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"Without You" is a song written and recorded by David Bowie in 1983 for his fifteenth studio album Let's Dance. It was released as a single by EMI America in the Netherlands, the US, Japan and Spain in November 1983.
The front cover features artwork by the pre-eminent artist Keith Haring, back cover photograph is by longtime Bowie collaborator Denis O'Regan.
Track listing
7": EMI America / B 8190 (US)
"Without You" – 3:08
"Criminal World" – 4:25
Personnel
David Bowie – vocals
Stevie Ray Vaughan – guitar
Nile Rodgers – guitar
Bernard Edwards – bass guitar
Tony Thompson – drums
Stan Harrison – saxophone
Steve Elson – saxophone
Frank Simms – backing vocals
George Simms – backing vocals
Production
David Bowie – producer
Nile Rodgers – producer
Chart performance
See also
List of post-disco artists and songs
References
1983 singles
1983 songs
David Bowie songs
Post-disco songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Nile Rodgers
EMI America Records singles
Singles with cover art by Keith Haring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without%20You%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
The 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 67th 24 Hours of Le Mans, and took place on 12 and 13 June 1999. The race had a large number of entries in the fastest Le Mans Prototype classes, with Audi, BMW, Ferrari, Lola Cars, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Panoz, Riley & Scott, and Toyota all represented.
The BMW V12 LMR of Yannick Dalmas, Pierluigi Martini, and Joachim Winkelhock won overall, with their car's reliability and fuel economy allowing them to beat their faster rivals.
Pre-race
1999 saw another increase in manufacturers involvement. Although Porsche did not send a team to contest in the prototype classes, Toyota retained their three updated GT-Ones, now moved to the LMGTP class due to the demise of GT1, while Mercedes-Benz debuted three new CLR LMGTPs. Nissan instead moved from GT1 to an open cockpit LMP, as did Panoz.
Newcomer Audi attempted to try their hand at both classes, with two open cockpit R8Rs and two closed cockpit R8Cs. BMW continued with their open cockpit LMPs, updating to the new V12 LMR. The works V12 LMR's were run by Schnitzer Motorsport, while two of the previous year's cars were privately entered.
Mercedes CLR incidents
The event saw three major crashes involving the team of Mercedes-Benz CLRs during qualifying and the race itself. The CLR had a very short wheelbase and a large amount of overhang (the bodywork outside the wheelbase), resulting in high pitch sensitivity. The amount of overhang and its resulting pitch sensitivity was enough to cause aerodynamic and chassis design flaws with the car. The large amount of overhang allowed for amounts of air to build up underneath the nose of the car, and the amount of air that built up underneath the CLR thanks to the car's frontal pitch being high enough was enough to imbalance the frontal aerodynamics, giving this section more lift than downforce, which allowed the car to take off into the air, especially when following another car and at the tops of hills, when a car's front pitch is at its highest- such as on the run to Indianapolis and on the Mulsanne Straight.
Mark Webber's CLR #4 went airborne at Indianapolis during Thursday night qualifying. On Friday, the team was allowed to rebuild #4 on a new chassis, with tweaks to the rear suspension, in an attempt by Mercedes to cure the problem. Winglets were fitted to the front to increase downforce. All cars had qualified, but during the brief warm-up on Saturday morning, Webber again went airborne when tailing his teammates over the hump of the Mulsanne, landing on his roof and skidding to a stop in the Mulsanne corner. This car was withdrawn from the race, but the two other CLRs continued on, again with emergency tweaks in yet another attempt to alleviate the instability.
A few hours into the race on lap 75, Peter Dumbreck's CLR #5 also went airborne at a crest just before the Indianapolis corner (a very bumpy section of the track), this time flying off the side of the track and landing in the trees. This incident, unlike the previous two, was actually caught by TV cameras and thus broadcast worldwide. Mercedes-Benz immediately withdrew the remaining CLR #6 and dropped out of sportscar racing for the immediate future.
This was the second time Mercedes-Benz had dropped out of Le Mans and sportscar racing following an incident with one of their cars becoming airborne and leaving the track, the first being the 1955 Le Mans disaster.
Race
In the early part of the race, the top qualifying #1 and #2 Toyotas driven by Martin Brundle and Thierry Boutsen fought with the #6 Mercedes driven by Bernd Schneider, and the #5 Mercedes driven by Christophe Bouchut. The #17 BMW was never far behind and used its superior fuel economy to gain the lead through the pit stops. Toyota #1, #2, Mercedes #6 and BMW #17 all led the race at various points. At 8pm, 5 hours into the race the #17 BMW lead the race with #2 Toyota 2nd, #5 Mercedes 3rd and #6 Mercedes 4th. It was during this fight for second and third place when Dumbreck's crash occurred. This led to the immediate withdrawal of the remaining #6 Mercedes.
Following a lengthy safety car period as a result of Dumbreck's accident, Brundle retired the #1 Toyota at 11:30pm. He was trying to claw back time from an earlier mechanical issue when he suffered a puncture at high speed on braking for the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight. The puncture sent the car veering sideways into the barrier, badly damaging the rear suspension. Brundle tried to get the car back to the pits but eventually stopped at Arnage. At the front the race was still between the #17 BMW and the #2 Toyota, the Toyota having the superior pace but the BMW able to go further on each tank of fuel. Following them were the #15 BMW and the #3 Toyota. At around 2am, the #2 Toyota being driven by Thierry Boutsen suffered a high speed crash under the Dunlop bridge, following a collision with a slower car that was being overtaken. The car was destroyed and Boutsen had to be extracted from the car suffering from an injury to his lower back. The Belgian driver ended his racing career after this accident.
By dawn, the #17 BMW was four laps in front of its sister 15 BMW. At approximately 10am, JJ Lehto driving #17 BMW suffered a stuck throttle and crashed in the Porsche curves. The front of the car was badly damaged and it could not continue. This left the sister #15 BMW almost a lap ahead of the #3 Toyota. With this sniff of a win Ukyo Katayama set the fastest lap of the race of 3:35. He narrowed the gap to less than a minute when another tyre blowout befell the Toyota team. However, Katayama was able to return to the pits for new tyres and continue. By then bar any problems for the BMW the race was out of reach. Audi came in 3rd at their first attempt at Le Mans.
The 1999 race was the last for several of the major manufacturers. Only Audi returned for 2000. Mercedes pulled out of sports car racing altogether following the CLR incidents and concentrated on the new German Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series, BMW concentrated their efforts on their supply of engines to the Williams team in Formula One (who had built the BMW LMRs). Toyota also pulled out as despite their pace over 1998 and 1999, only one of their cars finished the race over both of those years.
Toyota would eventually return to Le Mans in 2012, as well as the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship and eventually won the race for the first time in 2018.
Official results
Statistics
Pole position - #1 Toyota Motorsport / TTE - 3:29.930
Fastest lap - #3 Toyota Motorsport / TTE - 3:35.052
Distance - 4968 km
Average speed - 207 km/h
Highest trap speed — Toyota GT-One - 352 km/h (practice)
References
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races
24 Hours of Le Mans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%2024%20Hours%20of%20Le%20Mans |
The slaty-tailed trogon (Trogon massena) is a near passerine bird in the family Trogonidae, the quetzals and trogons. It is found in Mexico, throughout Central America, and in Colombia and Ecuador.
Taxonomy and systematics
Three subspecies of slaty-tailed trogon are recognized as of 2021: the nominate T. m. massena, T. m. hoffmanni, and T. m. australis. The last has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of black-tailed trogon (T. melanurus) or as a separate species.
Description
Trogons have distinctive male and female plumages, with soft, often colorful, feathers. The slaty-tailed trogon is long and weighs about . The nominate male has an orange-red bill and a dull black face, chin, and upper throat with a red to orange ring around the eye. The upperparts are metallic green that tends to golden green on the back and bluish green on the crown and rump. The breast is metallic green and the belly and vent deep red. The folded wing has fine black and white vermiculation that looks gray at a distance. The upperside of the four central tail feathers are metallic green to bronzy green with black tips, the next pair mostly black, and the outermost pair entirely black. The undersides of the tail feathers are slate gray with black tips. The female replaces most of the male's green with gray that is paler on the upper breast than on the upperparts. The upperside of the tail is black. The female's maxilla is dusky gray.
The male T. m. hoffmannis plumage is essentially the same as the nominate's but the upperside of the tail is more golden. T. m. australis is smaller than the nominate. Compared to the nominate, the male's uppertail is bluish green and the female's darker gray. The male's undertail is browner than the nominate's and there is more metallic green on the face and throat.
Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies of slaty-tailed trogon is found on the Caribbean slope from southern Mexico through Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala into Nicaragua. T. m. hoffmanni is found on the Caribbean and Pacific slopes of Costa Rica and Panama, and also in extreme northwestern Colombia. T. m. australis is found in western Colombia and far northwestern Ecuador. The species primarily inhabits the midstory to the canopy of tropical evergreen forest and mature secondary forest, and can also be found in gallery forest, coffee plantations, and mangroves. It is a bird of the lowlands, reaching only in Mexico and northern Central America. It is found locally as high as in Costa Rica, in Panama, and in Colombia.
Behavior
Feeding
The slaty-tailed trogon forages for fruits and insects by sallying or hover gleaning from a perch. It often follows white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus and C. imitator) to catch insects displaced by them.
Breeding
The slaty-tailed trogon's breeding season varies geographically, but appears to span from February to July overall. Males and females display to each other by raising the tail and fluffing the uppertail covert feathers. It nests as high as in a cavity excavated in an occupied termite nest or decaying tree trunk. Both sexes excavate the nesting chamber. The typical clutch is two or three white or bluish-white eggs, and both sexes incubate them.
Vocalization
The slaty-tailed trogon's song is "a steady deliberate series of cow or cue notes"; another description is "a deep full-throated wuk, wuk, wuk …." Its calls include "a quiet clucking huh-huh-huh-huh" and a "chuckling chatter".
Status
The IUCN has assessed the slaty-tailed trogon as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population has not been quantified it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. However, "The primary threats to this species are logging of mature forests, and habitat conversion for agriculture."
References
External links
Stamps for British Honduras (Belize) and Nicaragua at bird-stamps.org
slaty-tailed trogon
Birds of Central America
Birds of Mexico
Birds of Belize
Birds of Guatemala
Birds of Honduras
Birds of Nicaragua
Birds of Costa Rica
Birds of Panama
Birds of the Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
slaty-tailed trogon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaty-tailed%20trogon |
Cap Blanc-Nez (, literally "Cape White Nose" in English; from Dutch Blankenesse, white headland) is a cape on the Côte d'Opale, in the Pas-de-Calais département, in northern France, culminating at 134 m. The cliffs of chalk are very similar to the white cliffs of Dover on the other side of the Channel in England. Cap Blanc-Nez does not protrude into the sea like a typical cape but is a high point where a chalk ridge has been truncated by the sea, forming a cliff that is topped by the obelisk of the Dover Patrol Monument, commemorating the Dover Patrol which kept the Channel free from U-boats during World War I.
Cap Blanc-Nez was a vital measuring point for the eighteenth-century trigonometric survey linking the Paris Observatory with the Royal Greenwich Observatory. Sightings were made across the English Channel to Dover Castle and Fairlight Windmill on the South Downs. This Anglo-French Survey was led in England by General William Roy.
Some miles away to the southwest of Cap Blanc-Nez is the Cap Gris-Nez.
See also
Cap Gris-Nez
External links
Blanc Nez
Landforms of the Pas-de-Calais
Landforms of Hauts-de-France
Chalk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%20Blanc-Nez |
The Vans Warped Tour was a summer music and extreme sports festival that toured annually from 1995 to 2019. The following is a comprehensive list of bands that performed on the tour throughout its history.
References
Citations
Sources
Warped Tour Band attendance by year
Music festival line-ups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Warped%20Tour%20lineups%20by%20year |
Bradley James Orr (born 1 November 1982) is an English retired footballer.
Career
Newcastle United & loans
Born in Liverpool, Merseyside, Bradley Orr started his senior career with Newcastle United, and was loaned out to Burnley due to lack of opportunities in the first team.
Bristol City
Shortly after this loan period in July 2004, he signed for Bristol City. He scored his first goal for his new team against Yeovil Town.
Although he was signed as a central midfielder, he was converted to right-back in 2005–06 and has played most of his games in that position.
On 29 August 2006, Orr was sent off for attempting to head-butt his own teammate, Louis Carey, during a game against Northampton Town. On 1 September 2006, Orr was sentenced to 28 days in jail relating to an incident outside a Bristol nightclub the previous October. Also jailed in relation to the same incident were teammates Steve Brooker for 28 days, and David Partridge for two months. Orr and Brooker were released on 14 September 2006, serving only half of their original sentence. He scored against Manchester City in the League Cup second round.
He was named in the PFA's Championship team of the season 2007–08.
According to media sources, he broke his cheekbone in the play-off final against Hull City.
On 27 November 2008, Bristol City decided to place Orr on the transfer list, due to rejecting several contract offers. On 1 January 2009, Bristol City announced that Orr had signed a two-and-a-half-year contract at the club.
Queens Park Rangers
On 26 July 2010, Orr signed for Queens Park Rangers. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Scunthorpe United on 21 August 2010. He became a regular in Rangers Championship winning season with a number of impressive performances at right back helping Rangers to a high number of clean sheets. Once promoted to the Premier League his first team opportunities at Loftus Road became increasingly limited following the signing of right back Luke Young.
Blackburn Rovers
His time at QPR was short-lived however, due to a lack of first team games. He made a move in the January 2012 transfer window to Blackburn Rovers on a three-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee a move he said he badly needed.
Orr made his debut for Blackburn when he replaced Jason Lowe in the 36th minute of the game in the 7–1 loss against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium on Saturday 4 February 2012. He made his full home debut against his former employers QPR at Ewood Park, exactly a week later on 11 February 2012, in a game Rovers went on to win 3–2 and he also completed the full 90 minutes in his right-back slot. On Monday 2 April 2012, Orr started and played the full 90 minutes in the right-back berth against Manchester United at Ewood Park which ended in a 2–0 defeat on the night of his sixth appearance for Rovers in the Barclays Premier League. On Saturday 21 April 2012, he started and played the full 90 minutes in the right-back spot with Jason Lowe playing further forward in a 2–0 victory over Norwich City at Ewood Park, thanks to strikes from Mauro Formica and Junior Hoilett. On Monday 7 May 2012, Orr started the 1–0 defeat against Lancashire rivals Wigan Athletic at Ewood Park, but was replaced on 80 minutes for David Goodwillie, this loss meant that Rovers were relegated from the top flight.
Ipswich Town (loan)
On 14 November 2012, Orr signed for Ipswich Town on loan until 26 January 2013. His loan was extended to the end of the season in January 2013.
Blackpool (loan)
On 2 September 2013, Orr signed for Blackpool on loan until 2 January 2014.
Toronto FC (loan)
On 25 January 2014, it was announced that Orr would be placed out on loan to MLS side Toronto FC. The loan is set to run to December 2014 and would see Orr reunited with his former teammate at Blackburn, Ryan Nelsen. Nelsen was the head coach of Toronto FC having been sacked, along with his assistants, on 31 August 2014. Orr made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on 15 March, the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe. He scored his first goal for Toronto on 23 May against Sporting Kansas City.
Personal life
Orr is the uncle of former footballer Jon Flanagan.
Career statistics
Honours
Club
Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship: 2010–11
Bristol City
Football League Championship PFA Team of the Year: 2007–08
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Newcastle United F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Toronto FC players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Major League Soccer players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%20Orr |
Tonga Broadcasting Commission (TBC) () is the first and largest broadcasting station in Tonga, solely owned by the government of Tonga. It operates two free-to-air TV channels (Television Tonga and Television Tonga 2), one AM commercial radio channel (Radio Tonga), one FM commercial radio channel (Kool 90FM), and a 24-hour Radio Australia relay channel (FM103). TBC relies on profits from its TV & radio advertising sales, and from its retail radio shop outlet located in Vava'u. Its retail radio shop in Nukualofa's Central Business District was among the numerous businesses destroyed in the riots of 16 November 2006.
Mass media in Tonga
Television stations in Tonga
Radio stations in Tonga
1961 establishments in Tonga | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga%20Broadcasting%20Commission |
Gitmo: The New Rules of War is a Swedish documentary about the Guantanamo Bay detention camp by Erik Gandini and Tarik Saleh.
The film features interviews with Janis Karpinski, Mehdi Ghezali and Geoffrey Miller, among others.
Gitmo premiered at IDFA in 2005 and reached mainstream theaters in Sweden on 10 February 2006.
In 2003, a year after Swedish citizen Mehdi Ghezali was detained at "Gitmo", which sparked some media interest in Sweden, Erik and Tarik started filming the documentary and visited the base on a guided tour of selected areas.
Mehdi Ghezali was released in 2004, and was interviewed for the film.
In 2006, the musical score composed by Krister Linder won first prize for music in a TV feature at the Festival international Musique et Cinéma in Auxerre, France.
References
External links
Review in Svenska Dagbladet
2005 films
Swedish documentary films
2000s Swedish-language films
2005 documentary films
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Films directed by Erik Gandini
Films directed by Tarik Saleh
2000s Swedish films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitmo%3A%20The%20New%20Rules%20of%20War |
Gabriola Sands Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park is located on an isthmus between Taylor Bay and Pilot Bay, and includes the beaches and waters of each. It has a day-use area with a fielded area that can be used for picnicking.
External links
BC Geographical Names: Gabriola Sands Park
Regional District of Nanaimo
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriola%20Sands%20Provincial%20Park |
Garden Bay Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada at the northwest end of the Sechelt Peninsula on the lower Sunshine Coast, near the community of Madeira Park. Established in 1969, it contains approximately 163 ha.
See also
List of British Columbia provincial parks
References
Garden Bay Marine Park
BC Parks infopage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
1969 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1969
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20Bay%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Gibson Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southeast end of Flores Island in the central Clayoquot Sound region of Vancouver Island. The park was created on 13 November 1967. It contains approximately and is adjacent to Flores Island Provincial Park.
See also
Hot Springs Cove, British Columbia
Marktosis, British Columbia
Maquinna Marine Provincial Park
Sydney Inlet Provincial Park
Sulphur Passage Provincial Park
References
http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/lc/billsprevious/36th3rd:gov86-1#18
Clayoquot Sound region
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1967 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1967
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Gilnockie Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. This 2842-hectare park is situated southeast of Cranbrook and just north of the U.S. border. It includes the upper portion of Gilnockie Creek. Gilnockie Provincial Park protects some of the oldest fir and larch stands in the region where bears, moose, elk, white-tail and mule deer are found.
Although Gilnockie Park has low recreation values, this steep densely wooded and small wet valley encompasses wide-ranging species and habitat diversity and provides north south connectivity for many animals and birds. No facilities are provided. Visitors should be self-sufficient and proficient in backcountry travel practices.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilnockie%20Provincial%20Park |
Gitnadoiks River Provincial Park (formerly Gitnadoix River Recreation Area) is a 58,000 hectare provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is centred on the Gitnadoix River, a tributary of the Skeena River in Northwestern British Columbia, 50 km west of Terrace.
Within the traditional territory of the Tsimshian people, the park is in a remote, wilderness setting in the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains and is inaccessible by road.
References
External links
BC Parks - Gitnadoiks River Provincial Park
Great Wild Spaces - Gitnadoix River Recreation Area
Skeena Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Kitimat Ranges
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnadoiks%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Gladstone Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, surrounding and north of the north end of Christina Lake in that province's Boundary Country.
History
The park was established July 1995. Gladstone Park includes the former Ole Johnson and Texas Creek parks.
Conservation
The park aims to protect blue-listed California bighorn sheep, Grizzly bear and the red-listed Northern leopard frog.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are encouraged: Camping, hiking (there are over 48 km of trails in the park), fishing (for Kokanee, Rainbow Trout and Small-mouth Bass), swimming, canoeing and kayaking.
Location
Located 20 kilometres northeast of Grand Forks, British Columbia on Hwy 3 at the north end of Christina Lake in the Monashee Mountains.
Size
39,387 hectares in size.
References
External links
Gladstone Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Monashee Mountains
Boundary Country
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone%20Provincial%20Park |
Goat Range Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
The park was established to protect unique species such as the (protected) Gerrard Rainbow Trout (the largest in the world-up to 50 lb) and the distinct color group of "White Grizzly" for which some hoped the park would be named. There are no facilities in this wilderness park, other than rudimentary trails and backcountry campsites. The park is 879.47 km2 in size, is located between Slocan Lake (S) and Trout Lake (N), bordering Kootenay Lake The regions surrounding the park are known for its mining ghost towns from the days of the "Silvery Slocan" silver and galena rush to its south and also in the Lardeau country around Trout Lake and the north end of the Arrow Lakes.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
West Kootenay
Slocan Valley
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat%20Range%20Provincial%20Park |
God's Pocket Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in southwest British Columbia, Canada, established July 12, 1995. It is well known as a cold water scuba diving and kayaking destination. The park is 2,036 hectares in size, and includes two main islands, Hurst and Bell islands respectively, and many smaller isles.
References
BC Parks - God's Pocket Marine Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s%20Pocket%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Gold Muchalat Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located between the Gold and Muchalat Rivers.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Northern Vancouver Island
Vancouver Island Ranges
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20Muchalat%20Provincial%20Park |
"Shake It" is a 2008 song by Metro Station.
Shake It may also refer to:
Albums
Shake It..., by Endorphin, or the title song, 2004
Shake It (EP), by Sistar, or the title song, 2015
Shake It, by Gal Level, 2004
Songs
"Shake It" (Iain Matthews song), 1978
"Shake It" (Kaylan song), 2000
"Shake It" (Kay Flock song), 2022
"Shake It" (Sakis Rouvas song), representing Greece at Eurovision 2004
"Shake It", by Aaron Carter from Aaron Carter, 1997
"Shake It", by Bella Thorne, 2021
"Shake It", by Bow Wow from New Jack City II, 2009
"Shake It", by Caesars, 1995
"Shake It", by Charli XCX from Charli, 2019
"Shake It", by David Bowie from Let's Dance, 1983
"Shake It", by Bomb the Bass from Into the Dragon, 1988
"Shake It", by MC Shy D from Comin' Correct in 88, 1988
"Shake It (Move a Little Closer)", by Alex Cartana, 2003
Other uses
Shake It Records, an Ohio record label and record store established in 1979
Wario Land: Shake It!, a 2008 video game for the Wii
See also
Shake (disambiguation)
Shake It Off (disambiguation)
Shake It Up (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake%20It%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Goldpan Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the Trans-Canada Highway between Lytton (W) and Spences Bridge (E), on the Thompson River. The park has camping above the highway and a picnic area and riverfront below.
See also
Shaw Springs
Bighorn, British Columbia
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1956 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldpan%20Provincial%20Park |
Goldstream Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is known for the annual fall salmon runs in the Goldstream River, and the large numbers of bald eagles that congregate to feed at that time. The total size of the park is . It is located in the city of Langford. Recreational fishing is only accessible to indigenous cultures, and not local non-indigenous residents.
Huge trees stand on the Goldstream River floodplain. Among them are Douglas-fir and western red cedar. They tower over substantial specimens of western hemlock, black cottonwood, bigleaf maple and red alder, which in turn shade western yew. Steep ridges—home to arbutus, western flowering dogwood and lodgepole pine—overlook the floodplain. Many wildflowers are seen during spring and summer.
Goldstream Park has several hiking trails, one of which offers access to Mount Finlayson.
Goldstream Nature House
Goldstream Nature House is a nature centre located in the park and operated by RLC Enterprize. The centre features natural history displays and offers seasonal environmental education programs for school groups and the general public.
Goldstream Trestle
There is a railway bridge, known locally as Goldstream Trestle (also Niagara Trestle or Niagara Creek Trestle) but officially as Niagara Canyon Bridge by the railway, that borders the park on the west side of the highway. The trestle is clearly indicated on the park map past the westernmost tip of the 'Gold Mine Trail'.
From the route there are views of Mount Finlayson to the east; however, the bridge itself is part of the Island Rail Corridor, a dormant rail line. While the trestle is noted on the map, it is not considered a part of the park's official trail system. The Goldstream Trestle is private property although there are no signs, the railway and its structures (bridges and tunnels) are not to be accessed by the public. Anyone other than Railway Personnel who is actively accessing the trestles or any railway property is Trespassing under the Railway Safety Act.
The Goldstream Trestle is a popular attraction in the Greater Victoria area for those looking to enjoy the captivating scenery and refreshing scents of nature. Still the trestle (bridge), railway tracks and railway tunnel are private property and are not to be climbed upon by park users.
Gold Rush
In 1863, rumours of gold in Goldstream drove a short, but intense, gold rush in the region. The remnants of the gold rush can be seen in the abandoned mine entrances located along the park's hiking trails.
History
Based on information in records in the City of Victoria Archives (solicitor's files), Goldstream Park was created due to the foresight of Victoria's Mayor and City Council of 1925.
Goldstream Park comprises Sections 6 and 7, Goldstream District, includes the salt marsh and the lower reaches of the Goldstream River, and protects some of the largest Western Red Cedars (Thuja plicata) in British Columbia. Lot 6 originally belonged to Langford's earliest settler, James Phair. He operated the original Goldstream Hotel, now a pub in competition with Six Mile for "oldest pub in BC". In 1908 he sold section 6 to the Esquimalt Water Works Company, a private firm supplying water to the City of Victoria. Section 7, the upstream half of the Park, was originally a Crown Grant to the National Electric Tramway and Lighting Company Ltd. (319 acres for $319) and was acquired from them by the Esquimalt Water Works Company. Financed by a mortgage held by the Dunsmuir Estate of Hatley Castle fame, they acquired the entire Goldstream watershed in order to have a monopoly on the water rights. This was intended to protect them from other corporations' applying for water rights, particularly the City of Victoria under 1873 legislation covering its water supply.
In order to retire the mortgage, the Company sold some of the watershed's timber to the Continental Timber Company (Fairservice Guerin) in 1925, for about $150,000. Within the same year, however, the Esquimalt Water Works Company Winding up Act had been passed by the city, expropriating the land and water works. Victoria re-negotiated the logging contract in order to remove the Goldstream Park area from that destined for logging.
In 1926, the Goldstream Gardens Company submitted a proposal under which they would lease Sections 6 & 7 for 49 years and develop it as a commercial park. It was to have included "motor camp" accommodations, tea rooms, miniature golf course, Swiss Village, riding stables and equipment, gas stations, flower gardens, and fernery. The proposal was not approved, although a confectionary and a tearoom operated in the Park at different times in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1946, Council granted permission to the Rod and Gun Club for the construction of a Clubhouse which today is used as the Nature House.
The City approached the Provincial Government to take over the responsibility for the park and it became a Provincial Park in 1958, the year of the Province's Centennial.
See also
Goldstream River
Goldstream, British Columbia
Leechtown, British Columbia
Sooke Flowline
Hatley Park National Historic Site
References
External links
BC Parks Official Park Map - August 2014
goldstreampark.com
Goldstream Trestle Hiking Information
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Greater Victoria
Nature centres in British Columbia
1958 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstream%20Provincial%20Park |
Gordon Bay Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
Geography
Gordon Bay is located on the western shore of the south end of Cowichan Lake. The 49-hectare park of second-growth Douglas fir forest is in one of Vancouver Island's sunniest valleys, and is a popular campsite in the Cowichan Valley area. There are many species of birds, such as juncos, Steller's jays and chestnut-backed chickadees as well as mergansers and golden eye ducks. Wildlife includes deer, raccoons and red squirrels. Rainbow, Dolly Varden, and cutthroat trout live in the lake, and chum, coho and spring salmon spawn in the lake and in its tributaries. Steelhead spawn in the Cowichan River.
References
External links
BC Parks - Gordon Bay Provincial Park, Cowichan Lake
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Cowichan Valley
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Bay%20Provincial%20Park |
Gowlland Tod Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The park protects 1,219 hectares (3,012 acres) of mixed forest of Douglas-fir, Arbutus, western redcedar, western hemlock, shore pine, grand fir, red alder, and Garry oak within the District Municipality of Highlands and the Juan de Fuca Electoral Area. Rocky outcroppings support Manzanita, Scotch broom, and Oregon grape. The peaks of the Gowlland Range, from which the park derives its name, loom over above Saanich Inlet, providing vistas of The Malahat to the west. Farther north, the park curves around inland, bounded to the north by the municipality of Central Saanich. The park also encompasses the rural community of Willis Point. There are of maintained trails within the park, accessible in the south from roads leading to the park from Highlands, as well as from trails alongside Tod Inlet and McKenzie Bight to the north. Trails connect to Mount Work Regional Park and Lone Tree Hill Regional Park.
References
External links
Photographs of the park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Saanich Peninsula
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowlland%20Tod%20Provincial%20Park |
Graham-Laurier Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area. The main recreation activity in the park is hunting. The park is a remote wilderness area located approximately 145 km northwest of Fort St. John.
References
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
Peace River Regional District
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham-Laurier%20Provincial%20Park |
Granby Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located north of Grand Forks and contains the northern portion of the Granby River. The park is 411.56 km2 in size.
Granby Park is one of the least-known and least-explored wilderness areas in southern British Columbia. This undeveloped park encompasses the headwaters of the Granby River and several adjacent basins, and is one of the last major watersheds in the Boundary region to be protected from logging.
This 40,845-hectare park is very new, having just opened up to the public in 1995. The park is so new that is lacks adequate signage and formal facilities. There are no facilities in the park, not even an outhouse. All camping in the park is wilderness camping, and visitors are expected to practice 'no trace' camping. Visitors need to be self-contained and prepared to wait for help in case of emergency.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
Monashee Mountains
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby%20Provincial%20Park |
Graystokes Provincial Park is a provincial park located on the border between the regional districts of Central Okanagan and North Okanagan in south-central British Columbia. It was established on 18 April 2001 to protect a large area of the ecologically diverse Okanagan Highland east of the Okanagan Valley.
Description
Graystokes Park is set in the Okanagan Highland, a plateau featuring a rich collection of alpine wetlands, meadows, and riparian habitats set within the larger Okanagan dry forests ecoregion. The highland provinces critical mid-to-late summer habitat for local wildlife when the valley floor is no longer productive.
The park is underdeveloped with no dedicated trails or running water. Motorized vehicles are forbidden from entering the park, with the exception of snowmobiles during winter months. Hunting is a popular activity during open season. Despite its backcountry nature, the park is rated as a Category II protected area by the IUCN.
Ecology
Greystokes Provincial Park protects an extensive old growth forest dominated by subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and Douglas fir. Large mammals found within the park include grizzly bear, mountain caribou, moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer.
See also
Granby Provincial Park
References
External links
Graystokes Protected Area
Monashee Mountains
Provincial parks of British Columbia
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graystokes%20Provincial%20Park |
Great Glacier Provincial Park is a provincial park located in the Stikine Country region of British Columbia, Canada. It was established on January 25, 2001 to protect Great Glacier and the surrounding mountainous terrain. The park lies in the traditional territory of the Tahltan First Nation about south of the Tahltan community of Telegraph Creek.
History
According to the legends of the Tahltan and Tlingit First Nations, Great Glacier once spanned the entire width of the Stikine River to meet the toe of Choquette Glacier on the eastern side of the valley. The glacier was also the site of the last major battle between the Tahltan and Tlingit First Nations many generations ago.
Geography
Great Glacier Park is located in the Boundary Ranges of British Columbia between the lower Stikine River and the Canada–United States border with Alaska. Immediately across the river from Great Glacier Park is Choquette Hot Springs Provincial Park, which protects a collection of hot springs and associated wetlands.
See also
Stikine, British Columbia
References
Stikine Country
Glaciers of British Columbia
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Ranges
Stikine River
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Glacier%20Provincial%20Park |
Green Inlet Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located in the North Coast region to the southeast of Butedale and containing 33 ha.
References
North Coast of British Columbia
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1992 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1992
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Inlet%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Green Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located around Green Lake in the South Cariboo-Interlakes district just east of 70 Mile House.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Greenstone Mountain Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located south of Kamloops Lake on the northern edge of the Thompson Plateau.
References
BC Parks page
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1997 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone%20Mountain%20Provincial%20Park |
Grohman Narrows Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
It is named after William Adolf Baillie Grohman.
External links
Grohman Narrows Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Regional District of Central Kootenay
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grohman%20Narrows%20Provincial%20Park |
Gwillim Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
External links
Gwillim Lake as featured on DiscoverThePeaceCountry.com
BC Geographical Names: Gwillim Lake Park
Peace River Regional District
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwillim%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
"Bat Country" is a song by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, released in August 2005 as the second single from their third album, City of Evil. Avenged Sevenfold won 'Best New Artist Video' at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards for "Bat Country" and on May 4, 2021, the single was certified platinum by the RIAA. For these reasons, "Bat Country" is often believed to be the band's most commercially successful song.
Background and content
The song's main influence comes from Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, with the title itself being a direct quote from the book in which Raoul Duke (the alter-ego pseudonym of Thompson) is on his way to Las Vegas while being affected by various drugs. The character hallucinated huge bats and manta rays in the sky, and gasps to his companion Dr. Gonzo, "We can't stop here. This is bat country."
The following quote, also included at the beginning of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, is referred to twice throughout the song (at the beginning and the bridge before the last chorus) and is shown at the beginning of the music video.
"He who makes a beast of himself gets rid of the pain of being a man." – Samuel Johnson
Also referenced in the song is a lyric derived from the final words spoken about Dr. Gonzo at the end of the film adaptation. The lyric is used at the end of the second breakdown of the song, as the final lyric of the song.
"There he goes. One of God's own prototypes. A high-powered mutant of some kind never even considered for mass production. Too weird to live, and too rare to die." – Raoul Duke
Shortly after the writing of the song, Thompson committed suicide.
Chart performance
Throughout 2008, "Bat Country" was in the top 40 of the UK Rock Chart, and shared the chart with up to three of the band's other songs (including but not limited to: Afterlife, Burn It Down and Dear God). The song was on and off the charts throughout 2008, and eventually peaked at number 9 in December of that year.
Track listing
Legacy
The song was ranked at number 20 on Loudwires Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs. It also was rated as number 9 on Ultimate Guitar's list of Top 25 Best Songs With Guitar Duels. In 2020, Louder Sound and Kerrang! both rated it as the fifth greatest Avenged Sevenfold song.
Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
Personnel
Personnel listing as adapted from album liner notes.
Avenged Sevenfold
M. Shadows – lead vocals, backing vocals
Zacky Vengeance – rhythm guitar, co-lead guitar, backing vocals
The Rev – drums, backing vocals
Synyster Gates – lead guitar, backing vocals
Johnny Christ – bass, backing vocals
Production
Produced by Mudrock and Avenged Sevenfold, with additional production by Fred Archambault and Scott Gilman
Mixed by Andy Wallace
Pro Tools by John O'Mahony, assisted by Steve Sisco
Mastered by Eddie Schreyer
Additional vocal production by the Rev, Synyster Gates and M. Shadows
Drum tech – Mike Fasano
Guitar tech – Stephen Ferrara-Grand
References
2005 songs
2005 singles
Avenged Sevenfold songs
Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%20Country |
Andrijana Janevska (, born December 6, 1981) is a Macedonian singer and musician.
Biography
Janevska was born in Skopje, SR Macedonia, Yugoslavia where she currently works and lives. Her occupation is a violinist for the Macedonian National Opera. In addition to her musical talents, Andrijana also enjoys playing chess as a hobby. She is also proficient in playing the piano and her first composition was created at the age of 11. Andrijana started her studies in the School Centre for Music Education in Skopje at the age of 6, and recently finished her master studies at the Faculty of Arts in Skopje.
Andrijana Janevska's talent was first exposed to the public in 1998, when she took part in SkopjeFest. In October the next year, Andrijana was voted the best newcomer in the annual Makfest festival in Stip. At the festival, she sang a sensual ballad called "Ne mozam da zaljubam po tebe" ("I Can't Fall in Love After You"). Her festival awards did not end there as she competed in the Macedonian festival, Eurofest, and achieved the respectable second place with the song "Da sum juzen vetar" ("To Be A Southern Wind"). In February 2000, Andrijana Jenevska competed in SkopjeFest once again, only this time she was competing for a Eurovision selection to compete in Stockholm, Sweden. At the festival, she sang the well received song called "Tvoeto pismo, moja biblija" ("Your Letter, My Bible") and with this composition, she had a huge hit in Macedonia despite her failure to win the competition.
Andrijana's popularity led to her getting signed at the "Abra Kadabra" music label, which sent Andrijana to Cyprus to film her music video for her new single "Ljuboven ritam" ("Love Rhythm"), which she would compete with in the Montenegrin festival, Budva 2000. The cooperation between Andrijana and "Abra Kadabra" did not last long and finally ended when Andrijana terminated the agreement and joined the production of Macedonian Radio Television while continuing the direction of the music videos with another production label. During the summer of 2000, Andrijana spent her time in Australia as part of the Macedonian expedition to other continents. In October, Andrijana participated in Makfest as part of a duet with Marjan Stojanovski for the song "Ljubov ti e adresa" ("Love Is Your Address"). The song became a hit among the public and with their votes, the song triumphed in first place. After this, Andrijana filmed her music video with Stojanovski and returned to her first ambition of playing the violin, which was evident in her new songs. In March 2001, with the hit "Nostalgija" ("Nostalgia") Andrijana got first place from the public, first place from the jury, and the festival's Grand-Prix at SkopjeFest. In July, Andrijana took part in the Muf + Boban 2001 festival in Zrenjanin and began her promotion for the new album "Moja Biblija", which contained some new and some old songs, 12 of which were included in the album. Andrijana's fondness of duets made her dedicate the song, "Odovde do vechnosta" ("From Here to Eternity") which she sang with opera singer Blagoj Nacoski, to her fans.
Andrijana Janevska competed in SkopjeFest 2002, this time wishing to reach the Eurovision stage in Tallinn, Estonia. Her song "O Cherie, Mon Cherie" was a strong favourite to win the competition, however the audience and the jury both placed Andrijana in second place. After this, Andrijana took a long break from the music scene.
After three years of absence, Andrijana Janevska returned to the Macedonian music scene in October, participating in Makfest 2004. She competed with the rock song "Ostani" ("Stay"), and placed 7th. Andrijana Janevska was later interviewed and revealed that she is trying new music styles and that she is currently focused on rock music. At the end of 2004, Andrijana participated in SkopjeFest with "Za Kraj" ("For The End"), which because of its immense popularity was later released as a single with a music video. Andrijana announced that she will release a new album in the near future and that she has songs already prepared for promotion. In the summer of 2005, Andrijana participated in Ohrid Fest with the song "Dojdi Bakni Me" ("Come And Kiss Me"), where she won the third place overall. After that, Andrijana continued her comeback participating again in Makfest 2005, with the song "Zvezda Vodilka" ("Guiding Star"), where she was successful at gaining more media interest.
In 2006, Andrijana revealed that she will record some songs in the reggae style of music. In June, she released her new reggae single called "Den" ("Day"). Andrijana confirmed that she would participate in this year's Ohrid Fest. Andrijana performed "Sonce" ("Sun") during the Pop music night of Ohrid Fest on August 25. She got sufficient points to proceed to the International evening where she was successful although not placing in the top 3. In addition to competing, Andrijana had also promoted her upcoming album called "Den". It was recently revealed that Andrijana had recorded a song with Eva Nedinkoska called "Tivka Nok" ("Quiet Night"), which will is due to be released along with a videoclip.
Andrijana Janevska made a return to the Skopje Fest contest, which took place on February 24, 2007. The contest acted as the National Final of Macedonia for the Eurovision Song Contest.
In 2009 the follow-up of the CD with traditional Macedonian songs titled "Prikazna za edno mome" ("Story for one Sheila") was released and once again it was produced by Mite Dimovski. The following year in collaboration with MED Macedonia, she released the Christian CD with Christmas songs for children titled "Dzvezdichka mala" ("Little Star"). In 2011 in collaboration with Tanja Veda she released the children's CD "Koga si srekjen" ("When you are happy") that contains 15 songs from the English speaking regions, translated and sang in Macedonian.
In 2009, Janevska married guitarist of the band Archangel, Dragan Ginovski Gino, who she had been dating for 4 years. In 2011 she became mother of little Dimitar, and the following year she returned onstage with the appearance at the Skopje Festival where she performed the composition “Mozebi” (“Maybe”). Andrijana is the author of the music, text and arrangement of this song.
She was full-time professor teaching violin for two years in the music school in Kumanovo, she was teaching for one year at the University of Audiovisual Arts European Film and Theatre Academy ESRA- Paris-Skopje-New York, almost 7 years she is teaching solfeggio, theory of music, singing and piano in the musical school “Enterprajz” and since 2003 Janevska has been an active member of the women's chamber choir "St. Zlata Meglenska". Janevska is a professor in the music department at the Faculty of Music Arts in Skopje, as well as a composer. Though she has written many of the songs she sings, she also sings works by other composers.
In 2014, Janevska performed at the World Choir Competition in Riga, winning two gold and one silver medal with the St. Zlata Meglenska Choir. Their choir, the only one from Macedonia was among 570 competing international singing groups. That same year, she and her husband had their second son.
Her biggest hobby is playing chess and she was a spokesperson for the Chess Federation of the Republic of Macedonia for one year, as a member of the chess club "Gambit".
Albums
Moja Biblija – 2001
Den – 2006
Makedonski Rozi (Etno with MITAN) – 2008
Prikazna za edno mome (Etno with MITAN) – 2009
Dzvezdichka mala (Christian songs) – 2010
Koga si srekjen (Children songs) – 2011
Patuvanje na polnokj (Etno with MITAN) – 2013
Zaspivalki (Children's lullabies) – 2015
Singles
Te sakam beskrajno (duet with Pece Ognenov) – 1998
Dovolno silna – 1998
Eden den – 1999
Se shto baram nokjva – 1999
Ne mozam da zaljubam po tebe – 1999
Da sum juzen vetar – 1999
Tvoeto pismo, moja biblija – 2000
Ljuboven ritam – 2000
Ljubov ti e adresa (duet with Marjan Stojanovski) – 2000
Za tebe – 2000
Nostalgija – 2001
Od ovde do vechnosta (duet with Blagoj Nacoski) – 2001
Den po den (duet with Vrchak) – 2001
Svoja na svoeto – 2001
O Cherie, Mon Cherie – 2002
Ostani – 2004
Za Kraj – 2005
Dojdi Bakni Me – 2005
Dzvezda Vodilka – 2005
Den – 2006
Sonce – 2006
Epizoda – 2007
Tivka nokj (duet with Tanja Stankovic Dimovska) – 2007
Tivka Nokj (duet with Eva) – 2007
Zrno – 2008
Zaminuvam – 2008
Vo pogreshno vreme – 2008
Drvo bez koren – 2009
20 leta Makedonijo – 2011
Mozhebi – 2012
Zhivotot e ubav – 2013
Ako me sakash (ft. Infinitas) – 2013
Shto e toa – 2013
Kazna – 2014
Eden den (duet with Myatta) – 2014
See also
Music of the Republic of Macedonia
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Skopje
Macedonian pop singers
Macedonian rock singers
21st-century Macedonian women singers
Macedonian folk-pop singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrijana%20Janevska |
Hai Lake–Mount Herman Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Established in 2004, it is 323 ha. and protects regionally significant bog ecosystems and old-growth forests. The park caters to outdoor pursuits such as day hiking, camping, fishing, and hunting.
References
Skeena Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%20Lake%E2%80%93Mount%20Herman%20Provincial%20Park |
World Volleyball Championship may refer to
FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Volleyball%20Championship |
Halkett Bay Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park off Gambier Island in British Columbia, Canada.
References
External links
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/explore/parkpgs/halkett_bay
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast Regional District
Gambier Island
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halkett%20Bay%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Hamber Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located 130 kilometres (80.7 mi) north of Golden. Straddling the Great Divide on the provincial boundary with Alberta, the park is surrounded on three sides by Jasper National Park and protects the headwaters of the Wood River at Fortress Lake.
When the park was created in 1941, it constituted one of the largest protected wilderness areas in Canada. In the early 1960s, the provincial government reduced its size by 98% due to pressure exerted by the forestry industry, planned hydroelectric developments along the upper Columbia River and the re-routing of the Trans-Canada Highway away from the park.
History
Established on 16 September 1941 by an Order in Council issued by British Columbia premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, the park was named in honour of Eric W. Hamber, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1936 to 1941. Covering approximately 1,009,112 hectares at the time of its establishment, it was one of the largest parks in Canada. It shared a common boundary with portions of Mount Robson Provincial Park and Jasper, Banff, Glacier and Yoho National Parks. Designated a "Class A" provincial park, it afforded the "highest degree of protection from exploitation" to a vast tract of wilderness in the Selkirk Mountains and the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains.
Pattullo established Hamber as a new protected area which bridged the gap between several existing mountain parks in the hope that his action would spur the Canadian government to declare Hamber a new national park. He envisioned that a substantial increase in the national park system's coverage of western Canada's mountainous terrain would boost tourism revenue. Part of this economic benefit was anticipated to derive from improved access to the region made possible by federal support for road infrastructure within a nationalized Hamber park. The Canadian federal government, whose attention was directed towards World War II, expressed little interest in Pattullo's idea. Moreover, Prime Minister Mackenzie King preferred that national parks be spread throughout the country and not be concentrated only in the mountains of western Canada. No portion of Hamber was ever incorporated into Canada's national park system.
Within the park's protected boundaries were extensive stands of commercially valuable timber. Sawmills and logging companies based in Revelstoke and Golden lobbied the provincial government to allow exploitation of Hamber's timber resources. They argued that Hamber's existence as a protected area was stifling the region's forestry-based economy. The provincial government redesignated Hamber as a "Class B" provincial park in 1945. Commercial logging and mining were permitted in parks given this designation.
Hamber remained undeveloped throughout the 1940s and 1950s. No tourist resorts, campgrounds, trails or scenic lookouts were constructed within the park even though a considerable section of the highway which in 1962 would be officially designated the Trans-Canada passed through it. By the late 1950s it had become clear through negotiations with the United States which would ultimately lead to the Columbia River Treaty that hydroelectric dam projects would be constructed along the upper Columbia River. One of these planned projects, Mica Dam, would result in substantial environmental disruptions within the park's boundaries caused by the flooding of the Columbia River valley above the dam. Because the highway followed this valley between Revelstoke and Golden, it had to be re-routed through Roger's Pass before the dam could be built and thereby bypassed Hamber almost entirely. In light of these circumstances, provincial officials concluded that the park no longer had a legitimate reason to exist in its current form. In 1961 and 1962 the British Columbia government redrew the park's boundaries. Most of the park was deleted, except for a rump centered on Fortress Lake in a remote part of the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains. The new Hamber Provincial Park consists of only 24,518 hectares, a reduction of 98% relative to its original size.
World Heritage Site
In 1990 this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural environment and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons and limestone caves and fossils.
Conservation and Recreation
As a remote wilderness area, no roads traverse the park. A commercial fly-in fishing camp operates on Chisel Creek Fan on the shore of Fortress Lake during the summer months. The only other means of access are via hike-in or ski-in from Sunwapta Falls on the Icefields Parkway in Jasper National Park. It is a 22 km hike over trails to Fortress Lake. In the 1970s, construction began on a trail into the park from Kinbasket Lake via the Wood River by the British Columbia Forest Service. However, the trail was only completed to within 5 km of the park boundary and was abandoned.
In 2014, a bridge over the Athabasca River collapsed, severing access via the only maintained trail into the park.
Despite providing numerous recreation opportunities, lack of access prevents similar levels of hiking and camping found in other mountain parks. In addition to access to the park from Sunwapta Falls, an overgrown trail accesses two campgrounds (Fortress Creek and Washout Creek, decommissioned in August 2020) on Fortress Lake's north shore. A commercial fishing operation exists on the Chisel Creek fan, accessible by floatplane. Additionally, two small caves ranging from 15–87 m in depth exist in the upper reaches of the Alnus Creek watershed.
Vegetation around Fortress Lake is replete with spruce and balsam, consisting of a heavy understory of false azalea and rhododendron. The closest communities to the park are Valemount, British Columbia and Jasper, Alberta.
Gallery
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian protected areas
List of national parks of Canada
List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas
Notes
References
Bradley, Ben. (2011), "'A Questionable Basis for Establishing a Major Park': Politics, Roads, and the Failure of a National Park in British Columbia's Big Bend Country." In Campbell, Claire. A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011. University of Calgary Press. .
External links
Map of Hamber Provincial Park, 1942
Parks in the Canadian Rockies
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1941 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamber%20Provincial%20Park |
Nicanor G. Tiongson is a critic, creative writer and academic from the Philippines. He holds a Bachelor of Humanities degree from the Ateneo de Manila University, and M.A. and Ph.D. in Philippine Studies from the University of the Philippines. A founding member of the Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino, Tiongson is currently Professor Emeritus of Film and Audio-visual Communication at the College of Mass Communication in U.P. Diliman.
Tiongson was a visiting professor at Osaka University of Foreign Studies in Japan; and Fulbright Visiting Professor at the University of California, Berkeley; University of Michigan; University of California, Los Angeles; and University of Hawaii at Manoa. Tiongson also received an Australian Cultural Award for his extensive research on Philippine culture, resulting in two works on Philippine drama: Kasaysayan at Estetika ng Sinakulo at Ibang Dulang Panrelihiyon sa Malolos and Kasaysayan ng Komedya sa Pilipinas.
Tiongson was vice-president and artistic director of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) from 1986 to 1994.
Tiongson was also the Philippine Director of Sangandaan 2003, a cultural commemoration that highlighted the arts and media produced by Filipinos, Americans and Filipino-Americans in the course of Philippine-U.S. relations from 1899 to 2002.
During his short term as director of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB), Tiongson played a role in the controversy surrounding a film popularly known as Live Show. The film, directed by Jose Javier Reyes, focused on performing women and men who engaged in sex acts onstage at some night clubs in the Manila area. Live Show was banned after Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin of Manila denounced the film and labeled it "immoral" and "in violation of the campaign for moral reform." Tiongson resigned shortly after Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo banned Live Show, and noted his conviction that the President had been pressured by influential Filipino members of the Catholic Church.
Tiongson has taught Philippine literature, theater, and general culture at the University of the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University-Manila, the University of Hawaii and the Osaka University of Foreign Studies. He also taught Filipino and Philippine literature at the College of Arts and Letters, University of the Philippines from 1974 to 1986. Among the books he edited are: The Cultural Traditional Media of ASEAN, The Urian Anthology, the Politics of Culture: The Philippine Experience, Tuklas Sining, and the 10-volume CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art. For his publications, he has received five National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle and two Surian ng Wikang Pambansa awards.
Tiongson was criticized for his opposition to the proposal of bestowing the National Artist honor to the late Dolphy. The incident was vividly recalled by National Artist for Theater Cecilia Guidote-Alvarez wherein Tiongson "stood violently" and protested passionately on the proposal. Tiongson admitted that he had reservations on the installation of Dolphy with the prestigious award. Tiongson wrote: “I believed that the two icons he created for film and TV – the screaming gay and the happy-go-lucky poor man – have, in the majority of his movies, equated gayness with abnormality and mindless frivolity on the one hand, and romanticized or deodorized poverty on the other.”
Works
Books
Political, Social and Cultural Studies
Four values in Filipino Drama and Film
The Cultural Traditional Media of ASEAN
The Urian Anthology, 1970-1979, 1980
Kasaysayan ng Komedya sa Pilipinas, 1766-1982, 1982
Politics of Culture: The Philippine Experience, 1985
Tuklas Sining: Essays on Philippine Arts, 1992
Philippine Theater: A History and Anthology. Volume I: Rituals, Dances and Playlets, 1999
Philippine Theater: A History and Anthology. Volume II: Komedya, 1999
Philippine Theater: A History and Anthology. Volume IV: Sarswela and Dance, 1999
Philippine Theater: A History and Anthology. Volume V: Modern Plays, 1999
The Women of Malolos, 2004
Plaridel : Journal of Philippine Communication, Media and Society, February 2004 Vol.1, No.1. (coedited with Violeda A. Umali)
Drama
Philippines Circa 1907, 1985
Encyclopedia
CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art, 1994
Dance Librettos
Adarna
Realizing Rama
Siete Dolores
Honors and awards
Visiting Professor, Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan
Visiting Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Visiting Professor, University of California, Berkeley
Visiting Professor, University of Michigan
Visiting Professor, University of California, Los Angeles
National Book Awards from the Manila Critics Circle
Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (Komisyon ng mga Wika ng Pilipinas) Awards
Fulbright Exchange Professorship
Australian Cultural Award
U.P. Gawad Chancellor for Outstanding Teacher (Professor Level)
References
External links
National Book Awards
Asiaweek
Tagalog On Site (archived version)
University Record, The University of Michigan
Manunuri ng Pelikulang Pilipino
Living people
Filipino writers
Tagalog-language writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Academic staff of Ateneo de Manila University
Academic staff of Osaka University
University of the Philippines alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicanor%20Tiongson |
Harbour Dudgeon Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of the Adams River, northwest of Celista Mountain. It was established on April 30, 1996. The park is located approximately 175 km northeast of Kamloops.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Shuswap Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour%20Dudgeon%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park |
Hardy Island Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park located near the southern tip of the Hardy Island in British Columbia, Canada. The park as created by BC Parks on 6 March 1992 to protect local flora and fauna. The park itself becomes a small island during high tide.
Facilities
The park provides a safe anchorage for people recreating in Blind Bay. The park features no developed trails or potable water.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast Regional District
Year of establishment missing
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%20Island%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Harmony Islands Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the east side of Hotham Sound, which is a side-inlet of the lower reaches of Jervis Inlet, on that inlet's north side roughly opposite the mouth of Sechelt Inlet.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Sunshine Coast Regional District
1992 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1992
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony%20Islands%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Harry Lake Aspen Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located northwest of Ashcroft near the upper basin of Hat Creek.
See also
Bedard Aspen Provincial Park
Blue Earth Lake Provincial Park
Cornwall Hills Provincial Park
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Lake%20Aspen%20Provincial%20Park |
Háthayim Marine Provincial Park, formerly Von Donop Marine Provincial Park, is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the north end of Cortes Island in the Discovery Islands.
The park's original name was derived from that of Von Donop Inlet (Klahoose: ha̓θamɩn ), which drains NW towards Sutil Channel from the northwest end of Cortes Island. The inlet was named in 1863 by Captain Daniel Pender for Victor von Donop, who was a midshipman on board the 21-gun HMS Charybdis, under Captain the Hon. George Keane RN. The vessel arrived at Esquimalt from China on March 23, 1862, with orders to protect the British colonies of the region at a time of mounting hostilities between England and the United States growing out of the Mason and Slidell affair resulting from the Trent Affair. Donop was later Sub-lieutenant of HMS Duncan from 1865 to 1866. The 81-gun Duncan was the flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir James Hope of the North American Station, after whom Hope Island had been named in 1862. Donop later served as Lieutenant-Commander on the gunboat Cromer, from 1875 to 1877.
Victor von Donop came from a distinguished naval and military family and was the eldest son of Captain Edward von Donop. While serving as Lieutenant in command of the gunboat HMS Decoy, Donop was drowned on 12 February 1881 after being swept off the bridge when the ship rolled heavily in a violent storm.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Maritime history of Canada
Cortes Island
1993 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1993
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1thayim%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
sw̓iw̓s Provincial Park (formerly Haynes Point Provincial Park) is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Osoyoos Lake in the town of Osoyoos, which is on the Canada-United States border at the southern end of the Okanagan region of British Columbia. Approximately in size, the park was originally created in 1939. The name was changed from Haynes Point to sw̓iw̓s, the original Okanagan (Syilx'tsn) name for the region, meaning "narrowing of the waters".
Haynes Point and adjacent Haynes Creek were named for John Carmichael Haynes (1831–1888). Haynes was "an Irishman who came to BC in 1858 and was police officer, customs officer, magistrate, assistant gold commissioner, government agent and county court judge in Similkameen, Osoyoos and Kootenay Districts for many years; member of the legislative council [of the Colony of British Columbia], 1864–66, rancher at Osoyoos, 1866–88, accumulating 22,000 acres. Generally known as Judge Haynes."
Heritage and culture
sw̓iw̓s Provincial Park is an archaeological and cultural heritage site located within the traditional territory of the Osoyoos Indian Band. The Osoyoos Indian Band and BC Parks work in partnership to ensure the long-term protection of the archaeological and cultural heritage resources within the park.
In 2014, ancestral remains dated to approximately 1,224 years ago were unearthed and then reburied in the park, making the remains the oldest on record in the Osoyoos region. Radiocarbon dating of animal materials recovered from an ancient midden provided insights about the diet of Osoyoos Indian Band ancestors who lived in the area 3,265 – 4,475 years ago. Obsidian flakes retrieved from the park were determined to be from Oregon, affirming that travel and trade routes of indigenous people occurred extensively along the Columbia River Basin thousands of years ago before the arrival of European settlers in the area in the 19th century. The Hudson's Bay Fur Brigade Trail also passed through the area nearly two centuries ago.
Flora and fauna
The park protects ecosystems at risk and endangered species, such as peach leaf willow, antelope brush, and desert grasses and wetlands. The marsh area and self-guided interpretive trail are maintained as park features. The park species of concern include the tiger salamander, various rare bats, barn owl, American spadefoot toad and painted turtle. Bullfrogs are considered an invasive species in the park, which is also a habitat for mule deer, American black bear, ospreys, bald eagles, and various other species.
Gallery
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Provincial parks in the Okanagan
1939 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%CC%93iw%CC%93s%20Provincial%20Park |
Heather-Dina Lakes Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Located along the eastern edge of Williston Lake, Heather-Dina Lakes Park, which is named after two lakes in the park, features mature, mixed forest with many small lakes. Facilities are quite limited compared to other parks in British Columbia. A primitive campground is located at Heather Lake and another at Dina Lake. Camping, fishing, canoeing, and hiking are popular activities among visitors.
Both lakes are stocked with fish and feature abundant wildlife, including abundant loons, ducks and other animals. The park size is reported to be 5,786 hectares.
References
Regional District of Fraser-Fort George
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather-Dina%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park |
is a Japanese pejorative term which translates literally as "education mother". The kyōiku mama is a stereotyped figure in modern Japanese society portrayed as a mother who relentlessly drives her child to study, to the detriment of the child's social and physical development, and emotional well-being.
The kyōiku mama is one of the best-known and least-liked pop-culture figures in contemporary Japan. The kyōiku mama is analogous to American stereotypes such as the stage mother who forces her child to achieve show-business success in Hollywood, the stereotypical Chinese tiger mother who takes an enormous amount of effort to direct much of her maternal influence towards developing their children's educational and intellectual achievement, and the stereotypical Jewish mother's drive for her children to succeed academically and professionally, resulting in a push for perfection and a continual dissatisfaction with anything less or the critical, self-sacrificing mother who coerces her child into medical school or law school.
The stereotype is that a kyōiku mama is feared by her children, blamed by the press for school phobias and youth suicides, and envied and resented by the mothers of children who study less and fare less well on exams.
Factors influencing development of kyōiku mama
In the early 1960s, part-time women's labor began at a few major corporations in Japan and was adopted by other companies within a decade. It became popular among married women in the 1970s and even more so by 1985.
Women's return to the workplace is often explained two-fold: by financial demands to complement the family budget, and by psychological demands to relate themselves to society.
Child-rearing women in the 1960s inspired the media to produce the idiom kyōiku mama, which referred to "the domestic counterpart of sararii-man" (salaryman). This encompassed a major responsibility to "rear children, especially the males, to successfully pass the competitive tests needed to enter high school and college". No such idiom emerged that deemed men "education papas"; it was "mamas" who became a social phenomenon.
The education system
The education system and larger political economy it serves influence why mothers become obsessed with children's education. Social prejudices influence media stereotypes of kyōiku mamas that blame women rather than political conditions. Getting a good, steady job in the future very much depends on getting into a good university, which depends on attaining high scores on the national university exams in a student's last year of high school. Ordinary people, including mothers, feel powerless to change this system.
As a result, there is a clear map pointing students to the right nursery school that leads to the right kindergarten, the best elementary school, junior high school, and high school, all of which may be associated with prestigious universities. To ensure these results, some parents have been known to commit unethical or illegal acts to promote their child's success.
In one case, a restaurant owner paid a $95,000 bribe in an attempt to get his child enrolled in Aoyama Gakuin, a prestigious kindergarten for children who are three or four years old. Because of the kindergarten's affiliation with an elite university, parents are willing to go to extreme lengths to get their children enrolled. Aoyama Gakuin has room for 40 new students a year. Every year, it receives more than 2000 hopeful applicants. The tests the potential students take are known to be extremely difficult.
The issue is compounded by the notion that most important job positions in business and government are held by graduates of the University of Tokyo. In addition, which university a student attends is believed to affect one's choices for a future spouse. Because a child's life appears to be determined by what schools he or she attends, many mothers take extraordinary measures to get children into good schools.
Changing family structures
The older generation of Japanese grew up in larger households than those normally found in Japan today. Back then, ikuji (, "child-raising") included a larger surrounding environment, made up of more relatives and extended family, and more children: siblings and cousins. Children who grew up in that time learned responsibilities through the care of younger siblings. These children relied on themselves in the outside world through much of their childhood lives. In those days, child-raising was more of a private matter, handled only by the child's surrounding family.
In the 1970s, men's wages decreased and women left home earlier to find jobs. These women "considered themselves free" after the child's junior high education. The previous generation did not feel this until after the child had finished high school.
In contemporary Japan, couples are having fewer children and teaching the children self-reliance. This involves consulting child-raising professionals. This new need in professional advice is commonly termed "child-raising neurosis" by professionals. Reliance on professionals has largely created a new generation of young mothers with low self-confidence in their child-raising abilities. Indeed, most Japanese mothers today grew up in smaller families with only one or two children. Their mothers provided them with everything they needed and gave them little to no responsibilities involving their siblings. Thus, that generation of children has grown up to become mothers who have no idea how to raise their children.
In addition, in contemporary Japan there are mothers who completely devote themselves to child-raising. Another subtype, described by Nishioka Rice, is the kosodate mama (), who adds psychosociological elements into child-raising. In addition to providing for her a good education, she develops an emotional and psychological relationship with her children. One way to do this is through "skinship"—being in constant close physical contact with her children. This could, for example, involve carrying her child on her back wherever she goes or bathing with her children every night. Through skinship, ittaikan () is achieved, a "one-ness and balanced, positively valenced dependency" between mother and child.
Societal views
In Japan, a mother who works is commonly seen as selfish in a society where child-raising is linked directly with the physical closeness between mother and child. This emphasis can be a cause of the development of a kyōiku mama who always worries about her children's education success. This produces children that society views as lacking self-reliance, antisocial, and selfish.
When compared to American mothers, Japanese mothers have a stronger belief in effort as opposed to innate ability. Japanese children see their efforts as necessary to fulfill a social obligation to family, peers, and community. Children are forced to focus on their effort, seeing it as the cause of success. According to society, if a child does not succeed, they were not trying hard enough. This is unrelated to the child's grades; children always need to put forth more effort. Mothers pressure children because they are held strongly accountable for their children's actions.
It is very hard to find daycare in some parts of Japan, and it is socially looked down upon if a mother sends her child to one. The mother is seen as insufficient, not having the skills to raise a child on her own, or selfish, giving her child over to a caretaker while she pursues her own separate goals.
The term kyōiku mama became used in other similar contexts. For example, the former Ministry of International Trade and Industry was dubbed kyōiku mama for its approach and initiatives in guiding industrial growth, in a manner similar to the definition of a nanny state.
Media
Housewives are surrounded by popular media that encourages their actions. Daytime television, magazines, products, and services for mothers are largely focused on improving the home and raising the children. Thus, the job of motherhood is taken very seriously by mothers in Japan. A common description of a mother's free time is “three meals and a nap.”
Class distinctions
Kyōiku mamas, preparatory preschools, and heavily academic curricula exist in Japan, yet they are relatively rare and concentrated in urban, wealthy areas. Kyōiku mamas are prominent in the middle classes. Middle-class women train the children, the next generation of the middle class. In a speech at the 1909 Mitsukoshi children's exhibition, First Higher School principal Nitobe Inazō asserted, "The education of a citizenry begins not with the infant but with the education of a country's mothers."
In the post-World War II era in Japan, the mother was the creator of a new child-centered world stamped with middle-class values. The mother was linked with the success of the child's education. A woman was expected to be a "good wife, wise mother" and became the single most important figure in raising the child to become a successful future adult. Mothers needed to put their efforts into raising and teaching their children. Through self-cultivation and rearing of the children, the woman was crucial to a family's ability to claim a place in the so-called middle stratum.
As education credentials became the recognized prerequisite to social advancement in the early 20th century, kyōiku mama actively looked to the education system, especially admission into middle school for boys and higher school for girls, to help improve the family's social position. The competition to pass the entrance examination to middle school and girls' higher school became intense, creating the social phenomenon known as shiken jigoku (): examination hell. While risshin shusse (), or rising in the world, was the clarion call of the mass of the middle class, there was no risshin shusse without a kyōiku mama. For the education mother, making the child into a superior student was a concern that began with the child's entrance into elementary school at age six and extended to all aspects of the child's education.
Working-class mothers are not as intensely active in their children's education as middle-class mothers. An ethnographic study by Shimizu Tokuda (1991) portrayed one middle school that faced persistent academic problems in a working-class neighborhood of Osaka. The study illustrated efforts by teachers to improve the student's academic performance: providing tests, promoting monthly teacher discussions, painting walls to enhance the study environment, and restricting hours spent in extracurricular activities. While students' enrollment in high school slightly improved, academic achievement level remained lower than the national average. This study revealed that students' academic problems were deeply related to their home environments. Most students had parents who were uneducated and not involved in their children's education.
American view
In contrast to Japan's mostly negative images of kyōiku mamas, American leaders who put forth the image of "superhuman Japan" to boost American education performance extolled Japan's education-minded mothers. Both of Ronald Reagan's education secretaries focused attention on Japanese mothers as mirrors to improve American families and schools. Reagan's first Secretary of Education, Terrel Bell (credited for the wording of A Nation at Risk) wrote an enthusiastic foreword to Guy Odom's Mothers, Leadership and Success—a book whose basic point was that only vigorous, aggressive and intelligent Super Moms exemplified by Japanese mothers could reinvigorate America. William J. Bennett, head of the Department of Education in Reagan's second term, praised Japan's "one parent on the scene" who "stays in touch with the teachers, supervises the homework, arranges extra instructional help if needed, and buttresses the child's motivation to do well in school and beyond".
Contemporary kyōiku mamas
Many Japanese mothers dedicate much time to get their children from one entrance exam to another. At the national university entrance exams, held in Tokyo, most mothers travel with their children to the examination hall. They arrive and stay at a nearby hotel, grilling their children on last-minute statistics and making sure that they are not late to the exam.
Some mothers are beginning their children's education at even younger ages. A 30-year-old mother in Japan says, "This is my first baby, and I didn't know how to play with her or help her develop". She sends her 6-month-old daughter to a pre-pre-school in Tokyo. A headmaster at another pre-pre-school claims that the school, for children one year or older, helps to nurture and develop the children's curiosity through "tangerine-peeling or collecting and coloring snow".
Mothers are essentially in heavy competition with other mothers who want their children to get into the elite universities. In some cases, to make it seem like her own child is not studying as much, mothers will let their child use the parents' bedroom to study while the mothers watch television in the living room. Other mothers who pass by the house will see the child's bedroom light off, assuming that the child has shirked his or her studies to watch television. The next morning, the mother will report what happened on the shows to her child, who will go to school and talk about it to his or her classmates, who will also assume that their friend is a slacker, lowering their expectations of their friend and for themselves. However, when examination time rolls around, the "slacker" will be admitted into an elite school while his or her friends will drop behind.
Kyōiku mamas often give their children a big first appearance in the neighborhood through a kōen debyū (), where the mothers "parade their offspring around the neighborhood parks for approval".
Mothers send their children to cram schools (juku), where children may stay until 10 or 11pm. Japan has over 35,000 cram schools for college examinations. In addition to cram schools, children are sent to calligraphy, keyboard, abacus, or kendo classes. As revealed by Marie Thorsten, moral panics about juku and education mamas occurred at the same time, in the 1970s. "As 'second schools', the juku, as consumer services, appealed to mothers’ anxieties about their children, shaping the image of the 'normal' mother as one who sends her children to juku and stays up to date with commercialized trends in examination preparation."
Effects on children
In the 1950s, full-time mothers devoted themselves to a smaller number of children. Parental stress resulted in the commonality of new childhood problems; these include bronchial asthma, stammering, poor appetite, proneness to bone fractures, and school phobia. Children were aware they were their mother's purpose in life. Mothers played the role of their children's school teachers while they were at home.
Sometimes, a child who grows up with a kyōiku mama turns into a tenuki okusan (, "hands-off housewife"). This stereotype describes women who typically have jobs and are not around the children as much, essentially becoming the female version of the stereotypical absent Japanese father, a "leisure-time parent" or "Sunday friend". These mothers are said to not do a lot of homemaking, commonly making large, freezable meals that are easy to reheat in case they are not home or too busy to do the cooking. They do not attempt to represent their families in the community through participation in their children's school PTA and other community functions.
Compared to modern American children, Japanese youths have less drug use, depression, violence, and teenage pregnancy, although these may be caused due to harsher laws and intrinsic social values in the Japanese culture.
Government regulations
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has admitted that the education system and parental pressure are taking their toll on children. Education reforms that the Ministry of Education has enacted beginning in the 1970s have challenged Japan's egalitarian school system. To decrease academic pressure among students from examination competition, the Ministry of Education cut school hours and increased non-academic activities such as recess and clubs in elementary and junior high schools.
In 2002, the central government reduced school hours again, decreased content, and introduced a new curriculum at all public elementary schools to encourage individual students' learning interests and motivation. The Japanese Ministry of Education published a white paper stating that children do not have opportunities such as "coming into contact with nature, feeling awe and respect for life, and experiencing the importance of hard work learning from difficulties".
Japanese education and related stress
Post-war Japan in the 1950s made it a "national mission to accelerate its education program. Children of this era had to distinguish themselves from peers at an early age if they hoped to get into a top university. Entrance exams for these children began in kindergarten.
By the mid-1970s, pressure to achieve in children created the need for specialty schools. Seventy percent of students continued their long school day at juku or "cram schools".
In the 1980s, a series of suicides linked to school pressures began. Elementary and middle school students took their lives after failing entrance exams.
During the 1990s, the economic collapse in Japan (after its global economic dominance in the previous decade) led to a loss of motivation by students. The once highly touted academic ratings of Japan in math and science fell behind those of American levels. The stress began to lead to classroom disruption.
In 2001, the National Education Research Institute found that 33 percent of teachers and principals polled said that they had witnessed a complete breakdown of class "over a continuous period" due to defiant children "engaging in arbitrary activity". In 2002, the Japanese Education Ministry — pressured by the need to reform — eliminated 30 percent of its core curriculum. This freed up time for students to learn in groups according to the students' chosen path.
The use of the term mukatsuku, meaning "irritating and troublesome", has been rising in use among students as a description of the feelings they experience of being fed up with teachers, parents, and life.
See also
Education in Japan
Helicopter parent
Hong Kong children
Tiger parenting, a similar parenting style in Mainland China and other parts of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia
Soccer mom
References
Academic pressure in East Asian culture
Behavior modification
Education in Japan
Japanese family structure
Japanese values
Maternity in Japan
Pejorative terms for women
Social issues in Japan
Stereotypes of middle class women
Suicide in Japan
1960s neologisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku%20mama |
Height of the Rockies Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies of south eastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of the Continental Divide (in this region, the British Columbia/Alberta Border), adjacent to Elk Lakes Provincial Park.
Description and access
The park comprises in East Kootenay on the western side of the Continental Divide, which in this region forms the border between British Columbia and Alberta. It borders Elk Lakes Provincial Park, also in British Columbia, to which it is linked by a trail, and Banff National Park and Peter Lougheed Provincial Park in Alberta. The park lies east of Invermere; the closest communities are Elkford to the south and Canal Flats and Radium Hot Springs to the west. The park is accessible on foot or horseback via logging roads and trails to 6 trailheads. All mechanized access is forbidden, and there are no campgrounds or other park services in the park. The Great Divide Trail passes through the park.
The park is an Alpine environment with forested bottomland. It includes several lakes, the Palliser River valley, the Middle Fork of the White River, and the Royal Group of mountains. It encompasses 26 peaks over . The highest peak, Mount Joffre (), is on the border with Alberta. There are seven important mountain passes.
Wildlife
The park is important habitat for wildlife, in particular grizzly bears, and also contains large numbers of black bears, moose, mule deer, bighorn sheep, timber wolves, and cougars. There are more than 2,000 elk and one of the highest densities of mountain goats in the world. Cutthroat trout are plentiful in many lakes and streams and are taken from the park for the Kootenay native species stocking program. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted at controlled levels.
The park is at one end of the Southern Rocky Mountain Management Plan, aimed at coordinating ecosystem preservation and providing wildlife corridors, in particular for grizzly bears. Also to provide more comprehensive protection of the environment and wildlife habitat, British Columbia has considered asking the United Nations to add Height of the Rockies and 5 other provincial parks to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site.
History
The passes through what is now the park were used by the Kootenai Indians and by mid-19th-century European explorers. Two archaeological sites over 8,000 years old have been identified on the Middle Fork of the White River.
A national park was proposed early in the 20th century. In 1936 the White River Game Reserve was established. However, construction of logging roads and clearcutting became so extensive in the Southern Canadian Rockies that by 1986, the area that is now the park had become the last major refuge for wildlife in the region. Two provincial environmental organisations, BC Spaces for Nature and the Palliser Wilderness Society, with guide outfitter Hiram Cody Tegart, led a campaign to protect it permanently by making it a wilderness park, and in 1987, after a twelve-year process of negotiation between government, conservationists, hunting guides and outfitters, and logging companies, it became the first Forest Wilderness Area in British Columbia. In 1995 it became a Class A Provincial Park. It was part of the Kootenays regional plan, which created 16 new provincial parks and sought to protect both logging jobs and wilderness areas.
See also
Continental Ranges
References
Further reading
Appendix 3 in: British Columbia Round Table on the Environment and the Economy. Dispute Resolution Core Group. Reaching Agreement Volume 1 Consensus Processes in British Columbia. Vancouver: Round Table, 1991. .
External links
Height of the Rockies brochure from campaign to save the area, The Palliser Wilderness Society
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Parks in the Canadian Rockies
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height%20of%20the%20Rockies%20Provincial%20Park |
Helliwell Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada located on a headland at the northeast end of Hornby Island.
The land, formerly a farm belonging to the Acton family, was donated by Mr. J. L. Helliwell. The park was established by Order in Council 2681 on September 16, 1966 and expanded several times thereafter. Its now include Flora Islet and part of Lambert Channel.
There are facilities for hiking, canoeing, picnicking, sightseeing, and scuba diving. Restroom facilities consist of four pit toilets.
The park has large old-growth Douglas-fir trees and rare Garry oak ecosystems. A trail loops around the bluffs that overlook the Strait of Georgia and links-up with Tribune Bay. The Garry oak meadow ecosystem is one of the many microclimates located within British Columbia and is considered an endangered habitat.
The cliffs in the southern part of the park form a unique microclimate that local community groups are attempting to protect . These cliffs are also nesting areas for the pelagic cormorant.
See also
Tribune Bay Provincial Park
References
External links
Tribune Bay Provincial Park – B.C. Ministry of Environment Site
Helliwell/Tribune Bay Provincial Park – Commercial Site
Garry Oak Ecosystem – Province of British Columbia Ministry of Environment
Provincial Parks of the Gulf Islands
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1966
1966 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helliwell%20Provincial%20Park |
Hemer Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located south of Nanaimo.
References
Regional District of Nanaimo
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1981 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemer%20Provincial%20Park |
Herald Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
Herald Park is located on the north shore of the Salmon Arm of Shuswap Lake, in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The park is approximately 30 minutes northeast of the city of Salmon Arm (by road). Herald Park contains a popular camping area, as well as a day use/picnic area. Large pebble beaches stretch along the southern boundary of the park. Walking and hiking trails exist throughout the park, including an easy 10-minute hike to the spectacular Margaret Falls.
The site of Herald Park was originally settled by the Herald family at the turn of the century and remained a family farm until the 1970s. The land was then turned over to the Provincial Government with the exception of the "homesite", where Ms. Jesse Herald continued to reside until her death.
External links
BC Government website for Herald Provincial Park
References
Parks in the Shuswap Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1975 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald%20Provincial%20Park |
Hesquiat Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park located on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on April 5, 2001 to mature coastal forests of Western hemlock, western red cedar and lodgepole pine along the eastern shores of Hesquiat Lake.
See also
Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve
Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park
References
Clayoquot Sound region
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesquiat%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park is a provincial park at the western extremity of the Clayoquot Sound region of the West Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The park was established by order-in-council on July 12, 1995 as part of the Clayoquot Land-Use Decision.
Geography
The Hesquiat Peninsula forms the division between the Clayoquot Sound region, to the south, and the Nootka Sound region to the north. The peninsula is named for the Hesquiaht group of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples.
Hesquiat Reserve No. 1 and adjoining locality and former steamer landing of Hesquiat are located on its southeastern tip.
History
The Hesquiaht group of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples have lived in the area since time immemorial.
In 1915, Ada Annie Rae-Arthur, better known by her nickname "Cougar Annie", moved with her husband to Hesquiat Bay.
During World War II, in 1942, the Estevan Point lighthouse was fired upon by the Japanese submarine I-26, marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1871.
See also
Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve
Hesquiat Lake Provincial Park
References
BC Parks infopage
Clayoquot Sound region
Nootka Sound region
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesquiat%20Peninsula%20Provincial%20Park |
High Lakes Basin Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1996 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Lakes%20Basin%20Provincial%20Park |
Hitchie Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian province of British Columbia, west of the north end of Nitinat Lake on the west coast of Vancouver Island, north-east of Bamfield.
See also
List of protected areas of British Columbia
References
West Coast of Vancouver Island
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchie%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park |
Hole-in-the-Wall Provincial Park is a provincial park located in the Hart Ranges of British Columbia, Canada. It was established on June 29, 2000 to protect a resurgent spring which emerges from the base of a limestone rock wall. The spring forms a powerful stream that flows into the Sukunka River at the northern end of the park.
See also
Sukunka Falls Provincial Park
References
External links
Peace River Regional District
Provincial parks of British Columbia
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole-in-the-Wall%20Provincial%20Park |
Homathko Estuary Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the head of Bute Inlet surrounding the mouth of the Homathko River in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains.
See also
Great Canyon of the Homathko
Homathko Icefield
Homathko River-Tatlayoko Protected Area
Bishop River Provincial Park
References
BC Parks infopage
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Pacific Ranges
South Coast of British Columbia
1997 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homathko%20Estuary%20Provincial%20Park |
Horne Lake Caves Provincial Park is a provincial park on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. Its principal function is the protection, management, and recreational use of several caves collectively known as the Horne Lake Caves.
History
Although certainly known to the Qualicum First Nation, the first reference to caves at Horne Lake is in a geological report from 1912. Two caves known as Main and Lower Main were thereafter known to loggers, and public visitation increased after they were publicised in 1939. In 1941 the larger Riverbend Cave was discovered and was a popular tourist site by 1945. In 1957 the Province placed a 29 ha. reserve around the Horne Lake caves which by then had been stripped of many of their formations.
Fears of vandalism in the recently revealed Euclataws Cave (discovered in 1963 but kept secret until about 1969) led local cavers to approach the provincial government for protection, and in January 1971 Horne Lake Caves became a provincial park. Euclataws and Riverbend Cave were gated and guided tours commenced in Main, Lower Main and Riverbend caves. Vandalism and gate-breaching continued, however, and in 1984 a serious incident of vandalism in Riverbend Cave led to increased attention and the creation of a management plan in 1985, followed by improved visitor facilities and privately managed cave tours. Four additional caves, Cougar Cave, Eggshell Cave, Andre's Annex and Riverbend Trail Slot Cave, have recently been documented within the park. The park includes forest and part of the Qualicum River which provides opportunities for hiking, fishing and canoeing.
Location
The 158 ha Horne Lake Caves Provincial Park is located approximately 60 km north of Nanaimo and 26 km west of Qualicum, and is 12 km from the Horne Lake exit off Highway 19.
See also
Adam Grant Horne for whom Horne Lake was named.
References
Horne Lake Caves Provincial Park Master Plan Province of British Columbia, March 1985
Recent Developments at Horne Lake Caves Park The Canadian Caver Vol 16 No 2
External links
Regional District of Nanaimo
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Caves of British Columbia
Limestone caves
Alberni Valley
Landforms of Vancouver Island
1989 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horne%20Lake%20Caves%20Provincial%20Park |
Horsefly Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is in size and is located south of Prince George.
References
External links
Geography of the Cariboo
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1974 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsefly%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Hyland River Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located near the boundary with Yukon along the Alaska Highway just east of the community of Lower Post and north of the Liard River. Established in 1964, the park is 34 ha. in area.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Liard Country
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyland%20River%20Provincial%20Park |
Zero Halliburton, stylized as ZERO Halliburton, is a company that manufactures hard-wearing travel cases and briefcases, mainly of aluminium. On December 29, 2006, Zero Corporation sold its consumer division to ACE Co., Ltd., of Osaka and Tokyo, a Japanese luggage manufacturer, of which it is now a wholly owned subsidiary.
Erle P. Halliburton, the American founder of Halliburton, had commissioned the aluminium case in 1938 from aircraft engineers because other luggage could not endure the rough travel through Texas oil fields. In addition to being more durable than a leather or cloth case due to its rigidity, the aluminium case seals tightly against dust and water.
Famously, the nuclear football, the briefcase which the President of the United States can use to order a nuclear strike, is a modified Zero Halliburton case, although enclosed in a black leather 'jacket' to make it appear less militaristic in diplomatic situations.
The aluminium cases have appeared in over 200 Hollywood movies and television shows, often as a MacGuffin. In addition to aluminium, Zero Halliburton cases have been available in carbon fiber, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and Texalium (an aluminium-coated fiberglass).
References
External links
Company history at Zero Halliburton Web site
Zero Halliburton Shop
Luggage manufacturers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20Halliburton |
Atmospheric dispersion models are computer programs that use mathematical algorithms to simulate how pollutants in the ambient atmosphere disperse and, in some cases, how they react in the atmosphere.
US Environmental Protection Agency models
Many of the dispersion models developed by or accepted for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) are accepted for use in many other countries as well. Those EPA models are grouped below into four categories.
Preferred and recommended models
AERMOD – An atmospheric dispersion model based on atmospheric boundary layer turbulence structure and scaling concepts, including treatment of multiple ground-level and elevated point, area and volume sources. It handles flat or complex, rural or urban terrain and includes algorithms for building effects and plume penetration of inversions aloft. It uses Gaussian dispersion for stable atmospheric conditions (i.e., low turbulence) and non-Gaussian dispersion for unstable conditions (high turbulence). Algorithms for plume depletion by wet and dry deposition are also included in the model. This model was in development for approximately 14 years before being officially accepted by the U.S. EPA.
CALPUFF – A non-steady-state puff dispersion model that simulates the effects of time- and space-varying meteorological conditions on pollution transport, transformation, and removal. CALPUFF can be applied for long-range transport and for complex terrain.
BLP – A Gaussian plume dispersion model designed to handle unique modelling problems associated with industrial sources where plume rise and downwash effects from stationary line sources are important.
CALINE3 – A steady-state Gaussian dispersion model designed to determine pollution concentrations at receptor locations downwind of highways located in relatively uncomplicated terrain.
CAL3QHC and CAL3QHCR – CAL3QHC is a CALINE3 based model with queuing calculations and a traffic model to calculate delays and queues that occur at signalized intersections. CAL3QHCR is a more refined version based on CAL3QHC that requires local meteorological data.
CTDMPLUS – A complex terrain dispersion model (CTDM) plus algorithms for unstable situations (i.e., highly turbulent atmospheric conditions). It is a refined point source Gaussian air quality model for use in all stability conditions (i.e., all conditions of atmospheric turbulence) for complex terrain.
OCD – Offshore and coastal dispersion model (OCD) is a Gaussian model developed to determine the impact of offshore emissions from point, area or line sources on the air quality of coastal regions. It incorporates overwater plume transport and dispersion as well as changes that occur as the plume crosses the shoreline.
Alternative models
ADAM – Air force dispersion assessment model (ADAM) is a modified box and Gaussian dispersion model which incorporates thermodynamics, chemistry, heat transfer, aerosol loading, and dense gas effects.
ADMS 5 – Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling System (ADMS 5) is an advanced dispersion model developed in the United Kingdom for calculating concentrations of pollutants emitted both continuously from point, line, volume and area sources, or discretely from point sources.
AFTOX – A Gaussian dispersion model that handles continuous or puff, liquid or gas, elevated or surface releases from point or area sources.
DEGADIS – Dense gas dispersion (DEGADIS) is a model that simulates the dispersion at ground level of area source clouds of denser-than-air gases or aerosols released with zero momentum into the atmosphere over flat, level terrain.
HGSYSTEM – A collection of computer programs developed by Shell Research Ltd. and designed to predict the source-term and subsequent dispersion of accidental chemical releases with an emphasis on dense gas behavior.
HOTMAC and RAPTAD – HOTMAC is a model for weather forecasting used in conjunction with RAPTAD which is a puff model for pollutant transport and dispersion. These models are used for complex terrain, coastal regions, urban areas, and around buildings where other models fail.
HYROAD – The hybrid roadway model integrates three individual modules simulating the pollutant emissions from vehicular traffic and the dispersion of those emissions. The dispersion module is a puff model that determines concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) or other gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) from vehicle emissions at receptors within 500 meters of the roadway intersections.
ISC3 – A Gaussian model used to assess pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial complex. This model accounts for: settling and dry deposition of particles; downwash; point, area, line, and volume sources; plume rise as a function of downwind distance; separation of point sources; and limited terrain adjustment. ISC3 operates in both long-term and short-term modes.
OBODM – A model for evaluating the air quality impacts of the open burning and detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions and solid propellants. It uses dispersion and deposition algorithms taken from existing models for instantaneous and quasi-continuous sources to predict the transport and dispersion of pollutants released by the open burning and detonation operations.
PANACHE – Fluidyn-PANACHE is an Eulerian (and Lagrangian for particulate matter), 3-dimensional finite volume fluid mechanics model designed to simulate continuous and short-term pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere, in simple or complex terrain.
PLUVUEII – A model that estimates atmospheric visibility degradation and atmospheric discoloration caused by plumes resulting from the emissions of particles, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. The model predicts the transport, dispersion, chemical reactions, optical effects and surface deposition of such emissions from a single point or area source.
SCIPUFF – A puff dispersion model that uses a collection of Gaussian puffs to predict three-dimensional, time-dependent pollutant concentrations. In addition to the average concentration value, SCIPUFF predicts the statistical variance in the concentrations resulting from the random fluctuations of the wind.
SDM – Shoreline dispersion model (SDM) is a Gaussian dispersion model used to determine ground-level concentrations from tall stationary point source emissions near a shoreline.
SLAB – A model for denser-than-air gaseous plume releases that utilizes the one-dimensional equations of momentum, conservation of mass and energy, and the equation of state. SLAB handles point source ground-level releases, elevated jet releases, releases from volume sources and releases from the evaporation of volatile liquid spill pools.
Screening models
These are models that are often used before applying a refined air quality model to determine if refined modelling is needed.
AERSCREEN – The screening version of AERMOD. It produces estimates of concentrations, without the need for meteorological data, that are equal to or greater than the estimates produced by AERMOD with a full set of meteorological data. The U.S. EPA released version 11060 of AERSCREEN on 11 March 2010 with a subsequent update, version 11076, on 17 March 2010. The U.S. EPA published the "Clarification memorandum on AERSCREEN as the recommended screening model" on 11 April 2011.
CTSCREEN – The screening version of CTDMPLUS.
SCREEN3 – The screening version of ISC3.
TSCREEN – Toxics screening model (TSCREEN) is a Gaussian model for screening toxic air pollutant emissions and their subsequent dispersion from possible releases at superfund sites. It contains 3 modules: SCREEN3, PUFF, and RVD (Relief Valve Discharge).
VALLEY – A screening, complex terrain, Gaussian dispersion model for estimating 24-hour or annual concentrations resulting from up to 50 point and area emission sources.
COMPLEX1 – A multiple point source screening model with terrain adjustment that uses the plume impaction algorithm of the VALLEY model.
RTDM3.2 – Rough terrain diffusion model (RTDM3.2) is a Gaussian model for estimating ground-level concentrations of one or more co-located point sources in rough (or flat) terrain.
VISCREEN – A model that calculates the impact of specified emissions for specific transport and dispersion conditions.
Photochemical models
Photochemical air quality models have become widely utilized tools for assessing the effectiveness of control strategies adopted by regulatory agencies. These models are large-scale air quality models that simulate the changes of pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere by characterizing the chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. These models are applied at multiple geographical scales ranging from local and regional to national and global.
Models-3/CMAQ – The latest version of the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) model has state-of-the-science capabilities for conducting urban to regional scale simulations of multiple air quality issues, including tropospheric ozone, fine particles, toxics, acid deposition, and visibility degradation.
CAMx – The comprehensive air quality model with extensions (CAMx) simulates air quality over many geographic scales. It handles a variety of inert and chemically active pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, inorganic and organic PM2.5/PM10, and mercury and other toxics.
REMSAD – The regional modeling system for aerosols and deposition (REMSAD) calculates the concentrations of both inert and chemically reactive pollutants by simulating the atmospheric processes that affect pollutant concentrations over regional scales. It includes processes relevant to regional haze, particulate matter and other airborne pollutants, including soluble acidic components and mercury.
UAM-V – The urban airshed model was a pioneering effort in photochemical air quality modelling in the early 1970s and has been used widely for air quality studies focusing on ozone.
Other models developed in the United States
CHARM – A model capable of simulating dispersion of toxics and particles. It can calculate impacts of thermal radiation from fires, overpressures from mechanical failures and explosions, and nuclear radiation from radionuclide releases. CHARM is capable of handling effects of complex terrain and buildings. A Lagrangian puff screening version and Eulerian full-function version are available. More information is available here.
HYSPLIT – Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model. Developed at NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory. The HYSPLIT model is a complete system for computing simple air parcel trajectories to complex dispersion and deposition simulations. More information about this model can be found at
PUFF-PLUME – A Gaussian chemical/radionuclide dispersion model that includes wet and dry deposition, real-time input of meteorological observations and forecasts, dose estimates from inhalation and gamma shine, and puff or plume dispersion modes. It is the primary model for emergency response use for atmospheric releases of radioactive materials at the Savannah River Site of the United States Department of Energy. It was first developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in the 1970s.
Puff model – Puff is a volcanic ash tracking model developed at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. It requires NWP wind field data on a geographic grid covering the area over which ash may be dispersed. Representative ash particles are initiated at the volcano's location and then allowed to advect, diffuse, and settle within the atmosphere. The location of the particles at any time after the eruption can be viewed using the post-processing software included with the model. Output data is in netCDF format and can also be viewed with a variety of software. More information on the model is available here.
Models developed in the United Kingdom
ADMS-5 – See the description of this model in the alternative models section of the models accepted by the U.S. EPA.
ADMS-URBAN – A model for simulating dispersion on scales ranging from a street scale to citywide or county-wide scale, handling most relevant emission sources such as traffic, industrial, commercial, and domestic sources. It is also used for air quality management and assessments of current and future air quality vis-a-vis national and regional standards in Europe and elsewhere.
ADMS-Roads – A model for simulating dispersion of vehicular pollutant emissions from small road networks in combination with emissions from industrial plants. It handles multiple road sources as well as multiple point, line or area emission sources and the model operation is similar to the other ADMS models
ADMS-Screen – A screening model for rapid assessment of the air quality impact of a single industrial stack to determine if more detailed modelling is needed. It combines the dispersion modelling algorithms of the ADMS models with a user interface requiring minimal input data.
GASTAR – A model for simulating accidental releases of denser-than-air flammable and toxic gases. It handles instantaneous and continuous releases, releases from jet sources, releases from evaporation of volatile liquid pools, variable terrain slopes and ground roughness, obstacles such as fences and buildings, and time-varying releases.
NAME – Numerical atmospheric-dispersion modelling environment (NAME) is a local to global scale model developed by the UK's Met Office. It is used for: forecasting of air quality, air pollution dispersion, and acid rain; tracking radioactive emissions and volcanic ash discharges; analysis of accidental air pollutant releases and assisting in emergency response; and long-term environmental impact analysis. It is an integrated model that includes boundary layer dispersion modelling.
UDM – Urban dispersion model is a Gaussian puff based model for predicting the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants in the range of 10m to 25 km throughout the urban environment. It is developed by the Defense Science and Technology Laboratory for the UK Ministry of Defence. It handles instantaneous, continuous, and pool releases, and can model gases, particulates, and liquids. The model has a three regime structure: that of single building (area density < 5%), urban array (area density > 5%) and open. The model can be coupled with the US model SCIPUFF to replace the open regime and extend the model's prediction range.
Models developed in continental Europe
The European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change, which is part of the European Environment Agency (EEA), maintains an online Model Documentation System (MDS) that includes descriptions and other information for almost all of the dispersion models developed by the countries of Europe. The MDS currently (July 2012) contains 142 models, mostly developed in Europe. Of those 142 models, some were subjectively selected for inclusion here. Anyone interested in seeing the complete MDS can access it here.
Some of the European models listed in the MDS are public domain and some are not. Many of them include a pre-processor module for the input of meteorological and other data, and many also include a post-processor module for graphing the output data and/or plotting the area impacted by the air pollutants on maps.
The country of origin is included for each of the European models listed below.
AEROPOL (Estonia) – The AERO-POLlution model developed at the Tartu Observatory in Estonia is a Gaussian plume model for simulating the dispersion of continuous, buoyant plumes from stationary point, line and area sources over flat terrain on a local to regional scale. It includes plume depletion by wet and/or dry deposition as well as the effects of buildings in the plume path.
Airviro Gauss (Sweden) – A gaussian dispersion model that handles point, road, area and grid sources developed by SMHI. Plumes follow trajectories from a wind model and each plume has a cutoff dependent on wind speed. The model also support irregular calculation grids.
Airviro Grid (Sweden) – A simplified eulerian model developed by SMHI. Can handle point, road, area and grid sources. Includes dry and wet deposition and sedimentation.
Airviro Heavy Gas (Sweden) – A model for heavy gas dispersion developed by SMHI.
Airviro receptor model (Sweden)- An inverse dispersion model developed by SMHI. Used to find emission sources.
ATSTEP (Germany) – Gaussian puff dispersion and deposition model used in the decision support system RODOS (real-time on-line decision support) for nuclear emergency management. RODOS is operational in Germany by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) and test-operational in many other European countries. More information on RODOS is available here and on the ATSTEP model here.
AUSTAL2000 (Germany) – The official air dispersion model to be used in the permitting of industrial sources by the German Federal Environmental Agency. The model accommodates point, line, area and volume sources of buoyant plumes. It has capabilities for building effects, complex terrain, plume depletion by wet or dry deposition, and first order chemical reactions. It is based on the LASAT model developed by Ingenieurbüro Janicke Gesellschaft für Umweltphysik.
BUO-FMI (Finland) – This model was developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) specifically for estimating the atmospheric dispersion of neutral or buoyant plume gases and particles emitted from fires in warehouses and chemical stores. It is a hybrid of a local scale Gaussian plume model and another model type. Plume depletion by dry deposition is included but wet deposition is not included.
CAR-FMI (Finland) – This model was developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) for evaluating atmospheric dispersion and chemical transformation of vehicular emissions of inert (CO, NOx) and reactive (NO, NO2, O3) gases from a road network of line sources on a local scale. It is a Gaussian line source model which includes an analytical solution for the chemical cycle NO-O3-NO2.
CAR-International (The Netherlands) – Calculation of air pollution from road traffic (CAR-International) is an atmospheric dispersion model developed by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research. It is used for simulating the dispersion of vehicular emissions from roadway traffic.
DIPCOT (Greece) – Dispersion over complex terrain (DIPCOT) is a model developed in the National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS" of Greece that simulates dispersion of buoyant plumes from multiple point sources over complex terrain on a local to regional scale. It does not include wet deposition or chemical reactions.
DISPERSION21 (Sweden) – This model was developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) for evaluating air pollutant emissions from existing or planned industrial or urban sources on a local scale. It is a Gaussian plume model for point, area, line and vehicular traffic sources. It includes plume penetration of inversions aloft, building effects, NOx chemistry and it can handle street canyons. It does not include wet or dry deposition, complex atmospheric chemistry, or the effects of complex terrain.
DISPLAY-2 (Greece) – A vapour cloud dispersion model for neutral or denser-than-air pollution plumes over irregular, obstructed terrain on a local scale. It accommodates jet releases as well as two-phase (i.e., liquid-vapor mixtures) releases. This model was also developed at the National Centre of Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS" of Greece.
EK100W (Poland) – A Gaussian plume model used for air quality impact assessments of pollutants from industrial point sources as well as for urban air quality studies on a local scale. It includes wet and dry deposition. The effects of complex terrain are not included.
FARM (Italy) – The Flexible Air quality Regional Model (FARM) is a multi-grid Eulerian model for dispersion, transformation and deposition of airborne pollutants in gas and aerosol phases, including photo-oxidants, aerosols, heavy metals and other toxics. It is suited for case studies, air quality assessments, scenarios analyses and pollutants forecast.
FLEXPART (Austria/Germany/Norway) – An efficient and flexible Lagrangian particle transport and diffusion model for regional to global applications, with capability for forward and backward mode. Freely available. Developed at BOKU Vienna, Technical University of Munich, and NILU.
GRAL (Austria) – The GRAz Lagrangian model was initially developed at the Graz University of Technology and it is a dispersion model for buoyant plumes from multiple point, line, area and tunnel portal sources. It handles flat or complex terrain (mesoscale prognostic flow field model) including building effects (microscale prognostic flow field model) but it has no chemistry capabilities. The model is freely available: http://lampz.tugraz.at/~gral/
HAVAR (Czech Republic) – A Gaussian plume model integrated with a puff model and a hybrid plume-puff model, developed by the Czech Academy of Sciences, is intended for routine and/or accidental releases of radionuclides from single point sources within nuclear power plants. The model includes radioactive plume depletion by dry and wet deposition as well as by radioactive decay. For the decay of some nuclides, the creation of daughter products that then grow into the plume is taken into account.
IFDM (Belgium) – The immission frequency distribution model, developed at the Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), is a Gaussian dispersion model used for point and area sources dispersing over flat terrain on a local scale. The model includes plume depletion by dry or wet deposition and has been updated to handle building effects and the O3-NOx-chemistry. It is not designed for complex terrain or other chemically reactive pollutants.
INPUFF-U (Romania) – This model was developed by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology in Bucharest, Romania. It is a Gaussian puff model for calculating the dispersion of radionuclides from passive emission plumes on a local to urban scale. It can simulate accidental or continuous releases from stationary or mobile point sources. It includes wet and dry deposition. Building effects, buoyancy effects, chemical reactions and effects of complex terrain are not included.
LAPMOD (Italy) – The LAPMOD (LAgrangian Particle MODel) modeling system is developed by Enviroware and it is available for free. LAPMOD is a Lagrangian partile model fully coupled to the diagnostic meteorological model CALMET and can be used to simulate the dispersion of inert pollutants as well as odors and radioactive substances. It includes dry and wet deposition algorithms and advanced numerical schemes for plume rise (Janicke and Janicke, Webster and Thomson). It can simulate inert pollutants, odors and radioactive substances and it is part of ARIES, the official Italian modeling system for nuclear emergencies operated by ISPRA and by the regional environmental protection agency of Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
LOTOS-EUROS (The Netherlands) – the long term ozone simulation – European operational smog (LOTOS-EUROS) model was developed by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) in The Netherlands. It is designed for modelling the dispersion of pollutants (such as: photo-oxidants, aerosols, heavy metals) over all of Europe. It includes simple reaction chemistry as well as wet and dry deposition.
MATCH (Sweden) – A multi-scale atmospheric transport and chemistry (MATCH). A three-dimensional, Eulerian model, suitable from urban to global scale.
MEMO (Greece) – A Eulerian non-hydrostatic prognostic mesoscale model for wind flow simulation. It was developed by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in collaboration with the Universität Karlsruhe. This model is designed for describing atmospheric transport phenomena in the local-to-regional scale, often referred to as mesoscale air pollution models.
MERCURE (France) – An atmospheric dispersion modeling CFD code developed by Electricite de France (EDF) and distributed by ARIA Technologies, a French company. The code is a version of the CFD software ESTET, developed by EDF's Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique.
MODIM (Slovak Republic) – A model for calculating the dispersion of continuous, neutral or buoyant plumes on a local to regional scale. It integrates a Gaussian plume model for single or multiple point and area sources with a numerical model for line sources, street networks and street canyons. It is intended for regulatory and planning purposes.
MSS (France) – Micro-swift-spray is a Lagrangian particle model used to predict the transport and dispersion of contaminants in urban environments. The SWIFT portion of this model predicts a mass-consistent wind field that considers terrain; no-penetration conditions for building boundaries; Rockle zones for recirculation, edge, and rooftop separation; and background and locally generated turbulence. The spray portion of the tool handles the dispersion of passive gases, dense gases, and particulates. Spray also accounts for plume buoyancy effects, wet and dry depositions, and calculates microscale pressure fields for integration with building models. The MSS development team is found at ARIA Technologies (France) and U.S. integration activities are led by Leidos. Validation testing of MSS has been done in conjunction with JEM and HPAC tool releases and the model is coupled with SCIPUFF/UDM to create a nested dispersion capability inside HPAC. For more information on MSS see http://www.aria.fr.
MUSE (Greece) – A photochemical atmospheric dispersion model developed by Professor Nicolas Moussiopoulos at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece. It is intended for the study of photochemical smog formation in urban areas and assessment of control strategies on a local to regional scale. It can simulate dry deposition and transformation of pollutants can be treated using any suitable chemical reaction mechanism.
OML (Denmark) – A model for dispersion calculations of continuous neutral or buoyant plumes from single or multiple, stationary point and area sources. It has some simple methods for handling photochemistry (primarily for NO2) and for handling complex terrain. The model was developed by the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark. It is now maintained by the Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University. For further reference see as well: OML home page
ONM9440 (Austria) – A Gaussian dispersion model for continuous, buoyant plumes from stationary sources for use in flat terrain areas. It includes plume depletion by dry deposition of solid particulates.
OSPM (Denmark) – The operational street pollution model (OSPM) is a practical street pollution model, developed by the National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark. It is now maintained by the Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University. For almost 20 years, OSPM has been routinely used in many countries for studying traffic pollution, performing analyses of field campaign measurements, studying efficiency of pollution abatement strategies, carrying out exposure assessments and as reference in comparisons to other models. OSPM is generally considered as state-of-the-art in applied street pollution modelling. For further reference see as well: OSPM home page
PANACHE (France) – fluidyn-PANACHE is a self-contained fully 3D fluid dynamics software package designed to simulate accidental or continuous industrial and urban pollutant dispersion into the atmosphere. It simulates release and toxic/flammables pollutants dispersion in various weather conditions in calculated 3D complex winds and turbulence fields. Gas, particles, droplets induced flow and transport/diffusion is simulated with Navier-Stokes equations for jet-like, dense, cold, cryogenic or hot, buoyant releases. The application covers the very short scale (tens of meters) and the local scale (ten kilometers) where the complex flow pattern as related to obstacles, variable land uses, topography is calculated explicitly.
PROKAS-V (Germany) – A Gaussian dispersion model for evaluating the atmospheric dispersion of air pollutants emitted from vehicular traffic on a road network of line sources on a local scale.
PLUME (Bulgaria) – A conventional Gaussian plume model used in many regulatory applications. The basis of the model is a single simple formula which assumes constant wind speed and reflection from the ground surface. The horizontal and vertical dispersion parameters are a function of downwind distance and stability. The model was developed for routine applications in air quality assessment, regulatory purposes and policy support.
POLGRAPH (Portugal) – This model was developed at the University of Aveiro, Portugal by Professor Carlos Borrego. It was designed for evaluating the impact of industrial pollutant releases and for air quality assessments. It is a Gaussian plume dispersion model for continuous, elevated point sources to be used on a local scale over flat or gently rolling terrain.
RADM (France) – The random-walk advection and dispersion model (RADM) was developed by ACRI-ST, an independent research and development organization in France. It can model gas plumes and particles (including pollutants with exponential decay or formation rates) from single or multiple stationary, mobile or area sources. Chemical reaction, radioactive decay, deposition, complex terrain, and inversion conditions are accommodated.
RIMPUFF (Denmark) – A local and regional scale real-time puff diffusion model developed by Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark. Risø DTU. RIMPUFF is an operational emergency response model in use for assisting emergency management organisations dealing with chemical, nuclear, biological and radiological (CBRN) releases to the atmosphere. RIMPUFF is in operation in several European national emergency centres for preparedness and prediction of nuclear accidental releases (RODOS, EURANOS, ARGOS), chemical gas releases (ARGOS), and serves also as a decision support tool during active combatting of airborne transmission of various biological infections, including e.g. Foot-and Mouth Disease outbreaks. DEFRA Foot and Mouth Disease.
SAFE AIR II (Italy) – The simulation of air pollution from emissions II (SAFE AIR II) was developed at the Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Italy to simulate the dispersion of air pollutants above complex terrain at local and regional scales. It can handle point, line, area and volume sources and continuous plumes as well as puffs. It includes first-order chemical reactions and plume depletion by wet and dry deposition, but it does not include any photochemistry.
SEVEX (Belgium) – The Seveso expert model simulates the accidental release of toxic and/or flammable material over flat or complex terrain from multiple pipe and vessel sources or from evaporation of volatile liquid spill pools. The accidental releases may be continuous, transient or catastrophic. The integrated model can handle denser-than-air gases as well as neutral gases (i.e., neither denser than or lighter than air). It does not include handling of multi-component material, nor does it provide for chemical transformation of the releases. The model's name is derived from the major disaster caused by the accidental release of highly toxic gases that occurred in Seveso, Italy in 1976.
SNAP (Norway) – The Severe Nuclear Accident Programme (SNAP) model is a Lagrangian type atmospheric dispersion model specialized on modelling dispersion of radioactive debris.
SPRAY (Italy, France) – A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) which simulates the transport, dispersion and deposition of pollutants emitted from sources of different kind over complex terrain and with the presence of obstacles. The model easily takes into account complex situations, such as the presence of breeze cycles, strong meteorological inhomogeneities and non-stationary, low wind calm conditions and recirculations. Simulations can cover area ranging from very local (less than one kilometer) to regional (hundreds of kilometres) scales. Plume rise of hot emission from stack is taken into account using a Briggs formulation. Algorithms for particle-oriented dry/wet deposition processes and for considering the gravitational settling are present. Dry deposition can be computed on ground and also on ceil/roof and on lateral faces of obstacles. Dispersion under generalized geometries like arches, tunnels and walkways can be performed. Dense gas dispersion is simulated using five conservation equations (mass, energy, vertical momentum and two horizontal momenta) based on Glandening et al. (1984) and Hurley and Manins (1995). Plume spread at the ground due to gravity is also simulated by a method (Anfossi et al., 2009), based on Eidsvik (1980).
STACKS (The Netherlands) – A Gaussian plume dispersion model for point and area buoyant plumes to be used over flat terrain on a local scale. It includes building effects, NO2 chemistry and plume depletion by deposition. It is used for environmental impact studies and evaluation of emission reduction strategies.
STOER.LAG (Germany) – A dispersion model designed to evaluate accidental releases of hazardous and/or flammable materials from point or area sources in industrial plants. It can handle neutral and denser-than-air gases or aerosols from ground-level or elevated sources. The model accommodates building and terrain effects, evaporation of volatile liquid spill pools, and combustion or explosion of flammable gas-air mixtures (including the impact of heat and pressure waves caused by a fire or explosion).
SYMOS'97 (Czech Republic) – A model developed by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute for dispersion calculations of continuous neutral or buoyant plumes from single or multiple point, area or line sources. It can handle complex terrain and it can also be used to simulate the dispersion of cooling tower plumes.
TCAM is a multiphase three-dimensional eulerian grid model designed by ESMA group of University of Brescia, for modelling dispersion of pollutants (in particular photochemical and aerosol) at mesoscale.
UDM-FMI (Finland) – This model was developed by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) as an integrated Gaussian urban scale model intended for regulatory pollution control. It handles multiple point, line, area and volume sources and it includes chemical transformation (for NO2), wet and dry deposition (for SO2), and downwash phenomena (but no building effects).
VANADIS (Poland) – 3D unsteady state eulerian type model – Demo – 3d dispersion model – please read vanadis_eng.txt.
Models developed in Australia
AUSPLUME – A dispersion model that has been designated as the primary model accepted by the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) of the Australian state of Victoria. (update:AUSPLUME V6 will no longer be the air pollution dispersion regulatory model in Victoria from 1 January 2014. From this date the air pollution dispersion regulatory model in Victoria will be AERMOD.)
pDsAUSMOD – Australian graphical user interface for AERMOD
pDsAUSMET – Australian meteorological data processor for AERMOD
LADM – An advanced model developed by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for simulating the dispersion of buoyant pollution plumes and predicting the photochemical formation of smog over complex terrain on a local to regional scale. The model can also handle fumigated plumes (see the books listed below in the "Further reading" section for an explanation of fumigated plumes).
TAPM – An advanced dispersion model integrated with a pre-processor for providing meteorological data inputs. It can handle multiple pollutants, and point, line, area and volume sources on a local, city or regional scale. The model capabilities include building effects, plume depletion by deposition, and a photochemistry module. This model was also developed by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).
DISPMOD – A Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model for point sources located in coastal regions. It was designed specifically by the Western Australian Department of Environment to simulate the plume fumigation that occurs when an elevated onshore pollution plume intersects a growing thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) contained within offshore air flow coming onshore.
AUSPUFF – A Gaussian puff model designed for regulatory use by CSIRO. It includes some simple algorithms for the chemical transformation of reactive air pollutants.
Models developed in Canada
MLCD – Modèle Lagrangien à courte distance is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) developed in collaboration by Environment Canada's Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) and by the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of University of Alberta. This atmospheric dispersion and deposition model is designed to estimate air concentrations and surface deposition of pollutants for very short range emergency problems (less than ~10 km from the source).
MLDPn – Modèle Lagrangien de dispersion de particules d'ordre n is a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) developed by Environment Canada's Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC). This atmospheric and aquatic transport and dispersion model is designed to estimate air and water concentrations and ground deposition of pollutants for various emergency response problems at different scales (local to global). It is used to forecast and track volcanic ash, radioactive material, forest fire smoke, chemical hazardous substances as well as oil slicks.
Trajectory – The trajectory model, developed by Environment Canada's Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC), is a simple tool designed to calculate the trajectory of a few air parcels moving in the 3D wind field of the atmosphere. The model provides a quick estimate of the expected trajectory of an air parcel by the advection transport mechanism, originating from (forward trajectory) or arriving at (backward trajectory) a specified geographical location and a vertical level.
Models developed in India
HAMS-GPS – Software used for management of environment, health and safety (EHS). It can be used for training as well as research involving dispersion modeling, accident analysis, fires, explosions, risk assessments and other related subjects.
Air pollution dispersion models
ADMS 5
AERMOD
CALPUFF
DISPERSION21
PUFF-PLUME
MERCURE
NAME
OSPM
SAFE AIR
RIMPUFF
HAMS-GPS EIA modeling
Others
Air pollution dispersion terminology
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Bibliography of atmospheric dispersion modeling
Roadway air dispersion modeling
Wind profile power law
References
Schenk R (1996) Entwicklung von IBS Verkehr, Fördervorhaben des Ministeriums für Umwelt und Landwirtschaft des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt, FKZ 76213//95, 1996
Schenk R (1980) Numerische Behandlung instationärer Transportprobleme,Habilitation an der TU Dresden, 1980
Further reading
For those who would like to learn more about atmospheric dispersion models, it is suggested that either one of the following books be read:
www.crcpress.com
External links
Air Quality Modeling – From the website of Stuff in the Air
The Model Documentation System (MDS) of the European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (part of the European Environment Agency)
USA EPA Preferred/Recommended Models Alternative Models Screening Models Photochemical Models
Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers – primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
The ADMS models and the GASTAR model
The AUSPLUME model
The CHARM model
Fluidyn-PANACHE: 3D Computational Fluid Dynamcis(CFD) model for Dispersion Analysis
The HAMS-GPS software
The LADM, DISPMOD and AUSPUFF models
The LAPMOD model
The NAME model
The RIMPUFF model
The SPRAY model
The TAPM model
Validation of the Urban Dispersion Model (UDM)
Atmospheric dispersion modeling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20atmospheric%20dispersion%20models |
Juniper Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Thompson Country region of south central British Columbia, Canada. The facility is on the north side of the Thompson River, west of the town of Savona, and downstream from the Kamloops Lake outflow. On BC Highway 1, the locality is by road about east of Cache Creek and west of Kamloops.
Facilities
Established in 1989, the park protects the desert ecology. The 30 vehicle-accessible campsites are open from April 26 to October 14. Fishing is popular.
Fauna
Fish species in the Thompson River include trout, steelhead, and salmon. The dry sagebrush areas of the park are home to Western Rattlesnakes and deer. The area attracts many species of birds, including the Western Tanager, Mountain Bluebird and the Northern Oriole.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Thompson Country
1989 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1989 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park |
Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located near the confluence of the Chilcotin and Fraser Rivers on the west bank of the latter river.
History
The Chilcotin Region began its history of agricultural settlements just as the Cariboo Gold Rush was waning in the 1860s. Two of the earliest ranches in this area were the Cotton and Deer Park Ranches, now amalgamated as Riske Creek Ranching. Settlement followed the accessible bunchgrass ranges along the terraces of the Chilcotin River between 1873 and 1893, and ranges have been used for livestock grazing since 1873. There is also historical evidence of mining in the area; remnants of old Chinese placer mining activities have been found at the confluence of the Fraser and Chilcotin Rivers. In 1973, a 4,573 hectare Wildlife Reserve, managed by the Fish and Wildlife Branch, was established to protect the bighorn sheep and their natural grassland habitat. This reserve was designated as the Junction Wildlife Management Area in 1987, and was designated a provincial park in 1995.
Conservation
The area protects critical breeding, lambing, and winter range of the largest population of non-migratory California bighorn sheep in the world, a blue-listed species. Approximately 500 bighorn sheep live in the area, feeding on bunchgrass and other low growing plants, and finding refuge from predators in the steep breaks at the edges of grassland benches. In the past, the Junction California bighorn sheep have also provided a source of sheep for transplants to other areas of North America where the sheep had been extirpated.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are available: horseback riding and hunting. There is no camping allowed within the park. The park is only open to the public during hunting season.
Location
Located 60 kilometres south of Williams Lake, British Columbia. Access to the park is difficult, via rough 4 x 4 dirt roads through private ranchlands.
Size
4,774 hectares in size.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
Riske Creek, British Columbia
External links
Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park
Geography of the Chilcotin
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Fraser Canyon
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction%20Sheep%20Range%20Provincial%20Park |
Juan de Fuca Provincial Park is a provincial park located on the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. The park was established on April 4, 1996 by combining three former parks - China Beach, Loss Creek, and Botanical Beach - into one provincial park. It is the location of the majority of the Juan de Fuca Marine Trail, which is a southern compliment to the West Coast Trail within Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.
History
The region was recognized as biologically significant, and Josephine Tilden of the University of Minnesota installed the first marine research station in the Pacific Northwest at Botanical Beach in 1901. The University of Minnesota maintained a research station here for five years, but they left in 1906. Conway MacMillan resigned from the University of Minnesota after the university refused to take ownership of land in a different country. After the departure of the University of Minnesota, the University of British Columbia, University of Washington, Simon Fraser University, and the University of Victoria have done research in the area. Prior to the establishment, there were several parks in the area protecting what is now within the boundaries of the park.
Former parks
Loss Creek Provincial Park was a Class A park established on June 29, 1959 at the bridge over the creek of the same name. It was the smallest and least developed of the three parks.
China Beach Provincial Park was a Class A park established on January 4, 1967. It was the best developed of the three former parks, featuring a day-use area and vehicle-accessible campground. The park's creation came about in a trade between the provincial government and a forestry company. By allowing logging in the Bedwell Valley of Strathcona Provincial Park the company agreed to hand over the land for China Beach.
Botanical Beach Provincial Park was a Class A park established in 1989. It was the largest of the three former parks. At the time of creation, the park was 76% natural environment, with plans for complete restoration of the entire park. This included of land and of foreshore. The park was established to encourage education and research in the area. A nature reserve was established in 1961, and expanded in 1966 to include and of shoreline. The initial proposal for the park was investigated in 1981, with the final park was established in 1989 as a Class A park. Access to the park has been possible by the current gravel road since prior to its establishment.
Consolidation
On April 4, 1996, BC Parks consolidated all three former parks into a single larger park named Juan de Fuca Provincial Park. The new park also included the locally popular and formerly unprotected areas of Sombrio Beach and Mystic Beach.
Geography
The park has an area of . The Juan de Fuca Marine Trail was originally part of a lifesaving trail that serviced this area, known at the time as the Graveyard of the Pacific. It has been upgraded and maintained over the years and is now a very popular hiking trail, very similar to the West Coast Trail in Pacific Rim National Park.
The park is located west of Sooke and east of Port Renfrew, British Columbia.
Conservation
The primary role of Juan de Fuca Provincial Park is to protect a highly scenic and unique shoreline area between Sooke and Port Renfrew along the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The park encompasses a wide spectrum of natural values from forests to wildlife that must be protected and managed to reflect the purpose for which it was created. Juan de Fuca Provincial Park provides a protected habitat and natural corridor for many larger species of west coast mammals such as cougar, deer, black bear, wolf, otter, seal and sea lions. Red, purple and orange starfish and sea urchins, white gooseneck barnacles, blue mussels and green sea anemones and sea cucumbers only begin to hint at the colourful spectrum of intertidal life thriving here.
Recreation
The following recreational activities are available: vehicle accessible and wilderness camping, hiking, picnicking, interpretive walks, swimming, canoeing and kayaking, fishing, SCUBA diving, windsurfing, and surfing. The beach is best visited at low tide.
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
Juan de Fuca Trail
References
External links
JuandeFucaMarineTrail.com
Provincial Park (Botanical Beach)
Pictures of Tidepools on the beach
Tide Tables
Marine parks of Canada
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Juan de Fuca region
Protected areas established in 1996
1996 establishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20de%20Fuca%20Provincial%20Park |
Johnstone Creek Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located west of the confluence of Rock Creek and the Kettle River and the town of Rock Creek. The park has a roughly 38 hectare area, and is near to the Crowsnest Highway.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
1956 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstone%20Creek%20Provincial%20Park |
Say Nuth Khaw Yum Provincial Park, also known as Indian Arm Park, is a provincial park located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The park was established on July 13, 1995 by BC Parks to protect the forested mountain terrain of Indian Arm.
History
In 1998, a cooperative park management agreement was signed between BC Parks and the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation.
In February 2010, the park name was changed from Indian Arm Provincial Park to Say Nuth Khaw Yum Provincial Park as part of a second cooperative park management agreement between BC Parks and the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation. Say Nuth Khaw Yum means "Serpent’s Land" in Halkomelem, the traditional language of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation.
Geography
Say Nuth Khaw Yum Park covers of mountainous terrain surrounding Indian Arm, an 18 kilometre long fjord that extends north from Burrard Inlet. These lands are part of the traditional territory of the Tsleil-Waututh people who have inhabited the area since time immemorial.
The southeastern corner of the park surrounds most of Buntzen Lake, a small reservoir managed by BC Hydro.
This park also contains a number of significant archaeological sites.
Activities
The park's close proximity to the Greater Vancouver metropolitan area makes it a popular destination for recreation. Popular activities include hiking, camping, kayaking, and scuba diving.
The southeastern corner of the park features a well-developed trail system, most of which are rated as moderately difficult.
See also
Golden Ears Provincial Park
References
External links
Lower Mainland
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say%20Nuth%20Khaw%20Yum%20Provincial%20Park |
Inkaneep Provincial Park is a provincial park near Oliver, British Columbia, Canada, located just south of the town of Okanagan Falls. The park contributes to the protection of critical riparian values on the Okanagan River. The park is popular with naturalists, particularly bird-watchers. First Nations have identified the river and riparian area of the park as very important contributor to the long-term viability of the Okanagan River salmon run.
The park's current primary purpose is to protect riparian habitat along the Okanagan River. The park consists of 2 separate areas:
One area straddles a 750-metre section of the Okanagan Flood Control right of way
The other lies on the east side of Tuc-El-Nuit Road, abutting the Osoyoos Indian Reserve No. 1.
Park users should use caution when hiking around this park; poison ivy is abundant in this area.
Rare species
Inkaneep Provincial Park has important conservation values including: Lewis' woodpecker and sockeye salmon habitat,
and yellow breasted chat, three-awn grass, old growth black cottonwood and antelope brush, one of the four most endangered ecosystems in Canada.
See also
Inkaneep, British Columbia
References
Provincial parks in the Okanagan
Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkaneep%20Provincial%20Park |
Inland Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the southeast side of Powell Lake, just to the northeast of the city of Powell River in that province's northern Sunshine Coast region. Inland Lake is located between the south end of Powell Lake (W) and Haslam Lake (E).
References
Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Lakes of British Columbia
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Iskut River Hot Springs Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the western side of the Iskut River.
The extremely hot waters flowing out of the ground at Iskut River Hot Springs Provincial Park are heated by magma of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province.
See also
Volcanism of Canada
Volcanism of Western Canada
References
BC Parks: Iskut River Hot Springs Provincial Park
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Stikine Country
Hot springs of British Columbia
2001 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskut%20River%20Hot%20Springs%20Provincial%20Park |
Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Chilcotin Country of British Columbia, Canada. The park is 111,977 hectares in size and contains Far Mountain and Mount Downton, its two most prominent peaks.
History and conservation
Established in 1995 the park was recommended for protection under the Cariboo-Chilcotin Land-Use Plan, and designated a Class A Park.
Itcha Ilgachuz protects alpine grasslands, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. The Itcha Range and Ilgachuz Range are shield volcanoes that formed 5 and 2.5 million years ago as the North American Plate drifted over the Anahim hotspot. These ranges are situated in the rain shadow of the Coast Mountains, and support a high diversity of plant and animal species including woodland caribou.
Recreation
The park has a network of unmaintained trails for hikers or equestrian users. One trail is open to mountain biking. Wilderness backcountry camping and fishing or hunting (with a license) are permitted. Fish habitat is limited by steep terrain, with Itcha Lake supporting populations of rainbow trout and bull trout.
In winter, a network of snowmobile trails and play areas is available that avoids the preferred winter range of the woodland caribou.
Location
The park is north of BC Highway 20 near the community of Anahim Lake. There are no roads in the park.
References
External links
Geography of the Chilcotin
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itcha%20Ilgachuz%20Provincial%20Park |
Jackman Flats Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, comprising approximately 615 ha. and located just southeast of Tête Jaune Cache in the Rocky Mountain Trench, near the Yellowhead Pass. The park features several hiking trails.
References
Robson Valley
Provincial parks of British Columbia
2000 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackman%20Flats%20Provincial%20Park |
Jackpine Remnant Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, in the area of the community of Fort Nelson. The park, which is in area, protects one of the few remaining jackpine stands in the Fort Nelson area. The park is near the crossing of BC Highway 77 (Fort Nelson-Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories highway) over the Fort Nelson River, northwest of the town.
References
External links
Approved Purpose Statement and Zoning Plan
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Fort Nelson Country
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackpine%20Remnant%20Provincial%20Park |
Jackson Narrows Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Mathieson Channel to the north of the community of Bella Bella.
References
North Coast of British Columbia
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1992 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1992
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%20Narrows%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
James Chabot Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Formerly Athalmer Beach Provincial Park, it is located in Invermere at the northeast end of Windermere Lake in the Columbia Valley region of the East Kootenay. Windermere Lake Provincial Park is located at the lake's southwestern end.
It is named for James Chabot, aka Jim Chabot, MLA for Columbia-Revelstoke from 1963 to 1986 and former Minister of Lands, Parks and Housing in the regime of Social Credit Premier W.A.C. Bennett.
See also
List of British Columbia provincial parks
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Columbia Valley
1979 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Chabot%20Provincial%20Park |
Jedediah Island Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is an island that is in size. Anyone is free to camp on Jedediah island; however, it is only accessible by boat. The nearest access is from Lasqueti Island.
The Mattice Family & The Palmers
Evan Mattice and Mary Mattice from Seattle Washington bought the Island in 1949 as a vacation getaway in the summer. They had two sons. For many years the family visited from Seattle with the hopes of living there full time one day. In 1972 Mary and her second husband, Albert W. Palmer, moved to the island and became full-time residents, living there for twenty years. Evan Mattice, Mary’s first husband, continued to visit often after Mary remarried until he died in the early 90’s. Their oldest son and his family one day wanted to move to Jedidiah Island full time. With well wishes from Mary and Al, he moved his family from Kirkland Washington in 1979 to Vancouver Island BC. He built a house at Long Bay on Jedidiah and began to clear land for horticulture farming. As soon as his children finished secondary school the eldest son planned to live on Jedidiah full time with his wife. Mary Palmer decided to sell after her son built his house. In 1994 a small group of residents on Lasqueti Island became concerned that the Palmers might have to sell the property privately after the commitment from a land trust organization fell through, so they organized a campaign to save the island. In less than six months, more than four million dollars was raised. A major donation came from the family of Dan Culver, Canadian educator, white water rafting pioneer, sailor and mountain climber, and donations came from all over the province as the campaign gathered steam. Finally, the Minister for the Environment of the province of BC bought in too and the target amount was surpassed. However, even at the eleventh hour, the deal was uncertain until Mary Palmer got the provincial park service to agree to Class A status for the island, meaning it could not be logged or mined. With that commitment in place, she signed the island over to become a new Gulf Islands provincial park.
The Foot
In the summer of 2007, a family visiting Jedediah Island found the remains of a human foot on the beach they were at. It was the first in a series of feet to be discovered over the next two and a half years.
References
External links
Government Park Listing
Provincial Parks of the Gulf Islands
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1995
1995 establishments in British Columbia
Marine parks of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedediah%20Island%20Marine%20Provincial%20Park |
Jewel Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park bordering the northwestern end of Jewel Lake in the Boundary region of south central British Columbia. The park, via BC Highway 3 and Jewel Lake Rd, is about northeast of Greenwood and northwest of Grand Forks
Name origin
Long Lake, the original name, was first mentioned in 1895 regarding mining claims. In 1898, Randolph Stuart obtained a crown grant for land on the south and west sides of the lake. The next year, British aristocratic Arthur Norris Pelly bought some of this land, which he subdivided to create the Long Lake townsite, but the place amounted to little. Mount Pelly, east of the lake, bears his name. In the mid-1920s, Jewel Lake became the rename. The official adoption of this name occurred in the 1950s, as did the rename of Granite Creek to Jewel Creek.
Physiography and aquatic life
The lake is about long and across. Stretching in a north-easterly direction, mountain ridges border the lake. The shoreline shallows drop off quickly to deep water, which is clear and of relatively good quality. Comfortable swimming temperatures exist by early July. Jewel Creek at the south end forms the outflow. The outlet provided sufficient spawning habitat to maintain fish stock. Historic claims of catching world record rainbow trout have lacked substantive proof.
Recreational reserve at the north end
Established in 1949, and extended in 1971 to encompass , the reserve comprised some old forest service toilets, tables and rock fire circles. May to June and the early fall months were the peak camping and fishing periods, inflicting a degree of damage upon the environment. A dual lane road provided paved access almost to the reserve, beyond which was a single lane gravel road.
Earlier private development at the south end
By the 1970s, the south end of the lake was already privately developed, but a public boat launch existed. Jewel Lake Resorts Ltd. offered camping and day use facilities along with boat and cottage rentals. The only suitable swimming beaches on the lake were in private hands. Negotiations for a land exchange were conducted to provide beach access and a picnic area. The resort (essentially a fishing lodge), which was unable to satisfy camping and day use demands, welcomed the park creation. Due east was the Jewel Lake Gold Mines, which finally closed in the 1930s. Up the slope were collapsed buildings, rail lines, and mine shafts. Tailings piled near the shoreline would require removal to prevent polluting the lake, prior to replacing with clean sand to create a beach.
Park creation proposal
Christina Lake is the nearest major lake in the region. By the 1970s, this lake was highly developed and intensively used for swimming, power boating and water skiing. Greenwood–Midway residents needed picnicking and swimming facilities within reasonable day use distance. Competing interests prevented an option to create a park enlarged beyond the reserve boundaries. To address environmental damage at the north end, there needed to be designated campsites, proper toilets, garbage facilities, tables, fireplaces, and improved vehicle access.
Park profile
Established in 1981, the park comprises the same footprint as the prior reserve. The two-way road from outside the entrance to within the park is gravel. Unrestricted public access is May–September. Quality Recreation Ltd is the private operator contracted to manage the amenity.
Park facilities
The resort at the south end of the lake, operated by Jim Harrison, offers boat rentals, meals, and basic essentials. The park itself provides a traditional camping experience in a natural setting with 26 vehicle accessible campsites. A hand pump supplies water, which displays a permanent "boil water advisory" warning. Only pit toilets exist. For day users, a 15-vehicle parking lot serves a secluded beach, which has five picnic tables and two freestanding barbecues.
Recreational activities
The Summerland Trout Hatchery stocks the lake with both brook trout and rainbow trout. Fly fishing is popular and in winter ice fishing is permitted. Canoeing and kayaking are common. Car-top boat-launching facilities are available. However, boats are restricted to 10 horsepower.
Footnotes
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Boundary Country
1981 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Nikola Grbić (; born 6 September 1973) is a Serbian professional volleyball coach and former player who is currently serving as head coach for the Poland national team. Grbić is a gold medalist of the 2000 Summer Olympics, a bronze medalist of the 1996 Summer Olympics, and a multiple World Championship, European Championship, and World League medalist. He was inducted into the Volleyball Hall of Fame in 2016.
Career as player
Club volleyball
In 1994, Grbić began playing for Gabeca Montichiari, which started a 13–year career playing for eight different Italian teams and resulted in eight league titles from 1994 to 2013.
He won two Championship titles in Italy (2008 Trentino – 2010 Cuneo), and one in Russia (2014 Zenit Kazan). He also won two CEV Euro Champions League titles (2000 Sisley – 2009 Trentino).
National team
Grbić started with the senior national team in 1991, when he was 18 years old. For the next couple of years (1992–1994), he was unable to play due to an international embargo.
Yugoslavia, with Grbić, won the bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Grbić was honored as the European Championship Best Setter in 1997 as Yugoslavia earned the silver medal. In 1998, he led Yugoslavia to the silver medal at the FIVB World Championship.
Grbić was the captain of his national team from 1999 to 2010. He led Yugoslavia to the gold medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, with a dominating three-set win over Russia in the finals. Grbić then helped Serbia win the bronze medal at the 2010 FIVB World Championship in Italy, where he was named Best Setter of the tournament.
Career as coach
In May 2014, Grbić became the head coach of the Italian club Sir Safety Perugia. On 3 February 2015, Grbić was announced as the new head coach of the Serbia men's national volleyball team. Grbić led Serbia to the silver medal at the 2015 FIVB World League. In the next year, he led Serbia to the gold medal at the 2016 FIVB World League. Serbia had lost their five previous appearances in the World League final, including three times to Brazil and the previous year against France. Finally, after five silver medals and three bronze medals, they won the gold.
Personal life
Grbić was born in Klek. He has an older brother, Vladimir, who is also a former volleyball player. Grbić's wife is named Stanislava and together they have two sons, Matija and Miloš.
Honours
As a player
CEV Champions League
2008–09 – with Trentino Volley
CEV European Champions Cup
1999–2000 – with Sisley Treviso
CEV Cup
1997–98 – with Alpitour Traco Cuneo
2005–06 – with Copra Berni Piacenza
2009–10 – with Bre Banca Lannutti Cuneo
Domestic
1991–92 Serbia and Montenegro Cup, with Vojvodina Novi Sad
1991–92 Serbia and Montenegro Championship, with Vojvodina Novi Sad
1992–93 Serbia and Montenegro Championship, with Vojvodina Novi Sad
1993–94 Serbia and Montenegro Cup, with Vojvodina Novi Sad
1993–94 Serbia and Montenegro Championship, with Vojvodina Novi Sad
1998–99 Italian Cup, with TNT Alpitour Cuneo
1999–2000 Italian Cup, with Sisley Treviso
2007–08 Italian Championship, with Itas Diatec Trentino
2009–10 Italian Championship, with Bre Banca Lannutti Cuneo
2010–11 Italian SuperCup, with Bre Banca Lannutti Cuneo
2010–11 Italian Cup, with Bre Banca Lannutti Cuneo
2013–14 Russian Championship, with Zenit Kazan
As a coach
CEV Champions League
2020–21 – with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Domestic
2019–20 Polish SuperCup, with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2020–21 Polish SuperCup, with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2020–21 Polish Cup, with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle
2021–22 Italian Cup, with Sir Safety Conad Perugia
Individual awards
1997: CEV European Championship – Best setter
1997: Sportsman of the year by the Olympic Committee of Serbia
2000: Italian Championship – Best player
2000: Italian Championship – Best foreign player
2001: CEV European Championship – Best setter
2003: CEV European Championship – Best setter
2003: FIVB World Cup – Best setter
2005: CEV European Championship – Best setter
2006: CEV Top Teams Cup – Best setter
2009: FIVB World League – Best setter
2010: Italian Championship – Best setter
2010: Italian Cup – Best player
2010: CEV Cup – Best setter
2010: FIVB World Championship – Best setter
2014: CEV – Ultimate team leader
See also
Matches of Serbian men's volleyball national team conducted by Nikola Grbić
References
External links
Coach profile at LegaVolley.it
Coach/Player profile at Volleybox.net
Player profile at LegaVolley.it
Player profile at Volleyhall.org
Sports-reference.com Profile (archived)
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Zrenjanin
Yugoslav men's volleyball players
Serbia and Montenegro men's volleyball players
Serbian men's volleyball players
European champions for Serbia and Montenegro
Serbian volleyball coaches
Volleyball coaches of international teams
Expatriate sports coaches
Olympic volleyball players for Serbia and Montenegro
Olympic volleyball players for Serbia
Olympic medalists in volleyball
Olympic gold medalists for Serbia and Montenegro
Olympic bronze medalists for Serbia and Montenegro
Volleyball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate volleyball players in Russia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle coaches
Setters (volleyball) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%20Grbi%C4%87 |
Jimsmith Lake Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. The small park has Jimsmith Lake surrounded by mixed forest. It is located just south of Cranbrook.
The Jimsmith Lake Provincial Park is spread over an area of 13.70 hectares. Forests of Douglas fir, also known as the Colombian Pine, and larch cover the lake shore. The park is popular haunt for picnickers and visitors from the nearby city of Cranbrook. The park has some 35 camping sites. In 2001, they were modified to accommodate recreational vehicles. The park draws visitors for recreational activities like sunbathing, swimming, non-motorized boating and picnicking. Nature walks and bird watching are also popular activities here. In winter, when the park is covered in snow, people also enjoy ice skating.
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Parks in the Regional District of East Kootenay
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimsmith%20Lake%20Provincial%20Park |
Joffre Lakes Provincial Park is a class A provincial park located east of Pemberton in British Columbia, Canada. It was established in 1996, when Joffre Lakes Recreation Area (created 1988) was upgraded to park status.
Three glacier-fed lakes are located in the park: Lower, Middle, and Upper Joffre Lakes. The rock flour in the water reflects blue and green waves, and gives the lakes a turquoise colour. Joffre Lakes is a popular destination for hikers in the summer and mountain climbers in the winter due to its scenic lakes, glaciers and challenging peaks. In recent years the park's popularity has increased dramatically, creating controversy due to the volume of litter in the park and drivers parking dangerously on the adjacent provincial highway.
Recreation
The recreation area is accessed from the parking lot along a trail. Upgrades have been made by the Parks Service in 2017 on this trail, and they hope to continue to upgrade the trail as far as the Middle Joffre Lake. The park has a range of activities to offer such as hiking, mountain climbing, camping and fishing. Summer access in reaching the glaciers requires proper knowledge, equipment and experience. The recommended season to hike here is from June to September. The park is open during the rest of the year, but winter access is only available on skis or snowshoes.
Hiking pass system
Due to the extreme popularity of the park and the huge increase in users the park was suffering a great level of degradation and BC parks decided to close it in 2020.
In 2021 BC parks decided to reopen the park but limited the amount of visitors with a pilot program based on limited entry for those with a day pass.
Activities
Fishing
Fishing is permitted in the park with an appropriate license.
Hiking
Staying on the trail is important for the preservation of the park environment, and for the safety of hikers. Lower Joffre Lake is a short distance away from the parking lot with no elevation gain. The trail to Middle and Upper Joffre lakes however is more challenging due to the greater elevation gain. Hiking beyond Upper lake is not safe (except for mountaineers with equipment and experience) because of the unstable glacial terrain present.
Dogs are not allowed in the park to protect wildlife and the environment.
Camping
There are 26 small gravel campsites available for campers at the south end of Upper Joffre Lake. One pit toilet, and a bear-proof food storage unit is also available for the convenience of campers. Campfires are prohibited throughout the year.
Year round camping is permitted, but camping during the winter is only recommended at the Middle Joffre Lake due to the high avalanche risk.
The campsites are available on a first come first served basis. It is recommended that campers arrive early, and to create alternative plans, in case all of the sites are claimed prior to arrival.
Backcountry camping in inhibited rural areas requires a permit in order to camp, and it must be presented upon request by rangers. Permits can be purchased up to two weeks preceding arrival.
Location
The park is located off Highway 99, east of Pemberton on Duffey Lake Road. To view specific directions, visit the Joffre Lakes.
There is a large parking lot at the base of the trail with free access. An overflow lot located a short walking distance down the road is also available to park at when the main parking lot is full. In order to address overcrowding during peak summer months, BC Parks implemented several safety measures in 2019, including towing vehicles illegally parked on Highway 99, and introducing weekend shuttle bus service that connects Joffre Lakes to Duffey Lake Provincial Park parking lot.
Several operators offer bus service to the park from Vancouver on select days during peak season.
Trail
Trail Directions
The lower lake is located off of the main trail, and is a 5-minute walk on flat terrain from the trailhead.
The main trail, from the parking lot to the Upper lake, has a distance of , and an elevation gain of 370 meters.
Hikers pass through a Moraine about into the trail. Trail users are then met by a waterfall located a short distance up the trail from the middle lake.
The terrain following the waterfall is less maintained for the remaining distance up to the upper lake.
Trail maintenance
The trail at Joffre Lakes has been the site of maintenance and upgrades since 2013. The first part of the trail, leading to the second lake, is a maintained dirt path. It has been supplemented with steps in some of the steeper areas to reduce the trail grade. This has had the effect of the park now being overused. The trail has also been rerouted during the upgrade, and is now slightly shorter than before.
Wildlife
Joffre Lake is a wild habitat for mule deer, black-tailed deer, black bears and mountain goats during the summer. Some animals such as cougars, bobcats and wolverines are temporarily residents that move past the area.
Mountains in the Park
References
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Pemberton Valley
Year of establishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joffre%20Lakes%20Provincial%20Park |
/John Dean Provincial Park, formerly John Dean Provincial Park, is a small, densely vegetated provincial park (174 hectares) on the Saanich Peninsula of southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The park is located on and around (Mount Newton), a small mountain (elevation 305 m) in the traditional territory of Wsanec First Nations , itself situated 20 km north of Victoria, the provincial capital city.
Featuring lush vegetation, the park is noted for its virgin old-growth douglas-fir and western red cedar, with large specimens up to 70 m in height (taller than the tallest tree in the UK and the tallest conifer in all of Europe) and for its rich Coastal Douglas-Fir ecosystem, little of which remains on southern Vancouver Island. About a quarter of the old-growth forest to the north-west lies on the Cole Bay reserve of the Pauquachin First Nation.
Geography
The park itself, and the larger old-growth forest which contains the park, are bounded by Saanich Inlet to the west, the affluent community of Dean Park bounds portions of the forest on the east slope, the remainder is bounded on the south and south east by low-density residential and mixed-use agriculture, some pockets under the auspices of the Canadian Agricultural Land Reserve.
The peninsula is only about 8 km wide where it straddles the park, and scenic views of Saanich Inlet to the west and of Cordova Channel, to the east are obtainable from marked vantage points.
Mount Newton itself straddles North and Central Saanich, neighbouring municipalities of the Capital Regional District. The Greater Victoria region is known for its mild climate, tourism, government and technology sectors, ferry service to the Lower Mainland, and for the naval base CFB Esquimalt. The small but busy Victoria International Airport lies a short distance to the north east, which, in addition to commercial traffic, is home to the 443 Maritime Helicopter Squadron and is frequented by small planes, readily observed in the surrounding areas.
History
In First Nations culture, the top of the mountain was called , the high land that enabled them to survive the great flood-they anchored their canoe with a western red cedar rope to a tall arbutus tree at the summit. is best pronounced as Tlay-will-nook.
In the early 1900s, pioneer John Dean (1850-1943) erected a cabin close to what is now the centre of the park. Dean donated the original land which became the park in 1921, which was later expanded. Dean's cabin was razed in 1957, but the foundation and much of the building material remains, and the site is marked with a signpost. He is described as an eccentric who had been the mayor of Rossland and a life-long bachelor. He was interred at Ross Bay Cemetery.
Radar history
At the summit of the mountain is a large Doppler radar that can be seen from most elevated points in Victoria, British Columbia. It is referred to as the "big soccer ball" by citizens due to the appearance of its radome, but is in fact situated upon a massive foundation tower with top at 25 metres above the ground. The radar is owned and operated by Nav Canada and is used for air traffic control, and is commonly mistaken to be a weather radar.
During the mid-1980s, Transport Canada purchased 39 new state of the art radar tower systems, which would provide complete aerial surveillance over Canada; it was a priority of national importance. Soon after, a Site Selection Committee was created to locate a site that met certain criteria for the Victoria International Airport.
Many sites were considered but the Mount Newton site was the only one which met all the operational criteria; thus the Ministry of Transportation gave approval in 1982. The coverage area predicted was based on analysis of topographical maps. “Any potential impact by trees or foliage will be evaluated by flight checking after construction.”
Raytheon Canada Ltd. received the contract to construct ready turnkey installations, using a standard tower configuration of a 25 meters height. After the tower was completed in November 1989, on February 23, 1990, Raytheon Canada Ltd. and Transport Canada conducted flight checks. The checks verified that the equipment was functioning to specifications, and the facility was handed over to Transport Canada. The facility is now located in a fenced off plot of land adjacent to the parking lot, accessible by a locked gate and gravel road.
A second radar is located downwards from the first, it is a rotating parabolic radar owned and operated by the Canadian Coast Guard and is used for transmitting high frequency signals between Coast Guard ships and commercial/leisure vessels in emergencies.
Recent history
In May 2019, John Dean Provincial Park was renamed /John Dean Provincial Park.
Ecology
John Dean Provincial Park contains virgin old-growth Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata), whereas almost all other spots contain 2nd growth or less.
The tree species in the park include: western red cedar, coast douglas-fir, red alder, one shore pine, grand fir, arbutus, garry oak, some western hemlock (most abundant off the valley mist trail), bigleaf maple, the occasional pacific yew, some small black cottonwood, and shrub-like pacific serviceberry, cherries (genus Prunus), and a few willows (genus Salix). The higher up the mountain, the trees change from a cedar-fir habitat to an oak-arbutus-fir forest.
The park also contains rare native wildflowers, the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), and the increasingly endangered Garry oak (Quercus garryana var. garryana).
The tallest tree, a Douglas-fir just off the Valley Mist trail is an impressive 70.9 m tall, and is the tallest tree in the municipality of North Saanich (the runner up is 69.9 m tall, very close by.) 73% of Vancouver Island's productive old-growth forests have been logged, 87% on southern Vancouver Island, and 99% of the coastal douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone (see biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia.) This species of douglas-fir, is currently the second tallest tree in Canada (93.27 metres, after a 96-metre Sitka spruce, the Carmanah Giant.)
The Douglas-fir, at a record height of 126.5 m, used to be the second tallest tree in the world, taller than the redwoods, only exceeded by the mountain ash of Australia, at a record height of 150 m.
The trees in the park, though, in no way set a record when compared to the giants of the wetter, better tree growing habitat of the west side of Vancouver Island, but are parts of the endangered dry old-growth douglas-fir habitat, of which only 1% remains since the onset of the industrial age.
Facilities
There are approximately 6 km of well-marked hiking trails maintained by an organization of local citizens called the Friends of John Dean Park. The terrain is hilly, but does not demand hiking gear in dry conditions, which prevail in the late spring and summer. There are several lookout areas along these trails where hikers can get views of the Saanich Peninsula and the Saanich Inlet.
The park's main entrance is closed to vehicle traffic from November to March. The off season is persistently wet and overcast, though the rain is often mild; if the temperature dips, heavy snowfall is not unusual in December and January.
References
External links
Provincial parks of British Columbia
Saanich Peninsula
Protected areas established in 1921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dean%20Provincial%20Park |
The military occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on July 10, 1941, by Germany's armed forces. Initially, the territory of Latvia was under the military administration of Army Group North, but on 25 July 1941, Latvia was incorporated as Generalbezirk Lettland, subordinated to Reichskommissariat Ostland, an administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany. Anyone not racially acceptable or who opposed the German occupation, as well as those who had cooperated with the Soviet Union, were killed or sent to concentration camps in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost.
Persecutions
Immediately after the establishment of German authority at the beginning of July 1941, the elimination of the Jewish and Roma population began, with major mass killings taking place at Rumbula and elsewhere. The killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppe A, and the Wehrmacht. Latvian collaborators, including 500 to 1,500 members of the Arājs Kommando (which alone killed around 26,000 Jews) and other Latvian members of the SD, also were involved.
30,000 Jews were shot in the autumn of 1941 with most of the remaining Jewish people being put into ghettos. In November and December 1941, the Riga Ghetto became crowded and to make room for the imminent arrival of German Jews, who were being shipped out of the country, all the remaining 30,000 Jews in Riga were taken from the ghetto to the nearby Rumbula Forest and shot.
German, Austrian and the present-day Czech Republic Jews, now located in the Riga ghetto were put to work and placed on very reduced rations. The Kaiserwald concentration camp was built in 1943 at Mežaparks on the edge of Riga, which took most of the inmates from the ghetto. In the camp, the inmates were put to work by large German companies. Before the Soviet forces returned, all Jews under 18 or over 30 were shot, with the remainder moved to Stutthof concentration camp.
During the years of Nazi occupation, special campaigns killed 90,000 people in Latvia, approximately 70,000 of whom were Jews and 2,000 Gypsies. Those who were not Jews or Gypsies were mostly civilians whose political opinions and activity were unacceptable to the German occupiers. Jewish and Gypsy civilians were eliminated as a result of the Nazi "theory of races" as set out in the Nazi Generalplan Ost plan.
Resistance
Resistance in Latvia was very confusing: It included people resisting the Soviet occupation who were happy to work with the German forces, Soviet supporters resisting the German occupation, and nationalists resisting everyone who was occupying or trying to occupy Latvia. Then there were people who changed their support when the Soviets started arresting and deporting people, many more when the Nazi soldiers started killing Latvians, and others when the Soviet troops returned. Lastly there were people who felt persecuted, mainly the Jews, who resisted anyone trying to kill them, including Latvians as well as Germans.
Many resistance people joined either the German or Soviet armies as a means of fighting. Very few were able to live as independent bands in the forests.
When the Germans first arrived in Latvia, they found anti-Soviet guerrilla bands operating in many areas, of varying quality, some swollen by deserters from Soviet units. The largest and most effective was led by Kārlis Aperāts who moved on to become a Standartenführer (full colonel) in the Waffen SS.
Some Latvians resisted the German occupation undertaking solo acts of bravery, like Žanis Lipke who risked his life to save more than 50 Jews.
The Latvian resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence units under the Latvian Central Council and the pro-Soviet forces under the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement in Moscow. Their Latvian commander was Arturs Sproģis. The Latvian Central Council published the outlawed publication Brīvā Latvija (Free Latvia). The periodical promoted the idea of renewing democracy in Latvia after the war.
Public displays of resistance such as the 15 May 1942 in Riga resulted in the young nationalists being arrested, and others were prevented when their plans were discovered.
Partisan activity increased after Operation Winterzauber ("Winter Magic") undertaken by the Germans who destroyed 99 villages in eastern Latvia, 6,000 of the villagers deported for forced labour, and 3,600 shot in early 1943. However, much partisan activity was centred on forcing civilians to provide food and shelter for the partisans rather than fighting Germans.
Soviet-supporting partisans, many of whom were actually Soviet soldiers operating behind the lines, sent messages to Moscow making wild claims of success, for instance claims that 364 trains were destroyed, which bear no resemblance to German reports. These "reports" were used as propaganda by the Soviets.
Resistance continued at an increased level after the return of the Red Army in July 1944, with perhaps 40,000 Latvians involved and around 10,000 active at any point in time.
Latvians in the Soviet army
The Soviet Union conscripted into its army sections of independent Latvia's military units, as well as those Latvians who were in Russia as a result of previous wars or who originally lived there. Many Latvian soldiers deserted when Germany attacked Latvia. A few, especially Jews, continued to serve with the Soviet forces.
130th Latvian Rifle Corps of the Order of Suvorov. This Red Army national formation was formed, for the third time, on June 5, 1944, shortly before the Red Army attacked Latvia. Their strength was about 15,000 men, which consisted three divisions – 43rd Guards, 308th Latvian Rifle Division and a Soviet division. The Corps units fought against the Latvian Legion's 19th Division units. The unit contained few Latvian soldiers, but was important for propaganda purposes.
Latvians in the German army
Nazi Germany, on arrival in Latvia looked to recruit Latvian units to act in accordance with the Nazi Generalplan Ost, which required the population of Latvia to be cut by 50%, they quickly located Viktors Arājs who was leading a unit that became known as the Arajs Kommando. It became infamous for its actions against the Jewish population, such as the burning of the Riga synagogues with people still inside and being active in the Rumbula massacre the 500 men executing an estimated 26,000 Jews, Gypsies and others deemed undesirable.
Latvian Auxiliary Police battalions were raised from volunteers, the first sent to the front was involved in heavy fighting in June 1942 and acquitted itself well. Latvians however wanted to raise a Latvian Legion, under the command of Latvian officers, offering to raise an army of 100,000. In January 1943, becoming short of troops, Hitler agreed. This took away the need to conscript Latvian men, which would have been an illegal act. So was born the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian).
Two police battalions fighting near Leningrad with Dutch and Flemish soldiers were pulled back in May 1943 and with reinforcements from Latvia and a change of uniform, transformed into the 2nd Latvian SS Volunteer Brigade and made part of 2nd SS Infantry Brigade. The senior Latvian commander Lt Col Voldemārs Veiss being awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in January 1944. The brigade was expanded into the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) in January 1944.
Defeat and retreat of Nazi forces
On 12 January 1944, the latest Red Army assault managed to lift the 900-day Siege of Leningrad, during which over 1 million people had died, and on 20 January, German troops started to retreat.
The re-conquering of the Baltic area was undertaken as a direct follow through of the assault that started in Leningrad, entering Estonia in early February, along with much of Ukraine and Belarus. Nazi Germany began to suffer regular defeats on the eastern front and was pushed back to the west.
The 2nd Latvian SS Brigade, which was now upgraded to the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian), was among those fighting before the spring thaw slowed the attacks. On 22 June, the third anniversary of the German invasion was chosen as the start date for Operation Bagration. The massive Soviet attack was catastrophic for the German armies who fell back before the onslaught. It was mid-July 1944 before the Soviet Army once again crossed Latvia's pre-war eastern border, the Soviet armies continued westward leaving sufficient troops to block in the remaining German forces until they attacked on 11 September as a diversion for an attack in Estonia. On 9 October. Riga was in artillery range of the Red Army. German troops, including the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) under the code name Donner (Thunder), withdrew from Riga, destroying bridges as they went. Battles were quite bloody but by 13 October 1944 the Soviets had re-captured Riga. By mid October, the German Army, which partly included the "Latvian Legion", was besieged in Kurzeme, in the "Courland Pocket".
Some 200,000 German troops held out in Courland. They were trapped between the Baltic Sea and the Soviet lines while the Soviet Army concentrated on attacks in East Prussia, Silesia, Pomerania, and ultimately Berlin. Colonel-General Heinz Guderian, the Chief of the German General Staff, insisted that the troops in Courland be evacuated by sea and used for the defense of the Reich. However, Hitler refused and ordered the German forces in Courland to hold out. He believed them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast. On January 15, 1945, Army Group Courland () was formed under Colonel-General Dr. Lothar Rendulic. Until the end of the war, Army Group Courland (including divisions such as the Latvian Freiwiliger SS Legion) successfully defended the area in which they were besieged. It held out until May 8, 1945, when Colonel-General Carl Hilpert, the army group's last commander, surrendered to Marshal Leonid Govorov. At this time, the group consisted of some 31 divisions of varying strength. Approximately 200,000 troops of Army Group Courland surrendered, including 14,000 Latvian soldiers. They were deported to Soviet prison camps in the east after surrender on 9 May.
Many Latvians fled through this battlefield in fishing boats and ships to Sweden and Germany, from where they emigrated to various parts of the world, mostly Australia and North America. Approximately 150,000 Latvians went into exile in the West.
Aftermath of the Second World War
During World War II, more than 200,000 Latvian soldiers ended up in the rank and file of both occupation forces; approximately half of them (100,000) were killed on the battlefield.
It is estimated that, as a result of the war, the population of Latvia decreased from 500,000 to 300,000 (a 25% decrease compared to 1939). The war also heavily damaged the economy: Many historic cities were destroyed as well as industry and infrastructure.
As of 1940, most western governments did not recognise the incorporation of Latvia and the other Baltic States into the Soviet Union. The only exception was Sweden, which returned the members of the "Latvian Legion", who had ended up in Sweden at the end of the war, to the USSR, and handed the diplomatic representative offices of the Baltic countries in Stockholm to the USSR. After the war, the United States applied the most persistent pressure on the Soviet Union regarding the Baltic States' wish for independence. Throughout the entire period of occupation, the embassy of independent Latvia continued to function in Washington, D.C., and London.
See also
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
Latvian resistance movement
Generalbezirk Lettland
Reichskommissariat Ostland
Rumbula
15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)
19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)
Luftwaffen-Legion Lettland
Occupation of Baltic republics by Nazi Germany
Occupation of Baltic states (by Nazi Germany and the USSR, 1939–1991)
Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
References
External links
A Soviet civilian about to be executed at Preili, Latvia
Konrad Kalejs
Saviours and the Saved
The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia (Link broken. 23-Nov-2013)
map of Riga ghetto (Link broken. 23-Nov-2013)
"Latvia Under German Occupation in 1943", Latvian Legation, 1944 (Link broken. 23-Nov-2013)
.
.
Jewish Latvian history
Generalbezirk Lettland
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
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Latvia
Eastern European theatre of World War II
German military occupations
Germany–Latvia military relations
1941 in Latvia
1942 in Latvia
1943 in Latvia
1944 in Latvia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20occupation%20of%20Latvia%20during%20World%20War%20II |
The Scout section of Scouts Canada is for boys and girls ages 11 to 14 (optional to 16). The program offers two main types of badges, Challenge Badges and Activity badges. The Challenge badges are round whereas the Activity badges are square or diamond-shaped. The Activity badges have two levels indicated by the border colour and shape: red and square-shaped for Voyageur and green and diamond-shaped for Pathfinder. Activity badges are required to achieve 3 out of the 4 awards, the Voyageur Scout Award, the Pathfinder Scout Award and the Chief Scout's Award, the fourth being the World Scout Environment Award.
Activity badges
Citizenship
Leadership
Personal Development
Outdoor Skills
Obtaining all 4 of the red border Activity badges, 4 challenge badges and the Spring/Fall Year-Round Camper award entitles one to the Voyager Scout Award. Obtaining all 4 of the green border Activity badges, 6 more challenge badges and the Summer and Winter Year-Round Camper awards entitles one to the Pathfinder Scout Award. Obtaining the Pathfinder Scout Award is one step to the Chief Scout's Award.
Badges
Chief Scout's Award
To obtain the Chief Scout's Award, the highest rank in Scouts Canada at the Scout level, one must earn the Pathfinder Scout Award, the Standard First Aid Award (St. John Ambulance or Red Cross), at least one Challenge badge from each category, the World Scout Environment Award, do a presentation about the World Scouting Movement and make a challenging program for each of the 4 categories (Citizenship, Leadership, Outdoor Skills and Personal Development). The Citizenship program must require 30 hours of leadership to others. After these 6 steps, you are eligible for the Chief Scout's Award.
World Scout Environment Award
This award is designed to demonstrate a Scout's concern for, and active stewardship of, the environment. The badge shows Antarctica - the only collectively managed continent in the world and one of the most at risk from climate change - at its center. The other land-forms create a world image inside a green border. In order to earn it, the Scout must complete the Climate Change and Emergency Preparedness Challenge badges, do at least 2 of the following badges (Fish and Wildlife, Soil and Water Management, Forestry), make a presentation about how their community is addressing climate change, research a local environment issue and do an 8-hour environmental project with their troop.
Challenge badges
Challenge badges are worn on the right sleeve. There are 51 of them. The requirements are typically done alone, instead of with groups.
Athletics
Individual Sport-Demonstrate ability in an individual sport approved by your troop.
Team Sport-Demonstrate your ability in any suitable or appropriate team sport that is approved by your troop.
Winter Sport-Demonstrate your ability in any suitable or appropriate winter sport that is approved by your troop.
Swimming-Demonstrate an ability to swim.
Water Sport-Demonstrate your ability in any water sport approved by your troop.
Culture and Society
Artist-To recognize an interest and participation in art.
Literary Arts-To recognize participation in literary arts.
Photography-To recognize knowledge and skills in photography or videography.
Cultural Awareness-To gain a greater understanding of Canada's cultural diversity.
Modeller-To recognize interest and ability in constructing models or toys.
Special Needs Awareness-To gain a greater awareness of special needs requirements.
Handicraft-to recognize skill in some form of handicraft.
Music-To recognize musical ability.
Heritage-To explore a Scout's heritage.
Performing Arts-To recognize participation in a performing art.
Environment
Agriculture-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in an agricultural project.
Horticulture-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in a horticultural project.
Soil and Water Management-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in soil and water management.
Fish and Wildlife-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in fish and wildlife management.
Naturalist-Demonstrate your knowledge and skill in the field of natural science, emphasizing outdoor activity.
Climate Change-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in climate change.
Forestry-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in forest management.
Recycling-Demonstrate your knowledge and involvement in recycling.
Home and Family
Builder-Show an interest in building objects.
Family Care-Show an interest in personal responsibility for your family.
Safety-Demonstrate a knowledge for safety.
Cooking-Show an interest in planning and cooking meals.
Home Repair-Demonstrate the ability to make home repairs.
Emergency Preparedness-Demonstrate knowledge of how to prepare for an emergency.
Pet Care-Show an interest and ability in maintaining a healthy pet
Outdoors
Pioneering-This badge recognizes the ability of a Scout in the area of Pioneering. The ability goes beyond a basic knowledge of knots and lashing, to the point that the Scout can create useful and creative items using easily obtained wooden poles and rope (including cord and string).
Powercraft-To encourage Scouts to practice the safe operation of a powercraft, and be able to demonstrate basic maintenance.
White Water-Teach the safe and responsible handling of a canoe, kayak, or similar craft in moving water.
Advanced Tripping-Demonstrate extended lightweight camping skills while adhering to Leave No Trace philosophies.
Sailing-This badge covers sailboats, dinghies and keelboats.
Winter Scouting-Demonstrate in the winter an ability to hike and camp in the outdoors adhering to Leave No Trace philosophies.
Exploring-Scouts should explore an unfamiliar area.
Water Tripping-Experience all aspects of extended water trips.
Paddling-Demonstrate the skills and knowledge to safely handle a canoe, kayak or similar craft on flat or slow moving water.
Weather-To develop an interest in, and skills about, weather information.
Personal Development
Collector-Show an interest in putting a collection together.
Individual Specialty-To provide a way to recognize a Scout who has a special interest.
Troop Specialty-To provide a way to recognize a troop that has a special interest.
Communicator-Demonstrate formal communication skills.
Language Strip-Demonstrate an ability to speak in another language.
First Aid-Demonstrate a knowledge of first aid procedures.
Lifesaving-To demonstrate knowledge of lifesaving techniques with various types of victims.
Science and Technology
Computer-To Recognize knowledge and skills with personal computing devices.
Science-Show an interest in the sciences. Some scientific fields include: archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, electronics, geology, mathematics, medicine, physics, zoology, microbiology, botany, and biotechnology.
Engineering-Explore the fields of engineering. Some engineering fields include: aeronautical, aerospace, architectural, civil, computer, electrical, marine, mechanical, meteorological and mining.
Space Exploration-To encourage youth to investigate the area of space exploration.
Further reading
Scouts Canada. Canadian Scout Handbook.(2003),
See also
External links
Scouts Canada
Scouting and Guiding in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouts%20%28Scouts%20Canada%29 |
The Specky Magee series is a highly popular and best-selling children’s book series in Australia. The books, written by Felice Arena and renowned Aussie Rules player Garry Lyon, chronicle the life and times of teenager Simon Magee, an aspiring Aussie Rules football champion. There are currently eight books in the series. Lyon and Arena agreed to stop writing after they realized the plots were getting more and more ridiculous with each novel.
List of books in the series
Specky Magee (2002), is the first in the series. It follows Specky through his love for Aussie Rules. In this book, Specky becomes curious about an old photo of him being dressed in AFL gear, even though his family hates AFL. Upon discovering an online friend, "CHRISkicks", who turns out to be a girl, he wonders whether he is adopted.
Specky Magee & the Great Footy Contest (2003), is the second book. In this instalment, Specky and his friends are confronted by an old enemy of Specky, "Screamer" Johnson, who threatens his role as full-forward, while undertaking vigorous tests in the Great Footy Contest, a competition for young football stars to demonstrate amazing skills in order to win a trip to either the US or Ireland as a youth AFL ambassador.
Specky Magee & the Season of Champions (2004), is the third book. In this instalment, Specky encounters many new friends, and his football career is threatened by a serious knee injury, which sidelines him for seven weeks. He disregards this, plays anyway, and jeopardises his health.
Specky Magee & the Boots of Glory (2005), is the fourth book. In this instalment, upon winning an AFL scholarship, Specky is now a student at the prestigious Gosmore Grammar, a great footy school. Specky proves to be a gun, even at that level, until his future there is jeopardised by an initiation stunt.
Specky Magee & a Legend in the Making (2006), is book number five. In this instalment, Specky discovers a softer side to Screamer; he enjoys playing piano, and is very talented. His relationship with Christina is threatened by this, but Specky helps him follow his dream, with mixed results. He also obtains a selection in the Victorian U-15 side.
Specky Magee & the Spirit of the Game (2007), is book six. In this instalment, upon winning selection for the Vics, Specky meets Brian Edwards, a gun midfielder, who lives in the country. Specky visits the country, and plays for the seniors side in the town, while Danny, Gobba and Robbo battle for the affections for a French exchange student.
Specky Magee & the Battle of the Young Guns (2009) is book seven. In this instalment, Specky's career at the Booyong footy team is threatened by failed maths tests and a tough new teacher and coach. He also plays in the National Footy Carnival, and is offered sports management, and a gob-smacking surprise offer that presumably will be the thread in to book eight.
Specky Magee & the Best of Oz (2011) is book eight. Specky faces new challenges: a new team, a new country and new code of football. A fast-paced story that sees Specky and his Aussie teammates have an adventure of a lifetime in Ireland.
Characters
The books follow young football star Simon "Specky" Magee through his teenage years. He is obsessed with AFL, as are most of his mates.
Simon "Specky" Magee is the titular character of the novels. He attends local high school Booyong High throughout books 1–3 and 5–7, pausing for a short stint at Gosmore Grammar in book 4. He is portrayed as a twelve-year-old in book 1, a thirteen-year-old in book 2 and in book 3, and a fourteen-year-old Year 9 student in the remaining books. He is incredibly skilled at Aussie Rules footy, mainly as a full-forward, but also occasionally as a wingman, centre half-forward or even centre half-back. He supports five AFL teams, something he cops a lot of flak for: Essendon, Brisbane, Collingwood, Sydney and West Coast. He is the main character, and he was adopted when his biological mother died in a car accident and his biological father couldn't care for him due to it being too difficult. His father barracks for Geelong, and his adopted parents (and sister) hate football.
Josh "Robbo" Roberts is one of Specky's best mates. He plays as a ruckman in the Booyong High school team, and is nearly six feet tall. He supports Sydney 100%, having been born there. In book six he begins to date one of Specky's friends, Samantha Shepherd.
Danny Castellino is another of Specky's best mates. He is the number-one rover in the Booyong side, and he is portrayed as a very small character. He is extremely fit, and he is a one-eyed supporter of Collingwood. Like Robbo, in book 6 he begins a romance—with national sprint champion Maria "Gladiator" Testi—and ends it in book 7; however, unlike Robbo, he starts it up again.
Christina Perry is Specky's on-again, off-again girlfriend. The two meet in book 1, and begin a romance at the end of book 3 after her relationship with Derek "Screamer" Johnson ends. Christina follows Carlton like Screamer. She is portrayed as a footy-mad tomboy just like Samantha Shepherd. She moved to Sydney in book 6, but returned at the start of book 7.
Samantha "Tiger Girl" Shepherd is another of Specky's close friends. She meets Specky in book 3 while she is in Year 9 and he is in Year 8. Specky supports her through her battle with cancer, and become close friends by the end of the book. She also reveals that she is staying down a year to make up for her long absences from school due to her treatment, so is now in Year 9 like Specky and his mates. They have always felt romantically close to each other, but this intensified in book 7, when Robbo and Tiger Girl's relationship ended. They are now a couple, something Christina is not aware of. She supports the Tigers, hence her nickname.
Derek "Screamer" Johnson is Specky's long-time enemy, and now one-time friend. He enters the series in book 2, sparking jealousy from Specky due to his immediate connection with Christina and his skill at full-forward. In book 5, Specky learns of Screamer's extraordinary piano talent, and encourages him to follow his dreams, which turns them into friends at the end of the book. In book 7, it is revealed that he is leaving Booyong High to attend Eckert School of Music on a piano scholarship in Sydney.
Ben "Gobba" Higgins is another of Specky's schoolmates. He is first mentioned in book 3—when he returns from Canada, apparently having been there a year—but had not been mentioned before that. His nickname comes from his dream and talent of being a pro sports commentator, and he is so good that he is enrolled in the Dennis Cometti School of Young Sports Callers. He gets frequent assignments from this school, but he still attends Booyong full-time. He supports the Bulldogs.
Johnny Cockatoo is one of Specky's close friends. The two meet on Specky's trip to the Northern Territory in book 2, and immediately bond. When Johnny moves down to Melbourne, the two's friendship becomes stronger. He plays rover, like Danny, and the two are shown to work very well together. He is very proud of his Aboriginal heritage, and knows everything about indigenous AFL players. He barracks for the Kangaroos.
Brian Edwards is another of Specky's friends. He first appears in book 5, when the two meet through State footy training. To meet his commitments to the State team in Melbourne, Brian temporarily moves from Rivergum (near Mildura) to Specky's place before leaving. He is mentioned briefly in book 7, but he makes no other appearance in book 7, hinting that he has left Booyong and Specky's house, but is still in Melbourne to play for the Vics. He is the third character in the books to be a known supporter of Carlton (the others being Christina and Screamer).
Maria "Gladiator" Testi is Danny's love interest. A national sprint champion, she expresses interest in Danny during book six, especially at Alice's sweet sixteen party. In book 7, her role deepens, appearing in Specky, Danny, Robbo, Sols, the Bullet, Gobba and Tiger Girl's maths class, but Danny breaks it off with her during this novel because she became too clingy, only to reunite again.
Sanjay "Bombay Bullet" Sharma is one of Specky's friends, though is shown to be not one of his best mates. He is of Indian descent, and is proud of his heritage. An outstanding sprinter, hence his nickname, the Bullet is capable of superb dashes and awe-inspiring snaps.
Paul "Smashing Sols" Solomon is another of Specky's friends, and like the Bullet, not an extremely close one. Their relationship grows slightly in book 7, united in their hatred of their new maths teacher. His nickname comes from his brilliant tackling ability.
Coach Sandy Pate is Specky's AFL coach from book 2 to the start of book 7. She is a fair coach, coming to Booyong at the beginning of book 2 to replace Coach Pappas. She likes Specky, and often gives him advice. She leaves in book 7 to go to Italy with her fiancée, leaving the AFL coaching duties to Mr Rutherford, who is also Specky's maths teacher.
Mr Rutherford appears in book 7, though it is assumed that his part in the books will expand if the series goes on. He appears as Specky's new maths teacher, and is known as a strict, tough, unfair teacher by Specky and his mates. Things get worse when he becomes coach, but Specky gets to like him when Mr Rutherford apologises for dismissing Specky from the footy team when he fails a math test that turns out not to be his.
Alice Magee is Specky's sixteen-year-old sister. She is shown on various occasions to dislike Specky, but it is known that she cares for him. She is dating The Great McCarthy, a Year 12 friend of Specky's, though their relationship has become strained through Great McCarthy's VCE studies. Has a hatred of AFL, though when Shane Crawford kissed her, she converted into a Hawks supporter, but her support for Shane and the club deteriorated quickly.
David & Jane Magee are Specky's adoptive parents. They are often tough but fair on Specky, especially when it comes to his footy commitments. It has been said that David is lousy at all sports, and so doesn't support Specky, but this changes from book 2 onwards. Jane is also a good cook, as mentioned in book 7. They took in David's brother Bob's young child (Specky) at eighteen months.
Gus "Einstein" Turner is probably the most distant of Specky's school acquaintances. He is known in the first two books as a half-forward, but in book 7 he becomes known as a full-back. A maths whiz, Einstein is known to surmise distances, of AFL kicks especially. He floats out of the series after the first two books, and does not make an appearance after that, apart from a brief mention in book 7. According to the Specky Magee website, he barracks for Geelong.
Jack Magee is Specky's baby brother. He first appears in book 6, as he is born, but is currently unable to speak or walk. He mainly gurgles throughout book 7, especially when he is having a good time.
Ken Magee is Specky's grandfather, and the reason Specky supports the West Coast Eagles. He enters the Magee house in book 7, causing a lot of tension. He has a tumour, and is expected to live only another eight months longer.
Dieter "The Great McCarthy" McCarthy is a Year 12 student, studying economics. He is Alice's boyfriend, and Specky's acquaintance. He is shown to smoke, though is trying to give it up, and was once the Richmond mascot, who he supports.
Kyle Rutherford appears, like his father, solely in book 7, but will presumably return for the rest of the series. He and his dad move to Booyong in this novel, something that he resents, having been a big fish in a small pond there, and is jealous of Specky, possibly because of his status, or his skills, and deliberately sets Specky up to fail his maths test to get him kicked off the team.
References
External links
Official Website
Penguin Books - Specky Magee
Magee, Specky
Australian children's novels
Series of children's books
2002 children's books
Sports novels
Children's books about sports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specky%20Magee |
Grown Up Overnight () is Malaysian Chinese Mandopop artist Fish Leong's debut studio album. It was released on 17 September 1999 by Rock Records.
Track listing
"對不起我愛你" Dui Bu Qi, Wo Ai Ni (Sorry, I Love You)
"一夜長大" Yi Ye Zhang Da (Growing Up)
"彩虹" Cai Hong (Rainbow)
"迷路" Mi Lu (Lost)
"快樂一整天" Kuai Le Yi Zheng Tian (Happy for the Day)
"只能抱著妳" Zhi Neng Bao Zhe Ni (I Could Only Embrace You)
"轉圏圏" Zhuan Quan Quan (Go Round and Round)
"純情豔陽天" Chun Qing Yan Yang Tian (Those Innocent Sunny Days)
"橡皮筋" Xiang Pi Jin (Rubber Band)
"紙條" Zhi Tiao (A Slip of Paper)
References
1999 debut albums
Fish Leong albums
Mandopop albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grown%20Up%20Overnight |
Flag carrier Garuda Indonesia had its inaugural flight on 26 January 1946, from Calcutta to Rangoon, using a Douglas DC-3 with the tail number RI 001, named Seluwah. It operated as Indonesian Airways. President Sukarno changed the name to Garuda Indonesia Airways in November 1946, later Garuda Indonesia.
The golden age of the airline started in 1956, when it operated Hajj flights using its eight Convair CV-240s. In 1963, it operated flights to Tokyo via Hong Kong using three Lockheed L-188 Electra. In 1965, Garuda expanded its destinations, with flights to Cambodia, China, Paris, Athens, and Prague. It also opened routes to Amsterdam from Jakarta, with stopovers in Bangkok, Mumbai, Karachi, Cairo, Rome, and Frankfurt. Australian routes were also introduced. Upon former CEO Reyn Altin Johannes Lumenta's request, Garuda dilated its route map, with services to Los Angeles via Honolulu in 1990, operated using the McDonnell Douglas MD-11.
The airline's fall began with two crashes in 1996 and 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis caused Garuda to abruptly terminate its intercontinental services, though Amsterdam, Frankfurt, and London services were continued until 28 October 2004. The September 11 attacks, 2002 Bali bombings, 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and SARS outbreak further contributed to the fall of the airline. It climaxed in 2007, when the crash of Flight 200 prompted the European Union (EU) to ban Indonesian airlines in its airspace.
After the EU lifted its ban in July 2009, Garuda began an aggressive five-year expansion plan known as the Quantum Leap, involving an image overhaul. Using the Boeing 777-300ER Garuda reopened flights to London via Amsterdam. However, after years of success thanks to the Leap, Ari Askhara taking over the CEO position made the airline inconsistent in destinations; his leadership has drawn criticism.
List
References
Destinations
Lists of airline destinations
SkyTeam destinations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Garuda%20Indonesia%20destinations |
Coal India Limited (CIL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India. It is headquartered at Kolkata. It is the largest government-owned-coal-producer in the world. It is also the ninth largest employer in India with nearly 272,000 employees.
The PSU contributes around 82% to the total coal production in India. It produced 554.14 million tonnes of raw coal in 2016–17, an increase from its earlier production of 494.24 million tonnes of coal during FY 2014–15 and earned revenues of from sale of coal in the same financial year. In April 2011, CIL was conferred the Maharatna status by the Government of India, making it one of the seven with that status. As of 14 October 2015, CIL is a PSU owned by the Central Government of India which controls its operations through the Ministry of Coal. As of 14 October 2015, CIL's market capitalisation stood at making it India's 8th most valuable company.
CIL ranks 8th among the top 20 firms responsible for a third of all global carbon emissions.
History
Coal mining in India had primarily been a private sector enterprise. This changed in September 1956 when the Government of India established its own coal company National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC). Collieries run by the Railways formed the nucleus of NCDC. This was to fulfill the fast growing energy requirements in the country to support rapid industrialization taking place through Five-Year Plans of the Government. In the same year, Singareni Colliery Company, which was operating in Andhra Pradesh since 1920, was also brought under the Government control when the Central Government and state Government of Andhra Pradesh acquired 45% and 55% shares respectively.
In 1971, the Government of India nationalized all the 214 coking-coal mines and 12 coke-ovens running in the private sector, excluding those held by TISCO and IISCO for their captive use. On 1 January 1972, a new Government company Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL) was formed to take control of these nationalized mines and coke-ovens. On 30 January 1973, all the remaining 711 non-coking coalmines of the country in private sector were also nationalized. 184 of these mines were handed over to BCCL, and remaining 527 were handed over to a newly opened department Coal Mines Authority. 4 months later, on 14 June 1973, this department was converted into a separate Government company CMAL. NCDC, earlier formed in 1957, was merged with CMAL, and 45% share-holding of Central Government in Singareni Collieries Company Ltd was also handed over to CMAL. CMAL started functioning with its 4 divisions, viz, Eastern Coalfields, Central Coalfields, Western Coalfields, and Central Mine Planning and Design Institute.
By 1973, all coking coalmines were under BCCL, which was functioning as a subsidiary of Steel Authority of India (SAIL) under Department of Steel of the Ministry of Steel and Mines; and all non-coking coalmines were under CMAL, which was under Department of Mines of the Ministry of Steel and Mines. For better control, both BCCL and CMAL were brought on 11 October 1974 under the Department of Coal (now an independent Ministry) of the newly formed Ministry of Energy.
On 1 November 1975, a new public-sector company Coal India Limited (CIL) was formed to enable better organizational and operational efficiency in coal sector. All the 4 Divisions of CMAL were given the company status, and were brought under CIL along with BCCL. 45% share-holding of the CMAL in Singareni Collieries Company was also transferred to CIL, and CMAL was closed.
Thus, CIL started functioning in 1975 with 5 subsidiary companies under it. These were Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), and Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL). In due course of time, 3 more companies were formed under CIL by carving out certain areas of CCL and WCL. These were Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL), South-Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL).
Pursuant to the Fuel Policy of 1974, CIL also started the construction of India's First Low Temperature Carbonisation Plant at Dankuni in the late 1970s. It was renamed as Dankuni Coal Complex, and is one of the only operational Coal gas plant of this kind in the world. Dankuni Coal Complex has been incurring heavy loss due to the Greater Calcutta Gas Supply Company (formerly known as Oriental Gas Co.) giving non-remunerative price and fixing them unilaterally. Coal India is planning to venture into Coal-to-Methanol technology at the existing Plant.
The Government of India held 100% equity of CIL from 1975 till 2010.
Initial public offering
In October 2010, the Government of India made an initial public offering (IPO) of 10% of the equity shares of CIL (631.6 million equity shares) to public at an offer price of per share (at face value of 10 per share). The IPO was oversubscribed by 14.17 times. Against an IPO issue size of it received bids for making it the second highest collections in any IPO in India. On the first day of its listing on the stock market, its shares soared 40% higher than IPO price. With the listing, CIL became the fourth most valued company on the Indian stock exchanges with a market value of . CIL was included in the 30-member BSE SENSEX on 8 August 2011.
On 30 January 2015, in an offer for sale (OFS), Government of India sold a further 10% stake in CIL. Priced at per share, the sale fetched the government , making it the largest ever equity offering in the Indian share market.
Operations
CIL is the largest coal producing company in the world. It produced 536.51 MT (million tonne) coal during FY 2015–16. Coal India operates through 83 mining areas in 8 states of India. As on 1 April 2015, it has 430 coal mines out of which 175 are open cast, 227 are underground and 28 are mixed mines. Production from open cast mines during FY 2014–15 was 92.91% of total production of 494.24 MT. Underground mines contributed to 7.09% of production. CIL further operates 15 coal washeries, out of which 12 are for coking coal and 3 are for non-coking coal with 23.30 MTY and 13.50 MTY capacities respectively. CIL's only Low Temperature Carbonisation Plant of Dankuni Coal Complex is currently run on lease basis by its subsidiary SECL. In addition to above, it also manages 200 other establishments like workshops, hospitals, training institutes, mine-rescue setups, etc.
Subsidiaries
CIL produces coal through seven of its wholly owned subsidiaries. These are Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), Central Coalfields Limited (CCL), Western Coalfields Limited (WCL), South Eastern Coalfields Limited (SECL), Northern Coalfield Limited (NCL), and Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL). Its 8th wholly owned subsidiary Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited (CMPDIL) provides exploration, planning and technical support to all the 7 production subsidiaries. CMPDIL also provides consulting services to third-party market clients in the field of exploration, mining, allied engineering & testing, management-systems, training, etc. The North Eastern Coalfields (NEC) and Dankuni Coal Complex (DCC) are owned directly by the parent holding company of CIL. However, DCC has been leased to SECL since 1995.
CIL also has a wholly owned subsidiary in Mozambique, Coal India Africana Limitada (CIAL) for pursuing coal mining opportunities in that country.
The details of number of employees, revenue for FY 2012–13 and production of coal is given in the table below:
Joint Ventures: CIL has two joint ventures -
International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVPL) was formed in 2009 for acquisition of coking coal properties outside India. CIL holds th share in paid up capital of ICVPL.
CIL-NTPC Urja Private Limited is a 50:50 JV between CIL and NTPC, formed in April 2010 for acquisition of coal blocks in India and abroad.
Listing and shareholding
Listing: CIL's equity shares are listed on [Bombay Stock Exchange] where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.
Shareholding: On 30 January 2015, 79.65% of the equity shares of the company were owned by the Government of India and the remaining 20.35% were owned by others. On 30 January 2015, in an Offer For Sale (OFS), Government of India sold a further 10% stake in CIL. Priced at per share, the sale fetched the government , making it the largest ever equity offering in the Indian share market. On 18 November 2015, Government of India approved another 10% stake sale in CIL.
Employees
Coal India had 333,097 employees as on 31 March 2015, out of which 314,259 were non-executives and 18,838 were executives.
Awards and recognitions
Coal India Limited (CIL) was conferred with two Corporate Social Responsibility Awards on 18 February 2013: 'Global CSR Excellence and Leadership Award' for Best Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and 'Blue Dart Most Caring Companies of India Award'.
For 2012, CIL earned a ranking of 48 on overall global performance in the 'Platts Top 250 Global Energy Company Rankings'.
CIL features on the Forbes Global 2000 rankings for 2012 at position 377. Coal India on the Forbes Global 2000 List Forbes 31 May 2013 19 October 2013
In December 2012, it was ranked as the 9th on the Fortune India 500 list. IOC retains top slot in Fortune 500 India list as of in The Hindu 15 December 2012 19 October 2013
CIL was conferred with 'Company of the Year Award' in a function organized by Indian Chamber of Commerce and Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) in September 2011 at 2nd Summit on 'India Public Sector Agenda @2020' at New Delhi.
Many of Its employees are conferred with a job in lieu of land. The one being the largest Penganga Opencast of WCL, New Majri UG To OC, Makardhokra etc.
This year, one of its employees named "Shardaprasad Prajapati (NEIS-54262)" has been conferred with the "Youngest" Employee to be given a job in lieu of land acquired in Majri Area of Western Coalfields Limited.
Profit
Coal India reported a rise of almost 46% in its net profit for the quarter ended March 31, 2022 in consolidated terms. India’s biggest coal miner had posted a consolidated net profit of ₹4,586.78 crore in the year-ago period.
The company registered sales worth ₹30,046.25 crore during the quarter under review compared with ₹24,510.80 crore. Total revenue from operations stood at ₹32,706.77 crore during Q4 FY22, against ₹26,700.14 crore in Q4 FY21.
Green initiatives
CIL planted 1.57 million saplings during 2014–15. In its annual report CIL informed that it has planted around 82 million trees over an area of around 33700 Ha.
Criticism
In September 2011, CAG criticised CIL for operating 239 mines in seven coal producing subsidiaries, which existed prior to 1994, without environmental clearance. These mines included 48 open-cast, 170 underground and 21 combined mines. In its report, the CAG also pointed out that of the 18 sample open-cast and eight underground mines, ten mines had undertaken capacity expansion without environmental clearances. The company, in its reply, said that applications for clearances to the projects have already been submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
In India, some coal mines are located near/below the tiger reserves. Mining or construction of administrative offices in/near these reserves disturbs the wildlife. Hence environmental organisations like Greenpeace have been opposing mining in these areas. Around 50% of the energy requirements of India are met by coal. Hence the protection of wildlife is sometimes overlooked due to this fact. In its argument, the CIL said that in many cases it only does underground mining which does not hurt the forests above.
CIL reported lowest ever figures of average 66 deaths and 251 serious accidents per year for the period 2010-2012, indicating that safety at workplace is improving over the years. Critics claim that the safety practices in most mines are inadequate, which is causing too many casualties. It is also claimed that many accidents and deaths are not recorded and hence are not part of 'official figures'.
See also
List of companies of India
List of largest companies by revenue
List of corporations by market capitalization
Make in India
Forbes Global 2000
Fortune India 500
Coal mining in India
Durand Cup
References
External links
Coal companies of India
Companies based in Kolkata
Government-owned companies of India
Energy companies established in 1975
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1975
NIFTY 50
Ministry of Coal
Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar
Coal India
1975 establishments in West Bengal
Indian companies established in 1975
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal%20India |
Bero Beyer (born 12 November 1970) is a Dutch film producer.
Born to a Dutch seafaring captain and a German mother, he moved with his family to Capelle aan den IJssel when he was six months old and grew up in Berkel en Rodenrijs. In 1993 he graduated from the Art Academy Rotterdam. In 2005 he was the co-writer and co-producer of Paradise Now, for which he won a European Film Award for Best Screenwriter. He was the director of the International Film Festival Rotterdam between 2015 and 2020.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Dutch film producers
Film festival directors
European Film Award for Best Screenwriter winners
Golden Calf winners
People from Bremerhaven
Mass media people from Rotterdam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero%20Beyer |
Cybermutt is a 2002 comic science fiction film that was made for Animal Planet as part of a trio of movies for the cable channel called "Animal Tales". Cybermutt is a fictional golden retriever.
Plot
The story centers on a young boy, Nino (Ryan Cooley), and his family dog, Rex, who takes on a significant role in Nino's life after the boy loses his father to cancer. During a stroll in the park with Nino and his mother, Rex manages to save the life of the eccentric inventor and dotcom wiz, Alex (Judd Nelson). Rex is badly injured during his act of heroism and Alex, as a gesture of gratitude, takes the dog back to his bionics lab to rebuild him. Through cutting edge gadgetry, Rex is imbued with super powers and becomes the target of villains determined to possess the new technology at any cost. After the procedure, Rex is capable of feats of great strength, can see in infrared vision and run at 70 mph.
Cast
Judd Nelson – Alex
Ryan Cooley – Nino
Michelle Nolden – Juliet
Paulina Mielech – Erica
Tonio Arango – Temple
Joe Pingue – Max
Pedro Salvin – Rubio
Khafre Armatrading – Kyle
Bryon Bully – Bully #1
Ian Bradley-Perrin – Bully #2
External links
2002 television films
2002 films
2000s science fiction comedy films
British comedy television films
Canadian comedy television films
English-language Canadian films
German comedy television films
English-language German films
Films about dogs
Films directed by George T. Miller
2002 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybermutt |
Fernanda Motta (born May 29, 1981) is a Brazilian model, actress, and television host. She is the host of the reality TV show Brazil's Next Top Model, the Brazilian version of the show, created by Tyra Banks.
Biography
Motta was born and grew up in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The youngest child of a large extended family, Motta was discovered on Guarapari Beach, just north of Rio de Janeiro at the age of 16 by a talent scout.
Modeling
Motta has appeared on the covers of numerous magazines around the world, including Vogue, ELLE, Cosmopolitan, and Glamour. Her advertisements include Rolex, Palmolive, Cori, Pantene, and Moët & Chandon, and she has walked for Cia Marítima, Gucci, and Chanel. She has appeared in four editions of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, most recently in 2007. In 2005, she ranked 19th in the "Top 25 Sexiest Models" list by "Models.com". She is signed to Chic Management in Sydney, Australia, and to Elite Model Management in New York City. She currently lives in New York City.
Brazil's Next Top Model
In 2007, Motta was chosen to be the host of the Brazil's Next Top Model. In order to accept the job, Motta, who lives in New York City, United States, reportedly cancelled most of her agenda so that she could stay in the country for two months straight.
Motta also was a guest judge on the episode "The Amazing Model Race" from America's Next Top Model, Cycle 12, when the final six contestants arrived in São Paulo, Brazil.
She also appeared in a Rosa Chá swimsuit fashion show on the final episode "America's Next Top Model Is...", in the same season.
Filmography
Actress
Self
References
External links
Fernanda Motta in the Top25 at Models.com
Sports Illustrated - Fernanda Motta Swimsuit Collection
Fernanda Motta Next Model Management
1981 births
Living people
Brazilian female models
People from Campos dos Goytacazes
Brazilian television presenters
IMG Models models
Brazilian women television presenters
Brazilian people of Italian descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda%20Motta |
The Naked Truth may refer to:
Literature
The Naked Truth (novel), a 1993 fictional memoir by Leslie Nielsen
The Naked Truth (book), a 2007 commentary on film ratings
Film
The Naked Truth (1914 film), a silent Italian film
The Naked Truth (1915 film), an alternative title for Hypocrites, a 1915 American silent film
The Naked Truth, 1924 reissue title for the American film The Solitary Sin (1924)
The Naked Truth (1932 film), an American German-language comedy film
The Naked Truth (1957 film), a British film comedy
The Naked Truth (1992 film), a comedy film
Music
The Naked Truth (Golden Earring album), 1992
The Naked Truth (Lil' Kim album), 2005
Naked Truth (Sarah Hudson album), 2005
Naked Truth (Jeanette album), 2006
TV
The Naked Truth (TV), a Russian television program hosted by Svetlana Pesotskaya
The Naked Truth (TV series), an American television sitcom
"The Naked Truth" (Falcon Crest), an episode of Falcon Crest
"The Naked Truth", an episode of Home Improvement
"The Naked Truth", an episode of Related
"The Naked Truth" (How I Met Your Mother)
"The Naked Truth", an episode of Pretty Little Liars
Other
The Naked Truth (statue), a statue in St. Louis
Naked Truth, a character in the 1915 silent film Hypocrites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naked%20Truth |
WayForward Technologies, Inc. is an American independent video game developer and publisher based in Valencia, California. Founded in March 1990 by technology entrepreneur Voldi Way, WayForward started by developing games for consoles such as the Super NES and Sega Genesis, as well as TV games and PC educational software. In 1997, they relaunched their video games arm, placing the company as a contractor for publishers and working on a variety of licensed assets.
The company has created a variety of original game properties such as their flagship Shantae series, including the first title in the series which appeared on the Game Boy Color and was published by Capcom. WayForward Technologies has worked on games for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita handheld consoles, WiiWare games for Nintendo's Wii and Wii U, Nintendo Switch consoles and games for personal computer and mobile phones.
History
WayForward Technologies was founded in 1990 by Voldi Way as an independent video game design company, following on from a previous company he started that specialized in software for sheet metal fabrication. Early on, the company focused on producing software for the Super NES, Genesis, Game Gear and Game Boy Color. They branched out into educational games for the personal computer and Leapster. During this time, many of the staff were doing other jobs in order to support their ambition to become game developers.
In 1994, WayForward Technologies entered into a partnership with American Education Publishing in order to focus on developing further educational video games. The partnership was successful, with the company winning awards for innovation at the 1995 Consumer Electronics Show. During this time, WayForward focused on licensed assets such as the Muppets for their educational games.
WayForward restarted their video game development business in April 1997, working as a "developer for hire" by providing services to software publishers. John Beck, CEO, stated that by providing services on small projects the company has managed to remain a stable level of work. In mid-2002, WayForward released their first internally developed game based on their own intellectual property Shantae. While it achieved critical acclaim, it was one of the last games to be released for the Game Boy Color and as a result only enjoyed limited success.
When Nintendo announced the dual-screen handheld console that became the Nintendo DS in early 2004, WayForward began examining the various options the new console offered. Work started on a sequel to Shantae using the two screens. Despite presenting the concepts to a number of publishers, they were ultimately unsuccessful at securing a deal. Because of the large number of Shantae related assets that were produced, including 3D models, WayForward frequently uses them when trying out new technology or development platforms. In 2004, the company was contracted by THQ to produce a chat game called Ping Pals for the Nintendo DS. Despite the tight timescales involved in developing the game, WayForward used the opportunity to obtain development kits for the platform. The game was received unfavourably by the majority of critics and gained only a single positive review. In 2006, the company produced and released Justice League Heroes: The Flash just as the Game Boy Advance was reaching the end of its commercial life cycle, which met with largely positive reviews. WayForward has gone on to develop further titles for the Nintendo DS. Looney Tunes: Duck Amuck, based on the 1951 Warner Bros. cartoon Duck Amuck received mixed reviews upon release.
On February 19, 2008, John Beck and Matt Bozon were speakers at the Independent Games Summit, part of the 2008 Game Developers Conference, discussing a range of issues facing independent games companies. Lit was announced on March 5, 2008, and was released on February 9, 2009, for the WiiWare online shop platform. A new game in the Shantae series was considered for the platform.
WayForward introduced a new character named Alta, who is a pink-haired girl that wields a scepter. She represented a new intellectual property. This was revealed on March 9, 2009, to be a DSiWare game called Mighty Flip Champs!. WayForward created Mighty Milky Way, another puzzle platformer with a new character named Luna. Its sequel, Mighty Switch Force!, was released on the 3DS eShop on December 22, 2011, with a sequel two years later called Mighty Switch Force! 2 on the Nintendo 3DS' eShop.
Adventure Time: Hey Ice King! Why'd You Steal Our Garbage?! was released on November 20, 2012. A sequel, Adventure Time: Explore the Dungeon Because I Don't Know!, as well as Regular Show: Mordecai and Rigby in 8-Bit Land, were released in 2013. A sequel to Mighty Switch Force! was released on June 13, 2013. A new Shantae game was revealed via Nintendo Power, Shantae and the Pirate's Curse, which was released on October 23, 2014, on the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U eShop. Another game in the series, Shantae: Half-Genie Hero, was crowdfunded via Kickstarter and released in December 2016. On April Fool's Day 2013, Wayforward made a fake announcement for a game called Cat Girl Without Salad! Fans responded positively to the game's concept, leading WayForward to later develop it into a full title, which was released via a Humble Bundle in June 2016. In May 2017, Mystik Belle, originally developed and published by Last Dimension for Steam, was published by WayForward for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
In 2020, Matt Bozon expressed a desire to work on a 3D polygon Shantae game. Bozon also had an interview with USGamer about where the team would like to see Shantae series go next. Bozon has said that there has been talk about creating a 3D Shantae game.
Games
References
External links
Official website
American companies established in 1990
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Video game companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in California
Privately held companies based in California
Video game companies of the United States
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Santa Clarita, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WayForward |
St Peter's Square is a tram stop in St Peter's Square in Manchester city centre, England. It opened on 27 April 1992 and is in Zone 1 of Greater Manchester's Metrolink light rail system. The stop's platforms were extended in 2009. Later redevelopment in 2015–16 demolished the original two side platforms and replaced them with a twin-island platform layout which allows for limited cross-platform interchange.
The stop is the most used on the Metrolink network and lies between Deansgate-Castlefield to the South-West and either Exchange Square, Market Street or Piccadilly Gardens tram stops.
History
Plans for a rapid transit station in St Peter's Square were made in the 1970s; proposals for the abandoned Picc-Vic tunnel envisaged the construction of an underground station to serve both St Peter's and the neighbouring Albert Square. The early proposals for an on-street light rail system in Manchester revived the idea of a station in the square. St. Peter's Square was one of the original city-centre stops to open when Metrolink started operations in 1992, when it consisted of two side platforms and basic shelters. In common with most newly built Metrolink stops at the time, St. Peter's Square had two-level platforms, meaning only a short section of the platforms offered level boarding.
The stop was demolished and rebuilt with a full length platform and improved passenger facilities in November 2009. When a building called Elisabeth House, which had stood between Dickinson Street and Oxford Street since the 1970s, was demolished for redevelopment in 2011 as One St Peter's Square, architects' plans were entered in a competition, which was modified in 2011 to incorporate proposals to improve the Metrolink station. In March 2012 a shortlist of two submissions was made.
The stop closed in 2015 for 14 months to allow a total redevelopment, and re-opened on 28 August 2016 as a four-platform interchange, comprising 2 island platforms, one for inbound services and the other for outbound. This offers same-direction cross-platform interchange. The stop was moved slightly north towards Princess Street, from that of its old location, which was in front of Manchester Central Library. A number of trees were planted within the structure of the platforms to improve the look and feel of the space. The Manchester Cenotaph was also relocated and the entire square has been redeveloped into a new public space. During most of the work, a reduced service ran through the square on a single track - but there were 2 full 2-month closures at the beginning and end of the project. This meant between late June and the end of August 2015 and from 26 June 2016 until 28 August 2016, no Metrolink services ran through the square. The rebuilding work uncovered the remnants of an 18th century church crypt.
Services
Service pattern
At peak times (07:15 – 19:30 Monday to Friday, 09:30 – 18:30 Saturday):
10 trams per hour to Altrincham
5 trams per hour to Ashton-under-Lyne
5 trams per hour to Bury
10 trams per hour to East Didsbury
5 trams per hour to Eccles
5 trams per hour to Etihad Campus
5 trams per hour to Manchester Airport
5 trams per hour to MediaCityUK
5 trams per hour to Piccadilly
5 trams per hour to Rochdale Town Centre
5 trams per hour to Shaw and Crompton
5 trams per hour to Victoria
Offpeak (all other times during operational hours):
5 trams per hour to Altrincham
5 trams per hour to Ashton-under-Lyne
5 trams per hour to East Didsbury
5 trams per hour to Eccles via MediaCityUK
5 trams per hour to Manchester Airport
5 trams per hour to Piccadilly
5 trams per hour to Rochdale Town Centre
5 trams per hour to Victoria
References
External links
Tram times and station information for St Peter's Square Metrolink station from Manchester Metrolink
St Peter's Square area map
Tram stops in Manchester
Tram stops on the Altrincham to Bury line
Tram stops on the Altrincham to Piccadilly line
Tram stops on the East Didsbury to Rochdale line
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Peter%27s%20Square%20tram%20stop |
Zaki () is an Arabic male name (with female form Zakiya) and surname. Notable people with the name include:Zaki is a boy name of Arabic and Hebrew origin meaning “pure.”
Given name
Zaki al-Arsuzi (1899–1998), Syrian politician
Zaki Tun Azmi (born 1945), Malaysian judge
Zaki Badawi (1922–2006), Egyptian Islamic scholar
Zaki Badr (1926-1997), Egyptian security officer and politician
Zaki Chehab (born 1956), Lebanese-British journalist
Zaki al-Khatib (1887–1961), Syrian politician
Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (1905–1993), Egyptian philosopher
Zaki Mazboudi (1920–2000), Lebanese politician
Zaki Nassif (1918–2004), Lebanese composer
Zaki Nusseibeh (died 2004), UAE diplomat
Zaki Rostom (1903–1978), Egyptian actor
Middle name
Muhammad Zaki Butt (1929–1993), Pakistani air force pilot
Surname
Aamir Zaki, Pakistani guitar player
Abbas Zaki, Palestinian politician
Ahmad Zaki (disambiguation), several persons
Akram Zaki, Pakistani politician
Amadou Aboubakar Zaki (born 1988), Nigerien basketball player
Amr Zaki (born 1983), Egyptian footballer
Badr Zaki (born 1988), Moroccan footballer
Ibrahim Hussein Zaki (born 1947), Maldives politician
Kawthar Zaki (born 1940), Egyptian-American microwave engineer
Kim Khan Zaki (born 1982), Singaporean kickboxer
Mohamed Zaki (born 1953), Maldives businessman
Mona Zaki (born 1976), Egyptian actress
Muad Mohamed Zaki (born 1982), Maldives politician
Muhamed Amin Zaki (1880–1948), Kurdish historian and politician
Soheir Zaki, Egyptian belly dancer and actress
Wissam Zaki (born 1986), Iraqi footballer
Zakia Zaki (died 2007), Afghan journalist
Zeeko Zaki (born 1990), American actor of Egyptian descent
References
Arabic-language surnames
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki |
Nannup is a town in the South West region of Western Australia, approximately south of Perth on the Blackwood River at the crossroads of Vasse Highway and Brockman Highway; the highways link Nannup to most of the lower South West's regional centres. At the 2011 census, Nannup had a population of 587.
The town is the seat of the Shire of Nannup.
History
Nannup's name is of Noongar origin, meaning either "stopping place" or "place of parrots", and was first recorded by surveyors in the 1860s. The area was at one point known as "Lower Blackwood", and the first European settler to explore it was Thomas Turner in 1834. In 1866, a bridge was built over the river and a police station was established. A townsite was set aside in 1885, surveyed in 1889 and gazetted on 9 January 1890. In 1906, a primary school and shire office were built.
In 1909, the Nannup Branch Railway (no longer in operation) was extended from Jarrahwood, linking to the Bunbury-Busselton railway.
Menaced by bushfires in 1928, settlers had to battle hard against the flames to save their properties. More bushfires, fanned by strong winds, swept across the region in 1935 burning out over and destroying one house and a barn. More bushfires were burning in the district over the course of several days in 1937, resulting in the stables and the sheds at the local race course being burned down, the destruction of large amounts of feed for stock, and the loss of telephone lines.
The town was flooded in 1945 when the Blackwood River rose to its highest flood level recorded to that date. Three families were left homeless and others had to be evacuated from the floodwaters. At its highest level the river was running over the Russell Street bridge and the town's electricity supply failed from lines being damaged, leaving the town in darkness. The river flooded again in 1946 and 1947, closing roads but not causing any significant damage to the town.
In 1949 the town received of rain in a period of seven hours, causing flooding and one bridge connecting the town to Busselton to be swept away.
Bushfires once again struck in 1950 with several large fires burning only a few miles from town. The outbreak destroyed nearly of jarrah and karri forest. The fires were brought under control reasonably quickly; they were believed to have been deliberately lit.
The Dry Brook bridge just outside town on the Nannup-Balingup collapsed as a result of flood damage from the previous years. Although the bridge had been repaired after being damaged in smaller floods of 1950, it was undercut again and caved in without causing any injuries.
In 1982 after the remnants of a tropical cyclone passed through the south west, the town and surrounding areas were inundated by heavy rains. The Blackwood rose , submerging over 50 houses.
Many historical photographs are held by the Nannup Historical Society.
Parts of the movie Drift were filmed in Nannup in 2011.
One of the oldest buildings, a stone cottage built in 1862-63, is still standing on a farm on Gold Gully Rd. The building was in disrepair for a number of years but is being restored by the current owner.
Marinko Tomas memorial
Marinko Tomas (1945–1966), a farmer, originally from Nannup, was Western Australia's first national serviceman killed in the Vietnam War. A memorial with a statue and plaque was erected in March 1988 in Nannup's Bicentennial Park. Lance Corporal Tomas died on 8 July 1966, at the age of 21 years, after being hit by shrapnel from "friendly artillery forces".
Present day
Nannup is the only town within the Shire of Nannup, and has a district high school (1961), community resource centre, shire offices, roadhouse, a sporting complex, shopping facilities, accommodation for travellers (hotel/motel, bed and breakfast, caravan park), police station, three cafes, a hardware store, community centre, golf club and golf course, nursery and a gemstone museum. The main street has changed little over the years so has considerable heritage value.
The town population is about 600, with 1200 in the Shire of Nannup.
Economy
Timber milling and agriculture (principally beef cattle) dominate the local economy although wine, floriculture and tourism are industries of growing importance. Furniture production and other local timber value-adding activities are also a minor employer.
World's largest wooden pendulum clock
In January 2019, the world's largest wooden pendulum clock was installed in a purpose built clocktower in the main street. Built by local, Kevin Bird, and featuring timbers from the region, the tall clock had taken 7 years to build.
However, in April 2019, after three months, disagreements between the attraction partners led to the removal of the clock.
Events and festivals
Since the beginnings of the tourist industry in Nannup there have been several events and festivals held to promote the town. These include the Flower and Garden Festival held in August each year, the Quit Forest Rally. Also the Tour of Margaret River and seven cycle races. The largest of Nannup's annual festivals is the Nannup Music Festival (formerly the Southwest Folk Festival) held over the Labour Day long weekend in March each year and includes street performance and market stalls as well as a variety of musical performances.
References
External links
Shire of Nannup
Nannup Flower and Garden Festival
Nannup Music Festival
Nannup Historical Society
Experience Nannup App
Towns in Western Australia
Shire of Nannup
Timber towns in Western Australia
Blackwood River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannup%2C%20Western%20Australia |
Yuri Sapega (; ; 1 January 1965 – 29 September 2005) was a Belarusian professional volleyball player and coach. He was a member of the USSR National Team since 1986 and won a silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics, competing for the USSR. He was 194 cm tall and played both as passer-hitter and middle hitter. Sapega was nicknamed "The Poet" for his elegant style.
Club volleyball
Sapega played in Italy for Padova in the 1990s.
Coaching
After ending his career as player, Sapega worked as an assistant coach for the Russian national volleyball team, and later was a manager in the Russian Volleyball Championship.
Personal life
Sapega was born in Grodno. Sapega died in Moscow in 2005 after a heart attack.
Clubs
References
External links
1965 births
2005 deaths
Belarusian men's volleyball players
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Volleyball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players for the Soviet Union
Soviet men's volleyball players
Belarusian volleyball coaches
Olympic medalists in volleyball
Russian men's volleyball players
Sportspeople from Grodno
Coaches of Russia men's national volleyball team
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Sapega |
VF-51, Fighter Squadron 51 was an aviation unit of the United States Navy known as the "Screaming Eagles". It was originally established as VF-1 on February 1, 1943, redesignated as VF-5 on July 15, 1943, redesignated as VF-5A on November 15, 1946, redesignated VF-51 on August 16, 1948, and disestablished in March 1995. Until its disestablishment, VF-51 was the oldest fighter squadron in continuous service with the Pacific Fleet.
History
1940s
VF-51's roots are traced back to 1927 when the Screaming Eagles insignia could be seen with the VF-3S Striking Eagles which flew the Curtis F6C-4.
In October 1947, the Screaming Eagles became the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . VF-51 then transitioned to the Grumman F9F-3 Panther.
1950s
On 3 July 1950, VF-51 launched off the USS Valley Forge CV-45 and became one of the first squadrons to take Carrier-based jets into combat.
On that day, LTJG. Leonard H. Plog scored the first Navy air-to-air kill in the Korean War when he hit and blew off the wing of North Korean Yak-9 taking off. This had occurred after he and 11 other VF-51 had been strafing an airfield near Pyongyang as part of strike with aircraft from .
Due to fears of a possible invasion of the Republic of China on Taiwan, VF-51 and the rest of the Valley Forge's Air Group and the Triumph moved south to keep watch before rejoining the war on 18 July. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period.
1960s
During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate the air-to-ground capability of the F-8 Crusader, and because of this, VF-51 was picked to fly secret interdiction missions into Laos in June 1964. In 1965 VF-51 flew F-8 Crusaders off the USS Ticonderoga (CVA 14) flying missions into Vietnam and Laos. The squadron became MiG killers when they shot down two North Vietnamese MiG-21s in 1968.
1970s
In 1971 VF-51 transitioned to the F-4 Phantom and shot down four MiG-17s. VF-51 flew from since November 1971 until July 1975.
In 1976, VF-51 and the rest of Carrier Air Wing 15 was deployed on a peacetime Mediterranean cruise on , returning in April 1977. The purpose of this cruise on a soon-to-be scrapped carrier was to take the first squadron of United States Marine Corps AV-8A Harriers to sea.
Following this Mediterranean cruise and return to NAS Miramar, VF-51 phased out its F-4 Phantom IIs. On 16 June 1978, VF-51 transitioned to the Block 100 version of the F-14A Tomcat and their first cruise with the F-14 was in May 1979 with Carrier Air Wing 15 aboard . As part of CVW-15, VF-51 remained partnered with its sister squadron, VF-111, also flying the F-14. This cruise, originally slated to end in early December 1979, was extended by Presidential direction during the Kitty Hawk Battle Group's final port call in the Philippines in late November 1979 as a result of the seizure of the American Embassy in Iran the same month and the subsequent Iranian Hostage Crisis. Both squadrons participated in the preparatory efforts to rescue American hostages in Iran, frequently intercepting both Iranian and Soviet aircraft in the region, but departing the Indian Ocean in February 1980 and turning responsibilities over to the Battle Group and its embarked Carrier Air Wing 8 with VF-41 and VF-84 prior to execution of Operation Eagle Claw. For this 1979–1980 deployment, VF-51 was awarded the Battle E as the top fighter squadron in the Pacific Fleet.
1980s
During their 1981 cruise, on 7 September; NL-106 (One of VF-51's aircraft) was struck by an NL-306, an A-7E Corsair II from VA-22. While both aircraft's crew survived, a deckhand from VF-51 was killed in the accident. After that cruise with the Kitty Hawk, the air wing moved to the East coast for a short period of time, flying from the newly introduced from March to October 1983 as the ship transited to its new homeport of NAS Alameda, California and assignment to the Pacific Fleet.
VF-51 is credited to be the first F-14 squadron to intercept Soviet Tu-22M (Tu-26) Backfire bombers, armed MiG-23 Floggers and Su-15 Flagons using the Tomcat's TCS (Television Camera Sight). The TCS allowed the crew to passively identify a target to determine if it was hostile or not.
During the 1986–1987 cruise with USS Carl Vinson, VF-51 conducted operations in the Bering Sea during the winter. In February 1990, USS Carl Vinson conducted operations in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. VF-51 and VF-111 took part in several exercises with regional air forces, including Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. The air wing returned home on 29 July.
1990s
Original Navy plans saw VF-51 and VF-111 becoming the first deployable squadrons to transition to the F-14D Super Tomcat, however these plans were cancelled in December 1991. After moving back to the Kitty Hawk with CVW-15, VF-51 participated in RIMPAC 1992 between June and July 1992. The squadron along with the rest of CVW-15 left on their 1992 WESTPAC cruise on 3 November 1992.
After relieving the USS Ranger CV-61 and CVW-2 on 18 December, VF-51 and the rest of the air wing took up station off the coast of Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope. After an Iraqi MiG-25 was shot down by a USAF F-16D, on 27 December 1992, the VF-51 and CVW-15 were ordered to the Persian Gulf. By 1 January, the squadron as well as other CVW-15 assets had flown a total of 51 CAP missions. On 13 January 1993, VF-51 along with VF-111 together contributed four of their F-14As as escort for an air strike targeting SAM sites in Southern Iraq. After turning over to CVW-9 and the USS Nimitz CVN-68 on 18 March, VF-51 returned on 3 May 1993.
VF-51 and CVW-15 began their final deployment on 24 June 1994. Originally slated to be another Southern Watch deployment, the Air Wing was diverted to the Korean Peninsula in light of the Nuclear crisis and the recent death of North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung. On 11 July 1994, NL-102 (An F-14A assigned to VF-51) struck the back deck of the Kitty Hawk while landing in stormy seas and split into two pieces. Both the Pilot and RIO ejected from the fireball but the Pilot landed into the flames. Despite this, he survived although he received severe burns. Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton visited the ship on 15 October to award those who saved the pilot's life. VF-51 arrived back from their last cruise on 22 December 1994. On 31 March 1995, the squadron was decommissioned.
Role in the Top Gun franchise
In 1985, VF-51 was one of several NAS Miramar based squadrons to participate in the filming of Top Gun. Some VF-51 and VF-111 aircraft were repainted in fictitious squadron markings for the film. To be able to film the sequences, the F-14s were fitted with cameras mounted in pods attached to the underbelly Phoenix pallets and the under wing pylons, as well as using ground mounted cameras. After filming wrapped, one of the VF-51 aircraft used in filming (BuNo 160694) was sent to the USS Lexington Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas, where it is currently displayed in the markings applied to it during the making of the movie. Late in the film, Tom Skerritt's character mentions that he flew with VF-51 off with the main character's father, and several VF-51 pilots appear in the film credits. VF-51 never flew F-4s off Oriskany, as the Phantom was too large for that carrier; VF-51 begin to fly F-4 Phantom since 1971 on CV-43 Coral Sea. There may be some plausibility in the claim, as VF-51 were flying F-8s off the Oriskany during the 1965 cruise, the year mentioned in the photo shown by Maverick earlier in the film.
In the sequel Top Gun: Maverick, the character Robert "Bob" Floyd (a NFO, Topgun graduate and mission candidate) is shown with "VFA-51" insignia and helmet bag. This is a fictitious tribute to the squadron due to VF-51 being disestablished instead of transitioning to the F/A-18.
See also
History of the United States Navy
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
References
External links
VF-51 History
VF-51 Screaming Eagles History (Dead link)
VF-51
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-51 |
Cotonou Cadjehoun Airport is an airport in the Cadjehoun neighborhood of Cotonou, the largest city in Benin, in West Africa. The airport is the largest in the country, and as such, is the primary entry point into the country by air, with flights to Africa and Europe.
The airport is named after cardinal Bernardin Gantin.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Cargo
Statistics
Accidents and incidents
UTA Flight 141: On 25 December 2003, the airplane crashed in the Bight of Benin, killing 151 of the 163 occupants, most of them Lebanese.
Replacement
In 1974, it was decided to move the operations of the Cotonou international airport to a new facility in Glo-Djigbé. Lack of funding quickly stopped the project.
Plans were revived in 2011, and President Yayi Boni presided at a ceremonial start to the construction of the new airport, using South African funding. Construction on the new facility appears to have stalled again.
Meanwhile, improvements to the Cotonou airport were initiated.
References
External links
Cotonou airport – Cotonou airport website
OurAirports – Cotonou
Airports in Benin
Buildings and structures in Cotonou | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadjehoun%20Airport |
Courage () is Malaysian Chinese Mandopop artist Fish Leong's second studio album. It was released on 2 August 2000 by Rock Records.
The tracks "If There Was A Day" and "Courage" are listed at number 9 and 47 respectively on Hit FM Taiwan's Annual Top 100 Singles Chart for 2000.
Track listing
"勇氣" Yong Qi (Courage)
"如果有一天" Ru Guo You Yi Tian (If There Was A Day)
"半個月亮" Ban Ge Yue Liang (Half A Moon)
"沒有水的游泳池" Mei You Shui De You Yong Chi (A Pool Without Water)
"最爛的理由" Zui Lan De Li You (The Worst Excuse)
"愛你不是兩三天" Ai Ni Bu Shi Liang San Tian (Loving You Isn't Just Three Days)
"愛計較" Ai Ji Jiao (Care About Love)
"昨天" Zuo Tian (Yesterday)
"多数是晴天" Duo Shu De Qing Tian (Mostly Sunny)
"最后" Zui Hou (Finally)
References
2000 albums
Fish Leong albums
Rock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage%20%28Fish%20Leong%20album%29 |
In turbocharged internal combustion engines, a boost controller is a device sometimes used to increase the boost pressure produced by the turbocharger. It achieves this by reducing the boost pressure seen by the wastegate.
Operation
The purpose of a boost controller is to reduce the boost pressure seen by the wastegate's reference port, in order to trick the wastegate into allowing higher boost pressures than it was designed for.
Many boost controllers use a needle valve that is opened and closed by an electric solenoid. By varying the pulse width to the solenoid, the solenoid valve can be commanded to be open a certain percentage of the time. This effectively alters the flow rate of air pressure through the valve, changing the amount of air that is bled out instead of going to the wastegate's reference port. Solenoids may require small diameter restrictors be installed in the air control lines to limit airflow and even out the on/off nature of their operation. Two-port solenoid bleed systems with a PID controller tend to be common on factory turbocharged cars.
An alternative design is to use a stepper motor. These designs allow fine control of airflow based on position and speed of the motor, but may have low total airflow capability. Some systems use a solenoid in conjunction with a stepper motor, with the stepper motor allowing fine control and the solenoid coarse control.
Control system
Most modern designs are electronic boost controllers that use an electronic control unit to control the boost via a solenoid or stepper motor. The operating principle is the same as older manual boost controllers, which is to control the air pressure presented to the wastegate actuator. Electronic controllers add greater flexibility in management of boost pressures, compared with the manual controllers.
The actuation of an electronic boost controller can be managed by one of two control systems:
Open-loop is the simpler option, where control output is merely based on other inputs such as throttle angle and/or engine speed (RPM). Since an open-loop system does not include any monitoring of boost pressure, the boost pressure may vary based on outside variables (such as weather conditions or engine coolant temperature). For this reason, open-loop systems are less common.
Closed-loop systems rely on feedback from a manifold pressure sensor to maintain a target boost pressure as closely as possible. These systems are more sophisticated and can more accurately control boost pressure under varying circumstances.
Advantages
By keeping the wastegate in a closed position more often, a boost controller causes more of the exhaust gas to be routed through the turbocharger, thus reducing turbo lag and lowering the boost threshold.
Disadvantages
Regardless of the effectiveness of the boost controller, wastegate actuator springs that are too soft can cause the wastegate to open before desired. This due to the exhaust gas backpressure pushing against the wastegate valve itself, causing the valve to open of the actuator at all. Therefore, there is an upper limit to the effectiveness of a boost controller for a given spring stiffness in the wastegate actuator.
To prevent excessive boost pressures in the event of a failure, the boost controller needs to be designed such that failure mode do not result in any pressure being bled off. For instance, a solenoid-type boost controller should direct all air to the wastegate when it is in the non-energized position (the common failure mode for a solenoid). Otherwise, the boost controller could get stuck in a position that lets no boost pressure reach the wastegate, causing boost to quickly rise out of control.
Also, the electronic systems, extra hoses, solenoids and control systems add cost and complexity. Nonetheless, in recent times most automobile manufacturers use boost controllers on their turbocharged engines.
Alternatives
In the past, boost pressures have been controlled by restricting or bleeding off some intake air before it reaches the intake manifold. Designs which restrict the intake air can use a butterfly valve in the intake to restrict airflow as desired boost is approached. Designs which bleed off the intake air functioned similar to a blowoff valve, but on a constant basis to maintain the desired boost pressure. These methods are rarely used in modern system due to the large sacrifices in efficiency, heat, and reliability.
Variable geometry turbocharger can be used to manage boost levels, negating the need for an external boost controller. Also, the wastegate itself has a similar function to a boost controller, in that it is used to manage the turbocharger's boost pressure.
References
Automotive engine technologies
Turbochargers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost%20controller |
The Second City Saints was an American professional wrestling stable in Ring of Honor, consisting of CM Punk, Colt Cabana and Ace Steel, consisting of all three members representing Chicago, Illinois. They were also managed sporadically by Lucy and Traci Brooks.
The group was formed in 2003 and would feud with Raven, The Prophecy and Generation Next before CM Punk left ROH to wrestle in World Wrestling Entertainment in August 2005. Following Punk's departure, Cabana and Steel teamed together one other time as the Second City Saints, when they competed in a losing effort against Jimmy Rave and Sal Rinauro of The Embassy. Second City Saints enjoyed huge championship success in ROH as Punk held the ROH World Championship once and Punk and Cabana won the Tag Team Championship twice.
History
Ring of Honor
Formation (2003)
At Expect The Unexpected on March 15, 2003, CM Punk began feuding with the debuting Raven over the former's straight edge lifestyle and the latter's alcohol and drug addiction, leading to Punk defeating Raven in a Raven's Rules match. The following week, at Night of Champions, Punk teamed with his trainer Ace Steel to take on Raven and Colt Cabana, another trainee of Steel and Punk's former tag team partner in the independent circuit. Raven and Cabana won the match but Cabana turned on Raven after the match and joined Punk and Steel to form a stable called The Second City Saints, based on the trio all belonging to Chicago, Illinois. This would plant the seeds of a lengthy violent feud between Punk and Raven throughout the year and the group would get embroiled in the feud.
At Retribution: Round Robin Challenge II, Punk introduced his on-screen girlfriend Lucy Fer as the trio's newest valet. Also, at the event, Steel and Cabana defeated Da Hit Squad in the latter team's last match as a tag team. At Do or Die, Punk and Cabana won a four-way Scramble match. The group's feud with Raven resumed at Night of the Grudges on June 14 when Raven returned to ROH after a three-month absence and teamed with B. J. Whitmer to take on Punk and Cabana in a no disqualification match, which Punk and Cabana won. At Wrestlerave '03, Punk and Cabana defeated the team of Christopher Daniels and Raven. Punk would then defeat Raven in a dog collar match at Death Before Dishonor. At Wrath of the Racket, Steel and Cabana defeated Alex Shelley and Jimmy Jacobs in a tag team match. After the event, Lucy was mysteriously attacked backstage by an unknown assailant while Punk was on a tour to Japan. After Punk's feud with Raven concluded in a steel cage match at The Conclusion, the Second City Saints began feuding with The Prophecy as Punk suspected Prophecy to be Lucy's assailants in order to maintain their spot as ROH's top group. This was in done in actuality to explain Lucy's departure from ROH.
The feud continued the following night at War of the Wire where Prophecy leader Christopher Daniels refused to provide any information on Lucy's disappearance which led to Punk attacking him. At Final Battle, Second City Saints attacked Prophecy and threatened to kill Allison Danger if Punk was not provided any information about Lucy's disappearance. Dan Maff swore on his father's grave that Prophecy was not behind the attack until Daniels revealed that B. J. Whitmer was the assailant which further fueled the feud between the two groups. Later at the event, Punk and Cabana defeated Turmeric Storm (Kazushi Miyamoto and Tomoaki Honma) in a tag team match.
Tag Team Champions (2004)
At The Battle Lines Are Drawn on January 10, 2004, Traci Brooks joined the Second City Saints as the group's newest valet. Later at the event, the Second City Saints took on The Prophecy's Christopher Daniels, B. J. Whitmer and Dan Maff in a six-man tag team match. After knocking out Whitmer and Maff, the Saints injured Daniels as Steel and Cabana assisted Punk in delivering a Pepsi Plunge to Daniels off the top rope onto a table. With Daniels' absence, the feud continued between Saints and Prophecy as Steel and Cabana took on Whitmer and Maff in a tag team match at At Our Best. The match ended in a no contest after a brawl broke out as Whitmer and Maff hit Steel and Cabana with chairs and severely injured them.
Punk's World Championship reign and dissolution (2005–2006)
IWA Mid-South (2004)
World Wrestling Entertainment (2007–2008)
All three teammates were signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (with CM Punk being a member of the ECW brand and Ace Steel and Colt Cabana wrestling in Ohio Valley Wrestling) until February 4, 2008, when Steel was released. Cabana and Punk remained signed and briefly reunited the Saints at the final OVW show promoted under the WWE developmental banner. Punk wrestled for WWE until January 2014, when he left the company and stayed away from professional wrestling for the next 7 years, until August 20, 2021, when he made a return arriving in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). Cabana was previously a member of WWE's Smackdown roster under the name Scotty Goldman, however he was released in 2009 . He and Punk were also seen working out together prior to WrestleMania on a WWE.com feature.
In 2004, Ring of Honor released Chicago's Elite: The Best of the Second City Saints.
At the 2011 Money in the Bank, there was an unofficial reunion of the group. Both Cabana and Steel were seating front row in support of Punk who was facing John Cena for the WWE Championship in the main event. Cabana and Steele were shown on camera multiple times.
Championships and accomplishments
Ring of Honor
ROH Tag Team Championship (2 times) – CM Punk and Colt Cabana
ROH World Championship (1 time) – CM Punk
References
Independent promotions teams and stables
Ring of Honor teams and stables | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20City%20Saints |
Subsets and Splits
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