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Jason Raye Avant (born April 20, 1983) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at Michigan and was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft.
Avant has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers and Kansas City Chiefs.
Early years
Avant attended Carver Military Academy in Chicago, Illinois, graduating in 2002. He spent his freshman year of high school in Decatur, IL at MacArthur High School. While in high school at Carver, Avant played both on defense, as a free safety, and offense, as a wide receiver. He set school records for receptions (148), receiving yards (2,150), touchdowns (37), and interceptions (18). After his senior season, he was named a High School All-American at free safety. He played in the 2002 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.
College career
At the University of Michigan, Avant played as a wide receiver and on special teams. He played sparingly as a freshman, but as a sophomore emerged as the Wolverines' number-two receiver, behind Braylon Edwards. During his sophomore season in 2003, Avant caught 47 passes for 772 yards. As a junior, he was the team's second leading receiver. In his senior year, Avant led the team in receptions (82), receiving yards (1,007), and receiving touchdowns (eight).
In his final two seasons, Avant was named as a candidate for the Fred Biletnikoff Award, given to the nation's top receiver. After his senior season, he was named an honorable mention All-American and was given the Bo Schembechler Award as Michigan's most valuable player.
Professional career
Philadelphia Eagles
Avant was drafted in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles. The Eagles traded a sixth round draft pick and tackle Artis Hicks to the Minnesota Vikings for the pick used to take Avant. In a post-draft interview, Eagles head coach Andy Reid said Avant "has great hands, toughness, leadership; he's very intelligent and a good route runner." Scouting reports projected him as a consistent possession receiver who lacked the speed to be a deep threat.
As a part of the Eagles crowded receiving corps, Avant saw limited playing time with the offense in his rookie season. He had his best performance—four receptions for forty yards and one touchdown—in the final game of the season, while the Eagles rested their starters for the playoffs.
After the 2009 season, in which he set new career-highs in all three categories with 41 receptions for 587 yards and 3 touchdowns, Avant was named to the USA Today All-Joe Team for his stellar play in the slot position. 32 of Avant's 37 catches on third down resulted in a first down.
He was re-signed to a five-year contract on March 8, 2010. He was named the Eagles' Ed Block Courage Award recipient for 2010.
Avant was released from the Philadelphia Eagles on March 4, 2014. The move was unanticipated and came shortly after re-signing Riley Cooper and Jeremy Maclin.
Carolina Panthers
On April 7, 2014, Avant signed a one-year deal with the Carolina Panthers. In week 2 against the Detroit Lions, Avant scored his first touchdown with the Panthers in a 24-7 win, finishing the game with five catches for 54 yards as well. It was Cam Newton's first touchdown pass of the season as he had not played in week 1.
On November 18, 2014, Avant was released by the Panthers. Coach Ron Rivera stated that Avant was released to allow more opportunities for rookie receiver Philly Brown.
Kansas City Chiefs
Avant signed with the Kansas City Chiefs in November 2014, reuniting him with his former Eagles coach Andy Reid. He finished the 2014 season with 34 receptions, 352 yards and only 1 TD. On March 13, 2015, he re-signed with the Chiefs.
In Avant's 2015 season, he recorded only 15 catches for 119 yards for zero touchdowns. Avant was held without a catch 9 out of the 16 games he played. Avant had his best game of the season in a Divisional Playoff loss to the New England Patriots, having 4 receptions for 69 yards.
Personal life
Avant is an avid Scrabble player. During Chris Berman's "Fastest Three Minutes" he referred to him as Jason "You Can't Always Get What" Avant. Avant and his wife, Stacy, live in Clementon, New Jersey. He is the son of Jerry Avant and Claudette Patrick. His brother, Edwon Simmons, was a baseball player, who was drafted by Baltimore Orioles and was a safety at San Diego State. He is now a talent scout for a sports agency in Chicago.
Avant is a Christian. Avant has spoken about his faith saying "I devoted my life to Jesus Christ on May 4, 2003. It was a day when, if you can imagine it, your eyes are opened to a whole different light. On that day, I had a consciousness of God that I never really had before. It’s sort of like being in darkness, but you finally start to see. I realized that day that all of the stuff that I learned growing up was backwards, according to the Scripture. It was the day that changed my life. I started realizing that I had a purpose, and every thought from that day on went through a filter of Jesus Christ first. Before I can make a decision I have to think, ʻWould it be pleasing to God?’".
As of 2017, Avant opened up and runs Launch, a trampoline park in Deptford Township, New Jersey.
See also
Lists of Michigan Wolverines football receiving leaders
List of athletes from Chicago
References
External links
Carolina Panthers bio
Philadelphia Eagles bio
1983 births
American football wide receivers
African-American Christians
American Ninja Warrior contestants
Carolina Panthers players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Living people
Michigan Wolverines football players
People from Clementon, New Jersey
Players of American football from Camden County, New Jersey
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Chicago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Avant |
Johanna ("Ans") Schut (born 26 November 1944) is a former ice speed skater from the Netherlands.
Ans Schut had her best year in 1968 when, after winning silver at the World Allround Championships, she became Olympic Champion on the 3,000 m at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble. Her time of 4:56.2 (a new Olympic record) was an excellent time those days and she won well ahead of Finnish skater Kaija Mustonen and Dutch compatriot Stien Kaiser, the 3,000 m world record holder at the time.
In 1969, Schut won silver at the European Allround Championships and bronze at the World Allround Championships. That year, she also skated five world records. The next two years, she fell a few times during international championships (although she did manage to win bronze at the World Allround Championships in 1970). In 1971 she ended her speed skating career, got married, and changed her last name to Boekema-Schut. She has three children.
Records
Over the course of her career, Schut skated 5 world records and 8 Dutch records:
Honors
On 14 May 2021, Jovian asteroid 43436 Ansschut, discovered by astronomers with the American LINEAR survey in 2000, was in her honor.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bal, Rien and Van Dijk, Rob. Schaatskampioenen, alles over het seizoen 68–69. Amsterdam: N.V. Het Parool, 1969.
Bijlsma, Hedman with Tom Dekkers; Arie van Erk; Gé du Maine; Hans Niezen; Nol Terwindt and Karel Verbeek. Schaatsseizoen '96–'97: 25e Jaargang 1996–1997, statistische terugblik. Assen, the Netherlands: Stichting Schaatsseizoen, 1997. ISSN 0922-9582.
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 – 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
Froger, Fred R. Winnaars op de schaats, Een Parool Sportpocket. Amsterdam: N.V. Het Parool, 1968.
Koomen, Theo. 10 Jaar Topschaatsen. Laren(NH), the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Luitingh, 1971. .
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1964. Deventer, the Netherlands, 1964.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1965. Deventer, the Netherlands, 1965.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1966, alles over het hardrijden op de schaats. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1966.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1967/68, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1967.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1968/69, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Amsterdam, Drukkerij Dico, 1968.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1969–'70, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Ede, the Netherlands, 1969.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1970–'71, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Schaatsjaarboek, 1970.
Kleine, Jan. Schaatsjaarboek 1971–'72, alles over het hardrijden op de lange baan. Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Schaatsjaarboek, 1971.
Maaskant, Piet. Flitsende Ijzers, De geschiedenis van de schaatssport. Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1967 (2nd revised and extended edition).
Maaskant, Piet. Heya, Heya! Het nieuwe boek van de Schaatssport. Zwolle, the Netherlands: La Rivière & Voorhoeve, 1970.
Peereboom, Klaas. Van Jaap Eden tot Ard Schenk. Baarn, the Netherlands: De Boekerij, 1972. .
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 – 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
Van Eyle, Wim. Een Eeuw Nederlandse Schaatssport. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, 1982. .
External links
Ans Schut at SkateResults.com
1944 births
Living people
Dutch female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Speed skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands
Sportspeople from Apeldoorn
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1968 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century Dutch women
20th-century Dutch women
20th-century Dutch people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans%20Schut |
George Minor (December 7, 1845, Richmond, Virginia - January 30, 1904, Richmond, Virginia) was an American composer. Minor attended a military academy in Richmond, and served during the American Civil War as Chief of Ordnance and Hydrography of the Confederate States Navy. After the war, he went into the music field, teaching at singing schools and conducting at musical conventions. He helped found the Hume-Minor Company, which made pianos and organs. A member of the First Baptist Church of Richmond, Minor was the Sunday school superintendent there.
Works
His works include:
Golden Light No. 1, 1879
Golden Light No. 2
Golden Light No. 3, 1884
Standard Songs, 1896
The Rosebud
Music:
Bringing In the Sheaves
References
American male composers
American composers
Confederate States Navy officers
1845 births
1904 deaths
19th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Minor |
Deanna Kirk is an American jazz singer-songwriter based in New York City.
Career
Kirk has released one live jazz album, Live at Deanna's, as well as a studio album, Marianna Trench, which featured original songs and covers of songs by Leonard Cohen and Sandy Denny. Billboard magazine featured her on their front page as the flagship artist at Blackbird Recording Company. She was featured in People magazine, the New York Times, Time Out, and New York magazine.
Kirk wrote and recorded a second studio album, Where Are You Now for Blackbird/Elektra. She toured North America with Jane Siberry.
She has written and recorded songs for film and television soundtracks. Her music has been featured in the television shows as Felicity and Hyperion Bay and on the movie soundtracks Down to You (2000) and Me Myself I (2000).
Personal life
Kirk was born in Manhattan and grew up in Freeport, Long Island. Her father, David, is a retired Navy Captain and architect and her mother, Anna Maria, teaches voice and performs around the New York region. Kirk is a concert-level pianist and her two sisters are both multi-instrumentalists.
Discography
Live at Deanna's (Atlantic, 1994)
Marianna Trench (Blackbird, 1996)
Where Are You Now? (Blackbird, 1997)
Beautyway (Deanna Kirk, 2002)
Lost in Languid Love Songs (Deanna Kirk, 2013)
References
External links
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women jazz singers
American jazz singers
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanna%20Kirk |
Krossen is a village in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located in the Mandalen valley, on the western shore of the river Mandalselva, about north of the town of Mandal and about south of the village of Øyslebø.
The village (also known as Holum) was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Holum which existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. Holum Church, built in 1825, is located in Krossen.
The village has a population (2019) of 620 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Lindesnes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krossen |
Betye Irene Saar (born July 30, 1926) is an African American artist known for her work in the medium of assemblage. Saar is a visual storyteller and an accomplished printmaker. Saar was a part of the Black Arts Movement in the 1970s, which engaged myths and stereotypes about race and femininity. Her work is considered highly political, as she challenged negative ideas about African Americans throughout her career; Saar is best known for her art work that critiques American racism toward Blacks.
Personal life
Betye Saar was born Betye Irene Brown on July 30, 1926, to Jefferson Maze Brown and Beatrice Lillian Parson in Los Angeles, California. Both parents attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where they met. Saar spent her early years in Los Angeles. After her father's death in 1931, Saar and her mother, brother, and sister moved in with her paternal grandmother, Irene Hannah Maze, in the Watts neighborhood in Los Angeles. The family then moved to Pasadena, California, to live with Saar's maternal great-aunt Hatte Parson Keys and her husband Robert E. Keys.
Growing up, Saar collected various ephemera and regularly created and repaired objects. Her college education began with art classes at Pasadena City College and continued at the University of California, Los Angeles after she received a tuition award from an organization that raised funds to send minority students to universities. Saar received a B.A. in design in 1947. She went on to graduate studies at California State University, Long Beach, University of Southern California, California State University, Northridge, and American Film Institute. During her time in graduate school, she married Richard Saar and gave birth to three daughters: Tracye, Alison and Lezley Saar.
Artistic career
Early work
Saar started her adult life as a social worker and then later pursued her passion in art. She began her graduate education in 1958, originally working towards a career in teaching design. However, a printmaking class she took as an elective changed the direction of her artistic interests. She described printmaking as her "segue from design into fine arts."
In Saar's early work she collected racist imagery and continued throughout her career. She was inspired to create assemblages by a 1967 exhibition by found object sculptor, Joseph Cornell. She was also greatly influenced by Simon Rodia's Watts Towers, which she witnessed being built in her childhood. Saar said that she was "fascinated by the materials that Simon Rodia used, the broken dishes, sea shells, rusty tools, even corn cobs—all pressed into cement to create spires. To me, they were magical."
In oral history interviews, Saar later recalled seeing extensive African, Oceanic and Egyptian art on a visit to the Field Museum in Chicago as being "an important step in my development as an artist ... They had rooms and rooms of it. I had never seen that much.” She found the robe of an African chief especially meaningful.
She began to create work that consisted of found objects arranged within boxes or windows, with items that drew from various cultures to reflect her own mixed ancestry: African American, Irish, and Native American.
Rejection of white feminism and reclaiming the black female body
Saar was raised by her Aunt Hattie, who influenced her identity as a Black woman. Saar described her great-aunt as a woman with dignity and poise, which impacted her depiction of the Black female body. This impact is evident in a work Saar dedicated to her great-aunt titled Record For Hattie, 1972. Saar's rejection of white feminism initially pushed her artistic focus on the Black male but in the 1970s she shifted her focus to the Black female body. Record For Hattie is a mixed media assemblage made from an antique jewelry box. Inside the top of the jewelry box is a broken picture frame containing a faded picture of a woman, representing her Aunt Hattie. Surrounding the picture frame rose materials are sewn along with a red and white star and crescent moon pendent. In the bottom of the jewelry box there is a metal cross on the right side, a red leather wallet in the middle, on top is an image of child, and on the left there are sewing materials. During the 1970s Saar responded to the racism, fetishization, and eroticization of the Black female body by reclaiming the Black female body. Saar's work resisted the artistic style of primitivism, as well as the white feminist movement that refused to address issues of race. Saar's work is a result of the convergence of Black power, spirituality and mysticism, and feminism, as seen in Black Girl's Window, 1969. Black Girl's Window is an assemblage piece made from an old window, in which the painted silhouette of a girl presses her face and hands against the pane. Above her head are nine smaller window panes arranged three by three, which display various symbols and images, including moons and stars, a howling wolf, a sketched skeleton, an eagle with the word "love" across its chest, and a tintype woman.
In the 1960s, Saar began collecting images of Aunt Jemima, Uncle Tom, Little Black Sambo, and other stereotyped African American figures from folk culture and advertising of the Jim Crow era. She incorporated them into collages and assemblages, transforming them into statements of political and social protest. The Liberation of Aunt Jemima is one of her most notable works from this era. In this mixed-media assemblage, Saar utilized the stereotypical mammy figure of Aunt Jemima to subvert traditional notions of race and gender. "It's like they abolished slavery but they kept Black people in the kitchen as Mammy jars," Saar says of what drove her to make the piece. "I had this Aunt Jemima, and I wanted to put a rifle and a grenade under her skirts. I wanted to empower her. I wanted to make her a warrior. I wanted people to know that Black people wouldn't be enslaved by that."
Saar's assemblage is laid inside of a shoebox-sized frame, plastered with Aunt Jemima advertisements. A caricatured sculpture of Aunt Jemima presents a notepad with a photograph of a Mammy with a white baby depicted. The Aunt Jemima sculpture holds a broom and a rifle, subverting her happy servant and caregiver stereotype by way of a militant alter ego who demands her own agency and power. A large, clenched fist, echoing the Black power symbol, is collaged over and partially obscuring the Mammy photograph, recognizing the aggressive and radical means used by African American activists in the 1970s to fight for their rights. Aunt Jemima is liberated through transformation from a racist domestic caricature into an image of Black power.
Although Saar considers herself to be a feminist, she avoids referring to her artwork as such. Instead, Saar prefers to emphasize the elements of cross-culturalism and spirituality that are present in her pieces. During the early 1970s, Saar endured racism within the context of the white feminist arts movement. These experiences caused her to become interested in promoting a Black consciousness that was distinct from the Black power politics of the era. Saar's autobiographical representations of Black womanhood are not erotic and do not represent the body in an explicit manner; therefore, they exemplify a resistance to imaging the Black body. This resistance suggests her rejection of white feminism and her rejection of the "feminine aesthetic" that is determined by white feminists and grounded in female sexuality.
Saar was supported as an artist-in-residence in Adelaide, South Australia, by the Women's Art Movement there in the 1970s or 1980s.
Assemblage and installation
Saar's lifelong habit of scouring flea markets and yard sales deepened her exposure to the many racial stereotypes and demeaning depictions of Blacks to be found among the artifacts of American commercial and consumer culture, such as advertisements, marketing materials, knickknacks, sheet music, and toys. Three years later, she produced a series of more than twenty pieces that, in her own words, "exploded the myth" of such imagery, beginning with her seminal portrait of Aunt Jemima. In the 1970s, Saar moved on to explore ritual and tribal objects from Africa as well as items from African American folk traditions. In boxed assemblages, she combined shamanistic tribal fetishes with images and objects intended to evoke the magical and the mystical. When her great-aunt died in 1974, Saar acquired family memorabilia and created a series of more personal and intimate assemblages that incorporated nostalgic mementos of her great-aunt's life. She arranged old photographs, letters, lockets, dried flowers, and handkerchiefs in shrine-like boxes to suggest memory, loss, and the passage of time. This became a body of work she referred to as her "nostalgic series."
In 1977, Saar created a piece entitled Spirit Catcher. It was inspired by and looks like a traditional craft item used in rituals, but was personally invented by her. She claims that although the object is not authentically sourced, it still has magical qualities. There is a mirror on the top of the artwork that could be interpreted as an evil eye against racism. Saar occasionally utilized organic materials in her work, such as bamboo, skulls, raffia, and rattan, and a few of these materials can be seen in Spirit Catcher. This assemblage piece caused many Los Angeles-based artists of color to see the straw and beads as a way to explore an organic and even mysterious sense of Blackness. Saar and this particular piece were also the subjects of a short television documentary entitled "Spirit Catcher—The Art of Betye Saar," which aired on television in 1978.
In the early 1980s, Saar taught in Los Angeles at UCLA and the Otis Art Institute. In her own work she approached a larger, room-sized scale, and created site-specific installations. These included altar-like shrines exploring the relationship between technology and spirituality, and incorporated her interests in mysticism and Voodoo. Through the pairing of computer chips with mystical amulets and charms, these monumental constructions suggested the need for an alliance of both systems of knowledge: the technical and the spiritual.
Saar continues to live and work in Los Angeles, working primarily in found object sculpture. She has been awarded honorary doctorate degrees by California College of Arts and Crafts, California Institute of the Arts, Massachusetts College of Art, Otis College of Art and Design, and San Francisco Art Institute.
As of 2016, she celebrated her work with a couple parties and a solo show of new work at Roberts and Tilton Gallery (now Roberts Projects).
The Liberation of Aunt Jemima
Betye Saar's 1972 artwork The Liberation of Aunt Jemima was inspired by a knick knack she found of Aunt Jemima although it seems like a painting, it is a three dimensional mixed media assemblage 11 3/4" x 8" x 3/4". The journal Blacks in Higher Education states that "her painting offered a detailed history of the Black experience in America". Saar shows Aunt Jemima exaggerated in every way by stereotypes. She wears a large exaggerated colored dress, along with a bright checkered head piece. Her skin is depicted as really Black, her eyes are large bulging out of her head. Her lips are large and highlighted with red color. She draws out the stereotype of being Black. Holding a broom in one hand showing they were only good for cleaning. The woman also stands on cotton representing slavery. The Woman's Art Journal states: "African American artists as diverse as Betye Saar reclaim and explore their identity. ‘Not good enough’ and ‘But good enough to serve.’" While the piece shows the Aunt Jemima holding a cleaning tool in her right hand, it also shows her holding a rifle in her left. This allows Saar to establish a visual connection between Aunt Jemima and the concept of resistance. By doing so, Aunt Jemima is depicted as being a powerful figure who commands the attention and respect of the viewers. Angela Davis has said the work launched the Black women's movement.
In her 2016 article "Influences" for Frieze, Saar explains directly about some of her artistic choices in the piece: "I found a little Aunt Jemima mammy figure, a caricature of a Black slave, like those later used to advertise pancakes. She had a broom in one hand and, on the other side, I gave her a rifle. In front of her, I placed a little postcard, of a mammy with a mulatto child, which is another way Black women were exploited during slavery. I used the derogatory image to empower the Black woman by making her a revolutionary, like she was rebelling against her past enslavement."
In the book Parodise of Ownership by Richard Schur states, "Saar deployed Aunt Jemima's image to promote cultural nationalism during the 1960s and 1970s[…] sought to correct the injustice done by over one hundred years of stereotyped advertising and depicts Aunt Jemima in an angry, defiant, and/ or rebellious poses." She wanted to promote support for political independence and break stereotypes used to describe Black women. The artwork was originally inspired by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
In "The Women's Art Journal Betye Saar: Extending the Frozen Monument", James Cristen Steward states: "Against the backdrop of pancake packaging is a grinning popped-eye 'Mammy" with a broom in one hand and a rifle in the other. In the foreground another vintage caricature of a jaunty, almost flirtatious Mammy, one arm balancing a willing white child against her corset hourglass waste she simply allows the derogatory images to speak for themselves". The broom symbolizes the domesticity that Black women were forced to occupy jobs in serving, confining them to specific places. White people's perspective on Black women was that they were only good for serving others. She portrays through her art the two representations of Black women, how stereotypes portray them, defeminizing and desexualizing them and reality. Saar's intention for having the stereotype of the mammy holding a rifle to symbolize that Black women are strong and can endure anything, a representation of a warrior. Saar has stated, that "the reasoning behind this decision is to empower Black women and not let the narrative of a white person determine how a Black women should view herself".
Film
In 1971, Saar created a film entitled Colored Spade. Following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, Saar began to work with the racist images of Black individuals that had become so popular in American culture. Saar decided to compile such images into a film that was based on the song from the musical Hair called "Colored Spade," which contains a list of derogatory terms for African Americans. The film depicts a montage of caricatured images from the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century culture, such as sheet music, comics, and food containers. Many of these images are animated by camera movements, zooms, and rapid cutting. Eventually, the images of Black individuals are replaced by images of racist organizations, which all culminate into a photograph of a white policeman. Saar zooms in on this image until the focus is lost, and then zooms out to reveal prominent figures from the Civil Rights movement, such as Dr. King and Angela Davis. This recontextualization of racist culture allows the issue to serve as evidence of white prejudice as opposed to Black degeneracy.
Political activism
In the late 1960s, her focus turned to the civil rights movement and issues of race. Black women artists such as Faith Ringgold, Betye Saar, Adrian Piper, Howardena Pindell, and Barbara Chase-Riboud explored the African American identities and actively rejected art world racism, while simultaneously being drawn to the cause of women's liberation.
Saar, in her artistic journey through various artistic and activist communities from Black nationalist to Black feminist and womanist, maintained a "mobile of identity" that permitted her to interact freely with each group. Saar met with other Black women artists at Suzanne Jackson's Gallery 32 in 1970. The resulting group show was titled Sapphire (You've Come a Long Way, Baby). This was likely the first contemporary African American women's exhibition in California, and included watercolorist Sue Irons, printmaker Yvonne Cole Meo, painter Suzanne Jackson, pop artist Eileen Abdulrashid, Gloria Bohanon, and Saar.
When asked about the politics behind her art in a 2015 interview with writer Shelley Leopold, Saar stated, "I don't know how politics can be avoided. If you happen to be a young Black male, your parents are terrified that you're going to be arrested—if they hang out with a friend, are they going to be considered a gang? That kind of fear is one you have to pay attention to. It's not comfortable living in the United States. I'm born in Los Angeles, with middle class parents and so I never really had to be in a situation that tense. My grandmother lived in Watts and it's still really poor down there. People just do the best they can."
Letter campaign
In the late 1990s, Saar was a recognizable and vocal critic of artist Kara Walker's work. Kara Walker created artworks that some scholars said exhibited "the psychological dimension of stereotypes and the obscenity of the American racial unconscious". Walker's controversial works included Gone, An Historical Romance of a Civil War as it Occurred Between the Dusky Thighs of One Young Negress and Her Heart (1994), and The End of Uncle Tom and Grand Allegorical Tableau of Eva in Heaven (1995). The shocking images, her supporters said, challenged racist and stereotypical images of African Americans by offering stark images of the degradation of African Americans. Other critics, such as Saar and Howardena Pindell, disagreed with Walker's approach and believed the artist was reinforcing racism and racist stereotypes of African American life. In an NPR Radio interview, Saar "felt the work of Kara Walker was sort of revolting and negative and a form of betrayal to the slaves, particularly women and children, and that it was basically for the amusement and the investment of the white art establishment". The difference in age between Saar and her contemporaries and Walker can explain the older critics’ reactions to Walker's work. When Walker received the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Genius Award in 1997, Saar wrote letters to people in the art industry, protesting the award and asking, "Are African Americans being betrayed under the guise of art?"
Solo exhibitions
1973 California State University, Los Angeles, California.
1975 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York.
1976 Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut and Monique Knowlton Gallery, New York, New York.
1977 Baun-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California.
1979 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California.
1980 Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, New York.
1981 Baum-Silverman Gallery, Los Angeles, California and Monique Knowlton Gallery, New York, New York.
1982 Quay Gallery, San Francisco, California.
1983 Women's Art Movement, Adelaide, Australia and Canberra School of Art, Canberra Connecticut, Australia.
1984 California, Los Angeles, California and Georgia State University Art Gallery, Atlanta, Georgia.
1987 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1988 Taichung Museum of Art, Taichung, Taiwan.
1989 City Gallery Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand and Art space, Auckland, New Zealand
1990 Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, California.
1991 Objects Gallery, Chicago, Illinois.
1992 The Ritual Journey. Joseloff Gallery, University of Hartford, Connecticut.
1993 Fresno Art Museum, Fresno, California.
1994 Santa Monica Museum of Art, Santa Monica, California.
1996 Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, Iowa and The Palmer Museum of Art, Penn State College, Pennsylvania and de Saisset Museum, Santa Clara, California and Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska.
1997 Tacoma Art Museum, Tacoma, Washington.
1998 Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York, New York and Jan Baum Gallery, Los Angeles, California and California African American Museum, Los Angeles, California.
1999 University of New Mexico Art Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Anderson Ranch Art Center, Snowmass, Colorado and The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan.
2000 Savannah College of Art & Design, Savannah, Georgia and Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New York City, New York.
2002 Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ
2005 University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2006 Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California
2014 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California
2016 Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, Scottsdale, Arizona
2016 Fondazione Prada, Milan Italy
2016 Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, California
2017 Craft and Folk Art Museum (now Craft Contemporary), Los Angeles
2018 Roberts Projects, Culver City, California
2019 New York Historical Society, New York, NY
2019 Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
2019 LACMA, Los Angeles, CA
2020 Morgan Library & Museum, New York, NY
2021 Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas, TX //www.nashersculpturecenter.org/art/exhibitions/exhibition/id/1802?betye-saar-call-and-response
2022 Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami, FL
Awards and honors
1984 and 1974: National Endowment for the Arts Artist Fellowship
1990: 22nd Annual Artist Award, The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York
1990: J. Paul Getty Fund for the Visual Arts Fellowship
1991: Honorary Doctorate Degree: California College of the Arts
1991: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
1992: Honorary Doctorate Degrees: Otis College of Art and Design and San Francisco Art Institute
1992: James Van Der Zee Award, Brandywine Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1993: Distinguished Artist Award, Fresno Art Museum
1995: Honorary Doctorate Degrees: California Institute of the Arts and Massachusetts College of Art
1997: The Visual Artists Award, The Flintridge Foundation, Pasadena, California
2014: Edward MacDowell Medal
2020: Wolfgang-Hahn-Preis Köln
Notable works in public collections
Aries Nymph (1966), University Museum of Contemporary Art, Amherst, Massachusetts
A Siege of Sirens (1966), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Museum of Modern Art, New York
Vision of El Cremo (1967), Palmer Museum of Art, State College, Pennsylvania
Black Girl's Window (1969), Museum of Modern Art, New York
Gris-Gris Box (1972), Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles
The Liberation of Aunt Jemima (1972), Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, California
It's Only A Matter of Time (1974), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
The Time Inbetween (1974), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Indigo Mercy (1975), Studio Museum in Harlem, New York
The Birds and The Beasts Were There (1976), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
Dark Erotic Dream (1976), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
Keep for Old Memoirs (1976), Museum of Modern Art, New York
Samadhi (1977), High Museum of Art, Atlanta
Twilight Awakening (1978), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Window of Ancient Sirens (1979), Studio Museum in Harlem, New York
Dat Ol' Black Magic (1981), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Ball of Fire (1985), Philadelphia Museum of Art
Cryptic Confessions, The Question (1988), Boca Raton Museum of Art, Florida
The Differences Between (1989), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
House of Ancient Memory (1989), Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
La Luz (1989), Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute, Utica, New York
Wishing for Winter (1989), Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
Ancestral Spirit Chair (1992), Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts
Gris Gris Guardian (1990-1993), Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Trickster (1994), National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
Whitey's Way (1970-1996), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Blow Top Blues: The Fire Next Time (1998), Minneapolis Institute of Art and National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
I'll Bend But I Will Not Break (1998), Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Long Memory (1998), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia and Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts
Maid-Rite (Mask Eyes) (1998), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia
Mother and Children in Blue (1998), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Wot's Dat (1998) from the series Workers + Warriors: The Return of Aunt Jemima, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca, New York
Further reading
Paysour, Fleur. "Wonders of the House of Saar." International Review of African American Art vol. 20, no. 3 (2005), pp. 51–3
Willette, Jeanne S. M. "Stitching Lives: Fabric in the Art of Betye Saar." Fiberarts vol. 23 (March/April 1997), pp. 44–81
Van Proyen, M. "A Conversation with Betye and Alison Saar" [interview]. Artweek v. 22 (August 15, 1991) pp. 3+
Etra, John. "Family Ties." ARTnews vol. 90 (May 1991), pp. 128–33.
Saar, Betye, et al. 2005. Betye Saar: Extending the Frozen Moment. Ann Arbor; Berkeley: University of Michigan Museum of Art; University of California Press
Saar, Betye [entry in] Women Artists of Color: A Biocritical Sourcebook to 20th Century Artists in the Americas. Phoebe Farris, ed. Westport, Connecticut: 1999. Pages 333–339. Entry includes biography, selected exhibitions, 41-item bibliography, and biographical essay. Jones, Kellie et al. Now dig this! : art & Black Los Angeles, 1960–1980. 2011 Los Angeles: Hammer Museum, 2011.
Jones, Kellie. South of Pico: African American Artists in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017.
References
External links
Betye Saar at Roberts Projects, Los Angeles, CA
1926 births
Assemblage artists
American contemporary artists
African-American contemporary artists
African-American feminists
American feminists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Living people
American women printmakers
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American printmakers
Activists from California
21st-century American women artists
Artists from Los Angeles
African-American printmakers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betye%20Saar |
Damianópolis is a municipality in eastern Goiás state, Brazil. The population was 3,597 (2007) in a total area of 415.3 km2.
Location
Damianópolis is located to the east of the important BR-020 highway and west of the border with the state of Bahia. Connections with this highway are made by paved road by way of Mambaí.
The distance to Goiânia is 528 km. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / GO-060 / Alexânia / Planaltina / Formosa / GO-020 / BR-030 / Vila Boa / Alvorada do Norte / GO-236 / Buritinópolis / Mambaí / GO-108.
Municipal boundaries are with:
north: Buritinópolis and Mambaí
west: Alvorada do Norte
south: Sítio d'Abadia
Demographics
Population density: 8.44 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Total population in 1980: 3,528
Total population in 2007: 3,507
Urban population: 1,846
Rural population: 1,661
Population growth: -0.08% 1996/2007
Economy
The economy is based on cattle raising (24,400 head in 2006) and agriculture, especially the growing of soybeans and corn.
Industrial units: 0
Retail commercial units: 35
Motor vehicles (Automobiles and pickup trucks): 105 (2007)
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 33.4 (2007)
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 421
Total area: 28,708 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 47 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 1,743 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 23,313 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 3,050 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,300
Number of tractors: 46
Cattle herd: 24,400
Main crop: corn with 600 hectares planted
Education and health
Literacy rate: 75.6%
Infant mortality rate: 41.7 in 1,000 live births
Schools: 12
Classrooms: 32
Teachers: 67
Students: 1,147
Hospitals: 01 with 14 beds
Public health clinics (SUS): 02
Ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index
In 2000 Damianópolis was ranked 237 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index with a score of 0.634.
Life expectancy: 63.176
Adult literacy: 0.718
School attendance rate: 0.807
HDI-M: 0.634
State ranking: 237 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 4,047 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
Vão do Paranã Microregion
References
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian%C3%B3polis |
Vestbygda or Offersøy is a village in Lødingen Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the southern shore of the island of Hinnøya along the inner part of the Vestfjorden. It is located about by car southwest of the main village of Lødingen. The central village area of Vestbygda is called Offersøy, and that is where Vestbygd Church is located.
References
External links
Lødingen
Villages in Nordland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestbygda%2C%20Nordland |
The Buduma are an ethnic group of Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria who inhabit many of the islands of Lake Chad. They are predominantly fishers and cattle-herders. In the past, the Buduma carried out violent raids on the cattle herds of their neighbors. They were feared villains with aggressive reputations; thus, they were respected and left alone for many years, protected by their own habitat of water and reeds.
Today, they are a peaceful and friendly people willing to adopt some modern changes. Although their neighbors call them Buduma, meaning "people of the grass (or reeds)," they prefer to be called Yedina. Their language is known as Yedina.
History
The Buduma traditionally claim to be descended from the peoples of the Sao civilization and Kanem-Bornu Empire.
The Lake Chad region was integrated into the political realm of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. During this time (specifically around the 9th to 16th centuries), many ethnic groups in the area assimilated or merged in consequence of the new political power in the region. However, some communities stayed distinct and detached from the central government. This included the Buduma who established themselves in the remote islands and northern shores of Lake Chad.
Culture
Economy
The Buduma are largely fishermen and livestock herders. Some Buduma are engaged in commercial fishing but many fish for personal or familial subsistence. The cattle the Buduma raise are bred to have large and hollow horns. This allows the cattle to float easier when they're transported across the lake or other bodies of water. The Buduma extensively make use of papyrus reeds. The reeds are used for constructing fishing boats, lightweight huts (that can be moved to higher ground if the lake rises), and more. Staples foods of the Buduma include fish, cow milk, water lilly roots (that they grind to flour), and other foods native to the region. Even though they use or consume many products derived from their cattle, the Buduma don't commonly kill and eat them.
Clans
The Buduma are divided into two large groups which are the Kuri and Buduma. There are further divided into smaller groups though the Guria are the largest among them. Other subgroups include the Mehul, Maibuloa, Budjia, Madjigodjia, Ursawa, Media and Siginda. All these subgroups are also divided into specific lineages and clans.
Religion
The Buduma are Muslims. They were converted by Islamic missionaries during the era of French colonialism in Chad. The Buduma still incorporate many traditional beliefs and practices into their Islamic practices.
References
Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (ed.) (2005): "Buduma". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 13 January 2007.
Profile of the Buduma people
Ethnic groups in Cameroon
Ethnic groups in Chad
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Chadic-speaking peoples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buduma%20people |
Strai is a village and a district in the municipality of Kristiansand in Agder, Norway. It is located in the borough of Grim. Its population (2014) is about 1,000. The district of Mosby lies to the north, the districts of Lund, Kvadraturen, and Grim are located to the south, and the Songdalen area lies to the west.
The village of Strai lies on the west shore of the river Otra in the Torridal valley. The village of Mosby lies just to the north along the Norwegian National Road 9. Torridal Church is located just on the northern edge of Strai.
References
Villages in Agder
Populated places in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand
Boroughs of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strai |
Skålevik is an urban village area on the northern part of the island of Flekkerøya in the municipality of Kristiansand in Agder county, Norway. The village is located within the borough of Vågsbygd. The village has a population (2016) of 3,399 which gives the village a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5levik |
Keystroke dynamics, keystroke biometrics, typing dynamics, and typing biometrics refer to the detailed timing information that describes each key press related event that occurs when a user is typing on a keyboard.
Science
The behavioural biometric of keystroke dynamics uses the manner and rhythm in which an individual types characters on a keyboard or keypad. The keystroke rhythms of a user are measured to develop a unique biometric template of the user's typing pattern for future authentication. Keystrokes are separated into static and dynamic typing, which are used to help distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users. Vibration information may be used to create a pattern for future use in both identification and authentication tasks.
Data needed to analyse keystroke dynamics is obtained by keystroke logging. Normally, all that is retained when logging a typing session is the sequence of characters corresponding to the order in which keys were pressed. Timing information is discarded. For example, when reading an email, the receiver cannot tell from reading the phrase "I saw three zebras!" whether:
It was typed rapidly or slowly,
The sender used the left shift key, the right shift key, or the caps-lock key to capitalize "I"
The letters were all typed at the same pace or if there was a long pause before any characters while looking for that key, and
The sender typed any letters wrong initially and then went back and corrected them or if they got them right the first time.
History
During the late nineteenth century, telegram operators began to develop unique "signatures" that could be identified simply by their tapping rhythm. As late as World War II, the military transmitted messages through Morse Code. Using a methodology called "The Fist of the Sender," military intelligence identified that an individual had a unique way of keying in a message's "dots" and "dashes", creating a rhythm that could help distinguish ally from enemy.
Use as biometric data
Keystroke dynamic information could be used to verify or even try to determine the identity of the person who is producing the keystrokes. The techniques used to do this vary widely in sophistication, and range from statistical techniques to artificial intelligence (AI) approaches like neural networks.
The time to seek and depress a key (seek-time) and the time the key is held down (hold-time) may be very characteristic for a person, regardless of how fast they are typing overall. Most people have specific letters that take longer to find or get to than their average seek-time for all letters. Which letters vary dramatically and consistently for different people. Right-handed people may be statistically faster in getting to keys they hit with their right-hand fingers than with their left-hand fingers. Index fingers may be characteristically faster than other fingers, consistent for a user regardless of their overall speed.
In addition, sequences of letters may have characteristic properties for a user. In English, the use of "the" is very common, and those three letters may be known as a rapid-fire sequence. Common endings, such as "ing", may be entered far faster than the same letters in reverse order ("gni") to the degree that varies consistently by user. This consistency may hold and reveal common sequences of the user's native language even when they are writing entirely in a different language.
Common "errors" may also be quite characteristic of a user. There is a taxonomy of errors, such as the user's most common "substitutions", "reversals", "drop-outs", "double-strikes", "adjacent letter hits", "homonyms" and hold-length-errors (for a shift key held down too short or too long a time). Even without knowing what language the user is working in, these errors may be detected by looking at the rest of the text and what letters the user goes back and replaces.
Authentication versus identification
Keystroke dynamics is part of a larger class of biometrics known as behavioural biometrics, a field in which observed patterns are statistical in nature. Because of this inherent uncertainty, a commonly held belief is that behavioural biometrics are not as reliable as biometrics used for authentication based on physically observable characteristics such as fingerprints or retinal scans or DNA. Behavioural biometrics use a confidence measurement in replacement of the traditional pass/fail measurements. As such, the traditional benchmarks of False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rates (FRR) no longer have linear relationships.
The benefit to keystroke dynamics (as well as other behavioural biometrics) is that FRR/FAR can be adjusted by changing the acceptance threshold at the individual level. This allows for explicitly defined individual risk mitigation that physical biometric technologies could not achieve.
One of the major problems that keystroke dynamics runs into is that a user's typing varies substantially during a day and between different days and may be affected by any number of external factors.
Because of these variations, any system will make false-positive and false-negative errors. Some successful commercial products have strategies to handle these issues and have proven effective in large-scale use in real-world settings and applications.
Legal and regulatory issues
Use of keylogging software may be in direct and explicit violation of local laws, such as the U.S. Patriot Act, under which such use may constitute wire-tapping.
Patents
P. Nordström, J. Johansson. Security system and method for detecting intrusion in a computerized system. Patent No. 2 069 993, European Patent Office, 2009.
Other uses
Because human beings generate keystroke timings, they are not well correlated with external processes. They are frequently used as a source of hardware-generated random numbers for computer systems.
Mental health symptoms such as depression and anxiety have also been correlated with keystroke timing features.
See also
Fist (telegraphy)
References
Other references
Checco, J. (2003). Keystroke Dynamics & Corporate Security. WSTA Ticker Magazine,
iMagic Software. (vendor web-site May 2006). Notes: Vendor specializing in keystroke authentication for large enterprises.
AdmitOne Security - formerly BioPassword. (vendor web-site home [Web Page]. URL . Notes: Vendor specializing in keystroke dynamics
Garcia, J. (Inventor). (1986). Personal identification apparatus. (USA 4621334). Notes: US Patent Office -
Bender, S and Postley, H. (Inventors) (2007). Key sequence rhythm recognition system and method. (USA 7206938), Notes: US Patent Office -
Joyce, R., & Gupta, G. (1990). Identity authorization based on keystroke latencies. Communications of the ACM, 33(2), 168-176. Notes: Review up through 1990
much cited
Monrose, F. R. M. K., & Wetzel, S. (1999). Password hardening based on keystroke dynamics. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 73-82. Notes: Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore
Young, J. R., & Hammon, R. W. (Inventors). (1989). Method and apparatus for verifying an individual's identity. 4805222). Notes: US Patent Office -
Vertical Company LTD. (vendor web-site October 2006). Notes: Vendor specializing in keystroke authentication solutions for government and commercial agencies.
Lopatka, M. & Peetz, M.H. (2009). Vibration Sensitive Keystroke Analysis. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Belgian-Dutch Conference on Machine Learning, 75-80.
Coalfire Systems Compliance Validation Assessment (2007) https://web.archive.org/web/20110707084309/http://www.admitonesecurity.com/admitone_library/AOS_Compliance_Functional_Assessment_by_Coalfire.pdf
Further reading
User interfaces
Biometrics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystroke%20dynamics |
Paul Wickens (born 27 March 1956) is an English musician, composer, and record producer, professionally known as Wix. In a career spanning more than 40 years, Wickens has worked with artists including Nik Kershaw, Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, Bon Jovi, Edie Brickell, Kevin Coyne and many others. Wickens has been a member of the Paul McCartney Band since 1989.
Career
In the early 1980s Wickens was a member of Woodhead Monroe, a band that issued two singles distributed by Stiff, "Mumbo Jumbo" and "Identify."
Wickens began touring with Paul McCartney in 1989. Since then, Wickens has served as the musical director for many of McCartney's tours. He continues to tour with McCartney (as his keyboardist, occasional guitarist and backing vocalist), and of the four musicians in McCartney's touring band, he has worked with McCartney the longest by a considerable margin.
Wickens played on albums by Tommy Shaw of the American rock band Styx, the Damned, Tim Finn, Paul Carrack, Nik Kershaw, Jim Diamond, Boy George, and David Gilmour, and was the co-producer of the first Savage Progress album. He also was the keyboardist and programmer for Edie Brickell & New Bohemians album, Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars – which was where he first met Chris Whitten. Wickens was also instrumental in making the BANDAGED album the success it was, in aid of BBC Children in Need.
Wickens played accordion on The The's minor UK hit "This Is the Day", from their album Soul Mining. He also recorded a version of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit".
He attended Brentwood School, Essex where he became a friend of fellow student, the writer Douglas Adams. Wickens composed the music for the sequel radio productions of Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, originally broadcast in 2003–2004. Wickens performed at the author's memorial service in 2001.
Selected discography
Music producer
Performer
References
External links
Paul Wickens at Discogs
1956 births
Living people
Musicians from Essex
Edie Brickell & New Bohemians members
People from Brentwood, Essex
People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
English rock keyboardists
English record producers
English male songwriters
English rock singers
English session musicians
Paul McCartney Band members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wix%20Wickens |
Justvik or Gjusvik is a village and district in the municipality of Kristiansand in Vest-Agder county, Norway. Its population (as of January 2014) is 2,770. The village of Justvik is located on the west shore of the Topdalsfjorden, just north of the lake Gillsvannet.
Before the large municipal merger with Kristiansand in 1965, the Justvik area was part of the old municipality of Tveit, while the Justnes and Eidsbukta areas immediately to the south belonged to Oddernes municipality.
Justvik has both older housing and several housing estates which were built during the economic boom from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Within the village is Justvik Church, Justvik School (for elementary and middle school students), sports facilities, and a grocery store.
There are several neighborhoods within the district of Justvik: Bleget, Greppestølåsen, Justneshalvøya, Justvik, Jærnesheia, and Kvernhusheia.
Politics
The 10 largest political parties in Justvik as of the 2015 election:
Transportation
References
Villages in Vest-Agder
Populated places in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justvik |
This is an incomplete list of television programs formerly or currently broadcast by History/H2 in the United States.
Current programming
Unscripted
Alone
Alone: Frozen
Alone: The Skills Challenge
American Pickers
Ancient Aliens
The Bermuda Triangle: Into Cursed Waters
Beyond Oak Island
The Curse of Oak Island
Dirty Old Cars
The Fast History Of...
The Food That Built America
Forged in Fire
Fully Torqued
Hard Truths of Conservation
History's Crazy Rich Ancients
History's Greatest of All Time with Peyton Manning
History's Greatest Heists with Pierce Brosnan
History's Greatest Mysteries
Kings of Pain
Modern Marvels
More Power
Mountain Men
Mountain Men: Ultimate Marksman
Pawn Stars
Pawn Stars Do America
The Proof Is Out There
The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch
Secret Restoration
Swamp People
Swamp People: Serpent Invasion
The Toys That Built America
The UnXplained
Upcoming programming
In development
Scripted
The Donner Party
The Plague Year
Sitting Bull (4-Night Documentary)
Former programming
Scripted
Drama
Gangland Undercover
Knightfall
Project Blue Book
Six
Vikings
Miniseries
Abraham Lincoln
Barbarians
The Bible
Grant
Hatfields & McCoys
The Men Who Built America
The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen
Napoleon
The Revolution
Roots
Sons of Liberty
Texas Rising
Theodore Roosevelt
The Titans That Built America
Washington
Others
Gadget Boy's Adventures in History
Inspector Gadget's Field Trip
History of the Holidays
Unscripted
Docuseries
The Kennedys
Documentary Films
10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America
10 Things You Don't Know About
101 Fast Foods That Changed The World
101 Gadgets That Changed The World
101 Inventions That Changed The World
101 Objects That Changed The World
101 Things That Changed The World
102 Minutes That Changed America
12 Days That Shocked the World
1968 With Tom Brokaw
20th Century with Mike Wallace
60 Hours
70s Fever
9/11 Conspiracies: Fact or Fiction
9/11: The Days After
9/11: Escape From the Towers
9/11: The Final Minutes of Flight 93
9/11: Four Flights
9/11: Inside Air Force One
9/11: The Legacy
9/11: State of Emergency
Adam Eats the 80s
After Jackie
Alaska: Big America
Alaska: Dangerous Territory
Alcatraz: Search for the Truth
Alcatraz Escape: The Lost Evidence
Amelia Earhart: The Lost Evidence
America: The Story of Us
America Unearthed
American Daredevils
American Eats
American Eats: History on a Bun
The American Farm
The American Presidency with Bill Clinton
America's 9/11 Flag: Rise From the Ashes
America's Book of Secrets
America's Greatest Prison Breaks
Ancient Discoveries
Ancient Impossible
Ancient Mysteries
Ancients Behaving Badly
Andrew Jackson
Angels and Demons: Decoded
Ape to Man
Armageddon (TV series)
Assembly Required
Auschwitz Untold
Automobiles (TV series)
Back to the Blueprint
Banned from the Bible
Battle 360°
Battlefield Detectives
Battles BC
The Beatles On Record
Beltway Unbuckled
Ben Franklin
The Bible Code: Predicting Armageddon
Bible Secrets Revealed
Big History
Black Blizzard (TV series)
Black Patriots: Buffalo Soldiers
Black Patriots: Heroes of the Civil War
Black Patriots: Heroes of the Revolution
Blood Diamonds
Boneyard
Boys' Toys
Brad Meltzer's Decoded
Breaking Mysterious
Breaking Vegas
The Cars That Made America
The Century: America's Time
The Century of Warfare
The Bermuda Triangle: Into Cursed Waters
Chasing Mummies'Christianity: The First Thousand YearsChristianity: The Second Thousand YearsCities of the UnderworldCivil War CombatCivil War JournalClash of the GodsCocaine: History Between the LinesCola WarsThe Cole ConspiracyColor of WarColumbus: The Lost VoyageComets: Prophets of DoomComic Book Superheroes UnmaskedCommand DecisionsThe ConquerorsConquestConquest of AmericaConspiracy?Countdown to Ground ZeroThe Crusades: Crescent and the CrossCowboys and OutlawsCuster's Last Man (I Survived Little Bighorn)Da Vinci and the Code He Lived ByThe Dark AgesDay After DisasterThe Day the Towers FellDays That Shaped AmericaDead Men's SecretsDeath RoadDecisive BattlesDeclassifiedDeep Sea DetectivesDigging for the TruthDinosaurs UnearthedDisasters of the CenturyA Distant Shore: African Americans of D-DayDogfightsDouble 'F'Eating HistoryEinsteinEngineering DisastersEngineering an EmpireEvolveExorcism: Driving Out the DevilExtreme History with Roger DaltreyExtreme TrainsFabulous TreasuresFact to FilmFailure Is Not an OptionFDRFDR: A Presidency RevealedFight the Power: The Movements That Changed AmericaFirst ApocalypseThe First Days of ChristianityFirst Invasion: The War of 1812First to Fight: The Black Tankers of WWIIFood TechThe Food That Built America Snack SizedFort Knox: Secrets RevealedFounding BrothersFounding FathersThe French RevolutionGanglandGates of HellGerald Ford: A Man and His MomentGettysburgGod vs. SatanThe Godfather LegacyGods and GoddessesThe Great American History QuizGreat Crimes and TrialsGreat Military BlundersThe Great ShipsGreatest Escapes with Morgan FreemanGrounded on 9/11The Haunted History of Halloween Heavy MetalHeroes under FireHidden CitiesHidden House HistoryHigh HitlerHigh Points in HistoryHillbilly: The Real StoryHistory AliveHistory FilmsHistory in ColorHistory NowHistory of AngelsA History of BritainA History of GodHistory of the JokeThe History of SexHistory RocksHistory UndercoverHistory vs. HollywoodHistory's BusinessHistory's Lost & FoundHistory's Turning PointsHitler and Stalin: Roots of EvilHitler and the OccultHitler's FamilyHitler's GeneralsHitler's HenchmenHitler's WomenThe Holy GrailHome for the Holidays: The History of ThanksgivingHonor DeferredHooked: Illegal Drugs & How They Got That WayHotel Ground ZeroHoudini: Unlocking the MysteryHow Bruce Lee Changed the WorldHow the Earth Was MadeHow Life BeganHow the States Got Their ShapesHow William Shatner Changed the WorldI Am Alive: Surviving the Andes Plane CrashI Love the 1880sI Was ThereIcons of PowerIn Search of HistoryIncredible but True?Indiana Jones and the Ultimate QuestInside IslamInspector AmericaInvention USAInvestigating HistoryIt's Good to be PresidentJeffersonJesus: The Lost 40 DaysJFK: 3 Shots That Changed AmericaJFK Assassination: The Definitive GuideJFK: A Presidency RevealedJourney to 10,000 BCJumbo MoviesJurassic Fight ClubThe Kennedy Assassination: 24 Hours AfterThe Kennedy Assassination: Beyond Conspiracy (Peter Jennings Reporting)Kennedys: The Curse of PowerKingThe Ku Klux Klan: A Secret HistoryThe Last Days of World War IILast Stand of the 300Lee and GrantLee Harvey Oswald: 48 Hours to LiveLegacy of Star WarsLiberty's KidsLife After PeopleThe Lincoln AssassinationLive From '69: Moon LandingLock N' Load with R. 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Notes
References
External links
History | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20programs%20broadcast%20by%20History%20%28American%20TV%20network%29 |
Han Hee-won (Korean 한희원) (born 10 June 1978) is a retired South Korean professional golfer on the LPGA Tour. She was a member of the LPGA Tour from 2001 until her retirement in 2014 and won six LPGA Tour events during her career. She attended Ryukoku University and turned professional in 1998.
In 1998 she competed on the LPGA of Korea Tour and the LPGA of Japan Tour, claiming Rookie of the Year honours in Japan. In 1999 she won twice in Japan. She qualified for the U.S.-based LPGA Tour at the 2000 Qualifying School and has played mainly in the United States since 2001. She was Rookie of the Year in her first season.
Han played in only seven events during 2007 due to the birth of her son, Dae-Il "Dale".
Han retired from the LPGA Tour at the 2014 Portland Classic.
Professional wins (8)
LPGA Tour wins (6)
LPGA Tour playoff record (3–3)
LPGA of Japan wins (2)
1999 (2) NEC Kairuzawa Tournament, Osaka Women's Open
Results in LPGA majors
Results not in chronological order before 2014.
^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied for place
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 16 (2001 LPGA – 2005 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (five times)
Team appearances
Amateur
Espirito Santo Trophy (representing South Korea): 1996 (winners)
Professional
Lexus Cup (representing Asia team): 2005, 2006 (winners)
References
External links
South Korean female golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
LPGA of Japan Tour golfers
Asian Games medalists in golf
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Golfers at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Golfers from Seoul
1978 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Hee-won |
Skarpengland is a village in Vennesla municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 9 about east of the village of Øvrebø and about north of Homstean. The large village of Vennesla lies about to the southeast and the city of Kristiansand lies about to the south.
Skarpengland was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Øvrebø from 1838 until 1964 when it was merged into Vennesla municipality.
The village has a population (2016) of 563 which gives the village a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Vennesla | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarpengland |
Kessler's was a family-owned lower-end department store chain in Georgia. The chain included a main store in downtown Atlanta and seven other locations: Smyrna, Rome, Newnan, West Point, Decatur, West Atlanta, and Canton.
The first Kessler's department store opened in Macon in 1914. In 1932, the family moved to Atlanta, where Hyman and Walter H. Kessler opened a store in downtown the following year. The Kessler family closed all stores in 1998. The downtown Atlanta store has since been converted into condominiums.
References
Defunct department stores based in Atlanta
Retail companies disestablished in 1998
Retail companies established in 1914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessler%27s |
Mushom is a small farm in Vennesla municipality in Vest-Agder county, Norway. The farm is located about west of the village of Homstean.
The so-called "Øvrebø-ski" was found in a marsh at Mushom. For many years it was considered Norway's oldest preserved ski. The artifact can now be seen at the Holmenkollen Ski Museum in Oslo.
References
Vennesla
Villages in Agder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushom |
Knowles Shaw (October 13, 1834 – June 7, 1878) was an American author and composer of gospel hymns.
Biography
Shaw was born in Butler County in southwestern Ohio. His family moved to Rushville, Indiana when he was just a few weeks old. He was a member of the churches of Christ, also known as the Christian Church or Disciples of Christ at the time.
His best known work is the popular gospel song "Bringing in the Sheaves" (words). He also wrote "Tarry with Me" and a tune used with "We Saw Thee Not" among many other works.
Shaw was a prolific evangelist, known for his wit, knowledge of the Bible, and ability to generate and maintain rapport with an audience. He baptized over eleven thousand people in his ministry.
Death
Shaw died in a train wreck in McKinney, Texas, and a Methodist minister on board said that Shaw saved his life in the wreck. He was buried in East Hill Cemetery in Rushville, Indiana. His last words were: "It is a grand thing to rally people to the Cross of Christ."
Shaw’s works
Shining Pearls, 1868
The Golden Gate, 1871
Sparkling Jewels, 1871
The Gospel Trumpet, 1878
The Morning Star, 1878
Lyrics
"Bringing in the Sheaves"
"The Handwriting on the Wall"
Tunes
"We Saw Thee Not"
"I am the Vine and Ye are the Branches"
"Tarry with Me"
References
External links
1834 births
1878 deaths
Railway accident deaths in the United States
Accidental deaths in Texas
American Disciples of Christ
Christian hymnwriters
19th-century American musicians
American hymnwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowles%20Shaw |
Kongshavn or Kongshamn is a village in the municipality of Arendal in Agder county, Norway. Its population (2009) was 862. Kongshavn is located on the north side of the island of Tromøya, across the Tromøysundet strait from the village of Eydehavn. It is about east of the town of Arendal and it is directly west of the village of Åmdalsøyra.
Name
It is said that Kongshamn was a safe haven for the king's ships during the Viking Age. Kongshavn is a Norwegian language word meaning "King's Landing" or "King's Port".
References
Villages in Agder
Arendal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongshamn |
Sasha Sybille Rionda Hogger (born September 29, 1977, in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican actress and television hostess.
As a child actress, she is most probably remembered as the mutant child psychic who correctly guesses the birthday of Arnold Schwarzenegger's character Quaid in the 1990 sci-fi film Total Recall.
Rionda currently resides in Atlanta, Georgia. She is the on air anchor of Local Now conducting national news and entertainment segments and providing occasional field reports.
You can also see her in the weekly show Coffee with America where she brings you up to speed on what's brewing in news, social media and pop culture.
Previously she hosted Detalles con Sasha on CNN Español. She was also the anchor and reporter of a Spanish-language news program named Nuestro Rincón on WKRC-TV, aimed at the hispanic community of Cincinnati, Ohio, where she resided from 2004 to 2008.
She also was host of Cinecanal's "Zoom".
Back in 2001, she hosted a program named The Music Room for CNN International.
Selected filmography
Total Recall (1990) – Mutant child
Wild On! – hosted installment Wild On the Beach Australia
The Devil to Pay (2002)
Coffee with America (2015 – present) – host
External links
Living people
Mexican actresses
Actresses from Mexico City
Mexican people of Swiss descent
Mexican emigrants to the United States
1977 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha%20Rionda |
Skomrak is a village in Lyngdal municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located near the northern end of the Rosfjorden, about south of the town of Lyngdal. The village of Svenevik lies about straight west across the fjord.
The Skomrak area is divided into three parts called Skomrak Indre (in the north), Skomrak (in the central part), and Skomrak Ytre (in the south). Prior to the merger in 1964, the border between Lyngdal municipality and Austad municipality ran right between Skomrak and Skomrak Ytre.
The village has a population (2015) of 230, giving the village a population density of . Most of the residents live in Skomrak Ytre where there is a large residential development.
References
Villages in Agder
Lyngdal
North Sea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skomrak |
Jack Duffy (September 27, 1926 – May 19, 2008) was a Canadian singer, comedian and actor.
Life and career
Duffy was born in Montreal and raised in Toronto, he was then dropped out of Central Technical School to become a singer. At age 19, he was hired as a studio singer with CBC in Toronto and in 1948, he started a three-year affiliation with Tommy Dorsey, initially as a member of the vocal group Bob-O-Links. Duffy was performing as a member of the musical act the Town Criers in 1950 and would frequently appear on CBC-TV variety shows through the 1950s. In 1957, he was hired by Norman Jewison to appear as a comedian on the CBC series Showtime. Duffy had his own CBC variety show called Here's Duffy that ran from June 1958 through October 1959.
In 1961, he became a regular on Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, performing as one of the Kraft Music Hall Players, alongside Don Adams, Paul Lynde, Kaye Ballard and others. The show finished its run in 1963.
Duffy battled alcoholism after he started drinking while on the road with the Dorsey band. His first wife left him and he became destitute, living in a $10-a-week attic. He stopped drinking in 1967 and married dancer Marylyn Stuart later that year.
In 1970, he began an 11-year run as captain of the home team on the charades game show Party Game, produced by Hamilton, Ontario-based CHCH-TV. It was through this show that Duffy picked up the nickname "Captain Jack." In 1971, he also hosted the CBC-TV series In The Mood, featuring appearances from some of the biggest names in big band jazz, including Benny Goodman and Count Basie. Beginning in 1975, Duffy provided the voice of Boot, the cheerful, occasionally mischievous talking boot that hosted the children's educational show Readalong. Readalong was seen on TVO, PBS and other educational networks into the early 1990s.
Duffy died on May 19, 2008, from natural causes at age 81 in Toronto.
Filmography
Movies
Theatrical
1978: The Silent Partner - Fogelman
1979: Title Shot - Mr. Green
1986: Killer Party - Security Guard
1988: Switching Channels - Emil, the Waiter
1989: The Dream Team - Bernie
1993: Ordinary Magic - Barbershop #1
1997: Double Take - Judge
1997: Men with Guns - Jimmy
1998: Strike! - School Guard
1999: Blackheart - Enger
2000: The Spreading Ground - Owen Rafferty
2002: Fancy Dancing - Stan
2002: The Tuxedo - Elderly Man
2003: The In-Laws - The Other Uncle
2005: Lie with Me
2006: It's a Boy Girl Thing - Old Man
2009: Gooby - Grocery Store Manager
Television
1980: Boo! - Dr. Frankenstein
1981: Freddie the Freeloader's Christmas Dinner - Santa
1986: Whodunit - Narrator / The Boss
1986: Doing Life (TV Movie) - Jury Foreman
1988: Biographies: The Enigma of Bobby Bittman (TV Short) - Sam Slansky
1988: Once Upon a Giant (TV Movie) - McDermot the Hermit
1993: Ghost Mom (TV Movie) - Al
1994: David's Mother (TV Movie) - Doorman
1994: Hostage for a Day (TV Movie) - SWAT Three
1994: Sodbusters (TV Movie) - Railroad Executive No. 1
1997: The Defenders: Payback (TV Movie) - Mr. Sanders
1998: Universal Soldier III: Unfinished Business (TV Movie) - Dr. Gregor
1999: A Holiday Romance (TV Movie) - Irwin
2001: My Horrible Year! (TV Movie) - Mr. Birdwell
2001: Doc (TV Movie) - Oldest Father
2002: A Killing Spring (TV Movie) - Neighbour
2003: Death and the Maiden (TV Movie) - The grandfather
Television series
1955: The Wayne and Shuster Hour
1956: The Barris Beat - Regular
1958: Here's Duffy - Host
1961–1963: The Perry Como Show
1968: Upside Town - Eddie Power
1970–1981: Party Game
1971: In The Mood - Host
1972: Half the George Kirby Comedy Hour
1974: And That's the News, Goodnight
1975–1976: The Bobby Vinton Show - Regular Performer
1976: The Frankie Howerd Show - Wally Wheeler
1976: Readalong - (voice)
1980: Curious George - Narrator (voice)
1980: Bizarre
2000: Robocop: Prime Directives (mini-series) - Dr. Hill
2005: Corner Gas - Mr.Baker
References
External links
1926 births
2008 deaths
Male actors from Montreal
Male actors from Toronto
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian sketch comedians
20th-century Canadian comedians
Comedians from Montreal
Comedians from Toronto
Canadian male comedians
Anglophone Quebec people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Duffy |
St Doulagh's Church () is the oldest stone-roofed church still in use in Ireland. It is situated approximately 10 kilometres from Dublin city, just north of the hamlet of Balgriffin, within Fingal and in the traditional County Dublin, and is marked as "St Doulagh's Church, Balgriffin". Its complex also comprises an octagonal baptistry built over a holy well - Ireland's only surviving standalone baptistry - and a stone housing over a pool. St Doulagh's is one of the two churches in the Church of Ireland "United Parishes of Malahide, Portmarnock and St Doulagh's.
History and status
The oldest part of the church as it stands is medieval dating from the 12th century, and believed to have been home to a small monastic settlement. However, according to studies on the site, Christian activity here dates back to the time of St. Patrick.
Hudson (2005) states that King Sitric of Dublin gave land at St Doulough's, Portrane and Reachrain (probably Lambay Island) to Holy Trinity (Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin). In 1179, Pope Alexander III gave the "church lands at Clochar" to Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin, so it was already church land - but there was no mention of a building. In regard to the other sites mentioned in the papal document, buildings are noted, suggesting that there may have been no useful building then at St Doulough's. The Canons Regular of St Augustine had by then been administering Christ Church. It seems possible that construction of the present building started about that time. However, there is no mention of a church at St Doulough's in the papal taxation lists of the early 14th century.
It is not until 1406 that the first definite mention of a church at St Doulough's is made, when indulgences were granted by the Archbishop of Armagh to all who visited the church of St Doulough in the diocese of Dublin and confessed their sins to the resident chaplain Eustace Roche, and made a payment to the church. Rachel Moss believes that the church referred to is the eastern end of the medieval building and speculates that the funds generated may have then spurred building expansion. It seems likely from all this that construction of the present building started soon after the granting of the site to Holy Trinity by the Pope, and that additions and alterations were made in succeeding centuries, the dates of which are guesswork based on various narratives.
Following the English Reformation, the church and its assets came into the control of the Established church. The majority Roman Catholic population was obliged to conduct its services elsewhere, often in private accommodations. There was a regular "pattern" held at the church until at least the 18th century. Since 1974, the church of the Holy Trinity in Donaghmede has served the Roman Catholic parishioners of that area, including later-built Clongriffin, and Balgriffin.
St Doulagh
Very little is known of St Doulagh () who gave his name to the church. It is calculated that he lived in the early 7th century and was a hermit/anchorite. He is said to have lived isolated, in a cell attached to the church, and to have had only minimal contact with the outside world. Anchoritism was a feature of the Celtic church and one of many interesting points of similarity between Ireland's early Christianity and the Eastern churches.
There is no extant history of St Doulough, and his dates are a matter for conjecture. Reeves (1859) stated that St Duilech is mentioned in Sacred Genealogies as the son of Malach, son of Sinell, and eighth in descent from Fergus Mac Rossa who is supposed to have lived in Christian Ireland. Reeves also mentions a St Mobhi (as told in the Leabhar Laighin, Book of Leinster) as an uncle of St Duilech. St Mobhi's death was mentioned by Tighernach as 630, and thus Reeves assigns the year 600 as approximately the time St Duilech lived. The Martyrology of Donegal says he was of the race of Conmac, son of Fergus, son of Ros, son of Rudhraidhe, and Clochar is given as the name of his church. The Gaelic for Grangegorman is Cill Duiligh, which suggests he had a connection with that place. There are other early documents that refer to St Duilech of Clochar (Rachel Moss, 2003) and the site is referred to as Clochar in many documents up to the late 1500s. The earliest historical reference to the church dates from the ninth century, in The Martyrology of Oengus; in that text, the church is called Duilech Cain Clochair.
The early documentation of St Doulough is sketchy, but legend has it that he was an anchorite. In the Calendar of Christ Church, he is described as ‘Episcopus and Confessor’, suggesting a ministry. A later anchorite, resident in St Douloughs, Eustace Roche, was also a confessor and the record of 1406 states that indulgences were granted to those who confessed to him and made a donation to the church.
There was an alternative view of the origins of the name Doulough, but it was more tenuous. Dr Ledwich, in Antiquities of Ireland, is quoted in an 1833 edition of the Dublin Penny Journal to the effect that the church was founded by St Olave, a Norseman, and that this name was corrupted to Doulough. Indeed, there are a number of churches in Britain dedicated to the Norse saint. However, the architecture of this building is agreed to be Irish. Dr Ledwich took the view that the western end of the church was much older than the eastern end or the tower. Dr Ledwich pointed out that the framing of some windows suggests that they were made by assorted carved stones gathered (possibly pillaged, which is what Norsemen were said to be prone to) from various sites. In any case, further re-arranging of these stones in times long after the Norsemen, is indicated by a sequence of alterations. However, Dr Ledwich's views of the founding saint and the dating of the church have been disproved by recent scholarship, especially by Reeves, Moss and Harbison.
There is a curved ditch to the north of the site. This is thought to date from the 6th or 7th century (Rachel Moss, 2002) and indicates a Christian settlement and graveyard. St Doulough could have occupied the site at that time. Excavation work on the ditch by Grassroots Archaeology in 2015 at least does not disprove this theory, and suggests that a circular ditch once enclosed the entire site. The investigation by Grassroots Archaeology centred on a spot to the west of the church, by the road entrance where there was a ditch in medieval times. The fact that the road curves away from the church at this point suggests such a feature.
The feast day of St Doulagh is November 17.
The Chapel of Saint Samson, Balgriffin
There was an ancient chapel at Balgriffin, that was dedicated to the Welsh saint, Saint Samson (Samson of Dol). St. Samson is sometime incorrectly credited with founding a monastery at St. Doulagh's. The chapel was united with St. Doulagh's in 1543, by the 17th century the abandoned chapel was in ruins. Evidence of the church form the 10th century, was uncovered during recent excavations some 400meters from the village, in place called churchfields. Recent housing developments have been named after St. Samson in Balgriffin.
The buildings
The church
The main historic building is 48 feet by 18 feet, with a double roof of rough stone set with cement. The space between the inner and outer, wedge-style, roof is usable. Partway along the roof is a small stone tower. There is a small door on the south face, with a rough arch, and traces of smoother arches on either side. Inside are a smaller room, with the reputed tomb of St Doulagh, and a larger room, the former main place of worship, with a stairway to the upper floor and tower.
Along the stairway is the Prior's chamber, then an area where the clergy may have eaten and slept.
A modern church structure was added in 1864, and consecrated in 1865.
Holy well, baptistry and pool
The complex at St Doulagh's includes, in the field beyond the church and slightly nearer the road, a sunken stone enclosure. Within this is a low octagonal building, covering a spring, known as St Doulagh's Well. Outside the building is an open-air pool with stone seating, where pilgrims used to gather on November 17. The octagonal building is believed to have been a baptistry, the only surviving detached baptistry in Ireland, and the pool alongside may have been used for adult immersion.
The baptistry was repaired and supplied with fresco paintings of St Patrick, St Doulagh, St Bridget and St Columcille, and others, by a resident of the vanished village of Feltrim, in 1609. The frescos were damaged by soldiers of Sir Richard Bulkeley of Dunlavin after the Battle of the Boyne.
Down a short path beyond the sunken enclosure is a stairway down to a small rectangular stone building which contains a pool of water, called St Catherine's Pond. This may also have been used for baptismal rites. It is connected to St Doulagh's well by a subterranean link, and a single spring supplies both.
The cross
There is also a cross, of non-local granite, at the entrance.
Functions of the church building
Moss (2003) took the view that southeastern part of this building, now known as ‘The Oratory’, was erected first. At the very least this was to provide living accommodation, possibly functioning as a church. At ground floor level, to the west of The Oratory is a small room with its own entrance. This could have been accommodation for an additional resident clergyman or anchorite. It was common in medieval Ireland for such a room to be added to the west of a church for an anchorite who might be an unordained person following monastic rules. (O’Keefe, 2015) It seems possible that the building of the tower house took place after the 1406 granting of an indulgence, centred on the church, generated the necessary funds. Certainly, the battlements serve a purpose different from a simple cell. There is an arcade of two arches in the northwestern corner of the Oratory. This has led to speculation that an aisle was built in this position at the time the tower house was built, in order to accommodate a larger congregation.
By 1406 the Normans were firmly established in their sphere of influence, The Pale. One of their colonising projects was Norman control of the Church. The Norman method of operating suggests that they established at some time, at their convenience, their own incumbent priest in St Doulough's. The tower house could well have been built for such a person, to provide better accommodation and to project a sense of power. The building of the tower house might suggest consolidation rather than significant expansion since a rural population, possibly poor, was unlikely to expand. Funds for the tower house might otherwise have come from tithes, were funds from tithes available. A decree of the Synod of Cashel in 1170 ordered that tithes be paid by every man to his parish. However, Geraldus Cambrensis stated in 1185 that the Irish do not yet pay tithes. Norman efficiency may well have rectified that. There are records of tithes being granted to the Abbey of St Thomas in Dublin in the late 1100s.
In 1506 a grant of lands was made by John Burnell of Ballygriffin (Balgriffin) to John Young, chaplain of St Douloughs for a chantry in the chapel of St Douloughs. (Moss, 2002) This would have provided funds for the saying of Masses for Burnell, patron of the church and would have enabled him to be buried within the church. An investigation by Leo Swan in 1987 found evidence of a late medieval burial in the north wall. This may be the grave of John Burnell. There is nothing to suggest that the chantry involved the building of a separate chapel. In medieval times tombs in such a position were used as ‘Easter Sepulchres’, the devotional practice of placing the consecrated host on such a tomb on Good Friday and Holy Saturday, symbolic of the entombment of Jesus. (O’Keefe, 2015) That at least might be a possibility here.
By 1630 St Douloughs had fallen on hard times. In visiting the building that year, Archbishop Burkeley found that the church was in a ruinous state with no ornaments and that the parishioners and indeed the owner of the lands were Catholic and worshipped elsewhere. (R Moss, 2002) The Civil Survey of Dublin, done between 1654 and 1656 found that ‘the church lands of St Dowlagh’s’ consisted of three small thatched houses and the wall of a decayed chapel. It would appear for that that St Douloughs was no longer a functioning church. It implies that the stone roofs were no longer intact.
Rebuilding certainly took place in this era, post 1656, at the end of the Cromwellian war and it is to that time we may ascribe many of the features we see today: windows of varying shape and design, windows at low level believed to have been used as gun ports. Other changes may have been made at this time. (Moss, 2002) A stairway was inserted in the south west corner of the Oratory which blocked the lavatory which had earlier been installed in the tower house. We can still see the lavatory chute which ascends from near ground level to where the lavatory once stood. An earlier stair by the present south door was removed from the south east corner of the tower house and a hole made in the ceiling over the entrance, perhaps for defensive purposes.
Ceremonies in the church
The purpose of the church was for the assembly of the faithful for the celebration of Christian rites. In the medieval period, liturgical practices according to the Roman rite had become standardised in the Christian world, with some regional variations. (O’Keefe, 2015) We can expect that there was Mass, weekly and perhaps daily, baptisms, marriages and funerals. We can expect that there was an altar, now gone. We have a small baptismal font on a pedestal inside, which would have been traditionally placed inside the church door, symbolising entrance to the church by baptism, and a more elaborate one to the north of the church, which clearly dates from a period much later than the church's foundation, having a design similar to the huge Renaissance baptistry in Florence. There are the remains of a piscina (Figure 21) for the washing of hands and vessels, possibly wall mounted, with a drain leading outside, or perhaps the waste water drained into a vessel. The church would have had wooden furnishings, now gone.
Infant baptism had become standard by the eleventh century. Baptism was probably performed with much ceremony. The performance of baptism was evidence of a parochial church. A church decree from a synod in Dublin in 1186 ordered that an immovable baptismal font of stone be placed in the church in such a place as would allow a pascal procession to conveniently pass around. An immovable baptismal font in St Doulough's confined space may not have been practicable. There is indeed a movable baptism font. It is very likely that a pascal procession did take place. Within St Doulough's church, there was limited space for a procession so it may have continued outside. A tradition in relation to baptisms may have been in place before any regulations were established that led eventually to the building of a baptistry outside, regarded as the only one of its kind in Ireland. The outside baptistry is centred on a well. Local tradition has it that baptisms took place at this well in the early Christian period in Ireland.
Mass was obligatory for church members. A synod in Limerick in 1453 ordered that Mass was to be said in each church on each Sunday and holiday and all faithful, except the excommunicated, were to attend, on pain of excommunication. No work was allowed on Sundays and holidays. Possibly this formalised what was probably already common practice in many places. The same decree specified that the parishioners should provide the necessary church vessel, books, and vestments. The bell was to be rung three times to announce the Mass. This provides a fairly clear picture of the rules under which St Douloughs operated. A small bell may have been used at some stage, but eventually, St Douloughs got its own bell tower.
The consecrated host at that time in history was being treated with elaborate ceremonial. The Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 decreed the doctrine of Transubstantiation which reinforced the veneration and ceremonial centred on the consecrated host. Roman Catholic tradition reserves the consecrated host in a tabernacle near the altar, or in a panel attached to the wall behind the altar or hung from the ceiling. (O’Keefe, 2015) No evidence has been found that establishes which method was used.
The Oratory
The eastern room on the ground floor of the medieval building is now called The Oratory. This is agreed to be the first element to be constructed and to have functioned as a church. It is aligned east–west and the altar according to church practice would have been at the eastern end. There are no architectural features that would suggest any screen that might have existed between a nave and a chancel. The principal window in the south wall of the Oratory has been dated by Harbison at 1230 AD. There is a taller window with a pointed arch behind the altar position on the east wall, possibly dating from the same time. There is a fragment of a piscina, for washing hands and vessels. A very narrow splayed window by the southeast corner, beside the altar position is said to have been a viewing hole for lepers, who were not allowed in the church. In the west wall of the Oratory is a hole said to have been used as a cure for ailments. In the west wall are evidence of blocked-up arches, said to have led at one stage to an aisle, now gone, which was built to accommodate congregation overflow. There is clear evidence of a blocked-up door in the south wall of the Oratory. There is a recess near the altar, possibly for vessels and other ceremonial items.
Restoration
The complex was cleaned and the baptistry complex in particular restored in 1991, although the Victorian church element was not a main focus of the work, which was State-funded.
People Associated with St. Doulagh's
The Precentor of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, was the patron of the church, and provided the church with its perpetual curate (vicar).
The future Bishop of Drumore Rev. Dr. James Saurin served in St. Doulaghs from 1788, as from 1850 did the Rev. Prof. J. G. Abeltshauser, Professor of French and German in Trinity College.
Graveyard
There is a graveyard outside. There are no reported excavations to date the earliest graves. Burial within such a small church, indeed any parish church would have been extraordinary and a great privilege, reserved for founder and perhaps a very important benefactor. Tradition has it that St Doulough was buried just inside the church entrance. Excavations by Leo Swan uncovered evidence of a burial under the north wall, near the altar position. In fact, burial of church founders in the north wall of churches became common in medieval Ireland, the celebrant taking his seat, as appropriate by the south wall of the chancel.
Sources
Armstrong, Robert, ‘St Doulough’s Church’ in The Dublin Penny Journal, Vol 1 No 34 (Feb 16 1834)
D’Alton, J: History of County Dublin, (Dublin 1838)
De Paor, L: Cormac's Chapel: ‘The beginnings of Irish Romanesque’, in (ed. E Rynne) North Munster Studies, Essays in Commemoration of Monsignor Michael Moloney (1967)
Henry, F: Irish Art In the Romanesque Period, (1020-1170 AD ) 1970
Harbison, Peter: 'St Doulough's Church', in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol 71, No 281, (Spring, 1982)
Hudson, Benjamin: Viking Pirates and Christian Princes (Oxford University Press, 2005),
Leaske, H. G: Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings, Vol 1, 1955
Lewis, Samuel : Topographical Dictionary of Ireland
Moss, Rachel: 'St Doulough's Church', in Irish Arts Review, Vol. 20 No. 2 (Summer 2003)
O’Keefe, Tadhg: Medieval Irish Buildings, Four Courts Press, 2015
Reeves, W: ‘Memoir of the Church of St Duilech’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 7, 1859.
Sloane, J: ‘Antiquities of Fingal, No 1, St Doulough's' in The Irish Builder, September and October 1879
Swan, Leo: 'Excavations at St Doulough's Church', Unpublished report, Record of Monuments and Places file Nos DU00901-00906
References
Balgriffin
Tourist attractions in Fingal
Churches in Fingal
Church of Ireland church buildings in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings listed on the Fingal Record of Protected Structures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Doulagh%27s%20Church |
Volleberg is a village in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the river Songdalselva, in former Songdalen municipality, right on the border with former Søgne municipality (pre 2020). The European route E39 highway passes by the village on its way from Nodeland and Brennåsen about to the north and Tangvall (in Søgne) about to the south. The village has a population (2016) of 560 which gives the village a population density of . The village is primarily a residential community with people working in the nearby urban areas of Kristiansand and Søgne.
References
Villages in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleberg |
Nodelandsheia is a village in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located in the hills a short distance to the northeast of the former municipal centre of Nodeland in former Songdalen municipality. The village is primarily residential, with most residents working in the nearby urban areas of Kristiansand and Søgne. The village has a population (2015) of 1,330 which gives the village a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodelandsheia |
Høllen is a fishing village in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located at the mouth of the river Søgneelva, between the villages of Eig to the west, Tangvall to the north, and Åros to the east. Høllen is part of the greater Søgne urban area. It has a well-protected harbour and over the centuries has had shipyards, a post office, and it was the site of a Thing in the 1500s. There is regular ferry boat service to Ny-Hellesund from Høllen.
As a part of the greater Søgne urban area in Kristiansand, separate population statistics are not tracked for Høllen. Altogether, the urban area has a population (2015) of 9,147 which gives it a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Søgne
Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8llen |
Noel Geoffrey Parker (born 25 December 1943) is an English historian specialising in the history of Western Europe, Spain, and warfare during the early modern era. His best known book is The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800, first published by Cambridge University Press in 1988.
He holds his BA, MA, PhD, and LittD degrees from Cambridge University where he studied under the historian Sir John Elliott.
Parker has taught at the University of Illinois, the University of St Andrews, and Yale University. He is currently the Andreas Dorpalen Professor of History at the Ohio State University.
Parker was a consultant and main contributor on the BBC series, Armada: 12 Days to Save England.
In 2023, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
Western way of warfare
Parker argues that what distinguishes the “Western way of war” accounts for its extraordinary success in conquering most of the world after 1500: The Western way of war rests upon five principal foundations: technology, discipline, a highly aggressive military tradition, a remarkable capacity to innovate and to respond rapidly to the innovation of others and—from about 1500 onward—a unique system of war finance. The combination of all five provided a formula for military success....The outcome of wars has been determined less by technology, then by better war plans, the achievement of surprise, greater economic strength, and above all superior discipline.
Parker argues that Western armies were stronger because they emphasized discipline, that is, "the ability of a formation to stand fast in the face of the enemy, where they're attacking or being attacked, without giving way to the natural impulse of fear and panic.” Discipline came from drills and marching in formation, target practice, and creating small “artificial kinship groups” such as the company and the platoon, to enhance psychological cohesion and combat efficiency.
Honours
According to Tonio Andrade and William Reger: Few people of his generation have had such an important influence on our understanding of the early modern world. He’s written on military history, financial history, the history of crime, Spanish history, Dutch history, religious history, global history, and most recently, environmental history. His work is known throughout the world—he’s been translated into more than a dozen languages—and he’s particularly revered in Spain and the Netherlands. He has trained and mentored several generations of scholars by instilling in them his characteristic and successful recipe for historical research: focusing on big questions but keeping one's feet on the ground, or, as he might put it, one's ass in the archives.
Parker is a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). He is a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).
He was awarded the Joseph Sullivant Medal by OSU in 2021. In 2014, Parker was awarded the British Academy Medal for his book Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century.
Amongst the foreign honours he holds, he is a member of the Order of Alfonso X the Wise and was granted the Great Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Spanish government. He has received honorary doctorates from the Catholic University of Brussels (Belgium) and the University of Burgos (Spain). He is also a corresponding member of the Spanish Real Academia de la Historia (since 1987), and member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2005. In 2012 he was awarded the Dr. A. H. Heineken Prize for History by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for his outstanding scholarship on the social, political and military history of Europe between 1500 and 1650, in particular Spain, Philip II, and the Dutch Revolt; for his contribution to military history in general; and for his research on the role of climate in world history.
In 1999, he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History.
Major works
Guide to the Archives of the Spanish Institutions in or concerned with the Netherlands (1556–1706). Brussels, 1971. (Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique, numéro spécial 3).
The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries' Wars. Cambridge University Press, 1972 (2nd ed. 2004).
"Military Revolution, 1560–1660: A Myth?" The Journal of Modern History 48, no. 2 (June 1976): 195–214.
The Dutch Revolt. London: Allen Lane, 1977.
(with Angela Parker) European Soldiers, 1550–1650. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
(edited with Charles Wilson) An Introduction to the Sources of European Economic History, 1500–1800 (Cornell University Press, 1977).
Philip II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978 (3rd ed. Chicago: Open Court, 1995).
(Joint editor) The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. London: Routledge, 1978 (2nd ed. 1997).
Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648. Cornell University Press, 1979 (2nd ed. 2001).
Spain and the Netherlands 1559-1659: Ten Studies. London: Collins, 1979 (2nd ed. Fontana, 1990).
The Thirty Years' War (with several contributors). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984 (rev. eds. 1987, 1993, 1997).
Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century. London: Croom Helm, 1985.
(With Colin Martin) The Spanish Armada. New York: W. W. Norton, 1988.
"Why the Armada Failed." The Quarterly Journal of Military History 1, no. 1 (Autumn 1988).
(Joint editor) The Times History of the World, 3rd ed. London, 1995.
The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West. Cambridge University Press, 1995 (rev. ed. 2008)
The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800. Cambridge University Press, 1988 (rev. ed. 1996).
(co-edited with Robert Cowley) The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996.
The Grand Strategy of Philip II. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
The World is Not Enough: The Imperial Vision of Philip II of Spain. Waco, Texas: Markham Press Fund, 2001.
Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe. London: Allen Lane, 2002.
(Editor) The Cambridge History of Warfare. New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005 (rev. ed. 2020)
Felipe II: La biografía definitiva. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 2010.
Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013.
Imprudent King: A New Life of Philip II. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014.
Emperor: A New Life of Charles V. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2019.
See also
Military Revolution
References
Further reading
Andrade, Tonio, and William Reger. "Geoffrey Paker and Early Modern History" in The limits of empire: European imperial formations in early modern world history: essays in honor of Geoffrey Parker, ed by William Reger, (Routledge, 2016), pp xix to xxvii.
Parker, Geoffrey. "'A man's gotta know his limitations:' Reflections on a Misspent Past," in The limits of empire: European imperial formations in early modern world history: essays in honor of Geoffrey Parker, ed by William Reger, (Routledge, 2016), pp 309–376.
Van Ittersum, Martine, Felicia Gottmann, and Tristan Mostert. "Writing global history and Its challenges—A workshop with Jürgen Osterhammel and Geoffrey Parker." Itinerario 40.3 (2016): 357–376. online
External links
University Biography Page
Course Pages
Parker, Geoffrey. "Conscience and power: Philip II of Spain, history and legend." Audio of lecture. 2 February 1980.
Audio of Geoffrey Parker's lecture "Climate and Catastrophe: The World Crisis of the 17th Century" at the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities 19 April 2007.
KNAW Video Interview with Geoffrey Parker on the occasion of the awarding of the Heineken Prize
1943 births
Living people
Ohio State University faculty
Academics of the University of St Andrews
English military historians
British Hispanists
Historians of Spain
21st-century English writers
20th-century English historians
21st-century English historians
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Recipients of the British Academy Medal
History Today people
Corresponding members of the Real Academia de la Historia
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Members of the American Philosophical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Parker%20%28historian%29 |
William Henry Collins OAM (23 September 1928 – 14 June 1997) was an Australian racecaller and radio and television personality who earned the reputation for being able to accurately call the winner of even the closest of races. Known as "The Accurate One", he was well known for his call of the Melbourne Cup each year. One of his most notable commentaries was the 1986 Cox Plate, dubbed the "Race of the Century". Collins also called important races internationally including the UK, US, South Africa, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore. Collins died on 14 June 1997 from cancer.
Radio and television broadcasting
Collins' radio career began in the early 1950s in Sale, Victoria, and in 1953 he moved to Melbourne where he worked as a racecaller for the radio station 3DB, and appeared on television hosting the musical comedy program Sunnyside Up at HSV-7, leading to a Logie Award in 1959 for Outstanding Performance. He would later host the Saturday Night "Seven's Penthouse Club" along with Mary Hardy from 1970 until 1978, an unusual series which mixed Variety entertainment with Night Trotting .
Bill called his last meeting at Caulfield in April 1988
Order of Australia
In 1988, Collins received an Order of Australia Medal (OAM) for his services to the media as a broadcaster and journalist, and was also inducted into the "Australian Racing Hall of Fame". He called his last race on Easter Saturday 1988 on radio 3UZ, as 3DB had already dropped its racing coverage.
Legacy
In 2004, he was honoured posthumously at the Moonee Valley Racecourse, home of the W.S. Cox Plate, with the 'Kingston Town Greatness Award' for his services to the event. Moonee Valley Racecourse also featured the Bill Collins Mile for trotters, which is now run at Cranbourne. A monument to Collins was unveiled in 2013 at Caulfield Racecourse.
Memorable Calls
1954 Melbourne Cup
"Here's Rising Fast going after him at every stride, Pandie Star behind them and then coming home well Commodore. Rising Fast has hit the front from Gay Helios at the furlong post, Hellion coming from the clouds on the outside, Rising Fast is too far in front however and in the run to the post Rising Fast going to win the Melbourne Cup by two lengths from Hellion!"
1965 Melbourne Cup
"A furlong and a half to go and Ziema's hit the front, Light Fingers under the whip trying to run him down from Yangtze, Midlander and then Tobin Bronze and Prince Grant. It's Ziema in front, Light Fingers throwing in a desperate challenge. Ziema about a neck in front, Light Fingers pegging him back. Light Fingers goes to Ziema hit the line locked together. Dead heat! A dead heat in the Melbourne Cup!"
1979 WS Cox Plate
"At the 400 Dulcify shot away two and a half lengths Imposing then Shivaree under the whip from Arbre Chene and Gyspy Kingdom. But Dulcify well clear Brent Thompson going for his fourth Cox Plate and he's got it! He's home Dulcify! He's six lengths in front of Shivaree then Arbre Chene, Imposing stopping. Dulcify's won by a minute and that's the way he might win the Melbourne Cup! Dulcify by six lengths to Shivaree."
1981 WS Cox Plate
"Up by the 500, Bingbinga joined by Lawman on the rails Prince Ruling from Silver Bounty, Quinton's in trouble on Kingston Town he's trying to find somewhere to go there followed by Sovereign Red, he's not responding Kingston Town. On the turn it's Bingbinga from Lawman two lengths to Kingston Town now getting out from Silver Bounty. Kingston Town's got out he's pulled the whip on him tackling Lawman quickly, Kingston Town raced to Lawman and Silver Bounty. It's Kingston Town, Lawman, Lawman in front, Kingston Town wearing him down, he'll win! The million dollar man's won it! Kingston Town a half length to Lawman."
1982 WS Cox Plate
"On the turn 500 out Fearless Pride and My Axeman a length and a half Lawman, Kingston Town can't win! Then Allez Bijou and the three-year old Grosvenor running on. My Axeman took the lead from Fearless Pride, Grosvenor coming down the outside is after them. My Axeman in front, Grosvenor and Kingston Town flashing he might win yet the champ! Grosvenor grabbed the lead oh, Kingston Town swapping them! What a run! Kingston Town wins it a neck to Grosvenor."
1986 WS Cox Plate
"Here come the New Zealanders Our Waverley Star and Bonecrusher they've raced to the lead 600 out have they gone too early? Two lengths to Drought running up to third from Society Bay they were followed then by Drawn at the head of the others Dinky Flyer. But Our Waverley Star he got a half-length to Bonecrusher he's gone for the whip on Bonecrusher, three lengths to Drought followed then by Dinky Flyer and Drawn. But the two great New Zealanders have come away on the turn, Our Waverley Star a half-length Bonecrusher the big red won't give in Drought running on, Bonecrusher responds to the whip, the roars of the crowd! He races up to Our Waverley Star a hundered out Bonecrusher, Our Waverley Star stride for stride nothing in it, Our Waverley Star the rails Bonecrusher the outside and Bonecrusher races into equine immortality!"
1987 Australian Cup
"At Talaq's taken the lead at the 300 shot a length in front of Sir Lustrious. Bonecrusher, Stewart's gone for the whip and he makes his run on the outside but at Talaq's got two lengths on him! Bonecrusher's gonna be everything we thought to get near at Talaq! At Talaq a length and half in front, Bonecrusher trying hard he's gradually making ground. Bonecrusher coming at Talaq will the champ get up? He lunghes, Yes! Oh, it might be a dead heat, Bonecrusher or a dead heat with at Talaq."
1988 Australian Cup
"Oh, he's got this won I'd say, at the distance Vo Rougue by six lengths, Dandy Andy second then Bonecrusher and Bahrain, it's Dandy Andy racing after Vo Rougue can it be a boilover? Vo Rougue stopping, Dandy Andy's got him, Dandy Andy, goodness gracious me! Dandy Andy a length to Vo Rouge."
Hobbies
Collins was a philatelist who amassed an excellent collection of the stamps of the Australian colonies, that is 1850 to 1913, when the Federal Government issued its first stamps.
References and resources
Inductees, Champions: Australian Racing Museum and Hall of Fame
Horse Racing Personalities, Horse Racing Magazine
Collins family history
References
1928 births
1997 deaths
Australian radio personalities
Australian racecallers
Australian sports broadcasters
Australian Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
Logie Award winners
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
People from the City of Latrobe
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Collins%20%28racecaller%29 |
Ausvika or Ausviga is a village in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Torvefjorden, about west of the village of Høllen and about northeast of the small village of Trysnes. The village has a population (2015) of 506, giving the village a population density of .
References
Villages in Agder
Geography of Kristiansand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausvika |
The Gießener Auswanderungsgesellschaft (Gießen emigration society) was founded in 1833 in Gießen with the aim of establishing a German-populated federal state within the United States. A majority of the five hundred politically motivated members, from the middle and upper class, settled in Missouri in 1834. The effort was considered a failure, but its leaders did much to contribute to the German influence of the state in the early 19th century.
History
Author Gottfried Duden, a German attorney, settled on the north side of the Missouri River along Lake Creek (now Dutzow, Missouri) in 1824. He was investigating the possibilities of settlement in the area by his countrymen. In 1827 he returned to Germany and in 1829 published Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen Staaten Nordamerika's und einen mehrjährigen Aufenthalt am Missouri (in den Jahren 1824, 25, 26 und 1827), in Bezug auf Auswanderung und Ueberbevölkerung, oder: Das Leben im Innern der Vereinigten Staaten und dessen Bedeutung für die häusliche und politische Lage der Europäer ("Report of a journey to the western states of North America") in 1829 which gave romantic and glowing descriptions of the Missouri River valley between St. Louis and Hermann, Missouri. The romantic description of the free life in the US motivated the Protestant minister Friedrich Münch and the attorney Paul Follenius/Paul Follen in 1833 to found the Gießen emigration society. Muench and Follenius had participated in the outlawed student revolutions and political movements in Germany prior to, and in the wake of, the French July Revolution of 1832. As there was no immediate hope for success, they established the Giessen Emigration Society, with their publication "A Call for a Large Emigration" with the intentions to establish a "new and free Germany in the great North American Republic" to serve as model for a future German Republic.
The small publication was circulated privately throughout Germany, secretly passed and discussed. Muench and Follenius's followers grew and became so large, they could not take all that responded on this first call, and closed at 500 members. The Statutes of the Society were lengthy, and the costs were high. Members were required to post dues in advance, have enough funds for all of their travel, their land purchased and the first few years of living. Character references were also required. Members were made up from all areas of Germany, several different religious groups, and many professions, farmers included. Membership dues would cover the costs of travel and settlement for the physicians and teachers, who were granted free membership. The group was to travel in two contingents from Bremen in the spring of 1834. In May 1834, the Olbers, led by Paul Follenius, departed from Bremen, headed for New Orleans, where the group encountered cholera. As they ascended the Mississippi River, now headed for St. Louis, many members grew ill, and some died. At the same time, unbeknown to the first group, the second contingent led by Friedrich Muench was encountering their own difficulties in Bremen, and was delayed several weeks. They arrived in late July 1834 at Baltimore, and began to head quickly for St. Louis. At Cincinnati they met up with Baron von Bock of Dutzow who told them of the first group's arrival and misfortunes.
Both leaders, Friedrich Muench and Paul Follenius, settled on farms next to that of Gottfried Duden near the German-populated Dutzow, Missouri. They soon realized that the plan for a separate German federal state would remain a utopia. Other families settled nearby in southeastern Warren County, and in nearby Franklin and St. Charles counties. Many of these early families would soon begin to write their own letters home, encouraging further emigration. As many were professionals and politically motivated, they were active in their communities' efforts and politics. These families were actively involved in efforts regarding the abolition of slavery during the Civil War, and many created and joined companies of the Union Army that were made up completely of Germans. The influence of these first five hundred can still be found in the area today that follows the Missouri River from St. Louis to Hermann — often called Little Germany, Missouri. This area, also called the Missouri Weinstrasse, still retains much of the early German influence in its culture and historic architecture.
See also
Dreissiger
Missouri wine
Mount Pleasant Winery
Missouri Rhineland
External links
Missouri Germans Consortium
Muench Family Association
1833 establishments in Germany
History of Missouri
German-American history
German-American culture in St. Louis
1833 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fener%20Auswanderungsgesellschaft |
Stadio Pietro Fortunati is a football stadium in Pavia, Italy. It is the home ground of A.C. Pavia. The stadium holds 4,999.
Pietro Fotunati
Buildings and structures in Pavia
AC Pavia 1911 SSD
Sports venues in Lombardy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Pietro%20Fortunati |
VDub was an American advertising campaign used by Volkswagen during 2006 for the Volkswagen GTI. Intended to parody MTV's Pimp My Ride, advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky created a series of three television commercials directed by Jonas Åkerlund, starring Swedish actor Peter Stormare as an effete German engineer named Wolfgang, and German model Zonja Wöstendiek as his assistant Miss Helga. In each ad, Wolfgang introduces a "contestant" and Miss Helga showcases and insults their gaudy and distastefully modified compact car of a competitive make - specifically a Mitsubishi Eclipse, Ford Focus and a Honda Civic. Wolfgang then excitedly announces that they are going to "unpimp" the contestant's car, in which he presses a button on a handheld remote and the car is violently destroyed (the Eclipse is thrown by a trebuchet, the Focus is crushed by a shipping container, and the Civic is smashed by a wrecking ball) as the contestant watches. Each contestant is then given a brand new Volkswagen GTI, a car that has been "pre-tuned by German engineers". Wolfgang uses gestures and expressions reminiscent of hip-hop culture throughout the ads for humorous effect, such as when he proclaims "we just dropped it like it's hot!" after crushing a Ford Focus. Most notably, he opens every ad with "V Dub in the house!" and ends every ad by recreating the Volkswagen logo in a hand sign accompanied with, "V Dub! Representing Deutschland!"
The commercials began airing in late February 2006. Prior to the full launch of the TV campaign, the three 30-second spots became an early example of a viral video when popular automotive news website Leftlane News uploaded the ads to video distribution service YouTube. The ads became an early example of an Internet meme, as other YouTube users created their own parodies of the ads. By early March 2006, the ads had received over two million views on YouTube. Three years later, that number was over 10 million.
The ad campaign extended beyond the TV commercials. In one of the first examples of a company using social media to reach prospective customers, Volkswagen created a MySpace page for Miss Helga in which the character interacted with users. The advertised website, volkswagenfeatures.com, featured interactive videos of Miss Helga showcasing the car. The configurator on Volkswagen's website also allowed users to "test drive" their GTI around a test track while Miss Helga showcased the car's features from the passenger seat.
See also
Volkswagen advertising
Changes
Think Small
Fahrvergnügen
External links
Compilation of all three advertisements
Leftlane News
VW GTI homepage
Volkswagen advertising
Fictional engineers
American television commercials
2000s television commercials
Advertising campaigns
Automobile advertising characters
Internet memes
Volkswagen Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDub |
Stadio Comumale is a multi-purpose stadium in Pizzighettone, Italy. It is currently used primarily for football matches and was the home ground of the A.S. Pizzighettone. The stadium holds 8,000 spectators.
When the stadium is used to facilitate football, it can be recognised by the fact that it allows nearby restaurants to showcase their food there.
References
Comunale
Multi-purpose stadiums in Italy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Comunale%20%28Pizzighettone%29 |
The 2003 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election took place in February 2003, following the decision by the incumbent, Alan Beith to stand down as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats, a political party in the United Kingdom. The post was voted on by the party's then 53 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.
The election was expected to be contested by Simon Hughes, who had come second in the 1999 leadership election, but in the event he declined to run, instead running to be Mayor of London in the 2004 elections. In the event the candidates were Menzies Campbell, the party's foreign affairs spokesperson, and Malcolm Bruce, spokesperson for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Result
References
See also
2006 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election
Liberal Democrat deputy leadership election
Deputy Leadership election 2003
Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Liberal%20Democrats%20deputy%20leadership%20election |
Stadio Carlo Speroni is a multi-use stadium in Busto Arsizio, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Pro Patria. The stadium holds 5,000 and is named after Italian long-distance runner Carlo Speroni (1895–1969).
References
Carlo Speroni
Busto Arsizio
Carlo
Aurora Pro Patria 1919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Carlo%20Speroni |
Øyslebø is a village in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located in the Mandalen valley along the Mandalselva river, about north of the town of Mandal. The Sørlandet Line passes the village to the north, stopping at the Marnardal Station, about north of Øyslebø on the north side of the village of Heddeland. Øyslebø was the administrative centre of the old municipality of Øyslebø which existed from 1899 until 1964.
The village has a population (2015) of 376, giving the village a population density of .
Name
The village of Øyslebø (Old Norse: Øyðslubœr) is named after the old Øyslebø farm, where Øyslebø Church is located. The name is derived from the old river name, Øyðsla. The name was previously spelled Øslebø or Øislebø.
References
External links
Villages in Agder
Lindesnes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ysleb%C3%B8 |
Sítio d'Abadia is a municipality in eastern Goiás state, Brazil.
Location
Sítio d'Abadia is located in a corner of eastern Goiás, 14 kilometers north of the border with Minas Gerais. It is about 30 kilometers west of the border with Bahia. It is one of the most isolated towns in the state of Goiás, and can be accessed only by paved highway by driving north to Damianópolis. It belongs to the Vão do Paranã statistical micro-region.
The distance to Goiânia is 561 km. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / GO-060 / Alexânia / Planaltina / Formosa / GO-020 / BR-030 / Vila Boa / GO-112 Alvorada do Norte / Vila Capão / GO-236 / Buritinópolis / Mambaí / GO-108 / Damianópolis.
Municipal boundaries are with:
north: Alvorada do Norte and Damianópolis
west: Flores de Goiás
south: Minas Gerais
east: Bahia
Demographics
Population density: 2.03 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban/Rural population: 1,034/2,217
Population growth rate 1996/2007: 1.07%
Economy
The economy is based on modest services, public administration, agriculture and cattle raising. There were no banks and 13 commercial establishments in August 2007. There were 52 automobiles in 2007. In 2006 there were 29,000 head of cattle. The main agricultural products were rice, bananas, sugarcane, manioc, beans, corn, and soybeans (2,000 hectares planted).
Motor vehicles: 80 (automobiles and pickup trucks)
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 41
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 499
Total area: 90,612 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 127 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 5,272 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 67,823 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 16,693 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 1,550
Tractors: 97
Cattle herd: 29,000
Main crops: soybeans on 2,000 hectares
Health and education
Literacy rate: 74.4
Infant mortality rate: 36.25 for 1000 live births
Life expectancy:
Hospitals: none
Schools: 8 with 1,020 students
Sítio d'Abadia is a very poor town in one of the poorest areas of the state. In 2000 it was ranked 235 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index with a score of 0.643. Nationally it was ranked 3,875 out of 5,507 municipalities.
Tourism
Sítio d'Abadia has one of the largest waterfalls in the state located on the Rio Corrente. See Cachoeiras d'Abadia
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Vão do Paranã Microregion
Microregions in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADtio%20d%27Abadia |
Stadio Ernesto Breda is a multi-use stadium in Sesto San Giovanni, Italy. It is currently used for both football and American football matches and it's the home ground of Pro Sesto, Inter Milan Women and Inter Milan Primavera. The stadium holds 3,523 spectators.
References
Breda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Ernesto%20Breda |
WSST-TV (channel 55) is a television station licensed to Cordele, Georgia, United States, affiliated with MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Marquee Broadcasting alongside Valdosta-licensed CBS affiliate WSWG (channel 44). WSST-TV's studios (which also house master control and some internal operations for WSWG) are located on 7th Street and 11th Avenue in downtown Cordele, and its transmitter is located in rural southwestern Crisp County.
The station's digital signal extends only about from Cordele; however, the station is carried on many cable providers in the region, including in Albany and Perry. Since April 22, 2019, in order to increase its over-the-air reach, WSST-TV's primary channel has been simulcast on WSWG's third digital subchannel.
History
WSST-TV signed on May 22, 1989, as an independent station owned by Sunbelt-South Telecommunications Ltd. The station grew out of a cable-only station for Cordele and Vienna that had started in 1981. Though primarily independent, at various points WSST's schedule has included programming from Channel America, America One, and Youtoo America. WSST was originally jointly owned by William B. Goodson and Phillip A. Streetman; Goodson died in 2006, and Streetman assumed full control in 2007.
On June 18, 2018, Marquee Broadcasting agreed to purchase WSST from Sunbelt-South Telecommunications. The sale was completed on September 3, 2018. Marquee subsequently acquired CBS affiliate WSWG from Gray Television, making it a sister station to WSST. In May 2019, WSST-TV affiliated with MyNetworkTV; the affiliation was transferred from a WSWG subchannel.
Local programming
WSST-TV airs a rebroadcast of sister station WSWG's early evening newscast and a prime time newscast, which launched on May 6, 2019; prior to then, WSST produced its own evening newscast. Until 2022, WSST also produced South Georgia Sunrise, a two-hour morning news and talk program, and Midday, a half-hour talk and lifestyle program.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WSST-TV began broadcasting a digital signal in 2003. Its digital transmitter facilities operated at low power for several years, due to Sunbelt-South Telecommunications, Ltd. being involved in bankruptcy proceedings. The station discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 55, on April 15, 2009. WSST's digital signal broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 51. The station moved to channel 22 in early 2017, and to channel 34 in late 2018.
References
External links
Television stations in Georgia (U.S. state)
MyNetworkTV affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Heroes & Icons affiliates
Grit (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Crisp County, Georgia
Marquee Broadcasting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSST-TV |
Sustainable national income, (SNI) is an indicator for environmental sustainability, which gives an estimate of the production level at which - with the technology in the year of calculation - environmental functions remain available ‘for ever’.
Overview
The national income of a country is an estimate of the yearly production of goods and services. The loss of possible uses of the non-human made physical surroundings, named environmental functions, on which humanity is dependent in all its doings remains outside the estimate. Also the present and future production is dependent on these environmental functions.
The sustainable national income (SNI) in a given year is an estimate of the production level at which - with the technology in the year of calculation - environmental functions remain available ‘for ever’. The sustainable national income (SNI) in a certain year is defined as:
the maximum attainable production level whereby, with the available technology in the year of calculation, vital environmental functions remain available ‘for ever’.
The production level in the same year that is registered in the standard national income (NI) does not meet this condition. Environmental functions and their preservation after all fall outside the NI. The NI is therefore always higher than the SNI. The difference gives information about the distance between the present production level and the production level in a sustainable situation. If the distance decreases then we are on the road to environmental sustainability, the part of the production that is based on unsustainable use of the environment decreases. If the distance increases then we are drifting further away from sustainability.
History
The original concept of ´sustainability´ refers to an equilibrium relation between human activities and their physical surroundings and has a long tradition going back to the nineteenth century. The sustainable national income is based on a definition of sustainability in conformity with this. The original concept of sustainability is introduced in the international discussion by 1980 publication of “The World Conservation Strategy” of 1980
Since the publication of “Our Common Future” in 1987 one has started to include in sustainability besides a sustainable use of the physical surroundings also elements that conflict with this, such as the growth of production as measured in the national income and some social measures. By taking together environmental conservation and herewith conflicting goals in one and the same sustainability indicator the development of the state of the environment is being obscured. Moreover, there are examples of measures that worked socially advantageous in the short term but disastrous in the long term because of impairment of vital environmental functions. Arguments in support of this and some historical examples are given in the publications of Hueting and Reijnders (2004) and De Boer and Hueting for the OECD (2004) mentioned below.
The theoretical and practical framework of the Sustainable national income is developed by the economist Roefie Hueting. Already in 1970 he published a collection of articles over the years 1967-1970 titled: “What is nature worth to us?” . His 1974 Ph.D. thesis was entitled “New scarcity and economic growth: More welfare through less production?” In 1969 Hueting founded the Department of Environmental Statistics at Statistics Netherlands. A multidisciplinary team of biologists, chemists, physicists, electrical engineers and economists worked for nearly forty years on the SNI and the environmental statistics on what it is based.
Sustainable national income topics
Environmental functions
Central to the sustainable national income (SNI) is the concept of environmental function. Environmental functions are defined as the possible uses of our non-human made physical surroundings, on which humanity is entirely dependent in all its doings, whether they be producing, consuming, breathing or recreating.
When use of one function is at the expense of another or the same function or threatens to be so in the future, there is competition of functions. As an illustration, once water pollutant thresholds have been exceeded, use of the function ‘dumping ground for waste’ may come to compete with the function ‘drinking water’. Competing functions are by definition scarce and consequently economic goods. Today most of the functions of our physical surroundings, which once were free goods, have become scarce goods.
Transition to environmental sustainability
With the present technology, population size as well as production and consumption patterns, the sustainable situation governments say they strive for cannot be reached. Given the distance to be bridged, achieving environmental sustainability will require a fairly long period. Besides many environmental measures have a time lag, sometimes of a few decades. The length of the period of the transition path to a sustainable situation is only limited by the condition that vital environmental functions must not be irreparably damaged.
In view of the threat that this may happen it seems urgent to wait no longer with a change of course in the direction of sustainability. On account of the precautionary principle no technological progress during the transition period is anticipated. This is measured afterwards on the basis of the development of the distance (écart) between the SNI and the NI in the course of time.
Estimates
The work on the estimate of an SNI started in the mid-1960s. The first rough estimate of an ‘SNI’ for the world by Jan Tinbergen and Roefie Hueting in 1991 arrived at 50 percent of the world production level: the sustainable world income.
A much more advanced estimate for The Netherlands was made in 2001 by a collaboration of the National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and the Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM). The estimate arrived at around 50 percent of the production level, c.q. the national income of The Netherlands. This corresponds with the production level of the beginning of the 1970s. As the population was smaller at that time, the consumption per person was substantially higher than 50 percent of the present level.
In accordance with the principles of the SNI it is assumed that all countries in the world simultaneously switch over to environmental sustainability and that the costs thereof are comparable with those of The Netherlands. In the period 1990-2000 the distance between de NI and SNI increased with approximately 10 billion euros.
Reviews
Neoclassical economics finds opposition from ecological economics, while that opposition would be less needed due to Hueting's more neoclassical analysis of the environment. The neoclassical SNI has different results than e.g. Robert Costanza et al. (1997).
A critical review of the method used by Robert Costanza et al. (1997) is given by Roefie Hueting et al. (1998).
References
Further reading
B. de Boer and R. Hueting (2004), Sustainable national income and multiple indicators for sustainable development in: OECD, Measuring sustainable development, p 39-52
Th. Cool, (2001), Roefie Hueting and the SNI (in Dutch), ESB 4321, p 652-653.
O. Kuik (2006), Sustainable national income (SNI). This paper has been written for the Overview of Advanced Tools for Sustainability Assessment of the “Sustainability A-Test” project of the European Union, DG Research, see http://ivm5.ivm.vu.nl/sat/?chap=14
R. Hueting, (1974), New scarcity and economic growth, Dutch ed, Agon Elsevier, Amsterdam, Brussel, English ed, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, New York, 1980
R. Hueting, (1996), Three persistent myths in the environmental debate, Ecological Economics, 18 (2), p 81-88. Also published in: E.C. van Ierland, J. van der Straaten, H.R.J. Vollebergh, editors, Economic Growth and Valuation of the Environment, A Debate, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK p 78-89 (2001)
R. Hueting, L. Reijnders (1996), Duurzaamheid is een objectief begrip, ESB 4057, p 425-427
R. Hueting, L. Reijnders (1996), Duurzaamheid and preferenties, ESB 4062, p 537-539
R. Hueting, L. Reijnders (1998), Sustainability is an objective concept, Ecological Economics, 27, p 139-147
R. Hueting, L. Reijnders, B. de Boer, J. Lambooy, H. Jansen (1998), The concept of environmental function and its valuation, Ecological Economics, 25, p 31-35
R. Hueting and B. de Boer (2001), Environmental valuation and sustainable national income according to Hueting. In: E.C. van Ierland, J. van der Straaten, H.R.J. Vollebergh, editors, Economic Growth and Valuation of the Environment, A Debate, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK p 17-77
R. Hueting, (2003), Sustainable National Income, a prerequisite for sustainability p 40-57. In: B. van der Zwaan, Arthur Peterson, editors, Sharing the Planet, Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft
R. Hueting and L. Reijnders (2004), Broad sustainability contra sustainability: the proper construction of sustainability indicators, Ecological Economics, 50 (3-4), p 249-260
R. Hueting, 2006, The SNI an indicator for environmental sustainability p 77-89. In: Ten million people as sustainable population size (In Dutch), Demon, Eindhoven
Macroeconomic aggregates
Economics of sustainability
Macroeconomic indicators
Sustainability metrics and indices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20national%20income |
Stadio Bruno Benelli is a multi-use stadium in Ravenna, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Ravenna Calcio. The stadium holds 12,020 and was opened in 1966.
External links
Stadium picture
Ravenna FC
Bruno Benelli
Buildings and structures in Ravenna
Sports venues in Emilia-Romagna | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Bruno%20Benelli |
These are the largest glaciers on mainland Norway. However, the 18 largest glaciers in the Kingdom of Norway are on Svalbard, including the second largest glacier in Europe, Austfonna on Nordaustlandet. In total, Norway has around 1,600 glaciers - 900 of these are in North Norway, but 60% of the total glacier area is south of Trøndelag. 1% of mainland Norway is covered by glaciers.
List
See also
List of Norwegian fjords
List of glaciers
References
Glaciers
Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20glaciers%20in%20Norway |
Mark Porter (born 15 March 1960, Aberdeen, Scotland) is a British publication designer and art director, and former creative director of The Guardian. Formerly he was the art director of the Evening Standard, the UK edition of Wired, and Colors. He directed the redesign of The Guardian, which was voted best-designed newspaper in the world by the US-based Society for News Design in 2006.
References
Scottish designers
Living people
1960 births
People from Aberdeen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Porter%20%28designer%29 |
Nicholas Robert Rolovich ( ; born February 16, 1979) is an American football coach and former player who is currently the Offensive coordinator for the Seattle Sea Dragons of the XFL. He was most recently the head football coach at Washington State University (WSU). Rolovich majored in economics at the University of Hawaii, and received a master's degree at New Mexico Highlands University. He was a quarterback with the Las Vegas Gladiators in the Arena Football League (AFL).
In October of 2021, after being denied a religious exemption to Washington's requirement for state employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19, Rolovich was terminated by WSU. Rolovich alleges that athletic director Patrick Chun asked him to receive the vaccine on the stadium 50 yard line in front of the entire football team. He has since sued the university for $25 million.
High school years
Rolovich grew up in Novato, California. He attended Marin Catholic High School in Kentfield, California, and won varsity letters in football and baseball. In football, he led his teams to two league championships.
College career
City College of San Francisco
Rolovich was a two-time junior college All-American (1998–99) at City College of San Francisco, where he led the Rams to a national championship in 1999.
University of Hawaii
Rolovich was a two-year letterman at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he replaced starter and eventual all-time NCAA career passing leader Timmy Chang early in the 2001 season, leading the team to an 8–1 record. During those nine games, Rolovich threw for 3,361 yards and 34 touchdowns on 233-of-405 passing. He ended his college career with three straight 500-yard passing games. He also tossed school single-game records of 8 touchdowns and 543 yards in a 72–45 win over BYU on December 8, 2001. Those numbers helped him place tenth in the nation in pass efficiency (105.5) while breaking 19 school passing records and eight total offense records. Rolovich participated in and was named one of the two MVPs from the 2002 Hula Bowl college all-star game.
Professional football career
Rolovich signed with the Denver Broncos on May 18, 2002 after an impressive mini-camp. He rejoined the team in the following season before being allocated to the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe. In 2003, Rolovich completed 87-of-149 passes while leading the Fire to World Bowl XI. He connected on 14-of-19 passes for 164 yards and a touchdown in their 35–16 loss to the Frankfurt Galaxy in the championship game. In 2004 and 2005, Rolovich signed with the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League where he served as Mark Grieb’s backup. He became the first San Jose QB other than Grieb to throw a pass in a game since the 2002 season. Rolovich signed with the Arizona Rattlers on October 31, 2006. Rolovich was released by both the Chicago Rush and Arizona Rattlers (after injuring his shoulder on January 16, 2006 in a non-contact scrimmage against Las Vegas, within a week he was waived) in 2006. On April 10, 2007, Rolovich was signed by the Las Vegas Gladiators.
Coaching career
While still playing in the AFL, Rolovich served as quarterback coach for his JC alma mater, the City College of San Francisco Rams for two years. Rolovich coached future quarterbacks Zac Lee and Jeremiah Masoli, who later went on to careers at Nebraska and Oregon, respectively. In 2008, he retired from pro-football and joined the coaching staff of his other alma mater, the Hawaii Warriors, as a full-time quarterback coach. In 2010, he was promoted to become Hawaii's offensive coordinator. In 2012, he was hired by Nevada to be their offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach after not being retained by new Warriors head coach Norm Chow. In 2013, Rolovich was set to be the offensive coordinator at Temple on Matt Rhule's inaugural staff before backing out on January 9, 2013, after Nevada doubled his salary to $240,000.
Hawaii (2016–19)
On November 27, 2015, Rolovich was hired as the new head football coach at the University of Hawaii replacing Chow and interim head coach Chris Naeole. In Rolovich's first season, Hawaii finished the regular season 6–7, but had their first bowl invitation since 2010 to the Hawaii Bowl, where they beat Middle Tennessee 52–35. In 2017, Hawaii suffered a setback with injuries to John Ursua among other players, finishing the season 3–9 while losing their last 5 games. In 2018, Rolovich opted to change from a balanced spread offense to the pass-oriented run and shoot offense that June Jones successfully ran while Rolovich was a player at Hawaii. In their first year under the run and shoot, Rolovich and Hawaii finished 8–6 while losing to Louisiana Tech in the Hawaii Bowl 31–14. In 2019, Hawaii opened the season with wins against Pac-12 opponents Arizona and Oregon State before losing to No. 23 Washington. They clinched a berth in the Mountain West Championship Game with a 14–11 win over San Diego State on November 23, 2019. He was named Mountain West Coach of Year in 2019 after leading Hawaii to a 10-win season and division title.
Washington State (2020–2021)
On January 13, 2020, Rolovich was announced as the new head coach for Washington State University, replacing Mike Leach who had departed to take the head coaching job at Mississippi State.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, student athletes of the Pac-12 Conference formed a unity group to negotiate with the conference to get more fair treatment for student athletes ranging from COVID-19 safety protocols to racial equality messages under the threat of opting out of the fall season with the hashtag #WeAreUnited. On August 2, 2020, Washington State wide receiver Kassidy Woods alleged that Rolovich threatened his status on the team, while also being removed from the team chats and being told to clear out his locker. Woods also released an audio conversation between him and Rolovich to the Dallas Morning News, where Rolovich was understanding of Woods opting out due to COVID-19 but was still critical of the unity group. Rolovich said in a statement that the said conversation between him and Woods occurred before the release of the #WeAreUnited group's article, and Washington State spokesman Bill Stephens clarified that Woods did not lose his scholarship or has been cut from the team, while ESPN reported that no one has been cut, but is not allowed to participate in team activities if they choose to opt out due to safety reasons.
Washington State University became aware of Rolovich's anti-vaccine skepticism in April 2021, when it arranged for him to meet with Dr. Guy Palmer, a professor of pathology and infectious diseases. According to Palmer, Rolovich asked questions that were typical of the "anti-vax crowd on social media," including bringing up SV40, which had contaminated polio vaccines in the late 1950s and was not used in the COVID-19 vaccines. On July 21, 2021, Rolovich announced that he had chosen not to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, and therefore would not be allowed to attend Pac-12 media day.
On October 18, 2021, Rolovich, along with defensive tackles coach Ricky Logo, cornerbacks coach John Richardson, quarterbacks coach Craig Stutzmann and offensive line coach Mark Weber, were fired for failing to comply with Washington's COVID-19 vaccine mandate for state employees. In September 2021, Stutzmann's younger brother Billy Ray, who had worked for Rolovich at Hawaii, was terminated from a position as offensive assistant at the US Naval Academy also for refusing to take a COVID vaccine.
Rolovich compiled a record of 5–6 with the Cougars.
Seattle Sea Dragons (2024-present)
On September 14, 2023, Seattle Sea Dragons head coach Jim Haslett announced that Rolovich would become the teams offensive coordinator for the 2024 season.
Notable players coached
As assistant coach
Trevor Davis – Former Hawaii wide receiver (2011–12). Drafted 163rd overall in the 2016 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers.
Joel Bitonio – Former offensive lineman for Nevada (2009–13). Drafted 35th overall in the 2014 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns. 2× Pro Bowl selection (2018, 2019), 2× 2nd Team All-Pro (2018, 2019).
As head coach
Marcus Kemp – Former Hawaii wide receiver (2014–17). Signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2017. Won Super Bowl LIV with Kansas City in 2020.
Leo Koloamatangi – Former center for Hawaii. Signed by the Detroit Lions as an undrafted free agent in 2017.
Jahlani Tavai – Former linebacker for Hawaii (2014–18). Drafted 43rd overall in the 2019 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions.
John Ursua – Former wide receiver for Hawaii (2016–18). Drafted 236th overall in the 2019 NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks.
Cole McDonald – Former quarterback for Hawaii (2016–19). Drafted 224th overall in the 2020 NFL Draft by the Tennessee Titans.
Coaching style
Offensive philosophy
During his stint as offensive coordinator at Hawaii, Rolovich used the run and shoot offense that June Jones had run when Rolovich was the team's starting quarterback. As the offensive coordinator, he made adjustments to the offense so that it could be run out of the pistol formation, creating opportunities for the quarterback to be a second runner. This led to an increase in success in the running game. When he became the offensive coordinator at Nevada, he ran the pistol offense that longtime Nevada head coach Chris Ault had popularized. When he was named head coach at Hawaii, he was the de facto offensive coordinator with Brian Smith and Craig Stutzmann named running game coordinator and passing game coordinator for one season before naming Smith the offensive coordinator for the 2017 season. After running a balanced spread offense for the first two years, he switched back to the run and shoot. With the rise in popularity of the run-pass option (RPO), Rolovich once again made adjustments to the run and shoot offense so that the quarterback of the offense could run RPO plays.
Personality
Rolovich is known for his zany personality; he brought a tarot card reader, a Britney Spears impersonator, and an Elvis Presley impersonator to Mountain West Conference Media Days during his head coaching days at Hawaii. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Rolovich went around Washington State University's Pullman campus on a bicycle FaceTimeing a recruit with a phone taped to his bike helmet to show the recruit what Pullman and the campus looked like.
Personal life
Rolovich is married to Analea Donovan, his college sweetheart from Maui. They have four children.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Hawaii profile
AFL stats
1979 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
City College of San Francisco Rams football players
Nevada Wolf Pack football coaches
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football coaches
Washington State Cougars football coaches
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football players
Denver Broncos players
Rhein Fire players
San Jose SaberCats players
Las Vegas Gladiators players
City College of San Francisco Rams football coaches
New Mexico Highlands University alumni
People from Daly City, California
Players of American football from San Mateo County, California
Marin Catholic High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Rolovich |
The Stadio Riviera delle Palme is a multi-use stadium in San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio. The stadium has a capacity of 13,708 and it lies between San Benedetto and its civil parish Porto d'Ascoli.
History
The stadium, with a steel supporting structure based on a structural design by Eng. Luigi Corradi and architect of the arch. Vincenzo Acciarri, was built in the mid-80s and awarded at European level as the best sports work in steel and prefabricated reinforced concrete. It was inaugurated on 10 August 1985 with a friendly match between S.S. Lazio and S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio, although many consider the unofficial inauguration of 13 August 1985 with a friendly match between A.C. Milan and Sambenedettese, a team that competes in the home matches and has its registered office, as well as spectators in the stands. The stadium recorded its highest capacity at 23,000 people during a match in 1997.
The roof of the stadium has a photovoltaic system, with solar panels in polycrystalline silicon of 220 nominal power. It is the second Italian stadium, after Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi, to use solar panels.
Description
Initially it had a capacity of about spectators, it was designed for the possibility of a future extension. Later, to comply with safety regulations in the stadiums, the authorized capacity was reduced to places.
Since 2010, after the refurbishment works, the capacity has been increased to around 14,000 numbered seats, all seated, arranged on two rings with full coverage in all sectors, complete the structure four towers of 'angle in prestressed concrete, which favor the inflow and outflow of spectators, incorporate a small bar, toilets and High-mast lighting for lighting sports venue. Above the cover is placed a paneling of Photovoltaic system.
References
Riviera delle Palme
US Sambenedettese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Riviera%20delle%20Palme |
Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Asp, named for the Asp, which is a small venomous snake.
, was a schooner that served on the Great Lakes during the War of 1812.
, was a schooner that served in Chesapeake Bay.
, was a wooden motor boat which patrolled the coast from 1917 until 1920.
United States Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Asp |
Byglandsfjord is a village in Bygland municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located in the Setesdal valley along the Norwegian National Road 9 and the river Otra in the far southern part of the municipality, just north of the border with Evje og Hornnes municipality and at the southern end of the lake Byglandsfjorden. The village has a population (2016) of 365 which gives the village a population density of . Revsnes Hotel offers accommodation.
The highest point in the area surrounding the village is the tall Årdalsknaben, about northeast of the village. The village itself sits at an elevation of about above sea level. Byglandsfjord is located about south of the village of Grendi and about north of the village of Evje in the neighboring municipality. Byglandsfjord Station, the terminal station of the now defunct Setesdal Line was also located in this village.
The steamboat (1866) travels on the Byglandsfjorden between the villages of Byglandsfjord, Bygland, and Ose during the summer months. The wood-fired steamboat was the former most important transport across the lake, before further transport by horse and carriage up the valley.
Notable residents
Kjell Kristian Rike (1944–2008), a Norwegian sports commentator
References
Bygland
Setesdal
Villages in Agder | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byglandsfjord |
Stadio Alberto Picco is the main football stadium in La Spezia, Italy. Since 1919 it is the home ground of Spezia Calcio. The stadium holds 11,466.
Gallery
Image from Google Maps
References
External links
Picco at Stadium Journey
Venue
Alberto Picco
Sports venues in Liguria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Alberto%20Picco |
Stadio Gaetano Bonolis (also known as Stadio di Piano d'Accio) is a multi-use stadium in Piano d'Accio frazione, in Teramo, Italy. It is currently used mostly for football matches and concerts. It is the home ground of Teramo Calcio. The stadium holds 7,498.
The stadium is named after Gaetano Bonolis, a medical doctor of the club as a posthumous honour.
References
Comunale
SSD Città di Teramo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio%20Gaetano%20Bonolis |
Hauge or Hauge i Dalane (pronounced Haua in the local dialect) is the administrative center of Sokndal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located along the river Sokno, between the coastal villages of Rekefjord and Sogndalsstranda. Sokndal Church is located in the village.
The village has a population (2019) of 2165 and a population density of . The origin of the name Hauge is from the Old Norse word Haugr meaning "mound". It is often referred to as Hauge i Dalane since there are many villages named Hauge in Norway, and this one is located in the Dalane district, so this means Hauge in Dalane.
Trivia
In an unceremonious SMS-vote competition dubbed "the dialectical games" ("dialektiske leker"), hosted by NRK-Rogaland between 20 June and 11 August in 2006, the dialect spoken in Hauge won a narrow victory over the Suldal-dialect as "the most beautiful dialect in Rogaland", receiving 2,816 of the total 5,577 votes in the final round.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Sokndal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauge%2C%20Rogaland |
The father–son rule is a rule that allows clubs preferential recruiting access to the sons of players who have made a major past contribution to the club in Australian rules football, most notably in the Australian Football League.
The rule was first established in 1949, and there have been more than ten amendments, most recently the refining of the draft bidding process in 2015.
History
The father–son rule was established during the 1949 season, allowing a player to be recruited by the club his father had played for, despite being residentially zoned to another club. The first player officially cleared under the father–son rule was Harvey Dunn Jr, who was recruited to his father's old club, Carlton, in 1951, instead of being zoned to North Melbourne.
The original rule is thought to have originally come into place as a result of successful lobbying by the Melbourne Football Club, which had wanted the young Ron Barassi to follow in the footsteps of his father, Ron Barassi Sr., who had been killed in action at Tobruk during World War II. Barassi was officially cleared to Melbourne under the rule in 1953.
Incorporation into the National Draft
Prior to 1997, the rule allowed the son to be recruited by his father's club, bypassing the draft entirely. West Coast's Ben Cousins, for example, was recruited in this manner, without the Eagles parting with any draft picks. In 1997, the father–son rule was altered to force clubs to use a second-round draft selection for their first father–son selection. If two players were to be drafted by the same club in the same year, then a third round selection was used for the second player. Geelong used this rule in 1997 to draft Marc Woolnough with their second selection and Matthew Scarlett with their third-round pick, whilst Collingwood chose to not select Marcus Picken. In 2001, the rule was changed to only allow a single selection per year, costing the club a third-round selection. Notably, this rule allowed Geelong to draft Gary Ablett Jr. (who, while only rated a mid-range draft possibility at the time, went on to win two Brownlow Medals) to the club in 2001 using only their third-round (40th overall) draft pick. In 2003, the rules were changed again to allow multiple players to be drafted in a single year, with a third-round selection used for the first player and a second-round selection being used for the second player. Collingwood drafted cousins Brayden and Heath Shaw using their second- and third-round selection, respectively, in 2003.
Bidding system
In 2007, following concerns that potential first-round draftees were being selected for an unfairly low draft pick under the father–son rule, a bidding system was established to ensure father–son recruits could still be preferentially drafted by the father's club, albeit at a fair market value. Under the 2007 amendment, any club could bid on another club's son with one of its draft picks, and the father's club then had the right to recruit the son by giving up its next pick. The bidding process occurred prior to the draft, but the decisions made while bidding were binding during the draft. For example, in 2008 the Western Bulldogs used their first-round selection to secure Ayce Cordy after St Kilda bid its higher first-round selection for him.
The bidding system was further refined in 2015. Under the current system:
Each draft pick is assigned a value (with No. 1 starting at 3000 points, declining exponentially until No. 74 which has no value), which is regressed from historical player salary data.
During the draft, any club may bid for a father–son eligible player with any draft pick.
The father's club, if it wishes to select the son, must then use its next one or more draft picks until the total points value of the surrendered picks adds up to the value of the draft pick used by the bidding, less a discount – which is either 20% of the bid value or 197 points (equivalent to pick No. 56), whichever is greater. Any points left over after reaching the bid value result in the draft pick being shuffled down the order.
The club which originally made the bid then has the next selection in the draft.
The same bidding process has also been used since 2015 by the New South Wales and Queensland clubs to gain access to their states' academy players.
Player eligibility
As of March 2011, eligibility of players differs depending upon the home-state of the team making the selection.
All clubs
A player is eligible if his father played 100 or more senior games for the clubs. In the cases of the two interstate clubs with historic links to Victorian Football League teams, namely the Brisbane Lions and the Sydney Swans, the sons of players who appeared 100 times for their Victorian predecessors: the Fitzroy Lions in the case of the Brisbane Lions; and the South Melbourne Football Club in the case of the Sydney Swans.
West Australian and South Australian teams
In addition to the standard eligibility rules, the South Australian and Western Australian clubs have a modified rule in place with eligibility to be determined by a certain number of games played for specific sides in SANFL or WAFL, if those games were played prior to the club entering the AFL. Specifically:
The West Coast Eagles could select any player whose father had made 150 WAFL appearances prior to 1987 for Claremont, East Perth, West Perth or Subiaco.
Adelaide could select any player whose father made 200 SANFL appearances prior to 1991 for South Adelaide, Norwood, Glenelg or Sturt.
Fremantle could select any player whose father has made 150 WAFL appearances prior to 1995 for East Fremantle, South Fremantle, Perth or Swan Districts.
Port Adelaide can select any player whose father has made 200 SANFL appearances prior to 1997 for the Port Adelaide Magpies, North Adelaide, West Adelaide, Central District, Woodville or West Torrens.
Until 2006 these rules would only apply during the first 20 years of the club's existence in the AFL. This 20-year provision was removed because it was felt to be unfair if a player had a son later in life.
These rules have been frequently criticised by non-Victorian AFL club officials as a "grandfather–son" rule that is biased against them. For example, Adelaide missed out on Bryce Gibbs despite his father Ross Gibbs's 253-game career with SANFL club Glenelg from 1984 to 1994, as Ross had only played 191 of the required 200 games before Adelaide began AFL play in 1991. Bryce Gibbs was subsequently selected by Carlton with the first overall pick in the 2006 AFL draft. Adelaide did not make a single father–son selection until 2016; furthermore, it was not until 2023 that a Crows father–son pick (Max Michalanney, selected in 2022) earned an AFL game.
Former eligibility rules
Under previous rules, the sons of a senior administrator, such as a president, vice-president, general manager or senior coach, with a tenure of at least five years at a club, would be eligible to be drafted under the father–son rule by that club; and and were previously able to recruit players whose fathers had met eligibility criteria in the Queensland Australian Football League and the Sydney Football League respectively. Neither of these rules are in place as of 2012.
More than one eligible team and player choice
If a player is eligible to be selected by more than one team the individual player may choose which one of these teams is able to pick him under this rule. For example, Joe Daniher's father Anthony Daniher played 118 games with Essendon and 115 with Sydney. Joe selected Essendon.
Alternatively, a player has the right to decline to be selected under the father–son rule and instead be eligible to be drafted by any other club. An example of this was Marc Murphy who declined to sign with the Brisbane Lions despite his father, John Murphy, playing 214 games for the Fitzroy Football Club. Murphy was instead selected as the first pick in the 2005 National Draft by Carlton.
AFL Women's
With the establishment of AFL Women's from the 2017 season, the AFL introduced an equivalent father–daughter recruitment rule, enabling clubs priority recruitment access to daughters of former senior players. Under this rule, the father needs to only have played one senior match for his club for his daughter to be eligible.
The first father–daughter selection was in 2018, when Carlton selected Abbie McKay, the daughter of Andrew McKay.
A mother–son and mother–daughter rule have been discussed, but to date have not been created.
See also
List of players drafted to the Australian Football League under the father–son rule
AFL Draft
References
Australian Football League
Australian Football League draft
Australian rules football families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%E2%80%93son%20rule |
Čop Street () is a major pedestrian thoroughfare in the center of Ljubljana, Slovenia and regarded as the capital's central promenade.
Location
The street leads from the Main Post Office () at Slovene Street () to Prešeren Square ().
History
Until the late 19th century, the street was known as Elephant Street () in memory of an elephant present in the city in the 16th century. A gift from the Ottoman sultan, the animal had been traveling in the entourage of Emperor Maximilian II on his way back from Spain to Germany, and had been stabled at what is now the upper part of the street in 1550, where the Slon Hotel now stands.
In 1892, the name of the street was changed to Prešeren Street (). In 1949, it was renamed Čop Street after Matija Čop, an early 19th-century literary figure and close friend of the Slovene Romantic poet France Prešeren.
References
External links
Streets in Ljubljana
Shopping districts and streets
Pedestrian malls
Center District, Ljubljana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cop%20Street |
Ogna is a village in Hå municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located immediately north of the village of Sirevåg on the shores of the Ognaelva river. The village was the administrative centre of the historic municipality of Ogna. The village is the site of Ogna Station, a railway station along the Sørlandet Line.
The village has a population (2019) of 364 and a population density of .
Ogna is the site of the centuries-old Ogna Church. The little church, which dates back to the Middle Ages, was restored and added to after a fire in 1991. It is often open in the summer for visitors. Ogna also has beautiful sand beaches, and salmon fishing is very popular in the nearby river. Norwegian County Road 44, which also forms the tourist route known as the North Sea Road, passes through the village.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Hå | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogna |
Brusand is a village in Hå municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The small village is located on a small isthmus of land between the lake Bjåvatnet and the North Sea. The village sits along the Sørlandet Line (traditionally called the Jæren Line) and it is served by the Jæren Commuter Rail which stops at the Brusand Station. The village is about southeast of the village of Vigrestad and about northwest of the villages of Ogna and Sirevåg.
Brusand is located next to the large Brusandstranda beach which has a nice sandy beach, plus a good-sized area of sand dunes. There is also a camping site near the shore. The village has a population (2019) of 430 and a population density of .
Hitler's teeth
On the south side of Brusand, just across the highway, one can still see the anti-tank obstacles erected along the coastline during World War II. These are called Hitler's teeth ( or Hitlers tenner), and they were erected by prisoners of war and other forced laborers, in order to stop an allied invasion of Norway during the Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1945.
The Germans found it likely that an allied assault would happen on the beaches of Jæren, both for its close proximity to United Kingdom and because of the topography. They are made of stone and concrete and run for several kilometers with up to 4 rows of obstacles. The Norwegian prisoners sabotaged several "teeth" by mixing more sand into the concrete in order to make them weaker.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Hå | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusand |
Pogorelov () is a Russian surname. The feminine gender is Pogorelova. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandr Pogorelov (born 1980), Russian decathlete
Aleksei Pogorelov (1919–2002), Soviet mathematician
Aleksey Pogorelov (born 1983), Kyrgyz hurdler
Elena Pogorelova (born 1969), Russian tennis player
Serguei Pogorelov (born 1974), Russian team handball player
Russian-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogorelov |
Sirevåg is a village in Hå municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in the southeastern part of the municipality, about northwest of the village of Hellvik in neighboring Eigersund municipality. The village of Ogna sits immediately north of Sirevåg. The Sørlandet Line (traditionally called the Jæren Line) runs through Sirevåg, with the Jæren Commuter Rail stopping at Sirevåg Station.
The main source of income in Sirevåg is shrimp harvesting and processing, fishing, and agriculture. The main agricultural activities in this area is raising dairy cows, beef cows, pigs, sheep, and fur farming. Growing potatoes is also common.
Sirevåg has a very large mole/breakwater protecting its harbour.
The village has a population (2019) of 655 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Rogaland
Hå | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirev%C3%A5g |
Brian Michael McCann (born February 20, 1984) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, New York Yankees, and Houston Astros. A seven-time All-Star and a six-time Silver Slugger Award winner, he won the 2017 World Series with the Astros.
Early life
McCann was born to Howard and Sherry McCann in Athens, Georgia. At the time, his father worked as an assistant baseball coach for the Georgia Bulldogs Baseball under Steve Webber and his mother worked at Athens Regional Hospital. Both of his parents attended Oswego High School in Oswego, New York, where they would later be inducted into the school's athletics hall of fame. McCann's father played college baseball at Mississippi State. Howard McCann would eventually become the head coach at Marshall.
McCann's older brother, Brad, played at Clemson and was selected in the sixth round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft by the Florida Marlins but was out of professional baseball by 2007.
McCann attended Duluth High School in Duluth, Georgia. He was ranked the 26th best high school prospect by Baseball America and initially committed to play college baseball for Alabama.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
The Atlanta Braves selected him in the second round of the 2002 MLB draft.
Atlanta Braves (2005–2013)
McCann made his MLB debut with the Braves on June 10, 2005 after playing in the minor leagues for the Rome Braves. A personal catcher for John Smoltz for most of the 2005 season, McCann hit his first home run in just his second regular-season game and became the first Braves player in franchise history to hit a home run in his first playoff at-bat on October 6, 2005. He accomplished the feat in the second inning of a 7–1 victory over Roger Clemens and the Houston Astros in Game 2 of the 2005 National League Division Series. McCann was named the everyday starter when the Braves traded Johnny Estrada to the Diamondbacks.
During the 2006 season, McCann hit .333 with 24 homers and 94 RBI. He led all Major League catchers in homers, and his RBI total was matched only by Jorge Posada and Victor Martinez. The Braves rewarded McCann by buying out his arbitration years with a six-year, $27.8 million contract during spring training in 2007.
McCann was selected to play in the 2006 MLB All-Star Game, in his first full major league season, and then again in both 2007 and 2008, making him the first Braves player ever to be selected to the National League All-Star team in each of his first three seasons. In 2008, he allowed more stolen bases than any other NL catcher, with 93.
Beginning in April 2009, McCann was bothered by blurry vision in his left eye, due to a slight vision change following 2007 LASIK surgery. He decided to opt for glasses when contact lenses proved uncomfortable. In May 2009, Oakley, Inc. made special glasses for McCann to correct the vision problem and allow for comfort under the catcher's mask. McCann remarked, "I need my Oakleys. I have to have the wraparounds for my peripheral vision." In 2009, he had more errors at catcher than any other major leaguer, with 12, and had the lowest fielding percentage among them (.988).
McCann was again selected for the All-Star Game in 2009 and 2010. In the latter, he was named the MVP after driving in all three of the National League's runs with a bases-clearing double in the seventh inning (driving in Scott Rolen, Matt Holliday, and Marlon Byrd), off of Chicago White Sox reliever Matt Thornton, giving the NL a 3–1 victory, its first in the midsummer classic since 1996. On August 29, McCann hit the first walk-off home run reviewed by instant replay. McCann hit a line drive to right field. The ball struck the top of the right field wall. The umpires called it a double, but McCann and Braves bench coach Chino Cadahia argued the call. The umpires went to go review instant replay. Replays showed that the ball struck the top of the right field wall, bounced into the stands, and then got onto the field. Thus, the umpires overturned the call and called it a walk-off home run. In 2010, he allowed more stolen bases than any other NL catcher, with 84.
During spring training, on March 9, 2011, McCann hit a line drive foul ball which struck minor league manager Luis Salazar, blinding him in the left eye. On May 17, 2011, McCann hit a ninth-inning, game-tying, pinch-hit home run and an 11th-inning game-winning two-run home run to defeat the Houston Astros 3–1. Also in 2011, he allowed 104 stolen bases, more than any other major league catcher.
On July 27, 2012, he became the first player since Jim Thome in 2007 to homer in six straight games versus an opponent. He did this on the same day Chipper Jones tied Pete Rose's major league record for extra base hits by a switch hitter.
On July 14, 2013, McCann was chosen by National League manager Bruce Bochy to replace injured Braves first baseman Freddie Freeman in the 2013 All-Star Game.
New York Yankees (2014–2016)
On November 23, 2013, McCann agreed to a five-year, $85 million contract with the New York Yankees, with a vesting option for a sixth year. The Yankees officially announced the deal on December 3. McCann wore the number 34 as number 16 is retired in honor of Whitey Ford.
On May 28, 2014, with limited options at first base, manager Joe Girardi slotted McCann into his first career start at first against the St. Louis Cardinals, going 2-for-4 with an RBI, a run scored, and a walk in a 7–4 Yankee win. On September 28, 2014, McCann entered the game against the Boston Red Sox as a pinch runner for Derek Jeter, after Jeter's final career hit. McCann led the Yankees in home runs (23) and RBI (75).
On September 6, 2015, McCann hit his career-high 25th home run of the season, a game-tying three-run shot off of Chris Archer of the Tampa Bay Rays. McCann ended the season with 26 home runs and a career-high 96 RBI. On November 12, 2015, he earned his sixth Silver Slugger Award at catcher (his first in the American League).
McCann struggled early on during the 2016 season. After the Yankees released Alex Rodriguez, rookie catcher Gary Sánchez was brought up to share in catching duties. After Sánchez had a big impact both on offense and defense, McCann became the primary designated hitter for the team. In 130 games, McCann batted .242 with 20 home runs and 58 RBI, the ninth season in a row in which McCann hit at least 20 home runs.
Houston Astros (2017–2018)
On November 17, 2016, the Yankees traded McCann to the Houston Astros for Albert Abreu and Jorge Guzmán. On April 14, 2017, McCann became the 14th catcher to record over 10,000 putouts at the position. On May 21, Houston put McCann on the 7-day disabled list for players who have sustained a concussion. Playing in only 97 games, McCann hit 18 home runs. He failed to reach 20 home runs for the first time since 2007, ending his streak at nine consecutive 20-home run seasons.
In the 2017 American League Championship Series, McCann hit RBI doubles in Games 6 and 7 against his former team, the Yankees, to help the Astros reach the 2017 World Series. McCann caught every inning of the World Series, and hit 5-for-25 with a pivotal home run in Game 5 as the Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in 7 games.
On April 23, 2018, McCann became the 10th catcher all-time to record 11,000 career putouts at the position. For the season, he batted .212/.301/.339. He had the slowest baserunning sprint speed of all major league catchers, and the second-slowest speed of all major league players, at 22.7 feet/second.
On October 31, 2018, the Astros declined the 2019 option on his contract, making him a free agent.
Return to Atlanta (2019)
On November 26, 2018, McCann signed a one-year, $2 million contract with the Atlanta Braves, marking his return to the club. He was assigned uniform number 16, the number he wore during his first stint with the Braves; Charlie Culberson, who had worn the number during the 2018 season, switched his number to 8.
On June 14, 2019, McCann recorded his 1,000th career RBI, a walk-off single against the Philadelphia Phillies.
For the season, he batted .249/.323/.412. In 2019, he had the slowest sprint speed of all major league players, at 22.2 feet/second.
On October 9, 2019, shortly after the Braves' Game 5 loss in the National League Division Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, McCann announced his retirement from baseball.
2009 World Baseball Classic
McCann played for the United States national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.
Personal life
McCann married Ashley Jarusinski in December 2007. Their first child, a son, was born in July 2012. Their second child, a daughter, was born in September 2013. They reside in Gwinnett County, Georgia.
In 2017, McCann's mother married the father of Mark Teixeira. McCann and Teixeira were teammates on the Braves from 2007 to 2008 and the Yankees from 2014 to 2016.
Philanthropy
In 2008, McCann released a charity wine (The McCann Merlot) with 100% of his proceeds supporting the Rally Foundation for Childhood Cancer Research, an organization dedicated to raising funds to support pediatric cancer research and treatments. McCann also has baseball clinics for kids aged 5–18.
See also
Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Athens, Georgia
Grand Canyon Rafters players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Gwinnett Braves players
Houston Astros players
Major League Baseball All-Star Game MVPs
Major League Baseball catchers
Mississippi Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
National League All-Stars
New York Yankees players
Rome Braves players
Silver Slugger Award winners
World Baseball Classic players of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20McCann%20%28baseball%29 |
"Everything Is Beautiful" is a song written, composed, and performed by Ray Stevens. It has appeared on many of Stevens' albums, including one named after the song, and has become a pop standard and common in religious performances. The children heard singing the chorus of the song, using the hymn, "Jesus Loves the Little Children", are from the Oak Hill Elementary School in Nashville, Tennessee. At the time, this group included Stevens' two daughters.
The song was responsible for two wins at the Grammy Awards of 1971: Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for Ray Stevens and Grammy Award for Best Inspirational Performance for Jake Hess. Stevens' recording was the Number 1 song on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in the summer of 1970. The song also spent three weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. Many country stations played "Everything Is Beautiful", with it peaking at number 39 on Billboards Country chart. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 12 song of 1970. The song includes anti-racist and pro-tolerance lyrics such as "We shouldn't care about the length of his hair/Or the color of his skin."
"Everything Is Beautiful" is viewed as a major departure for Stevens, as the song is a more serious and spiritual tune, unlike some of his earlier ("Gitarzan" and "Ahab the Arab") and later ("The Streak") recordings, which were comedy/novelty songs. The success of the record would allow Stevens (while still recording his comedy and novelty songs) to devote much of his 1970s work to more serious material, before pivoting back almost exclusively to comedy in the 1980s.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Jody Wayne cover
South African singer Jody Wayne covered "Everything is Beautiful" in early 1972. His version reached number 20 in his home nation.
Other cover versions
Jim Nabors covered the song in 1970, for his vinyl album of the same name. Reaching #124 on the Billboard Hot 200 chart.
Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1972 album Bing 'n' Basie.
Neil Sedaka performed a version of this selection on his 1976 album Live in Australia.
Dana named her 1980 album after that song. It made #43 in the UK chart. In 1986 her single reached #42 in Ireland.
Foster & Allen recorded a version of the song for their album Songs We Love to Sing (1994) which reached number 41 on the UK Albums Chart that year and number 66 on the Irish albums chart.
Cledus T. Judd also did a version for the album Boogity, Boogity – A Tribute to the Comedic Genius of Ray Stevens. It featured Michael English, Wynonna Judd, Trace Adkins, Rascal Flatts, Dobie Gray, Erika Jo, and SHeDAISY as accompanying vocalists.
In 2005, American Idol season 4, top-ten finalists covered this song during the top 10 results show.
Stevens re-recorded the song in 2020. This "50th Anniversary" re-recording includes a spoken prologue and epilogue noting how much progress had been made since 1970, while calling out those who use diversity to divide society and beseeching Americans not to fall apart.
References
External links
1970 songs
1970 singles
Ray Stevens songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
Songs against racism and xenophobia
Songs written by Ray Stevens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%20Is%20Beautiful |
Navad (, meaning ninety - 90 min.) was an Iranian, Persian language, popular weekly television program broadcast by Channel 3 in Iran and hosted by Adel Ferdosipour. The program focused on the football matches played in the Persian Gulf Pro League every week.
Every episode typically featured two guests, one who analyzed the technical aspects of the matches, and the other discussed the referee's decisions and errors. On some shows, famous football players were invited and interviewed as well. (Analyzor has currently replaced by an analyze segment)
Navad show contained segments like "With the Legionnaires" (reporting on the Iranian footballers playing abroad), "Navad News" (the latest news about football in Iran) and polls (sometimes prediction of the upcoming matches) which could be contributed via SMS or Navad official app on iOS and Android.
Since 2015–16 series, the analyze team of the program, scores the players of Persian Gulf Pro League each week and overall, on the style of Kicker, from 1.00 (best) to 6.00 (worst).
Starting 2016–17 series, Navad website launched a football manager online game using live stats of the players contributing in the Iran Pro League, entitled Football Fantasy.
References
External links
Official Website
Full Archive of 'Navad'
Iranian television shows
Association football television series
2000s Iranian television series
1999 Iranian television series debuts
1990s Iranian television series
2010s Iranian television series
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting original programming
Persian-language television shows
Criticism of sports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navad |
Hellvik is a village in Eigersund municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located near the western border of Eigersund, about east of Sirevåg in neighboring Hå municipality and about west of the town of Egersund.
The village has a population (2019) of 847 and a population density of .
The village has a good natural harbour and is a popular location for holiday houses. There is a school and a kindergarten. The biggest employer in Hellvik is Hellvik Hus, which produces houses all over Norway. Hellvik's A-level soccer team plays in the 5th division of Norway.
The Sørlandet Line (historically called the Jæren Line) runs through the village, with the Jæren Commuter Rail stopping at Hellvik Station.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Eigersund | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellvik |
Press Gazette, formerly known as UK Press Gazette (UKPG), is a British trade magazine dedicated to journalism and the press. First published in 1965, it had a circulation of about 2,500 before becoming online-only in 2013. Published with the strapline "Future of Media", it covers news about newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, and the online press, dealing with launches, closures, moves, legislation and technological advances affecting journalists.
It is funded by subscriptions, recruitment and classified advertising, and display advertising. It is owned by Progressive Media International, which also owns the magazines New Statesman and Spear's.
History
Press Gazette was launched in November 1965 by Colin Valdar, his wife Jill, and his brother Stewart. Upon the Valdars' retirement in 1983 the magazine was sold to Timothy Benn, who sold it in 1990 to the Canadian publishing company Maclean Hunter.
The magazine was sold again in 1994, this time to EMAP. Three years later the magazine was sold again, along with MediaWeek and 12 other titles, to Quantum Business Media for £14.1 million.
High-profile owners and closure
Rupert Murdoch's son-in-law Matthew Freud became the new owner of Press Gazette in May 2005, entering into partnership with former Daily Mirror editor Piers Morgan to raise around £600,000 to buy the title. The purchase was part of the break-up of Quantum Business Media by its owners, the venture-capital group ABN Amro Capital.
On 19 October 2006, Freud announced that the magazine was for sale, citing as a reason indifference in the newspaper industry to the British Press Awards.
The company owned by Freud and Morgan, Press Gazette Limited, subsequently entered administrative receivership.
Initially, the receivers were unable to find another buyer for the magazine, and on 24 November 2006 it closed.
Acquisition and relaunch
After the publication missed one issue, Wilmington Group plc announced on 5 December 2006 it had acquired the title. Wilmington Media editorial director Tony Loynes, a former Press Gazette editor, led the take-over. He named news editor Dominic Ponsford as editor, and the magazine moved from Fleet Street to Wilmington Media's Old Street headquarters.
Both the magazine and its website PressGazette.co.uk underwent a redesign in May 2007, including a new masthead and body font. The magazine switched from weekly to monthly publication in August 2008.
On 6 April 2009, Wilmington Group announced the May 2009 issue would be the last, but the magazine was purchased on 22 April 2009 by Mike Danson of the Progressive Media Group, shortly after he attained full control of the New Statesman, in April 2009. The Wilmington Group retained the British Press Awards.
Press Gazette went to a quarterly publication in June 2012. At the beginning of 2013 it ended print publication, keeping a weekly digital edition.
Magazine Design and Journalism Awards
Since about 1998, the Press Gazette award the Magazine Design and Journalism Awards in multiple categories. One source said "They are considered the only awards which celebrate design and journalism across all magazine sectors – consumer, B2B and customer."
Awards were presented in the following categories:
Magazine Design Awards
Young Designer of the Year
Best Designed Feature Spread
Best New Design/Redesign
Best Designed Front Cover
Best Use of Typography
Best Use of Illustration
Best Use of Photography
Magazine Designer of the Year
Best Designed Magazine of the Year
Magazine Journalism Awards
Exclusive of the Year
Feature Writer of the Year
Interviewer of the Year
Columnist of the Year
News Reporter of the Year
Business Reporter of the Year
Production Team of the Year
Reviewer of the Year
Digital Journalist of the Year
Editor of the Year
See also
Editor & Publisher - Covering the American newspaper industry
References
External links
Press Gazette website
The British Press Awards website
Piers Morgan's Official Website
Julia Pearlman, "Press Gazette honours journalists with Hall of Fame exhibition", Brand Republic, 22 November 2005
Roy Greenslade, "Big titles boycott 'Morgan's organ' press awards", The Telegraph, 24 January 2006
Stephen Brook, "Single sponsor for Press Awards", The Guardian, 3 March 2006
Digital Edition of Press Gazette
Roy Greenslade, Press Gazette 1965-2006
1965 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1965
Mass media trade magazines
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Works about newspaper publishing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%20Gazette |
Kazhdan, also written as Kajdan, Kazdan, Každan, is a Jewish name that is an acronym for the Aramaic phrase Kohanei SHluchei De-rachmana Ninhu, "priests are the messengers of the Merciful"; it can refer to:
Alexander Kazhdan - historian, byzantinist
David Kazhdan - mathematician.
Jerry Kazdan - mathematician
See also
Kasdan
Kashtan
Surnames of Jewish origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazhdan |
Krossberg is a village in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in the city of Stavanger in the borough of Madla between the Stokkavatnet and Hålandsvatnet lakes.
The village has a population (2019) of 390 and a population density of .
References
Villages in Rogaland
Stavanger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krossberg |
Søndre Folgefonna () is the third largest glacier in mainland Norway, and is the largest of the three glaciers constituting Folgefonna. The glacier is located at the base of the Folgefonna peninsula in Vestland county in the border of the municipalities of Ullensvang, Etne, and Kvinnherad. The highest point on the glacier is above sea level and its lowest point is above sea level. The glacier is located inside Folgefonna National Park.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
Glaciers of Vestland
Ullensvang
Etne
Kvinnherad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ndre%20Folgefonna |
Pollestad is a village in Klepp municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located south of the lake Orrevatnet and about southwest of the town of Bryne. Orre Church is located in Pollestad. It was built in 1950 to replace the nearly 800-year-old Old Orre Church located to the northwest in the village of Orre.
The village has a population (2019) of 726 and a population density of . The village has a store, gas station, school, day care, and sports club.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Klepp | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollestad |
János Csonka (22 January 1852 in Szeged – 27 October 1939 in Budapest) was a Hungarian engineer, the co-inventor of the carburetor for the stationary engine with Donát Bánki, patented on 13 February 1893.
Life
Csonka, self-educated in many fields, had no university degree, but became one of the greatest figures of Hungarian engineering industry, and with the carburetor he has heavily contributed to technical development in the world. He studied the Lenoir motor in Paris in 1874 and there he recognized the prospects of the internal combustion engine.
He became head of the training workshop at the Technical University of Budapest at the age of 25 where he employed skilled workers at his own expense, which allowed him to use the workshop for his experiments.
Csonka retired at the age of 73 and filed his last patent application at the age of 84.
Inventions
As the head of the workshop in 1879, Csonka invented the first Hungarian gas engine, several other engines and vehicles, including the first motor tricycle and postal automobile of the Hungarian Post, which were used for decades. In the 1890s, together with Donát Bánki, they produced the Bánki-Csonka engine and the first Hungarian motorcycle and motor-boat.
References
External links
JÁNOS CSONKA (1852 - 1939) at www.hungarianhistory.com
1852 births
1939 deaths
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
Inventors from Austria-Hungary
Hungarian inventors
Hungarian automotive engineers
Hungarian automotive pioneers
People from Szeged
Hungarian industrialists
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos%20Csonka |
Undheim is a village in Time municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in Jæren, about south of the village of Ålgård, about southeast of the town of Bryne, and about east of the village of Nærbø. The village of Mossige lies just to the northwest of Undheim.
The village has a population (2015) of 497, giving the village a population density of .
The main economic activity in and around Undheim is agriculture. It is mainly centered around dairy, beef, pork, and sheep, as well as cultivating fungi and potatoes. The Norwegian poet and writer Arne Garborg (1851-1924) was born on a small farm just outside Undheim. Undheim Church is located in the village.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Time, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undheim |
Lyefjell is a village in Time municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in the hills about east of the town of Bryne and about north of the villages of Mossige and Undheim.
The village is a residential area that was built in the hills so that the flat, agricultural areas could continue to be used for farming. It is just to the south of the mountain Njåfjellet and the village has views of the flat plains of Jæren below.
The village has a population (2015) of 2,253 which gives the village a population density of . There is an elementary and middle school in Lyefjell as well as three large pre-schools. There is also a well stocked grocery store right next to the local auto shop. The grocery store also serves as a delivery point for packages for Posten and Postnord.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Time, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyefjell |
The Kim are a people of Chad, who mainly inhabit four villages in the Mayo-Kebbi Est region. The 1993 RGPH census reported a total population of 15,354 in Chad.
Principal economic activities include cultivation of finger millet, taro, and rice, fishing, and pottery.
Ethnic groups in Chad | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20people |
Cold Bay Airport is a state owned, public use airport located in Cold Bay, a city in the Aleutians East Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. First built as a United States Army Air Forces airfield during World War II, it is one of the main airports serving the Alaska Peninsula. Scheduled passenger service is available and air taxi operators fly in and out of the airport daily. Formerly, the airport operated as Thornbrough Air Force Base.
According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records, the airport had 9,105 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 8,968 enplanements in 2009, and 9,261 in 2010. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a "non-primary commercial service" airport, meaning it has between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year.
Cold Bays main runway is the fifth-largest in Alaska and was built during World War II. Today, it is used for scheduled cargo flights by Alaska Central Express and is sometimes used as an emergency diversion airport for passenger flights crossing the Pacific Ocean.
A myth describes Cold Bay Airport as an alternate landing site for Space Shuttles, but the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has stated that it was never so designated, and it was not within the entry crossrange capability of Space Shuttles.
There is a National Weather Service (NWS) office (which sends up radiosonde balloons twice a day) colocated with the FAA Flight Service Station at the airport. The NWS ranks Cold Bay as the cloudiest city in the United States.
History
The airport was constructed during World War II as Fort Randall Army Airfield, eventually becoming an Air Force base during the Cold War.
Facilities and aircraft
Cold Bay Airport covers 2,213 acres (896 ha) and has two asphalt paved runways: 15/33 is 10,180 by 150 feet (3,174 x 46 m) and 8/26 is 4,900 by 150 feet (1,494 x 46 m). For the 12-month period ending October 30, 2017, the airport had 9,090 aircraft operations, an average of 25 per day: 63% air taxi, 30% scheduled commercial, 5% military, and 2% general aviation.
Airlines and destinations
The following airlines offer scheduled passenger service at this airport:
Historical airline service
Reeve Aleutian Airways (RAA) served Cold Bay with scheduled passenger flights for many years. During the 1970s and 1980s, Reeve was operating nonstop flights to Anchorage (ANC) with Lockheed L-188 Electra and NAMC YS-11 turboprop aircraft. Reeve was also operating Electra propjet service nonstop to Seattle (SEA) on a three flights per week schedule in 1979. By 1989, the airline had introduced nonstop jet service to Anchorage operated with Boeing 727-100 combi aircraft which were capable of transporting both passengers and freight on the main deck of the aircraft in addition to continuing to operate nonstop Electra service to Anchorage as well. Reeve was continuing to operate 727 jet service nonstop to Anchorage during the late 1990s before ceasing all flight operations in 2000. From 2020 until the summer of 2021, Alaska Airlines flights to and from Adak would stop in Cold Bay to assist passengers with the shutdown of commuter flights from Anchorage to Cold Bay and Unalaska.
Statistics
Top destinations
Airline market share
Accidents and incidents
References
External links
FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
Topographic map from USGS The National Map
Military history
The Thousand Mile War
Airports in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20Bay%20Airport |
Hålandsmarka is a village in Sola municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in the southwestern part of the municipality, about west of the village of Stenebyen. Hålandsmarka is known for a great seaside view of most of the Rogaland coastline, on good days you will be able to see areas as far as away.
The village has a population (2019) of 920 and a population density of .
Currently, Hålandsmarka is entirely a residential village, with no commercial or industrial areas. Most inhabitants work in the nearby village of Solakrossen and the Stavanger Airport since they are located a short distance to the north.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Sola, Norway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5landsmarka |
or () is the fifth-largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located on the border of the municipalities of Fauske and Sørfold in Nordland county, Norway—just west of the border with Sweden.
Its highest point is above sea level and its lowest point is at an elevation of . Three outlet glaciers extend from the icecap. A small outlet spills over a subglacial ridge to the north damming an unnamed lake resulting in occasion outburst floods. To the east a large outlet extends towards the lake, Leirvatnet. A further outlet descends steeply to the west. The western and northern outlets are heavily crevassed, as is the snout of the eastern glacier calving into Leirvatnet. The glacier also calves into lake Blåmannsisvatnet, resulting in extensive crevasses in the glacier above that lake. Given the degree of crevassing at the margins, traversing the glacier can be dangerous, particularly in late spring or early summer when snow bridges may be weak.
Blåmannsisen drains into the local Norwegian hydropower networks operated by Elkem and Saltens Kraftsamband and into the one in Luleälv, Sweden. The ice-dammed lake on the northern margin occasionally produces jökulhlaups (also known as glacial lake outburst floods). The icecap is typically thick, exceeding in places. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) is around on the eastern side of the icecap, above the Leirvatnet outlet. Satellite imagery, including that used by Google Earth, shows extensive exposed firn suggesting the ELA has retreated in recent years in common with other temperate icecaps in Norway. The southern margin of the glacier exhibits a forefield exposed since the retreat from the 'Little Ice Age' maximum with a well formed end moraine marking a former margin.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
Further reading
External links
The largest glaciers in Norway
Glaciological Investigations In Norway, 2007
Glaciers of Nordland
Fauske
Sørfold | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5mannsisen |
Behrouz Afagh () is Head of BBC World Service's Asia & Pacific Region. He was born and brought up in Iran and studied at Tehran University and then at the University of Surrey in Britain. He has lived in Britain since 1978.
Career
He is editorially and managerially responsible for the BBC's broadcasts and multimedia services in the Azeri, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Kyrgyz, Nepali, Pashto, Persian, Sinhala, Tamil, Urdu and Uzbek languages. He is responsible for the launch of a BBC Persian television service for Iran which will be launched in 2008.
Afagh joined BBC World Service in 1983. He worked as a producer and then editor in the Persian Service and as an editor in the Vietnamese Service. He set up the BBC Central Asian Service in 1994 and became Editor of Eurasia Region in 1999. He was Head of the Eurasia Region from March 2003. He became Head of the Asia Pacific Region in April 2006.
References
External links
BBC Press Office - Biographies
Iranian journalists
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Alumni of the University of Surrey
University of Tehran alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behrouz%20Afagh |
Text segmentation is the process of dividing written text into meaningful units, such as words, sentences, or topics. The term applies both to mental processes used by humans when reading text, and to artificial processes implemented in computers, which are the subject of natural language processing. The problem is non-trivial, because while some written languages have explicit word boundary markers, such as the word spaces of written English and the distinctive initial, medial and final letter shapes of Arabic, such signals are sometimes ambiguous and not present in all written languages.
Compare speech segmentation, the process of dividing speech into linguistically meaningful portions.
Segmentation problems
Word segmentation
Word segmentation is the problem of dividing a string of written language into its component words.
In English and many other languages using some form of the Latin alphabet, the space is a good approximation of a word divider (word delimiter), although this concept has limits because of the variability with which languages emically regard collocations and compounds. Many English compound nouns are variably written (for example, ice box = ice-box = icebox; pig sty = pig-sty = pigsty) with a corresponding variation in whether speakers think of them as noun phrases or single nouns; there are trends in how norms are set, such as that open compounds often tend eventually to solidify by widespread convention, but variation remains systemic. In contrast, German compound nouns show less orthographic variation, with solidification being a stronger norm.
However, the equivalent to the word space character is not found in all written scripts, and without it word segmentation is a difficult problem. Languages which do not have a trivial word segmentation process include Chinese, Japanese, where sentences but not words are delimited, Thai and Lao, where phrases and sentences but not words are delimited, and Vietnamese, where syllables but not words are delimited.
In some writing systems however, such as the Ge'ez script used for Amharic and Tigrinya among other languages, words are explicitly delimited (at least historically) with a non-whitespace character.
The Unicode Consortium has published a Standard Annex on Text Segmentation, exploring the issues of segmentation in multiscript texts.
Word splitting is the process of parsing concatenated text (i.e. text that contains no spaces or other word separators) to infer where word breaks exist.
Word splitting may also refer to the process of hyphenation.
Some scholars have suggested that modern Chinese should be written in word segmentation, with
spaces between words like written English.
Because there are ambiguous texts where only the author knows the intended meaning. For example, "美国会不同意。" may means "美国 会 不同意。" (The US will not agree.) or "美 国会 不同意。" (The US Congress does not agree). For more details, please visit Chinese word-segmented writing.
Intent segmentation
Intent segmentation is the problem of dividing written words into keyphrases (2 or more group of words).
In English and all other languages the core intent or desire is identified and become the corner-stone of the keyphrase Intent segmentation. Core product/service, idea, action & or thought anchor the keyphrase.
"[All things are made of atoms]. [Little particles that move] [around in perpetual motion], [attracting each other] [when they are a little distance apart], [but repelling] [upon being squeezed] [into one another]."
Sentence segmentation
Sentence segmentation is the problem of dividing a string of written language into its component sentences. In English and some other languages, using punctuation, particularly the full stop/period character is a reasonable approximation. However even in English this problem is not trivial due to the use of the full stop character for abbreviations, which may or may not also terminate a sentence. For example, Mr. is not its own sentence in "Mr. Smith went to the shops in Jones Street." When processing plain text, tables of abbreviations that contain periods can help prevent incorrect assignment of sentence boundaries.
As with word segmentation, not all written languages contain punctuation characters that are useful for approximating sentence boundaries.
Topic segmentation
Topic analysis consists of two main tasks: topic identification and text segmentation. While the first is a simple classification of a specific text, the latter case implies that a document may contain multiple topics, and the task of computerized text segmentation may be to discover these topics automatically and segment the text accordingly. The topic boundaries may be apparent from section titles and paragraphs. In other cases, one needs to use techniques similar to those used in document classification.
Segmenting the text into topics or discourse turns might be useful in some natural processing tasks: it can improve information retrieval or speech recognition significantly (by indexing/recognizing documents more precisely or by giving the specific part of a document corresponding to the query as a result). It is also needed in topic detection and tracking systems and text summarizing problems.
Many different approaches have been tried: e.g. HMM, lexical chains, passage similarity using word co-occurrence, clustering, topic modeling, etc.
It is quite an ambiguous task – people evaluating the text segmentation systems often differ in topic boundaries. Hence, text segment evaluation is also a challenging problem.
Other segmentation problems
Processes may be required to segment text into segments besides mentioned, including morphemes (a task usually called morphological analysis) or paragraphs.
Automatic segmentation approaches
Automatic segmentation is the problem in natural language processing of implementing a computer process to segment text.
When punctuation and similar clues are not consistently available, the segmentation task often requires fairly non-trivial techniques, such as statistical decision-making, large dictionaries, as well as consideration of syntactic and semantic constraints. Effective natural language processing systems and text segmentation tools usually operate on text in specific domains and sources. As an example, processing text used in medical records is a very different problem than processing news articles or real estate advertisements.
The process of developing text segmentation tools starts with collecting a large corpus of text in an application domain. There are two general approaches:
Manual analysis of text and writing custom software
Annotate the sample corpus with boundary information and use machine learning
Some text segmentation systems take advantage of any markup like HTML and know document formats like PDF to provide additional evidence for sentence and paragraph boundaries.
See also
Hyphenation
Natural language processing
Speech segmentation
Lexical analysis
Word count
Line breaking
References
Tasks of natural language processing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text%20segmentation |
PACD may refer to:
Posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy
Cold Bay Airport (ICAO location indicator: PACD), in Cold Bay, Alaska, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PACD |
Nairn railway station is a railway station serving the town of Nairn in Scotland. The station is managed and served by ScotRail and is on the Aberdeen to Inverness Line, between Forres and Inverness Airport, measured from Perth via the former Dava route. It is a category B listed building.
History
The station was first opened in 1855 by the Inverness and Nairn Railway. In 1857, the line was extended eastwards to Dalvey. The route from Aberdeen to Inverness was merged into one company, the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway, in 1861.
In 1885 the Highland Railway Company agreed to improve the facilities at Nairn. The station buildings were replaced with improved accommodation for passenger and staff. The new building comprised a front elevation of on the north side of the platforms. It was constructed of dressed freestone and consisted of ticket and parcels offices, waiting hall, verandah, ladies’ and gentlemen’s waiting rooms, left luggage and porters’ room. The gables of the cross wings were surmounted with the Scotch thistle, the Prince of Wales feather, and other designs sculpted in stone. The masonry work was completed by Mr. Squair of Nairn. The work was completed in 1886.
At the same time a new station master’s house was erected. The platforms were extended to around and raised in height to the level of the carriages. A new iron foot bridge over the line connected the platforms, avoiding passengers using a foot crossing over the running lines. The bridge over Cawdor Road was also widened at the same time.
Many of the local stations either side of here succumbed to the Beeching Axe between 1965 and 1968, though Nairn was one of those that survived the cutbacks.
The station is from (measured via ), and has a passing loop long, flanked by two platforms which can each accommodate an eight-coach train.
The station was notable for being the last working example of Highland Railway signalling principles, where a signal box was provided at each end to work the signals & points whilst the key token instruments for working the single line were located in the main building. The distance between the boxes was such that a bicycle was officially provided by BR (and later Railtrack) for the signaller to use. The practice came to an end in April 2000, when the station was resignalled with colour lights and control shifted to a panel in the station building - as a result, most passenger services use the northern (former eastbound) platform in both directions (the southern one is now only used by Aberdeen-bound services if two trains are scheduled to pass here).
Control of the signalling at the station has since transferred to a new workstation in the Inverness signalling centre, following a 10-day line closure that also saw the loop at Elgin lengthened and a new station and loop commissioned at Forres. A replacement bus service ran whilst the work was in progress, with the line reopening on schedule on 17 October 2017.
Facilities
The station has a ticket office, ticket machine and accessible toilet on platform 1, adjacent to some bike racks and one of the car parks. The other is adjacent to platform 2, which is equipped with a flower shop and a help point. There is step-free access to both platforms, but not between them, as the bridge linking them does not have lifts.
Services
As of May 2022, there are seventeen daily departures from the station each way on weekdays and Saturdays. Most are through trains between Aberdeen and Inverness, but some trains start from or terminate at Elgin. One departure runs through to Edinburgh in the morning, and one in the evening runs to Stonehaven. On Sundays there are five through trains each way to Inverness and Aberdeen, with two more from Glasgow to Elgin via Inverness that call eastbound.
Cultural References
The station appeared as 'Inverness' in the 1970 film The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes.
References
Further reading
External links
Railscot - Nairn
Railway stations in Highland (council area)
Former Highland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1855
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Highland (council area)
Nairn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairn%20railway%20station |
Svit () () is a small town in Poprad District in the Prešov Region in northern Slovakia. It lies west of the city of Poprad, at the foothills of the High Tatras.
History
Svit is one of the youngest Slovak towns. It was established in 1934 by business industrialist Jan Antonín Baťa of Zlín, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) through his organization Baťa a.s., Zlin in accordance with his policy of setting up villages around the country for his workers. As a boy, Jan Baťa saw the poverty and sickness of his fellow countrymen. He wanted to change this by creating cities full of the most modern factories and filled with the best (and happiest) workers in Europe. The Baťa System under Jan's administration brought prosperity first to Moravia, and later Slovakia and Bohemia. It was Jan's policy for full employment that drove him to create each Baťa town for a different purpose: Shoes, Rubber and Tires, Textiles, Airplanes, Chemicals, Plastics, Media, Stockings, Leather, Machinery.
When the World War II came, Jan Baťa's policy was to secretly fund the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, to supply the Czech Army with shoes and clothing and to secretly fund the Slovak National Uprising that started at Baťovany (now Partizánske) on 29 August 1944. Jan Baťa represented Czech/Slovak freedom and prosperity.
Svit is short for "Slovenské vizkózové továrne" (in English Slovak Viscose Works). (Also, the word svit means 'shine' in Slovak) Svit is the smallest town in Slovakia (4.5 km²) with the population of 7,790.
Demographics
According to the 2001 census, the town had 7,445 inhabitants. 96.44% of inhabitants were Slovaks, 1.11% Romani and 0.79% Czechs. The religious make-up was 62.53% Roman Catholics, 20.67% people with no religious affiliation, 8.62% Lutherans and 4.00% Greek Catholics.
Churches
Roman Catholic Church of St. Joseph
Roman Catholic Church of St. Cyril and Methodius
Greek Catholic Chapel of St. Cyril and Methodius
Lutheran Church
Sports
The town is home to the professional basketball team BK Iskra Svit, which plays in the Slovak Extraliga.
Twin towns — sister cities
Svit is twinned with:
Česká Třebová, Czech Republic
Knurów, Poland
Partizánske, Slovakia
San Lorenzo in Campo, Italy
See also
List of company towns
References
External links
(in Slovak only)
Cities and towns in Slovakia
Villages and municipalities in Poprad District
Bata Corporation
New towns started in the 1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svit |
Bang Tango is an American hard rock band. The band was formed in Los Angeles in 1988 and was signed to MCA Records the same year.
History
Formation (1988)
Initially the band was founded by guitarist Mark Knight and bassist Kyle Kyle in 1988. Knight wanted a second guitarist and recruited Kyle Stevens. At the suggestion of Rough Cutt's Amir Derakh, vocalist Joe Lesté joined the band as its frontman which led to Lesté's childhood friend, Tigg Ketler, completing the five piece line up as Bang Tango's drummer.
The band then began to play shows and gained a following on the Sunset Strip scene in Hollywood, packing all the popular clubs and venues at the time, which led to a bidding war with many major labels. Bang Tango were then signed to MCA Records.
Psycho Café (1989–1990)
Their first release — the Live Injection EP — came out in early 1989, in advance of their Howard Benson-produced debut album, Psycho Café, which reached number 58 on the Billboard top 200 chart. The music video for the single "Someone Like You" was a popular staple on early 1990s MTV programming such as Dial MTV and Headbangers Ball. A video was also made for the single "Breaking Up a Heart of Stone". The band toured extensively during this period with Cheap Trick, L.A. Guns, Ratt, and BulletBoys.
Dancin' on Coals (1991–1992)
Their second album, the John Jansen-produced Dancin' on Coals (1991), failed to match the success of their debut. A music video was shot for the single "Untied and True" and the album peaked on the Billboard Top 200 at number 113. The band then released a second live EP, Ain't No Jive...Live! in 1992.
Love After Death (1993–1995)
In 1993, after Dancin' on Coals proved to be not the success MCA had hoped for, the band's label still honored Bang Tango's record contract with a third LP. Hoping to recapture the success of their first album, the band decided to re-team with Psycho Café producer Howard Benson for Love After Death. The album ended up being shelved by MCA, due to the label feeling a return would not be possible with how much was already invested monetarily for the recording. After recording was complete, guitarist Kyle Stevens made the decision to leave the band. The album saw a release in the UK and Japan through the Music For Nations label. Though to this day the band still perform songs from this album during their live set, Love After Death has yet to see a release in the U.S.
Breakup (1996–2002)
The break up of the original line up of Bang Tango occurred in 1995 after returning from a European tour in support of Love After Death.
Frontman Joe Lesté and bassist Kyle Kyle then reformed the band in 1996 with a revolving door of musicians.
In 1997, Lesté and Kyle Kyle formed the alternative rock band Eating Crow as a side project. Though no recordings were ever officially released and only a handful of shows were played, the song So Abused was featured in the Wes Craven film Wishmaster but not released on its soundtrack. With the band being a side project of then current members of Bang Tango, So Abused was featured heavily in Bang Tango's live set list in the late 1990s.
In 1998 the band released the live album, simply titled Live.
In 1999 the band released Greatest Tricks, which was a compilation of the band's most well known songs re-recorded with Bang Tango's current line up at the time.
The Joe Lesté and Kyle Kyle version of the band continued to tour under the Bang Tango name until dissipating 1999.
Frontman Joe Lesté went on to sign a record deal with Warner Bros. and form the hard rock band Beautiful Creatures in 2001.
Reformation (2003–2018)
In 2003, Joe Lesté once again reformed the band, this time as its sole original member, and released the Ready to Go album.
One reunion show with all original members of Bang Tango occurred in 2006. The whole show can be viewed on YouTube but is mislabeled as being from 2015.
2006 saw the release of the From The Hip album and 2011 saw the release of Pistol Whipped in the Bible Belt.
In 2010, the original lineup minus frontman Joe Lesté reformed with a different vocalist and performed two shows as Bang Tango Redux.
In 2014, Bang Tango recruited former Dio guitarist Rowan Robertson.
Shortly after completing and screening Attack of Life: The Bang Tango Movie, director Drew Fortier went on to join Bang Tango as their second guitarist in 2015.
Bang Tango has reportedly been working on a new album.
Reunion with original lineup (2019-present)
In November 2019, it was announced that the original Bang Tango line up consisting of Joe Leste, Mark Knight, Kyle Kyle, Kyle Stevens, and Tigg Ketler would be reuniting to tour in 2020.
Other projects
Original Bang Tango guitarist Mark Knight went on to form Mark Knight & the Unsung Heroes which features appearances from former Bang Tango bandmates Tigg Ketler and Kyle Stevens.
Original Bang Tango bassist Kyle Kyle went on to form Mona Lisa Overdrive.
Attack of Life: The Bang Tango Movie
In June 2011, the band had met Drew Fortier, for whom they offered to shoot a studio documentary while they recorded their then new record Pistol Whipped in the Bible Belt. This project was then expanded upon, once Fortier had been put in contact with previous members of the band, as well as its founding members. Over the course of four years Fortier turned the project into a feature-length documentary titled Attack of Life: The Bang Tango Movie. The film features interviews with all original members of the band as well as most of the players who have performed in the band since its inception.
The film had very positive reviews from various music websites and publications with the general feeling being that despite its low budget, the film still manages to get its point across in an unbiased, artistic, and engaging manner while being able to appeal to not only fans of the band or genre, but to anyone not familiar with Bang Tango.
The film has never been given an official release, aside from Fortier himself releasing it on YouTube for free, which he stated was because of song clearing issues regarding Bang Tango's music back catalog with UMG.
Accolades and legacy
Bang Tango's Psycho Cafe''' landed at No. 37 for Rolling Stone's 50 Greatest Hair Metal Albums of All Time list.
Bang Tango were placed at No. 36 for VH1's The Hair Metal 100, a list ranking the top 100 hair metal bands of the 1980s.Someone Like You was featured at number 9 in LA Weekly's The 10 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the Hair Metal Era list.
Slipknot and Stone Sour frontman Corey Taylor listed Bang Tango's Someone Like You as a part of his Ultimate 80s Rock Mixtape list featured on Teamrock.
LA Weekly named the former line up of Bang Tango as number 4 on their 10 Best Hair Metal Shows of 2017 list for their performance at Backyard Bash at the Rainbow'' which also featured Enuff Z'Nuff, Dokken, and Bow Wow Wow.
Members
Current
Joe Lesté – lead vocals (1988–1995; 1996–1999; 2003-present)
Kyle Kyle – bass (1988–1995; 1996–1999; 2019–present)
Jason Walker – guitar (2022–present)
Rowan Robertson – guitar (2014–2018; 2022–present)
Jeff Tortora – drums (2022–present)
Former
(This is a partial list. It does not include all of the members who have toured with the band.)
Drums
Rob Jones (1996–1997)
Ray Luzier (1997)
Michael Licata (1997–1998)
Danny Parker (1998)
Walter Earl (1999)
Bobby "Tango" Gibb (2003)
Matt Starr (born Matt Franklin) (2003–2005)
Troy Patrick Farrell (2009)
Trent Anderson (2009–2013)
Timmy Russell (2004–2009; 2013–2019)
Tigg Ketler (1988–1995; 2019–2021)
Guitar
Mark Knight (1988–1995; 2019–2021)
Kyle Stevens (1988–1993; 2019–2021)
Matt Price (1993)
Mark Tremalgia (1993–1999)
Dan Aon (1996–1997)
Mattie B (1998–1999)
Anthony Focx (2003–2004; 2008–2009; 2009–2010)
Michael Thomas (2003; 2005; 2007–2008)
Ryan Seelbach (2007–2008)
Dave Henzerling (2008)
Mark Simpson (2005–2007)
Alex Grossi (2003–2005; 2008–2010)
Scott LaFlamme (2010–2014)
Rowan Robertson (2014–2018)
Drew Fortier (2015–2017)
Steve Favela (2018–2019)
Bass guitar
Brian Saunders (2003)
Curtis Roach (born Chris Roach) (2003–2005)
Jamie Zimlin (2005)
Lance Eric (2006–2019)
Discography
Studio albums
Live and compilation albums
Singles
See also
List of glam metal bands and artists
References
External links
Official website
Attack of Life: The Bang Tango Movie
American funk metal musical groups
Glam metal musical groups from California
Hard rock musical groups from California
Heavy metal musical groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang%20Tango |
Svit or SVIT may refer to:
Svit, Poprad District, Slovakia
Brina Svit (born 1954), Slovenian writer
Bucciero SVIT, a single engine, mid-wing, training and touring aircraft
FK Svit, a Slovak football club
Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India
Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
See also | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVIT |
Dynamic Airlines was a small Dutch charter airline for business, medical and rapid small cargo flights and was founded in 1980, operating mainly from Rotterdam Airport. Their callsign was DYNAMIC, formerly DYNAMITE. In 2006, the airline ceased all operations.
Fleet
The fleet of Dynamic Airlines consisted of six aircraft, including:
Incidents and Accidents
In September 2005, a Fairchild Metroliner registered PH-DYM of Dynamic Airlines ran off the runway at Rotterdam Airport during take-off causing the landing gear to collapse, leaving the aircraft badly damaged. There were no casualties, but the aircraft was written off.
External links
Airliners.net - Dynamic Airlines aircraft photos
Defunct airlines of the Netherlands
Airlines established in 1980
Airlines disestablished in 2006
Dutch companies established in 1980
Dutch companies disestablished in 2006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Airlines |
Hardangerjøkulen () is the sixth largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Eidfjord and Ulvik in Vestland county. It is located about northeast of the village of Eidfjord, about south of the village of Finse, and about west of the village of Haugastøl.
Hardangerjøkulen's highest point is above sea level, and is the highest point in Hordaland county. Its lowest point is above sea level. The thickest measurement of the glacier was thick, but it has been getting thinner during the 20th century.
Accessibility
The glacier can be easily accessed by skis from the north in the winter, from the village of Finse, which is only accessible by stopping at Finse Station on the Bergen Line railway.
Recent history
The 1980 movie Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back used Hardangerjøkulen as a filming location, for scenes of the ice planet Hoth, although in the battle scene, miniatures were used on a set that used microscopic glass bubbles and baking soda to mimic the snowy territory.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
List of highest points of Norwegian counties
References
External links
– Hardangerjøkulen har ikke sett slik ut på 20 år
Glaciers of Vestland
Ulvik
Eidfjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangerj%C3%B8kulen |
Forres railway station serves the town of Forres, Moray in Scotland. The station is managed and served by ScotRail and is on the Aberdeen–Inverness line, between Nairn and Elgin, measured from Perth via the Dava route.
History
Prior to the Dava route opening, all services to the south began at Aberdeen (on the north-east coast). Problems occurred when connecting at Aberdeen from Inverness trains - Aberdeen was the terminus for two railway companies, and therefore had two separate stations: One served the east and the other was the starting point for services to the south (via the coast). Although they were connected by a bus, connections were often missed and passengers remained stranded after missing the daily connection south.
Plans for a more direct route via Carrbridge had been rejected by parliament as too ambitious. Engineer Joseph Mitchell planned an alternative route via Dava and work was completed on the line by August 1863.
Forres was chosen as the junction for the new mainline south, since it was the half-way point on the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway between Inverness and Keith. Keith was also an important railway junction and the point where the line joined the GNSR and branches to the coast and Strathspey.
1858
The first railway station in Forres which was located at the end of Market Street. On the OS map for 1863, this road is named appropriately 'Old Station Road'.
The station building was located between the current track and signal box, and the former goods loop (which was the original main line, before the junction was constructed). This served trains from Inverness to connect with the GNSR in Elgin. The station building was demolished in the 1950s. It had been used as the stationmaster's house since the junction opened.
1863
The opening of the junction required a new 'triangular' station to be constructed to allow all trains entering Forres, from either the East or West, to access the new line directly on a curve. The three curved platforms, and three junctions, gave the new Forres station its distinctive layout.
The location of the new station was south-west of the existing Inverness-Aberdeen line. The original line was retained as a goods loop, with trains now leaving and re-joining the line (east-west) on a curve. Services from Inverness to Perth curved to the south on a junction at the west of the station, to arrive at the southbound platforms.
Both Inverness-Keith and Inverness-Perth trains had double platforms for trains travelling in both directions. Since it was the mainline south, generous platforms were constructed to accommodate the expresses.
Trains travelling from the east to the south had a single platform at the east of the station. This was not used for normal passenger services. The station was originally accessed from Tytler Street (originally 'Station Road'). Since the line and platform crossed the road, there was a gap in the east platform to allow the road into the station. The level crossing gates closed the entrance to the station, when the curve was used by trains.
Three individual signal boxes controlled the junctions and each point of the triangle:
Forres East
Forres West
Forres South
1955
During 1954–55, the station building was replaced with the current red brick building. This included a new ticket office, toilets and waiting rooms.
The original 1863 building was constructed out of wood. The current building is located directly in front of the site of the 1863 station.
2017
After lengthy discussions in Scottish Parliament to replace the old station at Forres with a brand new reconfigured station equipped with double platforms, Transport Scotland eventually confirmed in March 2014 that this would indeed be the case. A £170 million infrastructure improvement project was subsequently announced for the Aberdeen–Inverness line, to be completed by 2030. Included in this project were plans to re-site the station at Forres with an extended passing loop, along with signalling improvements. Further signalling and infrastructure improvements along the line were also announced, including the construction of two additional stations.
Plans for the new Forres station were revealed at a public meeting in March 2016 and initial construction work and track laying commenced in the summer of 2016. Once the new station was completed, the original Highland Railway station closed on 5 October 2017, after the last train of the night. The level crossing and signal box at Forres were also closed and all three structures were subsequently demolished. The new station opened on 17 October 2017 and track signalling was then transferred to a signalling centre in Inverness.
Both Transport Scotland and ScotRail have plans to improve service levels between Inverness and (to a base hourly frequency) from late 2018.
Goods yard
Forres once had an extensive goods yard. Whisky from the Dallas Dhu distillery was moved from the distillery sidings in wagons, and coke used by the distillery was delivered via the yard. Locomotives were stored in a two-road engine shed equipped with coaling facilities and a turntable.
Closure and remains
The Inverness-Perth (via Forres) had become a secondary route following the eventual construction of the Inverness-Aviemore direct route by 1884. The Dava lines and platforms at Forres was eventually singled and a wall erected in its place of the down platform (now demolished).
The Dava route closed to passenger traffic on 18 October 1965 (as a result of the Beeching Axe) and goods services ended completely by 1968. A short section of the southbound platforms remains, whilst the trackbed is partially in use as a station car park.
The exit from the station building to the Dava platforms still exists. The original gates protect a now abandoned corridor, with all waiting rooms and facilities now bricked-up.
The east platform existed until the mid-1970s following closure of the junction to passengers in 1965 and to goods in 1967, after which the once extensive layout of Forres station was simplified to single track operations (with a passing loop to the east, at the former Forres East signal box). All traces of the part of the station has been obliterated by the construction of the Forres by-pass. For many years (until construction of the by-pass), one of the level crossing gates was retained for use as fencing beside the Royal Hotel.
The Inverness-Aberdeen down platform was closed in 1965 and exists abandoned in-situ, although the track was lifted at closure. The standard Highland Railways over-bridge was removed, but the concrete bases remain and indicate its location.
The signal boxes that controlled the west and the south junctions (Forres South, Forres West) have long gone, and no trace remains. The box at Forres East (latterly renamed 'Forres') remained in use until the old station was decommissioned on 6 October 2017. The box also supervised a level crossing and manual token exchanges between train drivers and the duty signaller would take place next to the box.
The goods yard is now completely demolished and track lifted. The site is now overgrown and awaits development. However, the semaphore signal, and a short section of access track from the east, still exists.
A single Highland Railway fencing post can be found at Robertson/Iowa Place, at the junction with Miekle Cruik. This was the location of a level crossing.
Other demolished features
The Nairn road crossed the railway on an over-bridge. This was located near to 'Old Bridge court' which was named in memory of the former railway bridge. No trace remains.
The Grantown road also crossed the railway, on an over-bridge at the foot of Mannachie Road. The line emerged just to the right of the road to Thornhill farm. Another over-bridge remains further up Mannachie rise, where the trackbed can be found in a cutting. It is part filled as part of a housing development. The trackbed can be easily found out of Forres as part of The Dava Way.
Facilities
The station has two platforms (linked by footbridge), with the ticket office and waiting room on platform 1 (both platforms are reversibly signalled). The main road that used to cross the line at Forres East level crossing has been diverted onto a new overbridge and a new larger car park provided. A shelter is located on platform 2, whilst both have customer help points, CIS displays, timetable boards and automated announcements to offer train running details.
Services
As of May 2022, there are seventeen daily departures from the station each way on weekdays and Saturdays. Most are through trains between Aberdeen and Inverness, but some trains start from or terminate at Elgin. One departure runs through to Edinburgh in the morning, and one in the evening runs to Stonehaven. On Sundays there are five through trains each way to Inverness and Aberdeen, with two more from Glasgow to Elgin via Inverness that call eastbound.
References
Bibliography
from 2001, with station developments mentioned as part of a flood protection scheme.
External links
Railscot - Photos of Forres
Railway stations in Moray
Former Highland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1863
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1858 establishments in Scotland
Forres | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres%20railway%20station |
China Aviation Oil (Singapore) Corporation Ltd (CAO) is the largest purchaser of jet fuel in the Asia Pacific region and supplies jet fuel to the civil aviation industry of the People's Republic of China (PRC). CAO supplies to the three key international airport in the PRC, i.e. Beijing Capital International Airport, Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, and accounts for more than 90% of PRC's jet fuel imports. CAO also engages in international trading of jet fuel and other oil products such as fuel oil and gas oil. CAO owns investments in strategic oil-related businesses, which include Shanghai Pudong International Airport Aviation Fuel Supply Company Ltd and China National Aviation Fuel TSN-PEK Pipeline Transportation Corporation Ltd.
The company was incorporated on 26 May 1993, and has been listed on the Singapore Exchange since December 2001.
2004 Scandal
CAO began trading oil-related derivatives to hedge its purchases of jet fuel against the volatility of the price of oil. However, CAO had not updated its risk management rules to reflect the more aggressive trading strategy, and its control was loose around its traders. This led to traders even exceeding the current limitations set out by CAO. According to CAO, “As the prices of crude oil were at an all time high at above $55 per barrel, the company faced significant margin calls on its open positions and did not have the resources to satisfy the margin calls”. It resulted in US$550 million loss, causing the largest financial scandal to rock Singapore since the collapse of Barings Bank in 1995.
SGX appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers as an auditor to investigate "the circumstances leading to the losses at CAO, the internal controls, risk management and governance practices of CAO, and to report its findings to the Exchange."
CAO then turned to its parent company China Aviation Oil Holding (CAOH) which provided an emergency loan of $100 million, however, it was insufficient which led to a proper restructuring. BP, Temasek Holdings and CAOH agreed to invest 130 million, staving off bankruptcy, preventing the company from being liquidated. Chen Jiulin, CEO of CAO, and four other executives of CAO was arrested as a result of the scandal. Chen pleaded guilty to "insider trading, failure to disclose losses, making false financial statements and conspiring to deceive Deutsche Bank into handling the sale of a stake in the company in 2004".
2020 Allegations of Fraud
Swiss Bank Banque de Commerce et de Placements SA (BCP) sued China Aviation Oil over a $19 million fraudulent deal. BCP gave ZenRock Commodities Trading Pte Ltd a credit letter to purchase 260,000 barrels of oil from CAO. However, Zenrock planned to sell the barrels to PetroChina International (East China) Co. Ltd. instead. BCP had paid CAO $19 million after the company showed documentation indicating that the cargo had been loaded onto an oil tanker in Malacca in Malaysia where Zenrock was responsible for its delivery. BCP claims that CAO has made false representations, thus also claiming that CAO “had acted in breach of the letter of credit”. BCP is now claiming damages with interest on top of the original amount it had paid for the cargo.
CAO denies all allegations and claims that the cargo was in fact shipped from Malacca on 27 January 2020 abroad the Vietnam-flagged tanker, Petrolimex 18. It also had received payment from the letter of credit's bank, which is not BCP.
Implications with Hin Leong
Lim Oon Kuin, founder Hin Leong, had instigated an employee to forge documentation issued by UT Singapore Services Pte Ltd to show that Hin Leong had transferred one million metric tons of Fuel Oil and Gas Oil and more to China Aviation Oil between June 2019 and March 2020. These documents were allegedly used to obtain US$484,489,067.43 from a financial institution.
Lim Oon Kuin conspired with another Hin Leong employee to forge 8 Certificates of Quality from Amspec Testing Services Pte Ltd, which shows that samples of oil had been retrieved and tested. These certificates were then sent to CAO to show that independent testing had been carried out to certify the quality of the oil that was purportedly sold by Hin Leong to CAO.
Lim Oon Kuin also instigated another Hin Leong employee to forge three documents which were supposedly issued by UT Singapore Services Pte Ltd. It claimed that 167,000 Metric Tons of Gasoil were transferred from Hin Leong to CAO.
References
External links
Official website
Companies listed on the Singapore Exchange
Companies established in 1993
Chinese companies established in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Aviation%20Oil |
Hassan Abdallah Mardigue is the disputed leader of the Chadian rebel group Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDJT). He was born c. 1951 in Gouro in the north of Chad.
References
1951 births
Living people
Chadian rebels
People from Borkou Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan%20Abdallah%20Mardigue |
Elgin railway station is a railway station serving the town of Elgin, Moray in Scotland. The station is managed and served by ScotRail and is on the Aberdeen to Inverness Line, between Keith and Forres, measured from Forres.
History
The first station in Elgin was opened by the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR) on 10 August 1852 by the Morayshire Railway. The second owned by the Highland Railway was opened on 25 March 1858 by the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway and later known as Elgin West. The GNSR lines to Lossiemouth and (where it joined the Strathspey Railway (GNoSR)) were subsequently joined by the GNSR Morayshire Coast line in 1886–7.
The GNSR company prepared plans in the mid-1890s for a new station building which was intended to be a joint station with the Highland Railway. Mr P.M. Barnett, engineer-in-chief of the GNSR submitted a plan which proposed a diversion from the Highland company mainline and a new double line, with platforms on all, which would have resulted in the Highland company's existing lines becoming joint. GNSR trains from Craigellachie and Lossiemouth could run into different lines, and the Highland company's trains would stop opposite, allowing easy exchange between carriages. Despite a meeting between Barnett and Mr Roberts, the Highland company engineer, an agreement could not be reached.
The GNSR proceeded with plans of their own in 1898 on their existing site, with a new building with a front elevation of in length. Construction started in 1899 and the new station was modified during construction. It resulted in a frontage of . The new building opened on Saturday 30 August 1902. The upper part of the building provided accommodation to the manager's apartments, clerks and tea-rooms, and the western portion was the station masters's house. The ground floor comprised a large waiting-room with a circular glass roof, about 70ft in length and 30ft in width. All four platforms had an iron and glass canopy with the ironwork painted in pale blue colour. The clerk's office contained a row of telegraph instruments, and telephones communicating with the locomotive department, the signal cabins and with the Highland station. A pneumatic tube system conveying messages to and from other offices was also installed. The architect was the company engineer, P.M. Barnett.
All three of the GNSR routes were closed in the 1960s as a result of the Beeching Axe, with the Lossiemouth branch the first to go in April 1964 and the other two routes following in May 1968.
Both stations were located about one mile to the south of Elgin town centre, which made them inconvenient for local journeys, e.g. to Lossiemouth, and bus services soon eliminated much of the local passenger traffic - passengers would generally only use the train service if they were connecting to long-distance trains. The stations were less than 500 metres apart and linked by a footpath.
The present station, formerly the West (ex-Highland) station, was retained in 1968-69 was rebuilt and the platforms were raised. The new passenger facilities proved inadequate and it was rebuilt again in a modern style by British Rail in 1990 at a cost of £400,000 ().
The GNSR station (known as Elgin East) was closed with the end of services on the coast and Craigellachie lines on 6 May 1968. The GNSR station building is still used as office accommodation and stands on the site of the original Morayshire Railway station. A sizeable goods yard is still in operation on this site.
Recent infrastructure improvements
As well as the aforementioned timetable improvements, Transport Scotland agreed in 2014 to fund a £170 million infrastructure upgrade project for the line. This included signalling improvements, a longer loop and platform extensions for Elgin.
A 10-day engineering blockade between Keith and Inverness saw the signalling and track improvements both here and in Forres completed, with the Elgin loop extended by and new colour light signals commissioned under the control of the signalling centre at Inverness. The level crossing was also converted to remote operation by CCTV from the location. The line reopened as scheduled on 17 October 2017.
Facilities
The station has a ticket office, ticket machine and accessible toilets on platform 1, adjacent to which is the car park and bike racks. Both platforms are equipped with waiting shelters, benches and help points, and are linked by a footbridge and lifts.
Services
As of May 2022, the basic service at the station is (roughly) two-hourly in each direction, west to Inverness and east to , though a number of trains also start/terminate here from the Inverness direction to give an approximately hourly service westbound. The first eastbound train each weekday continues through to and Edinburgh Waverley, with another service terminating at Stonehaven in the evening. On Sundays, there are five trains each way to the main termini (one of which runs through to via Aberdeen) and two from Glasgow via Inverness that terminate here.
References
Bibliography
External links
Elgin railway station video
Railscot - Elgin West
Photos of the disused station & yard at Elgin East (Railscot)
Railway stations in Moray
Former Highland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1858
Former Great North of Scotland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1852
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1968
Railway stations served by ScotRail
1852 establishments in Scotland
Elgin, Moray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin%20railway%20station |
"Cute Poison" is the fourth episode of the first season of the television series Prison Break. It first aired on September 12, 2005 in the United States. The episode is directed by Matt Earl Beesley and written by series producer Matt Olmstead. The words "Cute Poison", one of Michael Scofield's (Wentworth Miller) tattoos, are a mnemonic for CuSO4 (copper sulfate) and H3PO4 (phosphoric acid), the two ingredients needed for the third part in his escape plan. Also, his new cellmate Charles "Haywire" Patoshik (Silas Weir Mitchell) notices Michael's tattoos and may expose his escape plans. Michael has to stop him and get his old cellmate, Fernando Sucre (Amaury Nolasco), back.
Plot
Michael is three days behind on his plan to free his brother, particularly with his new insomniac cell mate, Haywire (Silas Weir Mitchell), whom he witnesses take some tablets to stay lucid, but escape when the doctors leave, describing them as "invisible handcuffs". He then notices Michael's tattoo and sees the hidden "maze" in it.
Meanwhile, Veronica Donovan (Robin Tunney) meets with Nick Savrinn (Frank Grillo) from "Project Justice", who wants to assist. They question Lincoln regarding the evidence, which he insists was planted. Sucre (Amaury Nolasco) is visited by his cousin, Hector Avila (Kurt Caceres), who tells him that Maricruz (Camille Guaty) is with him now. He eventually gets hold of Maricruz, and learns that Hector told her lies to get her not to come. With this new development, Sucre urges Michael to get him back into the cell.
Michael manages to get hold of two chemicals and uses them to corrode a pipe underneath the infirmary as part of the escape plan. He returns to his cell and notices Haywire has drawn his entire tattoo and ponders the pathway. Michael purposely injures himself to get the officers to take Haywire away before the plan is exposed. Sucre gets transferred back to Michael's cell and continues the plan. Agent Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) suspects that Scofield may try to break Lincoln out and orders to transfer Scofield out the very next day.
Production
Robert Knepper, who plays T-Bag, and Marshall Allman, who plays L. J. Burrows, were credited for this episode. However, neither made an appearance. Sucre's song to start the ruckus that Michael needed to knock down a wall was "Eres tú" by the Spanish band "Mocedades". The song was chosen as Spain's entry in the 1973 Eurovision Song Contest and won 2nd place.
Broadcast and reception
The episode was released as "Quimicos", which means "Chemicals" in Latin America. The ratings increased since "Cell Test", with a 4.5 rating from the 18–49 demographics, and viewing figures of 9.12 million, placing it the third most watched show of the day. Since the release on Five on February 13, 2006, "Prison Break" had again risen in viewing figures, making the series the sixth most viewed program that week, with a rating of 2.06 million.
References
External links
Prison Break episodes
2005 American television episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute%20Poison |
Blanton C. Winship (November 23, 1869 – October 9, 1947) was an American military lawyer and veteran of both the Spanish–American War and World War I. During his career, he served both as Judge Advocate General of the United States Army and as the governor of Puerto Rico. An investigation led by the United States Commission on Civil Rights blamed him for the Ponce massacre, which killed 19 people.
Early life and education
Blanton Winship was born in Macon, Georgia, and graduated from Mercer University in 1889. He received a law degree from the University of Georgia in 1893, where he also played football for one year.
Career
Military service
During the Spanish–American War, Winship joined the 1st Georgia Infantry, a volunteer force. After the war, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Winship to become a judge advocate in the Army's Judge Advocate General's Corps. His duties, through 1917, included teaching at the United States Military Academy and authoring, with John Henry Wigmore, the dean of Northwestern University's law school, the Army's first rules of evidence for courts-martial.
When World War I broke out, he fought in France and led several campaigns. Winship commanded the 110th and 118th Infantry Regiments in the 28th Division while also serving as the Staff Judge Advocate of First Army. Winship was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for "extraordinary heroism in action near Lachaussee, France, November 9, 1918." He also received the Silver Star for gallantry in action near Villers sur Fere, France.
Following the war, Winship returned to military law. He was appointed to serve as a military aide to President Calvin Coolidge. Eventually he became the Judge Advocate General of the Army, a position he held from 1931 to his retirement from service in 1933.
Governor of Puerto Rico
In 1934, Winship was appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt as governor of Puerto Rico, succeeding Robert Hayes Gore. This was in part due to major strikes that had taken place that year, causing the administration to fear social unrest. Colonel Francis Riggs accompanied Winship as chief of police. Riggs formerly had assisted Nicaragua's dictator Anastasio Somoza.
As governor, Winship's primary mission was to crush the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, by imprisoning its leadership and intimidating the rank-and-file membership. Upon arrival he immediately set out to "militarize" the Insular Police force, arming it with machine guns and riot control equipment. Winship also recruited a new police chief, E. Francis Riggs, whose background was in military intelligence, and whose immediate prior occupation had been to "advise" Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua. Together, Winship and Riggs spent their weekends inspecting the new vigorous police training camps (modeled after military boot camps) which they created throughout the island.
During his time in office, Winship fought to exclude the recently passed minimum wage laws from applying to Puerto Rico, as it would have doubled the hourly wage of 12.5 cents which was standard for sugarcane plantation workers.
Winship criticized many of Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes's policies toward the island (Interior had responsibility for territories and insular affairs). Relief spending during the Great Depression for Puerto Rico was (per capita) far below either that of the mainland or Hawaii. This lack of spending contributed to the poverty of the island, and in turn to social unrest.
In October 1935, the Insular Police killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party members at the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras, a neighboring town next to San Juan. The event became known as the Río Piedras massacre. Ramón S. Pagan, Pedro Quiñones, Eduardo Rodríguez Vera, José Santiago Barea and a bystander were killed. On February 23, 1936, the nationalists Hiram Rosado and Elías Beauchamp retaliated by killing Col. Riggs in San Juan. Captured, both Rosado and Beauchamp were executed at the police headquarters without trial. No law enforcement officer ever stood trial for the executions.
Following these events, the government rounded up numerous Nationalist Party members and charged them with sedition. The party's president, Pedro Albizu Campos, and others were sentenced to 10 years in prison by a United States federal court.
Ponce massacre
On Palm Sunday (March 21), 1937, Governor Winship cancelled a Nationalist parade, which was to have taken place in Ponce to commemorate the 1873 abolition of slavery, only an hour before it was to have begun. Winship ordered the police chief to increase the police presence in the city to stop, "by all means necessary", any demonstration by the nationalists. When the march continued anyway, the police fired upon the marchers and bystanders. They killed 19 people and wounded more than 200, all of whom were unarmed. 150 protesters were arrested. This event, called the Ponce massacre, sparked outrage across the island and in the U.S. Congress.
The Minnesota Representative John Bernard gave a speech on April 14 denouncing the action. The full speech can be seen in the Congressional Record of April 14, 1937, page 4499. Congressman Vito Marcantonio of New York also criticized Winship, and in 1939, President Roosevelt eventually replaced him as governor of Puerto Rico.
Following these events, many of the leaders of the Nationalist party were tried for insurrection, and after a hung jury and retrial, six were sentenced to life in prison. Because the prosecutors were appointed by Governor Winship, Congressmen Vito Marcantonio and John T. Bernard suggested that this may have contributed to a bias in Winship's favor.
A second panel, an independent investigation led by Arthur Garfield Hays, general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union, with Fulgencio Pinero, Emilio Belaval, Jose Davila Rice, Antonio Ayuso Valdivieso, Manuel Diaz Garcia, and Franscisco M. Zeno, as members, concluded that the police acted as a mob, and that the events on March 21 constituted a massacre. Their report harshly criticized the repressive tactics and massive civil rights violations by the administration of Governor Winship.
Removal from office
Following the events of the Ponce massacre, a grand jury convened to investigate the Ponce events, but it was closed before it could indict anyone. The prosecutor investigating the case reported at a news conference that Governor Winship was interfering with his investigation and resigned under protest. Almost simultaneously with the prosecutor's investigation, a federal law which allowed public officials to be indicted was repealed, effectively granting Governor Winship immunity from further prosecution.
The following year, Governor Winship moved the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the United States invasion of Puerto Rico from the traditional San Juan location to the city of Ponce. During this celebration, on July 25, 1938, Ángel Esteban Antongiorgi attempted to assassinate the governor and managed to fire several shots before being killed by the police (one police officer was also killed in the attempted assassination).
Congressional turmoil continued to cloud the Winship governorship and President Roosevelt removed Winship from office on May 12, 1939, after charges were filed against him by New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio. President Roosevelt appointed William D. Leahy as Winship's successor, although Leahy did not take office for several months (during which time José E. Colóm served as acting governor).
World War II
During World War II, Winship returned to active duty. During this time, he served as one of the presiding judges of a military tribunal in the United States during the trial of eight German saboteurs who were arrested in the country. Winship retired in 1944. At 75, he was at that time the oldest Army officer on active duty.
Death
Winship died in Washington, aged 77, and was buried at the Rosehill Cemetery in Georgia.
See also
List of governors of Puerto Rico
Notes
External links
The Judge Advocate General's Corps: "Our History"
FBI Files on Puerto Rico timeline, 1930s
Top Army Lawyer Also Was A Combat Hero…Winship's Record In Puerto Rico Was Hardly Heroic by Robert F. Dorr, Puerto Rico Herald. May 3, 2004.
1869 births
1947 deaths
American mass murderers
American murderers of children
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Governors of Puerto Rico
Judge Advocates General of the United States Army
Mercer University alumni
Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)
People from Macon, Georgia
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army generals of World War II
University of Georgia alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanton%20Winship |
Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernity and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures that have been changing since the 19th century.
History of Iranian modernity
Long before the European Renaissance generated the radical ideas that eventually reshaped Europe and the United States, Persian statesmen, artists, and intellectuals had formulated ideas that strikingly anticipate those of modernity. Since more than thousand years ago there has been a conflict in Persia between the search for modernity and the forces of religious obscurantism.
Some twenty-five hundred years ago, when Herodotus was writing his Histories, Persia was the West's ultimate other.
It has been a common belief of scholars that modernity began in the West and is by its philosophical nature, economic underpinning, and cultural exigencies a uniquely western phenomenon. All other cultures, those who have lived on the darker side of Renaissance must emulate the Western experience, if they want to be modern. From Max Weber to Milan Kundera, many Western scholars and writers have argued that everything from representative democracy and rational thought to the art of the novel and the essay are not only western in origin but also uniquely suited to its culture, and native to its temperature climes.
Persia with its impressively rich and varied cultural legacy had a formative role in shaping Western consciousness. The Bible is replete with profuse praise for Persia and its kings. The Bible's praise for Cyrus the Great was partially in recognition of his role in freeing the Jews from their Babylonian captivity; of equal importance was the fact that the vast Persian empire of the time was a paragon of religious and cultural tolerance.
Hegel whose writings are considered by many as the apex of the Western philosophical tradition, uses superlatives in praising the role of Persia and Zarathustra in history.
Following Hegel in 19th-century Germany, Nietzsche wrote his magnum opus, Thus Spoke Zarathustra that similarly touched upon this key figure of the Persian imagination. Nietzsche's book offers a radical critique, almost a total debunking, of the whole Western tradition of philosophy. It is no mere accident that Nietzsche chose to articulate his critical views in the name of Zarathustra. The end of the 19th century was not the only or the last time Zarathustra played a prominent role in shaping Western consciousness and philosophic discourse. In 1990s Persian influences on the millennial fever, and on other New Age themes, were so strong that Harold Bloom, the eminent American critic, suggested that the last decade of the twentieth century should in truth be called "a return to Zoroastrian origins."
Western art, no less than history and theology, bear testimony to the ubiquity of the Persian presence in antiquity. Of all the extant works of Greek tragedy, for example, the only one that is about a non-Greek subject is Aeschylus' play The Persians.
Generations of Iranian intellectuals
First generation
The nineteenth century Persian reformers who are considered as the first generation of Iranian intellectuals were perfectly conscious of the fact that it was not enough to rely upon the antiquity of Persian civilization to think about its continued ability to survive. They tried to establish a relationship with men of power that would have permitted them to dictate their blueprints for reforms. These blueprints naturally remained without immediate impact among the men of power to whom they were addressed. These intellectual reforms encountered a widespread opposition from the court and the Ulama. Abd al-Rahim Talebof, Fath-'Ali Akhoundzadeh, and Sani o Doleh belong to this generation.
Second generation
The second generation intended to introduce modern civilization to Persia, not only by imitating the West, but through a coherent and systematic approach to European culture. Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Ali Dashti, Ali Akbar Davar, Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, Sadeq Hedayat, Bozorg Alavi, Ahmad Kasravi, Saeed Nafisi, Hasan Taqizadeh, Abdolhossein Teymourtash and `Abdu'l-Bahá belong to this generation.
Third generation
The third generation of Iranian intellectuals signify the absorption of Russian Marxism into Iranian political and social thought. With the popularity of Marxist ideology among the third generation of Iranian intellectuals, the new culture for translation and knowledge of modernity was drawn inevitably toward moral and political absolutes. Intellectuals claimed to be "givers of lessons" and acted as "moral legislators" who were critics of both the state and the society. Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and well known intellectual and social theorist Ali Shariati belong to this generation.
Fourth generation
Fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals are mainly characterized by the journals such as Goftegu and Kiyan. In contrast with the ideological generation of Iranian intellectuals who in their encounter with the western modernity favoured a monistic attitude exemplified by Marxist and Heideggerian philosophies, the Fourth Generation of Iranian intellectuals decided on a move away and a critical distanciation from master ideologies.
The methodological position of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals is characterized by two main philosophical attitudes: the extension of an anti-utopian thinking on an intersubjective basis on the one hand, and the urge for a non-imitative dialogical exchange with the modern values of the West on the other.
Abdolkarim Soroush among many others belong to the fourth generation.
Modern art movement
Iranian experience and development of modernity led to a unique style of cinema, painting and music. Iranian New wave, a movement in Iranian cinema, has found worldwide reputation due to its deeply Philosophical, poetic and artistic style. Abbas Kiarostami is the most notable figure in the New wave of Iranian cinema. In the artistic and aesthetic realm, features of New wave of Persian cinema, for example the works of Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as postmodern.
In his book Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future (2001) Hamid Dabashi describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of [Iranian] national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity."
Mehdi Saeedi, is an internationally renowned artist and designer. His aesthetics have become a mainstay of design in many regions, especially in those using the Arabic script as their alphabet. And on November (2009) he won Grand Price for the Five Star Designers at International Invitational Poster Triennial in Osaka, Japan.
On 13 December 2006, graphic designer, Reza Abedini, received the Principal Award in the Prince Claus Awards for his way of applying the knowledge and accomplishments of Iran's artistic heritage, renewing them, and making them exciting again. Reza Abedini's Persian Sym style unites the rich calligraphic tradition of Persian culture with "modernity".
It is believed that Ebrahim Golestan, Fereydoun Rahnema and Farrokh Ghaffari founded Iran's "different" cinematic style and Iranian intellectual movement in the 20th century.
Marcos Grigorian and Hossein Zenderoudi were pioneers of Iranian modern painting and Sculpture.
Modern and contemporary architecture movement
Although the new era in Iranian architecture began with the rise of Safavid dynasty, (1501 - 1736), in fact, it is in the early decades of the twentieth century that the first generation of modern Iranian architects, almost like every generation of modern architects in the world, appears as being influenced by the Modern Movement and rationalism in architecture. Architects such as Vartan Hovanessian, Ali Sadegh, Mohsen Foroughi, Paul Akbar, Gabriel Guevrekian, Heydar Ghiai, Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian and Hooshang Seyhoun are examples of this movement.
Later, in the mid-1960s, Ali Sardar Afkhami, Kamran Diba and Nader Ardalan are among those Iranian architects who have opened their design approach to the history and traditions to represent a trend of Iranian Post-Modernism.
Attention for the new trends in international architecture, is being carried out by Iranian architects, even after the Islamic Revolution. Like most architectural milieu of the world, in the 1980s the experiments on the transition from post-modernism to new developments, has influenced many Iranians architects, in architects such as , , and Darab Diba.
In this context, It is of interest the attempt by some architects like Abbas Gharib or Bahram Shirdel to go in deep within the most advanced theory and trends in contemporary and Post-contemporary architecture, such as the theory of Complex systems in architecture in the case of Gharib and folding theory in the case of Shirdel. These experiments are valid methods and contribution to liberate architecture and design, from abstraction, flatness, stiffness, forced rectangular and Heterotopia of the modernist spaces for a more fluid, flexible, soft and dynamic architecture, open to the complexities of its environment and context
Music movement
Simultaneous with the constitutional revolution in Iran, young musicians sought new forms of music to synchronize with the tide of social changes. In 1937, Tehran's Symphonic Orchestra started working and performing western as well as Iranian music.
The 1979 revolution launched a renaissance in Persian classical music. The emergence of three ensembles, the Aref Ensemble, the Sheyda Ensemble and the Masters of Persian Music revolutionized Iranian music during the late 20th century and at the turn of the millennium.
New figures emerged in Persian Symphonic Music, and several symphony orchestras started their work despite a lack of support from national governments or international bodies. The new wave can be characterized by growing interest in using both Iranian and European instruments and musical genres. Perhaps the best examples are the Melal Orchestra and the National Iranian Symphony Orchestra.
Folk music also enjoyed the emergence of figures such as Sima Bina and Kamkar. These musicians introduced Iranian folk music (Khorasani, Kurdish, Bandari, Mazandarani music, among others) to the international community by organizing numerous concerts worldwide.
Letters
Literary criticism and comparative literature in Iran entered a new phase in the 19th century. Persian literature enjoyed the emergence of influential figures as Sadeq Hedayat, Ahmad Kasravi, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, Shahrokh Meskoob, Ebrahim Golestan and Sadegh Choubak.
Poetry after classics
Modern Persian poetry came into existence after Nima Yushij. Some notable figures include:
Nima Yushij
Bijan Jalali
Fereydoon Moshiri
Forough Farrokhzad
Manouchehr Atashi
Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
Hushang Ebtehaj
Ahmad Shamlou
Mohammad Ali Sepanloo
Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani
Mohammad Zohari
Simin Behbahani
Sohrab Sepehri
Drama
After the translation of Mirza Fatali Akhundov's plays into Persian in the 19th century, Persian drama came into a new period. 20th century saw the appearance of great playwrights such as Bahram Beyzai and Akbar Radi.
Modern scientific movement
The history of modern science in Iran dates back to the year 1851 and the establishment of Darolfonoon – which was founded as a result of the efforts of Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir, aiming at training and teaching Iranian experts on many fields of sciences, and it was the future minded Abbas Mirza who first dispatched students to Europe to obtain a western education.
By the establishment of Tehran University, science in Iran entered a new phase. Mahmoud Hessaby, Ali-Asghar Hekmat, Moslem Bahadori and many others played roles in initiating and forming these movements. The outcome of the movement has been the emergence of researchers who have been trained and received doctorate degrees in the country and have found international reputations.
Modernization of Iranian medicine did not occur through the straightforward replacement of traditional Persian medicine by modern European medicine. Rather, the integration of modern medicine went through a long process that included both the reinterpretation of traditional theories by traditional physicians and the assimilation of modern theories through the prism of traditional medicine.
One of the main Iranian scientific movements in the late 20th century was in the field of chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry. The main leaders of this movement were Abbas Shafiee, Bijan Farzami, Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki, Issa Yavari and Ahmad Reza Dehpour. The movement resulted in hundreds of research papers in peer-reviewed international journals.
Other notable figures who promoted world-class research in Iran during the 20th century are
Reza Mansouri and Yousof Sobouti (Physics)
Abolhassan Farhoudi (Immunology)
Mohammad Reza Zarrindast (Pharmacology)
Fereydoun Davatchi (Rheumatology)
Taher Movassaghian (Chemistry)
Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh (Hematology)
Ali Radmehr (Radiology)
Hossein Najmabadi (Medical genetics)
Hormoz Shams (Ophthalmology)
Moslem Bahadori (Pathology)
Hormoz Dabirashrafi (Obstetrics and Gynecology)
Hossein Esteky (Neuroscience)
G.R. Baradaran Khosroshahi (Mathematics)
Caro Lucas (Electrical Engg., AI)
Jawad Salehi (Electrical Engg.)
Ali Kaveh (Civil Engg.)
Iran's university population has swelled from 100,000 in 1979 to 2 million in 2006. Indeed, in Iran some 70% of science and engineering students are women.
Iran is now a world leader in some areas like string theory. When a reporter for Nature asked Reza Mansouri: "Why do I see so many string theory papers coming out of Iran?" He explained how Iranian scientists worked together under revolution, sanctions and war to bring Iran to such a position: "I remember exactly the beginning of the revolution, some old colleagues just sat together and spoke about what we could do for Iran. Is it understood that we have to look for excellence, in some areas that we may be strong and that we may get strong at that so that will be the field of physics. So we began with that. It happens that the most active field physicists in our country were working on the string theory at that time. So they tried to be of a school, so to speak, and we did know that that was the only way which was somehow independent of all these political fluctuations regarding war, regarding cultural revolution, all that, and we really tried hard to build up schools. So we have it now, string schools, so to say somehow."
In 2007 United Nations awarded Hossein Malek-Afzali with the prestigious UN Population Award. Malek Afzali has helped design strategies to improve health procedures, particularly adolescent health, reproductive health and family planning. In the field of reproductive health, he has engaged policymakers and religious leaders in the planning and implementation of reproductive health programmes in Iran.
Iranian women's movement
Currently women's rights groups are among the most active social rights groups in Iran and are mostly involved in an effort to gain equal rights for women in the Iranian legal system by opposing specific discriminatory laws. However, under the Presidential regime of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, elected president in 2005, women's rights advocates have been beaten, jailed and persecuted.
The presence of women in Iranian intellectual movements (science, modern literature, cinema, human-rights activism, etc.) has been remarkable throughout the history of modern Iran. According to the research ministry of Iran, women accounted for 56% of all university students in the natural sciences, including one in five Ph.D. students. Such education and social trends are increasingly viewed with alarm by the Iranian government.
In cinema and the visual arts, Shirin Neshat, Tahmineh Milani, Rakhshan Bani Etemad, and Samira Makhmalbaf created new cinematic styles which have attracted many from all over the world and in international festivals. Persian poet and literary figure Simin Behbahani was nominated for 1997 Nobel Prize for literature. The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize went to Shirin Ebadi for her efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children. Simin Daneshvar's Savushun is a novel about the Iranian experience of modernity during the 20th century.
Iranian writer and satirist, Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi was perhaps the first professional female satirist, critic and one of the notable figures involved in Persian constitutional revolution.
In the early 20th century, Persian music enjoyed the emergence of Qamar ol-Molouk Vaziri, the "Lady of Iranian music".
Historical landmarks
Persian constitutional revolution
Iran had undergone a phenomenal constitutional revolution at the turn of the twentieth century. The constitutional movement was concerned with modernity and human rights. It led to the establishment of a parliament in Iran. Mirza Jahangir-Khan Shirazi and Farrokhi Yazdi were among the most notable writers and critics of this era who sacrificed their lives for establishment of democracy and freedom in Iran.
28 Mordad coup
In the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup, the Prime Minister of Iran Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown on 19 August 1953. The coup d'état was orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name 'Operation Boot') and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project).
Mossadegh had sought to reduce the semi-absolute role of the Shah granted by the Constitution of 1906, thus making Iran a full democracy, and to nationalize the Iranian oil industry, consisting of vast oil reserves and the Abadan Refinery, both owned by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, a British corporation (now BP).
A military government under General Fazlollah Zahedi was formed which allowed Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persian for an Iranian king), to effectively rule the country as an absolute monarch according to the constitution. He relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power until his own overthrow in February 1979.
In August 2013 the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that it was involved in both the planning and the execution of the coup, including the bribing of Iranian politicians, security and army high-ranking officials, as well as pro-coup propaganda. The CIA is quoted acknowledging the coup was carried out "under CIA direction" and "as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government."
Iranian Revolution
Some researchers believe that the Iranian Revolution was not a simple clash between modernity and tradition but an attempt to accommodate modernity within a sense of authentic Islamic identity, culture and historical experience.
Perceived by many as a revolt against the secular modernity of the West, Iranian revolution was welcomed by some Western thinkers as a triumph of spiritual values over the profane world of capitalist materialism. For others the Iranian revolution was a protest against the very political rationality of the modern era.
2nd of Khordad movement
The election of the former President Mohammad Khatami in May 1997 was through the emergence of a new political force, the youth. Inspired by simultaneously individualist and democratic ideals that are incompatible in every respect with the authoritarian values and symbols traditionally associated in the Iranian intellectual arena with Marxist and Heideggerian World views. It is in this new social atmosphere that the emergence of a global community or a cyberpolis was able to reveal to the Iranian youth the true nature of instrumental rationality as modern universal standards. Saeed Hajjarian was widely believed to be the main strategist behind the 1997 reform movement of Iran. He allegedly showed the supremacy of politics as such over any religious norm when he said that the survival of the Islamic Republic was paramount and that no religious ritual should stand in its way. This kind of decision, he states, means that politics are more important than religion and that this acknowledges the secularization of religion. In this context, he argues, it is possible to reassess velayat faqih and to reject its supremacy within the political field in Iran. While calling to build a new reform movement, Hajjarian believes that the reform movement started in 1997, died during Khatami's second term. He believes that the reform project started by Persian constitutional revolution, has not been completed yet.(ref: Farhad Khosrokhavar, The New Intellectuals in Iran, Social Compass, Vol. 51, No. 2, 191-202 (2004))
The scope of 2nd of Khordad movement was much broader than President Khatami's reform plan. The latter has been criticised for wanting slow progress and not producing a real democratic alternative for the current Islamic republic. When asked about this during Khatami's visit to United Kingdom, he said "You know for centuries we have been under dictatorship so we cannot get to a democracy all of a sudden, we have to go step by step"
Campaigns against intellectuals
After the Iranian Revolution, the Cultural Revolution and the Chain murders of Iran were two major campaigns that involved the imprisonment, torture, emigration, and massacre of Iranian scholars.
Intellectual circles in late 20th century
Intellectual circles in postrevolutionary Iran can be classified into the following categories:
Revolutionary intellectual circles
The main figures in this category are Ali Shariati, Jalal Al Ahmad and Morteza Motahhari. Morteza Motahhari was the main theorist and thinker behind Iranian revolution. He is considered to be one of the most influential philosophical leaders of pre-revolutionary Iran and the impact and popularity of his thought continues to be felt throughout Iranian society many years later.
Reformist intellectual circles
Main figures in this category are Mehdi Bazargan, Abdolkarim Soroush, Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari, Mostafa Malekian, Mohsen Kadivar, Alireza Alavitabar and Hossein Bashiriyeh.
The unifying traits of these intellectuals include their recognition of reform in the Islamic thought, democracy, civil society and religious pluralism and their opposition to the absolute supremacy of the Faqih. The rise of religious intellectuals can be followed through the writings of Abdolkarim Soroosh. Soroosh's main idea is that there are perennial unchanging religious truths, but our understanding of them remains contingent on our knowledge in the fields of science and philosophy. Unlike Ali Shariati, who turned to Marxism to bring a historicist perspective to the Shiite thought, Soroosh debates the relation between democracy and religion and discusses the possibility of what he calls religious democracy.
Influenced by Persian mysticism, Soroush advocated a type of reformist Islam that went beyond most liberal Muslim thinkers of the 20th century and argued that the search for reconciliation of Islam and democracy was not a matter of simply finding appropriate phrases in the Qur'an that were in agreement with modern science, democracy, or human rights. Drawing on the works of Molana Jalaleddin Balkhi, Immanuel Kant, G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Popper, and Erich Fromm, Soroush called for a reexamination of all tenets of Islam, insisting on the need to maintain the religion's original spirit of social justice and its emphasis on caring for other people.
Other influential figures in these circles are Saeed Hajjarian, Ahmad Sadri, Mahmoud Sadri, Ezzatollah Sahabi, Ahmad Ghabel and Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari. Akbar Ganji had also been associated with this circle before he published his Manifest of Republicanism. Moreover, Akbar Ganji took a tour around the world in order to invite non Iranian intellectuals to join Iran's intellectual movement. Many Persian scholars believe that such interactions with world scholars would promote Iranian intellectualism and democratic reform. Richard Rorty, Noam Chomsky, Anthony Giddens, David Hild, Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt among a few others accepted the honorary membership of Iranian intellectual society.
Perhaps the most important achievement of this circle was training a new generation of Iranian intellectuals who are far ahead of their mentors and do not belong to any of well-established intellectual circles in Iran. Ahmad Zeidabadi and Mehdi Jami belong to this new generation of Persian scholars.
Democratic religious circles (In-system reformers)
These groups are characterized by the followings:
Support for Islamic republic as the best form of government
Calling for Religious tolerance
Calling for democratic values
Rejecting liberalism
Rejecting secularism
Calling for the rule of law and civil society
They believe that ethics has priority over politics.
The main thinker and theorist of this circle is Mohammad Khatami, former president of Iran. Other notable figures include Yousef Sanei, Abdollah Noori, Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mostafa Moin. They are mainly under the influence of ideas of Ayatollah Mirza Hossein Na'eeni and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Neo-conservative intellectual circles
Unlike the reformist intellectuals, the neo- conservative intellectuals in Iran are in favor of the supremacy of the Leader and against concepts such as democracy, civil society and pluralism. This movement includes figures such as Reza Davari Ardakani, Javad Larijani and Mehdi Golshani. The famous personality among these is Reza Davari Ardakani, who as an anti- Western philosopher is very familiar with the works of Martin Heidegger. Davari, unlike Soroosh, takes some of the features of Heidegger's thought, mainly the critic of modernity and puts it into an Islamic wording. He rejects the Western model of democracy, which is based on the separation of politics and religion.
Non-religious intellectual circles
Main figures in this category are Javad Tabatabaei, Dariush Shayegan, Amir Hossein Aryanpour, Ramin Jahanbegloo, Ehsan Naraghi, Khosro Naghed, Abbas Milani, and Aramesh Doustdar.
Javad Tabtabaei deplores the deep roots of religion in the Iranian culture. For Tabatabai, the decline of the Iranian political thought goes back to the 9th and 10th centuries and, since then, it has been impossible for them to adequately understand the modernity. The social sciences, according to him, have been introduced in Iran without the secularization of thought and its rationalization and therefore, they reproduce in an unconscious way the ancient prejudices and the inability to think adequately.
Dariush Shayegan criticizes a view of religion that does not take into account the major trends of the modern world where cultural homogeneity and religious absolutism are questioned. The quest for a holistic identity based on a monolithic view of Islam is alien to the evolution of modern world and means the isolation and regression of the (Iranian) society.
Dariush Shayegan, who writes mainly in French (but has been extensively translated into Persian), shares some of the views of these particular intellectuals, but his major contribution is to invite Iranians to accept the ‘‘fragmented identity’’ of the modern world and to renounce a unitary view of the Self which leads to a fascination with utopian and mythological ideologies. He insists that, since Iran has undergone the change directly from tradition to postmodernity without the mediation of modernity, it is experiencing a strong malaise. His solution is to open up Iran to the new multicultural world in which one has to accept the diversity of the perspectives and, therefore, to be tolerant towards others who do not think and behave in the same way as the Self. This invitation to become open-minded and to give up the idea of a homogeneous culture exerts an undeniable influence on many young people in Iran.
Traditional scholars
The most notable circle was associated with Hossein Nasr, founder of Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy. For Nasr, the traditional world was pervaded by a tremendous sense of the Sacred and the Absolute, whereas the inception of modernity involved precisely the severing off of that awareness, resulting in what Max Weber would later dub the disenchantment of the world.
Nasr has been an unrelenting opponent of Islamic fundamentalism in all its forms throughout his career because he sees it as a somewhat vigilante reactionary movement operating within the paradigm of the modern nation state, but even more so, because it lacks a well thought out metaphysical basis rooted in a traditional Muslim understanding of the world which respects both nature and human dignity.
Other notable figures
There are several intellectual figures who continue to be very influential in Iranian society, while they do not belong to any of the above-mentioned philosophical circles:
Scholars:
Yadollah Sahabi, prominent academic, writer and scientist
Mohammad Gharib, pioneering physician and academic
Fereydoun Hoveyda (prominent scholar, writer and filmmaker)
Daryoush Ashouri (prominent scholar, linguist and cultural theorist)
Masoud Behnoud (prominent journalist and writer)
Parviz Varjavand (scholar, archeologist and expert of cultural heritage)
Farrokhroo Parsa (scholar, politician and physician; first female minister of Iran)
Economists:
Mousa Ghaninejad (senior Iranian economist)
Fariborz Rais-Dana (senior economist)
Experts on law and political sciences:
Davoud Hermidas-Bavand (prominent scholar and political scientist)
Nasser Katouzian (Tehran University professor of law and political sciences)
Jamshid Momtaz (Tehran University professor of international law)
Javad Zarif (prominent scholar, political analyst and expert on international relations)
Sadeq Zibakalam (leading political scientist and professor of Tehran University)
Amir Attaran lawyer and immunologist; expert on public health and global development issues.
Elaheh Koulaei (political scientist and expert on USSR at Tehran University)
Philosophy education in Iran
Philosophy has become a popular subject of study during last few decades in Iran. Comparing the number of philosophy books currently published in Iran with that in other countries, Iran possibly ranks first in this field but it is definitely on top in terms of publishing philosophy books. Currently different approaches are working in a diverging fields of philosophy:
1. Traditional Persian Islamic philosophy. traditional classic philosophy revived after a period of silence, in Tehran School, and notably works of Agha Ali Modarres Zonoozi in the early 20th century, after him both schools of Tehran and Ghom (with the works of Allameh Tabatabai and Imam Ruhollah Khomayni) activated philosophical debates. Nowaday, Islamic philosophy is the most fresh period all over the world in Iran all the way after Sfavid school of Isfahan. The most notable figures of our time include Allameh Hossein tabatabaii, Allameh Rafiai Gazvini, Mehdi Hayeri Yazdi, Falatouri, Hasan zadeh Amoli, Morteza Motahhari, Abolhasan Jelveh, Mohammad tagi Amoli, allameh hossein Gharavi Isfahani (kompani), Ibrahim Ashtiyani, Jalaloddin Ashtiyani, Kazem assar.
2. Western philosophy. The Western philosophy is mostly welcome to Iran in the 19th century, but its full development began in the 1970s, with the reactive movement against the left political thought of Soviet sect of Toodeh party, most notably by refutation of their Marxist–Leninist works (typically in Tagi Arani's works). The leading figures include Allameh Tabatabai, and his pupil Morteza Motahhari. Also Ahmad Fardid and his Circle who introduced phenomenology and very specifically Martin Heidegger to Iranian Academia. His pupils like Reza Davari, Dariush Shayegan who are now among famous Iranian philosophers developed his way to interpret modern conditions in Iran. Today the most dominant branch of Western philosophy in Iranian academia is Continental philosophy; The domination of the department of philosophy of the University of Tehran over the teaching of philosophy with laying on Islamic philosophy and Continental philosophy put it ahead of philosophy education in Iran. Department of philosophy of the University of Tehran traditionally is the top place of the greatest philosophers in secular education system in Iran; among the philosophers of the University of Tehran to be named are Reza Davari, Ebrahimi Dinani, and Mahmoud Khatami whose influences are clear all over students of philosophy. Reza Davari who is a philosopher with great debates on Modern condition, intellectualism and enlightenment ranked as the leading Persian philosopher with anti-Western approach. His ideas challenge the defender of Western culture and notably the defender of analytical philosophy and scienticism. Dinani is a defender of Islamic philosophy who also talks about the west; Mahmoud Khatami, who is commonly considered as a phenomenologist, is ranked as a totally scholar with no political sign who teaches analytical and continental philosophies in the university, but he has developed a different philosophy of his own that is called [Ontetics]. However, analytical philosophy is also introduced in Iran in the 1970s by the translations from British Empiricism, and then, in 1980 to the present an increasing interest is in students of philosophy to learn more from this 20th-century branch of philosophy. Very specifically, analytic philosophy of science and social science, and moral philosophy introduced by Abdolkarim Soroush in the early 1980s, and followed by others. Philosophy of mind introduced to Iranian academia by Mahmoud Khatami, and philosophy of logic and philosophy of language introduced by Hamid Vahid Dastgerdi. Philosophy of religion is also most welcome branch with the Iranian scholars.
3. Comparative philosophy is a tendency in Iranian scholarship.
4. Traditionalist (sonnatgera)is also an approach introduced by Hossein Nasr.
See also
History of philosophy
History of ideas
Intellectual history
Iranian modern and contemporary art
Iranian philosophy
Isfahan School
Persian literature
Religious intellectualism in Iran
Science and technology in Iran
References
Sources
Latifiyan, Ali. Reviewing the Performance of Intellectuals from 1941 to 1979, (1995), Tehran: Imam Sadiq University
Abbas Milani, Lost Wisdom: Rethinking Modernity in Iran, Mage Publishers, (2004). .
The fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals, Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2000).
Secularism, national identity, and the role of the intellectual, by Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2005).
Ramin Jahanbegloo, Iranian intellectuals: from revolution to dissent
Farhad Khosrokhavar, The New Intellectuals in Iran, Social Compass, Vol. 51, No. 2, 191-202 (2004)
Afshin Matin-asgari, Iranian postmodernity: the rhetoric of irrationality?, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 13, Number 1 / Spring (2004).
Gheissari, Ali. Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century. Austin University of Texas Press, 1998.
External links
Religious Intellectual and Political Action in the Reform Movement
The next chapter: Atypical conversations with Daryush Shayegan on the impact of ideology in contemporary Iranian history
Far Near Distance: Contemporary positions of Iranian artists
The great land of the Sophy: Persian influences
The Emergence and Development of Religious Intellectualism in Iran
Sadeq Hedayat Centenary Symposium
Amir Hossein Aryanpour, A rational man
Coming to Terms with Modernity: Iranian intellectuals and the emerging public sphere
The reform movement and the debate on modernity and tradition in contemporary Iran
Abdolkarim Soroush; Iran's Democratic Voice Time magazine
Amir Hossein Aryanpour, Prominent Iranian intellectual
Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism
Swedish scholar, Hans Rosling on Iranian experience of modernity
Iranian culture
Persian philosophy
History of civil rights and liberties in Iran
Intellectualism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual%20movements%20in%20Iran |
Kindred is one's family and relations by kinship. It may also refer to:
In media
Literature
Kindred (novel), a 1979 science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler
Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art, a 2020 book by Rebecca Wragg Sykes
Film
Kindred (film), a 2020 British horror film
The Kindred (1987 film), an American horror film
The Kindred (2021 film), a British horror film
Television
Kindred (TV series), a 2022 television series based on the Butler novel
Kindred: The Embraced, an American television series produced by John Leekley Productions and Spelling Television
"Kindred" (Heroes), the third episode of the second season of the NBC science fiction drama series Heroes
"Kindred", an episode in the fourth season of the animated series Star Wars Rebels
"The Kindred" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode in the fourth season of Stargate Atlantis
Music
Kindred (Jacky Terrasson and Stefon Harris album), 2001
Kindred, a 2011 album by Farpoint
Kindred (EP), by Burial, 2012
Kindred (Passion Pit album), 2015
The Kindred (band), a Canadian progressive rock sextet
Kindred the Family Soul AKA Kindred, an American neo soul duo
Games
Police Quest III: The Kindred, an adventure game produced by Jim Walls for Sierra On-Line
Fictional elements
Kindred (Image Comics), a fictional group of humanoid animals
Kindred (Marvel Comics), a villain of Spider-Man
Kindred, an Amish-like community in The X-Files episode "Gender Bender"
Kindred, a character from League of Legends who is a personification of death consisting of a duo of lamb and wolf
People
Dave Kindred (born 1941), American sportswriter
Flash Flanagan (born Christopher Kindred, 1974), American professional wrestler
John J. Kindred (1864–1937), U.S. Representative from New York
Lisa Kindred (1940–2019), American folk and blues singer
Nyree Kindred (born 1980), Welsh swimmer
Parker Kindred, American drummer
Sascha Kindred (born 1977), British swimmer
Kindred McLeary (1901–1949), American architect, artist, and educator
Kindred Jenkins Morris (1819–1884), American Democratic politician
Philip K. Dick (Philip Kindred Dick), American science fiction writer
Other
Kindred, a six-row, rough-awned, medium-early Manchurian-type malting cultivar of barley
Kindred Group, an online gambling operator
Kindred Healthcare, a healthcare services company
Kindred (Heathenism), a local worship group and organizational unit in the Heathen movements
Kindred, North Dakota, a city in Cass County, North Dakota, United States
Kindred, Tasmania, a locality in Australia
See also
Kindred Spirits (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindred |
Myklebustbreen or Snønipbreen is the seventh largest glacier in mainland Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Nordfjord, Gloppen, and Stryn in Vestland county. Its highest point is located just below the nunatak Snønipa, with an altitude of . The lowest point on the glacier is at an elevation of above sea level.
The villages of Byrkjelo and Egge both lie on the European route E39 highway which runs north and south, about east of Myklebustbreen. The Oldedalen valley lies to the east of the glacier. The glacier also lies northwest of the large Jostedalsbreen glacier, and both are part of Jostedalsbreen National Park. Jostedalsbreen and Myklebustbreen are separated by the Stardalen valley.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
External links
The largest glaciers in Norway
Stryn
Sunnfjord
Gloppen
Glaciers of Vestland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myklebustbreen |
The Davenport Hotel is a hotel located in Spokane, Washington. Originally a successful high-end restaurant, it is one of the possible places where the first Crab Louis (reportedly named after Louis Davenport) was created and served. The hotel was designed by architect Kirtland Cutter and built in 1914 for $2 million ($ in dollars) with an opulent lobby and new amenities for the time such as air conditioning, a central vacuum system, pipe organ, and dividing doors in the ballrooms. Commissioned by a group of Spokane businessmen to have a place to host and entertain their guests, the hotel is named after Louis Davenport, an influential businessman and the first proprietor and overseer of the project.
The hotel underwent expansions in 1917 and 1929 and in 1925, it became the broadcast studio for the newly relocated KHQ radio station. Davenport bought out all other interests in the hotel and became sole owner of the property in 1928 and owned the hotel until 1945, when he sold the hotel. After changing hands many times, the hotel was remodeled and re-positioned as a motel in the early 1960s. After another change in ownership in 1967 and their subsequent bankruptcy, the hotel was foreclosed on and the property slowly fell into disrepair. After several attempts at renovation by various groups, the property was facing demolition by the mid 1980s. In 2002, the hotel was bought for $6.5 million and completely restored in a $38 million ($ in dollars)
renovation by developers Walt and Karen Worthy, reopening on July 15, 2002. The Davenport Hotel has 284 guest rooms and is rated as a Four-Diamond hotel by the American Automobile Association and as a 5-star hotel by the Northstar Travel Group. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and today it operates under the name The Historic Davenport Hotel within The Davenport Hotel Collection brand along with its three sister hotels and is affiliated with Marriott as part of their Autograph Collection Hotels chain.
History
Restaurant years
Lewellyn "Louis" Davenport came to Spokane Falls, Washington Territory, in the spring of 1889 at the age of 20. He had been a clerk in San Francisco and came up to Spokane to work the summer in his uncle's "Pride of Spokane Restaurant." The summer of 1889 was fateful for Spokane and for Louis Davenport. In August, a fire tore through the infant metropolis, turning 32 square blocks of civilization to ashes. Young Davenport salvaged what he could from the rubble, bought a tent, and opened "Davenport's Waffle Foundry." Davenport's restaurant is one of the possible places where the first Crab Louis (reportedly named after Louis Davenport) was created and served. Spokane rebuilt quickly after the big fire. Washington became a state that winter and Spokane dropped the Falls from its name. With timber, mining, agriculture and the railroad pouring money and people into the region, the city of Spokane was in the middle of it all and poised to become one of the great cities of the West.
Davenport recognized his opportunity and leased a brick building on the North-east corner of Sprague Avenue and Post Street the next year. He expanded his culinary offerings to nearly 100 items. Within a few years, Davenport's Restaurant was described by a critic as "the finest thing of the kind in the country." Business was so good, Davenport expanded into an adjoining building within a decade. He hired up-and-coming architect, Kirtland Cutter, to make the two buildings appear as one in 1904. Cutter offered a Mission Revival style theme. The white stucco walls and green tile roofs stood in marked contrast to every other building downtown. This remodel added the finest ballroom in the West on the second floor, the Hall of the Doges.
Construction of the hotel
The Davenport Hotel was neither Louis Davenport's idea nor was it built with his money. Instead, Cutter and his firm, Cutter & Malmgren and Davenport were chosen by a group of leading Spokane businessmen, who thought the growing city required a large, grand hotel in which to board and entertain their guests. Leveraging Davenport's already strong reputation, the Davenport Hotel Company was formed in 1912 and preparation of the site began that year. The hotel tower went up in eight months in 1913, using horse carts, steam jacks and hand tools. Not a single worker was seriously injured or killed — a rarity for the time.
In the design, Cutter was instructed to make sure "no more money than necessary was squandered on exterior ornament", which resulted in a building with a relatively simple exterior with strategically placed ornamentation but an extremely extravagant interior. Built lavishly in the Renaissance Revival and Spanish Revival style, the 406-room Davenport Hotel cost two million dollars to complete and included new technologies at the time of its opening in September 1914, such as chilled water, elevators, and air cooling. Cutter and Davenport shopped the world for ideas and furnishings for their new hotel. Cutter, Karl G. Malmgren as well as the firm's superintendent of construction on the project, Gustav Albin Pehrson, designed the space drawing inspiration from the great architects of France, England and Spain and decorated the interior with luxurious appointments with fine art and tables dressed in Irish linens from Liddell and set with 15,000 pieces of silver (said to be the largest private commission for Reed & Barton). The hotel opened for business on September 1, 1914, and held its grand opening celebrations from September 17–19, 1914. Ever since then, the hotel has promoted itself as "one of America's exceptional hotels."
Lobby
The ornate hotel lobby has been referred to as "Spokane's living room", and in a 1921 edition of The Architect and Engineer the lobby was applauded by the author stating, there are "few if any finer lobbies in America". The first fire in the lobby fireplace was lit in September 1914 by Kirtland Cutter. Hotel proprietor Louis Davenport decreed that as a symbol of hospitality. Originally wood-burning, the fireplace now burns natural gas. The fireplace is kept burning year-round, as a symbol of hospitality and still following Mr. Davenport's request. The painting above the fireplace depicts the Niña, Pinta, and Santa María - the ships Christopher Columbus used to discover the New World in 1492. Architecturally, the hotel has elements of Italy, France, England, Spain, and Imperial Russia.
The lobby is inspired by the Spanish Renaissance style. The art glass panels in the ceiling give the hotel's single largest space an atrium effect. There is a separate glass roof above this one for protection. The ceiling beams are cast plaster with faux wood graining. Over time, much of the detail on these was lost to the eye due to decades of smoke in the lobby - both from the wood-burning fireplace and cigars/cigarettes. When the beams were cleaned in the renovation of 2000 - with spray bottles of Simple Green and toothbrushes - the burgundy, teal, and gold colors appeared as they were when new.
Mr. Davenport explained the hotel's iconography this way in 1915:
Hotel years
The hotel was so successful that a 53-room addition was constructed in 1917, followed by an eleven-story addition on the south side in 1929, containing 80 more rooms.
The Davenport Hotel was home to one of the Pacific Northwest's earliest commercial radio stations. KHQ, which signed on the air in Seattle in late February 1922, was relocated to Spokane in September 1925, and went on the air from the Davenport on October 30 of that year. From its tower on the roof of the hotel, KHQ broadcast the first voices many people pulled from the air across the vast expanses of the Inland Northwest. KHQ featured many popular local bands, including Brill's Orchestra, led by cellist Leonardo Brill; his band, which was heard on radio on numerous occasions, performed for KHQ during the station's debut program. Also noteworthy were The Musicaladers, which included a young Harry "Bing" Crosby. KHQ radio remained a strong voice on the air for more than half a century; it was sold off by its original owners in 1985 and is today's KQNT, though later sister television station KHQ-TV remains under the same ownership.
In 1928, Louis Davenport bought out the hotel's other stockholders. On April 26, 1945, Davenport sold the hotel and the restaurant to the William Edris Company of Seattle, for $1.5 million. Edris sold the property two years later, in 1947, to a group of three Spokane investors. The following year, two of them sold their interest to three other investors. Seattle-based Western Hotels bought out three of the investors in 1949, and bought out the fourth investor in 1953. Davenport died in his suite at the hotel in 1951; his wife Verus in 1967.
Western Hotels remodeled the Davenport in the early 1960s and re-positioned it as a motel, with a motor entrance. In 1967, the owners, by that point renamed Western International Hotels, sold the Davenport to San Francisco-based John S. McMillan for $2.6 million. McMillan sold the hotel two years later, in 1969, to Basin Industries, which announced renovation plans, but then went bankrupt in 1972 when one of its owners was convicted of securities fraud. The hotel was foreclosed on by their lenders, Dallas-based Lomas & Nettleton, one of the nation's largest mortgage bankers. In 1979, former Montana governor Tim Babcock bought the hotel for $4.25 million, along with Warren Anderson, a former General Manager of the hotel. Anderson sold his interest to Babcock in 1983. Babcock had to surrender ownership of the financially ailing property back to Lomas & Nettleton in 1985, which closed the hotel immediately. Lomas & Nettleton went bankrupt in 1989.
Demolition of the hotel was considered. By the time the Davenports' only son died in 1987, it was generally believed that the Davenport Hotel would be destroyed. A demolition crew determined the entire block could be dropped in 20 seconds. The asbestos abatement industry was still in its early years, though, and it was then considered cost-prohibitive to clear the property of all asbestos, then raze the building without incurring a significant loss on the sale of the real estate after. A citizens' group called Friends of the Davenport was founded in 1986 by City Council member (and future Spokane mayor) Sheri Barnard, with the goal of saving the hotel. They held annual fund raisers in the lobby of the shuttered hotel and sought a buyer to restore it. In 1990, they found a potential savior, in Hong Kong businessman Patrick Wai-Meng Ng. His Sun International Hotels & Properties bought the hotel for $5.25 million. Ng began phased renovations, including the restoration of the lobby's skylight, but was unable to reopen the property.
Restoration and reopening
In March 2000, local entrepreneurs Walt & Karen Worthy purchased the entire city block for $6.5 million, then spent two years and $38 million ($ in dollars) of their own money to restore The Davenport. The hotel's public spaces and ballrooms were restored to their original appearance, with real gold leaf around the fireplace. The hotel's guest floors were stripped to bare concrete and rebuilt, with fresh wiring, plumbing, drywall, furniture and fixtures. Salvaging the Hall of Doges from the old structure required the removal of the whole ballroom intact by crane and placing it on the second floor of the hotel's new east addition just outside the Grand Pennington ballroom.
The Davenport Hotel reopened on July 15, 2002 and celebrated its grand reopening from September 13–15, 2002 with the ringing of a ship's bell eight times signaling a change of the watch.
Facilities
The Davenport Hotel has 284 guest rooms including 37 suites and has of exhibit space and is equipped with 22 meeting rooms totaling of meeting space. The guest rooms range from for a standard guest room to for the Presidential Suite. and the meeting rooms range in size from the Grand Pennington Ballroom to the Elizabethan Room.
The Historic Davenport has two restaurants, the Palm Court Grill and the Peacock Lounge for dining options as well as an espresso bar. For recreation, the hotel has a health club, spa, indoor pool, and whirlpool as well as a small museum that details the history of the Davenport Hotel. The building has an LEED Gold rating and the hotel is rated as a Four-Diamond hotel by the American Automobile Association and as a 5 star hotel by the Northstar Travel Group.
Notable guests and residents
The hotel has had many famous guests since it opened years ago in 1914. The list of distinguished guests that have visited the hotel include many heads and former heads of state, singers and musicians, actors and actresses, artists, and other people that reached a level of fame. The hotel has hosted at least ten presidents (Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson, Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon) one emperor, and one queen (Marie of Romania). Of the presidents, Taft, who had visited more than once, was particularly fond of the hotel and once told Louis Davenport, "This is home. This is the best hotel I was ever in."
Famous actors that have stayed at the hotel include Mary Pickford, Clark Gable, Steve McQueen, Rory Calhoun, John Carradine, Vincent Price, Raymond Burr, Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, Betty White, Rock Hudson, Jimmy Durante, Bob Barker, Ellen Drew, John Howard, Kay Francis, Ethel Barrymore, David Warfield, Jack Benny, Glenn Ford, Lynn Fontanne, and Cecil B. DeMille. Some of the famous musicians that have visited include John Philip Sousa, Harry Belafonte, Will Rogers, Victor Borge, Harry James, Les Brown, Lawrence Welk, Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Ricky Nelson, Nat King Cole, Liberace, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Harry Lauder, The Lennon Sisters, The Kingston Trio, Peggy Lee, and Woody Guthrie. Guthrie, a folk singer, reportedly said of the hotel, "this is an awful nice hotel...just a little too fascisti to satisfy my higher ideals" before going out and playing his guitar on the streets.
Other notables include Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, and Mahatma Gandhi. Poet Vachel Lindsay lived in room #1129 from 1924 until 1929, and was often seen writing in front of the lobby fireplace.
In literature
In literature, the Davenport Hotel is the setting for an interview of a suspect by private investigator, Sam Spade in the 1930 novel, The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett. Hammett was also a real life visitor of the hotel.
Gallery
References
External links
Spokane Historical article, "The Davenport Hotel"
Visit Spokane, "The Davenport Hotel: Spokane, Washington" An updated history of Spokane's premiere verified luxury hotel.
Further reading
Henry Matthews, "A Wedding of Function and Fantasy: The Fate of Spokane's Fabulous Davenport Hotel Hangs in the Balance" in Columbia, The Magazine of Northwest History. Fall 1991.
Henry Matthews, "A Decade of Hopes and Fears: Preserving the Davenport Hotel" in Arcade, Northwest Journal of Architecture and Design February/March 1991.
Kirtland Cutter buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Spokane, Washington
Buildings and structures in Spokane, Washington
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Autograph Collection Hotels
Hotels established in 1914
Hotel buildings completed in 1914
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in the United States
Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Davenport%20Hotel%20%28Spokane%2C%20Washington%29 |
War emergency power (WEP) is a throttle setting that was first present on some American World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine's normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about
five minutes. Similar systems used by non-US forces are now often referred to as WEP as well, although they may not have been at the time, as with the German Luftwaffe's Notleistung and Soviet VVS' forsazh systems.
WEP in World War II aircraft
Maximum normal power would be limited by a mechanical stop, for instance a wire across the throttle lever slot. A more forceful push would break the wire, allowing extra power. In normal service, the P-51H Mustang was rated at , but WEP would deliver up to , an increase of 61%. In the P-51D Mustang, the model most produced and used during World War II, the WEP increased engine power from . The Vought F4U Corsair, not originally equipped for WEP, later boasted a power increase of up to (17%) when WEP was engaged. Several methods were used to boost engine power by manufacturers, including water injection and methanol-water injection. Some earlier engines simply allowed the throttle to open wider than normal, allowing more air to flow through the intake. All WEP methods result in greater-than-usual stresses on the engine, and correspond to a reduced engine lifetime. For some airplanes, such as the P-51D, use of WEP required that the engine be inspected for damage before returning to the air. 5 hours' total use of WEP on the P-51D required a complete tear-down inspection of the engine.
British and Commonwealth aircraft could increase power by increasing the supercharger boost pressure. This modification was common by the summer of 1940, with the widespread availability of 100 octane fuel. Raising supercharger boost pressure from increased the Merlin III engine rating to , an increase of over . Pilots had to log the use of emergency boost and were advised not to use it for more than 5 minutes continuously.
The German MW 50 methanol-water injection system required additional piping, as well as a storage tank, increasing the aircraft's overall weight. Like other boost techniques, MW 50 was restricted by capacity and engine temperatures and could only be used for a limited time. The GM 1 nitrous oxide injection system, also used by the Luftwaffe, provided extreme power benefits of 25 to 30 percent at high altitude by adding oxidizer gases but required cooling on the ground and, like the MW 50 boost system, added significant weight. One of the few German aircraft that could be equipped with both Notleistung systems, the late war Focke-Wulf Ta 152H high-altitude fighter, could attain a velocity of some with both systems used together. Kurt Tank reportedly once did this, using both boost systems simultaneously when he was flying a Junkers Jumo 213E-powered Ta 152H prototype fitted with both MW 50 and GM-1, to escape a flight of P-51D Mustangs in April 1945.
Modern times
MiG-21
Perhaps the most dramatic WEP feature was found in the MiG-21bis fighter jet. This late variant of the standard Soviet light fighter plane was built as a stopgap measure to counter the newer and more powerful American F-16 and F/A-18 fighters until the next-generation MiG-29 could be introduced to service.
The MiG-21bis received the upgraded Tumansky R-25 engine, which retained the standard normal and afterburner power settings of earlier R-13 powerplants, but with emergency thrust boost from an overspeed to 106% and increased afterburner fuel from a second afterburner fuel pump. Use of this boost feature provided of thrust for 2 minutes maximum in wartime. It gave the MiG-21bis slightly better than 1:1 thrust-to-weight ratio and a climb rate of , equalling F-16 capabilities in a dogfight.
In air combat practice with the MiG-21bis, use of WEP thrust was limited to one minute, to reduce the impact on the engine 800 hours time between overhaul, since every second of WEP was equivalent to several minutes of running without it. When WEP was selected, the R-25 produced a long blowtorch exhaust - the six or seven brightly glowing rhomboid "shock diamonds" visible inside the flames gave the emergency-power setting its "diamond regime" name.
F-15C
The Vmax switch on the F-15 fighter jet allows the engines to burn 22 degrees hotter and about 2 percent more revolutions per minute. It is safety-wired shut. During combat, pulling the Vmax switch would provide the pilot with a little more thrust. However, the engines would then need to be serviced and rebuilt.
WEP in surface vehicles
Some modern military surface vehicles also employ WEP features. The US Marine Corps Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (cancelled in 2011) sported a 12-cylinder diesel engine developed by the German company MTU. When the EFV is swimming the powerplant can be boosted to via the use of open circuit seawater-cooling. Such extreme war power setting allows the MTU engine to drive four massive water-jet exhausts which propel the surface-effect riding EFV vehicle at sea speeds reaching .
Although the EFV prototypes demonstrated revolutionary performance on water and land, the reliability of their extremely boosted powerplants
never met stringent military standards and the vehicle failed to enter Marine Corps service.
Boost systems
Water injection
MW50 (German, methanol/water mixture)
GM 1 (German, nitrous oxide injection)
Forsazh (Russian)
Propane injection
See also
Index of aviation articles
List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
Battleshort
Afterburner
Supercruise
Flank speed
References
Aircraft propulsion components | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20emergency%20power |
Al-Zawraa Sports Club () is an Iraqi professional sports club based in Utayfia, Karkh District (near Tigris River), Baghdad. Their football team competes in the Iraq Stars League, the top-flight of Iraqi football. Al-Zawraa have won the most official trophies of any club in Iraq having won 14 league titles, 16 Iraq FA Cups and 5 Iraqi Super Cups—all record totals.
Al-Zawraa also won the Umm al-Ma'arik Championship or Baghdad Championship a joint-record three times. Al-Zawraa have won the domestic double a record eight times and became only the second Iraqi team to win the domestic quadruple in the 1999–2000 season. In 2022, Al-Zawraa opened the new all-seater Al-Zawraa Stadium which replaced the club's old ground at the same site.
Al-Zawraa finished fourth at the 1996–97 Asian Club Championship and were also runners-up of the 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup. Al-Zawraa have competed in the AFC Champions League group stage three times and have reached the knockout rounds of the AFC Cup three times. The team's home colour is white, thus they are nicknamed "Al-Nawaris" ().
History
Al-Zawraa were founded on 29 June 1969 as Al-Muwasalat, which means 'Transportation'. Al-Muwasalat participated in the Iraq Central FA Fourth Division in the 1969–70 season. In the 1970–71 season, they won the fourth division and were promoted to the third division. The 1971–72 season saw the establishment of 'Al-Muwasalat B' (the club's B team) by the merging of Al-Bareed B and Al-Matar Al-Madani, and they joined the fourth division. In their first season, Al-Muwasalat B won the fourth division under coach Rasheed Radhi and were promoted to the third division, beating Al-Shabab 2–1 on 1 June 1972 at Al-Kashafa Stadium.
On 16 November 1972, the club was renamed to Al-Zawraa. The 1972–73 season saw both Al-Zawraa and Al-Zawraa B competing in the third division, and in the 1973–74 season, Al-Zawraa B won the third division title after a 2–1 win over Indhibat Al-Shorta, securing promotion to the second division. As they were the club's B team, the A and B teams merged back together, and the club was also merged with another club called Saleem Sports Club, to compete in the newly-founded Iraqi Second Division in the 1974–75 season. Al-Zawraa won the second division title that season under Rasheed Radhi's leadership, being promoted into the Iraqi National League for the first time in their history for the 1975–76 season.
A club named Al-Naqil (meaning 'Transport'), who were attached to the Ministry of Transport, were the runners-up of the 1974–75 Iraqi National League, but the club was dissolved due to a lack of financial backing. Al-Naqil's players joined newly-promoted side Al-Zawraa, who were founded by the Minister of Transport, Adnan Ayoub Sabri Al-Ezzi. This meant that Al-Zawraa became one of the strongest clubs in Iraq from their first season in the top-flight, which was the 1975–76 season, where they managed to win both the league title and the Iraq FA Cup. In the 1976–77 season, Al-Zawraa retained their title, winning the league undefeated, and the 1978–79 season saw Al-Zawraa win the league undefeated again, also winning the Iraq FA Cup to secure their second double.
The 1980s is the only full decade in which Al-Zawraa failed to win a league title. However, they managed to win three Iraq FA Cup titles that decade, with victories in the 1980–81, 1981–82 and 1988–89 seasons. Al-Zawraa also won the first ever Arab Cooperation Council Club Championship in 1989, and began the 1990s by retained that title as well as winning the Iraq FA Cup again and qualifying to the 1990 Arab Club Champions Cup, which was eventually abandoned. The 1990s would go on to become the most successful in Al-Zawraa's history, as they were crowned champions of Iraq for the fourth time in 1990–91 and also won another Iraq FA Cup to secure another double. Al-Zawraa won the first ever edition of the Umm al-Ma'arik Championship in the 1991–92 season and they succeeded in winning another Iraq FA Cup in the 1992–93 season.
The next three seasons were three of the best in Al-Zawraa's history; they won three consecutive doubles in 1993–94, 1994–95 and 1995–96. They also participated in their first ever AFC tournaments, being knocked out in the first round of the 1993–94 Asian Cup Winners' Cup and the second round of the 1995 Asian Club Championship. Al-Zawraa recorded their best participation in the Asian Club Championship in 1996–97 as they reached the semi-finals, eventually finishing fourth. Al-Zawraa won the 1997–98 Iraq FA Cup which saw manager Anwar Jassam win his record fifth FA Cup, and followed that up by winning their first Iraqi Super Cup with a 1–0 win over league champions Al-Shorta. In the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship, Al-Zawraa reached the second round before being knocked out.
Al-Zawraa continued to dominate Iraqi football by winning the double in 1998–99 and securing their first domestic quadruple in 1999–2000 by winning all four domestic trophies. They also reached the final of the 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup, the furthest that they have ever reached in a major continental competition, but lost 1–0 to Shimizu S-Pulse of Japan. As champions, Al-Zawraa qualified for the 2000–01 Asian Club Championship but were knocked out in the first round. Al-Zawraa won their third consecutive league title in 2000–01 and also won the Iraqi Super Cup, while they reached the second round of the 2001–02 Asian Club Championship and lost to Al-Sadd in 2002–03 AFC Champions League qualification.
Al-Zawraa won the Umm al-Ma'arik Championship for the third and final time in the 2003–04 season, becoming joint-record winners of the competition. In the 2003–04 Arab Champions League, Al-Zawraa were knocked out at the round of 16, while they were knocked out at the group stage of the 2005 AFC Champions League. In the 2005–06 season, Al-Zawraa secured their 11th league title by defeating Al-Najaf via a penalty shootout after a goalless draw, while in the 2005–06 Arab Champions League, they were defeated over two legs by MC Algiers in the round of 16. Al-Zawraa also participated in the 2007 AFC Champions League (knocked out in the group stage) and the 2009 AFC Cup (knocked out in the round of 16 by Erbil).
In 2010–11, they returned to the top of Iraqi football by winning their 12th league title after a penalty shootout win over Erbil. This qualified them to the 2012 AFC Cup but they were knocked out in the round of 16. Al-Zawraa won the 2015–16 league title without losing a game in what was their 13th league title. They then won the 2016–17 Iraq FA Cup and 2017 Iraqi Super Cup titles, coupling the latter with the 2017–18 Iraqi Premier League title which saw them extend their national record to 14 league triumphs. After knockout stage and group stage exits in the AFC Cup in 2017 and 2018 respectively, Al-Zawraa returned to the AFC Champions League in 2019, collecting eight points but failing to advance to the next round. The team had two impressive games against Al-Wasl, beating them 5-0 in Karbala and 5–1 at Zabeel Stadium. Al-Zawraa won the 2018–19 Iraq FA Cup, thus qualifying to the qualifying rounds of the AFC Champions League in 2020 and 2021 where they were eliminated both times. Al-Zawraa won their fifth Iraqi Super Cup title in 2021.
Stadium
Al-Zawraa currently play at Al-Zawraa Stadium, which has a capacity of 15,443. Al-Zawraa play their derby matches against Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Shorta and Al-Talaba at Al-Shaab Stadium in order to accommodate more spectators.
Supporters
Ultras The Kings is the name of the ultras group of Al-Zawraa fans. The group was founded in response to the foundations and successes of the Ultras Green Harp (Al-Shorta) and Ultras Blue Hawks (Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya) groups. The ultras group use flares, banners and flags in order to create a good atmosphere during matches.
Current squad
First-team squad
Out on loan
Out on loan
Notable players
For a list of all Al-Zawraa players, see List of Al-Zawraa players
Retired numbers
Rivalries
Al-Zawraa's main rivals are Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, with whom they contest the Iraqi El Clasico. They are also rivals with Al-Shorta and Al-Talaba.
Managers
The table below shows Al-Zawraa managers of the last 10 years that have won noteworthy titles. For a more detailed and chronological list of Al-Zawraa managers from 1969 onwards with their trophies, see List of Al-Zawraa managers.
Notable managers
Current technical staff
{| class="toccolours"
!bgcolor=silver|Position
!bgcolor=silver|Name
!bgcolor=silver|Nationality
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Manager:||Hossam El Badry||
|-
|Assistant manager:||TBD
|-
|Goalkeeping coach:||TBD
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Fitness coach:||TBD
|-
|Administrative director:||TBD
|-
|Age teams supervisor:||TBD
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|Age teams supervisor:||TBD
|-
|Reserves coach:||TBD
|-
|U19 Manager:||Abdul Mohsin Mohammed||
|-
|U16 Manager:||Amir Qasim||
|-
|Women's futsal coach:||Samir Saad||
|-
Honours
National
shared record
Regional
Friendly
Statistics
In domestic competitions
National
In international competitions
Performance in AFC competitions
AFC Champions League: 7 appearances
2003: Third qualifying round
2005: Group stage
2007: Group stage
2019: Group stage
2020: Second qualifying round
2021: Second qualifying round
2022: Second qualifying round
Asian Club Championship: 5 appearances
1996: Second round
1997: Fourth place
1998: Second round
2001: First round
2002: Second round
Asian Cup Winners' Cup: 2 appearances
1994: First round
2000: Runners-up
AFC Cup: 5 appearances
2009: Round of 16
2012: Round of 16
2017: Zonal semi-final
2018: Group stage
2023–24: TBD
Individual honours
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
The following players have played in the FIFA Confederations Cup whilst playing for Al-Zawraa:
2009 – Mohammed Gassid
See also
Iraqi clubs in the AFC Club Competitions
References
External links
All-time coaches on RSSSF
Football clubs in Iraq
Football clubs in Baghdad
Sport in Baghdad
1969 establishments in Iraq
Articles which contain graphical timelines
Association football clubs established in 1969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zawraa%20SC |
Okstindbreen is the eighth-largest glacier in mainland Norway. The glacier lies in the Okstindan mountain range in the municipality of Hemnes in Nordland county.
The highest point is above sea level and its lowest point is above sea level. At the eastern edge of the glacier lies the mountain Oksskolten, the highest point in Nordland county.
See also
List of glaciers in Norway
References
Glaciers of Nordland
Hemnes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okstindbreen |
At the 1912 Summer Olympics, five fencing events were contested.
Medal summary
Participating nations
A total of 184 fencers from 16 nations competed at the Stockholm Games:
Medal table
References
1912 Summer Olympics events
1912
1912 in fencing
International fencing competitions hosted by Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing%20at%20the%201912%20Summer%20Olympics |
Network 7 is a short-lived but influential youth music and current affairs programme screened on Channel 4 over two series in 1987 and 1988. The series was created by Jane Hewland and Janet Street-Porter, who was also editor of the first series.
Overview
Network 7 was broadcast live on Sundays from noon until two o'clock and was conceived of as a 'channel within a channel', something young people could roll out of bed and watch the morning after the night before. Its mission statement was "News is Entertainment. Entertainment is News." It was known for its heavily self-branded, frenetic visual style with wild camera work, rapid cuts, very short items and "blipverts" — a dense combination of innovative graphics, and pop video style visuals explaining everything from Third World debt to bulimia.
Much of Network 7's innovative style can be seen as being inspired by a combination of elements such as the aesthetic of the Max Headroom drama 20 Minutes into the Future and the studio-based anarchy of Tiswas. The show's logo and distinctive brand and graphics (that predicted a desktop computer style) were designed by Malcolm Garrett and Kasper de Graaf's design studio Assorted iMaGes.
The show took place in a specially built 'caravan city' in Limehouse Studios, a deserted banana warehouse on the site of what is now One Canada Square. Presenters included Jaswinder Bancil, Magenta Devine, Sankha Guha, Eric Harwood, Murray Boland, Tracey MacLeod, Sebastian Scott, and Trevor Ward. Most presenters had previously worked in either television or journalism in a smaller capacity, but they all got their first major TV exposure on the show. Charlie Parsons was a presenter and also part of the production staff. He later set up the production company Planet 24, which produced The Word and The Big Breakfast with his partner Waheed Alli.
Network 7 challenged the idea that youth programming could only be a niche concern in the television business. The series won a British Academy Television Award for Originality for Hewland and Street-Porter in 1987. The series has been credited with changing the language of factual television.
Regular programme segments
Flesh + Blood was a mini-series running each week for 14 minutes within Network 7, written by Joanna Hogg and featuring Vladek Sheybal and Diana Quick in the main roles.
Dick Spanner, P.I. was a 6-minute Gerry Anderson claymation detective serial shown weekly during Series 1.
Room 113 was a pre-recorded one-to one psychological celebrity interview conducted by Oliver James.
True or False showed a pre-recorded bizarre real-life story, and the following week revealed whether the story was true or false. In Series 2 viewers could voice their guesses via a phone poll.
Film On 7 showed a short one-minute film made by students at London International Film School.
Memorable moments
The series premiered with a feature on cloning cashcards, where presenter Sankha Guha cloned a card and used it on live television to take money out of an ATM outside the Bank of England, going in depth on how it was done using a video recorder and strips of tape.
It broadcast a secular gay wedding ceremony, organised by Gay Humanist Group (now part of Humanists UK) which provoked reaction at the time from the British press.
A live satellite link-up to Ed Byrne, a man on death Row in the USA convicted of murdering his girlfriend. Viewers voted whether they thought he deserved to live or die, and a presenter revealed the results to him at the end of the show.
See also
DEF II
Reportage
References
External links
Channel 4 original programming
1987 British television series debuts
1988 British television series endings
Television series about television
1980s British music television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%207 |
António Chainho (born 1938) is a Portuguese fado guitarist. He has worked with many of the great names in fado music, like Hermínia Silva, Carlos do Carmo and José Afonso, and world music, like Paco de Lucía. He has also recorded and toured extensively with the Lisbon-based São Toméan singer Marta Dias.
In 1998, Chainho contributed "Fado Da Adiça" and "Interlude: Variações Em Mi Menor" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Discography (incomplete)
1980 - Guitarra Portuguesa
1996 - António Chainho with the London Philharmonic Orchestra
1998 - A Guitarra e Outras Mulheres
2000 - Lisboa-Rio
2003 - António Chainho E Marta Dias - Ao Vivo No Ccb (live at the Cultural Centre of Belém Label: Movieplay
2010 - Lisgoa''
References
External links
António Chainho website
1938 births
Living people
Portuguese fado guitarists
Portuguese session musicians
20th-century Portuguese musicians
20th-century Portuguese male musicians
21st-century Portuguese musicians
Commanders of the Order of Prince Henry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Chainho |
Keith railway station is a railway station serving the town of Keith, Moray, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is on the Aberdeen to Inverness Line, between Huntly and Elgin, measured from Aberdeen, or from Forres.
History
The station was originally owned by the Highland Railway and was known as Keith Junction, the line from the west having opened by the Inverness and Aberdeen Junction Railway in 1858 and becoming part of the Highland Railway in 1865. It was the point where the line from made an end-on junction with the Great North of Scotland Railway from Aberdeen (which opened in 1856) to enable exchange of goods and passengers. As built, it was located in the vee of the routes to Inverness and to (which diverges to the southwest here) and had four platforms - one through one for each route, plus two east facing bays for GNSR services. It was taken over by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at the 1923 Grouping and then became part of the Scottish Region of British Railways upon nationalisation in 1948.
Today only a single platform remains in full-time use, though the Dufftown branch platform (numbered 1) is available if required for turning back trains from the Aberdeen direction (though no trains are scheduled to do so in the current timetable). The bays have been filled in, having been abandoned and tracks lifted in the early 1970s after the closure of the Moray Coast Line (for which the station was a terminus). A signal box (which retains the name Keith Junction) remains at the eastern end to control a passing loop on the single track main line beyond the station, the now little-used goods yard (formerly used by trains accessing the nearby Chivas Regal whisky plant) and the stub of the Dufftown branch.
Keith's other station, , was on the Great North of Scotland Railway branch line to Dufftown (first opened in 1862) and subsequently extended to via - this was much nearer the centre of Keith than the Junction station.
The Dufftown and Craigellachie line was closed to passengers by British Railways in May 1968 as a result of the Beeching Axe. The line has since been preserved as the Keith and Dufftown Railway (reopening in 2000/01), but the link between it and the national network was severed by Railtrack in 1998 - two 60-foot track panels having been removed as a condition of the transfer of the branch to the K&DR. The preservation society hopes to reinstate the connection and the still-extant but disused section beyond to Keith Town at some point in the future and run through trains from here to Dufftown, which would see platform 1 return to regular use. Discussions with regard to this were held between the K&DRA, the local MSP Richard Lochhead and Transport Scotland in the autumn of 2015.
The old station buildings were replaced by new ones in 1988 in a rebuilding programme costing £200,000 ().
Facilities
The station has good facilities for its rural location, with a part-time-staffed ticket office, accessible toilet, ticket machine, two car parks, bench, bike racks and help point. The station has four methods of step-free access.
Services
As of May 2022, There is a basic two-hourly frequency in each directions (with peak extras), to northbound and southbound, giving a total of 11 trains each way. The first departure to Aberdeen each weekday and Saturday continues south to Edinburgh Waverley, and another continues to Stonehaven in the evening. On Sundays there are five trains each way.
Future Proposals
In addition to the potential reinstatement of the Dufftown branch, Transport Scotland have published proposals to improve the facilities here. This could see the existing passing loop extended through the station and a second platform built north of the current one. Other upgrades planned for the station include a bus interchange, taxi drop-off point and car park extension.
References
External links
Railscot - Keith
Railway stations in Moray
Former Highland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1856
Railway stations served by ScotRail
Former Great North of Scotland Railway stations
1856 establishments in Scotland
Keith, Moray | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20railway%20station |
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