and waffles have gained popularity in Los Angeles due to the fame of former Harlem resident Herb Hudson's restaurant Roscoe's House of Chicken and Waffles, which has become known as a favorite of some Hollywood celebrities, referenced in several movies, and spun off several more into a small chain.
See also
Chick'nCone
References
External links
American chicken dishes
American cuisine
Waffles
Soul food
Food combinations
Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Cuisine of the Southern United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20and%20waffles |
The Bay Area Conference is a school athletic conference located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The league is a member of the North Coast Section, one of ten sections that comprise the California Interscholastic Federation.
Leagues
The athletic conference is composed of four leagues:
Bay Counties League
The Bay Counties League comprises nine member schools in the Bay Area with enrollments over 400:
California Crosspoint Academy
California School for the Deaf, Fremont
Contra Costa Christian High School
Fremont Christian School
Holy Names High School
Livermore Valley Charter Preparatory
Making Waves Academy
Oakland Military Institute
Bay Counties League East
The Bay Counties League East comprises six member schools in the East Bay with enrollments under 400:
The Athenian School
The College Preparatory School
Head-Royce School
Redwood Christian School
Valley Christian School
Saint Joseph Notre Dame High School
Bay Counties League Central
The Bay Counties League Central comprises six member schools in the Central Bay Area with enrollments under 400:
Drew School
Gateway High School
Pescadero High School
Jewish Community High School
San Francisco Waldorf School
The Bay School of San Francisco
Bay Counties League West
The Bay Counties League West comprises seven member schools in the Western Bay Area with enrollments under 400:
The San Domenico School
Convent of the Sacred Heart High School
International High School of San Francisco
Lick-Wilmerding High School
Marin Academy
Stuart Hall High School
San Francisco University High School
The Urban School of San Francisco
References
External links
CIF North Coast Section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Area%20Conference |
Kléber Dadjo (12 August 1914 – 23 September 1988 or 23 September 1989) was a Togolese politician and military officer who served as Interim President of Togo in his role as Chairman of the National Reconciliation Committee from 14 January 1967 to 14 April 1967 following the overthrow of President Nicolas Grunitzky's government.
Biography
Kléber Dadjo was born in Siou on 12 August 1914. He was of the Nawde (or Losso) ethnic and linguistic group.
Dadjo served in the British Army during World War II and in the French Army in the Indochina and Algerian conflicts. At the time of Togo's independence in 1960, he was the longest-serving and highest-ranking Togolese in the French Army. He held the rank of Captain and commanded Togo's tiny defence force, the Garde Togolaise. He was promoted to Major and eventually to Colonel after the 1963 coup d'état and served as head of the military cabinet of President Nicolas Grunitzky.
After the second military coup d'état on 13 January 1967, Dadjo was named interim President of Togo (as Chairman of the Comité National de Reconciliation), a position that he held until 14 April 1967, when Lt. Col. Gnassingbé Etienne Eyadéma was named president. From 1967 to 1968 he served as Minister of Justice and as Chef du Cabinet Militaire de la Présidence de la République.
In 1968, Dadjo retired and returned to his home in Siou where he became Chef de Canton.
Dadjo died on 23 September 1988 or 23 September 1989.
In 2006, Dadjo was recognised by the government of President Faure Gnassingbé along with former presidents Sylvanus Olympio and Nicolas Grunitzky and former Vice President Antoine Méatchi as part of a decision to rehabilitate the image of Togo's previous leaders. The former avenue de la Nouvelle Marche in Lomé was renamed avenue Kléber Dadjo in his honor.
Dadjo is frequently and erroneously identified in print as a Kabyé rather than a Nawde (or Losso).
Notes
British Army personnel of World War II
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
French military personnel of the Algerian War
Togolese politicians
Togolese military personnel
1914 births
1980s deaths
People from Kara Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A9ber%20Dadjo |
The German given name Johann Georg, or its variant spellings, may refer to:
John George
John George, Elector of Brandenburg (1525–1598)
John George I, Elector of Saxony (1585–1656)
John George II, Elector of Saxony (1613–1680)
John George III, Elector of Saxony (1647–1691)
John George IV, Elector of Saxony (1668–1694)
Johann Georg Abicht (1672–1740), German Lutheran theologian
Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (1736–1809), Austrian musician
Johann Georg Baiter (1801–1877), Swiss philologist and textual critic
Johann-Georg Bendl (before 1620 – 1680), Baroque sculptor mainly at work in Prague
Johann Georg Bergmüller (1688–1762), Bavarian painter, particularly of frescoes of the Baroque
Johann Georg Bodmer (1786–1864), Swiss inventor
Johann Georg, Chevalier de Saxe (1704–1774), Saxonian General and Governor of Dresden
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann (1792–1860), German botanist
Johann Georg, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1677–1712), duke of Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt and a member of the House of Wettin
Johann Georg Estor (1699–1773), German theorist of public law, historian and book collector
Johann Georg Faust (1466? – c. 1540), itinerant alchemist, astrologer and magician of the German Renaissance
Johann Georg Fischer (1816–1897), German poet and playwright
Johann Georg Gichtel (1638–1710), German mystic
Johann Georg Gmelin (1709–1755), German naturalist, botanist and geographer
Johann Georg Graevius (1632–1703), German classical scholar and critic
Johann Georg Grasel (1790–1818), leader of a robber's gang, his name is used in Czech as common term for rascal or villain
Johann Georg Hagen (1847–1930), German astronomer and Catholic priest
Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788),philosopher of the German (Counter-)Enlightenment
Johann Georg Heine (1771–1838), German orthopedic mechanic and physician
Johann Georg Hiedler (1792–1857), German, considered the officially accepted grandfather of Adolf Hitler by the Third Reich
Johann Georg Jacobi (1740–1814), German poet
Johann Georg Krünitz (1728–1796), German encyclopedist
Johann Georg Palitzsch (1723–1788), German astronomer
Johann Georg Pisendel (1687–1755), German Baroque musician, violinist and composer
Johann Georg Repsold (1770–1830), German astronomer
Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann
Johann Georg Specht (1728–1795), Swiss philosophical writer and physician
Johann Georg Sulzer (1720–1779), Swiss professor of mathematics, who later on moved on to the field of electricity
Johann Georg Tralles (1763–1822), German mathematician and physicist
Johann Georg von Brandenburg (1577–1624), German nobleman
Johann Georg von Eckhart (1664–1730), German historian
Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), Austrian diplomat, philologist and specialist in Albanian history, language and culture
Johann Georg von Soldner (1776–1833), German physicist, mathematician and astronomer
Johann Georg Wagler (1800–1832), German herpetologist
Johann Georg Walch (1693–1775), German theologian
Johann Georg Wirsung (1589–1643), German anatomist
Johann George
Johann George Moeresius
Johann George Tromlitz
See also
Johan (given name)
Johann
Given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Georg |
An interchange station or a transfer station is a train station for more than one railway route in a public transport system that allows passengers to change from one route to another, often without having to leave a station or pay an additional fare.
Transfer may occur within the same mode, or between rail modes, or to buses (for stations with bus termini attached). Such stations usually have more platforms than single route stations. These stations can exist in either commercial centers or on the city outskirts in residential areas. Cities typically plan for land use around interchange stations for development. Passengers may be required to pay extra fare for the interchange if they leave a paid area.
History
With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, Birkenhead Dock railway station in Birkenhead, England probably became the world's first tram to train interchange station.
Examples
Verney Junction interchange station in Buckinghamshire, England was built at the point of two railway lines intersecting each other in open countryside. The station was built in an open remote field being used from 1868 to 1968.
The Manhattan Transfer (PRR station) on the Pennsylvania Railroad was located outside Newark, New Jersey in a relatively isolated area, and was used primarily for passenger interchange.
Sometimes cross-platform interchange is offered between mainline railways and city metro systems, such as Barking and Stratford stations in London.
In some cases, no dedicated underground passage or footbridge is provided, and therefore passengers have to transfer between two parts of a station through city streets. Examples include Kuramae Station of Toei in Tokyo, Japan and Lexington Avenue-59th Street/Lexington Avenue–63rd Street stations in New York City. In many cases, electronic ticketing allows transferring passengers re-admission to the transit system without paying fare a second time, as if they had never left the fare control area in the station (this process is called a "free out-of-system transfer").
There are also bus interchanges, where people can change between different bus routes with no extra fare or only the differences of the fares of the two routes. Examples include Tai Lam Tunnel Bus Interchange and Shing Mun Tunnel Bus Interchange in the New Territories, Hong Kong, and in the downtown of Lafayette, Indiana.
In London and Paris, a number of stations on the Underground in London and the Métro in Paris are interchanges between two or more rapid transit lines. Examples include King's Cross St. Pancras in London, an interchange between six lines and Chatelet in Paris, an interchange between five lines.
See also
Cross-platform interchange
Spanish solution
References
Sources
9
Railway stations by type | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchange%20station |
The Conference of Governors was held in the White House May 13–15, 1908 under the sponsorship of President Theodore Roosevelt. Gifford Pinchot, at that time Chief Forester of the U.S., was the primary mover of the conference, and a progressive conservationist, who strongly believed in the scientific and efficient management of natural resources on the federal level. He was also a prime mover of the previous Inland Waterways Commission, which recommended such a meeting the previous October. On November 13, 1907, the President issued invitations to the governors of the States and Territories to meet at the White House on those dates. This 1908 meeting was the beginning of the annual governors' conferences, now held by the National Governors Association.
The focus of the conference was on natural resources and their proper use. President Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty." Among those speaking were leading industrialists, such as Andrew Carnegie and James J. Hill, politicians, and resource experts. Their speeches emphasized both the nation's need to exploit renewable resources and the differing situations of the various states, requiring different plans. This Conference was a seminal event in the history of conservationism; it brought the issue to public attention in a highly visible way. The next year saw two outgrowths of the Conference: the National Conservation Commission, which Roosevelt and Pinchot set up with representatives from the states and Federal agencies, and the First National Conservation Congress, which Pinchot led as an assembly of private conservation interests.
Further reading
Proceedings of a conference of Governors in the White House, Washington, D.C., May 13-15, 1908.
References
Governors
Nature conservation in the United States
Progressive Era in the United States
1908 in Washington, D.C.
Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference%20of%20Governors |
The Jumpinpin channel also known as The Pin lies between North Stradbroke Island and South Stradbroke Island. It has a fast moving tidal deep water channel not appropriate for swimming but is popular with beach anglers.
The name Jumpinpin is a Yugambeh word meaning Pandanus root.
The bar area is shallow for a kilometre or so offshore so current local knowledge is required to safely transit the bar.
The area around the Pin is constantly changing with sand being deposited in one place after being moved by currents from another area. Just recently the mouth of Swan Bay was moved several hundred metres seaward creating an entirely new boating area.
The area is not really suitable for swimming as big tides and fast currents are the norm. Inland from the bar the Pin area consists of mangroves and mud banks, constantly being built up and then being washed away. In recent years Rat Island, The Mud Clump and Squire Island have disappeared.
Formation
A channel in the general area of Jumpinpin may have formed and silted up several times over recent millennia, however, the most recent formation of the channel is generally blamed on two events. The first of these was the wreck of the Cambus Wallace, a 75 m steel barque of 1534 tonnes built in 1894 at Port Glasgow. In the early morning of 3 September 1894, the Cambus Wallace ran aground in heavy seas near what was then a narrow stretch of Stradbroke Island called Tuleen. Most of the crew managed to swim to shore, but six men drowned and were buried on the beach. The ship broke up where she struck and most of the cargo was washed ashore and plundered by local residents. During the subsequent cleanup, explosives from the cargo were piled up and deliberately detonated on the beach leaving large craters. The explosion is credited with severely damaging the beach and weakening the loosely vegetated sand dunes.
Following gradual erosion of the seaward side of the island over the next two years, the second event to ultimately generate the channel at Jumpinpin was the arrival of a cyclone in 1896. Thomas Welsby, writing in 1921, noted, "Within two years (1896) the southeast gales threw again their power and fury on the very spot whereat the Cambus Wallace had come to grief, drove the rollers and breakers against the sandy hillside until it conquered and made passage into Swan Bay." Welsby contradicts himself stating that "The break at Jumpinpin occurred in May, 1898, the first official reporting being under date 13 May, coming from Mr Andrew Graham, Government official, Southport"
TC Luita passed east of Brisbane 6–7 March 1898, producing gales and very high seas along the South Coast.
Newspaper reports indicate that the passage was established in 1898. A sizeable breakthrough had taken place by that year. "News has now been received that the action of the recent gales on the coast, coupled with the abnormally high tides, about Sunday and Monday, May 8 and 9, has effected a clean breach through the island, and there is now a deep channel about half a mile wide at Jumping Pin."
Changes to tidal inundation in the area around the mouth of the Logan River were dramatic. Erosion occurred on farm land and some farmers resorted to building canals. The oyster industry in the area was also affected by what was claimed to be changes in the water density interfering with the ability of the oysters to settle on the seafloor.
Fishing
The 'Pin is renowned for fishing with huge catches of Bream, Flathead, Whiting, Luderick, Tailor and Trevally being made in season. Numerous Mulloway have been caught here. A few kilometres to the west of the bar an area known locally as Lew's Folly, produces large quantities of bream and flathead in season.
Other areas known for their bream and flathead catches are Whalley's Gutter, Tiger Mullet Channel and Tree Gone Bay. Access is only by boat, however 4WD vehicles can access the southern tip of North Stradbroke Island, but the beach fishing is limited here.
See also
Gold Coast Seaway
Moreton Bay
References
Channels of Australia
South East Queensland
North Stradbroke Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpinpin%20Channel |
Opus One Winery is a winery in Oakville, California, United States. The wine was called napamedoc until 1982 when it was named Opus One. The winery was founded as a joint venture between Baron Philippe de Rothschild of Château Mouton Rothschild and Robert Mondavi to create a single Bordeaux style blend based upon Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon. It is located across State Route 29 from the Robert Mondavi Winery. The creation of this winery venture in 1980 was big news in the wine industry; de Rothschild's involvement added an air of respectability to the burgeoning Napa wine region. The first vintage, 1979 was released in 1984 at the same time as the 1980 vintage. For a while it was the most expensive Californian wine, and to date still ranks among the most expensive red wines produced in the Napa Valley, with the 2014 vintage retailing for $325 per bottle. In 1989 a new winery was built just down the road, the first vintage from the new winery was from 1991 and was released in 1994.
Since 1993, they have produced a second wine, Overture.
History
The genesis of Opus One wine can be traced to 1970 at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel on the Big Island of Hawaii where Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild met for the very first time and began their collaboration to merge old world and new world wine styles into one grand opus. The joint venture between Mondavi and Baron Rothschild was announced in 1980, though plans for the winery had been developing between the two men since the early 1970s. In 1980, Mondavi sold 35 acres from his To Kalon Vineyard in the Oakville AVA to the joint venture that would serve as the backbone for the blend. The first vintage from this block was released in 1985 and soon the estate built the large limestone winery in Oakville that has become an icon of the Napa Valley.
In the 1990s, Opus One became the California cult wine to be widely sold in Asia and Europe. Following Constellation Brands' 2004 takeover of Robert Mondavi winery, the estate of Baron Rothschild negotiated with Constellation Brands control of marketing, vineyard management, and administration of the winery.
References
External links
Opus One Winery website
Wineries in Napa Valley
Companies based in Napa County, California
American companies established in 1980
Food and drink companies established in 1980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus%20One%20Winery |
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