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Andy Miah (; born in Norwich, Norfolk) is an English bioethicist, academic and journalist. His work often focuses on technology and posthumanism. Early life Andy Miah was born in Norwich to a Bangladeshi father and an English mother. Education Miah earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Leisure Studies from De Montfort University in Leicestershire in 1997, then earned a doctorate (PhD) focusing on Bioethics, Philosophy of Technology and Genetic Enhancement from De Montfort in 2002. In 2006, he earned a master's degree (MPhil) in Medical Law and Ethics from University of Glasgow. Career Miah is Chair in Science Communication and Future Media at the University of Salford. Here he set up the Scicomm Space, a platform for Science Communication and Future Media to engage staff and students across the University to work in partnership with creative practitioners and industry partners, including the delivery of a transdisciplinary MSc course. He is also a Fellow for the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, Fellow at FACT, the Foundation for Art and Creative Technology, Liverpool and Global Director for the Centre for Policy and Emerging Technologies. His research discusses ethical and cultural issues arising from new technologies and is informed by an interest in applied philosophy, technology, and culture. He has contributed to various international projects, including the European Union inquiry into Human Enhancement and projects based at The Hastings Center, where he was a visiting scholar in 2002. Miah has published over 130 research papers, including articles in Nature, The Lancet, the Journal of Medical Ethics, CTHEORY, and Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology. He has also written for leading newspapers, including The Observer, The Times, The Washington Post, the Huffington Post, and The Guardian. He has interviewed for over 100 media outlets include the flagship television news programmes in the UK (BBC, Newsnight), Canada (CBC, The National) and Australia (ABC, The 7:30 Report) where he is frequently called on to discuss humanity's use of technology in the future. He has also appeared on numerous radio programmes, recently BBC Radio 4's Start the Week with Andrew Marr. Miah is an Editorial board member for numerous journals and is Associate Editor for New Media & Communications in Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology and Associate Editor for the International Journal of Technoethics. In recent years, he has developed the field of BioArt and was Chair of the Posthumanism theme and Executive Committee member for the 2009 International Symposium of Electronic Art. He is also part of the organizing team for the Abandon Normal Devices festival of new cinema and digital culture, which developed from the cultural programme of the London 2012 Olympics and 2012 Paralympic Games. He is also curator of the University of Salford's delivery within Manchester Science Festival and sits on the steering group for Manchester 2016 European City of Science. He is also a member of the Scottish Government's Ministerial Advisory Group for Digital Participation. In 2020 he was appointed to the Board of the British Esports Association and Commission Member of the Global Esports Federation. Awards and nominations In January 2013, Miah was nominated for the Science and Engineering award at the British Muslim Awards. In 2015, he received the Josh Award for science communication, a UK national award presented by the BIG Network for Science Communicators. Books Genetically Modified Athletes: Biomedical Ethics, Gene Doping and Sport. London and New York, Routledge. . 2004 Miah, A. Translation into Portuguese, Atletas Geneticamente Modificados. Phorte Publishers, São Paulo Trans. Andrea Ramirez. 2007 The Medicalization of Cyberspace (with Emma Rich. London and New York, Routledge. 2008 Human Futures: Art in an Age of Uncertainty (Editor). Liverpool University Press & FACT The Olympics: The Basics. London and New York, Routledge. 2012 Sport 2.0. The MIT Press, 2017. Drones: The Brilliant, the Bad and the Beautiful. Emerald Publishing, 2020. See also British Bangladeshi List of British Bangladeshis References External links Andy Miah's University webpage The Guardian author profile The Conversation author profile Institute of Emerging Technologies, fellow profile 1975 births Living people English Muslims English people of Bangladeshi descent Bioethicists Academics of the University of the West of Scotland English reporters and correspondents British Asian writers Academics from Norwich Alumni of De Montfort University Alumni of the University of Glasgow British transhumanists Journalists from Norwich	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Miah
Merzenich is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 4 km north-east of Düren. Mayor Georg Gelhausen (CDU) was elected in September 2015, and re-elected in September 2020. References Düren (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merzenich
Castle Rising is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is situated some north-east of the town of King's Lynn and west of the city of Norwich. The River Babingley skirts the north of the village separating Castle Rising from the site of the lost village of Babingley. History Castle Rising's name is of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin, deriving from a mix of the Old English and Norman French for a castle close to the settlement of Risa's people. In the Domesday Book, Rising is listed as a settlement of fourteen households in the hundred of Grimshoe. The village was owned by William de Warenne. Castle Rising Castle was built in the 1140s on the orders of William d'Aubigny and was most famously the residence of Queen Isabella after her role in the murder of King Edward II. The castle was subsequently passed to Edward of Woodstock and is now in the possession of Greville Howard. Prior to the Reform Act of 1832, Castle Rising was a parliamentary borough yet due to its small population it was often labelled as an example of a rotten borough. Samuel Pepys was the member for Castle Rising between 1673 and 1679 as was Robert Walpole between 1701 and 1702 Geography In the 2011 Census, Castle Rising was reported as having 216 residents living in 116 households. Castle Rising lies within the constituency of North West Norfolk and is thus represented by James Wild MP of the Conservative Party at Parliament. St. Lawrence's Church Castle Rising's Parish Church is of Norman origin and is dedicated to Saint Lawrence. The font dates from the Twelfth Century yet the church was heavily restored in the Nineteenth Century by Anthony Salvin and George Edmund Street. In popular culture Castle Rising appeared as a Danish village in Out of Africa. Castle Rising was also the setting for Grass, a 2003 spin-off of The Fast Show. Notable residents William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel- Norman nobleman Adeliza of Louvain- Queen of England William d'Aubigny, 2nd Earl of Arundel- Anglo-Norman nobleman Isabella of France- Queen of England Greville Howard, Baron Howard of Rising- British politician War Memorial Castle Rising's War Memorials take the form of two metal plaques on two lanterns in the High Street. They bear the following names for the First World War: Corporal Arthur R. Chivers (d.1918), 10th Battalion, Tank Corps Private George Twaite (d.1917), 6th Battalion, Royal East Kent Regiment Private Eric J. Marsters (d.1915), 1/5th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment Private Josiah Cooper (1885-1916), 9th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment And, the following for the Second World War: Gunner Albert D. Ward (1921-1942), 65th (Norfolk Yeomanry) Anti-Tank Regiment Private Hubert A. Bocking (1915-1944), 4th Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment References External links . Villages in Norfolk Civil parishes in Norfolk King's Lynn and West Norfolk	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20Rising
Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 19, 1786) was the paternal grandfather of the 16th U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky. Some historical sources attest his last name as Linkhorn, although neither Abraham nor his children ever signed themselves as such. Origins Captain Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln (1622–1690), who was born in Hingham, Norfolk, England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice, emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637. Abraham's father John Lincoln (1716–1788) was born in Monmouth County in the province of New Jersey, and grew up in the Schuylkill river valley in the province of Pennsylvania. Typical of his class, John Lincoln learned a trade, in his case weaving, to practice alongside the subsistence farming necessary on the colonial frontier. The Lincoln home farm on Hiester's Creek, in what is now Exeter Township, Berks County, was left to John's half-brothers, the children of his father's second marriage. In 1743, John Lincoln married Rebekah Morris (1720–1806), daughter of Enoch Flowers of Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Rebekah was the widow of James Morris and the mother of a young son, Jonathan Morris. Early life and education Abraham Lincoln was born May 13, 1744, in what is now Berks County, Pennsylvania. Abraham was the first child born to John and Rebekah Lincoln, who had nine children in all: Abraham born 1744, twins Hannah and Lydia born 1748, Isaac born 1750, Jacob born 1751, John born 1755, Sarah born 1757, Thomas born 1761, and Rebekah born 1767. Life Abraham Lincoln learned the tanner's trade and later took his brother John as his apprentice. A prominent tanner of Berks County in those days was James Boone (1709 – 1785), uncle to Daniel Boone. James Boone was a near neighbor to the Lincolns of Hiester's Creek, and his daughter Anne was married to John Lincoln's half-brother. This family connection may have influenced Abraham's choice of occupation. In 1768 Abraham's father John Lincoln purchased land in the Shenandoah Valley in the colony of Virginia. He settled his family on a tract on Linville Creek in Augusta County (now Rockingham County). In 1773, John and Rebekah Lincoln divided their tract with their two eldest sons, Abraham and Isaac. Abraham built a house on his land, across Linville Creek from his parents' home. Abraham married Bathsheba Herring ( – 1836), a daughter of Alexander Herring () and his wife Abigail Harrison () of Linville Creek. The assertion that Abraham was first married to Mary Shipley has been refuted. Five children were born to Abraham: Mordecai born circa 1771, Josiah born circa 1773, Mary born circa 1775, Thomas born 1778, and Nancy born 1780. During the American Revolutionary War, Abraham served as a captain of the Augusta County militia, and with the organization of Rockingham County in 1778, he served as a captain for that county. He was in command of sixty of his neighbors, ready to be called out by the governor of Virginia and marched where needed. Captain Lincoln's company served under General Lachlan McIntosh in the fall and winter of 1778, assisting in the construction of Fort McIntosh in Pennsylvania and Fort Laurens in Ohio. In 1780, Abraham Lincoln sold his land on Mill Creek, and in 1781 he moved his family to Kentucky, then a district of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The family settled in Jefferson County, about east of the site of Louisville. The territory was still contested by Native Americans living across the Ohio River. For protection the settlers lived near frontier forts, called stations, to which they retreated when the alarm was given. Abraham Lincoln settled near Hughes' Station on Floyd's Fork and began clearing land, planting corn, and building a cabin. Lincoln owned at least 5,544 acres of land in the richest sections of Kentucky. Death One day in May 1786, Abraham Lincoln was working in his field with his three sons when he was shot from the nearby forest and fell to the ground. The eldest boy, Mordecai, ran to the cabin where a loaded gun was kept, while the middle son, Josiah, ran to Hughes' Station for help. Thomas, the youngest, stood in shock by his father. From the cabin, Mordecai observed a Native American come out of the forest and stop by his father's body. The Native American reached for Thomas, either to kill him or to carry him off. Mordecai took aim and shot the Native American in the chest, killing him. Tradition states that Captain Abraham Lincoln was buried next to his cabin, which is now the site of Long Run Baptist Church and Cemetery near Eastwood, Kentucky. A stone memorializing Captain Abraham Lincoln was placed in the cemetery in 1937. Bathsheba Lincoln was left a widow with five underage children. She moved the family away from the Ohio River, to Washington County, where the country was more thickly settled and there was less danger of a Native American attack. Under the law then operating, Mordecai Lincoln, as the eldest son, inherited two-thirds of his father's estate when he reached the age of twenty-one, with Bathsheba receiving one-third. The other children inherited nothing. Life was hard, particularly for Thomas, the youngest, who got little schooling and was forced to go to work at a young age. In later years Thomas Lincoln would recount the story of the day his father died, to his son, Abraham Lincoln, the future sixteenth president of the United States of America. "The story of his death by the Indians," the president later wrote, "and of Uncle Mordecai, then fourteen years old, killing one of the Indians, is the legend more strongly than all others imprinted on my mind and memory." See also Lincoln family tree References Notes Citations https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573923/captain-abraham-lincoln-of-the-illinois-militia/ 1744 births 1786 deaths American people of English descent Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution Lincoln family Burials in Kentucky People from Berks County, Pennsylvania People from Rockingham County, Virginia Military personnel from Louisville, Kentucky Deaths by firearm in Virginia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Lincoln%20%28captain%29
Niederzier is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 10 km north of Düren, and 10 km south-east of Jülich. Personalities Viktor Schroeder (1922-2011), industrialist, patron and honorary citizen Karl Lauterbach (born 1963), doctor and politician (SPD), since 2005 Bundestag deputy Andrea Tillmanns (born 1972), author References External links Düren (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederzier
Friesinger may refer to: People Janina Urszula Friesinger, née Korowicka, (born 1954), a former ice speed skater from Poland Anni Friesinger-Postma (born 1977 in Bad Reichenhall), a German female speed skater, daughter of the above Companies Friesinger's Candies, an Ohio-based confectionery company German-language surnames	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesinger
Nörvenich is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located about east of Düren. See also Nörvenich Air Base References Düren (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rvenich
A seqlock (short for sequence lock) is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock. It is a reader–writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A seqlock consists of storage for saving a sequence number in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence number, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence number before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence number is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence numbers are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence number before and after. The reader never blocks, but it may have to retry if a write is in progress; this speeds up the readers in the case where the data was not modified, since they do not have to acquire the lock as they would with a traditional read–write lock. Also, writers do not wait for readers, whereas with traditional read–write locks they do, leading to potential resource starvation in a situation where there are a number of readers (because the writer must wait for there to be no readers). Because of these two factors, seqlocks are more efficient than traditional read–write locks for the situation where there are many readers and few writers. The drawback is that if there is too much write activity or the reader is too slow, they might livelock (and the readers may starve). The technique will not work for data that contains pointers, because any writer could invalidate a pointer that a reader has already followed. Updating the memory block being pointed-to is fine using seqlocks, but updating the pointer itself is not allowed. In a case where the pointers themselves must be updated or changed, using read-copy-update synchronization is preferred. This was first applied to system time counter updating. Each time interrupt updates the time of the day; there may be many readers of the time for operating system internal use and applications, but writes are relatively infrequent and only occur one at a time. The BSD timecounter code for instance appears to use a similar technique. One subtle issue of using seqlocks for a time counter is that it is impossible to step through it with a debugger. The retry logic will trigger all the time because the debugger is slow enough to make the read race occur always. See also Synchronization Spinlock References fast reader/writer lock for gettimeofday 2.5.30 Effective synchronisation on Linux systems Driver porting: mutual exclusion with seqlocks Simple seqlock implementation Improved seqlock algorithm with lock-free readers Seqlocks and Memory Models(slides) Concurrency control Linux kernel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seqlock
Jason Kemper Sears (23 January 1968 – 31 January 2006) was an American punk rock vocalist from Santa Barbara, California, best known for his work with Rich Kids on LSD (RKL), from 1982 to their first breakup in 1990 and again from 1993 to 2006. He was also a nationally ranked snowboarder at one time and sponsored by Barfoot snowboarding team. Sears was one of many singers to contribute to the album Strait Up, made in memory of Lynn Strait, the late lead singer of the band Snot. Sears provided vocals for the track "Until Next Time". In 2006, Sears died in a detoxification clinic in Tijuana, Mexico, of pulmonary thrombosis unrelated to the treatment. According to Mexican authorities he had been suffering from serious skin abscesses and an infection. He was being treated for addiction with ibogaine, a psychoactive compound with anti-addictive properties that is illegal in the U.S. Sears is remembered by NOFX in the song "Doornails" from the 2006 album Wolves in Wolves' Clothing, a tribute to punk rock musicians from Southern California who have died. The Sears reference is in the line, "This Patrón's for Jason." References External links 1968 births 2006 deaths American punk rock singers Drug-related deaths in Mexico Respiratory disease deaths in Mexico Deaths from pulmonary thrombosis 20th-century American male singers 20th-century American singers Rich Kids on LSD members	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Sears
H.E.A.R. is a non-profit organization dedicated to preventing hearing loss, mainly from loud rock music. The acronym stands for Hearing Education and Awareness for Rockers. It was founded in 1988 by rock musician Kathy Peck and physician Flash Gordon, M.D. after Kathy developed tinnitus and hearing loss after playing with the band The Contractions. The initial funding for the organization's formation was provided by guitarist and songwriter for The Who, Pete Townshend, who also developed tinnitus as a result of loud volumes at Who concerts, and a particular incident during a live performance of My Generation, when drummer Keith Moon set off some explosives inside his drum kit right next to Townshend. Musician-producer Todd Rundgren appeared in a public service announcement for the organization. Kathy Peck is a musician and was the bass player and singer for the San Francisco punk rock band The Contractions. Peck herself has hearing damage caused by years of playing loud music. She is an advocate and educator for the prevention of hearing loss, and in 1988 together with Dr. Flash Gordon founded the Hearing Educators and Awareness for Rockers (H.E.A.R.) organization, a non-profit that over the years has provided concertgoers with free earplugs and has organized prevention campaigns to educate the public. Peck's work is focused on educating and improving the quality of life for people with hearing loss or tinnitus. This disability can have a painful and debilitating output on the daily life of people with hearing loss. On the H.E.A.R. organization's web site you can find information about different types and features of earplugs, how to protect your hearing, levels or categories of deafness, and much more information pertaining to this topic. In March 2013, the Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg launched a campaign for hearing protection and preservation aimed at teenagers and young adults listening to loud music on MP3 players and earbuds, Peck showed support for the campaign and made reference to the fact that hearing damage or deafness is something that can happen at a young age, a loud blast or overexposure of loud sounds and/or music are contributing factors and prevention through hearing protection is the best way to avoid permanent ear damage. References External links Official Site Music Life Radio Interview with Kathy Peck – June 2012 NBC News Health News "Turn it Up? Musicians Run Far Higher Risk of Hearing Loss" by Jonel Aleccia, April 30, 2014 Newsweek,"A Little Bit Louder, Please," by David Noonan, 10/11/2007 Audiology Online, "Interview with Kathy Peck," 4 October 2000] East Bay Express, "The Metronome Diary: H.E.A.R.ing things," by Chris Baty, 25 May 2001 Prevention, "Health Hero: Kathy Peck," by Katie Becker, 2007 Kathy Peck NAMM Oral History Program Interview (2008) National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) and the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA) Advisories on Hearing Health. Audiology organizations Hearing loss	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.E.A.R.
Titz is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately north-east of Jülich and south of Mönchengladbach. Since the local government reform of 1975, Titz Municipality consists from 16 districts: Ameln, Bettenhoven, Gevelsdorf, Hasselsweiler, Höllen, Hompesch, Jackerath, Kalrath, Müntz, Mündt, Opherten, Ralshoven, Rödingen, Sevenich, Spiel and Titz. Museum The LVR-Cultural Centre Village Synagogue Rödingen is dedicated to Jewish Life in rural Rhineland of past and present Notable person Petra Hammesfahr (b. 1951), bestselling German novelist References External links Düren (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titz
External counterpulsation therapy (ECP) is a procedure that may be performed on individuals with angina, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy. Medical uses The FDA approved the CardiAssistTM ECP system for the treatment of angina, acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock under a 510(k) submission in 1980 Since then, additional ECP devices have been cleared by the FDA for use in treating stable or unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and congestive heart failure. Studies have found EECP to be beneficial for patients with erectile dysfunction and some COPD patients. Additionally, improvements in exercise endurance in the non-diseased patient has been found in research studies. Some reviews did not find sufficient evidence that it was useful for either angina or heart failure. Other reviews found tentative benefit in those with angina that does not improve with medications. For stroke due to lack of blood flow a 2012 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to make conclusions. Significantly improved the exercise endurance of normal adults, low endurance adults, and COPD patients. Method While an individual is undergoing ECP, they have pneumatic cuffs on their legs and is connected to telemetry monitors that monitor heart rate and rhythm. The most common type in use involves three cuffs placed on each leg (on the calves, the lower thighs, and the upper thighs (or buttocks)). The cuffs are timed to inflate and deflate based on the individual's electrocardiogram. The cuffs should ideally inflate at the beginning of diastole and deflate at the beginning of systole. During the inflation portion of the cycle, the calf cuffs inflate first, then the lower thigh cuffs, and finally the upper thigh cuffs. Inflation is controlled by a pressure monitor, and the cuffs are inflated to about 200 mmHg. Of note, therapies are tailored on an individual basis but beginning regimens tend to include daily one-hour treatments that occur 5 days of the week and last 6–8 weeks with an average overall of 35 hours. Physiological considerations One theory is that ECP exposes the coronary circulation to increased shear stress, and that this results in the production of a cascade of growth factors that result in new blood vessel formation in the heart (arteriogenesis and angiogenesis). To best understand the pathophysiology of the therapy it is easiest to understand what each step does. To begin with, as the cuffs on each leg inflate, starting at the calf and working up to the upper thighs, blood is propelled back to the heart thereby increasing the venous return or preload. This increase in preload occurs simultaneously with diastole which happens to be the time during the cardiac cycle in which coronary perfusion occurs. So, by increasing the coronary perfusion, you allow more oxygen to perfuse the heart and ultimately generate more collateral circulation without actually increasing the work of the heart. Additionally, cardiac output is increased via the Frank-Starling mechanism secondary to the increased venous return. As the cardiac cycle progresses to systole, the cuffs on the extremities deflate, allowing for the increased cardiac output to adequately perfuse all tissues including the extremities. References USFDA Approved EECP Treatment Center \| Dr. Chandandeep Sandhu, MBBS FCGP FIPM FAM PGC (Cardiology) (11 March 2022) KKM Approved EECP Treatment Centre Malaysia \| Dr Wan Faizal Wan MD (Moscow), MRCP (Ireland), Interventional Cardiology Fellowship (MAL), CCDS (USA), EAPCI (Europe), PgDip Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (NSW) Cardiac procedures	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20counterpulsation
The Tempest (Russian: Буря Burya), Symphonic Fantasia after Shakespeare, Op. 18, is a symphonic poem in F minor by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composed in 1873. It was premiered in December 1873, conducted by Nikolai Rubinstein. It is based on the play The Tempest by William Shakespeare. Similar in structure to Tchaikovsky's better-known Romeo and Juliet fantasy-overture, it contains themes depicting the stillness of the ship at sea, the grotesque nature of Caliban, and the love between Ferdinand and Miranda. The love music is particularly strong, being reminiscent of the love music from Romeo and Juliet. Tchaikovsky was much influenced by Shakespeare: in addition to Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest, he also wrote a Hamlet overture-fantasy (1888) and incidental music to Hamlet (1891). Excerpts from the score were used in the 2005 ballet Anna Karenina, choreographed by Boris Eifman. Instrumentation Piccolo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets (B♭), 2 Bassoons + 4 Horns (F), 2 Trumpets (F), 3 Trombones, Tuba + Timpani, Cymbals, Bass Drum + Violins I, Violins II, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses References External links Tchaikovsky Research Sheet music Full Score Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Symphonic poems by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Works based on The Tempest 1873 compositions Compositions in F minor Tchaikovsky Music based on works by William Shakespeare	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tempest%20%28Tchaikovsky%29
Frontier Southwest Incorporated is a Frontier Communications operating company in Texas. At its peak, Frontier Southwest served Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. History Its original name upon founding was State Telephone Company of Texas. It later changed its name to Southwestern Associated Telephone Company, and General Telephone Company of the Southwest. In 1996, Contel of New Mexico and Contel of Texas were merged into GTE Southwest. Fragmentation In 1999, GTE announced that it was going to sell 1.3 million access lines. GTE agreed to sell 400,000 lines in New Mexico and lines in rural areas of Texas to a company called Valor Telecom (later absorbed into Windstream Holdings). In 2000, Bell Atlantic purchased GTE and renamed itself Verizon. Shortly thereafter, the pending sale of GTE Southwest's operations to Valor Telecom was completed. GTE Southwest's Arkansas operations in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma were sold to CenturyTel to become CenturyTel of Northwest Arkansas (GTE's operations in Arkansas were completely sold off). GTE Southwest retained its name and operations in more populated areas of Texas. GTE Southwest was the only former GTE operating company that did not change its official legal name under Verizon ownership. Sale to Frontier On February 5, 2015, Verizon Communications announced a sale of its wired telecom operations in California, Florida, and Texas to Frontier Communications. GTE Southwest is included in the sale. The transaction is closed in the first half of 2016. Following the sale, GTE Southwest was renamed Frontier Southwest Incorporated and began doing business under the name Frontier Communications of Texas. Sources FCC History: GTE Southwest, Inc. dba Verizon Southwest References Frontier Communications Companies based in Irving, Texas Communications in Texas Economy of the Southwestern United States Telecommunications companies established in 1926 1926 establishments in Texas American companies established in 1926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Southwest
The Kentucky Bourbon Festival is a weeklong activity consisting of more than thirty events in Bardstown, Kentucky, United States, dedicated to celebrating the history and art of distilling bourbon whiskey. The organizers of the festival promote the strong association between bourbon and the city of Bardstown, and have trademarked the phrase "Bourbon Capital of the World" to apply specifically to Bardstown. Bardstown has been the site of bourbon distilleries since 1776. The event started in 1991 as a dinner and bourbon tasting for 250 people. The event now draws more than 50,000 visitors each year from more than a dozen countries including Japan and the U.K. The festival also is almost always a sold-out event, with over 10,000 tickets available and sold between both distilleries and attendees. This makes it one of Kentucky's largest events. Along with concerts with names like the Kentucky Headhunters, several local distilleries have commemorative displays on the lawn, as well as food and craft vendors. The event is home to the world championship bourbon barrel relay, a barrel rolling race between many of the Kentucky distilleries. On the property of Spalding Hall, the Oscar Getz Museum of Whiskey is often visited during the festival. Along with these activities includes tasting events, cooking demonstrations, competitions, and historic tours on bourbon and Kentucky. Before 2021, the festival was open to anyone, kids and adults, alike. But, in 2021, some things were changed. It is now only a 21+ event. The Kentucky Bourbon Festival states that their festival has been "reimagined" for this. This is a new change made to the festival, as children and families won't be able to get in. The festival moved online in 2020 as the physical part was scrapped on grounds of COVID-19 pandemic. The festival, since 2021, has been moved back to an in-person event in its original place of Bardstown, Kentucky. See also American Whiskey Trail Kentucky Bourbon Trail List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area Whiskey Oscar Getz Museum of Whiskey History References External links Kentucky Bourbon Festival website "Washington Post article on the Kentucky Bourbon Festival" Bardstown, Kentucky Festivals in Kentucky Festivals established in 1992 Tourist attractions in Nelson County, Kentucky 1992 establishments in Kentucky September events Bourbon whiskey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Bourbon%20Festival
Vettweiß (alternative spelling: Vettweiss) is a municipality in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 10 km south-east of Düren. Division of the municipality Vettweiß consists of 11 villages: Vettweiß with Kettenheim Froitzheim with Frangenheim Ginnick Soller Jakobwüllesheim Kelz Lüxheim Gladbach with Mersheim Müddersheim Disternich Sievernich Politics Town council CDU: 15 seats BI: 5 seas SPD: 6 seats Alliance 90/The Greens: 2 seats (Elections in May 2014) Mayor Joachim Kunth was elected mayor in September 2015, and re-elected in September 2020. References External links Düren (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vettwei%C3%9F
Wilson Henry Irvine (28 February 1869 – 1936) was a master American Impressionist landscape painter. Although most closely associated with the Old Lyme, Connecticut art colony headed by Florence Griswold, Irvine spent his early career near Chicago, a product of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Irvine also painted across Western Europe — where he produced outstanding American Impressionist versions of the local countryside. Early career Wilson Henry Irvine, born near Byron, Illinois, was a descendant of early Illinois settlers and farmers. He graduated from Rockford Central High School. He worked at the Chicago Portrait Company. He studied at The Art Institute of Chicago. From the beginning, Irvine's interest in painterly subjects was equalled by a parallel focus on artistic technology. While still in his 20s, Irvine was a pioneer of the airbrush as artistic medium — a medium which had just been developed and marketed by Liberty Walkup, Irvine's Illinois neighbor, mentor, and teacher. Having mastered the airbrush, in 1888, Irvine moved to Chicago to make his reputation. Irvine's "day job" during this period was as an illustrator/graphic designer, often employing the still-novel airbrush. But simultaneously, Irvine built a career as a serious painter. He worked his way up Chicago art society — he led the Palette and Chisel Club and Cliff Dwellers Club, along with sculptor Lorado Taft. During these years, Irvine gravitated to the night school of the famed Art Institute of Chicago, where he studied for over seven years. Indeed, the Art Institute was to remain a loyal patron. By the turn of the century, the Institute often showed Irvine's work, and gave him a prestigious solo show over the 1916-1917 Christmas season. To this day, the Art Institute maintains a number of Wilson Irvine paintings in its permanent collection. Old Lyme, Connecticut years While developing his career in Chicago, Irvine frequently headed east, painting in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and elsewhere in New England — as early as 1906, he exhibited New England scenes at the Art Institute. He also took working vacations elsewhere in the Eastern U.S., including to Virginia and New Orleans. But it was not until he was 45 (in 1914) that Irvine packed up and moved his family to Old Lyme, Connecticut, becoming part of the famed Florence Griswold circle, now recognized as the "American Barbizon," hub of American Impressionism. It is as an Old Lyme painter that Irvine is best remembered today. (But even after relocating East, Irvine maintained his contacts with Chicago, where the market for his work remained strong.) He corresponded with Sidney C. Woodward. Following through on his early experiments with the airbrush, in his later years Irvine continued to try out new artistic techniques. His later work includes "aqua prints" and "prismatic painting." His Prismatic Winter Landscape appeared on the cover of the 31 January 1931 issue of The Literary Digest. In 1926 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. By the end of his career, Irvine was regularly landing solo exhibitions, including at: Chicago's Carson Pirie Scott (1922) Connecticut's Wadsworth Atheneum (1925) New York's Grand Central Art Galleries (1930) European painting Irvine's career was highlighted by three extended sojourns to Europe, where he produced some noteworthy examples of American Impressionist European landscapes: 1908: England and France, 1923: British Isles, 1928-29: countrysides around Martigues, France and Ronda, Spain. Indeed, although Irvine today is best known for his Old Lyme output and is secondarily recognized for his early Illinois landscapes, his European paintings show a special energy, bringing a uniquely American perspective to the vibrant subjects that captivated the French Impressionist masters. Death and reputation Wilson Irvine died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 21 August 1936, leaving behind masterful oeuvre. In recent years, Irvine has been rediscovered and acknowledged as a key figure in early-20th-century American Impressionism. Today, Wilson Irvine's paintings grace the collection of Chicago's Art Institute, Florence Griswold Museum; National Portrait Gallery, Corcoran Gallery of Art; and Union League Club. Irvine is best known for his mastery of light and texture — a 1998 exhibit of his work was called Wilson Henry Irvine and the Poetry of Light. To capture subtle effects of light, Irvine often painted en plein air — wearing his trademark cap, knickers, and goatee, with his easel and his paints set up in the field. Sometimes Irvine's obsession with light led him to paint rather pedestrian subjects — landscapes depicting little more than some trees, or a road or fence. But a number of Irvine masterpieces depict well-composed scenes including houses, boats, bridges — even a handful of portraits, including at least one self-portrait and a nude. References External links Irvine, Wilson Henry, 1869-1936, painter. SIRIS http://americangallery.wordpress.com/category/irvine-wilson-h/ 1869 births 1936 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters Painters from Chicago American Impressionist painters American landscape painters School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni 20th-century American painters People from Byron, Illinois 19th-century American male artists 20th-century American male artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20Irvine
Alfred Morris, Baron Morris of Manchester, (23 March 1928 – 12 August 2012) was a British Labour Co-operative politician and disability rights campaigner. Political career Morris served as Member of Parliament for Manchester Wythenshawe from 1964 until 1997, having previously unsuccessfully fought the, then, safe Conservative seat of Liverpool Garston in 1951 and the Wythenshawe seat in 1959. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Fred Peart, the Agriculture Minister. Morris campaigned against British entry to the Common Market and in May 1967 Prime Minister Harold Wilson sacked him, and six others, for abstaining in a Commons vote on the issue. Fred Peart did not appoint a replacement and Morris continued to work for him, albeit unofficially. In 1968, Peart became Leader of the Commons and reappointed Morris as his Parliamentary Private Secretary. In 1970 Morris successfully introduced the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, which was the first in the world to recognise and give rights to people with disabilities. In 1974 he became the first Minister for the Disabled anywhere in the world. In 1991 he introduced a Civil Rights (Disabled Persons) Bill and he led campaigns on Gulf War Syndrome. He was created a life peer as Lord Morris of Manchester, of Manchester in the County of Greater Manchester, in 1997. He was a life member of the GMB Union, the general trade union of the United Kingdom. He served as President of the 1995 Co-operative Congress. Background Morris (one of the eight children of George Henry Morris and his wife Jessie Murphy) was raised in poor circumstances in Ancoats, Manchester. In 1935, the family left Ancoats and moved to a new housing estate in Newton Heath. He was educated at Brookdale Park School Newton Heath along with Harold Evans, who, as editor of The Sunday Times, wrote a leader saying that: "As time ticked away to the 1970 general election, Alf Morris's Bill was the only piece of legislation worth saving." He received evening school tuition. He worked from the age of 14 as a clerk in the local Wilson's Brewery. Morris, whose father lost an eye and a leg and was gassed while serving in the First World War, and then suffered a long decline in health and eventual death arising from his injuries, became a campaigner on behalf of those with disabilities. After his father's death, Morris's mother was not entitled to a war widow's pension. Forty years later, Morris himself put the matter right by changing the law affecting armed forces pensions when he became the UK and the World's first Minister for the Disabled. Morris did his national service in the army, mainly in the Middle East, from 1946 to 1948. He then studied at Ruskin College, Oxford (1949–1950), St Catherine's College, Oxford (BA modern history 1953) and the Department of Education, Manchester University. Morris worked as a Manchester schoolteacher and university extension lecturer in social history (1954–1956) and as an Industrial relations officer to the Electrical Supply Industry (1956–1964). Family He married Irene Jones in 1950. They had two sons and two daughters. His brother Charles Morris and his niece Estelle Morris have also served as Labour MPs. Lord Morris died in hospital on Sunday 12 August 2012 after a short illness, aged 84. He was survived by his wife and children. Awards and honours 1971 Field Marshel Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled 1972 Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding service to the blind 1979 Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 1989 Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services, 1989 New Year Honours, New Zealand 1991 Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia 1997 University of Salford honorary doctorate 1997 Life Peer 1998 University of Manchester honorary doctorate 2000 Named, with Chrissie Maher and Tim Berners-Lee, "Information Pioneers of the Century" by the UK's National Information Forum. 2005 MENCAP Lifetime achievement award 2009 Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow and of the Royal College of Physicians Publications The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee (Oxford, Pergamon P., 1970). Needs before Means: an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970 (Manchester, Co-operative Union, 1971). No Feet to Drag: report on the disabled (London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972). Alf Morris: People's Parliamentarian – Scenes from the Life of Lord Morris of Manchester (London, National Information Forum, 2007). Archives Catalogue of the papers of Alfred Morris at London School of Economics Archives See also References External links \|- Morris of Manchester Morris of Manchester Alumni of Ruskin College Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford Morris, Alfred Morris of Manchester Life peers created by Elizabeth II Morris of Manchester Morris of Manchester Morris of Manchester Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred People from Ancoats Morris, Alfred Morris, Alfred British disability rights activists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%20Morris
Karapet Chobanyan (; born 25 February 1927 in Karzakh, Akhalkalaki, Georgia and died on 15 October 1978) was an Armenian scientist and engineer who discovered the phenomenon of Low-Stress in mechanics and developed a new method of welding. Biography Karapet Chobanyan was born on February, 1927, as the first child of Armenuhi and Sirakan Chobanyan. Education Karapet Chobanyan graduated from Yerevan State University in 1948 and completed his PhD in physics in 1951. Scientific Activity In 1954 Karapet Chobanyan joined as a scientist to Armenian National Academy's Institute of Mechanics and Institute of Mathematics. He became the head of the Department of Durability of Compounds of Armenian National Academy's Institute of Mechanics in 1972. Discovery of Phenomenon of Low-Stress In 1966, while studying the effect of material inhomogeneity on stress distribution, he discovered a previously unknown phenomenon in the theory of elasticity, which he later called the phenomenon of Low-Stress. This discovery became an important progress in the science which allowed to significantly increase the strength of welded structures and to change the perceptions of limited abilities of welding. Karapet Chobanyan made the first discovery in Armenia and Transcaucasus which was registered in the Soviet Union's discovery registry under number 102 after 7 years of applying for registration in 1978. Impact of Discovery The discovery of Chobanyan and the further studies made on its basis have opened wide prospects for the calculation of new constructive schemes for gluing, and welding of metals and plastics, for making more durable and precise devices, constructions, etc. References External links ЭССЕ О МАТЕМАТИКЕ И НЕ ТОЛЬКО О НЕМ, Григор Апоян. Article about Sergey Mergelyan and Karapet Chobanyan in Russian THIS DAY IN ARMENIAN HISTORY, CHRONOLOGICAL SORT, American University of Armenia Напряжения в составных упругих телах, К. С. Чобанян; АН АрмССР, Ин-т механики Ереван : Изд-во АН АрмССР, 1987, K. Chobanyan's book in Russian 1927 births 1978 deaths Soviet Armenians Soviet engineers Armenian engineers Georgian people of Armenian descent	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karapet%20Chobanyan
Eid prayers, also referred to as Salat al-Eid (), are holy holiday prayers in the Islamic tradition. The literal translation of the word "Eid" in Arabic is "festival" or "feast" and is a time when Muslims congregate with family and the larger Muslim community to celebrate. There are generally two central Eids that take place in accordance with the Islamic lunar calendar (hence the additional name Șālat al-’Īdayn ( "Prayer of the Two Eids"): Eid al-Fitr (), also known as the "Smaller Eid" is a celebration marking the end Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting, welcoming the new month of Shawwal and lasts for a period of three days. Mandatory charity, or Zakat, specifically Zakat al-Fitr (Zakat of Eid Al-Fitr) is offered to the poor by every financially-able Muslim (preferably prior to the offering of the prayer) to ensure that those who are less fortunate may also participate in the joyous holiday. Eid al-Adha (), the "Greater Eid" or "Eid of Sacrifice", is celebration on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah (last month of the Islamic lunar calendar in which the Islamic pillar of Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca is performed). This Eid follows what is considered to be the holiest day in Islam, Day of Arafah and serves as a commemoration of Ibrahim's obedience and faith when tested by Allah. Able Muslims sacrifice an animal (Qurbani) whose provisions are to be distributed between friends, family, and the poor, equally as charity. Those who are unable to offer Qurbani but meet the requirements for it may offer a donation of Zakat in its place. These obligations apply to every of-age Muslim regardless of gender, so long as they meet the requirements of giving. Its duration is 4 days. There is no set date for the Eid holidays, as it changes from year to year. This is due to the nature of the lunar calendar that calculates months based on the phases of the moon, unlike the solar Gregorian calendar that is used most widely today. The lunar calendar is about 11 days shorter than that of the Gregorian, and so the equivalent date shifts back about 11 days every year. This is true for other holidays, such as the Chinese New Year or Rosh Hashanah, that are also based on the lunar calendar. The date normally varies in locations across the world, but many communities choose to follow the sighting reports of the crescent moon in Mecca for the sake of consistency. Name variations Eid greetings The customary greeting on the days of Eid Festivals is "Eid Mubarak", meaning "Have a Blessed Eid" and is often accompanied by other forms of cultural greetings and customs. Location and timing Eid prayers are traditionally offered in an open space (such as a Musalla or Eidgah) or field available for prayer if weather permits. The technical appointed time of Salat Al-Eid, as specified by the Quran and Sunnah (sayings, teachings, and actions of Muhammad), begins when the sun reaches approximately three meters above the horizon - above the height of a spear, until it reaches its meridian - approaching its zenith. Generally speaking, it is recommended that the prayer is offered in the morning, anytime after sunrise and before noon. The time for Eid al-Fitr prayer may be delayed while the prayer of Eid al-Adha is hastened. This is to ensure enough time to facilitate the distribution of the Zakat before the prayer or offer sacrifice after, respectively. This has been a proved Sunnah and has been well recorded in Hadith books. Specified times of the prayer vary according to local Masjids and larger communities may offer two prayers to allow as many people as possible the chance to make the prayer. Degree of importance The degree of importance of the Eid prayer vary between different Madhhab, or schools of Islamic thought. According to Hanafi scholars, Salat al-Eid is Wajib (obligatory). To Hanbali jurisprudence, it is Fard (necessary; often synonymous with Wajib) and according to Maliki and Shafiʽi schools, it is considered to be Sunnah Al-Mu'akkadah ("confirmed Sunnah, "continuously performed and never abandoned") but not mandatory. Procedure and ritual In addition to the actual praying of the Salah, another component of the Eid Prayers is the delivering of a Khutbah or Islamic sermon, like that given weekly on Fridays at Jumu'ah (obligatory Friday prayers). While the sermon is delivered prior to the Salah for Jumu'ah, it is delivered after the Salah for Eid. This is in accordance with the narration by Abdullah ibn Umar that Muhammad performed Eid Prayers in this order. The Eid prayers also take place without the customary calling of the Adhan or Iqama (arabic call to prayer), which is normally called before every Salah. This is per the traditional narration by Jabir sin Samurah, who had prayed Eid Salah behind Muhammad, and noted that the calls were not made. Another specific characteristic of the Eid prayer is the number of Takbir, or calling of the phrase "Allahu Akbar" ("God is Great") performed in each Rakat (unit of prayer) of Salah. The Takbir for regular Salah (as well as most sunnah and special Salah) is called only once at the start with repetitions between steps of the prayer. According to Hadith narrated by 'Amr bin Shuaib over certified generations, Muhammad completed 7 takbirs in the first rakah of the Eid prayer and 5 in the second, then began with the recitation of the Quran. The Hanafis complete 3 takbirs before reciting Quran in the first rak'ah and 3 takbirs after reciting Quran before prostrating. Additional sunnah To reap further rewards from praying the Eid, there are additional recommended steps that Muhammad did in his time according to his Sunnah that Muslims may perform. These include bathing or Ghusl prior to attending the festival, dressing in one's best clothes, eating before the Eid al-Fitr prayer and waiting until after Eid al-Adha prayer to eat, saying the Takbir to and from the place of Eid and after every prayer for the remaining days of the festival, as well as taking an alternative route home from the one taken to the prayer. Women and the Eid Salah Eid festivals are meant to be an event for all members of the Muslim community, including women and children. According to the Hadith narrated by the Nusaybah Bint Al-Harith (Umm 'Atiyah), women, young and old, were called to come out and participate in the joy of Eid and reap its blessings. See also References Salah Eid (Islam) Salah terminology	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid%20prayers
The Bangalore Cantonment (1806–1881) was a military cantonment of the British Raj based in the Indian city of Bangalore. The cantonment covered an area of , extending from the Residency on the west to Binnamangala on the east and from the Tanneries on Tannery Road in the north to AGRAM (Army Group Royal Artillery Maidan - Maidan meaning Ground) in the south. By area, it was the largest British military cantonment in South India. The British garrison stationed in the cantonment included three artillery batteries, and regiments of the cavalry, infantry, sappers, miners, mounted infantry, supply and transport corps and the Bangalore Rifle Volunteers. The Bangalore Cantonment was directly under the administration of the British Raj, while Bangalore City itself was under the jurisdiction of the Durbar of the Kingdom of Mysore. History and Layout Prior to the arrival of the British, Bangalore had been the stronghold of several Hindu dynasties and empires including the Western Ganga Dynasty, Chola Dynasty, Hoysala Empire and the Vijayanagara Empire. In the 18th century, the dominion of Bangalore passed on to Haider Ali. After a series of successive wars known as the Anglo-Mysore Wars with Haider Ali's son, Tipu Sultan, the British captured the city and all of the Kingdom of Mysore in 1799. Capture of Bangalore Fort Bangalore was the strongest fort of Tipu Sultan and during the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Lord Cornwallis decided to reduce this fort before the storming of Srirangapatna. Tipu Sultan followed Cornwallis' army, placing him in the awkward position of having an undefeated enemy army at his back while besieging the strong fortification. Tipu kept away hoping to take assault when underway in flank. Over the next twelve days, two companies of the Madras Pioneers provided sappers for eight batteries, dug several parallels and a trench up to the fort ditch. Cornwallis attacked secretly on the night of 21 March 1791. The Madras Pioneers, led by Lt Colin Mackenzie, crossed the ditch with scaling ladders, mounted the breach and entered the fort, while the artillery engaged the fort with blank ammunition. With a breach made, the main stormers rushed in and the fort was captured after a hand-to hand fight in which a thousand defenders were killed. Cornwallis captured the fort and secured the force against Tipu. The Madras Pioneers, went on to make Bangalore their permanent home. Establishment of cantonment The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their garrison to Bangalore from Srirangapatna. The origin of the word cantonment comes from the French word canton, meaning corner or district. Each cantonment was essentially a well-defined and clearly demarcated unit of territory set apart for the quartering and administering of troops. The heart of the Bangalore Cantonment was the Parade Ground. The Civil and Military Station (CMS) grew around the Parade Ground. The installation of the Bangalore Cantonment attracted a large number of people from Tamil Nadu and other neighboring states of the Kingdom of Mysore. Bangalore rapidly became the largest city in the Kingdom of Mysore. In 1831, the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore was moved from Mysore city to Bangalore. The Bangalore Cantonment grew independent of its twin-city, referred to as Bangalore pete (). The pete was populated with the Kannadiga population, while the Bangalore Cantonment, had a colonial design with a population that consisted of Tamilians and the British. In the 19th century, the Bangalore Cantonment had clubs, churches, bungalows, shops and cinemas. The Bangalore Cantonment had a strong European influence with public residence and life centered on the South Parade, now referred to as MG Road. The area around the South Parade was famous for its bars and restaurants with the area known as Blackpally becoming a one-stop shopping area The Cubbon Park was built in the Bangalore Cantonment in 1864 on of land. The St. Mark's Cathedral was built on the South Parade grounds. The settlements adjacent to the South Parades was known as Mootocherry which was occupied by Tamil settlers from the North Arcot and South Arcot districts of Tamil Nadu. Development The names of many of the cantonment's streets were derived from military nomenclature such as Artillery Road, Brigade Road, Infantry Road and Cavalry Road. The city of Bangalore still retains many of the colonial names of its streets. A resident to the King of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV lived within the cantonment area and his quarters was called the "Residency" and hence the name Residency Road. Areas around the South Parade that essentially were public living areas were named after their European residents. A municipal corporation was established for the Bangalore Cantonment in 1863. After Indian independence in 1947, corporation merged with the Bangalore pete municipal corporation to form the Bangalore City Corporation, now known as Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike. Bangalore was part of the Madras Presidency, and in 1864, the city was connected to Madras by rail. Still called the Bangalore Cantonment Railway Station, it is one of many railway stations servicing the city of Bangalore. Around 1883, Richmond Town, Benson Town and Cleveland Town were added to the cantonment. The population of the Bangalore pete and cantonment fell dramatically in 1898 when a bubonic plague epidemic broke out. The epidemic took a huge toll and many temples were built during this time, dedicated to the goddess Mariamma. The crisis caused by this epidemic catalyzed the improvement and sanitation of Bangalore and, in turn, improvements in sanitation and health facilities helped to modernize Bangalore. Telephone lines were laid to help coordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed in 1898 and the city was divided into four wards for better coordination and the Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy and Governor-General of British India. In 1881, the British officially stopped recognizing Bangalore as a cantonment and instead considered it to be an "assigned tract", and administered under the auspices of the Mahārājah of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. However, the British retained their garrison in the city until 1947. After Indian independence, Bangalore Cantonment was merged with the rest of Bangalore City under the dominion of the Mysore State. See also Cox Town, Bangalore Cooke Town Fraser Town, Bangalore Murphy Town, Bangalore Austin Town Kingdom of Mysore Sir Mirza Ismail Bangalore East Railway Station Bangalore Cantonment railway station List of areas in Bangalore Cantonment List of schools in Bangalore Cantonment Plaza Theatre (Bangalore) References Cantonments of British India History of Bangalore Cantonments of India 1806 establishments in British India	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%20Cantonment
Moshiri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Farhad Moshiri (born 1955), a British-Iranian businessman Farhad Moshiri (artist) (born 1963), an Iranian artist Farnoosh Moshiri, an Iranian novelist, playwright, and librettist Fereydoon Moshiri (1926–2000), an Iranian poet Mahshid Moshiri, an Iranian novelist and lexicographer. Maryam Moshiri, a British television broadcaster Minoo Moshiri, an Iranian essayist, literary translator, film-critic and journalist Saeed Moshiri (born 1957), an Iranian economist Syed Rahim Moshiri (born 1930), an Iranian geographer See also Moshiri Station, a train station in Japan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshiri
In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the variable is written to. Example Consider the following program: b = 3 c = 5 a = f(b * c) The set of live variables between lines 2 and 3 is {b, c} because both are used in the multiplication on line 3. But the set of live variables after line 1 is only {b}, since variable c is updated later, on line 2. The value of variable a is not used in this code. Note that the assignment to a may be eliminated as a is not used later, but there is insufficient information to justify removing all of line 3 as f may have side effects (printing b * c, perhaps). Expression in terms of dataflow equations Liveness analysis is a "backwards may" analysis. The analysis is done in a backwards order, and the dataflow confluence operator is set union. In other words, if applying liveness analysis to a function with a particular number of logical branches within it, the analysis is performed starting from the end of the function working towards the beginning (hence "backwards"), and a variable is considered live if any of the branches moving forward within the function might potentially (hence "may") need the variable's current value. This is in contrast to a "backwards must" analysis which would instead enforce this condition on all branches moving forward. The dataflow equations used for a given basic block s and exiting block f in live variable analysis are the following: : The set of variables that are used in s before any assignment in the same basic block. : The set of variables that are assigned a value in s (in many books, KILL (s) is also defined as the set of variables assigned a value in s before any use, but this does not change the solution of the dataflow equation): The in-state of a block is the set of variables that are live at the start of the block. Its out-state is the set of variables that are live at the end of it. The out-state is the union of the in-states of the block's successors. The transfer function of a statement is applied by making the variables that are written dead, then making the variables that are read live. Second example The in-state of b3 only contains b and d, since c has been written. The out-state of b1 is the union of the in-states of b2 and b3. The definition of c in b2 can be removed, since c is not live immediately after the statement. Solving the data flow equations starts with initializing all in-states and out-states to the empty set. The work list is initialized by inserting the exit point (b3) in the work list (typical for backward flow). Its computed in-state differs from the previous one, so its predecessors b1 and b2 are inserted and the process continues. The progress is summarized in the table below. Note that b1 was entered in the list before b2, which forced processing b1 twice (b1 was re-entered as predecessor of b2). Inserting b2 before b1 would have allowed earlier completion. Initializing with the empty set is an optimistic initialization: all variables start out as dead. Note that the out-states cannot shrink from one iteration to the next, although the out-state can be smaller than the in-state. This can be seen from the fact that after the first iteration the out-state can only change by a change of the in-state. Since the in-state starts as the empty set, it can only grow in further iterations. References Compiler optimizations Data-flow analysis Static program analysis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-variable%20analysis
Verizon South, Inc. is a Verizon operating company providing local telephone services to portions of Virginia and North Carolina in the United States. History Verizon South was originally established in 1947 as The Bluefield Telephone Corporation, providing telephone service to communities in Virginia including its namesake Bluefield. The company's first president was R.A. Phillips and was formally incorporated by Judson Large, Dean A. Esling, Richard L. Merrick, William W. Darrow, and Roland K. Smith, Jr. The company changed its name to Bluefield Telephone Company on January 16, 1948. Acquisition by GTE Bluefield Telephone was acquired by GTE and in 1954 changed its name to General Telephone Company of the Southeast on June 25, 1954. The company began expansion under GTE ownership, absorbing a large group of telephone companies acquired in 1957. These companies included Durham Telephone Company of North Carolina, Georgia Continental Telephone Company, South Carolina Continental Telephone Company, Southeastern Carolina Telephone Company, Southern Continental Telephone Company, and Sumter Telephone Company. In 1970, the company absorbed more GTE companies, including General Telephone Company of Georgia, General Telephone Company of North Carolina, Mutual Telephone Company, Inc., Pee Dee Telephone Company, 'and United Telephone Co in Alabama In 1986, the company changed its name to General Telephone Company of the South, later shortening in 1988 to GTE South Incorporated. At this point, GTE South served Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. In 1993, GTE South operations in Tennessee and West Virginia were sold to Frontier Communications Citizens Utilities to become Citizens Telecommunications Company of Tennessee and Citizens Telecommunications Company of West Virginia, respectively. GTE South lines in Georgia were traded with Alltel's Illinois operations. In 1994, former Contel companies Contel of Kentucky, Contel of North Carolina, Contel of South Carolina, and Contel of Virginia were legally merged into GTE South. Acquisition by Verizon In 2000, Bell Atlantic bought GTE, forming Verizon. GTE South was then renamed Verizon South, Inc.''' In 2002, Verizon sold its operations in Alabama to CenturyTel, becoming CenturyTel of Alabama. Verizon also sold its operations in Kentucky to Alltel, becoming Kentucky ALLTEL (who later sold its wireline operations to Valor Telecom, renamed Windstream, and the operating company becoming Windstream Kentucky East). Split In 2010, operations in southern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, North Carolina (with the exception of Knotts Island), and South Carolina were included in a sale of Verizon assets, placed under the ownership of Frontier Communications ILEC Holdings, to Frontier Communications. The operations in those states became Frontier Communications of the Carolinas. Today Verizon South remains a current operating company of Verizon serving former GTE and Contel regions in Virginia and Knotts Island, North Carolina. References External links Verizon South, Inc. Verizon Communications Communications in Virginia Communications in North Carolina Telecommunications companies established in 1947 1947 establishments in Virginia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon%20South
Bongo District is one of the fifteen districts in Upper East Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988; which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1446. The municipality is located in the central part of Upper East Region and has Bongo as its capital town. Geography and climate Geography Bongo District is near the town of Bolgatanga, the Upper East Region's capital. It shares borders with Kassena-Nankana District in the west and the Bolgatanga Municipal District in the south. The total area is 459 square kilometers. Climate The area is generally flat with occasional outcrops of rocks at an elevation of 200 m. The landscape has little vegetation. The landscape borders on the Sudan Savannah Zone although technically in the Guinea Savannah Zone. The area is in danger of desertification. There is an average of 70 rain days a year, with an annual rainfall of 600–1,400 mm. Tourism The Bongo Rocks is a top tourism site, which provides a beautiful view of all the Bongo district landscape, and allow an easy ascent. They have an intricate numbering system that leads to the top. The resonating rocks are hard to find. There are two large rocks of particular interest for hiking or climbing. One of the rocks offers great views around on top of a "mushroom" platform. The other rock has an unexplored underwater cave system, with a Christian cross on top. Visiting Bongo during the rainy season, gives u an extra attraction to a swelling river connecting to the Vea Dam and Lake. Bongo is also home to mighty Baobab trees. Wildlife includes snakes like boas. There have also been rare sightings of elephants, monkeys and even lions. Economy The predominant occupation in Bongo District is subsistence farming along with some handicraft production. Healthcare The Bongo District has one District Hospital with 6 health centres located throughout the district. There is only one eye care center in the entire district located at Yorogo which also serve many people across the region and beyond. It was founded by the Presbyterian Church of Ghana and it caters to people from all 3 regions in the northern part of Ghana. Education There are two senior secondary schools, thirteen junior secondary schools and forty primary schools. Demographics Nearly 90 percent of the district's inhabitants speak Gurene. Sources Bongo District Website https://ghana-net.com/bongo.html External links Soybean Demonstration Project Bongo, Ghana Hee Haw Hall of fame References Districts of Upper East Region	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongo%20District
Deglobalization or deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world, typically nation-states. It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline. It stands in contrast to globalization, in which units become increasingly integrated over time, and generally spans the time between periods of globalization. While globalization and deglobalization are antitheses, they are not mirror images. The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations, where trade as a proportion of total economic activity until the 1970s was below previous peak levels in the early 1910s. This decline reflects that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization. At the global level only two longer periods of deglobalization occurred, namely in the 1930s during the Great Depression and 2010s, when following the Great Trade Collapse the period of the World Trade Slowdown set in. The occurrence of deglobalization has strong proponents who have claimed the death of globalization, but is also contested by the former Director-General of the World Trade Organization Pascal Lamy and leading academics such as Michael Bordo who argue that it is too soon to give a good diagnosis and Mervyn Martin who argues that US and UK policies are rational answers to essential temporary problems of even strong nations. While as with globalization, deglobalization can refer to economic, trade, social, technological, cultural and political dimensions, much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics. 1930s versus 2010s Periods of deglobalization have mainly been seen as interesting comparators to other periods, such as 1850–1914 and 1950–2007, in which globalization had been the norm, given that globalization is the norm for most people and because the interpretation of the global economy has mainly been framed as inevitably increasing integration. Therefore, even periods of stagnant international interaction are often wrongly seen as periods of deglobalization. Recently, scientists have started to also compare the major periods of deglobalization in order to better understand drivers and consequences of this phenomenon. The two major phases of deglobalisation are not identical twins. The two phases of deglobalisation were equally triggered by a demand shock in the wake of a financial crisis. Both in the 1930s and in the 2000s the composition of trade was a second key determinant: manufacturing trade bore the brunt of the contraction. One important finding is that country experiences both during the Great Depression and Great Recession are very heterogeneous so that one-size-fits-all policies to counter negative impacts of deglobalization are inappropriate. In the 1930s, democracies supported free trade, and deglobalisation was driven by autocratic decisions to strengthen self-sufficiency. In the 2010s, political institutions are just as significant, but now democratic decisions such as the election of President Trump with an America First agenda and Brexit drive the deglobalisation process worldwide. Indeed, while the industrialised countries in the 2010s avoided the pitfalls of protectionism and deflation, they have experienced different political dynamics. Measures of deglobalization As with globalization, economic deglobalization can be measured in different ways. These centre around the four main economic flows: Goods and services, e.g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per head of population. Labour/people, e.g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population (and resultant remittances in per cent of GDP) Capital, e.g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of population It is generally not thought possible to measure deglobalization through lack of flows of technology, the fourth main flow. Those areas that are measurable do suggest other possible measures, including: Average tariffs Border restrictions on labour Capital controls, including restrictions on foreign direct investment or outward direct investment The multi-dimensional globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 in 2015 KOF observed for its overall index: "The level of globalisation worldwide increased rapidly between 1990 and 2007 and has risen only slightly since the Great Recession. In 2015, globalisation decreased for the first time since 1975. The fall was due to the decline in economic globalisation, with social globalisation stagnating and political globalisation increasing slightly." Other indicators of deglobalization include the development of Foreign Direct Investment, that according to UNCTAD slipped further in 2017 and in stark contrast with production. Risks of deglobalization Typically a reduction of the level of international integration of economies and the world economy at large are expected to exert second round effects related to four feedback mechanisms: A reduction of (the rate of growth) of international trade will feed negatively into long-run growth. A loss of interaction, the co-movement of economies. Trade policy feedbacks in the sense that reduced international interaction and lower growth will stimulate protectionism and non-economic issue areas where reduced cooperation among countries and even an increasing risk of international conflict can be expected. International political economy of deglobalization Deglobalization has also been used as a political agenda item or a term in framing the debate on a new World economic order, for example by Walden Bello in his 2005 book Deglobalization. One of the prominent examples of deglobalization movement could be found in the United States of America, where the Bush and Obama administration instituted Buy American Act clause as party of massive stimulus package, which was designed to favor American-made goods over traded goods. Likewise, the EU has imposed new subsidies to protect their agricultural sectors for their own protection. These movements of deglobalization can be seen as the example of how developed nations react to the Financial crisis of 2007–08 through deglobalization movements. Recently a change in the pattern of anti-globalism has been observed: anti-globalism now has a strong foothold in the Global North and among right-wing (conservative) politicians, with much different attitudes in the Global South, particular among the BRICS countries. See also I'm Backing Britain Trade-to-GDP ratio References Cultural geography Economic geography Globalization World government	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deglobalization
Albertus Magnus College is a private Roman Catholic university in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1925 by the Dominican Sisters of St. Mary of the Springs (now Dominican Sisters of Peace). Its campus is in the Prospect Hill neighborhood of New Haven, near the border with Hamden. History Albertus Magnus College was founded in 1925 by the Dominican Sisters of St. Mary of the Springs. The dedication speaker was James Rowland Angell, the president of nearby Yale University. All classes and offices were first housed in Rosary Hall, a Palladian-style mansion that has since been converted for use as the institution's main library. The college's first chaplain, Rev. Artur Chandler, stated that the college's initial goal was to educate women "to become thinkers and leaders and the noble among the ladyhood of the future." By 1940 the campus had expanded to its current 50 acre size and absorbed a variety of surrounding gilded-era mansions for use as dormitories and office space. The school became known for its strict liberal arts curriculum that required four years of Latin or Greek study. Originally a women's college, the institution became coeducational in 1985 to some controversy, led by its longtime president Julia M. McNamara. Albertus Magnus College was the last Connecticut college to go co-ed. The 1980s also brought a series of construction projects to the campus, including new classroom space and a new athletic center. The first graduate program, a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies, was offered in 1992. Organization Albertus Magnus is presided over by a board of trustees. A 1968 reorganization of this leadership opened 80% of spots to secular personnel while continuing to reserve 20% for members of the Dominican Sisters of Peace. Academics In addition to undergraduate majors, minors and concentrations, including pre-professional preparation, there are graduate programs in art therapy, mental health counseling, addiction counseling, leadership, liberal studies, fine arts in creative writing, human services, business administration, education, and management and organizational leadership. As of 2022, the university has a 100% acceptance rate with a student body that is 15% male and 85% female. Campus The campus is located about two miles (2 km) from the central campus of Yale University in a residential area known as Prospect Hill near the border with Hamden. The neighborhood is on Prospect Street just above Edgerton Park and near East Rock. The institution uses several of the area's historic 19th century mansions as residence hall and administrative building. A number of these are contributing properties of the Prospect Hill Historic District. Athletics Albertus Magnus College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III. The Falcons are a member of the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNC). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, golf, ice hockey, soccer, tennis and swimming & diving; while women's sports include basketball, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, ice hockey, swimming & diving, tennis and volleyball. Notable people Alumni Ellen Bree Burns, U.S. federal judge Stephen Harding, attorney and member of the Connecticut State Senate Margaret Heckler, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives, Massachusetts (1967–1983), 15th United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, 19th United States Ambassador to Ireland Jacqueline Noonan, pediatric cardiologist; described Noonan syndrome and hypoplastic left heart syndrome Dianne Pinderhughes, American Political Scientist Lauren DeStefano, Author Margaret L. Drugovich, medical researcher Marilyn Travinsky, politician Faculty Marcella Boveri, biologist Lawrence J. DeNardis, U.S. Congressman and University of New Haven president Alice Mattison, novelist and short story writer Dorothea Rudnick, biologist Suzanne W. Tourtellotte, astronomer Grace Evelyn Pickford, biologist Nuala Archer, poet References External links Official website Education in New Haven, Connecticut Dominican universities and colleges in the United States Former women's universities and colleges in the United States Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut Universities and colleges in New Haven County, Connecticut Catholic universities and colleges in Connecticut 1925 establishments in Connecticut Universities and colleges established in 1925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20Magnus%20College
A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison produced by the metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. Toxin may also refer to: Naturally occurring non-organic toxicants such as arsenic. Synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons. Toxin (novel) is a 1998 novel by Robin Cook Toxin (comics), a fictional character by Marvel Comics universe, "grandson" of Venom and ally of Spider-Man Toxins (journal), an academic journal focusing on Toxicology See also Tocsin (disambiguation), a form of alarm Toxicity (disambiguation) Toxification Toxxin, American professional wrestler	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin%20%28disambiguation%29
Norman Ernest Partridge (10 August 1900–10 March 1982) was an English cricketer who played for Cambridge University and Warwickshire. Partridge was born at Great Barr, Birmingham. He was selected by Wisden in 1919, while a schoolboy at Malvern College, as one its five Cricketers of the Year, there being no first-class cricket the previous year from which to pick outstanding performers because of the First World War. Partridge's record at Malvern as a right-hand batsman and, particularly, as a fast-medium in-swing bowler also led him, in 1919, to be chosen to play for the Gentlemen in the annual Gentlemen v Players match between the amateurs and the professionals at Lord's, then one of the highlights of the cricket season, but his school refused to allow him to take part. In 1936, towards the end of his career, he finally appeared in a Gentlemen v Players match, though it was an end-of-season festival affair at Folkestone rather than the Lord's fixture. After Malvern, he was at Pembroke College, Cambridge, for only one year, 1920, and won a Blue in the rain-ruined University Match. From 1921 to 1937, he played for Warwickshire, fairly regularly at first, latterly more seldom. He usually batted low in the batting order, but managed a career average of 18.62 and he frequently opened the bowling. In all first-class cricket, he scored more than 2,700 runs and took 393 wickets. Partridge died at Aberystwyth. His obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack recounts that there was some doubt about the legality of his bowling action, though he was never called for throwing. It says: "A batsman whom he had comprehensively bowled said indignantly to Tiger Smith behind the wicket, 'He threw that'. 'Yes,' said Tiger, 'and bloody well too'." References 1900 births 1982 deaths Cambridge University cricketers English cricketers People educated at Malvern College Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge Warwickshire cricketers Wisden Cricketers of the Year Gentlemen cricketers Free Foresters cricketers People from Great Barr	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Partridge%20%28cricketer%29
This is a list of rank insignia used by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in Iran. Rank insignia chart Officers Enlisted See also References . Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Iran	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20Insignia%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Revolutionary%20Guard%20Corps
Plutonium-238 (238Pu or Pu-238) is a radioactive isotope of plutonium that has a half-life of 87.7 years. Plutonium-238 is a very powerful alpha emitter; as alpha particles are easily blocked, this makes the plutonium-238 isotope suitable for usage in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units. The density of plutonium-238 at room temperature is about 19.8 g/cc. The material will generate about 0.57 watts per gram of 238Pu. The bare sphere critical mass of metallic plutonium-238 is not precisely known, but its calculated range is between 9.04 and 10.07 kilograms. History Initial production Plutonium-238 was the first isotope of plutonium to be discovered. It was synthesized by Glenn Seaborg and associates in December 1940 by bombarding uranium-238 with deuterons, creating neptunium-238. + → + 2 The neptunium isotope then undergoes β− decay to plutonium-238, with a half-life of 2.12 days: → + + Plutonium-238 naturally decays to uranium-234 and then further along the radium series to lead-206. Historically, most plutonium-238 has been produced by Savannah River in their weapons reactor, by irradiating with neutrons neptunium-237 (half life ). + → Neptunium-237 is a by-product of the production of plutonium-239 weapons-grade material, and when the site was shut down in 1988, 238Pu was mixed with about 16% 239Pu. Manhattan Project Plutonium was first synthesized in 1940 and isolated in 1941 by chemists at the University of California, Berkeley. The Manhattan Project began shortly after the discovery, with most early research (pre-1944) carried out using small samples manufactured using the large cyclotrons at the Berkeley Rad Lab and Washington University in St. Louis. Much of the difficulty encountered during the Manhattan Project regarded the production and testing of nuclear fuel. Both uranium and plutonium were eventually determined to be fissile, but in each case they had to be purified to select for the isotopes suitable for an atomic bomb. With World War II underway, the research teams were pressed for time. Micrograms of plutonium were made by cyclotrons in 1942 and 1943. In the fall of 1943 Robert Oppenheimer is quoted as saying "there's only a twentieth of a milligram in existence." By his request, the Rad Lab at Berkeley made available 1.2 mg of plutonium by the end of October 1943, most of which was taken to Los Alamos for theoretical work there. The world's second reactor, the X-10 Graphite Reactor built at a secret site at Oak Ridge, would be fully operational in 1944. In November 1943, shortly after its initial start-up, it was able to produce a minuscule 500 mg. However, this plutonium was mixed with large amounts of uranium fuel and destined for the nearby chemical processing pilot plant for isotopic separation (enrichment). Gram amounts of plutonium wouldn't be available until spring of 1944. Industrial-scale production of plutonium only began in March 1945 when the B Reactor at the Hanford Site began operation. Plutonium-238 and human experimentation While samples of plutonium were available in small quantities and being handled by researchers, no one knew what health effects this might have. Plutonium handling mishaps occurred in 1944, causing alarm in the Manhattan Project leadership as contamination inside and outside the laboratories was becoming an issue. In August 1944, a chemist named Donald Mastick was sprayed in the face with liquid plutonium chloride, causing him to accidentally swallow some. Nose swipes taken of plutonium researchers indicated that plutonium was being breathed in. Lead Manhattan Project chemist Glenn Seaborg, discoverer of many transuranium elements including plutonium, urged that a safety program be developed for plutonium research. In a memo to Robert Stone at the Chicago Met Lab, Seaborg wrote "that a program to trace the course of plutonium in the body be initiated as soon as possible ... [with] the very highest priority." This memo was dated January 5, 1944, prior to many of the contamination events of 1944 in Building D where Mastick worked. Seaborg later claimed that he did not at all intend to imply human experimentation in this memo, nor did he learn of its use in humans until far later due to the compartmentalization of classified information. With bomb-grade enriched plutonium-239 destined for critical research and for atomic weapon production, plutonium-238 was used in early medical experiments as it is unusable as atomic weapon fuel. However, 238Pu is far more dangerous than 239Pu due to its short half-life and being a strong alpha-emitter. It was soon found that plutonium was being excreted at a very slow rate, accumulating in test subjects involved in early human experimentation. This led to severe health consequences for the patients involved. From April 10, 1945, to July 18, 1947, eighteen people were injected with plutonium as part of the Manhattan Project. Doses administered ranged from 0.095 to 5.9 microcuries (μCi). Albert Stevens, after a (mistaken) terminal cancer diagnosis which seemed to include many organs, was injected in 1945 with plutonium without his informed consent. He was referred to as patient CAL-1 and the plutonium consisted of 3.5 μCi 238Pu, and 0.046 μCi 239Pu, giving him an initial body burden of 3.546 μCi (131 kBq) total activity. The fact that he had the highly radioactive plutonium-238 (produced in the 60-inch cyclotron at the Crocker Laboratory by deuteron bombardment of natural uranium) contributed heavily to his long-term dose. Had all of the plutonium given to Stevens been the long-lived 239Pu as used in similar experiments of the time, Stevens's lifetime dose would have been significantly smaller. The short half-life of 87.7 years of 238Pu means that a large amount of it decayed during its time inside his body, especially when compared to the 24,100 year half-life of 239Pu. After his initial "cancer" surgery removed many non-cancerous "tumors", Stevens survived for about 20 years after his experimental dose of plutonium before succumbing to heart disease; he had received the highest known accumulated radiation dose of any human patient. Modern calculations of his lifetime absorbed dose give a significant 64 Sv (6400 rem) total. Weapons The first application of 238Pu was its use in nuclear weapon components made at Mound Laboratories for Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). Mound was chosen for this work because of its experience in producing the polonium-210-fueled Urchin initiator and its work with several heavy elements in a Reactor Fuels program. Two Mound scientists spent 1959 at Lawrence in joint development while the Special Metallurgical Building was constructed at Mound to house the project. Meanwhile, the first sample of 238Pu came to Mound in 1959. The weapons project called for the production of about 1 kg/year of 238Pu over a 3-year period. However, the 238Pu component could not be produced to the specifications despite a 2-year effort beginning at Mound in mid-1961. A maximum effort was undertaken with 3 shifts a day, 6 days a week, and ramp-up of Savannah River's 238Pu production over the next three years to about 20 kg/year. A loosening of the specifications resulted in productivity of about 3%, and production finally began in 1964. Use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators Beginning on January 1, 1957, Mound Laboratories RTG inventors Jordan & Birden were working on an Army Signal Corps contract (R-65-8- 998 11-SC-03-91) to conduct research on radioactive materials and thermocouples suitable for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy using polonium-210 as the heat source. In 1961, Capt. R. T. Carpenter had chosen 238Pu as the fuel for the first RTG (radioisotope thermoelectric generator) to be launched into space as auxiliary power for the Transit IV Navy navigational satellite. By January 21, 1963, the decision had yet to be made as to what isotope would be used to fuel the large RTGs for NASA programs. Early in 1964, Mound Laboratories scientists developed a different method of fabricating the weapon component that resulted in a production efficiency of around 98%. This made available the excess Savannah River 238Pu production for Space Electric Power use just in time to meet the needs of the SNAP-27 RTG on the Moon, the Pioneer spacecraft, the Viking Mars landers, more Transit Navy navigation satellites (precursor to today's GPS) and two Voyager spacecraft, for which all of the 238Pu heat sources were fabricated at Mound Laboratories. The radioisotope heater units were used in space exploration beginning with the Apollo Radioisotope Heaters (ALRH) warming the Seismic Experiment placed on the Moon by the Apollo 11 mission and on several Moon and Mars rovers, to the 129 LWRHUs warming the experiments on the Galileo spacecraft. An addition to the Special Metallurgical building weapon component production facility was completed at the end of 1964 for 238Pu heat source fuel fabrication. A temporary fuel production facility was also installed in the Research Building in 1969 for Transit fuel fabrication. With completion of the weapons component project, the Special Metallurgical Building, nicknamed "Snake Mountain" because of the difficulties encountered in handling large quantities of 238Pu, ceased operations on June 30, 1968, with 238Pu operations taken over by the new Plutonium Processing Building, especially designed and constructed for handling large quantities of 238Pu. Plutonium-238 is given the highest relative hazard number (152) of all 256 radionuclides evaluated by Karl Z. Morgan et al. in 1963. Nuclear powered pacemakers In the United States, when plutonium-238 became available for non-military uses, numerous applications were proposed and tested, including the cardiac pacemaker program that began on June 1, 1966, in conjunction with NUMEC. The last of these units was implanted in 1988, as lithium-powered pacemakers, which had an expected lifespan of 10 or more years without the disadvantages of radiation concerns and regulatory hurdles, made these units obsolete. , there were nine living people with nuclear-powered pacemakers in the United States, out of an original 139 recipients. When these individuals die, the pacemaker is supposed to be removed and shipped to Los Alamos where the plutonium will be recovered. In a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine discussing a woman who received a Numec NU-5 decades ago that is continuously operating, despite an original $5,000 price tag equivalent to $23,000 in 2007 dollars, the follow-up costs have been about $19,000 compared with $55,000 for a battery-powered pacemaker. Another nuclear powered pacemaker was the Medtronics “Laurens-Alcatel Model 9000”. Approximately 1600 nuclear-powered cardiac pacemakers and/or battery assemblies have been located across the United States, and are eligible for recovery by the Off-Site Source Recovery Project (OSRP) Team at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Production Reactor-grade plutonium from spent nuclear fuel contains various isotopes of plutonium. 238Pu makes up only one or two percent, but it may be responsible for much of the short-term decay heat because of its short half-life relative to other plutonium isotopes. Reactor-grade plutonium is not useful for producing 238Pu for RTGs because difficult isotopic separation would be needed. Pure plutonium-238 is prepared by neutron irradiation of neptunium-237, one of the minor actinides that can be recovered from spent nuclear fuel during reprocessing, or by the neutron irradiation of americium in a reactor. The targets are purified chemically, including dissolution in nitric acid to extract the plutonium-238. A 100 kg sample of light water reactor fuel that has been irradiated for three years contains only about 700 grams (0.7% by weight) of neptunium-237, which must be extracted and purified. Significant amounts of pure 238Pu could also be produced in a thorium fuel cycle. In the US, the Department of Energy's Space and Defense Power Systems Initiative of the Office of Nuclear Energy processes 238Pu, maintains its storage, and develops, produces, transports and manages safety of radioisotope power and heating units for both space exploration and national security spacecraft. As of March 2015, a total of of 238Pu was available for civil space uses. Out of the inventory, remained in a condition meeting NASA specifications for power delivery. Some of this pool of 238Pu was used in a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG) for the 2020 Mars Rover mission and two additional MMRTGs for a notional 2024 NASA mission. would remain after that, including approximately just barely meeting the NASA specification. Since isotope content in the material is lost over time to radioactive decay while in storage, this stock could be brought up to NASA specifications by blending it with a smaller amount of freshly produced 238Pu with a higher content of the isotope, and therefore energy density. U.S. production ceases and resumes The United States stopped producing bulk 238Pu with the closure of the Savannah River Site reactors in 1988. Since 1993, all of the 238Pu used in American spacecraft has been purchased from Russia. In total, have been purchased, but Russia is no longer producing 238Pu, and their own supply is reportedly running low. In February 2013, a small amount of 238Pu was successfully produced by Oak Ridge's High Flux Isotope Reactor, and on December 22, 2015, they reported the production of of 238Pu. In March 2017, Ontario Power Generation (OPG) and its venture arm, Canadian Nuclear Partners, announced plans to produce 238Pu as a second source for NASA. Rods containing neptunium-237 will be fabricated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Washington State and shipped to OPG's Darlington Nuclear Generating Station in Clarington, Ontario, Canada where they will be irradiated with neutrons inside the reactor's core to produce 238Pu. In January 2019, it was reported that some automated aspects of its production were implemented at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, that are expected to triple the number of plutonium pellets produced each week. The production rate is now expected to increase from 80 pellets per week to about 275 pellets per week, for a total production of about 400 grams per year. The goal now is to optimize and scale-up the processes in order to produce an average of per year by 2025. Applications The main application of 238Pu is as the heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). The RTG was invented in 1954 by Mound scientists Ken Jordan and John Birden, who were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2013. They immediately produced a working prototype using a 210Po heat source, and on January 1, 1957, entered into an Army Signal Corps contract (R-65-8- 998 11-SC-03-91) to conduct research on radioactive materials and thermocouples suitable for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy using polonium-210 as the heat source. In 1966, a study reported by SAE International described the potential for the use of plutonium-238 in radioisotope power subsystems for applications in space. This study focused on employing power conversions through the Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, thermoelectric conversion and thermionic conversion with plutonium-238 as the primary heating element. The heat supplied by the plutonium-238 heating element was consistent between the 400 °C and 1000 °C regime but future technology could reach an upper limit of 2000 °C, further increasing the efficiency of the power systems. The Rankine cycle study reported an efficiency between 15 and 19% with inlet turbine temperatures of 1800 R, whereas the Brayton cycle offered efficiency greater than 20% with an inlet temperature of 2000 R. Thermoelectric converters offered low efficiency (3-5%) but high reliability. Thermionic conversion could provide similar efficiencies to the Brayton cycle if proper conditions reached. RTG technology was first developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory during the 1960s and 1970s to provide radioisotope thermoelectric generator power for cardiac pacemakers. Of the 250 plutonium-powered pacemakers Medtronic manufactured, twenty-two were still in service more than twenty-five years later, a feat that no battery-powered pacemaker could achieve. This same RTG power technology has been used in spacecraft such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, Cassini–Huygens and New Horizons, and in other devices, such as the Mars Science Laboratory and Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover, for long-term nuclear power generation. See also Atomic battery Plutonium-239 Polonium-210 References External links Story of Seaborg's discovery of Pu-238, especially pages 34–35. NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Plutonium, Radioactive Fertile materials Isotopes of plutonium Radioisotope fuels	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-238
The women's 3000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, was held on 12 February, the second day of competition at the Olympics. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows. No new world or Olympic records were set during this competition. Results Lap times Lap times in brackets Ireen Wüst, Netherlands, (19.52 – 30.29 – 30.86 – 31.43 – 31.39 – 32.12 – 32.75 – 34.07) 4:02.43 Renate Groenewold, Netherlands, (19.64 – 30.27 – 30.92 – 31.54 – 31.39 – 32.17 – 33.29 – 34.26) 4:03.48 (+1.05) Cindy Klassen, Canada, (19.19 – 30.02 – 31.12 – 31.54 – 31.71 – 32.07 – 33.18 – 35.54) 4:04.37 (+1.94) Anni Friesinger, Germany, (19.47 – 31.26 – 31.27 – 31.63 – 32.05 – 32.12 – 32.87 – 33.92) 4:04.59 (+2.16) Claudia Pechstein, Germany, (19.53 – 30.68 – 31.47 – 31.87 – 32.29 – 32.80 – 33.02 – 33.88) 4:05.54 (+3.11) Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, Germany, (19.68 – 31.35 – 31.77 – 32.23 – 32.30 – 32.65 – 33.26 – 33.65) 4:06.89 (+4.46) Martina Sáblíková, Czech Republic, (20.51 – 31.96 – 32.44 – 32.33 – 32.29 – 32.76 – 33.23 – 32.90) 4:08.42 (+5.99) Kristina Groves, Canada, (20.15 – 31.05 – 31.72 – 31.95 – 32.59 – 32.81 – 33.78 – 34.98) 4:09.03 (+6.60) Clara Hughes, Canada, (21.05 – 32.41 – 32.46 – 32.48 – 32.86 – 32.72 – 32.66 – 32.53) 4:09.17 (+6.74) Katarzyna Wójcicka, Poland, (20.27 – 32.18 – 32.58 – 32.80 – 32.52 – 33.05 – 33.25 – 32.96) 4:09.61 (+7.18) Catherine Raney, United States, (20.39 – 31.96 – 32.18 – 32.47 – 32.48 – 32.80 – 33.53 – 34.63) 4:10.44 (+8.01) Wang Fei, China, (20.13 – 31.95 – 32.20 – 32.38 – 33.13 – 33.14 – 33.71 – 33.91) 4:10.55 (+8.12) Eriko Ishino, Japan, (19.92 – 30.89 – 31.54 – 32.36 – 33.15 – 33.90 – 34.38 – 35.07) 4:11.21 (+8.78) Maki Tabata, Japan, (19.94 – 31.38 – 31.99 – 32.60 – 33.21 – 33.84 – 34.44 – 34.98) 4:12.38 (+9.95) Maren Haugli, Norway, (20.60 – 32.49 – 32.59 – 32.62 – 32.97 – 33.22 – 33.65 – 34.36) 4:12.50 (+10.07) Anna Rokita, Austria, (20.27 – 31.55 – 32.24 – 32.85 – 33.28 – 33.61 – 34.12 – 34.95) 4:12.87 (+10.44) Moniek Kleinsman, Netherlands, (20.01 – 30.83 – 31.56 – 32.32 – 33.39 – 33.86 – 35.30 – 36.54) 4:13.81 (+11.38) Svetlana Vysokova, Russia, (20.56 – 32.58 – 33.35 – 33.26 – 33.32 – 33.35 – 33.51 – 34.01) 4:13.94 (+11.51) Noh Seon-yeong, Korea, (20.86 – 31.74 – 32.82 – 33.32 – 33.52 – 33.89 – 34.53 – 35.00) 4:15.68 (+13.25) Adelia Marra, Italy, (20.34 – 32.36 – 32.68 – 33.21 – 33.67 – 34.10 – 34.61 – 35.30) 4:16.27 (+13.84) Eriko Seo, Japan, (20.54 – 32.14 – 32.73 – 33.10 – 33.66 – 34.11 – 34.97 – 35.02) 4:16.27 (+13.84) Margaret Crowley, United States, (20.80 – 32.67 – 32.90 – 33.57 – 33.69 – 33.92 – 34.68 – 35.14) 4:17.37 (+14.94) Annette Bjelkevik, Norway, (20.48 – 32.07 – 32.89 – 32.58 – 33.63 – 34.41 – 35.22 – 36.29) 4:17.57 (+15.14) Valentina Yakshina, Russia, (20.70 – 33.10 – 33.19 – 32.99 – 33.66 – 34.61 – 35.14 – 36.04) 4:19.43 (+17.00) Ji Jia, China, (20.80 – 32.46 – 33.42 – 33.67 – 34.13 – 34.94 – 35.58 – 36.06) 4:21.06 (+18.63) Daniela Oltean, Romania, (20.62 – 32.97 – 33.30 – 34.21 – 34.80 – 35.26 – 35.82 – 36.36) 4:23.34 (+20.91) Kristine Holzer, United States, (21.56 – 33.21 – 33.60 – 34.54 – 35.07 – 35.73 – 36.25 – 36.64) 4:26.60 (+24.17) Nataliya Rybakova, Kazakhstan, (21.62 – 33.55 – 34.82 – 36.38 – 37.37 – 38.14 – 38.28 – 38.60) 4:38.76 (+36.33) Pair order Skater in inner lane on first lap listed first Natalya Rybakova, KAZ – Valentina Yakshina, RUS Daniela Oltean, ROM – Noh Seon-yeong, KOR Eriko Ishino, JPN – Moniek Kleinsman, NED Adelia Marra, ITA – Kristine Holzer, USA Eriko Seo, JPN – Jia Ji, CHN Katarzyna Wójcicka, POL – Annette Bjelkevik, NOR Maki Tabata, JPN – Svetlana Vysokova, RUS Margaret Crowley, USA – Maren Haugli, NOR Catherine Raney, USA – Wang Fei, CHN Anna Rokita, AUT – Ireen Wüst, NED Daniela Anschütz-Thoms, GER – Claudia Pechstein, GER Renate Groenewold, NED – Cindy Klassen, CAN Anni Friesinger, GER – Kristina Groves, CAN Clara Hughes, CAN – Martina Sáblíková, CZE References External links Women's 3000m - Final - Detailed results, from NBCOlympics.com, retrieved 13 February 2006 Women's speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20skating%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%203000%20metres
Rebelde was a Mexican comic book series, published by now defunct Ka-Boom! Estudio, based on the telenovela of the same title. The comic was first published April 2006 and lasted only two issues due to conflicts caused by Ka-Boom's writers. Despite initial demand being high, the amateur writing team from Ka-Boom delivered the scripts for the first three issues months later than agreed, causing the art team trouble and also creating conflicts with Televisa's editorial representatives, which led to the cancellation of the title. The series was advertised as being based on the style of Japanese manga, but it was only partially based on it. The creative team was formed by Rebeca Soriano as writer, with art duties provided (in the 2 published issues) by Jorge Reséndiz, inks by Eridan Zumaya and color by Guillermo Piña; writing direction by Susana Romero; art direction by Oscar González Guerrero, and the direction and editing of the project by Oscar González Loyo. Reception The book's first issue sold well, but the delay between the first and the second issues caused sales to drop tremendously. The art received praise as the faux anime style was popular during the time of print, while the script was heavily criticized by fans to the original TV show as being poorly characterized and too disconnected from the original source. Trivia This was Rebeca Soriano's only writing credit; she retired after this in order to work as a housemaid taking care of an elderly couple. See also Rebelde (Mexican telenovela) RBD 2006 comics debuts Mexican comics titles RBD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebelde%20%28comics%29
Georgios Samaras (, ; born 21 February 1985) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a striker. Samaras started his career at OFI Crete, before moving on to Eredivisie side Heerenveen in 2001. He made his first team debut two years later and after a further three seasons with the club he moved to Premier League club Manchester City for a fee of £6 million in 2006. After Sven-Göran Eriksson took over as manager Samaras fell out of favour with the first team. In January 2008 he was loaned out to Scottish Premier League team Celtic, moving on a permanent basis in the summer. Samaras helped Celtic win Scottish league championships in 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014, totalling 74 goals in 249 competitive games. He left the club at the end of his contract in 2014 and returned to the Premier League with West Bromwich Albion, where he featured rarely and had an unsuccessful loan to Al-Hilal in Saudi Arabia. In March 2016, he joined North American Soccer League expansion team Rayo OKC, and when they shut down after one season he signed for Real Zaragoza. He then played for Turkish team Samsunspor before retiring in 2018. Although eligible to play for Australia, because his father Ioannis Samaras was born in Melbourne, Samaras chose to represent his country of birth, Greece. He made his debut in 2006, and became a regular over the next eight years, earning 81 caps and scoring 9 goals. He represented his country at Euro 2008, the 2010 World Cup, Euro 2012 and the 2014 World Cup. Early life Samaras was born in Heraklion, the capital city of the Greek island of Crete to a Melbourne-born father who had settled back in Greece before Georgios' birth. His grandfather, also called Georgios, was from Arnaia and was also one of the founders of Australian side South Melbourne FC. His favourite footballer growing up was Marco van Basten. Samaras was also a keen basketball fan and his father, Ioannis Samaras, often let him stay up until the early hours of the morning so he could watch his hero Michael Jordan. In 1994, when he was 10 years old, Samaras joined his boyhood heroes, OFI Crete. His father was playing for them at the time and then retired in 1996. Six months later, he became Academy chief manager, a position he retained until 2000, when he became manager. Samaras credits his father highly with helping start his football career. His influence meant that Samaras trained every day of his childhood and he also got to spend a lot of time behind the scenes at OFI. Samaras left for Eredivisie club Heerenveen in 2001. Club career Heerenveen Samaras broke into the Heerenveen team during the 2002–03 season, still aged only 18. He scored three goals in his first four appearances, all of which were from the bench. This form prompted Heerenveen activate a three-year extension clause in his contract. Samaras' first goal of the 2003–04 season came, on 25 October, in a shock 2–1 loss for Heerenveen against NEC Nijmegen. On 3 December, Samaras scored as Heerenveen beat ADO Den Haag 2–0. His next goal came 10 days later as he scored an equaliser to secure a draw 1–1 for Heerenveen against RBC Roosendaal. He then scored on 20 December, as Heerenveen beat Roda JC 2–1. Samaras' first goal of the 2004–05 season came on 11 September, in a 2–0 win over De Graafschap. He then scored a last-minute winner on 3 October, as Heerenveen secure all three points against ADO Den Haag. On 28 November, Samaras scored one of Heerenveen's goals as they staged a late comeback against title-chasing Feyenoord, and secured a 2–2 draw. He then scored on 22 January, as Heerenveen, who were performing very well in the Eredivisie, beat Den Bosch 2–1. On 12 March, Samaras scored an equaliser against RKC Waalwijk, but Heerenveen then conceded a late goal and fell to a 2–1 defeat. On 2 April, Samaras scored to help Heerenveen secure a shock 2–1 victory over Ajax. A fortnight later, Samaras scored the equaliser as Heerenveen came from behind to beat Vitesse Arnhem 3–1. This win moved Heerenveen up to fifth in the table. In the next match Samaras, along with Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, scored a hat-trick as relegation candidates RBC Roosendaal were defeated 7–1 and Heerenveen pushed to finish the league in a European spot. At the start of the 2005–06 season, Sevilla were reported to be interested in Samaras as a replacement for Júlio Baptista. While Arsenal were also looking at him after they had missed out on signing Baptista, some news organisations had reported that Arsenal had already signed Samaras and that he would join at the end of the season. However, the player's father, Ioannis Samaras said that this was untrue and that his son wanted to stay at the club for another year. Samaras scored on the opening day of the season, on 20 August, when he helped Heerenveen to a 5–4 victory over Roda JC. He picked up a minor leg injury in September, which ruled him out of Heerenveen's UEFA Cup tie against Baník Ostrava. But he returned to action on 23 September, and scored as Heerenveen beat NEC Nijmegen 2–1. On 14 December, Samaras scored as Heerenveen came back from behind to beat Levski Sofia 2–1 in the UEFA Cup. On 30 December, Samaras scored twice as Heerenveen beat Ajax 4–2. In January 2006, Arsenal and Manchester City showed interest in signing the striker. Samaras tried to get released from his contract after Heerenveen had rejected a bid from Manchester City. However, the Dutch arbitration commission ruled that he had no grounds to end his contract. Samaras scored 25 goals in 88 appearances for Heerenveen. Manchester City Samaras moved to Manchester City on 30 January 2006 for a fee of £6 million, a record for a Greek player. He was given the number 20 shirt. Samaras made his debut for City on 1 February, as a 65th-minute replacement for Cole in a 3–0 home win against Newcastle United. His first goal for the club came in the following home match, against Charlton Athletic. The following month Samaras scored in a 2–1 home win against Aston Villa, to put City through to the quarter-finals of the League Cup. This was his fourth goal in six appearances. Samaras scored one further goal that season, in a 2–1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur. 2006–07 Samaras' first goal of the 2006–07 season came on 20 September, in a 2–1 loss in the League Cup to League One side Chesterfield. Four days later, Samaras scored twice, as Manchester City beat West Ham United 2–0. City had won just three of their previous 16 games, and the club, as well as Samaras, had been receiving a lot of criticism from fans. On 2 January, Samaras came on as a half-time substitute, and scored twice, as they beat Everton 2–1. In March, the Daily Mirror reported that the reason Manchester City were struggling so badly was that they didn't have any quality strikers. They went on say that the £6 million spent on Samaras looked like "very bad business" especially compared to the £2.5 million Blackburn Rovers had spent on Benni McCarthy. They also described Samaras as looking like a "fish out of water" as he struggled to adapt to the different style of play in England. On 10 March, defender Richard Dunne said that he felt the reason that City were performing so badly was that their foreign players, including Samaras, were letting the side down by not working hard enough. Samaras responded to his criticisms, by saying that he felt it was Pearce's fault that he wasn't playing well because the manager wasn't giving him a regular run of games. He also said that he felt a lot of criticism stemmed from his high transfer fee, saying that it is normal for expensive players to be criticised more than most when they don't play well. Samaras also said that he had come through tougher periods than this and his self-belief would not be shaken, he said that his desire was to become a Champions League player. 2007–08 Sven-Göran Eriksson took over from Pearce for the 2007–08 season and, following a spending spree, Samaras was reportedly deemed surplus to requirements by the new manager. Samaras' agent Paul Koutsoliakos said that, despite interest from across Europe, his client wanted to stay in the Premier League and prove his ability. Samaras was linked with a £2.5 million move to Middlesbrough towards the end of the transfer window but ended up staying at City. Eriksson stated that although he was unimpressed with Samaras when he first joined, he felt the player had improved and adapted his style of play a lot during pre-season and that he now felt comfortable keeping him at the club. Samaras had been widely criticised, and even booed, by City fans at times during the previous season and Eriksson said that he hoped it would not happen again and that he appreciated why Samaras could have found it hard to play under those circumstances. Samaras was behind the likes of Valeri Bojinov and Rolando Bianchi in the pecking order and was included in the squad for the first time only on 25 September, when he was selected for a League Cup match against Norwich City. He started the match and scored a last-minute winner to put Manchester City into the quarter-final. By the time the January transfer window came, Eriksson had decided to sell Samaras, amongst others, to try and raise funds for the club. Birmingham City had chased him for several weeks and had a £2.5 million offer accepted, meeting Manchester City's valuation of the player, but they pulled out of the deal with a week of the transfer window remaining. Several teams including Rangers, Middlesbrough, Espanyol, Bolton Wanderers and Charlton Athletic had expressed an interest in signing him, but it was Celtic to whom he eventually moved. Samaras failed to get a regular place in the first team over the two years he was at Manchester City. Mainly used as a substitute, he scored 12 goals in 63 appearances for the Eastlands club. Celtic 2007–08 (loan) On 29 January 2008, Samaras signed for Scottish Premier League club Celtic on a six-month loan deal, with the club having an option to buy him at the end of his loan spell. He said that he wanted the move because he needed to be playing first team football to get into the Greece squad for Euro 2008. He also said that he was attracted to the fact that he would regularly be able to play in European competition with Celtic. Samaras was given the number 9 shirt and made his debut on 4 February, in a 5–1 win in the Scottish Cup over Kilmarnock. He scored the final goal of the game after coming on as a substitute. On 20 February, he came on as a substitute in Celtic's 3–2 defeat to Barcelona, this was his first ever Champions League match. A week later he scored the winner in a 2–1 win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle to help Celtic keep up the pressure on league leaders Rangers. He then scored in Celtic's next match, a 2–0 win over Hibernian, after coming on as a substitute. Samaras' next goal came on 23 March, he again came on as a substitute and rounded off the scoring in a 3–0 win over Gretna. On 19 April, he scored the only goal of the game as Celtic beat Aberdeen 1–0, and moved to the top of the league for the first time in 2008. The next month, on 3 May, Samaras again came on as a substitute and scored the winner. His goal gave Celtic a 2–1 victory over Motherwell and kept up Celtic's late challenge for the league title. Celtic won the title on the last day of the season, 22 May, by beating Dundee United 1–0. Samaras came on as a late substitute and collected his first winners' medal after the match. Samaras' contribution in the second half of the season proved vital to Celtic winning the title, he scored several important goals which kept alive Celtic's faltering title hopes. His signing was also credited with reviving the previously underperforming Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink. 2008–09 After his successful loan spell, Samaras left Manchester City on 15 July 2008 and signed a three-year contract with Celtic. Although the fee was not disclosed, it was reported to be around £3 million. Samaras' first goals of the 2008–09 season came on 23 August. He scored twice as Celtic beat Falkirk 3–0. On 13 September, he scored another two goals as Celtic beat Motherwell 4–2. He scored twice again in Celtic's next match as they beat Kilmarnock 3–1. He then scored another two goals as Celtic beat Livingston 4–0 and advanced to the League Cup quarter-final. He was named SPL Player of the Month for September, at this point he was also the top scorer with seven goals. Samaras suffered a knee cartilage injury in mid-October, after a successful operation he was expected to be out for a month. This meant he would be likely to miss crucial Champions League ties against Manchester United and Aalborg. He returned earlier than expected and was back in training on 9 November, having missed seven games. Samaras returned to action on 12 November, coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 win over Kilmarnock. On 25 November he started against Aalborg but did not play well and missed several chances as Celtic lost 2–1. This loss consigned Celtic to a bottom place finish in their group. His first goals of the new year came on, on 4 January, as he scored twice against Dundee United. However, this was not enough for a victory and the match finished 2–2. Although he did not start in the League Cup Final due to poor form, he did come on as a substitute as Celtic beat Rangers 2–0 and won the trophy. Samaras scored twice on 4 April, as Celtic beat Hamilton Academical 4–0. Celtic lost the title on the last day of the season. Samaras scored 17 goals, with 15 of them coming in the SPL. This made him the third top scorer behind Kris Boyd and team mate Scott McDonald. 2009–10 Celtic manager Gordon Strachan left at the end of the season and was replaced by Tony Mowbray. On 5 August, Samaras scored in injury time of Celtic's Champions League third qualifying round tie against Dynamo Moscow. This goal won Celtic the tie, 2–1 on aggregate, and helped them to their first European away win in six years. Celtic then drew English Premier League club Arsenal, but lost 5–1 on aggregate and subsequently dropped into the Europa League. On 13 December, Samaras scored in Celtic's 3–2 win over Motherwell, this was his fifth goal in the club's previous four matches. He scored in Celtic's 2–1 defeat against Hearts on 19 December. This left Celtic four points behind rivals Rangers going into Christmas. From February onwards, Samaras was mainly played out of position on the left of midfield. Celtic endured a dismal season, culminating in a humiliating 2–0 loss to lower league Ross County in the semi-final of the Scottish Cup. Samaras missed a chance to equalise in that match when the score was only 1–0 to County, and he was amongst several players publicly criticised by caretaker manager Neil Lennon. Samaras finished the season with 10 league goals and 12 in all competitions. 2010–11 Samaras began the 2010–11 season in good form, scoring his first goal in a Europa League tie against FC Utrecht with a chest down and finish to make it 2–0, sending Celtic into the second leg with a lead. On 22 September 2010, he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the League Cup. However, the goals then dried up with Samaras failing to score again in 2010. He then produced a match-winning performance against Rangers at Ibrox on 2 January 2011. He was selected as a lone striker and scored both Celtic goals in a 2–0 victory. His first goal came from latching onto a Joe Ledley pass before rounding Rangers goalkeeper Allan McGregor and slotting home from a wide angle. His second came after he won a penalty which he converted to secure the victory. His efforts in this game won him Goal.com's World Player of the Week Award. In the following game, a Scottish Cup tie against Berwick Rangers, Samaras again started but failed to last the 90 minutes after sustaining a hamstring injury. Samaras had an influential performance in a 3–0 home victory against Rangers in the SPL on 20 February, helping to set up the second goal for Gary Hooper and causing problems for the opposition throughout the game. On 16 March, Samaras captained Celtic for the first time in a 2–1 Scottish Cup win over Inverness Caledonian Thistle at the Caledonian Stadium. Two days later, he signed a new deal to keep him at Parkhead until the summer of 2014. Celtic drew 0–0 with Rangers on 24 April 2011 in the final Old Firm league fixture of the season, with Samaras missing a penalty kick late in the second half. The draw kept Rangers one point ahead of Celtic in the league, and the Ibrox club went on to win the league by one point despite Celtic's emphatic 4–0 win over Motherwell in the final league game of the season (Samaras scoring Celtic's second goal in that game). Samaras did end the season with silverware though, playing a week later in Celtic's 3–0 win over Motherwell in the Scottish Cup Final. 2011–12 On 3 November 2011, Samaras started against Rennes in a Europa League match at Celtic Park. Celtic won the match 3–1 with Samaras getting two assists. He drew plaudits for his much noticed work-rate and determination during the match. Samaras then started the next match against Motherwell in the SPL and set up another goal for Anthony Stokes, Celtic went on to win the match 2–1 after being 1–0 down. Samaras went on to score his first goal of the 2011–12 season in a 5–0 win over St Mirren. Manager Neil Lennon said that; "He got his goal, which we've been waiting on a long time. His play was fantastic. He is a talent and all we are asking for is consistency. He has shown everyone today what he is capable of when he is in full flow. The rest took a leaf from his book." After an impressive performance in Celtic's 1–1 draw against Italian league leaders Udinese, fellow Serie A side Palermo expressed an interest in Samaras. He had been playing as a left midfielder in the previous few weeks, and the Daily Record said that his good form since returning to the team had helped re-ignite Celtic's season. On 24 December, Samaras started as a striker and scored twice as Celtic beat Kilmarnock 2–1. 2012–13 On 8 August, Samaras scored his 50th Celtic goal in the 2–0 away victory over HJK Helsinki in the second leg of the Champions League third qualifying round. On 21 August, Samaras assisted Kris Commons' opening goal in the Champions League play-off round first leg away at Helsingborgs and then scored himself later in the match. He scored a dramatic late winner in a 2–3 win against Spartak Moscow in the Champions League group stage. Samaras became the first player in Celtic history to score in five consecutive away matches in Europe, with headed goals in 2–1 defeats to Barcelona and Benfica adding to his goals against Spartak Moscow, Helsingborgs and HJK Helsinki. Samaras was also credited for helping Celtic qualify from the group stage, providing the assist for Hooper's opening goal in the final game against Spartak at Parkhead and then winning the foul for the penalty that Commons converted to clinch the win required that night. Samaras scored an overhead kick in a 2–0 win at Dundee on Boxing Day 2012. In March 2013, Samaras was substituted on as Aberdeen led Celtic 3–1 at Celtic Park, and his overhead kick completed the comeback as he made it 4–3 in the 94th minute of the match. Over the course of the season, Samaras captained Celtic on several occasions, including the opening league match against Aberdeen and also in the away leg of Celtic's last-16 Champions League tie against Juventus. Samaras finished the season with more silverware as Celtic clinched their second successive league title and then defeated Hibs 3–0 in the Scottish Cup Final. Samaras did not start, however was subbed on later in the match, replacing Kris Commons in the 76th minute. 2013–14 Samaras started the 2013–14 season with a goal against NIFL Premiership club Cliftonville in the Champions League second qualifying round, and made it two goals in two matches as he scored in the return leg with a header in a 2–0 victory. Celtic won the tie 5–0 on aggregate. Celtic knocked out Elfsborg in the next round, before playing Shakhter Karagandy in the final qualifying round. Trailing 2–0 from the first leg away in Kazakhstan, they rallied in the return match at Parkhead. Samaras scored early in the second half, adding to Commons' goal just before half time, to level the tie on aggregate. A last minute goal from James Forrest clinched the aggregate win and saw the club once again progress to the group stages. Samaras played in all six group games, but only scored once, away against Barcelona in a 6–1 defeat. He continued to feature regularly in domestic games for Celtic, but was often used as a substitute. He scored a hat-trick on 28 September away against Kilmarnock in a 5–2 win. Samaras only scored another three league goals after that, including a goal from a penalty kick in his final appearance for the club on 11 May 2014, a 3–1 win at home against Dundee United. The same day, Samaras confirmed that Celtic would not offer him a new deal when his current contract expired at the end of the season, leaving him as a free agent. West Bromwich Albion On 22 August 2014, Samaras completed a free transfer move to English Premier League side West Bromwich Albion on a two-year contract. He failed to secure a regular place in the team and by January 2015 had made only eight substitute appearances, all without scoring. On 5 February 2015, Samaras joined Saudi side Al-Hilal on loan for the rest of the season, with an option to sign him permanently at the end of his loan spell. He played against Al-Ahli in the Saudi Crown Prince Cup Final eight days later, but despite scoring his first goal for his new team, they lost 2–1. His next goal came in the first round of the Kings Cup on 10 March 2015, netting his side's fourth goal in a 4–1 win over Al-Jeel. On 20 March 2015, Samaras faced a hip injury, the most serious injury in his career that forced him to be out of action for almost three months. In April 2015, Greek newspaper SportDay reported that Samaras was unhappy with life in the Middle East and did not wish to continue his career at the Saudi club when his contract expired at the end of the season. It was also reported that Portuguese club Sporting CP were keen to sign him. Samaras had his contract with West Brom terminated by mutual consent on 17 July 2015. Later career In August 2015, Samaras was reported to have agreed terms with Serie A club Sampdoria, but the move fell through as the club were unhappy with the results of his medical. Afterwards, he spent time in New York to rehabilitate from a back injury, and in November 2015 was linked with a move to the New York Cosmos, although once again no move actually materialised. Samaras did eventually sign for a North American Soccer League team, joining expansion side Rayo OKC on 10 March 2016. On 2 April, he made his debut in their first match, replacing Robbie Findley for the final 12 minutes of a goalless home draw against FC Edmonton. He was the last of three of the team's players sent off on 28 May in a 1–0 loss at Soccer Bowl holders the Cosmos. Samaras' first goal for the franchise came on 16 July in his 9th match, coming on as a late substitute to wrap up a 3–0 win over the same opponent at the Miller Stadium. Samaras became a free agent in early 2017 when Rayo OKC shut down after only one season, and his next move was suggested to be to Spain to sign for Real Zaragoza. On 8 February, he was unveiled at a press conference and assigned the number 5 shirt. On 6 August 2017, Samaras agreed terms with TFF First League club Samsunspor. On 24 December he scored his first goal with the club, equalising at the end of the first half, in a 4–2 away loss against Ümraniyespor. It was his first goal since 7 August 2016 when he scored in a 1–1 draw against the New York Cosmos. On 12 October 2018, Samaras announced his retirement from football, aged 33. International career Samaras was eligible to play for the Australian national team. His father, Ioannis, was born in Melbourne, but moved to Greece at the age of 13, and had a successful football career, playing for OFI Crete, Panathinaikos, and Greece. Additionally, his grandfather (also Georgios) was one of the founding members of South Melbourne FC. Although Samaras considered playing for Australia, he was never approached by Football Federation Australia and chose to play for the country of his birth. He made his debut for Greece just a week after his 21st birthday, on 28 February 2006, in a friendly game against Belarus, in which he scored the sole goal of the game. He featured in Greece's Euro 2008 qualifiers and was a member of the unsuccessful Greek squad at the finals, making just one appearance as a second-half substitute in their first UEFA Euro 2008 Group D game against Sweden. Samaras' fourth international goal was a crucial one, when he scored the winning goal in a 2010 World Cup qualifier against Israel in front of his hometown crowd in Heraklion. He scored his fifth international goal with an overhead kick in a World Cup qualifier on 10 October 2009, against Latvia in a 5–2 victory. Samaras also played against Ukraine in a World Cup Qualifying play-off, setting up the sole goal of the tie, passing to Dimitris Salpingidis who slotted home to give Greece a 1–0 win and a place in the 2010 World Cup Finals. On 1 June 2010, Georgios Samaras was selected in the 23-man Greece squad for the World Cup. ESPN.com rated him as Greece's second best player, only behind talisman Giorgos Karagounis. He played in all three group matches. Despite Greece's 2–1 win over Nigeria, they failed to proceed to the knockout stage, due to 2–0 losses to both South Korea and Argentina. On 17 November 2010, Samaras scored his sixth international goal in a friendly against Austria in Vienna with Greece winning the match 2–1. Samaras also set up Greece's second goal. Samaras then went on to score a vital goal for Greece against Croatia on 7 October 2011, a volley from the edge of the box with his left foot. The match finished 2–0 and the result meant that Greece qualified for the Euro 2012. Samaras played in all three of Greece's group games at Euro 2012, helping them to finish second in Group A and progress to the quarter-finals. He then played in the quarter-final tie against Germany, scoring early in the second half to level the match at 1–1, although Germany went on to win 4–2 and knock Greece out. Samaras was selected in Greece's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the team's final group stage fixture, Samaras assisted Greece's equalizer and scored the winning goal from a penalty kick in the 90th minute to give the team a 2–1 win over the Ivory Coast and qualify Greece for the last 16 of the World Cup for the first time in the nation's history. Style of play Samaras has been described as having all the skills necessary for forward play. His height, , made him difficult to handle in the air – and he was also a good header of the ball. This meant he could be used as an effective target man and his team could hit long balls up to him. He could also score from corners and crosses. Samaras was also strong which further added to his physical presence and made him harder for defenders to play against. Samaras was also a good dribbler. This was due to his skill, quick feet and agility. He used this to his advantage and often went on runs where he beat several opposition players. However, he sometimes held onto the ball for too long and got tackled. As well as his dribbling ability, he was quick which meant he could beat players with his pace. He could also use his strength to beat players as well and was also able to use his creativity to set up goals for other players. While he was at Manchester City, Eriksson said that he would only retain him in the side if he stopped dribbling and running out wide. Eriksson said that he believed Samaras to be a good header of the ball and he had to stop believing he was like Ronaldinho if he was to become a good player. Although predominantly a striker, Samaras could also play as a left midfielder. In addition to being able to play as a target man, Samaras was also able to be utilised in several different roles when playing up front. His natural style of play was to drift off the front line and provide a link between the attack and midfield. In doing this he was able to use his pace and skill to run at the defence, while also creating chances or opening up space for his teammates. He was also able to run beyond the centre-backs and his pace meant he could run on to through balls hit over the defence. Despite his ability, Samaras performed inconsistently throughout his career. His mazy runs often went nowhere and he frequently got caught in possession when a pass to a team-mate was available. His languid manner exacerbated supporters' frustrations and often led to accusations of him being "lazy". Career statistics Club statistics 1.Includes league play-offs for spots in UEFA competitions and relegation/promotion play-offs 2.Includes FA Community Shield 3.There is currently no other competition for Scottish professional football clubs International International goals Scores and results list Greece's goal tally first Honours Club Celtic Scottish Premier League (4): 2007–08, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14 Scottish Cup (2): 2010–11, 2012–13 Scottish League Cup (1): 2008–09 Al-Hilal Saudi Crown Prince Cup: Runner-up 2014–15 Individual SPL Player of the Month: September 2008 Celtic Supporters' Player of the Year: 2012–13 2014 FIFA World Cup awards: Man of the match Greece vs Ivory Coast References External links 1985 births 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Al Hilal SFC players Men's association football forwards Celtic F.C. players Eredivisie players Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States Greece men's under-21 international footballers Greece men's international footballers Greek expatriate men's footballers Greek expatriate sportspeople in England Greek expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands Greek expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia Greek expatriate sportspeople in Scotland Greek expatriate sportspeople in Turkey Greek expatriate sportspeople in the United States Greek people of Australian descent Living people Manchester City F.C. players North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players OFI Crete F.C. players Premier League players Rayo OKC players Samsunspor footballers Scottish Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players SC Heerenveen players Real Zaragoza players Saudi Pro League players Footballers from Heraklion Greek men's footballers TFF First League players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players West Bromwich Albion F.C. players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios%20Samaras
Wetter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Ernst Wetter (1877–1963), Swiss politician Fabian Wetter (born 1989), German footballer Friedrich Wetter (born 1928), German cardinal archbishop of Munich and Freising Harry Wetter (1882–1934), Welsh international rugby union player Herbert Wetter (1891–1966), Norwegian Olympic swimmer in Swimming at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle Jack Wetter (1887–1967), Welsh international rugby union player Paul Alan Wetter, American medical doctor See also Berend von Wetter-Rosenthal (1874–1940), Baltic-German politician Wetter (disambiguation) German-language surnames Surnames from nicknames	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetter%20%28surname%29
Ka-Boom was an Italian children's programming block. It was aimed at children between the ages of 8 and 14. History After period of experimental services started 3 July 2013, Ka-Boom was launched on 23 September 2013. Availability It was available free to air on digital terrestrial television multiplex Tivuitalia. Programming Animated series Boys Be... Ceres, Celestial Legend Chi's Sweet Home Fresh World Cocomon Gin Tama (second season) Growing Up With Hello Kitty Heroes of the City Oh My Goddess! Sugarbunnies Sugarbunnies: Chocolat! X See also Rai Gulp Rai YoYo Boing Cartoonito K2 Frisbee Children's television networks Italian-language television stations Television channels and stations established in 2013 Television channels and stations disestablished in 2015 Defunct television channels in Italy 2013 establishments in Italy 2015 disestablishments in Italy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Boom
Harry Thomas Burn Sr. (November 12, 1895 – February 19, 1977) was a Republican member of the Tennessee General Assembly for McMinn County, Tennessee. Burn became the youngest member of the state legislature when he was elected at the age of twenty-two. He is best remembered for action taken to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment during his first term in the legislature. Childhood and education Born in Mouse Creek (now Niota, Tennessee), Burn was the oldest of four children of James Lafayette Burn (1866–1916) and Febb Ensminger Burn (1873–1945). His father was the stationmaster at the Niota depot, and an entrepreneur in the community. His mother worked as a teacher after her graduation from U.S. Grant Memorial University (now Tennessee Wesleyan University). She later ran the family farm. Burn's siblings were James Lane "Jack" (1897–1955), Sara Margaret (1903–1914), and Otho Virginia (1906–1968). Burn graduated from Niota High School in 1911. He worked for the Southern Railway from 1913 to 1923. 19th Amendment The Nineteenth Amendment, regarding female suffrage, was proposed by Congress on June 4, 1919. The amendment could not become law without the ratification of a minimum thirty-six of the forty-eight states. By the summer of 1920, thirty-five of the forty-eight states had ratified the amendment, with a further four states called upon to hold legislative voting sessions on the issue. Three of those states refused to call special sessions, but Tennessee agreed to do so. This session was called to meet in August 1920. The effort to pass the legislation in the House was led by Joe Hanover. Banks Turner and Burn were two critical votes that ultimately tipped the balance to ratification. Burn had originally intended to vote for the amendment. After being pressured by party leaders and receiving misleading telegrams from his constituents telling him his district was overwhelmingly opposed to woman suffrage, he began to side with the Antisuffragists. However, a letter from his mother asking him to vote in favor of the amendment helped to change his mind: Febb Ensminger Burn of Niota had written a long letter to her son, which he held in his coat pocket during the voting session on August 18, 1920. The letter contained the following: After much debating and argument, the result of the vote was 48-48. After Burn voted twice to "table" the amendment, the house speaker called for a vote on the "merits". Burn followed his mother's advice and voted "aye". His vote broke the tie in favor of ratifying the amendment. He responded to attacks on his integrity and honor by inserting a personal statement into the House Journal, explaining his decision to cast the vote in part because "I knew that a mother’s advice is always safest for a boy to follow, and my mother wanted me to vote for ratification." As anti-suffragists had been fighting and preparing for this moment over the summer, they became very enraged when they discovered the news of Burn's decision. Contrary to popular belief, Burn was not chased out of the capitol by an angry mob of anti-suffragists. But the anti-suffrage forces accused him of bribery and a grand jury was called to investigate the accusations. Burn narrowly won reelection to a second term in the house after a grueling campaign back home in McMinn County. Public career Burn held public office for much of his adult life, including positions in the State House of Representatives, 1918–1922; State Senate, 1948–1952; state planning commission, 1952–1970; and as delegate for Roane County to the Tennessee constitutional conventions of 1953, 1959, 1965, and 1971. Burn ran unsuccessfully for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1930. Personal life In 1923, Burn was admitted to the Tennessee Bar and practiced law in Rockwood and Sweetwater. In 1951, he became President of the First National Bank in Rockwood. Burn was a member of several civic and fraternal organizations, including the National Society Sons of the American Revolution, serving as President-General for the 1964–1965 term. He was briefly married to Mildred Rebecca Tarwater from 1933 to 1935. He married Ellen Folsom Cottrell (1908–1998) in 1937. The couple had one child, Harry T. Burn Jr. (1937–2016). Burn died at his home in Niota. In popular culture Burn is portrayed by Peter Berinato in the 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels. Winter Wheat, a musical about the ratification of the 19th Amendment in Tennessee, premiered in 2016 after its original version had a limited run in 2014; Harry Burn, his mother Febb, and his younger brother Jack, are major characters. The play was performed again in 2020. Burn's great-grandnephew, Tyler L. Boyd, wrote a comprehensive biography of Burn, called Tennessee Statesman Harry T. Burn: Woman suffrage, free elections, and a life of service, and published in 2019. Burn is portrayed in the 2022 musical Suffs. References Sources External links 1895 births 1977 deaths People from McMinn County, Tennessee Businesspeople from Tennessee Tennessee lawyers Republican Party Tennessee state senators Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives 20th-century American politicians 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American lawyers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20T.%20Burn
The Sorrows are a rock band formed in 1963 in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, by Pip Whitcher, and were part of the British beat boom of the 1960s. They were a fixture in the English mod scene and are sometimes referred to as freakbeat. Career The band was formed in 1963, and toured Germany for a month, playing several sets each day. The band's first recording was a version of "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes", recorded in Joe Meek's bathroom. They were signed by Pye subsidiary Piccadilly Records, and began working with producer John Schroeder. Their line-up included Fardon, Whitcher, Juckes, Packham and Finlay. The Sorrows released their first album, Take a Heart, in 1965 on Piccadilly. The Sorrows played a hard, aggressive version of contemporary R&B; later this style of music was termed freakbeat. After the band achieved a minor chart position on the UK Singles Chart, Phil Packham and Don Fardon left the group. Fardon had a UK chart hit with "Indian Reservation". Wez Price joined the group on bass guitar, Roger Lomas became lead guitarist, and Pip Whitcher did vocals. The band relocated to Italy, where they were moderately successful. Whitcher and Lomas later recorded at Air Studios under Mike Sullivan. Lomas in the early 1980s became a record producer for his own company, ROLO productions, and produced 1980s ska bands such as Bad Manners. In 2003 Lomas produced the Grammy Award winning album, Jamaican E.T. for Lee "Scratch" Perry. In 2011, the band was re-formed by Fardon and Packham, and they began performing live again. The new line-up comprised Fardon (vocals), Packham (bass guitar and vocals), Nigel Lomas (drums and vocals), Marcus Webb (guitar) and Brian Wilkins (guitar, harmonica and vocals). Personnel Initial line-up Philip (Pip) Whitcher – (born 6 May 1943, Coventry) – lead guitar and vocals. Don Fardon – (born Donald Arthur Maughn, 19 August 1940, Coventry) – vocals Philip (Phil) Packham – (born 13 June 1945, Bidford-on-Avon, near Stratford, Warwickshire) – bass guitar Terry Juckes – (born 27 August 1943, Broadway, Worcestershire ) – rhythm guitar and vocals Bruce Finlay – (born 20 September 1944, Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland died 12 October 2022) – drums After 1966 Philip (Pip) Whitcher – rhythm guitar and vocals Wesley 'Wez' Price – bass – (born 19 July 1945, Coventry, Warwickshire) Roger (Rog) Lomas – lead guitar (born Roger David Lomas, 8 October 1948, Keresley Hospital, Coventry, Warwickshire). 1966 – 1967 Bruce Finlay – drums Chuck Fryers – guitar, vocals. (born Alan Paul Fryers, 24 May 1945, Bognor Regis, West Sussex). 1967 – 1969 Geoff Prior – bass. 1967 – Chris Smith – lead vocals, Hammond organ Rod Davies – guitar, vocals. 1968 – (born Roderick Thomas Davies, 28 March 1946, Ivor, Buckinghamshire) After 2011 Don Fardon – lead vocals Phil Packham – bass guitar and vocals Nigel Lomas – drums and vocals (born 17 August 1942, Keresley Hospital, Coventry) (Played on some recordings late 1960s) Marcus Webb – lead guitar Brian Wilkins – guitar, harmonica and vocals After 2013 Don Fardon – lead vocals Nigel Lomas – drums and vocals Marcus Webb – lead guitar Brian Wilkins – guitar, harmonica and vocals. Mark Mortimer – bass guitar (replaced in Phil Packham October 2013) Paul Rollason – lead guitar (replaced Marcus Webb in March 2017) Discography Singles "I Don't Wanna Be Free" / "Come With Me" (Piccadilly 7N 35219) 1965 "Baby" / "Teenage Letter" (Piccadilly 7N 35230) 1965 "Take a Heart" / "We Should Get Along Fine" (Piccadilly 7N 35260/Warner Bros. 5662 [US release]) 1965 – UK Singles Chart – No. 21 "Nimm mein Herz" (German version of "Take a Heart") / "Sie war mein Girl" (Deutsche Vogue DV 14 449) 1965 "You've Got What I Want" / "No No No No" (Piccadilly 7N 35277) 1966 "Let The Live Live" / "Don't Sing No Sad Songs For Me" (Piccadilly 7N 35309) 1966 "Let Me In" / "How Love Used To Be" (Piccadilly 7N 35336) 1966 "Pink, Purple, Yellow and Red" / "My Gal" (Piccadilly 7N 35385) 1967 "Gonna Find A Cave"/"Don't Do That", "Doin' Alright Tonight" (EP) (Rise Above, RISE7188) 2014 Albums Take a Heart – (Pye NPL 38023), (1965) ("Baby" / "No No No No" / "Take a Heart" / "She's Got The Action" / "How Love Used To Be" / "Teenage Letter" / "I Don't Wanna Be Free" / "Don't Sing No Sad Songs For Me" / "Cara-lin" / "We Should Get Along Fine" / "Come With Me" / "Let Me In") Old Songs, New Songs – (Miura MIU 10011) (1967); officially reissued on CD by Wooden Hill Records (#WHCD026) – 2009 Pink, Purple, Yellow and Red – (LP, Bam-Caruso KIRI 089) (1987) The Sorrows – (CD, Sequel Records NEXCD 165) (1991) References External links The Sorrows Myspace page [ The Sorrows biography] at Allmusic English psychedelic rock music groups Beat groups Freakbeat groups Musical groups established in 1963 Musical groups from Coventry Pye Records artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sorrows
MLS Cup 1997 was the second edition of the MLS Cup, the post-season championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS) in the United States. It was played on October 26, 1997, between D.C. United and the Colorado Rapids to determine the champion of the 1997 season. The soccer match was played in front of 57,431 spectators at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. D.C. United were defending champions and finished atop the Eastern Conference and the overall league standings despite being strained by runs in multiple competitions. Colorado had overhauled their roster after finishing last overall in the 1996 season and qualified for the playoffs with a losing record, finishing fourth in the Western Conference, but earned two upset victories in the playoffs. As finalists, D.C. United and the Colorado Rapids both earned berths to play in the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup. During a rainstorm that mirrored the previous final, D.C. repeated as MLS Cup champions by winning 2–1. The hosts took a lead through Jaime Moreno in the 37th minute and extended it with a header by Tony Sanneh in the 68th minute. Substitute Adrián Paz scored a consolation goal for Colorado in the 75th minute, but the team were unable to draw level despite several chances. The announced crowd of 57,431 was the second-largest attendance for a sporting event at RFK Memorial Stadium. Venue RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C., the home of defending champions D.C. United, was selected as the host of the second MLS Cup on December 17, 1996. The stadium was opened in 1961 and was primarily used for American football and baseball, but previously hosted the 1980 Soccer Bowl and the 1996 U.S. Open Cup Final. It also hosted several matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup and 1996 Olympics men's soccer tournament. The league sold 32,000 tickets for the final in mid-October after D.C. United advanced to the conference finals. After the team clinched an appearance in the final, the remainder of the stadium's 56,000 seats were sold out and 1,000 bleacher seats were added. Road to the final The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league based in the United States that began play in 1996. The league's second season was contested by ten teams organized into two conferences, each playing 32 matches during the regular season from April to September. Teams faced opponents from the same conference four times during the regular season and from outside their conference three or four times. MLS continued to use the modified version of the sport's rules that it adopted for the 1996 season, including a penalty shootout from to decide tied matches (for which the winners earned one point) and a countdown clock that stopped during dead plays. The top four teams from each conference qualified for the playoffs, which were organized into three rounds and played in October. The first two rounds, named the conference semifinals and conference finals, were home-and-away series organized into a best-of-three format with a hosting advantage for the higher seed. The winners of the conference finals advanced to the single-match MLS Cup final, which would be held at a predetermined neutral venue. MLS Cup 1997 was contested by defending champions and hosts D.C. United, who finished first in the regular season standings, and the Colorado Rapids, who finished fourth in the Western Conference. The two finalists swept through the playoffs by winning the conference semifinals and conference finals in two legs. During three regular season meetings between the two teams, D.C. won 5–2 in April and 5–0 in June, while Colorado won in a shootout following a 2–2 draw in August. The Rapids reached the final through a "Cinderella run" in the playoffs and were considered underdogs to defending champions D.C. United. D.C. United Inaugural season champions D.C. United retained most of their players and made few changes during the offseason, trading midfielder Shawn Medved to the San Jose Clash and acquiring defender Carlos Llamosa in the supplemental draft. Nine of their starting players were called up at various times to their national teams for World Cup qualifying, giving reserve players an opportunity to earn a starting spot. D.C. went on a preseason tour that included matches in Japan and Hong Kong, earning a 6–2 win–loss record, and returned to open the season against MLS Cup opponents Los Angeles Galaxy with a shootout win. D.C. earned one shootout win and three wins in regulation time to put them atop the Eastern Conference standings early in the season, highlighted by the performance of rookie goalkeeper Scott Garlick, who replaced starter Mark Simpson during his stint with an indoor team. The team then drew four times and lost three of the shootouts, briefly losing first place in the East in May before retaking it by the end of the month. Despite losing Bolivian players Marco Etcheverry and Jaime Moreno to the national team for six weeks, D.C. won their next five matches but lost 6–1 to the Kansas City Wizards on June 21, ending a 22-match unbeaten streak in regulation time. D.C. United also had six players in the starting lineup for the All-Star Game, which was won 5–4 by the East. After the All-Star Game in early July, D.C. United went through a series of underwhelming performances, including three regulation losses and one shootout loss in six matches, blamed in part on injuries to Etcheverry and captain John Harkes. The team then entered a stretch of 13 matches in 36 days, forced by their participation in the CONCACAF Champions' Cup (finishing third) and U.S. Open Cup (advancing to the semifinals). D.C. United went 8–4–1 in all competitions through the end of August, including three wins out of four matches in regular season play during a stretch of five matches in twelve days. The team made further changes to their goalkeepers, as Simpson had undergone two knee surgeries and backup Jeff Causey was signed by the New England Revolution; in their place, Scott Garlick and rookie Tom Presthus were rotated between matches as starters. On August 17, Mario Gori and Raúl Díaz Arce were arrested for an alleged rape at a Columbus hotel, but released the following day on bail and allowed to continue playing for the team; the case was later dropped without charges in January 1998 after the alleged victim declined to continue. D.C. earned their playoff berth with their first win against the Kansas City Wizards in franchise history after five earlier losses, and subsequently clinched first place in the Eastern Conference with a 3–2 shootout win against New England. The team continued to heavily rotate lineups and rested eight starting players in the second of a home-and-away series against the Tampa Bay Mutiny, winning 5–1 despite losing the first match with most of their regular starters. D.C. finished the regular season atop the league-wide standings with 55 points and a 21–11 record, but fell short of matching the Mutiny's record 58 points from the 1996 season after losing to the MetroStars in their last match. The team showed its roster depth by using a different lineup for all 39 league and cup matches, including 24 different starting players. Bruce Arena was named MLS Coach of the Year, Eddie Pope was named Defender of the Year, and four United players were included in the MLS Best XI. D.C. faced New England in the conference semifinals and earned a 4–1 victory in the first leg of the series at home. Roy Wegerle, a midseason signing from Colorado, scored to give United a half-time lead and added a second before Jaime Moreno scored two more; New England defender Mike Burns scored a consolation goal with a minute left in the match. In the away leg at Foxboro Stadium, D.C. were held to a 1–1 draw in regulation time, with a goal for Richie Williams canceled out by Joe-Max Moore's penalty kick in the 72nd minute. The two teams played in a seven-round shootout that ended 4–3 in United's favor after a series of saves from goalkeepers Walter Zenga and Tom Presthus that was broken up by defender Carlos Llamosa's conversion. In the conference finals, D.C. played the third-seeded Columbus Crew after they had eliminated the Tampa Bay Mutiny. In the first leg, played without Etcheverry who was on national team duty, United took a three-goal half-time lead that was reduced by two for a 3–2 victory after a second half surge in pressure and chances from the Crew. D.C. clinched their second MLS Cup appearance with a 1–0 win at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, with Díaz Arce scoring the lone goal in the 47th minute from within the box. Colorado Rapids The Colorado Rapids finished last overall in MLS during the league's inaugural season, with a 11–21 record under head coach Bob Houghton, who was replaced in the offseason by Glenn Myernick. Myernick and new general manager Dan Counce implemented a possession-oriented style and overhauled the Rapids roster by signing eleven new players, including trades to acquire defender Peter Vermes and midfielders Paul Bravo and Adrián Paz. The team also signed goalkeeper Marcus Hahnemann and forward Wolde Harris from the second-division A-League and were allocated Mexican midfielder David Patiño by the league. After a short preseason tour in Mexico and Florida, the Rapids opened the season without forward Jean Harbor and several defenders who were either injured or called up to national team duty, winning only twice in their first seven matches. The team were able to consistently earn wins through the summer, with a 9–10 record by mid-July that allowed them to reach second in the Western Conference. Their record improved to 14–12 in mid-August while remaining in second place, trailing the conference-leading Kansas City Wizards by eight points. The final seven matches of the Rapids season would be played against fellow teams in the Western Conference with higher stakes in playoffs positioning. The team entered a six-match losing streak, which included three losses to the Wizards, but qualified for the playoffs despite dropping to fourth place. Colorado won their final regular season match against San Jose and finished with a losing record of 14 wins and 18 losses. Leading goalscorers Bravo and Chris Henderson, along with defender Marcelo Balboa, were credited with the team's improved regular season performance. In the conference semifinals, Colorado faced the Wizards, who had defeated the Rapids in all of their regular season meetings. The first leg at Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium finished in a 3–0 upset victory for the Rapids, despite missing Paz and Balboa. The victory was credited to a disciplined performance by the Rapids defense, several saves from goalkeeper Marcus Hahnemann, and attackers who took advantage of mistakes from the Wizards. The Rapids began the second leg at home by conceding a goal to Wizards forward Vitalis Takawira, but equalized within minutes and took a lead after half-time with goals from Paul Bravo. The match ended in a 3–2 win for Colorado, who swept the playoffs series. The Rapids advanced to play in the conference final against the Dallas Burn, who had defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy in another upset from the semifinals. Colorado won 1–0 in the first leg, played in Dallas, with a header in the 42nd minute from defender Sean Henderson; the Burn had several chances to equalize, including a free kick in the final five seconds that hit the post, but were unable to capitalize. In the second leg, played at Mile High Stadium in Denver, Dallas took an early lead in the fifth minute but were set back by an equalizer from David Patiño in the 23rd minute. The match remained tied until a scissored volley from Chris Henderson in the 87th minute clinched a 2–1 victory to win the conference championship for Colorado. The team became the first to take a pair of brothers, Chris and Sean Henderson, to the MLS Cup. Summary of results Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Playoffs were in best-of-three format with penalty shootout if scores were tied. Broadcasting The match was broadcast on ABC in the United States, where it was watched by an estimated television audience of 2.2 million viewers, setting a record that would stand until the 2016 final. Phil Schoen and Ty Keough reprised their roles from the previous final as play-by-play and color commentator, respectively. The match was also televised in more than 100 foreign markets by ESPN International; it was the first MLS Cup to be broadcast in the United Kingdom, where it aired on Eurosport. Match Summary The MLS Cup final kicked off at 3:30 p.m. with an announced sellout crowd of 57,431 spectators at RFK Memorial Stadium, setting a new attendance record for a single playoff match. The match was played during a rainstorm in cold conditions, which mirrored the weather during the inaugural final and deterred some ticket-holding fans from attending. D.C. controlled the opening minutes, taking their first shot within 25 seconds, but Colorado used counterattacks to find chances and force goalkeeper Scott Garlick to make three saves and a foul that earned him a yellow card. The hosts responded with their own counterattacking plays that were channeled by Tony Sanneh towards Jaime Moreno, who could not finish his first few chances. D.C. took a 1–0 lead in the 37th minute after a cross from Sanneh to Raúl Díaz Arce, who dummied the ball at the top of the penalty area. The cross fell to Moreno, who took a shot from that rolled past Marcus Hahnemann and two Colorado defenders. The Rapids were outshot 8–5 in the first half, with only one shot in the final 24 minutes. They attempted to find an equalizer early in the second half and had two chances through David Patiño that were not finished after missing a through ball and later hitting teammate Steve Rammel. Sanneh extended the lead for D.C. in the 68th minute, scoring with a header at the far post on a high cross from John Harkes after cleaning up a cleared corner kick. The team continued its attacking pressure, but shifted to a defensive style to prepare for counterattacks from the Rapids. Marcelo Balboa moved up into the midfield and attempted a bicycle kick in the 70th minute that was saved by Garlick. Colorado scored a consolation goal in the 75th minute from substitute Adrián Paz, who struck the ball from a tight angle in the penalty area on an assist from Patiño. A chance to equalize came less than a minute later as Rapids forward Wolde Harris took an unimpeded shot from that flew over the crossbar. D.C. responded with their own attacks that were shut down by the Rapids, including two fouls that were described as potential penalty kicks that went uncalled by referee Brian Hall. The hosts won 2–1 to claim their second MLS Cup title; Moreno was named the MLS Cup most valuable player for his performance, which included setting up plays throughout the match. Details Post-match MLS Cup 1997 was the first sports championship for the Washington, D.C., area to be won at a stadium in the city. The announced attendance of 57,431 came within 600 spectators of breaking the overall record for largest sporting event at RFK Memorial Stadium, held by the United States–Portugal match during the 1996 Summer Olympics. It was the first day in which there were large sporting events at both of the major outdoor stadiums in the D.C. area, as Jack Kent Cooke Stadium also hosted a National Football League game. A railing in the upper stands at RFK Memorial Stadium collapsed during the celebrations after the match, causing minor injuries to 50 fans. Three days after the MLS Cup final, D.C. United played the Dallas Burn in the U.S. Open Cup Final with a chance to earn the league's first "treble". The Burn and United played to a scoreless draw and D.C. lost 5–3 in the ensuing penalty shootout. The team, with the exception of Etcheverry and Moreno on national team duty, was honored with a reception at the White House by President Bill Clinton. D.C. returned to the MLS Cup in 1998, where they lost to the Chicago Fire, and in 1999, where they defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy. D.C. and Colorado qualified as the U.S. representatives for the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, which was hosted at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. The Rapids were eliminated in the qualifying playoff round, played in a home-and-away series against Club León of Mexico, by a 4–3 aggregate score. D.C. entered the competition in the quarterfinals and eliminated Trinidadian club Joe Public, León, and Mexican champion Toluca on their way to winning the Champions' Cup, becoming the first American team to be crowned as continental champions. United then advanced to the 1998 Copa Interamericana, where they defeated South American champions Vasco da Gama of Brazil over two legs played in the United States. References MLS Cup Cup MLS Cup 97 MLS Cup 97 Soccer in Washington, D.C. Sports competitions in Washington, D.C. October 1997 sports events in the United States 1997 in sports in Washington, D.C.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%201997
Fort Douglas (initially called Camp Douglas) was established in October 1862, during the American Civil War, as a small military garrison about three miles east of Salt Lake City, Utah. Its purpose was to protect the overland mail route and telegraph lines along the Central Overland Route. It was officially closed in 1991 pursuant to BRAC action. A small portion of the fort remains in active military use as the Stephen A. Douglas Armed Forces Reserve Center, although it is expected the reserve center will be removed in the coming years, after the State of Utah provided, in 2023, funds for its relocation. Most of the fort's former property has been turned over to the University of Utah and many of its buildings are preserved and used by the university for a variety of purposes. The Fort Douglas Military Museum is housed in two former barrack buildings. The fort was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975, for its role in the Civil War and in furthering the settlement of Utah. History Establishment Early in the Civil War, the threat of violence increased with the withdrawal of Federal troops from the West for use against the Confederate States of America. Colonel Patrick Connor was ordered to reestablish a military presence with volunteer soldiers in the Utah Territory. He selected a site east of Salt Lake City, and Camp Douglas, named after Senator Stephen A. Douglas, was officially established there on October 26, 1862. Connor's men were Union volunteers from both California and Nevada. The post served as headquarters for the District of Utah in the Department of the Pacific. Regular Army arrives, 1866–1874 Following the end of the Civil War, between 1866 and 1898, the fort was part of the Department of the Platte. Its importance increased when the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads joined rails at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, completing the Transcontinental Railroad. 1878–1902 Through the efforts of Utah's U.S. Sen. Thomas Kearns, the camp became a regimental post and was renamed "Fort Douglas." World War I During World War I, the fort was used as an internment camp for German citizens who lived in the United States, and it was also a POW camp for Imperial German Navy prisoners. One of the crews kept there was from the SMS Cormoran, which had left the German colony of Qingdao, China, at the beginning of the war and stopped at Guam in December 1914 to refuel and take on provisions. Denied the coal needed for their boilers, the German captain reluctantly submitted to detention. When the United States entered the war on the Allied side in 1917, the crew were made prisoners of war and were sent to Fort Douglas. Interwar period In 1922, the fort became the base of the 38th Infantry, which remained there until August 1940. World War II Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Fort Douglas became an Army Air Field in conjunction with Salt Lake City Municipal Airport and housed the 7th Bombardment Group operating B-17 Flying Fortresses. However, Fort Douglas proper was taken over by the Army ground forces when fears of a Japanese attack of the U.S. mainland caused the 9th Service Command Headquarters to move from Utah to the Presidio of San Francisco. Final years, 1945–1991 After World War II, the Army began disposing of its land, transferring it to the University of Utah, located adjacent to it. However, it maintained Army Reserve functions there for decades, notably with the 96th Army Reserve Command under the command of Maj. Gen. Michael B. Kauffman, who had spent much of his Army career at the fort and was instrumental in keeping it alive well past its announced closing in the 1970s. The Fort Douglas Military Museum is housed in a building named after Maj. Gen. Kauffman, who founded the museum and built it into one of the United States' premier military museums featuring exhibits from all branches of the Armed Services. Between 1962 and 1973, Fort Douglas was the site of the Deseret Test Center (Buildings 103 and 105) with the responsibility of evaluating chemical and biological weapons, although no tests were actually performed on the base. On October 26, 1991, the fort closed officially, though the Utah National Guard maintained control of the museum, and the 96th ARCOM received the parts of the fort that were not deeded to the university. 1991–Present Armed Forces Reserve Center A small portion of the southwestern section of the original fort remains in use by the U.S. Army Reserve. This portion of the fort is designated the Stephen A. Douglas Armed Forces Reserve Center. The reserve center consists of 51 acres, and includes the historic Soldier's Circle, along with several sub-installation buildings. The center hosts offices, along with training and support space for 'headquarters staff for two Army Reserve commands, and staff from other Army, Navy and Marine Reserve units'. There have been some attempts to relocate the center to allow the University of Utah to grow its campus. A law requires the property be given to the University of Utah, without charge, once the military declares it surplus. In 2023, the Utah State Legislature allocated $100 million, via Senate Bill 2, to facilitate the relocation of the Reserve Center away from Fort Douglas to land near Camp Williams in Bluffdale. The funds will be used to acquire property, and for the design and construction of facilities at the new site. As of 2023, no timeline for the relocation had been finalized. Commands hosted As of 2023, the commands hosted at the reserve center include: 76th Operational Response Command 807th Medical Command (Deployment Support) University of Utah Campus In 1991, the University of Utah received a significant portion of the fort's remaining property. During the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, much of the university's campus was used to host events. The Olympic Organizing Committee and university built the Olympic Village to house participating athletes on former fort property; the village housing now serves as on-campus housing for university students. Stilwell Field is used as a parking lot during special events, such as football games. The Officers' Club building is used as a conference center by the university, and several of the officer's quarters house university departments (such as the American Indian Resource Center). There has been some controversy surrounding the university's stewardship of the historic fort property. In 2015 it was revealed that during construction work to upgrade the university's electrical system, buried period artifacts had been removed and discarded at a landfill. Cemetery A cemetery was established in 1862 about a mile south of the original parade grounds. In 1864, the soldiers at the post improved the cemetery significantly. They erected a monument in the center dedicated to the memory of the soldiers killed during the Bear River Massacre. They also constructed a red sandstone wall around the cemetery, with a steel gate located at the north end. The following year, a smaller monument was added for Utah Gov. James D. Doty following his death and burial in the cemetery. Later, the cemetery was expanded to accommodate a larger number of burials, not only from the fort, but also from Fort Cameron following its closure. A special section of the cemetery was also added for the German prisoners of war who died here during World War II. The Fort Douglas Cemetery continues to be an active federal military cemetery, actively maintained. A list of cemetery burials is available through the Utah History Research Center's cemetery database. The cemetery was damaged during the 2020 Utah windstorm, during which hurricane-force winds knocked down large trees, damaging headstones and other historic features of the cemetery. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Utah National Register of Historic Places listings in Salt Lake City, Utah Camp Floyd List of military installations in Utah Statue of Patrick Edward Connor Notes Sources Madsen, Brigham D. The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1985) Hibbard, Charles G. Fort Douglas, Utah: A Frontier Fort (Vestige Press, 1999) External links Historic Fort Douglas, University of Utah (archived website) Fort Douglas: Building History, a story map created by the Utah Division of State History and Fort Douglas Military Museum Fort Douglas Military Museum Association American Civil War army posts Douglas Military and war museums in Utah Museums in Salt Lake County, Utah University of Utah Closed installations of the United States Army Formerly Used Defense Sites in Utah Utah in the American Civil War Utah Territory 1862 establishments in Utah Territory Douglas Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah Internment of German Americans National Historic Landmarks in Utah National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City Historic American Buildings Survey in Utah University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah World War I prisoner-of-war camps in the United States World War I internment camps	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Douglas
Barnas Sears (November 19, 1802 – July 6, 1880) was an American educational theorist and Baptist theologian. Biography Sears graduated from Brown University in 1825 and from Newton Theological Institution in 1827. For a short time, he served as pastor of First Baptist Church in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1833, Sears, then a professor in ancient languages at what is today Colgate University, visited Germany for studies. Having heard the story of Johann Gerhard Oncken, a German preacher who had recently become a Baptist and desired to be baptized in the faith, Sears made it a point to find and speak to him. By 1834, Oncken had made a final decision. Sears traveled from Halle, where he was studying at the University of Halle, to Hamburg, and baptized Oncken, Oncken's wife and five others in the Elbe on April 22. The baptism was performed at night. The next day, Sears established the first German Baptist church in Hamburg, which would become the core of most of the continental Baptist movement with Oncken as one of its leaders. During his studies in Germany, Sears came to know and was most influenced by theologians August Neander, Wilhelm Gesenius, and August Tholuck. In 1835, Sears began working at Newton Theological Institution, both as chair of Christian theology and as president. In 1848, he became the secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. In 1866 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Sears was the general agent of the Peabody Education Fund who was sent to Staunton, Virginia, by George Peabody to offer leadership in public education. Sears was general agent of the fund from 1867 until February 1880 and was succeeded by Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. He settled in Staunton because of the easy access to the railroad. Sears travelled extensively throughout the south promoting Southern education, "free schools for the whole people". Sears "inspired confidence, removed doubts and suspicions, and aroused sympathy" through his warm personality, tact, and intelligence. "Under his direction the Fund improved the sentiment for education in the South, developed the idea of adequate taxation for public schools, and helped remove the hostility toward Black education." Sears served between 1855 and 1867 as the president of Brown whose Encyclopedia Brunoniana offers a more detailed biography. From 1874 to 1877, Sears also served as president of the American Baptist Missionary Union, and in this capacity he primarily supported church planting among German and European Baptists. He died in Saratoga, New York, on July 6, 1880, and was buried in Brookline, Massachusetts. His home at Staunton, known as the Sears House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. References Notes Sources Bibliography External links Stearns, O. S. "Dr. Sears as a Theological Professor," Baptist Quarterly Review (1883): 57–87. 1802 births 1880 deaths American educational theorists Brown University alumni Presidents of Brown University Burials at Old Burying Ground (Brookline, Massachusetts) People from Sandisfield, Massachusetts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnas%20Sears
Southill may refer to: Southill, Bedfordshire, England Southill Park, a country house in Southill, Bedfordshire Southill, Limerick, Ireland Southill, Weymouth, Dorset, England Southill may also refer to: Viscount Torrington, Lord Byng of Southill	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southill
The 2009 World Games () the eighth edition of the World Games, were an international multi-sport event held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan (under the name Chinese Taipei) from 16 July 2009 to 26 July 2009. The games featured sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. Nearly 6,000 athletes, officials, coaches, referees and others from 101 countries participated in the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games, setting a record high for the multi-sport competition. The International World Games Association (IWGA) President Ron Froehlich praised the July 16–26 games as the "best games ever." Emblem The design of the emblem for The World Games 2009 is based on the first Chinese character in the city's name. The character " kao" (高) means high or superior in English. The toponym stylized as a multicolored ribbon aims to create an atmosphere of festivity and celebration. The warm colors, orange and magenta, at the top and green and blue at the bottom symbolize the sun rising over the ocean and mirror Kaohsiung well: a passionate city with plenty of sunshine – a vibrant metropolis by the sea. Mascots Gao Mei (高妹) and Syong Ge (雄哥) are named after the host city, Kaohsiung (according to Tongyong Pinyin). They are intended to personify it as "a city of the sea and the sun", to emphasize "ecology and environmental protection", and to symbolize the "friendliness and hospitality" of the city's residents. Opening ceremony The opening ceremony, on July 16, was held in the Main Stadium, and involved 4,000 performers. It was designed to provide "a platform for the world to understand Taiwan better", and focused on music, dancing and depictions of Taiwanese culture, including its aboriginal culture. The ceremony was watched by an estimated 100 million people worldwide. Among the foreign dignitaries in attendance was the President of Nauru, Marcus Stephen, one of Taiwan's diplomatic allies and himself a former athlete, having won seven gold medals in weightlifting at the Commonwealth Games. Although China had sent athletes to compete, they were absent from the opening ceremony, reportedly due to Ma Ying-jeou inaugurating the Games in his capacity as the head of state. News Conference Kaohsiung Mayor Chen Chu said the city has shown "soft" power in staging The World Games that concluded and praised Kaohsiung residents for their passion in participating in the event. The mayor spoke at a news conference held after the closing ceremony during which International World Games Association (IWGA) President Ron Froehlich praised the July 16–26 games as the "best games ever." Chen noted that after the city was awarded the right to host the Games in 2005, it was determined to make it a success, and she said the city showed "confidence and competence" in staging the first international sports event held in Taiwan after "numerous daunting coordination challenges." She also praised the maturity of Kaohsiung residents, saying that their enthusiastic participation and passionate cheering for athletes from every country was "touching." Revenues from ticket sales at The World Games have been initially estimated at NT$65 million. Chen noted Froehlich's praise of Kaohsiung, which she said has displayed friendship, cooperation and community participation, and offered her best wishes to Cali, Colombia, which will host the next World Games in 2013. She said Kaohsiung is an open, rich and pluralistic city that respects human rights and tolerates different views and political stances as long as they are expressed in a peaceful manners. Concerning the absence of the athletes from China, which was reported to be a boycott, from the opening and closing ceremonies of The World Games, she said that as a big country, she expected it to show more grace and tolerance. Participants (1) (28) (1) (168) (51) (11) (1) (25) (73) (6) (5) (77) (2) (23) (141) (27) (148) (30) (3) (45) (2) (1) (51) (25) (8) (10) (46) (4) (16) (16) (32) (220) (1) (230) (15) (7) (51) (92) (10) (12) (11) (1) (17) (14) (189) (282) (19) (1) (79) (6) (21) (11) (1) (10) (15) (3) (29) (15) (2) (8) (8) (2) (1) (112) (1) (62) (35) (13) (16) (5) (16) (24) (68) (3) (2) (13) (225) (2) (4) (64) (25) (24) (86) (52) (1) (87) (115) (459) – Host (1) (52) (6) (22) (155) (3) (204) (211) (1) (3) (7) (36) (23) Sports Official sports The 2009 World Games programme featured 31 official sports, and 5 invitational sports. The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events, which were contested in each sports discipline. Invitational sports Doping On 16 September 2009, the IWGA announced that there had been several doping violations at the recently completed 2009 Games. On 26 October 2009, the IWGA Anti-Doping Panel decided on punitive measures against five medal-winners (four bodybuilders and a sumo athlete). The measures included the stripping of three gold and two silver medals, as well as lifetime bans from The World Games for three bodybuilders. The IWGA has made no announcement of reallocation of the forfeited bodybuilding medals. The International Sumo Federation reallocated the medals for the affected sumo event. In 2010, all medals in the sport of bodybuilding were removed from the medal table at the host organizer's website (worldgames2009.tw, "The World Games 2009 Kaohsiung"), which is now archived. However, all medals as first bestowed still appear at The World Games website (theworldgames.org) in both look-up and full result reports. The sport of bodybuilding has not appeared at a subsequent edition of The World Games. Medal table Official sports The medal tally during the eighth World Games is as follows. Russia finished at the top of the final medal table. Excluded are four bodybuilding medals forfeited for doping and not reallocated. In two events there were two bronze medals awarded because of ties for third-place: women's 100m finswimming and women's life saving combined relay. Invitational sports Calendar In the following calendar for The World Games 2009, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held. Each bullet in these boxes is an event final, the number of bullets per box representing the number of finals that were contested on that day. On the left the calendar lists each sport with events held during the Games, and at the right how many gold medals were won in that sport. There is a key at the top of the calendar to aid the reader. As Invitational sport Venues See also List of sporting events in Taiwan References External links 2009 Multi-sport events in Taiwan International sports competitions hosted by Taiwan World Games World Games Sport in Kaohsiung Foreign affairs in Kaohsiung July 2009 sports events in Asia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20World%20Games
Richard Howell (October 25, 1754April 28, 1802) was the third governor of New Jersey from 1794 to 1801. Early life and military career Howell was born in Newark in the Colony of Delaware. He was a lawyer and soldier of the early United States Army. He served as captain and later major of the 2nd New Jersey Regiment from 1775 to 1779. Richard was a twin, his twin brother was Lewis Howell. Lewis was a physician for the 2nd New Jersey Regiment and died during the Revolutionary War. Politics At the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, Howell was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of New Jersey. Richard was offered the role of judge advocate of the army, but turned down the appointment to practice law. He was clerk of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1778 to June 3, 1793. He succeeded Thomas Henderson as Governor and served until 1801. Replaced as Governor by Joseph Bloomfield, Howell died the following year. He was the grandfather of Varina Howell, the second wife of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Death Howell died in Trenton, New Jersey on April 28, 1802, and was buried in that city's Friends Burying Ground. Howell Township in Monmouth County is named in his honor. References External links New Jersey State Library biography of Richard Howell New Jersey Governor Richard Howell, National Governors Association The Society of the Cincinnati American Revolution Institute Governor Richard Howell 1754 births 1802 deaths Governors of New Jersey New Jersey lawyers People from Newark, Delaware Politicians from Trenton, New Jersey American people of Welsh descent New Jersey Federalists Federalist Party state governors of the United States People of colonial New Jersey Burials in New Jersey 19th-century American Episcopalians 18th-century American politicians 19th-century American politicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Howell
Villeparisis () is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris from the centre. Inhabitants of Villeparisis are called Villeparisiens. Population Transport Villeparisis is served by Villeparisis–Mitry-le-Neuf station on Paris RER line B. Twin towns – sister cities Villeparisis is twinned with: Maldon, England, United Kingdom Pietrasanta, Italy Wathlingen, Germany Notable people Henri Cleutin (1515–1566), diplomat See also Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department References External links Official website Communes of Seine-et-Marne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeparisis
HNoMS Ørnen was a Royal Norwegian Navy corvette. Ørnen was commissioned 3 June 1833 and her first commander was capitaine Christian A. Bendz. The ship was used as a cadet-ship until she was refitted to serve as a lodging and guard ship in 1847. Ørnen was scrapped in 1874. Sources Norwegian Navy history page Corvettes of the Royal Norwegian Navy Training ships of the Royal Norwegian Navy Ships built in Horten	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20%C3%98rnen%20%281829%29
The different kinds of bows one could encounter at an Eastern Orthodox service are shown in the drawing below. Strict rules exist as to which type of a bow should be used at any particular time. The rules are very complicated, and are not always carried out in most parishes. Old Believers are generally much more punctilious about bows in comparison with the official Orthodoxy. The first type is a 'head-only bow'. This type of bow does not have its own assigned usage, but can be used only instead of a 'belt-low bow' (2) in some situations, such as when one cannot make a lower bow because of too many people in the church or for back problems. People also should keep standing in this position during reading of Gospels and some other important periods of the service. 'Belt-low bow' (поясной поклон) can also be called an 'ordinary bow', since it is the most widespread type of bow. Most bows during the Eastern Orthodox service are of this kind. However, sometimes, for example, during the Lent, the bows became lower and 'earth-low bows' (5) should be used instead. 'Belt-low bow with touching earth by a hand'. This type of a bow could be treated in two ways: sometimes it is only the 'very thoroughly done type 2 bow'. Sometimes, on the other hand, it is a 'lightened' version of an 'earth-low bow' (5). For example, when Popovtsy Old Believers ask their priests for a blessing, they should, theoretically, perform an 'earth-low bow'. However, since one could ask a priest for a blessing during an occasional meeting on a street, where it is rather uncomfortable to make a full 'earth-low bow', usually one only touches the earth with one's right hand (usually the back side of a hand). Metania (метание, 'metanie') is also a 'lightened' version of an 'earth-low bow' that is used in Eastern Orthodox services sometimes. Zemnoy poklon (земной поклон, full earth-low bow) is a special type of bow which is especially important for Old Believers. It is also performed by the priest and many of the congregation during the epiclesis. Kneeling, standing on one's knees, is rarely prescribed or practiced. An exception is that the ordinand "bending both knees places his palms in the form of a Cross, and lays his forehead between them on the Holy Table" when a bishop is consecrated or a priest is ordained. In the 20th century in some western countries, some Eastern Orthodox churches have begun to use pews and kneelers and so have begun kneeling in some parts of the service. The First Council of Nicaea's decree "that prayer be made to God standing" from Pascha (Easter) through Pentecost, and on all Sundays throughout the year, in honour of the Resurrection is strictly observed, excepting only for prostrating before the Cross on the Third Sunday of Great Lent and on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, if it falls on a Sunday, as well as for a few sacramental services, e.g., ordinations. However, the Russian Old Rite, which reflects the praxis of the Russian church prior to the 17th-century reforms, which brought it in line with Greek practice as it stood at the time, itself the result of revision over the centuries, explicitly requires prostrations to be made at certain points during the services regardless of whether it is a Sunday, including at the end of Shine, Shine throughout the paschal season. See also Dogeza Genuflection Kowtow Podruchnik Sign of the cross Sujud References External links Why are Prayers Said Without Kneeling On All Sundays and From Pascha Until Pentecost? Orthodox Information Center Eastern Orthodox liturgy Old Believer movement Gestures of respect Kneeling Bowing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowing%20in%20the%20Eastern%20Orthodox%20Church
The Mini is a small economy car made by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 to 2000. Mini may also refer to: Automobile Mini (marque), an English automotive marque, subsidiary of German carmaker BMW, successor of the original Mini Innocenti Mini, an Italian version of the original Mini produced by Leyland Innocenti Mini Hatch, a Mini model built by BMW from 2001 to present Mini Moke, a vehicle similar to a beach buggy, based on the Mini car People Mini (singer), Japanese model and singer Mini Jakobsen, former Norwegian footballer Vuyisile Mini (1920–1964), South African anti-apartheid activist Anthony Minichiello, Australian rugby league player Fictional characters Mini Yaemori, a character in Manga and Anime series Rent-a-girlfriend Mini McGuinness, a character in Skins Other uses Mini (EP), an EP by The Wedding Present Mini (1995 film), a Malayalam film Mini (2022 film), a Bengali film Mini (frog), a genus endemic to Madagascar Miniature model (gaming), a small-scale figure in miniature wargames, role-playing games, and dioramas Minicomputer, a class of special multi-user computers iPod Mini, portable MP3 player from Apple Inc., predecessor to the iPod nano Mac Mini, an ultra-compact Apple Macintosh computer case iPad Mini, compact version of 4th generation iPad tablet iPhone 12 mini, compact version of the iPhone 12 Mobile Mini (NASDAQ stock symbol MINI), an American portable storage company PlayStation minis, a range of mini games developed for Sony consoles Mini chopper, scaled-down custom-built versions of chopper motorcycles Ruger Mini-14, Mini-30, or Mini-6.8 carbines Minigun Moulton Mini, a bicycle by Moulton Bicycle Google Home Mini/Nest Mini HomePod Mini Mini-international neuropsychiatric interview, a short structured clinical interview See also Maxi (disambiguation) MIDI (disambiguation) Miniature (disambiguation) Minicar (disambiguation) Minié (disambiguation) Miniș (disambiguation) Minnie (disambiguation) Minny (disambiguation) Supermini (disambiguation)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%20%28disambiguation%29
Bernward (c. 960 – 20 November 1022) was the thirteenth Bishop of Hildesheim from 993 until his death in 1022. Life Bernward came from a Saxon noble family. His grandfather was Athelbero, Count Palatine of Saxony. Having lost his parents at an early age, he came under the care of his uncle Volkmar, Bishop of Utrecht, who entrusted his education to Thangmar, learned director of the cathedral school at Heidelberg. Under this master, Bernward made rapid progress in the sciences and in the liberal and even mechanical arts. He became very proficient in mathematics, painting, architecture, and particularly in the manufacture of ecclesiastical vessels and ornaments of silver and gold. He completed his studies at Mainz, where he was ordained priest by Archbishop Willigis, Chancellor of the Empire (975-1011). He declined a valuable preferment in the diocese of his uncle, Bishop Volkmar, and chose to remain with his grandfather, Athelbero, to comfort him in his old age. Upon the death of the latter, in 987, he became chaplain at the imperial court, and was shortly afterwards appointed by the Empress-Regent Theophano, tutor to her son Otto III, then six years of age. His time in office fell during the era of the Saxon emperors, who had their roots in the area around Hildesheim and were personally related to Bernward. During this time, Hildesheim was a center of power in the Holy Roman Empire and Bernward was determined to give his city an image fitting for one of its stature. The column he planned on the model of Trajan's Column at Rome never came to fruition, but Bernward revived classical precedent by having his name stamped on roof tiles made under his direction. Bernward built up the cathedral district with a strong twelve-towered wall and erected further forts in the countryside to protect against attacks by the neighboring Slavic peoples. Under his direction arose numerous churches and other edifices, including even fortifications for the defence of his episcopal city against the invasions of the pagan Normans. He protected his diocese vigorously from the attacks of the Normans. His life was set down in writing by his mentor, Thangmar, in Vita Bernwardi. For at least part of this document, the authorship is certain, but other parts were probably added in the High Middle Ages. He died on 20 November 1022, a few weeks after the consecration of the magnificent church of St. Michael, which he had built. Bernward was canonized by Pope Celestine III on 8 January 1193. His feast day is November 20. St. Bernward's Church in Hildesheim, a neo-romanesque church built 1905-07 and St. Bernward's Chapel in Klein Düngen which dates from the 13th century, are named after him. World Heritage Sites One of the most famous examples of Bernward's work is a monumental set of cast bronze doors known as the Bernward doors, now installed at St. Mary's Cathedral, which are sculpted with scenes of the Fall of Man (Adam and Eve) and the Salvation of Man (Life of Christ), and which are related in some ways to the wooden doors of Santa Sabina in Rome. Bernward was instrumental in the construction of the early Romanesque Michaelskirche. St. Michael's Church was completed after Bernward's death, and he is buried in the western crypt. These projects of Bernward's are today UNESCO World Heritage Sites. St Michael's Church has exerted great influence on developments in architecture. The complex bears exceptional testimony to a civilization that has disappeared. These two edifices and their artistic treasures give a better overall and more immediate understanding than any other decoration in Romanesque churches in the Christian West. St Michael's Church was built between 1010 and 1020 on a symmetrical plan with two apses that was characteristic of Ottonian Romanesque art in Old Saxony. Its interior, in particular the wooden ceiling and painted stucco-work, its famous bronze doors and the Bernward bronze column, are – together with the treasures of St Mary's Cathedral – of exceptional interest as examples of the Romanesque churches of the Holy Roman Empire. St Mary's Cathedral, rebuilt after the fire of 1046, still retains its original crypt. The nave arrangement, with the familiar alternation of two consecutive columns for every pillar, was modelled after that of St Michael's, but its proportions are more slender. Churches Churches dedicated to the saint include St. Bernward, Hanover. See also Notes Sources Martina Giese: Die Textfassungen der Lebensbeschreibung Bischof Bernwards von Hildesheim (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Studien und Texte; Bd. 40) Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 2006, (Recension) Bernward von Hildesheim Hans Jakob Schuffels in Brandt/Eggebrecht (Hrsg.): Bernward von Hildesheim und das Zeitalter der Ottonen, Katalog der Ausstellung 1993 Volume 1, p.31; Illustration of the document in Volume 2, p.453 History of Burgstemmen Bernhard Gallistl: Bernward of Hildesheim: a Case of Self-Planned Sainthood?, in The Invention of Saintliness, ed. by A. Mulder-Bakker. London 1992. pp. 145–162. External links Ottonian Art, St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim (1001-1031) , Smarthistory German Exhibition "Bernwards Schätze" (Bernward's Treasures) online Hannoverische Allgemeine photo gallery Roman Catholic bishops of Hildesheim Medieval German saints 10th-century Saxon bishops 11th-century Saxon bishops People from Hildesheim 960s births 1022 deaths 11th-century Christian saints Ottonian art	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernward%20of%20Hildesheim
Andrus Veerpalu (born 8 February 1971) is a retired Estonian cross-country skier. He is Estonia's most successful Winter Olympian, having won the gold medal in men's 15 km classical in 2002 and 2006, and silver in men's 50 km classical in 2002. Career On 17 February 2006 Veerpalu won his second Winter Olympics gold medal (in 15 km cross country skiing; his previous gold medal is from the Salt Lake City games), becoming the fourth Estonian to have won two Olympic gold medals (Kristjan Palusalu, Erika Salumäe and Kristina Šmigun-Vähi are the first three). He is the most successful Olympic athlete from Estonia with three medals. (Kristina Šmigun-Vähi tied that record at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics) Veerpalu has also found success at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, winning a gold at 15 km in 2009 at Liberec, 30 km in 2001 at Lahti and a silver at 50 km in 1999 at Ramsau. He has also won the 50 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2003 and 2005. Veerpalu also competed in the men's 50 km, Mass Start Classic at the 2010 Winter Olympics, finishing at the 6th place. Veerpalu became the oldest world champion in history with his victory at Liberec 2009 on the 15 km classical event. He was then 38 years old. He is also the oldest Olympic champion in individual distance. Veerpalu earned the Holmenkollen medal in 2005, the first Estonian to do so. Veerpalu is the fourth athlete to compete in cross-country skiing at six Winter Olympics, after Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi, Harri Kirvesniemi, and Jochen Behle. (Kateřina Neumannová is also a cross-country skier who competed at six Olympics, but one of her appearances was in cycling.) On 23 February 2011, Veerpalu announced that he will end his professional sportsman career due to a chronic knee injury. Doping case acquittal Several months after Veerpalu's retirement it was announced that he had tested positive for HGH (growth hormone), however he had pleaded innocent in HGH treatment. Estonian biochemistry doctors explained that the verdict was untimely and that there was no reliable method to distinguish artificial HGH from natural background hormone. Veerpalu appealed the test result to the FIS. The FIS antidoping commission found Veerpalu guilty and extended his ban to three years, due to Veerpalu's team's lack of co-operation with FIS. A group of top Estonian biochemists investigated the matter and insist Veerpalu was a false positive. The Court of Arbitration for Sport acquitted Veerpalu, lifted his doping ban and ordered the FIS to pay a part of Veerpalu's court costs on 25 March 2013. The court stated "that there are many factors in this case which tend to indicate that the Athlete did in fact himself administer exogenous hGH" but found that the decision limit, the threshold for considering the result an adverse analytical finding, was not sufficiently reliable to uphold the doping conviction. Krista Fischer, a senior researcher for the Estonian Genome Center, questioned what these unexplained factors hinted at by CAS could be: "So what were these factors? Right now the only numbers that seem to hint at doping are the same four numbers that have been ruled invalid." Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 3 medals – (2 gold, 1 silver) World Championships 3 medals – (2 gold, 1 silver) World Cup Season standings Individual podiums 6 victories – (6 ) 11 podiums – (11 ) Note: Until the 1999 World Championships, World Championship races were included in the World Cup scoring system. Personal life He is married to Angela Veerpalu and they have five children. See also List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games References External links – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file 13 June 2012, Veerpalu Court Hearing Ends Today, Estonian Public Broadcasting News 28 August 2012, Veerpalu Appeal Decision Delayed, Estonian Public Broadcasting News 28 February 2013, Judgement Day for Veerpalu Doping Case: Result Expected Shortly, Estonian Public Broadcasting News 28 February 2013, Decision in Veerpalu Doping Case Postponed, The ruling will now come on March 25, ETV reported, Estonian Public Broadcasting News Lausanne, 1 March 2013, Court of Arbitration for Sport: VEERPALU/FIS CASE: DECISION POSTPONED TO 25 MARCH 2013 Estonian Public Broadcasting: 25. March 2013, Veerpalu Decision Expected (Again) 26.03.2013, The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS): CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING - CASE VEERPALU/ FIS: APPEAL UPHELD, tas-cas.org FIS-Ski: CAS issues decision in the case of Veerpalu, fis-ski.com Lausanne, 26 March 2013, The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) MEDIA RELEASE, CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING, CASE VEERPALU/FIS CAS 2011/A/2566 Andrus Veerpalu v. International Ski Federation, ARBITRAL AWARD 1971 births Living people Sportspeople from Pärnu Estonian male cross-country skiers Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics Holmenkollen medalists Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners Olympic cross-country skiers for Estonia Olympic gold medalists for Estonia Olympic silver medalists for Estonia Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 1st Class	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrus%20Veerpalu
Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in their franchise history. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2013, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city. This was the first Super Bowl to be held in New Orleans since Super Bowl XXXVI and it was the first to be played there since Hurricane Katrina struck the city in 2005. For the first time in Super Bowl history, the game featured two brothers coaching against each other — Jim and John Harbaugh, head coaches of the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Ravens, respectively — earning it the nickname Har-bowl. Jim's son and John's nephew, Jay Harbaugh, was also on the Ravens' coaching staff. Super Bowl XLVII was the first to feature two teams that had undefeated records in previous Super Bowl games (Baltimore, 1–0; San Francisco, 5–0). The 49ers, who posted a regular-season record of 11–4–1, entered the game seeking their sixth Super Bowl win in team history (and first since Super Bowl XXIX at the end of the 1994 season), which would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most by a franchise. The Ravens, who posted a 10–6 regular-season record, made their second Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, having previously won Super Bowl XXXV. Linebacker Ray Lewis, the Most Valuable Player (MVP) from that game, as well as the last remaining member of the inaugural Ravens roster from 1996, also played in this game, his and 49ers wide receiver Randy Moss' last before both retired from professional football. Baltimore dominated the first half of the game, aided by quarterback Joe Flacco's three touchdown passes that gave the Ravens a 21–3 lead before their lead was cut to 21–6 just before halftime; the Ravens immediately resumed scoring after Jacoby Jones returned the second half kickoff a record 108 yards, increasing their lead to 28–6. However, a partial power outage in the Superdome following the return suspended play for 34 minutes (earning the game the added nickname of the Blackout Bowl). After play resumed, San Francisco began to rally, scoring 17 unanswered third-quarter points to cut the Ravens' lead to 28–23. With the Ravens leading late in the game, 34–29, the 49ers drove down to the Baltimore 7-yard line just before the two-minute warning but turned the ball over on downs. The Ravens then took an intentional safety in the waning moments of the game to preserve the victory. Flacco, who completed 22 of 33 passes for 287 yards and three touchdowns, became the fourth consecutive quarterback to be named Super Bowl MVP, after Drew Brees at Super Bowl XLIV, Aaron Rodgers at Super Bowl XLV, and Eli Manning at Super Bowl XLVI. CBS broadcast the game in the United States, and charged an average of $4 million for a 30-second commercial during the game, the highest rate for any Super Bowl. According to Nielsen, Super Bowl XLVII was viewed by an estimated average of 108.69 million people in the United States, with a record 164.1 million tuning into at least six minutes of the game. Beyoncé performed in the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, which featured a reunion with fellow Destiny's Child alumni Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams. Background The game marked the first Super Bowl in which both of the teams had appeared, but had not yet lost a previous Super Bowl; the 49ers came into the game having won all five of their previous Super Bowl appearances, while the Ravens had won in their lone previous Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXV against the New York Giants. Currently, this phenomenon can only be repeated if either the Ravens or the New York Jets play against either the Tampa Bay Buccaneers or the New Orleans Saints in a subsequent Super Bowl. Baltimore's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances; this feat was later equaled by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Host-selection process Three cities presented bids for the game: New Orleans, on behalf of Mercedes-Benz Superdome Glendale, Arizona, on behalf of University of Phoenix Stadium Miami Gardens, Florida, on behalf of Sun Life Stadium The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on May 19, 2009. This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl, by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area. It was the first Super Bowl to be held in New Orleans since the Superdome sustained damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, as well as since the naming rights of the Superdome were sold to Mercedes-Benz while it was undergoing a major renovation in 2011, including the addition of Champions Square. New Orleans artist Ally Burguieres was selected to design the official medallion for Super Bowl XLVII, which was included on beads to commemorate the Mardi Gras tradition. Because of the February 3 date of Super Bowl XLVII, the 2013 Mardi Gras calendar in Orleans Parish was changed. Parades scheduled for February 3 and before were moved ahead one week. The same situation occurred in 2002 when the 9/11 attacks caused a one-week delay in the 2001 NFL season, resulting in the Super Bowl XXXVI falling within the Mardi Gras parade calendar. This was the 49ers' second Super Bowl played at the Superdome—the first being Super Bowl XXIV when they beat the Denver Broncos 55–10. The 49ers, Broncos and New England Patriots are the only teams so far to play two or more Super Bowls at the Superdome. The 49ers also joined the Broncos and the Colts in playing two Super Bowls at two stadiums. The 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIX in Miami at what is now known as Hard Rock Stadium. Nicknames Super Bowl XLVII earned many nicknames, including the "Bro Bowl", "Har-Bowl", "HarBowl", "Super Baugh", "Brother Bowl", and "Superbro", as this was the first Super Bowl featuring brothers as opposing head coaches: Baltimore's John Harbaugh and San Francisco's Jim Harbaugh, whose clubs previously met in a 2011 Thanksgiving Day game, which John Harbaugh's Ravens won 16–6, which was also the first time that two brothers had met as rival head coaches in the NFL. Due to a power outage affecting half the stadium during the third quarter, the game has also become known as the "Blackout Bowl". Teams Baltimore Ravens After going 12–4 and reaching the AFC Championship Game in 2011, only to lose to the New England Patriots when wide receiver Lee Evans dropped a game-winning catch in the end zone and Billy Cundiff missed a potential game-tying 32-yard field goal, the Ravens advanced further in 2012 to the Super Bowl after recording a 10–6 regular season record. Under head coach John Harbaugh, who was in his fifth season with the team, Baltimore upgraded their roster with players such as defensive backs Sean Considine and Corey Graham, and wide receiver Jacoby Jones. In December 2012, the Ravens fired offensive coordinator Cam Cameron and promoted quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell, who was previously the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2009 to 2011, as the successor. With personnel on both sides of the ball, they finished the season ranked 10th in points per game (24.9), and 12th in fewest points allowed (21.5) In command of the offense was five-year veteran Joe Flacco, who finished the season with a career-high 3,817 passing yards and 22 touchdowns, with only 10 interceptions. (Super Bowl XLVII would be one of only two years the AFC team's quarterback would not be either Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger or Peyton Manning between Super Bowls XXXVI and LIII; the other was Super Bowl XXXVII ten years prior, when the 2002 Oakland Raiders were helmed by Rich Gannon.) His top targets were receivers Anquan Boldin (65 receptions, 921 yards, 4 touchdowns) and Torrey Smith (49 receptions, 855 yards, 8 touchdowns), along with tight end Dennis Pitta (61 receptions, 669 yards, 7 touchdowns). Their backfield featured two Pro Bowl selections: halfback Ray Rice and fullback Vonta Leach. Rice rushed for 1,143 yards and 9 touchdowns, while also hauling in 61 receptions for 478 yards and another score. Leach served effectively as his lead blocker and a receiver out of the backfield, catching 21 passes. The Ravens' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl guard Marshal Yanda, and 14-year veteran center Matt Birk. On special teams, Jones returned 38 kickoffs for 1,116 yards and two touchdowns, giving him a whopping 30.7 yards per return average. He also gained 341 yards and another touchdown returning punts, and caught 30 passes for 406 yards and a score. Rookie kicker Justin Tucker ranked 7th in the NFL in field goal percentage (90.9), kicking 30/33 field goals and making all 42 of his extra point attempts. Baltimore's defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Haloti Ngata, who compiled 51 tackles and 5 sacks, along with defensive tackle Arthur Jones (47 tackles, 4.5 sacks). The Ravens also had an excellent set of linebackers, such as Paul Kruger, Dannell Ellerbe, Jameel McClain, Terrell Suggs, and Ray Lewis. Kruger led the team in sacks with 9, while Ellerbe added 92 tackles and 4.5 sacks. McClain had 79 tackles. Suggs, a ten-year veteran and five-time Pro Bowl selection, who had missed the first half of the regular season with a partially torn Achilles tendon, made a speedy recovery and was key in the Ravens' win over the Broncos in the divisional round of the playoffs with 2 sacks on Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning. Lewis, a 17-year veteran and 13-time Pro Bowl selection, had missed most of the season with an arm injury, but still managed to rack up 57 tackles in just 6 games. Then shortly before returning for the playoffs, he announced his plans to retire after the postseason, and promptly went on to amass 44 tackles in Baltimore's four playoff games. The Ravens secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Ed Reed, the NFL's all-time leader in interception return yardage. Reed had another statistically successful season in 2012, recording 58 tackles and 4 interceptions. Cornerback Cary Williams was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions and 75 tackles. The team dedicated their 2012 season to former owner and founder Art Modell, who died on September 6, 2012, four days before the first regular season game. San Francisco 49ers The 49ers had recently emerged as a dominant team after nearly a decade of ineptitude. During the 1980s and 1990s, they had been one of the NFL top contenders, playing in ten conference championship games and winning five Super Bowls. But after a strong 2002 season, San Francisco went into a dismal slump in which they failed to make the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons. Following the end of the 2010 season, the 49ers hired Jim Harbaugh as their head coach. Harbaugh, who played 14 years in the NFL, joined the team after an impressive 12–1 season as the coach of Stanford, and in his first season with San Francisco he managed to turn their fortunes around, aided by breakout seasons from quarterback Alex Smith and receiver Michael Crabtree. Smith entered the 2012 season as the starting quarterback, but missed two starts mid-season after suffering a concussion, and second-year backup Colin Kaepernick successfully filled in. A quarterback controversy then began because Smith was ranked third in the NFL in passer rating (104.1), led the league in completion percentage (70%), and had been 19–5–1 as a starter under Harbaugh, while Kaepernick was considered more dynamic with his scrambling ability and arm strength. After Smith was fully recovered, Harbaugh chose Kaepernick as the starter for the 8–2–1 49ers, but also stated that the assignment was week-to-week and not necessarily permanent. Kaepernick ended up being the starter for the rest of the season and led the team to an 11–4–1 record, throwing for 1,814 yards and 10 touchdowns, with just 3 interceptions and a 98.4 passer rating, while also rushing for 415 yards and 5 touchdowns. San Francisco's top receiver was Crabtree, who caught 85 passes for a career-high 1,105 yards and 9 touchdowns. Other key contributors to the passing game included tight end Vernon Davis (41 receptions for 538 yards and 5 touchdowns) along with offseason acquired receivers Mario Manningham and Randy Moss. Manningham had been signed away from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants, while Moss, the NFL's second all-time leader in receiving yards, had been signed out of retirement after missing the previous season. The 49ers' backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Frank Gore, who rushed for 1,214 yards and 8 touchdowns, while also catching 28 passes for 234 yards and another score. The team also had a strong offensive line with two Pro Bowl linemen, left tackle Joe Staley and left guard Mike Iupati. On special teams, punter Andy Lee led the NFL in net yards per punt (43.2) and ranked 5th in gross yards per punt (48.1). He planted 36 punts inside the 20-yard line with just 5 touchbacks. Kicker David Akers had a relatively bad year overall, converting only 69 percent of his field goal attempts, but in the week 1 contest against the Green Bay Packers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal with a successful 63-yard attempt. Receiver Ted Ginn Jr. returned 32 punts for 326 yards and 11 kickoffs for 253. The 49ers' strongest unit was their defense, which ranked 2nd in fewest points allowed per game (17.1) and sent 6 of their 11 starters to the Pro Bowl. Pro Bowl defensive end Justin Smith led the line with 66 tackles and 3 sacks. Behind him, all four of the team's starting linebackers—Aldon Smith, NaVorro Bowman, Patrick Willis and Ahmad Brooks—were named to the 2012 All-Pro Team, and all but Brooks made the Pro Bowl. Aldon Smith set a franchise record with 19.5 sacks, more than the rest of the team had combined. Willis ranked second on the team with 120 tackles and picked off two passes, while Bowman's 149 tackles were second most in the NFL. The 49ers secondary featured Pro Bowl safeties Dashon Goldson and Donte Whitner. Playoffs The Ravens finished the season as the AFC North champion and the number 4 seed in the AFC. The Ravens began their playoff run at home against the number 5 seed Indianapolis Colts in the Wild-Card round in what would turn out to be Ray Lewis's final career home game. The Ravens defeated the Colts 24–9, with Flacco throwing for 288 yards and two touchdowns, while their defense held the Colts to just 9 points, 13 below their regular season average. In the divisional round, the Ravens would face the top-seeded Denver Broncos, who came into the game with an 11-game winning streak. The Ravens fell behind late in the game, but with less than a minute left on the clock, Flacco's 70-yard touchdown pass to Jacoby Jones sent the game into overtime, a play that is known as the Mile High Miracle. An interception by Corey Graham from Peyton Manning late in the first overtime period set up Tucker's 47-yard field goal to win the game 1:42 into double overtime. Finally, the Ravens advanced to the Super Bowl by overcoming a 13-7 halftime deficit and then beating the second-seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game 28–13, avenging the Ravens' loss against the Patriots in the 2011 AFC Championship Game, forcing three turnovers total, intercepting two of Tom Brady's passes, and keeping the Patriots scoreless in the second half. By winning the game, the Ravens handed Brady his first (and only) AFC Championship Game loss at home. As the NFC West champion and the number 2 seed in the NFC, the 49ers earned a first-round bye. The 49ers started their playoff run against the number 3 seed Green Bay Packers in the divisional round. Jim Harbaugh's decision to start Kaepernick for the playoffs came into immediate question when he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Sam Shields on their opening drive, but this turned out to be the only miscue he would make for the rest of the game, as well as the only interception he would throw until the Super Bowl. By the end of the game, Kaepernick racked up 444 total yards (more than the entire Packers team), including 181 rushing yards, the NFL single game record for rushing yards by a quarterback, as the 49ers went on to win easily, 45–31. The 49ers then faced the top-seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game, where they quickly fell behind 17–0 in the first half. No team in NFC Championship Game history had ever overcome a deficit that large, but the 49ers proved up to the challenge, cutting the score to 24–21 going into the final quarter. Late in the game, the 49ers' comeback hopes suffered a setback when Crabtree lost a fumble on the 1-yard line as he was going in for the leading score. However, the 49ers defense forced a punt, and Ted Ginn Jr.'s 20-yard return set up a touchdown run by Gore. The 49ers defense then held firm, forcing a turnover on downs at their 10-yard line to secure the victory. Pregame notes This was the first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVII ten years prior that did not feature the New England Patriots, Indianapolis Colts, or the Pittsburgh Steelers as the AFC representatives, and the only Super Bowl between 2003 and 2019 not to feature Tom Brady, Ben Roethlisberger or Peyton Manning. Baltimore defeated the Colts and Patriots during the playoffs while the Steelers failed to make the playoffs. By contrast, the NFC had a different member go to the Super Bowl almost every year during that same span, with the New York Giants (who won Super Bowls XLII and XLVI) being the only NFC team to make two appearances during that span. With the 49ers making their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XXIX, this left the Dallas Cowboys (last appeared in Super Bowl XXX), Detroit Lions (never appeared in a Super Bowl), Minnesota Vikings (last appeared in Super Bowl XI) and Washington Redskins (last appeared in Super Bowl XXVI) as the only NFC teams not to play in a Super Bowl since 1998, with only the Vikings (on three occasions) even advancing to the NFC Championship Game. This was the sixth time in seven seasons in which one of the participants advanced to the Super Bowl after not having a first-round bye in the Wild Card playoffs, and was the last time to occur under the twelve team playoff structure. The 49ers attempted to follow the 2012 World Series championship victory of Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants. The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX (and the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVIII earlier in 2004). As the 49ers – who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three decades – were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys, which they wore in Super Bowls XIX, XXIII, and XXIX (wearing an alternate throwback red jersey with three-dimensional numerals in XXIX), and gold pants (worn in their first four Super Bowl appearances) for the first time since Super Bowl XXIV (having worn white pants in XXIX along with the aforementioned throwback jerseys). The Ravens wore white jerseys as they did in Super Bowl XXXV, but with black-colored pants this time instead of white. Due to the Ravens having their Art Modell memorial patch on the left side of their jerseys, the team wore their Super Bowl XLVII patch on the right side. Much of the pregame media hype centered around the Harbaugh brothers, and how their father Jack, a former college football head coach, raised them. On January 24, Jack, along with his wife Jackie and daughter Joani, conducted a media conference call, answering questions about John and Jim. Jackie jokingly asked if the game could end in a tie, before stating that the family was staying neutral but remain excited that both John and Jim brought their respective teams to the Super Bowl. The Harbaugh brothers then conducted a joint press conference on the Friday before the game, which is unusual for opposing Super Bowl coaches, but it was done because of the historic nature of the game. Broadcasting Television United States The game was carried by CBS in the United States, with Jim Nantz calling play-by-play and Phil Simms as color analyst. Steve Tasker and Solomon Wilcots served as sideline reporters. The pregame show, The Super Bowl Today, was hosted by James Brown and featuring analysts Dan Marino, Boomer Esiason, Shannon Sharpe and Bill Cowher. A special episode of Elementary would be the lead-out program of this Super Bowl. The game was later featured as one of the NFL's Greatest Games under the title "Change of Momentum". Advertising According to CBS, the price of a 30-second advertisement hit a record high US $4,000,000. General Motors announced it would not advertise on the game, citing the advertising costs. Adbowl had a special theme this year for the Super Bowl, called "Catbowl 2013", which pitted the best commercials by votes with cat videos to see which one is more popular. The advertisers for Super Bowl XLVII included Mercedes-Benz, Gildan, Samsung, BlackBerry, Kraft Foods, Subway, Taco Bell, Procter & Gamble, Best Buy, Coca-Cola, Sodastream, PepsiCo (including entries in the Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest), Axe, Audi, Kia Motors, Ford Motor Company, Wonderful Pistachios, GoDaddy, and perpetual Super Bowl advertiser Anheuser-Busch. Ram Trucks and the Future Farmers of America ran a two-minute commercial based on the Paul Harvey speech "So God Made a Farmer." Movie studios Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paying for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl. With Paramount paying for Star Trek Into Darkness and World War Z, Universal paying for the debut trailer for Fast & Furious 6 that followed Monsters vs. Aliens''' footsteps and Disney paying for Iron Man 3, The Lone Ranger and Oz the Great and Powerful''. International An international feed designed for areas less familiar with American football was produced by NFL Network, with Bob Papa (the regular-season voice of the New York Giants) calling play-by-play and Joe Theismann as color analyst. The NFL claimed that this feed would go to 180 countries. : Network Ten / One, ESPN on Foxtel. All used CBS commentary and feed : Puls 4. : TV Esporte Interativo and ESPN. : CTV simulcast CBS' coverage in Canada, with simultaneous substitution expected to be invoked. The CTV coverage was simulcast online within Canada by TSN.ca, and in French on RDS. : Shanghai Media Group controls broadcast rights to the game. : Sport 1. : TV3+. : Nelonen Pro 1 with Finnish commentary and Nelonen Pro 2 with English commentary. : W9 and BeIN Sport. : ESPN America, Sat.1 and Sport1 : Sport 1. : STAR Sports and ESPN India. But in reality, at the time of the Super Bowl, STAR Sports televised "Australian Ironman" and ESPN India televised "Football Asia." : BBC and Sky Sports. : Sport 5 : Sportitalia 2 : NHK : Azteca 7, Canal 5 and ESPN. : Viasat 4, Viasat Sport. : Fox Sports Asia and Solar Sports. Both used the NFL Network feed. : Polsat Sport, ESPN America. : Sport TV. : Sport 1. : NTV Plus. : ESPN America. : TV10. : BBC and Sky Sports. Streaming For the second consecutive year, a webcast of the broadcast was provided, this time on CBSSports.com. Radio In the United States, the game was carried nationwide over the Dial Global radio network, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason as color analyst, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Univision Radio broadcast the game in Spanish. Each team's flagship station also carried the game: WIYY and WBAL broadcast the game in Baltimore, with Gerry Sandusky on play-by-play and Stan White and Qadry Ismail on color commentary. In San Francisco, the game was broadcast on KSAN-FM and KNBR, with Ted Robinson on play-by-play, Eric Davis on color commentary, and Rod Brooks reporting from the sidelines. Both WBAL and KNBR are clear-channel stations, which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States, respectively. Per contractual rules, the rest of the stations in the 49ers' and Ravens' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed. Internationally, the game was carried on radio as follows: : TSN Radio (Dial Global simulcast) : BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local, Dial Global, and select international audio feeds. Entertainment Pregame On January 18, 2013, the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem. Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would perform it as if it were "a brand new song." Singer Jennifer Hudson and a chorus of several students from Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, performed "America the Beautiful" as a tribute to the 26 students and staff who were murdered at the school the previous year. There was also a pregame performance by the world renowned “Human Jukebox” from Southern University. The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Larry Allen, Cris Carter, Curley Culp, Warren Sapp, Bill Parcells, Jonathan Ogden, and Dave Robinson. Halftime On October 16, 2012, Beyoncé was chosen as the headline performer for the Super Bowl halftime show, with a reunited Destiny's Child also appearing as part of the show. Despite initial reports that mentioned that Beyoncé's husband, Jay Z, was a potential collaborator on the show, he did not make an appearance. Beyoncé's performance had an estimated 104 million viewers. Game summary First quarter San Francisco was hurt by penalties and turnovers early in the game as the Ravens built a 21–6 first-half lead. On their first play of the opening drive, tight end Vernon Davis's 20-yard reception was called back by an illegal formation penalty. The team ended up punting after three more plays, and Jacoby Jones returned the ball 17 yards to the Ravens' 49-yard line. Baltimore then drove 51 yards, scoring on Joe Flacco's 13-yard touchdown pass to receiver Anquan Boldin. Flacco had previously thrown a third-down incompletion, but an offsides penalty against linebacker Ahmad Brooks gave him a second chance. San Francisco responded on their next possession, moving the ball 62 yards in a 12-play drive, with quarterback Colin Kaepernick completing a 19-yard pass to Michael Crabtree and a 24-yarder to Davis. David Akers finished the drive with a 36-yard field goal to cut the score to 7–3. Baltimore responded with a drive to the 49ers' 37-yard line, featuring a 30-yard catch by Boldin, but came up empty after Flacco was sacked on third down for a 5-yard loss by defensive tackle Ray McDonald, pushing the Ravens out of field goal range. Second quarter Five plays into the 49ers' next drive, linebacker Courtney Upshaw forced a fumble from running back LaMichael James, and Baltimore's Arthur Jones recovered it on the Ravens' 25-yard line. Baltimore drove 75 yards on 10 plays, 52 of those came from a 23-yard and a 14-yard pass to tight end Ed Dickson, the second followed by a 15-yard facemask penalty on Donte Whitner. Dennis Pitta caught a 1-yard touchdown catch on the final play of the drive and the extra point made the score 14–3. On the first play of the next drive, Ed Reed intercepted a pass by Kaepernick and returned the ball 6 yards to the 49ers' 38-yard line. This was the first interception thrown by San Francisco in any of their six Super Bowl appearances. Unnecessary roughness charges were called after the play on players from both teams so the charges offset. Baltimore reached the red zone on their next drive, but was unable to score. Following a one-yard run by Bernard Pierce and two incomplete passes, rookie kicker Justin Tucker was tackled 1 yard short of a first down while running the ball on a fake field goal play. San Francisco was forced to a three-and-out on the drive. Jones muffed the punt, but recovered the ball and returned it 11 yards to the Ravens' 44-yard line. Two plays later, Jones made a falling catch deep down the field, then got back up and eluded two 49ers defensive backs en route to a 56-yard touchdown reception, making the score 21–3 with less than two minutes to go in the first half. On the second play of San Francisco's next drive, tight end Delanie Walker caught a 14-yard pass from Kaepernick, which was extended by a 15-yard roughing the passer penalty against Haloti Ngata. After an incomplete first down attempt, Walker received another 28-yard pass, putting San Francisco on the Baltimore 17-yard line. San Francisco reached the 9-yard line, but were unable to convert on three plays. On the last play of the half, Akers kicked his second field goal to cut their deficit to 21–6. Third quarter On the second-half kickoff, Jacoby Jones fielded the kick and promptly returned it 108 yards for the longest play in Super Bowl history. It broke the previous 104-yard record for the longest kickoff return in the playoffs (set by Trindon Holliday of the Denver Broncos in the divisional playoff game earlier that year against Baltimore), and it tied an NFL record already held by Jones and shared with Ellis Hobbs and Randall Cobb for the longest kickoff return. With the extra point, Baltimore was now leading 28–6. Shortly into the 49ers' next drive, a power outage caused the lights to go out in half of the stadium, stopping play for 34 minutes. The outage was caused by equipment failure at the stadium. After play resumed, both teams punted once. Then San Francisco drove 80 yards, with Kaepernick rushing for 15 yards and completing an 18-yard pass to Davis before finishing the drive with a pass to Crabtree, who broke through two potential Ravens tacklers on the way to a 31-yard touchdown reception. Then Baltimore was forced to punt from their own 9-yard line following Brooks' 8-yard sack of Flacco on third down, and Ted Ginn Jr. returned the ball 32 yards to the 20 before being shoved out of bounds by punter Sam Koch. Kaepernick completed a 14-yard pass to Davis on the next play, and Gore followed it up with a 6-yard touchdown run, cutting the score to 28–20. On the second play of the fourth quarter, Baltimore committed their first turnover when defensive back Tarell Brown forced and recovered a fumble from Ray Rice on the Ravens' 25-yard line. Three plays later, Akers missed (went wide left) on a 39-yard field goal attempt, but Baltimore's Chykie Brown was penalized for running into the kicker, and Akers' second attempt was good from 34 yards, trimming the lead to 28–23. Fourth quarter The Ravens responded on their ensuing possession, moving the ball 77 yards and advancing to the San Francisco 1-yard line, with Boldin catching two passes for 39 yards. But they were unable to reach the end zone and settled for Tucker's 19-yard field goal to put them back up by 8 points, 31–23. San Francisco stormed back, scoring in just five plays. Following a 32-yard reception by Randy Moss and a 21-yard burst by Gore, Kaepernick took the ball across the goal line on a 15-yard run, the longest touchdown run by a quarterback in Super Bowl history. However, the ensuing two-point conversion failed, so the 49ers were unable to break the deficit, still trailing at 31–29. On the Ravens' ensuing drive, Boldin caught two passes for 22 yards and Rice rushed for 11 yards as the team moved the ball 55 yards and scored on Tucker's 38-yard field goal, making the score 34–29 with 4:19 left in regulation. San Francisco used up two timeouts on their next drive, but managed to move the ball to a first and goal on the Ravens' 7-yard line following a 24-yard catch by Crabtree and a 33-yard run by Gore. With four chances to take the lead, San Francisco started out with a 2-yard run by James to the 5-yard line. Then Kaepernick threw two incompletions, bringing up fourth down. On their last chance, Kaepernick tried to throw the ball to Crabtree in the end zone, but it was too far ahead and the pass fell incomplete. Defensive back Jimmy Smith and Crabtree both made contact prior to the ball arriving, but no penalty was called and the 49ers turned the ball over on downs with 1:46 left in the game. San Francisco managed to force a three-and-out on the Ravens' next drive, but as they had only one timeout remaining, the Ravens were able to run the clock down to twelve seconds. On fourth down, and after the Ravens then called a timeout of their own, punter Sam Koch fielded the snap in his own end zone. In an effort to kill as much of the twelve remaining seconds on the clock, Koch was instructed not to punt the ball but rather hang on to it and scramble around in the end zone. Koch was able to scramble for eight seconds before giving up an intentional safety by running out of the side of the end zone, leaving just four seconds remaining and giving the 49ers one more chance for a game-winning play. On the ensuing free kick, Ginn returned the ball 31 yards, but was tackled at midfield by linebacker Josh Bynes as time expired. Power outage Play was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a 22-minute partial power outage. The power failed with 13:22 remaining in the third quarter with the Ravens leading 28–6. Emergency generators provided backup lighting. The New Orleans Fire Department rescued people from elevator seven, but other elevators were brought to the ground uneventfully. Attendees used double the usual amount of data for their cell phones. AT&T reported 78 gigabytes (GB) downloaded from 8 to 9 PM, about double from the peak the year before. NFL chief security officer Jeffrey Miller attributed fans' calmness to their preoccupation with their electronics. SMG, the Superdome's management company, recently upgraded electrical systems at the facility. In an October 15, 2012 memo, Louisiana officials expressed concern that the equipment bringing electricity into the stadium from utility company Entergy had a "chance of failure". Authorities subsequently spent nearly $1 million on upgrades to the stadium, more than half of that paid to Allstar Electric to upgrade electrical feeder cables. Entergy and SMG both said the problem was in interconnection equipment, and SMG hired a third party to investigate. Investigations homed in on a newly installed switchgear. Entergy installed a pair of relays made by Rogers Park's S&C Electric Company of Rogers Park, Chicago to ensure continued power supply in case one supply line failed. One of those relays tripped. Subsequent tests showed one of the relays functioned properly and the other did not. S&C Electric Co. claims the relay's trip setting was too low, but Entergy claims that the two were set identically. Electricity usage during the game was on par with a regular New Orleans Saints game. The halftime show was powered by a generator that did not impact the stadium's power. CBS-TV viewers were shown the half-lit Superdome interior. The main broadcast booth was off line; sideline reporter Steve Tasker informed the audience that "a click of the lights" had occurred and play had been halted. Ray Lewis later stated in an interview that he believed the blackout was part of a conspiracy, saying "You're a zillion dollar company and your lights go out? No. No way." 49ers CEO Jed York responded to the claim on Twitter in jest, tweeting "There is no conspiracy. I pulled the plug." Box score Statistical overview The teams combined for a Super Bowl-record 312 kickoff return yards. The Ravens scored the same number of points (34) in both of their Super Bowl appearances. Meanwhile, the 49ers became just the second team to lose the Super Bowl while scoring more than 30 points (joining the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XIII; the New England Patriots would join this list in Super Bowl LII). For the Ravens, Anquan Boldin was the leading receiver with 6 receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown. Paul Kruger had three tackles and two sacks, while Ed Reed had five tackles and an interception. Reed's interception gave him 9 career postseason picks, tying the NFL record. Dannell Ellerbe had nine tackles, while Ray Lewis had seven tackles in the final game of his 17-season career. Baltimore's Jacoby Jones returned 5 kickoffs for 208 yards and a touchdown, two punts for 28 yards, and caught a 56-yard touchdown pass. He tied an NFL league record and set a Super Bowl record for longest kickoff return in a Super Bowl with a 108-yard return to open up the second half. Jones also set or tied the following records: the record for most combined yards in a Super Bowl game with 290, tied the record for most touchdown plays of 50 yards or more, with 2 and became the first player to score a receiving touchdown and return touchdown in a Super Bowl. For San Francisco, Colin Kaepernick completed 16 of 28 passes for 302 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 62 yards and another score, but had 1 interception. His 62 rushing yards were the second highest total by a quarterback in the Super Bowl, behind Tennessee Titans quarterback Steve McNair's record of 64 in Super Bowl XXXIV. Kaepernick also set a Super Bowl record for the longest rushing touchdown from a quarterback for his 15-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter. This beat the previous 6-yard record held by the 49ers' Joe Montana achieved in Super Bowl XIX. Frank Gore rushed for 110 yards and a touchdown. Michael Crabtree caught 5 passes for 109 yards and a touchdown, while Davis caught 6 passes for 104 yards. His 104 receiving yards tied Dan Ross's record for the most ever by a tight end in a Super Bowl. Patrick Willis was the top tackler of the game with 10, while Brooks had five tackles and a sack. Because of the power outage in the third quarter, the game set a Super Bowl record long running time of 4 hours and 14 minutes. During the presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy, Hall of Fame defensive end Richard Dent brought the trophy to the stage. Twitter announced that a record 24.1 million tweets were sent the night of the game. Final statistics Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII, The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Statistical comparison Individual leaders 1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted Starting lineups Source: Officials Referee – Jerome Boger (#23), only Super Bowl Umpire – Darrell Jenkins (#76), only Super Bowl Head Linesman – Steve Stelljes (#22), only Super Bowl Line Judge – Byron Boston (#18), second of three Super Bowls (XXXIV, LII) Field Judge – Craig Wrolstad (#4), only Super Bowl Side Judge – Joe Larrew (#73), only Super Bowl Back Judge – Dino Paganelli (#105), first of two Super Bowls (LV) Replay Official - Bill Spyksma Replay Assistant - Terry Sullivan Alternate Referee – Bill Vinovich (#52), referee of Super Bowls XLIX, LIV Alternate Umpire – Bruce Stritesky (#102) Alternate Flank – Tom Stephan (#68) Alternate Deep – Scott Edwards (#3), side judge for Super Bowls 50, LII Alternate Back Judge – Steve Freeman (#133), back judge for Super Bowl XLVIII Officials wore the full-length black pants, introduced for cold weather in 2006, for the first time in a Super Bowl. The black pants were made mandatory during the 2012 season. The previous six Super Bowls were played either in Florida or a retractable-roof stadium with the roof closed, warm enough for officials to wear the traditional white knickers. References External links Super Bowl XLVII play-by-play: Ravens 34, 49ers 31 Super Bowl 047 2012 National Football League season 2013 in American football 2013 in American television 2013 in sports in Louisiana Football, American Baltimore Ravens postseason San Francisco 49ers postseason 21st century in New Orleans February 2013 sports events in the United States 2013 in American sports Power outages in the United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Bowl%20XLVII
132P/Helin–Roman–Alu, also known as Helin-Roman-Alu 2, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. References External links 132P/Helin-Roman-Alu 2 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net 132P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0132 132P 132P Comets in 2014 19891026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132P/Helin%E2%80%93Roman%E2%80%93Alu
Studio 360 was an American weekly public radio program about the arts and culture hosted by novelist Kurt Andersen and produced by Public Radio Exchange (PRX) and Slate in New York City. The program's stated goal was to "Get inside the creative mind" and used arts and culture as a lens to understand the world. The program was created by PRI based on an identified need for programming dedicated and focused on arts and culture journalism in media. While the show featured regular guest interviews with authors such as Joyce Carol Oates, Jonathan Lethem, and Miranda July, and musicians as diverse as Laura Veirs, Don Byron, and k.d. lang, it also had several recurring segments. The American Icons series attempted to understand lasting American cultural icons such as The Great Gatsby and Kind of Blue. The hour on Moby-Dick was the recipient of the 2004 Peabody Award. Public Radio International and WNYC co-produced the show from 2000 to 2017, when Slate replaced WNYC. After PRI merged with PRX, PRX continued to syndicate the show until the program's cancellation. The program was funded in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities Studio 360 was broadcast weekly on more than 160 terrestrial radio stations throughout the country, and was also available as a podcast via the program's website. It could also be heard on XM Satellite Radio on the PRI blocks on XMPR, channel 133. In addition to the program's main podcast, a spinoff arts and culture podcast titled Sideshow was also distributed. Sideshow is hosted by Studio 360 producer Sean Rameswaram. In 2020, Public Radio Exchange (PRX) canceled Studio 360. Its final episode aired on February 27, 2020, and it featured Alec Baldwin interviewing Kurt Andersen, as well as a performance by Rosanne Cash. It was also the last program to feature the PRI jingle as the PRI name was retired in 2019 in favor of PRX due to the merge with PRI. Awards The program won numerous awards including the George M. Foster Peabody Award, the Gabriel Award, and honorable mention at the Third Coast International Audio Festival in 2007. References External links American talk radio programs Audio podcasts Peabody Award-winning radio programs Public Radio International programs WNYC Studios programs 2000 podcast debuts 2020 podcast endings 2000 radio programme debuts 2020 radio programme endings	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio%20360
Civil Liberty is a fundraising organisation for "UK nationalists", that was run by members of the far-right British National Party (BNP) and British Democratic Party (BDP). It has been described as a front organisation. Organisation Civil Liberty was set up by Kevin Scott, who was a regional organiser for the BNP until 2006. Scott has continued to run the organisation. An investigation by The Guardian established that the group's address was registered to Tyneside BNP, and its website domain was registered at the address of the BNP's website editor. Its national treasurer was the BNP's head of administration. The group raises money to support nationalists, and was set up to "monitor anti-white racism". The anti-fascist group Hope not Hate described the group as a "fake 'civil rights' organisation" and argued that its claim to support individuals "who have fallen victim to the tyranny of government" to only apply to white people. Scott has since joined the British Democratic Party, a BNP breakaway group founded by former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and National Front chairman Andrew Brons. Fundraising in the United States Nick Griffin, the then leader of the BNP, was recorded at a conference organised by a former member of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States calling for American supporters of the party to give money to Civil Liberty rather than the BNP because of laws against international donations. He said the group "helps members of the BNP and that is within the law". Following publication of The Guardian's investigation, the Metropolitan Police's Domestic Extremism Unit started an inquiry into the link between Civil Liberty and the BNP. References External links British National Party breakaway groups	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Liberty%20%28UK%29
The Nancy Reagan defense is a tactic in corporate finance used to counter a takeover or merger bidder who has made a formal bid to shareholders to buy their shares. When the board of directors of the target company meets to consider the bid, they "just say no." For example, in a discussion of a takeover of the Walt Disney Company by Comcast, analyst Andy Kessler on Wall Street Week stated "there are two great Wall Street defenses. One is the Nancy Reagan defense and the other is the Pac-Man defense, right? And the Nancy Reagan defense is, just say no." An early use of the term referred to NCR's takeover defense against AT&T in 1991. The term refers to the "Just Say No" anti-drug campaign of the early 1980s and repeated by former United States First Lady Nancy Reagan advocating abstinence from recreational drug use. References Further reading "Hostile Tender Offers and the `Nancy Reagan Defense': May Target Boards `Just Say No'? Should They Be Allowed To?" Robert A. Prentice and John Langmore, 35 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 377-481 (1990) American English idioms Mergers and acquisitions Nancy Reagan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Reagan%20defense
Brough Castle is a ruined castle in the village of Brough, Cumbria, England. The castle was built by William Rufus around 1092 within the old Roman fort of Verterae to protect a key route through the Pennine Mountains. The initial motte and bailey castle was attacked and destroyed by the Scots in 1174 during the Great Revolt against Henry II. Rebuilt after the war, a square keep was constructed and the rest of the castle converted to stone. The Clifford family took possession of Brough after the Second Barons' War in the 1260s; they built Clifford's Tower and undertook a sequence of renovations to the castle, creating a fortification in a typical northern English style. In 1521, however, Henry Clifford held a Christmas feast at the castle, after which a major fire broke out, destroying the property. The castle remained abandoned until Lady Anne Clifford restored the property between 1659 and 1661, using it as one of her northern country homes. In 1666 another fire broke out, once again rendering the castle uninhabitable. Brough Castle went into sharp decline and was stripped first of its fittings and then its stonework. The castle's masonry began to collapse around 1800. In 1921, Brough Castle was given to the state and is now run by English Heritage as a tourist attraction. It is a listed building and a scheduled monument. 11th century Brough Castle was built on the site of the Roman fort of Verterae, a fortification that was occupied until the 5th century. The site protected the Stainmore Pass that stretched from the River Eden across the Pennines, and the Roman road connecting Carlisle and Ermine Street, a valuable trading route during the period. Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, William the Conqueror subdued the north of the country in a sequence of harsh campaigns, and the north-west region became a contested border territory between the Normans and the Scottish kings. William's son, William Rufus, invaded the north-west in 1091 and built Brough Castle around 1092, placing it in the north part of the old Roman fort in order to make use of the existing earthworks, in a similar way to nearby Brougham and Lancaster. The north side of the site overlooks the River Eden. This castle appears to have been a motte and bailey design; the keep had stone foundations and a main structure built from timber, while the rest of the former fort was turned into a palisaded bailey. The village of Church Brough was created alongside the castle at around the same time, in the form of a planned settlement, part of the Norman colonisation of the lowlands in the region. 12th century The region around Brough continued to be disputed between the kings of England and Scotland; in 1173, William the Lion of Scotland invaded as part of the Great Revolt against the rule of Henry II. William's army struck south but failed to take Wark and moved on to attack Carlisle instead; when that failed too, they successfully took Appleby before turning their attention to Brough. Brough, guarded by six knights, put up a strong resistance, but William took the outer defences and then besieged the keep, threatening to execute the garrison if the castle was not surrendered. The keep was set on fire, forcing the surrender of the garrison, including one knight who, according to the chronicler Jordan Fantosme, fought on first with spears and then wooden stakes, until finally overwhelmed. William then destroyed the remaining defences of the castle using Flemish mercenary troops. Henry II's forces defeated William at the battle of Alnwick and Brough Castle was recovered later in the year. Henry II had a square stone keep constructed in the 1180s by first Theobald de Valoignes and then Hugh de Morville, who rebuilt the remains of the castle. It was placed into the bailey wall, allowing it to directly support the outer defences. Thomas de Wyrkington conducted further work between 1199 and 1202 for King John, converting the castle entirely into stone. 13th–15th centuries King John granted the lordship of Westmoreland, including Brough, to Robert de Vieuxpont in 1203. Robert enlarged the castle in order to exert his authority over the region, where he was competing for control with other members of his extended family. In 1206, King John briefly entrusted his captive niece Eleanor to the custody of Robert. Robert died in 1228, leaving substantial debts of £2,000 to the Crown and passing the castle to his young son, John. His son's guardian, Hubert de Burgh appointed the Prior of Carlisle to run the estate and the castle was left to fall into ruin. John died supporting the rebels during the Second Barons' War between 1264 and 1267 and his lands were divided between his two daughters, Isabel and Idonea. Isabel de Vieuxpont inherited Brough and the eastern Vieuxpont estates; Henry III gave guardianship of some of these lands to Roger de Clifford; Roger then married Isabel, acquiring all her lands and beginning a long period of Clifford control of the castle. The Cliffords successfully recombined the former Vieuxpont estates by 1333, and were able to controlled the Eden valley through their castles at Appleby, Brougham, Pendragon and Brough. Robert Clifford controlled Brough by around 1308 and improved the defences, rebuilding the east wall and constructing a new hall, alongside his apartments which were located in a new circular tower, called Clifford's Tower. These apartments may have been similar to those surviving at Appleby Castle, also built by Robert. Robert died fighting the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn and the region around the castle was attacked in 1314 and 1319, causing significant damage to neighbouring Church Brough. Around this time the village of Market Brough was established along the road overlooked by the castle, in an attempt by the Cliffords to maximise the possibilities for profits from trade along the valley. Market Brough acquired a royal charter in 1330 and seems to have rapidly overtaken Church Brough as the main settlement in the area. In the 1380s Roger, the fifth baron, decided to modify the castle, partially to improve the defences. Roger conducted work to most of the Clifford castles in the area and at Brough he rebuilt the south wall and reconstructed the living accommodation, replacing the existing hall with a more fashionable first-floor hall and chamber block. Clifford's Tower was converted for use as bedrooms and some of the old hall was converted into a solar. in With the exception of Clifford's Tower, these renovations at Brough reflected the popular architectural style of castles in the north of England at the time, stressing square lines and towers in preference to the rounder shapes prevalent in the south. The bailey was cobbled over at around this time. The gatehouse was reinforced with buttresses and an additional courtyard built within the bailey around 1450, possibly by Thomas Clifford. During the Wars of the Roses between the rival houses of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists, the Clifford supported the Lancastrians. Thomas died in 1455, followed by his son John in 1461; Brough was temporarily seized from the Cliffords by the Yorkists, until John's son Henry was restored to his lands in 1485 by Henry VII. 16th–17th centuries Henry Clifford used the castle until 1521, when a fire broke out after a lavish Christmas Feast, destroying the inhabitable parts of the castle. Henry died shortly afterwards and the castle remained ruined for many years. The castle was restored in the 17th century by Lady Anne Clifford, a major landowner in the Clifford family who retired to the north during the years of the Commonwealth after the English Civil War. Although Anne was a royalist, she was protected by powerful friends within the ruling Parliamentary faction and able to enjoy her properties freely. She rebuilt a number of the Clifford castles, including Brough, where she conducted restoration work between 1659 and 1661. Anne undertook more work at Brough than anywhere else on her estates, aiming to restore it to its pre-1521 condition. Although Anne would have been familiar with contemporary styles, her restoration work was quite traditional in approach, drawing on existing northern castle architecture and deliberately trying to recreate 12th century features in the keep. As part of this work, new windows, a ground-floor entrance to the keep and new service accommodation was installed to allow her to live a late 17th-century lifestyle, and the castle had 24 fireplaces by 1665. Anne renamed Brough's keep as "the Roman Tower", in the belief that it had been built by the Romans. She divided her time at the castle between living in Clifford's Tower, part of the castle's apartments and, as work progressed, the keep; by 1665, she was able to spend her Christmas at the castle for the first time. In 1666 another fire struck the castle, however, rendering it uninhabitable. In the aftermath, the remaining buildings in the bailey was converted for use as a law court, and Anne died in 1676, the castle unrestored. 18th–21st centuries Anne's daughter, Margaret, married John Tufton, the Earl of Thanet. John's son, Thomas, stripped the castle around 1695 to support the reconstruction of Appleby Castle. The furnishings were sold in 1714 and in 1763 much of the stone from Clifford's Tower was plundered for use in the construction of Brough Mill; the castle was subsequently completely abandoned. The south-west corner of the keep partially collapsed around 1800. In 1920 more of the south-west corner collapsed and the castle's owner, Lord Hothfield, gave the property to the Office of Works. Work to stabilise the ruins was carried out and the castle, as a listed building and scheduled monument, eventually passed into the control of English Heritage as a tourist attraction. There were initial archaeological excavations on the site in 1925, and then further work in 1970–71, 1993, 2007 and 2009. Erosion continues to be a threat to the castle's masonry, and as of 2010 English Heritage considered the castle's condition to be declining, with some parts at particular risk. See also Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England Notes References Bibliography External links English Heritage visitor information Verteris: Roman Fort at Roman Britain Online 1092 establishments in England Buildings and structures completed in 1092 Castles in Cumbria English Heritage sites in Cumbria Tourist attractions in Cumbria Ruins in Cumbria Scheduled monuments in Cumbria Ruined castles in England William II of England	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brough%20Castle
Irene Karlijn (Ireen) Wüst (; born 1 April 1986) is a Dutch former long track speed skater of German ancestry. Wüst became the most successful speed skating Olympian ever by achieving at least one gold medal in each of five consecutive Winter Olympic appearances. Wüst is also the only athlete to win an individual gold medal in five consecutive Olympics, Summer or Winter. Wüst is both the youngest Dutch Olympic gold medalist and the oldest speed skating gold medalist in the history of the Winter Games. At the age of nineteen, on 12 February 2006, she won the gold medal at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games 3000 metre event; four years later at the 2010 Winter Olympic Games she won the 1500 metre event; at the 2014 Winter Olympic Games she won two gold and three silver medals, making her the most decorated athlete at the Sochi Games. Following her record sixth speed skating gold medal in the 1500 metres and bronze in the team pursuit event at the 2022 Winter Olympics she has won a record thirteen Olympic medals, more than any other speed skater, making her the most successful athlete of the Netherlands at the Olympics. She is also a seven-time world allround champion, a fifteen-time world single distance champion, and a five-time European allround champion. In 2014, she was elected by Reuters as the Sportswoman of the World. Skating career Wüst debuted at the 2004 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships in November 2003 with ninth place in both the 500m and 1500m events. At the end of the season, she won the silver medal in the world junior championships in Roseville, Minnesota, USA. The following season she qualified for the 2004–05 World Cup during the 2005 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships with fifth place in the 1000m and fourth place in the 1500m. With a third place at the 2005 KNSB Dutch Allround Championships, she qualified for her first international senior tournament, the 2005 European Championships in Heerenveen. There she came fourth and secured a spot in the Dutch team for the 2005 World Allround Championships in Moscow, Russia, where she finished in fifth place. She then became World Junior Champion in Seinäjoki, Finland. Season 2005–2006 Before the start of the season, Wüst signed a deal with TVM and started training under the guidance of Gerard Kemkers. At the 2006 KNSB Dutch Single Distance Championships, which also served as the Olympic Trials, Wüst won the 1000m, 1500m, and 3000m, which gave her a spot in the Dutch Olympic Team for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. Before the Olympics, she started in the 2006 European Championships in Hamar, where she won the bronze medal behind Claudia Pechstein of Germany and teammate Renate Groenewold. Olympic Games in Turin At the 2006 Olympics, her first distance was the 3000 metres where Wüst beat Groenewold and Cindy Klassen of Canada for the gold medal and became The Netherlands' youngest ever Winter Olympics champion. She missed out on the podium in the 1000 metres, finishing fourth. At her last event, the 1500 metres, she won a bronze medal behind Cindy Klassen and Kristina Groves of Canada. At her last event of the season, the 2006 World Allround Championships, Wüst finished fourth after she had been ill a few days before the tournament. After the end of the season, Wüst was elected as the best Dutch Sportswoman of the Year 2006. She was also elected female skater of the year. Season 2006–2007 Wüst started the season with two titles and one second place at the 2007 Dutch Distance Championships. She also won the 2007 Dutch Allround Championships. At the 2007 European Championships, Wüst led the championships after 3 of 4 distances but was beaten by Martina Sáblíková. The following weekend she competed in the 2007 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships in Hamar, again winning the silver medal. She became World Allround Champion during the 2007 World Allround Championships for the home crowd in Heerenveen. She won the 2006–07 World Cup in the 1500 m after winning two of the six races, as well as the 1000 m during the World Cup Final in Calgary. At the 2007 World Distance Championships, she won a gold medal in the 1000 m, breaking the national record, and another in the 1500 m. With Renate Groenewold and Paulien van Deutekom, she won silver in the team pursuit behind Canada. Season 2007–2008 After a difficult start to the season, Wüst won the European allround title in January 2008. Her main competitor this year was Paulien van Deutekom. Wüst finished second behind van Deutekom during the World Allround Championships in Berlin. In Nagano during the 2008 World Distance Championships, she won the gold medal in the team pursuit alongside Groenewold and Van Deutekom. Wüst won only one world race this season, the 1500m in Hamar. 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver At the 2010 Winter Olympics she won a gold medal in the 1500 metres. 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi At the 2014 Winter Olympics, she won gold medals in the 3000 metres and in the team pursuit, and silver medals in the 1000m, 1500m and 5000m. 2018 Olympic Games in Pyeongchang At the 2018 Winter Olympics, she won a gold medal in the 1500 metres and a silver medal in the 3000 metres. Her 1500 m gold medal was her fourth consecutive medal at this distance at the Olympics, and this was the fourth Olympics in a row in which she won an individual gold medal, the first time this was achieved by a Winter Olympian. She also became the second speed skater to win the Olympic 1500 metres twice (after Lidiya Skoblikova in 1960 and 1964), and the first Dutch athlete to win five gold medals and ten medals overall at the Olympics. She also became the first speed skater, male or female, to win eleven Olympic medals, and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals. 2022 Olympic Games in Beijing At the 2022 Winter Olympics, she won a gold medal in the 1500 metres, setting a new Olympic record time and becoming the first athlete to earn individual gold medals at five different Olympics (spanning 16 years). Personal records She is currently in 5th position on the Adelskalender with a score of 156.436 points. Tournament overview Source: World Cup overview Source: – = Did not participate * = 5000m (b) = Division B DNF = Did not finish DQ = Disqualified NC = No classification DNQ =Did not qualify Medals won updated December 2021 Personal life On 1 March 2006, Wüst was awarded as Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion for services to sport, i.e., winning the women's 3000 m speed skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. On 22 February 2022, she was further appointed a Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau for her outstanding performance in sport in general over the years and winning the women's 1500 m speed skating competition at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. Wüst is bisexual and first discussed being in a relationship with a woman in a 2009 Dutch interview. The umlaut "ü" in her family name, which is normally not used in Dutch, stems from a German ancestor who settled as a merchant in the Friesian town of Dokkum at the end of the 18th century. See also List of multiple Olympic gold medalists References External links Photos of Ireen Wüst 1986 births Dutch female speed skaters Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 2022 Winter Olympics Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics Olympic medalists in speed skating Olympic gold medalists for the Netherlands Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands Bisexual sportswomen Dutch bisexual people Dutch LGBT sportspeople People from Goirle Sportspeople from North Brabant Living people Dutch people of German descent World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists World Sprint Speed Skating Championships medalists LGBT speed skaters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireen%20W%C3%BCst
Kim St-Pierre (born December 14, 1978 in Châteauguay, Quebec) is a Canadian ice hockey player. She is a three-time Olympic gold medallist and five-time IIHF world champion. She was announced as a Hockey Hall of Fame inductee on June 24, 2020. She was named to the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2022. Playing career McGill In 1998-99, she was the top rookie for the McGill Martlets women's ice hockey team. She was also the first woman in Canadian Interuniversity Sports history to win a men’s regular season game when McGill University defeated Ryerson University on November 15, 2003 by a score of 5-2. International play Kim St. Pierre was the goaltender for Team Canada in the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, and was the starting goaltender in Team Canada's 3-2 victory over Team USA in the gold medal final. She also played for the Canadian women's team in Turin. St. Pierre holds numerous records in international competition, including most shutouts (15), most wins (24), and lowest goals against average (0.84). She received a gold medal in the Women's Hockey game at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. St. Pierre retired from international play in April 2013. CWHL St-Pierre formerly played for the Montreal Stars of the Canadian Women's Hockey League. In 2007-08, she was voted the CWHL Top Goaltender and a CWHL Eastern All-Star. By winning the 2009 Clarkson Cup, St. Pierre won the top three trophies in women's ice hockey, becoming the third woman to win the Clarkson Cup, an Olympic gold medal (in 2002, 2006, and 2010), and a gold medal at the IIHF women's world hockey championships. St. Pierre did not play the 2011–12 Canada women's national ice hockey team season (along with the Stars season) to have a baby. Montreal Canadiens practice St. Pierre made women's ice hockey history on October 23, 2008, when she tended goal during a practice session with the Montreal Canadiens at Denis Savard Arena. Carey Price was out with the flu. She was the second woman in NHL history to play alongside NHL players, since Manon Rhéaume in an exhibition game. Wearing her usual #33 jersey, Alexei Kovalev put a wrist shot past her ear and Francis Bouillon blasted a slapshot that just missed her mask and deflected off the crossbar. St.Pierre referred to the experience as "priceless". Awards and honours CWHL Top Goaltender, 2007–08 and 2008–09 CWHL First All-Star Team, 2008–09 CWHL Eastern All-Stars, 2007–08 CIAU Championship game Most Valuable Player in 2000 CIS Most Outstanding Player in 2003 Most Valuable Player, 2002 Esso Women's Nationals Top Goaltender at the 2001 World Championships Top Goaltender at the 2004 World Championships Top Goaltender at the 2002 Winter Olympics Top Goaltender at the 2002 Esso Canadian National Championship Named to the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2022. References External links Official website of Kim St-Pierre 1978 births Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders Clarkson Cup champions French Quebecers Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Ice hockey people from Quebec Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Living people McGill Martlets ice hockey players McGill University alumni Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Les Canadiennes de Montreal players Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Order of Hockey in Canada recipients People from Châteauguay Sportspeople from Montérégie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20St-Pierre
MLS Cup 2005 was the 10th edition of the MLS Cup, the championship match of Major League Soccer (MLS). The soccer match took place on November 13, 2005, at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco, Texas, near Dallas, and was contested between the New England Revolution and the Los Angeles Galaxy. It was a rematch of MLS Cup 2002 and ended in a repeat victory for Los Angeles, who won 1–0 on a goal scored by Guillermo Ramírez in extra time. New England qualified as the top seed in the Eastern Conference with several players named to the MLS Best XI, while Los Angeles was the lowest-seeded playoff team and had rebuilt its roster in the offseason. Ramírez, who was brought in on loan from CSD Municipal, had scored no goals from open play despite 62 shots but was substituted into the MLS Cup final and scored the winning goal. Venue The match was hosted at Pizza Hut Park in Frisco, Texas, the newly built home of FC Dallas. The 21,000-seat stadium was announced as the host on November 12, 2004. It was the third major soccer-specific stadium to be built for an MLS team and cost $80 million to construct, opening on August 6, 2005. The stadium sits at the center of a complex with 17 soccer fields located near downtown Frisco, approximately north of Downtown Dallas. Prior to the match, the league hosted pre-game festivities at nearby venues and parking lots, including events with FC Dallas players. Pizza Hut Park (later renamed Toyota Stadium) would go on to host MLS Cup 2006, and the 2007 and 2016 finals of the U.S. Open Cup, which all featured the New England Revolution. Road to the final The MLS Cup is the post-season championship of Major League Soccer (MLS), a professional club soccer league in the United States. The 2005 season was the tenth in league history, and was contested by twelve teams divided into two conferences. Each club played 32 matches during the regular season from April 2 to October 16, facing each team twice and in-conference teams two additional times. The playoffs, running from October 21 to November 13, were contested by the top four clubs in each conference. It was organized into three rounds: a home-and-away series in the Conference Semifinals, a single-match Conference Final, and the MLS Cup final. The tenth MLS Cup was contested between the New England Revolution and Los Angeles Galaxy in a rematch of the 2002 final, which the Galaxy won 1–0. It was the second time that an MLS Cup final featured a previous matchup. New England finished the regular season atop the Eastern Conference, while Los Angeles was the lowest-ever seed to play in the MLS Cup final after finishing eighth overall. The Galaxy and Revolution played twice in the regular season and both matches ended in 1–1 draws. New England Revolution New England Revolution made it to two consecutive Eastern Conference finals in 2003 and 2004 under head coach Steve Nicol, who was promoted from his interim role during the run to the 2002 final. The club drafted several young midfielders and forwards during the two seasons, including Pat Noonan, Shalrie Joseph, and Clint Dempsey, who helped replace retiring players or injured starters. Dempsey was named Rookie of the Year for his performance in the 2004 season, scoring seven goals and finishing third on the team in scoring behind Noonan and Taylor Twellman. The Revolution finished tied with the Chicago Fire for the worst record in the league in 2004 and qualified for the playoffs on the last day of the regular season. The team then defeated the Supporters' Shield-winning Columbus Crew 2–1 on aggregate in the Conference Semifinals. They advanced to the Conference Final, drawing 3–3 with D.C. United after extra time and losing 4–3 in the resulting penalty shootout in the sudden death sixth round. The Revolution opened the 2005 season with an eleven-match unbeaten streak, including six consecutive wins, that propelled them to first place in the Eastern Conference. The team, however, lost its place atop the conference to Chicago by July due to key players being released for national team callups. New England then regained its first-place spot, but lost several players in early August to injuries after playing five league and U.S. Open Cup matches in 15 days. The Revolution finished the regular season with only two losses in their last nine matches, completing their best-ever season record. New England finished second in Supporters' Shield standings behind San Jose, but set new team records for wins, with 17, and a conference record for points, with 59. Twellman's 17 goals earned him the MLS Golden Boot and the league's MVP award—a first for the Revolution. Defender Michael Parkhurst earned the Rookie of the Year Award, while Twellman, Dempsey, and Joseph were named to the MLS Best XI. New England opened the playoffs in the Conference Semifinals against the New York/New Jersey MetroStars, who clinched the 4th-seed berth on the last day of the season, mirroring the Revolution's performance in 2004. The Revolution lost 1–0 in the first leg at Giants Stadium in New Jersey, but advanced on aggregate score after a 3–1 victory at home in Massachusetts with three second-half goals. In their fourth consecutive Eastern Conference final, New England faced the Chicago Fire at home and won 1–0 on a goal in the fourth minute by Clint Dempsey and a disallowed offside goal. Los Angeles Galaxy The Los Angeles Galaxy fired head coach Sigi Schmid midway during the 2004 season, only two years after leading them to their first cup title in 2002, despite the team's place at the top of the league. His replacement for the remaining eight matches, former national team head coach Steve Sampson, led the team into a second-place finish in the Western Conference with only two wins and seven goals scored. After defeating the Colorado Rapids in the Conference Semifinals, the Galaxy ended their season with a 2–0 loss to the first-place Kansas City Wizards in the Western Conference Final. The Galaxy rebuilt their roster ahead of the 2005 season, retaining only 12 of 28 players from the playoff run, and traded away Carlos Ruiz to FC Dallas to sign returning American forward Landon Donovan. Los Angeles began the season with only two losses in their first eleven matches, but national team callups and injuries led to winless streaks in July and August. The Galaxy also participated in the U.S. Open Cup, which it won in September against FC Dallas. The team finished the regular season with a 13–13–6 record, clinching the fourth seed in the Western Conference. In the Conference Semifinals, Los Angeles faced their in-state rivals and Supporters' Shield-winning San Jose Earthquakes, who had won in the two team's last playoff meeting 5–4 on aggregate in 2003. The Galaxy won the first leg 3–1 at their home, with two goals from Donovan against his former club, and drew the away leg 1–1 to advance 4–2 on aggregate. Donovan then scored twice in Los Angeles's 2–0 over the Colorado Rapids in the Western Conference Final, sending the Galaxy to their fifth MLS Cup appearance. Summary of results Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away). Broadcasting The MLS Cup final was televised in the United States on ABC in English and Spanish using secondary audio programming. English play-by-play commentary was provided by JP Dellacamera with color analysis by Eric Wynalda, reprising their roles at MLS Cup 2004. Brandi Chastain provided sideline reporting, while Rob Stone anchored the pre-game and halftime shows. The Spanish language broadcast was provided by ESPN Deportes and included commentary from Randall Alvarez and Eduardo Biscayart. The match was also streamed via internet radio on MLSnet.com. Match Summary The match, referred by Kevin Stott, kicked off on a sunny day with temperatures of , at 12:30 p.m. Central Time. New England were named as the favorites heading into the MLS Cup, fielding an offensive lineup that was countered by Los Angeles's attacking midfielders. The Galaxy began the match with several attacks, including a lobbed shot into the goal in the sixth minute by forward Herculez Gomez that was ruled offside. Chris Albright and Landon Donovan combined for an attempt in the 19th minute that drifted across the box. The Revolution could not produce many attacks during the first half, with a lone shot near goal coming in the 29th minute on a missed header by Shalrie Joseph off a corner kick. The Galaxy had two more chances to take the lead during the first half, with Gomez missing a shot from in the 41st minute and Donovan's shot in stoppage time being saved by Revolution goalkeeper Matt Reis. The Revolution began the second half with offensive pressure down the flanks, but failed to connect on crosses into the penalty area. New England's lone shot on goal during regulation time came from defender Jay Heaps in the 62nd minute, shooting into the hands of Los Angeles goalkeeper Kevin Hartman. The Revolution substituted Pat Noonan for midfielder José Cancela, moving into a 4–2–2 with Twellman and Dempsey as strikers; the Galaxy responded by bringing on midfielder Guillermo Ramírez for Ned Grabavoy in the 66th minute. The Galaxy had several chances to take a late lead, with a shot by Donovan in the 79th minute that was saved by Michael Parkhurst and an attempt by Gomez a minute later that passed over the goal. Cobi Jones took the final regulation-time shot on goal for the Galaxy in the 83rd minute, which hit the crossbar of the goal. Cancela nearly gave New England a lead in the ninth minute of extra time, hitting a half-volley from that was deflected away from goal by Hartman. The Revolution pressed along the wings for another chance, including a cross by Albright that was headed wide by Donovan. The winning goal for the Galaxy was scored in the 17th minute of extra time by Ramírez, who received a deflection from Reis and volleyed it from outside the penalty area. After the overtime's short halftime, the Revolution missed several shots on goal while looking for an equalizing goal, but left themselves open to counterattacks by the Galaxy. Two shots from Donovan and Gomez were saved from close range by Reis in the 25th minute of extra time, shortly before Cancela's shot was deflected away from goal by defender Ugo Ihemelu in stoppage time. Los Angeles won their second MLS Cup title, with the same scoreline and scoreless regulation as their previous victory over New England in 2002. Details Post-match The Los Angeles Galaxy became the third team in MLS history to win both an MLS Cup and the U.S. Open Cup in the same season, following D.C. United in 1996 and the Chicago Fire in 1998. Guillermo Ramírez was named the MLS Cup MVP for his performance, which contrasted with his struggles to score during the regular season. He attempted 62 shots from open play and was unable to convert. The Galaxy declined to continue his loan and Ramírez returned the following season to CSD Municipal in Guatemala. The match featured 10 yellow cards, doubling the previous MLS Cup record set in 2001, was the third to be decided by a single goal, and the second to be scoreless before overtime after the 2002 final. The match's attendance of 21,193 was a sellout crowd, and included hundreds of traveling supporters from New England and 100 employees brought by Revolution owner Robert Kraft, but remains the lowest for an MLS Cup final. Both finalists qualified for the quarterfinals of the 2006 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, played during the following preseason against Costa Rican teams. The Galaxy lost 3–2 to Deportivo Saprissa, while the Revolution fell 1–0 to Alajuelense. The Revolution were also finalists in the next two MLS Cups, losing both to the Houston Dynamo (formed from the San Jose Earthquakes) on penalty kicks at Pizza Hut Park in 2006 and in regulation time at RFK Memorial Stadium in Washington, D.C. in 2007. Los Angeles and New England would meet again in the 2014 final, which marked the Galaxy's fifth title and the Revolution's fifth loss. References MLS Cup MLS Cup 2005 MLS Cup 2005 November 2005 sports events in the United States MLS Cup Sports in Frisco, Texas Soccer in Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Cup%202005
Beehive was a Vietnam war era anti-personnel round packed with metal flechettes fired from an artillery gun most popularly deployed during that conflict. It is also known as flechette rounds or their official designation, antipersonnel-tracer (APERS-T). Typically, artillery gunners fire using indirect fire, firing at targets they cannot see by line of sight, with information provided by a forward observer. However, during the Vietnam War, there was a demand for a munition that could be fired directly at enemy troops, in cases where an artillery unit was attacked. History The flechette rounds were developed under a contract administered by Picatinny Arsenal and let to the Whirlpool Corporation in April 1957. The contract was named the "Beehive Program" referring to the way the flechettes were compartmentalized and stacked, looking like the traditional image of a conical beehive. It was commonly assumed by users in the service that the term referred to a supposed 'buzzing' sound its darts made when flying through the air. The first example was the 105mm howitzer M546 anti-personnel tracer (APERS-T), first fired in combat in 1966 and thereafter used extensively in the Vietnam War. Intended for direct fire against enemy troops, the M546 was direct fired from a near horizontally leveled 105 mm howitzer and ejected 8000 flechettes during flight by a mechanical time fuse. Green starshells were shot into the air prior to their use to warn friendly troops that such a round was being shot. The 105mm howitzer round was not the only artillery piece provided with APERS-T. Beehive rounds were also created for recoilless anti-tank weapons: the 90 mm and 106 mm mounted on the M50 Ontos. APERS-T rounds were available for 90mm gun on M48 tanks and the 152mm gun on the M551 Sheridan armored reconnaissance/airborne assault vehicle. After the Vietnam War the 105mm tank gun M68 was also provided APER-T ammunition M494. APERS-T rounds in 40×46 mm were also available for the M79, M203, and M320 grenade launchers. Subsequently, it was reported that the USSR had developed similar rounds for 122 mm and 152 mm artillery for use in indirect fire. Beehive rounds became less popular in the United States following Vietnam, with low-angle air burst techniques such as Killer Junior supplanting the use of Beehive. See also Canister shot (or case-shot) Lazy Dog (bomb) References Ammunition Artillery operation Anti-personnel weapons	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20anti-personnel%20round
Southill, Weymouth is a modern suburb of Weymouth, Dorset, England, and lies about 2 miles (3 km) north of the town centre. It was developed on the western shore of Radipole Lake in several phases from the 1960s onwards. At its centre lay a post office, confusingly and wrongly named South Hill Post Office, but this closed in January 2007. There is a small shopping centre, a community centre, a church and a pub, the John Gregory. A primary school was built to serve the new estate in the 1970s. Southill is part of the parish of Radipole, the hill itself coming between Radipole and Weymouth.. Transportation The village does not have any bus services as its only service was withdrawn in the 2010s. References Radipole & Southill Local Community & History Weymouth-Dorset.co.uk Southill Community Area Villages in Dorset Geography of Weymouth, Dorset	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southill%2C%20Weymouth
A secular resonance is a type of orbital resonance between two bodies with synchronized precessional frequencies. In celestial mechanics, secular refers to the long-term motion of a system, and resonance is periods or frequencies being a simple numerical ratio of small integers. Typically, the synchronized precessions in secular resonances are between the rates of change of the argument of the periapses or the rates of change of the longitude of the ascending nodes of two system bodies. Secular resonances can be used to study the long-term orbital evolution of asteroids and their families within the asteroid belt. Description Secular resonances occur when the precession of two orbits is synchronised (a precession of the perihelion, with frequency g, or the ascending node, with frequency s, or both). A small body (such as a small Solar System body) in secular resonance with a much larger one (such as a planet) will precess at the same rate as the large body. Over relatively short time periods (a million years or so), a secular resonance will change the eccentricity and the inclination of the small body. One can distinguish between: linear secular resonances between a body (no subscript) and a single other large perturbing body (e.g. a planet, subscript as numbered from the Sun), such as the ν6 = g − g6 secular resonance between asteroids and Saturn; and nonlinear secular resonances, which are higher-order resonances, usually combination of linear resonances such as the z1 = (g − g6) + (s − s6), or the ν6 + ν5 = 2g − g6 − g5 resonances. ν6 resonance A prominent example of a linear resonance is the ν6 secular resonance between asteroids and Saturn. Asteroids that approach Saturn have their eccentricity slowly increased until they become Mars-crossers, when they are usually ejected from the asteroid belt by a close encounter with Mars. The resonance forms the inner and "side" boundaries of the asteroid belt around 2 AU and at inclinations of about 20°. See also Orbital resonance Asteroid belt References Orbital perturbations Orbital resonance	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular%20resonance
The BRD Trilogy () consists of three films directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder: The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979), Lola (1981) and Veronika Voss (1982). The films are connected in a thematic rather than in a narrative sense. All three deal with different characters (though some actors recur in different roles) and plotlines, but each one focuses on the story of a specific woman in West Germany after World War II. The three letter acronym "BRD" stands for Bundesrepublik Deutschland, the official name of West Germany and of the united contemporary Germany. Films The Marriage of Maria Braun The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979) begins in the last days of World War II during the rushed marriage ceremony of Maria Braun, after which her husband is sent to battle the advancing Allies. After Maria later hears that he has been killed, she becomes the mistress of an African-American soldier. When Maria's husband unexpectedly returns alive, she kills the soldier in a scuffle, but her husband takes the blame. Maria becomes the self-centered assistant and lover of a wealthy industrialist and a model of post-war recovery. Veronika Voss Veronika Voss (1982) depicts the twilight years of film actress Veronika Voss in stark black-and-white. A sports reporter becomes enthralled by the unbalanced actress and discovers that she is under the power of a villainous doctor who keeps her addicted to opiates in order to steal her wealth. Despite his best attempts, he is unable to save her from a terrible end. The original German title, , translates as "The longing of Veronika Voss". Lola Lola (1981) is loosely based on Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel and its source novel Professor Unrat by Heinrich Mann. It tells the story of an upright building commissioner, Von Bohm, who comes to a small town. He falls in love with Lola, innocent of the fact that she is a famed prostitute and the mistress of Shuckert, an unscrupulous developer. Unable to reconcile his idealistic images of Lola with reality, Von Bohm spirals into the very corruption he had sought to fight. Background and structure Fassbinder had the idea of making a series of films that focus on West Germany during the "economic miracle" of the 1950s. The main characters are all women, representing different people in different circumstances. Fassbinder developed the original treatments and stories, but Peter Märthesheimer wrote the detailed scripts for the films. He had worked with Fassbinder as a commissioning producer and script editor of some of his TV projects, with the help of his then partner Pea Fröhlich. The films were shot and released in a slightly different order from their accepted numbering. Maria Braun, released in 1979, is the earliest in terms of both production and the chronology of the plot, beginning in 1945, but became part of the trilogy only retrospectively, when Fassbinder added the caption "BRD 3" to Lola in 1981. Veronika Voss, released a year later, included the caption "BRD 2" and is set in a slightly earlier period than Lola. Fassbinder did not intend the series to end as a trilogy but his plans to make further films in the same mould were cut short by his death. The Criterion Collection released the trilogy in a DVD box set in September 2003. Unifying elements Aside from Fassbinder's intention to make films about West Germany after World War II and during the "economic miracle", there are other threads that tie the three films together. One is the issue of "forgetting the past for the sake of moving to a brighter future". All the films' main characters are trying to overcome their circumstances, largely created by past experiences. Fassbinder depicts West Germany in the 1950s and afterward as attempting to forget its Nazi period, even allowing former Nazi officials to hold political power, and move ahead as a country, regaining international respectability and prestige. The painful past is neither acknowledged nor confronted. A second parallel is the question of who exactly benefited from West Germany's economic progress. Fassbinder's view was that some Germans advanced during the "economic miracle" but others fell. For everyone who has a better life (more wealth, security, and peace), someone else suffers and loses. Veronika Voss is an example of someone who does not benefit, because her acting career was most prominent during the Third Reich. Maria Braun tries to advance economically for her and her husband's sakes, but hurts others in the process and in the end is emotionally distant from her husband and her family. Lola tries to take advantage of economic progress and use her position for advancement, but others who surround her attempt the same, with mixed results. An additional commonality is the inclusion of African-American soldiers in all three films. In The Marriage of Maria Braun there are two, a gentlemanly soldier who becomes Maria's lover and another who drunkenly accosts her on a train. The latter is played by Günther Kaufmann, who also plays African-American soldiers in the other two films. It is unclear whether the soldier is supposed to be the same person in all three. He can be taken as a representation of the influence of the American occupation on postwar Germany, though the fact that he is African-American could have other implications. Each film has a distinctive style (especially in its cinematography) to better reflect the characters. The Marriage of Maria Braun appears with much of its color drained. Veronika Voss uses a very rich black and white, similar to film noir or German Expressionist films of the 1920s. Lola is influenced by Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel and uses very bold colors in a manner similar to Technicolor. External links The Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation Heartbreak House: Fassbinder's BRD Trilogy an essay by Kent Jones at the Criterion Collection Film series introduced in 1979 1970s drama films 1980s drama films German drama films West German films 1970s German-language films German film series Rainer Werner Fassbinder Films set in the 1950s Drama film series 1970s German films 1980s German films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRD%20Trilogy
Reverend Lal Behari Day (also Dey, 18 December 1824 – 28 October 1892) was an Bengali writer and journalist, who converted to Christianity, and became a Christian missionary himself. Biography Lal Behari Dey was born on 18 December 1824 to a Bengali Suvarna Banik caste family at Sonapalasi near Bardhaman. His father Radhakanta Dey Mondal was a small bill broker in Kolkata. After primary education in the village school he came to Calcutta with his father and was admitted to Reverend Alexander Duff's General Assembly Institution, where he studied from 1834 to 1844. (Duff's Institution is now the Scottish Church Collegiate School; he was one of the first five boys admitted by Duff.) Under Duff's tutelage he formally embraced Christianity on 2 July 1843. In 1842, a year before his baptism he had published a tract, The Falsity of the Hindu Religion, which had won a prize for the best essay from a local Christian society. From 1855 to 1867 Lal Behari was a missionary and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. From 1867 to 1889 he worked as professor of English in Government-administered colleges at Berhampore and Hooghly. After having served in several churches in the prime of his career, he joined the Berhampore Collegiate School as Principal in 1867. Later he became Professor of English and Mental and Moral Philosophy in Hooghly Mohsin College of the University of Calcutta and stayed with it from 1872 to 1888. Being a devout Christian but pro-British Raj, he protested against any discrimination practised by the ruling class against the natives. Lalbehari Dey was known for his profound knowledge of the English language and literature. During his work at Burdwan he saw rural life closely and this experience was drawn upon to Bengal Peasant Life (1874). At this time landlord-tenant relations had greatly deteriorated, and there was peasant unrest in various parts of Bengal. Bengal Peasant Life explains the reasons for this situation. Lalbehari was against the zamindari system and he may be called the first man to investigate and report the actual problems of the depressed classes under the operation of the permanent settlement and suggest remedies towards solving the problem. His contemporaries Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Peary Chand Mitra and Dinabandhu Mitra, also wrote powerfully about peasants and depressed class's problems. Their opinions greatly influenced the report of the Rent Commission of 1880 which led to the enactment of the famous bengal tenancy act of 1885, which has been termed as the Magna Carta of peasant rights in Bengal. Rev. Lalbehari also wrote two novels, Chandramukhi, A Tale of Bengali Life (1859) and Govinda Samanta, which portray the suffering of peasants under the zamindari system. In 1874 his Govinda Samanta won the prize of Rs 500 offered by Baboo Joy Kissen Mookerjea of Uttarpara, one of the most enlightened zamindars in Bengal, for the best novel, written either in Bengali or in English, illustrating the "Social and Domestic Life of the Rural Population and Working Classes of Bengal". Charles Darwin wrote a letter on 18 April 1881 to the publishers saying, "I see that the Reverend Lal Behari Day is Editor of the Bengal Magazine and I shall be glad if you would tell him with my compliments how much pleasure and instruction I derived from reading a few years ago, this novel, Govinda Samanta." Lalbehari Dey was perhaps the first collector of Bengali fairy tales and compiled Folk-Tales of Bengal (1875). This scholarly work is a path-breaking effort in cataloguing the cultural heritage of rural Bengal. This compilation not only preserved folk tales that might otherwise have been lost, but also paved the way for the modern study of Folk literature. Lalbehari was also strong advocate of Bengali medium and vernacular education. He made it a policy to publish features on the importance of education in the vernaculars in Arunodaya" (1875), a fortnightly journal published and edited by him. These views were given due attention by Hunter Commission (1882), education commission for popularizing education among depressed classes. He was also the editor of three English magazines, Indian Reformer (1861), Friday Review (1866) and Bengal Magazine (1872). Apart from writing in these magazines, Lal Behari also contributed articles to Calcutta Review and Hindu Patriot. He was a member of many associations like the Bethune Society and the Bengal Social Science Association. He was made a Fellow of the University of Calcutta from 1877. Lal Behari Day died on 28 October 1892(or 1894) , at Calcutta. References External links "Day, Rev. Lalbehari (1824–1894)" at Banglapedia'' "From Krishna Pal to Lal Behari Dey: Indian Builders of the Church in India or Native Agency in Bengal 1800–1880" by Dr E.M. Jackson, University of Derby, at MultiFaithNet.org (archived 2006-12-10) Scottish Church Collegiate School alumni Scottish Church College alumni Bengali-language writers Bengali writers Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism Indian Christian theologians 19th-century Indian journalists 1824 births 1892 deaths 19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland 19th-century Indian Christian clergy Presbyterian missionaries in India Academic staff of the University of Calcutta University of Calcutta alumni Fellows of the University of Calcutta Indian Presbyterian missionaries People from Purba Bardhaman district Journalists from West Bengal Indian Christian writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%20Behari%20Day
Horse-ripping, or horse slashing, is an animal cruelty phenomenon involving serious injuries in horses, often involving mutilation of their genitalia and slashing of the flank or neck. It has not been established, however, how often these injuries are caused by human cruelty. "Horse-ripping" is not an entirely neutral term since it implies there is always a human act behind the mutilations. Incidents There were 160 reported incidents in Britain between 1983 and 1993, and 300 incidents in Germany between 1992 and 1998. It has become a widespread belief in recent years that these attacks are carried out deliberately by people, and generally sexually motivated. Animal welfare officers have also drawn links between attacks on horses and 'fertility cults'. At least one case initially believed to be horse-ripping was later shown to have been caused by another horse. Convictions are rare, though a man has been convicted in the Netherlands for a large number of such attacks on horses and ponies, along with the murder of a homeless person and the attempted murder of several others. Horse-ripping, which is regarded as pathological, is distinguished from castration of male animals, which is regarded as a normal pastoral practice. In Great Wyrley, England, during the Edwardian period George Edalji was wrongly convicted of horse ripping. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes series, defended Edalji. Critique Investigations have shown it doubtful whether all 'horse-ripping' incidents can be ascribed to human acts. For the similar cattle mutilation, primarily a US phenomenon, UFOs, cults and animal cruelty have been blamed, but research showed there were natural or undetermined causes in the vast majority of cases. Media and the public often regard all incidents of horses being found injured as resulting from human acts, even if it has not been proven that the causes are unnatural. For this reason, some would argue that the concept should be analysed in terms of mass psychology and might qualify as a moral panic phenomenon. However, it is agreed upon that true cases of human-inflicted mutilation are a pathological or criminal phenomenon. In literature The short story Romulus (1883) by the Danish author Karl Gjellerup features cruelty to a noble race horse. The story was inspired by a contemporary case where the Royal Chamberlain was accused of animal cruelty. The play Equus from 1973 elaborates the psychology of a young horse mutilator. It also was inspired by a then-contemporary series of horse blindings. Based on the play, the film Equus was produced in 1977. In Dostoyevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov has a dream about a mare being whipped and eventually bludgeoned to death with an iron bar by a drunken man, while a large crowd encourages and helps him. The novel Arthur & George by Julian Barnes centers around Arthur Conan Doyle's involvement with the Great Wryley Outrages, a series of mutilations committed against horses and other livestock in 1903. See also Cattle mutilation Horse sacrifice Moral panic Zoosadism Notes Further reading Schedel-Stupperich A. Criminal acts against horses--phenomenology and psychosocial construct Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. March 2002;109(3):116-9. (in German) Yates, Roger; Powell, Chris; and Beirne, Piers. Horse Maiming in the English Countryside, Society and Animals, 9:1, 2001. Cruelty to animals Equine welfare	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse-ripping
Juniper, also known as Brother Juniper () (died 1258), called "the renowned jester of the Lord", was one of the original followers of Francis of Assisi. Not much is known about Juniper before he joined the friars. In 1210, he was received into the Order of Friars Minor by Francis himself. "Would to God, my brothers, that I had a whole forest of such Junipers," Francis would delightfully pun. Francis sent him to establish "places" for the friars in Gualdo Tadino and Viterbo. When Clare of Assisi was dying, Juniper consoled her. Juniper is buried at Ara Coeli Church at Rome. Junípero Serra (1713–1784), born Miquel Josep Serra i Ferrer, took his religious name in honor of Brother Juniper when he was received into the order. The Legend of the pig's feet Several stories about Juniper in the Little Flowers of St. Francis (Fioretti di San Francesco) illustrate his generosity and simplicity. Perhaps the most famous of these is the tale of the pig's feet. When visiting a poor man who was sick, Juniper asked if he could perform any service for the man. The man told Juniper that he had a longing for a meal of pig's feet, and so Juniper happily ran off to find some. Capturing a pig in a nearby field, he cut off a foot and cooked the meal for the man. When the pig's owner found out about this, he came in great wrath and abused Francis and the other Franciscans, calling them thieves and refusing repayment. Francis reproached Juniper and ordered him to apologize to the pig's owner and to make amends. Juniper, not understanding why the owner should be upset at such a charitable act, went to him and cheerfully retold the tale of the pig's foot, as though he had done the man a favor. When the man reacted with anger, Juniper thought that he had misunderstood him, so he simply repeated the story with great zeal, embraced him, and begged the man to give him the rest of the pig for the sake of charity. At this display the owner's heart was changed, and he gave up the rest of the pig to be slaughtered as Juniper had asked. The story of Juniper and the pig's feet was depicted in Roberto Rossellini's film The Flowers of St. Francis (1950). Other property ownership difficulties On another occasion, Juniper was commanded to cease giving part of his clothing to the half-naked people he met on the road. Desiring to obey his superior, Juniper once told a man in need that he couldn't give the man his tunic, but he wouldn't prevent the man from taking it either. In time, the friars learned not to leave anything lying around, because Juniper would probably give it away. References External links Patron Saints Index English Text of the legend of the pig's feet from Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi 1190s births Year of birth uncertain 1258 deaths People from Bevagna 13th-century Italian people Italian Friars Minor Roman Catholic religious brothers Italian Servants of God Burials at Santa Maria in Ara Coeli	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper%20%28friar%29
The Berkeley Heights Public Schools are a comprehensive community public school district serving students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade from Berkeley Heights in Union County, New Jersey. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of six schools, had an enrollment of 2,499 students and 230.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J. The district's high school serves public school students of Berkeley Heights, along with approximately 300 students from neighboring Borough of Mountainside who are educated at the high school as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Mountainside School District that is covered by an agreement that runs through the end of 2021-22 school year. Governor Livingston provides programs for deaf, hard of hearing and cognitively-impaired students in the district and those who are enrolled from all over north-central New Jersey who attend on a tuition basis. Schools Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are: Early childhood Mary Kay McMillin Early Childhood Center with 304 students in PreK-2 grade Anne Corley-Hand, principal William Woodruff Elementary School with 180 students in grades K-2 Brenda Marley, principal Elementary school Thomas P. Hughes Elementary School with 264 students in grades 3-5 Jessica Nardi, principal Mountain Park Elementary School with 243 students in grades 3-5 Jon Morisseau, principal Middle school Columbia Middle School with 544 students in grades 6-8 Paul Kobliska, principal High school Governor Livingston High School with 960 students in grades 9-12 Robert Nixon, principal Administration Core members of the district's administration are: Melissa Varley, superintendent H. Ron Smith, interim business administrator and board secretary Board of education The district's board of education is comprised of seven members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election; a representative appointed by Mountainside also sits on the board. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. The board of education and administrative offices for the district are located in the original Columbia School building on Plainfield Avenue, adjacent to the middle school building. References External links Berkeley Heights Public Schools Data for the Berkeley Heights Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics Berkeley Heights, New Jersey New Jersey District Factor Group I School districts in Union County, New Jersey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Heights%20Public%20Schools
Stumptown Coffee Roasters is a coffee roaster and retailer based in Portland, Oregon, United States. The chain's flagship café and roastery opened in 1999. Three other cafes, a roastery and a tasting annex have since opened in Portland, as well as locations in New York, and Los Angeles,. Stumptown is owned by Peet's Coffee, which in turn is owned by JAB Holding Company. The company was an early innovator with cold brew coffee in nitro cans and have continued to develop other cold brew product innovations. Business model Founder Duane Sorenson and Stumptown Coffee Roasters have been labeled as part of the third wave of coffee movement. Sorenson and his employees visited coffee farms in person and reportedly paid high prices for beans, occasionally three or four times the fair trade price. He once set the record for highest price ever paid for coffee beans. Sorenson also offered atypical perks to his employees such as paying for a compilation album to be produced of their various bands, and hiring a full-time on-staff massage therapist. Stumptown has received numerous awards, including Roaster of the Year 2006. In 2015, Stumptown Coffee Roasters was bought by Peet's Coffee for an undisclosed amount. Locations Stumptown operates five cafes in Portland. They're located on SE 45th & Division St., SE 34th & Belmont, downtown at SW 3rd & Ash St., inside the Ace Hotel at 1022 SW Stark Street, and at the Portland International Airport. The company also owns a roasting facility and a retail annex inside their headquarters at 100 SE Salmon St. The original location on SE Division was previously a hair salon called "The Hair Bender," whose name Stumptown adopted for one of their signature espresso blends. In November 2007, Stumptown opened two cafes in Seattle. In September 2009, the company also launched a cafe in New York's Ace Hotel. A temporary "pop-up" location appeared in Amsterdam's De Pijp neighborhood in May 2010. Opened by Sorenson, he claimed it was never intended to be permanent and closed its doors that same year. In 2013, Stumptown opened a second New York City café and a café/roaster in Los Angeles. In January 2014, the company began selling coffee, pre-mixed with milk, in grocery stores. Additional cafes have also opened in Chicago and New Orleans. Stumptown opened their third New York cafe in a historic Brooklyn firehouse in the summer of 2018. In 2023, the business confirmed plans to operate at the Portland International Airport. See also List of coffeehouse chains List of coffee companies Notes References Foley, Karen. This Olde Coffee House. Willamette Week. Retrieved February 16, 2006. Moss, Matthew. (April 17, 2002). Cafe Ole Ole Ole. Willamette Week. Retrieved February 16, 2006. Sloan, Gene. (March 7, 2002). 10 Great Places for Caffeine and Conversation. USA Today. Retrieved February 16, 2006. External links JDE Peet's 1999 establishments in Oregon Coffee brands Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States Coffee in Portland, Oregon Food and drink companies based in Portland, Oregon American companies established in 1999 Restaurants established in 1999 2015 mergers and acquisitions Certified B Corporations in the Food & Beverage Industry	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumptown%20Coffee%20Roasters
Brotherly love may refer to: General Philia, a Greek word for love Brotherly love (philosophy) The New Commandment of Jesus The Second greatest commandment: "Love thy neighbor as thyself" Television Brotherly Love (1995 TV series), an American television series Brotherly Love (1999 TV series), a British television series "Brotherly Love" (The Cleveland Show), an episode of The Cleveland Show "Brotherly Love", episode of The Golden Girls "Brotherly Love", three-episode story arc of the British television programme Cracker "Brotherly Love", episode of In the Heat of the Night Music "Brotherly Love" (Moe Bandy song), first recorded by Moe Bandy and later as a duet between Keith Whitley and Earl Thomas Conley Brotherly Love, an album by Dean Dillon and Gary Stewart, or its title track "Brotherly Love", a song written by John Farrar and recorded by Olivia Newton-John on her album Music Makes My Day "Brotherly Love", a song recorded by Billy Dean in his album Young Man "Brotherly Love", a song written by The Constructus Corporation. Films Brotherly Love (1928 film), a 1928 American film Brotherly Love, a 1936 cartoon film Country Dance (film), a 1970 British film, released as Brotherly Love in the U.S. Brotherly Love (1985 film), a 1985 television film starring Judd Hirsch Brotherly Love (2015 film), a 2015 American film with Keke Palmer and Quincy Other uses Philadelphia, known as the City of Brotherly Love (Philadelphia means “brotherly love” in Greek)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherly%20love
136P/Mueller, also known as Mueller 3, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 136P/Mueller 3 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net 136P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0136 136P Comets in 2007 Comets in 2016 19900924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/136P/Mueller
Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities was a compendium of fraternities and sororities in the United States and Canada, published between 1879 and 1991. One modern writer notes, "Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, was, in essence, the Bible of the Greek letter system." History While seeking a Greek organization as a merger partner for his small national fraternity of Alpha Sigma Chi (which later joined Beta Theta Pi) at Stevens Institute of Technology, William Raimond Baird conducted extensive research on fraternal organizations. He compiled and published his research as American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with a Detailed Account of Each Fraternity in 1879. Baird's publication coincided with a period of immense growth for fraternities in the United States. His book was in demand for libraries and fraternity chapters, the latter contacting Baird with updates to their entry. Baird published eight editions of the reference through 1915. With the sixth edition in 1905, the serial was renamed Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities. After Baird died in 1917, the National Interfraternity Conference held the rights to his manual which continued publishing with an erratic schedule and various editors and publishers. James T. Browne served as editor and publisher of the 9th edition in 1920 and the 10th edition in 1923. In the 1920s, the National Interfraternity Conference sold the serial to George Banta, publisher and editor-in-chief of Banta's Greek Exchange. Banta was a former president and secondary–founder of Phi Delta Theta. His George Banta Publishing Company (later George Banta Company, Inc.) of Menasha, Wisconsin released eight editions of Baird's Manual between 1927 and 1968. Banta hired Francis Wayland Shepardson, president of Beta Thea Pi, to edit three editions, the 11th edition in 1927, the 12th edition in 1930, and the 13th edition in 1935. Banta died in March 1936, and his company's leadership fell to his widow and son. During the 1940s, Banta Publishing made the publication slimmer with fewer entries. Alvan E Duerr was the first editor of this new format with the 14th edition in 1940. Harold J. Bailey edited the 15th edition that was released in 1949. George Starr Lasher edited the 16th edition in 1957. John Robson edited Baird's Manual for its last two editions with George Banta Company, the 17th edition in 1963 and the 18th edition in 1968. In the 1970s, Banta transferred rights to the serial to the Baird's Manual Foundation. The foundation published the 19th edition in 1977 with Robson continuing as editor. Jack Anson of Phi Kappa Tau and Robert F. Marchesani Jr. of Phi Kappa Psi edited the 20th edition for the foundation. Released in 1991, it was the last edition. Description Baird's Manual covered national and international collegiate social, professional, and honor fraternities, including active and defunct organizations. A typical entry included an overview of a society's history, traditions, symbols, chapters their founding dates, and membership information. Organizations contacted Baird with updates to their entry. However, there was such a boom in the growth of Greek organizations, both local and national, that Baird struggled to update the entries and add new content for each edition. In essence, each volume was outdated before it was published. The first ten editions included high school fraternities, literary fraternities, and local societies that had developed permanence by owning property or merging into another fraternity. With the 7th edition, Baird stopped including secondary school organizations. In 1940, a slimmer version was published, omitting local chapters and secret societies. In future editions in the 1940s, editors cut literary societies and classes from the publication. By the 1963 edition, only national social (general), professional, and honorary organizations were listed, along with short profiles for defunct national groups. Baird's Manual also listed postsecondary schools with their active and inactive chapters. This remained the format through the final print editions. Subsequent publication When Baird's Manual ceased publication in 1991, Carrol Lurding of Delta Upsilon created a new resource, Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities. The Student Life & Culture Archives at the University of Illinois Library published it digitally . This free resource is inspired by Baird's Manual but does not duplicate the content found in the original serial. The Almanac resulted from decades of research with resources including fraternity and sorority publications, yearbooks, the New York Public Library, the Baird Collection, the University of Illinois Library's Student Life & Culture Archives, and Indiana University's Lurding Collection of Fraternity Material at the Lilly Library. Thus, it is more comprehensive than Baird's Manual. In addition, the Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities is updated monthly and accepts corrections and additions through its website. Editions Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 1st edition. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co.,1879. Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 2nd edition, 1880. Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 2nd revised edition (known as the 3rd edition). New York: Frank Williams, 1883. Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 4th edition. New York: James P. Downs, 1890. Baird, William Raimond, ed. American College Fraternities, 5th edition. New York: Wm. Raimond Baird, 1898. Baird, William Raimond, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 6th edition. New York: The Alcolm Company, 1905. Baird, William Raimond, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 7th edition. New York: The College Fraternity Publishing Co., 1912. Baird, William Raimond, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 8th edition. New York: The College Fraternity Publishing Co., 1915. Brown, James T., ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 9th edition. New York: James T. Brown Publisher, 1920. Brown, James T., ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 10th edition. New York: James T. Brown, 1923. Shepardson, Francis Wayland, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 11th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1927. Shepardson, Francis Wayland, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 12 edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1930. Shepardson, Francis Wayland, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 13th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1935. Duerr, Alvan E., ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 14th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: The Collegiate Press/George Banta Publishing Company, 1940. Baily, Harold J, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 15th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1949. Lasher, George Starr, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 16th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Co., 1957. Robson, John, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 17th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Co., 1963. Robson, John, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 18th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Co., 1968. Robson, John, ed. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 19th edition. Menasha, Wisconsin: Baird's Manual Foundation.1977. Anson, Jack L. and Marchesani Jr. Robert F., eds. Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities, 20h edition. Indianapolis: Baird's Manual Foundation, 1991. References External links Online Book Page: Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities 1879 non-fiction books American encyclopedias Fraternities and sororities in the United States Specialized encyclopedias 19th-century publications 20th-century publications	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baird%27s%20Manual%20of%20American%20College%20Fraternities
The Transitional National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Assemblée nationale de transition de la République démocratique du Congo) was an appointed body consisting of representatives of the different parties to the peace agreement that ended the Second Congo War. Composition \|- ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" \| ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" \|Seats \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Congolese Rally for Democracy (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie) \|94 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Movement for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement pour la Liberation du Congo) \|94 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Government \|94 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Political opposition \|94 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Civil Society \|94 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Congolese Rally for Democracy/Kisangani Liberation Movement (Rassemblement des Congolais pour la Démocratie/ Kisangani Mouvement de Libération) \|15 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Rally of Congolese for Democracy-National (Rassemblement des Congolais pour la Démocratie – National) \|5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \|Maï-Maï \|10 \|- \|style="background-color:#E9E9E9"\|Total \|width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"\|500 \|} References International Center for Transitional Justice, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2003 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2006 disestablishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Constituent assemblies Defunct unicameral legislatures Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional%20National%20Assembly%20of%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo
2009 in sports describes the world events in sport. Alpine skiing Alpine World Ski Championships 2009 held at Val d'Isère, Savoy, France American football Super Bowl XLIII – the Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) won 27–23 over the Arizona Cardinals (NFC) Location: Raymond James Stadium Attendance: 70,774 MVP: Santonio Holmes, WR (Pittsburgh) BCS National Championship Game at Orange Bowl (2008 season): The Florida Gators won 24-14 over the Oklahoma Sooners in front of a record crowd of 78,468 to win the BCS National Championship September 20 – The Dallas Cowboys play their first game in the new Cowboys Stadium against the New York Giants and lose 31–33. The game drew an NFL record regular-season crowd of over 105,000. September 27 – Detroit Lions defeat the Washington Redskins to end a 19-game losing streak dating back to December 2007. This tied the 1942–45 Chicago Cardinals (who suspended independent operations in 1944) and the 1961–62 Oakland Raiders for the second longest such streak after the 1976–77 Tampa Bay Buccaneers. October 8 – The United Football League made its debut. November 27 – In the first UFL Championship Game, the Las Vegas Locomotives defeat the previously unbeaten Florida Tuskers 20–17 in overtime. Association football Shakhtar Donetsk win the UEFA Cup after beating Werder Bremen 2–1 in extra time of the 2009 UEFA Cup Final in Istanbul. FC Barcelona win the UEFA Champions League after beating Manchester United 2–0 in the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final in Rome. Estudiantes win the Copa Libertadores after beating Cruzeiro 4–1 on points. win the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup after beating the 3–2 in the final in Johannesburg, South Africa. win the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup after beating the 5–0 in the final in East Rutherford, United States. win the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup after beating 4–3 in penalties (the match ended 0–0) in the final in Cairo, Egypt. win the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup after beating 1–0 in the final in Abuja, Nigeria. FC Barcelona win the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup after beating Estudiantes de La Plata 2–1 in the final in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito win the Recopa Sudamericana after defeating Internacional in the two-legged final. Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito win the Copa Sudamericana after defeating Fluminense FC in the two-legged final. FIFA World Player of the Year: Men: Lionel Messi, and FC Barcelona Women: Marta, and Los Angeles Sol Marta becomes the first four-time winner of the award of either sex, with all of her awards consecutive. Athletics 2009 World Championships in Athletics at Olympiastadion, Berlin Australian Rules Football Australian Football League July 11 – kick the lowest score since 1961 when they score only 1.7 (13) against ’s 19.16 (130) September 26 – 2009 AFL Grand Final in Melbourne, Australia, is won by the Geelong Football Club against the St Kilda Football Club on by 12 points. Bandy 2009 Bandy World Championship in Västerås, Sweden, is won by the host nation after defeating Russia in the final Baseball Japan win the 2009 World Baseball Classic after beating South Korea by 5–3 (F/10) in the final at Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, California. New York City opens two new ballparks, The New Yankee Stadium for the New York Yankees and Citi Field for the New York Mets. Mark Buehrle of the Chicago White Sox throws the 18th perfect game in Major League history against the Tampa Bay Rays. The New York Yankees defeat the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 2 to win their 27th World Series championship. Hideki Matsui is named World Series MVP The Yomiuri Giants defeat the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters 4 games to 2 to win their 21st Japan Series championship. The Giants' Shinnosuke Abe is named MVP. Basketball NCAA men's tournament — North Carolina defeats Michigan State 89–72 at Ford Field in Detroit. It is North Carolina's fifth national title. NBA Finals — The Los Angeles Lakers defeat the Orlando Magic 4 games to 1 to win the 2009 NBA Championship. The Lakers' Kobe Bryant is named Finals MVP. Euroleague — Panathinaikos win their fifth Euroleague crown, defeating defending champions CSKA Moscow 73–71 in the final in Berlin. NCAA women's tournament — Connecticut completes a 39–0 season with a 76–54 win over Louisville at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis. It is the sixth national title and third unbeaten season for the Huskies. Boxing 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships held in Mediolanum Forum, Milan David Haye defeats Nikolai Valuev to claim the WBA World heavyweight title. Vitali Klitchko comes back from injury Manny Pacquiao defeated Ricky Hatton to win the IBO and Ring Magazine Light Welterweight championship. Pacquiao also defeated Miguel Cotto to win the WBO Welterweight championship to become the first boxer to win 7 world title in seven different weight classes. Floyd Mayweather Jr. came out of retirement by facing lightweight champion Juan Manuel Marquez and defeating him by unanimous decision. Canadian football 97th Grey Cup game at McMahon Stadium in Calgary – Montreal Alouettes defeat Saskatchewan Roughriders 28–27. Avon Cobourne was named MVP Cricket March 3 – five members of the Sri Lanka national cricket team are injured when their team bus is attacked by masked gunmen en route to the third day's play of their Second Test against Pakistan at Lahore. The tour is cancelled following the attack. March 7–22 – 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup held in Australia. Deccan Chargers win the 2009 Indian Premier League held in South Africa. June 5, – June 21, – 2009 ICC World Twenty20 held in England. September 22, – October 5, – 2009 ICC Champions Trophy held in South Africa Cycling Giro d'Italia – Denis Menchov Tour de France – Alberto Contador Vuelta a España – Alejandro Valverde 2009 UCI Road World Championships - Men's Road Race – Cadel Evans 2009 UCI Road World Championships – Men's Time Trial – Fabian Cancellara 2009 UCI Road World Championships - Women's Road Race – Tatiana Guderzo 2009 UCI Road World Championships – Women's Time Trial – Kristin Armstrong Floorball Women's World Floorball Championships Champion: Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships Champion: EuroFloorball Cup Men's champion: SSV Helsinki Women's champion: IKSU Innebandy Golf Major championships The Masters winner: Ángel Cabrera U.S. Open winner: Lucas Glover The Open Championship winner: Stewart Cink PGA Championship winner: Yang Yong-eun Women's major championships Kraft Nabisco Championship winner: Brittany Lincicome LPGA Championship winner: Anna Nordqvist U.S. Women's Open winner: Ji Eun-hee Women's British Open winner: Catriona Matthew Senior major championships Senior PGA Championship winner: Michael Allen Senior British Open winner: Loren Roberts U.S. Senior Open winner: Fred Funk The Tradition winner: Mike Reid Senior Players Championship winner: Jay Haas Gymnastics 2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships 2009 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships Handball 2009 World Men's Handball Championship – France defeats Croatia 24–19 in the final Horse racing Steeplechases Cheltenham Gold Cup – Kauto Star Grand National – Mon Mome Flat races Australia: Melbourne Cup – Shocking Canadian Triple Crown: Queen's Plate – Eye of the Leopard Prince of Wales Stakes – Gallant Breeders' Stakes – Purple Shower Dubai: Dubai World Cup – Well Armed France: Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe – Sea the Stars Ireland: Irish Derby Stakes – Fame and Glory Japan: Japan Cup – Vodka English Triple Crown: 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Sea the Stars The Derby – Sea the Stars St. Leger Stakes – Mastery United States Triple Crown: Kentucky Derby – Mine That Bird Preakness Stakes – Rachel Alexandra Belmont Stakes – Summer Bird Breeders' Cup World Thoroughbred Championships at Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, California (all races in order of running): Day 1 (November 6): Breeders' Cup Marathon – Man of Iron Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies Turf – Tapitsfly Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies – She Be Wild Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Turf – Midday Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint – Informed Decision Breeders' Cup Ladies' Classic – Life Is Sweet Day 2 (November 7): Breeders' Cup Juvenile Turf – Pounced Breeders' Cup Turf Sprint – California Flag Breeders' Cup Sprint – Dancing in Silks Breeders' Cup Juvenile – Vale of York Breeders' Cup Mile – Goldikova Breeders' Cup Dirt Mile – Furthest Land Breeders' Cup Turf – Conduit Breeders' Cup Classic – Zenyatta Ice hockey April 18 – Bentley Generals win 2009 Allan Cup Canadian senior championship. April 19 – Ak Bars Kazan win 2009 Gagarin Cup. May 10 – defeats 2–1 to win the 2009 IIHF World Championship. May 24 – Windsor Spitfires win 2009 Memorial Cup Canadian junior championship. June 12 – Pittsburgh Penguins defeat the Detroit Red Wings to win the 2009 Stanley Cup. Evgeni Malkin is awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy. June 26–27 – 2009 NHL Entry Draft held in Montreal. September 29 – ZSC Lions defeat the Chicago Blackhawks to win the 2009 Victoria Cup. Mixed martial arts The following is a list of major noteworthy MMA events by month. January 1/14 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku no Ran 2009 1/17 – UFC 93: Franklin vs. Henderson 1/24 – Affliction: Day of Reckoning () 1/25 – WEC 38: Varner vs. Cerrone 1/31 – UFC 94: St-Pierre vs. Penn 2 February 2/7 – UFC Fight Night: Lauzon vs. Stephens 2/21 – UFC 95: Sanchez vs. Stevenson March 3/1 – WEC 39: Brown vs. Garcia 3/7 – UFC 96: Jackson vs. Jardine 3/8 – DREAM.7 3/20 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 7 April 4/1 – UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann 4/3 – Bellator I () 4/5 – WEC 40: Torres vs. Mizugaki 4/5 – DREAM.8 4/10 – Bellator II 4/11 – Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Diaz 4/17 – Bellator III 4/17 – Bellator IV 4/18 – UFC 97: Redemption May 5/1 – Bellator V 5/2 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 8 5/8 – Bellator VI 5/15 – ShoMMA 1: Evangelista vs. Aina 5/15 – Bellator VII 5/15 – MFC 21: Hard Knocks 5/23 – UFC 98: Evans vs. Machida 5/26 – DREAM.9 5/29 – Bellator IX June 6/5 – Bellator X 6/6 – Strikeforce: Lawler vs. Shields 6/7 – WEC 41: Brown vs. Faber II 6/12 – Bellator XI 6/13 – UFC 99: The Comeback 6/19 – ShoMMA 2: Villasenor vs. Cyborg 6/19 – Bellator XII () 6/20 – The Ultimate Fighter: United States vs. United Kingdom Finale July 7/11 – UFC 100 () 7/20 – DREAM.10 8/2 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 9 8/8 – UFC 101: Declaration 8/9 – WEC 42: Torres vs. Bowles 8/15 – Strikeforce: Carano vs. Cyborg 8/29 – UFC 102: Couture vs. Nogueira September 9/16 – UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard 9/19 – UFC 103: Franklin vs. Belfort 9/23 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 10 9/25 – ShoMMA 3: Kennedy vs. Cummings October 10/6 – DREAM.11 10/10 – WEC 43: Cerrone vs. Henderson 10/24 – UFC 104: Machida vs. Shogun 10/25 – DREAM.12 November 11/6 – ShoMMA 4: Gurgel vs. Evangelista 11/7 – Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Rogers 11/7 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 11 11/14 – UFC 105: Couture vs. Vera 11/18 – WEC 44: Brown vs. Aldo 11/20 – ShoMMA 5: Woodley vs. Bears 11/21 – UFC 106: Ortiz vs. Griffin 2 December 12/5 – The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale 12/12 – UFC 107: Penn vs. Sanchez 12/19 – WEC 45: Cerrone vs. Ratcliff 12/19 – Strikeforce: Evolution 12/31 – Dynamite!! 2009 () Motorsport Netball ANZ Championship — Melbourne Vixens def. Adelaide Thunderbirds by 54–46 to win the 2009 season. World Youth Netball Championships — U21 def. U21 to win 2009 WYNC in the Cook Islands. World Netball Series (inaugural) — def. by 32–27 to win the 2009 Series in Manchester, England. Pickleball November 2–8: The first United States national pickleball championships are held in Surprise, Arizona. Rink hockey Spain wins the 2009 Rink Hockey World Championship, defeating Argentina in the final. Rowing 2009 World Rowing Championships regatta will be held at Lake Malta, Poznań, Poland Rugby league March 1 – Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles defeats Leeds Rhinos 28–20 to win the 2009 World Club Challenge at Elland Road March 22: Maesteg, South Wales – 20-year-old forward Leon Walker collapses and dies on the field in a reserve match between Wakefield Trinity Wildcats and Celtic Crusaders. June–July – Queensland defeats New South Wales 2–1 in the 2009 State of Origin series to claim a record 4th straight Origin series victory. August 29 – Warrington Wolves defeats Huddersfield Giants 25 – 16 to win The Carnegie Challenge Cup at Wembley October 4 – Melbourne Storm defeat Parramatta Eels 23–16 in the 2009 NRL Grand Final to win their third premiership and second in two years. Billy Slater named Clive Churchill Medalist. On April 22, 2010, the Melbourne Storm were stripped of the 2007 and 2009 premierships and the 2006–2008 minor premierships, after Storm officials confessed to the NRL that the club had committed serious and systematic breaches of the salary cap between 2006 and 2010 by running a well-organized dual contract and bookkeeping system which concealed a total of $3.17 million in payments made to players outside of the salary cap. November – Australia defeat England 46–16 in the final of the Rugby League Four Nations tournament in England. Rugby union 115th Six Nations Championship series is won by who complete the Grand Slam 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens win the men's competition. The inaugural women's competition is won by Australia. 2008–09 IRB Sevens World Series – July 18 – The Celtic League and Italian Rugby Federation tentatively agree that two Italian teams will enter the previously Celtic league in 2010–11. September 14 – SANZAR, the organiser of the Tri Nations and Super 14 competitions, announces that has been provisionally invited to join an expanded "Four Nations" competition effective in 2012. November 12 – Independent arbitrators appointed by SANZAR award the 15th Super Rugby franchise to Melbourne, specifically to the operators of the Melbourne Rebels, the city's representative in the defunct Australian Rugby Championship. The new team, whose name was ultimately announced as the Rebels, will join an expanded Super 15 in 2011. 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa – South Africa wins the Test series 2–1 Tri Nations – Ski jumping January 6 – Wolfgang Loitzl wins the Four Hills Tournament Speed skating Czech female skater Martina Sáblíková and Dutch male skater Sven Kramer win the 2009 World Allround Speed Skating Championships in Hamar Swimming 2009 World Aquatics Championships held at Rome Tennis Australian Open Men's final: Rafael Nadal defeats Roger Federer, 7–5, 3–6, 7–6(3), 3–6, 6–2 Women's final: Serena Williams defeats Dinara Safina, 6–0, 6–3 French Open Men's final: Roger Federer defeats Robin Söderling, 6–1, 7–6(1), 6–4 Women's final: Svetlana Kuznetsova defeats Dinara Safina, 6–4, 6–2 Wimbledon championships Men's final: Roger Federer defeats Andy Roddick, 5–7, 7–6(6), 7–6(5), 3–6, 16–14 Women's final: Serena Williams defeats Venus Williams, 7–6(3), 6–2 U.S. Open Men's final: Juan Martín del Potro defeats Roger Federer, 3–6, 7–6(5), 4–6, 7–6(4), 6–2 Women's final: Kim Clijsters defeats Caroline Wozniacki, 7–5, 6–3 Davis Cup defeats , 5–0 Fed Cup defeats , 4–0 Water polo Men's water polo World Championship 2009 : Serbia Multi-sport events August 3 – 9 – 2009 World Waterski Championships in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. July 11 – 19 – 2009 Lusophony Games in Lisbon, Portugal. July 16 – 26 – World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Chinese delegation boycotts the opening ceremony on July 16. 2009 Summer Deaflympics is held in Taipei, Taiwan December 5(some events will start from December 2)—December 13 – 2009 East Asian Games in Hong Kong, China December 9 – December 18 – 2009 Southeast Asian Games in Vientiane, Laos References Sports by year	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20in%20sports
Dagmar bumpers (also known as "bullet bumpers") is a slang term for chrome conical-shaped bumper guards that began to appear on the front bumper/grille assemblies of certain American automobiles following World War II. They reached their peak in the mid-1950s. Derivation The term evokes the prominent bosom of Dagmar, a buxom early-1950s television personality featuring low-cut gowns and conical bra cups. She was amused by the tribute. History As originally conceived by Harley Earl, GM Vice President of Design, the conical bumper guards would mimic artillery shells. Placed inboard of the headlights on front bumpers of Cadillacs, they were intended to both convey the image of a speeding projectile and protect vehicles' front ends in collisions. The similarity of these features to the then popular bullet bra as epitomized by buxom television personality Dagmar was inescapable. As the 1950s wore on and American automakers' use of chrome grew more flamboyant, they grew more pronounced. The black rubber tips they gained on the 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham and other models were known as pasties. In the early 1960s, American car designers shed both rear tailfins and prominent bumper guards. Use Postwar Cadillacs began sporting conical bumper guards in the 1946 model year. In 1951 models, some were raised into the grille. In 1957, black rubber tips appeared. The element continued to become more pronounced in size through 1958, but were eliminated in the 1959 Cadillac redesign. Mercury sported Dagmars in 1953 through the 1956 model year. Lincoln added Dagmars in 1960, with a black rubber ring separating the body from the chrome tip. Buick added Dagmars on its 1954 and 1955 models, in 1954 as part of the bumper assembly, and moved into the grille in 1955. Packard included large Dagmars on the bumper in 1955 and 1956 models. Full-sized Chevys in 1961 and 1963 also had small rubber Dagmars on the front bumper, and 1962 Ford Galaxie had small rubber Dagmars as an option. GAZ-13 Chaika had similar designs until their discontinuation in the 1980s Other iterations In 1974, British motoring press applied the name of statuesque British actress Sabrina to oversized pairs of protruding rubber bumper blocks added to MG MGB, MG Midget, Triumph Spitfire and Triumph TR6 sports cars to meet strengthened US auto safety regulations. The term, which was not common in the U.S., lingered at least to the mid-1990s in some areas. Gallery References External links 1961 Chevrolet Impala with Dagmar bumpers 1955 Packard Caribbean with Dagmar bumpers Vehicle design Slang Automotive body parts Automotive styling features	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar%20bumper
Mechernich (, ) is a town in the district of Euskirchen in the south of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the "Naturpark Nordeifel" in the Eifel hills, approx. 15 km south-west of Euskirchen and 55 km from Cologne. Mechernich is a former mining town and had, in 2009, its 700-years celebration of foundation. Its local football club is called TUS Mechernich. Districts Mechernich has the following districts: Antweiler, Berg, Bergbuir, Bergheim, Bescheid, Bleibuir, Breitenbenden, Denrath, Dreimühlen, Eicks, Eiserfey, , Floisdorf, , Glehn, Harzheim, Heufahrtshütte, Holzheim, Hostel, , Kallmuth, Katzvey, Kommern, Kommern-Süd, Lessenich, Lorbach, Lückerath, Mechernich, Obergartzem, Rissdorf, Roggendorf, Satzvey (Satzvey Castle), Schaven, Schützendorf, Strempt, Urfey, Voißel, Vollem, Vussem, Wachendorf, Weiler am Berge, Weißenbrunnen, Weyer and Wielspütz. Mining tour A tour takes place in the Eifel region, in the galleries of the mining museum in Mechernich. Museums Kommern Open Air Museum in Kommern Mining museum and visitor mine of Grube Günnersdorf Nuclear bunker of the North Rhine-Westphalia State Central Bank Twin town Since 30 July 1967, the twin town of Mechernich is Nyons, France. References Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia Euskirchen (district) Districts of the Rhine Province	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechernich
Prime STH were a Swedish alternative rock quartet from Stockholm, Sweden. The band, which included vocalist Noa Modén, guitarist Martin Påhlsson, bassist Jesper Eksjoo, and drummer Kasper Lindgren, was formed while the members were teenagers. They have released two studio albums: Underneath the Surface (2001) and Beautiful Awakening (2004). Their most popular song "I'm Stupid (Don't Worry 'Bout Me)", a single from Underneath the Surface, was written by Max Martin and reached the top 30 of the Billboard Alternative Songs and Mainstream Rock charts. Career 2001: Underneath the Surface On 26 June 2001, the band released their debut album, Underneath the Surface, on Giant/Warner Bros.. In the United States, it was released the week of 9 July 2001, by Reprise Records. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics, holding a score of 60 out of 100 on review aggregator Album of the Year. A review by Devon Powers of PopMatters praised the album's range and called it "not your little sister’s alternative rock band". Slant critic Aaron Scott awarded the album two stars out of five and criticized the way that the album "straddles the line between pop and hard rock", although praising the album's catchiness. The album also spawned the single "I'm Stupid (Don't Worry 'Bout Me)", which was written by Max Martin. On the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart dated 2 June 2001, the single debuted at number 40, while it debuted at number 38 on the Alternative Songs chart the following week. On the chart dated 21 July 2001, the track attained a peak of number 28 on both charts, holding the spot for three weeks on Mainstream Rock and one week on Alternative. In March 2003, Prime STH played at New York City's historic CBGB club for a two-day showcase of Swedish artists titled "The Swedish Invasion Continues ... 2003". 2004: Beautiful Awakening The band released their second studio album, Beautiful Awakening, in March 2004 in Scandinavia via Swedish label MVG/Push Music. It was released in the rest of Europe on 4 April via German label Nuclear Blast, while it was released in Japan on 5 September via Wood Records. As of October 2004, Billboard reported that they were looking for distribution for the album in the United States. Members Adapted from AllMusic and PopMatters. Noa Medon — vocalist, guitarist Martin Påhlsson — guitarist Jesper Eksjoo (JSPR) — bassist Kasper Lindgren (Kaz) — drummer Discography Albums Underneath the Surface, (26 June 2001 release on Reprise Records/Warner Bros. Records) Beautiful Awakening, (5 April 2004 release on Nuclear Blast) Singles 2001, "I'm Stupid (Don't Worry 'Bout Me)", U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs No. 28; U.S. Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks No. 28 References External links Prime STH on MySpace Swedish alternative metal musical groups Nuclear Blast artists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20STH
Stephen Norton (22 December 1951), also known by the nickname of "Knocker", is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s, and coached in the 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Fryston ARLFC, Castleford (Heritage № 531), Hull F.C. and Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 1008), as a or , and coached at club level for Barrow. Background Steve Norton was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He is the brother-in-law of the rugby league footballer Lee Crooks, and the uncle of the rugby league footballer Ben Crooks. Playing career International honours Steve Norton won caps playing for England while at Castleford in the 7–12 defeat by Wales in Brisbane on 10 June 1975, the 17–17 draw with New Zealand in Auckland on 21 June 1975, the 10–10 draw with Australia in Sydney on 28 June 1975, the 22–16 victory over Wales at Warrington's stadium on 20 September 1975, the 48–2 victory over France in Bordeaux on 11 October 1975, the 27–12 victory over New Zealand at Bradford Northern's stadium on 25 October 1975, the 16–13 victory over Australia at Wigan's stadium on 1 November 1975, and the 15–28 defeat by France in Carcassonne on 20 March 1977, and while at Hull in 1978 against Wales, and in 1981 against Wales (2 matches), and won caps for Great Britain while at Castleford playing as a substitute in the victory over 16–11 Australia in Sydney on 6 July 1974, playing left- in the 8–13 defeat by New Zealand in Auckland on 27 July 1974, and left- in the 17–8 victory over New Zealand in Christchurch on 4 August 1974, and while at Hull in 1978 against Australia (3 matches), in 1979 against Australia (2 matches), in 1980 against New Zealand, and in 1981 against France (2 matches), and 1982 Australia. County honours Steve Norton won caps playing for Yorkshire while at Castleford in the 32–18 victory over Lancashire at Castleford's stadium on 11 October 1972, the 7–10 defeat by Cumberland at Workington Town's stadium on 11 September 1974, the 22–15 victory over Other Nationalities at Hull Kingston Rovers' stadium on 18 September 1974, the 20–14 victory over Lancashire at Keighley's stadium on 25 September 1974, scoring 1-try in the 11–29 defeat by Lancashire at Widnes' stadium on 16 October 1974, the 10–7 victory over Cumbria at Dewsbury's stadium on 19 November 1975, the 16–16 draw with Other Nationalities at Bradford Northern's stadium on 6 December 1975, the 17–7 victory over Lancashire at Wigan's stadium on 20 December 1975, and the 18–15 victory over Lancashire at Castleford's stadium on 1 March 1977. Challenge Cup Final appearances Steve Norton played , and was captain in Hull FC's 5-10 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1980 Challenge Cup Final during the 1979–80 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 3 May 1980, in front of a crowd of 95,000, played , and scored a try in the 14-14 draw with Widnes in the 1982 Challenge Cup Final during the 1981–82 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 1 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 92,147, played in the 18-9 victory over Widnes in the 1982 Challenge Cup Final replay during the 1981–82 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Wednesday 19 May 1982, in front of a crowd of 41,171, and played in the 24-28 defeat by Wigan in the 1985 Challenge Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1985, in front of a crowd of 99,801, in what is regarded as the most marvellous cup final in living memory, which Hull narrowly lost after fighting back from 12-28 down at half-time. County Cup Final appearances Steve Norton played right- in Castleford's 7–11 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1971 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1971–72 season at Belle Vue, Wakefield on Saturday 21 August 1971, played as an interchange/substitute (replacing Mick Crane) in Hull FC's 18–7 victory over Bradford Northern in the 1982 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1982–83 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 2 October 1982, was as interchange/substitute in the 13–2 victory over Castleford in the 1983 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1983–84 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 15 October 1983, played left- and scored a try in the 29–12 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1984 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1984–85 season at Boothferry Park, Kingston upon Hull on Saturday 27 October 1984, and played left- in the 24–31 defeat by Castleford in the 1986 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1986–87 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 11 October 1986. BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final appearances Steve Norton played in Castleford's 12-4 victory over Leigh in the 1976 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1976-77 season at Hilton Park, Leigh on Tuesday 14 December 1976, and played in Hull FC's 13-3 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1979 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy Final during the 1979-80 season at The Boulevard, Kingston upon Hull on Tuesday 18 December 1979. Player's No.6/John Player Trophy Final appearances Steve Norton played in Castleford's 25-15 victory over Blackpool Borough in the 1976–77 Player's No.6 Trophy Final during the 1976-77 season at The Willows, Salford on Saturday 22 January 1977, and played in Hull FC's 12-4 victory over Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1981–82 John Player Trophy Final during the 1981–82 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 23 January 1982. National Rugby League Grand Finals Steve Norton is one of only fourteen Englishmen to have played in Australian National Rugby League Grand Final winning teams, they are; Dick Huddart for the St. George Dragons in 1966 Dave Bolton for the Balmain Tigers in 1969 Mal Reilly for Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in 1972 and 1973 Phil Lowe, Steve Norton, and Gary Stephens for Manly-Warringah in 1976 Kevin Ward for Manly-Warrinigah in 1987 Lee Jackson for the Newcastle Knights in 1997 Harvey Howard for the Brisbane Broncos in 2000 Adrian Morley for the Sydney Roosters in 2002 Gareth Widdop for the Melbourne Storm in 2012 George Burgess, Sam Burgess and Tom Burgess for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in 2014 Testimonial match Steve Norton's Testimonial match at Hull F.C. took place in 1986. References External links 1951 births Living people Barrow Raiders coaches Castleford Tigers players Crooks family England national rugby league team players English rugby league coaches English rugby league players Great Britain national rugby league team players Hull F.C. captains Hull F.C. players Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players Rugby league locks Rugby league second-rows Rugby league players from Castleford Wakefield Trinity players Yorkshire rugby league team players	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Norton
The following is a list of common non-native pronunciations that English speakers make when trying to speak foreign languages. Many of these are due to transfer of phonological rules from English to the new language as well as differences in grammar and syntax that they encounter. This article uses International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciation. See Help:IPA pronunciation key and IPA chart for English for an introduction. Esperanto English speakers tend to assimilate to before or , as well to before or , neither of which occurs in "strictly regular" Esperanto. However, since Zamenhof himself recognized this type of assimilation, there is debate over whether this is actually an error. Speakers tend to pronounce Esperanto as , the vowel of pay. Speakers tend to reduce unstressed vowels. Speakers tend to pronounce as or otherwise have a hard time pronouncing it. This sort of difficulty is behind the gradual shift from to (see Esperanto phonology#Loss of phonemic ĥ). Speakers tend to pronounce the rhotic consonant as , rather than an alveolar trill. Speakers of non-rhotic accents tend to mute the r when at end of a word or before a consonant. Other pronunciation difficulties are related to spelling pronunciations of digraphs. The digraph represents , though speakers may substitute or . The digraph represents , though speakers may mute the . The in the digraph is always pronounced. German One of the most difficult is German as it is further forward in the mouth than in varieties of Standard English so that speakers may pronounce German geht as if it were English gate. Similarly, speakers may pronounce German with the vowel of goat so that ohne is pronounced . Speakers tend to have difficulty with the front rounded vowels, , , , and (written and ). Speakers have some difficulty with German , which may be pronounced as or . Equally, may be pronounced as , though this is less problematic since the same realisation is also used by some native speakers. Speakers have difficulty with the two sounds represented by ( and ) in German, particularly the latter. Often both are replaced with ; replacement of with is also common. Speakers may have trouble pronouncing German as a clear l in positions where it is a dark l in English (that is, in the syllable coda). Mandarin Chinese English speakers have difficulty with the 4 lexical tones of Mandarin Chinese. Russian Some speakers have difficulty with the trilled in Russian, especially the palatalized since neither are sounds of English. Non-rhotic speakers, even after learning the rolled-r, are prone to omit in such Russian words as удар ('blow') and горка ('hillock'). Depending on the speaker's dialect, they may have difficulty with "dark l" (that is, velarized , which in Russian contrasts with a palatalized ) in positions other than in the syllable coda. Difficulty with Russian vowels: Most English speakers have no (although it is an allophone in some dialects, see weak vowel merger) and speakers generally have difficulty producing the sound. They may instead produce . Speakers may replace with the diphthong in day. e.g. instead of дело ('affair'). Speakers are likely to diphthongize , making сижу ('I sit') sound more like . Some speakers may also universally front it to . Speakers may also diphthongize in a similar fashion, especially in open syllables. Speakers may have difficulty with Russian , pronouncing it as either or . It is likely that speakers will make the second element of Russian diphthongs insufficiently close, making them resemble English diphthongs (e.g., instead of ) or pronounce it too long. Speakers may pronounce as in closed syllables так ('so') and in open syllables два ('two'). Speakers may also have difficulty with the Russian vowel reduction system as well as other allophonic vowels. Tendency to reverse the distribution of and . English speakers tend to pronounce in the pretonic position, right where is required in Russian, while they pronounce in pre-pretonic positions, where occurs. Thus, speakers may say голова ('head') as instead of and сторона ('side') as instead of . There are no cues to indicate correct stress in Russian. Speakers must memorize where primary and secondary stress resides in each word and are likely to make mistakes. Speakers tend to fail to geminate double consonants. Serbo-Croatian Speakers may have a difficulty with Serbo-Croatian pitch accent and vowel length. This rarely leads to loss of intelligibility as long as the word stress is correct. Speakers may transfer vowel length from English, producing longer vowels before voiced consonants (such as or ) and shorter vowels before the voiceless ones (such as or ) - see pre-fortis clipping. In Serbo-Croatian, vowels can be long or short in any environment; in fact, there are minimal pairs based only on length: compare grad ('city') with grad ('hail'). If speakers learn to produce correct vowel length, they may diphthongize long to instead of the correct . Speakers may incorrectly reduce unstressed vowels to , yielding pronunciations such as instead of for lepota ('beauty'). In Serbo-Croatian, vowels do not change their quality in unstressed positions. Voiced consonants () can be only partially rather than fully voiced . Similarly, (which phonologically is an approximant and therefore not the voiced counterpart of ) can also be realized as a partially voiced fricative instead of a fully voiced weak fricative . Speakers may incorrectly realize the voiceless stops as aspirated . Speakers may realize as alveolar rather than dental . Speakers may incorrectly transfer allophones of English to Serbo-Croatian, yielding pronunciations such as instead of for čuti ('to hear') or instead of for njutn ('newton'), all of which sound strange to native ears and might not even be understood as belonging to the phoneme, potentially leading to a serious loss of intelligibility. Speakers may have a difficulty distinguishing from . This does not lead to loss of intelligibility as many natives merge them as well. Speakers who try to distinguish from may realize the former with inappropriate palatalization, i.e. as palato-alveolar instead of flat postalveolar (laminal retroflex) . The same applies to , which can be realized as instead of . Speakers may realize as glottal , rather than a weak velar fricative . The palatal sounds may be realized as sequences . Instead of a trill , can be realized as a postalveolar approximant . preceded within the same word by a vowel (as in gaj ('grove')) can be articulated with an insufficiently raised tongue ( instead of or ). Spanish Substitution of for . "R-coloration" of vowels, especially at the end of infinitives. See also Accent reduction Non-native pronunciations of English References Bibliography Phonology Language acquisition Language comparison Linguistic error	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone%20pronunciation%20of%20foreign%20languages
Le Mée-sur-Seine (, literally Le Mée on Seine) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France, next to Melun. It is located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris from the center. Geography The town is located on the right side of the Seine on a limestone plateau. History B.C.: the Sénons (Gaul tribe) may have lived here. 13th century: Le Mée-sur-Seine is mentioned for the first time by "Mas" in 1253. "Mas" is an old French term for farm. 15th century: castle of "Marchémarais" September, 30th, 1833: birth of Henri Chapu, a famous sculptor. 1889: construction of the "Église Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité". 1845: first railway. 1938: Originally called simply "Le Mée", the name of the commune became officially "Le Mée-sur-Seine" (meaning "Le Mée upon Seine") 1944: Liberation of the town by allied troops who crossed the Seine using a float-bridge (the only bridge had been destroyed by the Germans). 1970-1971: construction of the main road to Melun (la pénétrante). 1979: opening of the new rail station. The town grew quickly after World War II, and it is now divided in four districts: Le Mée Village, Plein Ciel, Croix Blanche, Les Courtilleraies. Demographics Inhabitants are called Méens. Education There are 11 infant schools, 8 garde schools, 2 secondary schools and 1 high school. Culture "Le Mas": library and auditorium. "Espace Cordier": Youth House for Culture. Religions "Église Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité" ("Village" District), built from 1889 to 1893, is on the location of the previous church (built in 1771). chapel "Sainte-Croix" ("Croix-Blanche" District) Economy Unemployment rate (1999): 12.8% Private income (2004): €15,136/year Transport Le Mée-sur-Seine is served by the station of the same name on Paris's RER line , approximately 45 minutes from the centre of Paris. Local bus network: Bus TRAM: lines B, F, J, J1, M. People Jacques Philippe Avice (1759–1835), general, and also tile maker around 1820. François-Joseph Talma (1763–1826), actor, he was also co-owner of the tile manufactory. Mademoiselle Mars (1779–1847), actress, she was also co-owner of the tile manufactory. Charles-Tristan de Montholon (1782–1853), general and politician, he was also co-owner of the tile manufactory. Grigore Alexandru Ghica (1807–1857), prince of Moldavia (1849–1853 and 1854–1856) committed suicide in Le Mée on August 24, 1857. His wife and five other relatives are interred close to him in a memorial in the town cemetery. Close to this memorial, four other members of the family (including Nicolas Jean Ghika (1849–1873), killed during a duel at Fontainebleau) are interred. Henri Chapu, famous sculptor, was born in "Le Mée" on 30 September 1833. He was interred on 24 April 1891. Firmin-Girard (1838–1921), painter. He has been interred close to Henri Chapu. Henri-Auguste Patey (1855–1930), sculptor, student of Henri Chapu. Gaston Carraud (1864–1920), songwriter, student of Jules Massenet, was born in "Le Mée" on 20 July 1864. Renée Saint-Cyr (1904–2004), actress, lived in a big 18th century house in "Le Mée". Karl Lagerfeld (1933-2019), designer Caroline de Monaco and Ernest-Auguste de Hanovre own the house previously occupied by Karl Lagerfeld. Nina Roberts (1979-), ex-porn star Willy Denzey (1982-) singer See also Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department References External links Official website 1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) Communes of Seine-et-Marne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20M%C3%A9e-sur-Seine
In broadcasting, a channel or frequency channel is a designated radio frequency (or, equivalently, wavelength), assigned by a competent frequency assignment authority for the operation of a particular radio station, television station or television channel. See also Frequency allocation, ITU RR, article 1.17 Frequency assignment, ITU RR, article 1.18 Broadcast law Television channel frequencies References International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Broadcasting	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20%28broadcasting%29
Vlierzele is a village on the Molenbeek, in the Denderstreek, at the edge of the Flemish Ardennes, the hilly southern part of East Flanders, Belgium. It belongs to the municipality of Sint-Lievens-Houtem. Etymologically the name Vlierzele is derived from Fliteritsale (in 639) and Vliendersele (in 1412). This is a combination of either the plant name "vlier", which is Dutch for "elder", or the person's name Flether, and "sale" or "sele", which both mean place of residence in Old-Dutch. The neighbouring villages are: Bambrugge Bavegem Borsbeke Burst Erondegem Letterhoutem Ottergem Oordegem Papegem Vlekkem Zonnegem Gallery References External links Webpage at Reocities Sint-Lievens-Houtem Populated places in East Flanders	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlierzele
Charline Labonté (born October 15, 1982) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. Labonté played professionally for the Montreal Stars/Les Canadiennes de Montreal of the Canadian Women's Hockey League. She was a member of the Canada women's national ice hockey team that won three gold medals at the Olympics and two gold medals in the World Championships. She is an alumna of the McGill Martlets hockey program. Labonté now lives in Montreal, and graduated from McGill University with a degree in Physical Education. Labonté was named to the 2014 Olympic roster for Canada. She would be the winning goaltender for Les Canadiennes de Montreal in the final of the 2017 Clarkson Cup. In September 2017, she retired from Les Canadiennes and the Canadian national hockey team, as the goalie ranking second most all-time in games won (45), shutouts (16), and games played for Canada, with three Olympic gold medals, 2 world championship wins and 6 world silver medals. Playing career Hockey Canada Labonté was one of two goaltenders playing for the Canadian women's hockey team in the 2006 Turin olympics. At the Torino Games, Labonte and Kim St. Pierre allowed a combined two goals in five games played. Labonte logged 180 minutes of ice time and led all goaltenders with a goals against average of 0.33 and a save percentage of .976, respectively. In 2010, she served as the third goaltender for the gold medal winning Canadian women's team. Prior to this she played for the Montreal Axion and Laval Le Mistral, Teams of the National Women's Hockey League. She was awarded Top Goaltender honours at the 2009 world championships. QMJHL She was one of the few women to play Major Junior hockey, appearing in 28 games with the Acadie-Bathurst Titan of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League between 1999 and 2000. Her play for the QMJHL club was featured on a hockey card issued by Upper Deck in their 1999–2000 UD Prospects set (card #54). She competed for Team Quebec at the 1999 Canada Winter Games. She was a member of the Montreal Axion in 2004–05, and one of her teammates was fellow Olympian Gina Kingsbury. McGill Martlets With McGill, she competed in five CIS National tournaments. On December 31, 2010, Labonte required only 13 saves to post her 59th career shutout with McGill as the Martlets defeated the nationally ranked fifth overall Alberta Pandas by a 3–0 mark in the final game of the Bisons Holiday Classic tournament at Max Bell Arena. In the game, the Martlets held a 31–13 edge in shots. Gillian Ferrari was credited with the game-winner on the power-play at 5:49 of the first period. Jasmine Sheehan, a fifth-year defender scored the second goal of the game. Logan Murray, a freshman from Calgary, scored the last goal of the contest. In an October 29, 2011 contest against the Montreal Carabins, Ariane Barker scored on Labonte with 71 seconds left in a 3–2 win versus McGill. Labonte took the loss for the Martlets, giving her a 69–2 overall record in her CIS career. It marked the Martlets first loss to a Quebec conference opponent for the first time in 108 games. Inline hockey Also a member of the Canada women's national inline hockey team, winning a gold medal at the 2004 FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships, some of her teammates on the roster included fellow Hockey Canada alumnae Meghan Agosta, Amanda Benoit-Wark, Isabelle Chartrand, Cherie Piper and Amy Turek. Awards and honours Top Goaltender, 2006 Esso Women's National Hockey Championship Pool A: Charline Labonte Top Goaltender, 2009 world championships 2011-12 RSEQ FIRST ALL-STAR TEAM: Charline Labonté 2015 CWHL Goaltender of the Year Award Career stats CWHL Personal life In June 2014, Labonte publicly came out as a lesbian. Attended the Cami Granato invitational in 2023. References External links Player profile on hockey Canada Charline Labonté: McGill's golden goalie in McGill reporter, February 21, 2008. Charline Labonté, le dernier rempart in Cyberpresse, March 10, 2011. 1982 births Living people Acadie–Bathurst Titan players Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders Canadian women's national inline hockey team players Clarkson Cup champions Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics Lesbian sportswomen LGBT ice hockey players Canadian LGBT sportspeople McGill Martlets ice hockey players Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Montreal Axion players Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Ice hockey people from Longueuil Les Canadiennes de Montreal players 21st-century Canadian LGBT people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charline%20Labont%C3%A9
is a novel by Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata, serialized between 1949 and 1954, and first published as a standalone book in 1954 by Chikuma Shobō, Tokyo. Plot Shingo Ogata, a 62-year-old businessman living in Kamakura and working in Tokyo, is close to retirement. He is experiencing temporary lapses of memory, recalling strange and disturbing dreams upon waking, and hearing sounds, including the titular noise which awakens him from his sleep, "like wind, far away, but with a depth like a rumbling of the earth." Shingo takes the sound to be an omen of his impending death. At the same time, he is repeatedly confronted with the passing away of friends and former fellow students. Shingo observes and questions his relations with the other family members. He married his wife Yasuko after the untimely death of her older sister, whose beauty Shingo adored, considering both Yasuko and their daughter Fusako to be rather unattractive. Shingo has both fatherly and subtle erotic feelings for his daughter-in-law Kikuko, who calmly endures his son Shūichi's affair with another woman. When Fusako leaves her husband and returns to the family home with her two little children, Shingo starts to perceive the marital difficulties of his son and daughter as the result of not fulfilling his role as a father. In addition, Fusako blames him for marrying her to a man she did not want, and for preferring Kikuko over her. Shingo's secretary Eiko helps him to find Shūichi's mistress Kinuko, a war widow, and learns of his son's mean and abusive behaviour towards her. Not only is Shūichi reluctant to his father's request to end the affair and treat his wife Kikuko with more respect, he even borrows money from his mistress to pay for Kikuko's abortion. Shingo is devastated, speculating if Shūichi's and Kikuko's unborn child might have been the reincarnation of Yasuko's older sister. Shūichi eventually leaves Kinuko when she expects a child, which she claims to be from another man and wants to keep. In the newspaper, Shingo and his family read about the suicide attempt of Fusako's husband, whom Fusako is about to divorce. Characters Shingo Ogata Yasuko, Shingo's wife Shūichi, Shingo's son Kikuko, Shūichi's wife Fusako, Shingo's daughter Eiko Tanazaki, Shingo's secretary Kinuko, Shūichi's mistress (shortened to Kinu in the English translation with the author's permission, to avoid confusion with Kikuko) Mrs Ikeda, Kinuko's flatmate Satoko, Fusako's elder daughter Kuniko, Fusako's younger daughter Mr Tatsumu, Mr Aida, Mr Toriyama, Mr Suzumoto, Mr Mizuta, Mr Itakura, Mr Kitamoto, old friends of Shingo, mostly deceased Aihara, Fusako's husband Grandfather Amamiya, a neighbour Natsuko Iwamura, Shingo's second secretary Teru, a dog Themes The protagonist Shingo constantly reflects on his ageing, which manifests itself in his loss of memory, eyesight and even his male potency, wondering why he was not aroused during an erotic dream. He is also repeatedly confronted with mortality through the passing of friends and former fellow students, or the death of a young woman who committed shinjū with Fusako's husband. Human life and death correspond with the entire cycle of seasons (the proceedings start in autumn and end in autumn of the following year). Another theme Kawabata observes is the effect of the war on his protagonists. Shūichi's mistress Kinuko repeatedly refers to the war, which took her husband and prevented her of becoming a mother, and her flatmate Ikeda explains Shūichi's mean behaviour and attitude towards women with his wartime experiences. Style The Sound of the Mountain completely takes the point of view of its protagonist, emphasising on his interior reactions rather than on exterior events, and disregards any thoughts of the subordinate characters. Like much of his work, it is written in short, spare prose akin to poetry, which its English-language translator Edward Seidensticker likened to a haiku in the introduction to his translation of Kawabata's novel Snow Country. Reception and legacy Kawabata received the 1954 Noma Literary Prize for The Sound of the Mountain. For the first U.S. edition (1970), Seidensticker won the National Book Award in the category Translation. The Sound of the Mountain is included in the Norwegian Bokklubben World Library's list of the 100 greatest works of world literature, which was established in 2002. Adaptations Kawabata's novel was adapted into a film as Sound of the Mountain in 1954, directed by Mikio Naruse and starring Setsuko Hara, Sō Yamamura and Ken Uehara. It was also adapted for Japanese television in 1963 and 1984. References 1954 novels Japanese-language novels Japanese novels adapted into films Novels by Yasunari Kawabata Novels first published in serial form Novels set in Japan Alfred A. Knopf books	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sound%20of%20the%20Mountain
Sugar glass (also called candy glass, edible glass, and breakaway glass) is a brittle transparent form of sugar that looks like glass. It can be formed into a sheet that looks like flat glass or an object, such as a bottle or drinking glass. Description Sugar glass is made by dissolving sugar in water and heating it to at least the "hard crack" stage (approx. 150 °C / 300 °F) in the candy making process. Glucose or corn syrup is used to prevent the sugar from recrystallizing, by getting in the way of the sugar molecules forming crystals. Cream of tartar also helps by turning the sugar into glucose and fructose. Because sugar glass is hygroscopic, it must be used soon after preparation, or it will soften and lose its brittle quality. Sugar glass has been used to simulate glass in movies, photographs, plays and professional wrestling. Other uses Sugar glass is also used to make sugar sculptures or other forms of edible art. Sugar glass with blue dye was used to represent the methamphetamine in the AMC TV series Breaking Bad. Actor Aaron Paul would eat it on set. References Amorphous solids Sugar confectionery Glass types Stunts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20glass
Nicholas Joseph Swarbrick (14 November 1898 – 2 February 2006) was, at age 107, the final surviving English merchant sailor of the First World War at the time of his death. He was born in Grimsargh, near Preston in Lancashire, where his father was a farmer. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was only six and he was later to lose his only sister from the same illness. He was only four when she first fell ill and, as she was infectious, he was not able to come near her because of her coughing. His elder (by 11 years) sister was forced to run the household. He attended Winckley Square School, a Jesuit school in Preston, but dropped out at 14 after being administered especially severe corporal punishment. As a radio officer in the Merchant Navy, he made several transatlantic crossings to transport horses and troops. He left the Navy in 1929 to help his father's business, later taking up an interest in cattle breeding. He never married and died in his native Grimsargh on 2 February 2006, aged 107. References Nicholas Swarbrick obituary Obituary 1898 births 2006 deaths English centenarians Men centenarians People from Preston, Lancashire British Merchant Navy officers British Merchant Service personnel of World War I	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Swarbrick
On 19 October 1987, a train on the Heart of Wales line derailed and fell into the River Towy due to the partial collapse of the Glanrhyd Bridge near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire. Four people died as a result of the tragedy; the driver and three of the passengers drowned. Description The event took place early on Monday 19 October 1987. Several days prior, the Great Storm of 1987 occurred, causing widespread damage to infrastructure across Britain. On the Sunday afternoon, a driver who had been attending to engineering works in Llandrindod Wells reported flooding along the line. The responsible traffic manager, after investigation and some deliberation, decided to accompany the first train out on the Monday: the 05:27 from Swansea to Shrewsbury. The 05:27, which consisted of a two-car Class 108 DMU, fell into the River Towy near Llandeilo at approximately 07:15. The accident was caused by the Glanrhyd Bridge being partially washed away by the swollen river. The train was moving at only , which was the normal speed limit for this bridge. Carwyn Davies, a nearby farmer (and amateur rugby player for Llanelli), had waited until 07:00 for daylight so he could investigate the flooding on his farm. He was from the bridge in a flooded field when he saw that a central section of the railway bridge was missing. He attempted to return to his house to telephone a warning, but had not reached there when he heard the train approaching and saw the first carriage "take off" from the bridge. Davies later helped rescuers to reach the bridge using his tractor. Of the ten people on board the train, three passengers and three members of British Rail staff managed to escape but the driver and three passengers drowned. Staff on board included a Traffic Manager and an Engineer who were accompanying the train to inspect the route after reports of flooding and track damage had been received the previous day. The train left the tracks and fell into the swollen river at Glanrhyd Bridge, though the rear carriage remained partially on the rails and above water. While the passengers and staff were calmly making their way through to the rear carriage, the front carriage broke away and was swept downstream with the driver and three of the passengers (a married couple and a teenage schoolboy) still inside. A result of the incident was that the procedures for checking railway bridges were tightened. Over the following 20 years there were no other rail passenger fatalities in Wales. Sources References External links BBC Report: Glanrhyd disaster: Memories of train tragedy 30 years on BBC Report: Glanrhyd Rail Disaster Derailments in Wales Railway accidents in 1987 1987 disasters in the United Kingdom 1987 in Wales 20th century in Carmarthenshire History of Carmarthenshire Bridge disasters in the United Kingdom Bridge disasters caused by scour damage Transport in Carmarthenshire River Towy Llandeilo Accidents and incidents involving British Rail October 1987 events in the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanrhyd%20Bridge%20collapse
Blankenheim may refer to: Places Blankenheim, North Rhine-Westphalia, a municipality in western Germany Blankenheim, Saxony-Anhalt, a municipality in eastern Germany Blankenheim Castle, a schloss above the village of Blankenheim in the Eifel mountains of Germany People Clara Elisabeth of Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1631–1688), canoness at Thorn Abbey and Essen Abbey, and deaness at Elten Abbey Leon Young de Blankenheim (1837?–1863), French Army soldier Frederick of Blankenheim (c. 1355–1423), bishop of Strasbourg as Friedrich II and bishop of Utrecht as Frederik III Surname Ed Blankenheim (1934–2004), American civil rights activist and one of the original Freedom Riders Karoline von Manderscheid-Blankenheim (1768–1831), princess consort of Liechtenstein Toni Blankenheim (1921–2012), German operatic baritone Walter Blankenheim (1926–2007), German pianist and teacher	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenheim
Blankenheim is a municipality in the district of Euskirchen in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Blankenheim is located in the Eifel hills, approximately south-west of Euskirchen. The river Ahr has its source in the centre of Blankenheim, in the cellar of a half timbered house. History In the year 721, Blankenheim is mentioned for the first time as "Blancio" in a document. Today, the municipality is called in Eifel dialect as "Blangem" and has got a long carnival tradition. See also Blankenheim Castle References External links Official website Tourist info Eifel Museum Blankenheim Euskirchen (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blankenheim%2C%20North%20Rhine-Westphalia
H6N2 is an avian influenza virus with two forms: one has a low and the other a high pathogenicity. It can cause a serious problem for poultry, and also infects ducks as well. H6N2 subtype is considered to be a non-pathogenic chicken virus, the host still unknown, but could strain from feral animals, and/or aquatic bird reservoirs. H6N2 along with H6N6 are viruses that are found to replicate in mice without preadaptation, and some have acquired the ability to bind to human-like receptors. Genetic markers for H6N2 include 22-amino acid stalk deletion in neuraminidase (NA) protein gene, increased N-glycosylation, and a D144 mutation of the Haemagglutinin (HA) protein gene. Transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild aquatic birds to domestic birds usually cause subclinical infections, and occasionally, respiratory disease and drops in egg production. Some histological features presented in chicken infected with H6N2 are fibrinous yolk peritonitis, salpingitis, oophoritis, nephritis, along with swollen kidneys as well. Signs and symptoms sneezing and lacrimation prostration anorexia and fever sometimes swelling of the infraorbital sinuses with nasal mucous References Avian influenza H6N2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza%20A%20virus%20subtype%20H6N2
Gillian Ferrari (born June 23, 1980 in Thornhill, Ontario) is a Canadian women's ice hockey player. She was inducted into the Brampton Sports Hall of Fame in 2006. Her mother is from Wales and her father was born in Italy. Playing career As a child, her parents tried to sign her up for hockey and the Community Centre insisted she take figure skating. She was able to play hockey the year after Justine Blainey won a court case allowing girls to play on boys' hockey in 1986. Brampton Thunder Ferrari began playing with the Brampton Thunder of the National Women’s Hockey League (NWHL) in the 2004-2005 season. Her lifetime stats in the NWHL in 79 games include 10 goals, 36 assists and 76 penalty minutes. In the 2004-05 season, she recorded three goals and 22 assists in 34 games. She was part of an NWHL Central Division Champion. Esso Nationals Ferrari participated in the Esso Women’s Nationals on numerous occasions. Her first experience at the Nationals was in 1998 and 1999 with Team Ontario. In 2000 and 2004, she would compete with Team Ontario and claim gold at the Nationals. In 2005, Ferrari played with the Brampton Thunder and participated in the Esso Women’s Nationals as part of Team Ontario with the Thunder. At the tournament, Ferrari would win the silver. In 2007, Ferrari would enjoy double gold as she relocated to Calgary. The Calgary Oval X-Treme won the 2007 WWHL crown, and then represented Alberta at the Esso Women’s Nationals. At the Nationals, Team Alberta would claim gold. In 2009, Ferrari was part of the Calgary roster that qualified for the Clarkson Cup semifinals. Hockey Canada She has played for Team Ontario Under 17 Team, and Team Canada’s Under 22 team. She also won a gold medal in 2002 and 2005 and one silver medal in 2003 in three Four Nations Cup Championships. Gillian has also been a three time ESSO National Champion. Ferrari played defence for the Canadian women's team in the Winter Olympics in 2006. She has also won two gold medals with Canada at the Women's World Hockey Championships. Ferrari was one of the final cuts for Team Canada leading up to the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia. McGill Martlets On September 18, 2010, Ferrari, in her first-year with the Martlets, scored her first-ever CIS goal. It was on a 4-on-3 power play versus Wilfrid Laurier University. On December 31, Ferrari was credited with the game-winner on the power-play at 5:49 of the first period in the final game of the Bisons Holiday Classic tournament at Max Bell Arena. McGill defeated the nationally ranked fifth overall Alberta Pandas by a 3-0 mark During the 2011–12 McGill Martlets women's ice hockey season, she was named an alternate captain. References 1980 births Brampton Thunder players Canadian women's ice hockey defencemen Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people McGill Martlets ice hockey players Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players for Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey People from Thornhill, Ontario Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of York	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian%20Ferrari
"Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" (English: Bare Feet, White Dreams) is the third single from Shakira's third studio album Pies Descalzos (1996). Written and composed by her, "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" talks about all the rules that the human race has invented since Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit. It is a social satire in both the lyrics and the music video. The song was performed in the latter half of Shakira's Oral Fixation Tour, and there is a Portuguese version called "Pés Descalços". Background and composition In 1990, a thirteen-year-old Shakira signed a recording contract with Sony Music and released her debut studio album Magia in 1991, which largely consisted of tracks she had written since she was eight years old. Commercially, the project struggled, selling an underwhelming 1,200 copies in her native Colombia. Her follow-up record Peligro was released in 1993, and suffered a similar failure. Consequently, Shakira took a two-year hiatus, allowing her to complete her high school education. Looking to revive her struggling career, Shakira released her first major-label studio album Pies Descalzos in 1996 by Sony Music and Columbia Records. Assuming a prominent position in its production, she co-wrote and co-produced each of the eleven tracks included on the record. Music video The music video was directed by Gustavo Garzón. The video shows an upper class masquerade ball, an image often used to represent the personas people wear in society. A door opens that shows Shakira singing and also shows images of all the rules that society has created from the past to now. It was nominated for Video of the Year at the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards. There is also a Portuguese version of this song, called "Pés Descalços". Charts References 1996 singles Shakira songs Spanish-language songs Songs written by Shakira Songs written by Luis Fernando Ochoa 1995 songs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pies%20Descalzos%2C%20Sue%C3%B1os%20Blancos
Choseley is a tiny hamlet and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated between the villages of Titchwell and Docking and about from each. The town of Fakenham is to the south-east, the town of King's Lynn is to the south-west, and the city of Norwich is to the south-east. The villages name means 'Gravelly wood/clearing'. The civil parish has an area of and in the 2001 census had a population of 18 in 10 households. At the 2011 Census the population remained less than 100. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. Notes External links . Information from Genuki Norfolk on Choseley. Hamlets in Norfolk King's Lynn and West Norfolk Civil parishes in Norfolk	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choseley
Mangowal Gharbi (), or West Mangowal in English, is a town and Union Council headquarters in Gujrat District in Punjab province, Pakistan. This town is famous for rice and flour mills, Outclass Marriage Halls as Akbar Marriage Hall Mangowal. Geography According to the 2017 Census of Pakistan, its population is 19,735. Mangowal Gharbi (post code 50640) is situated 19 kilometer away from Gujrat towards west on Sargodha road. The surrounding villages are Gumrali, Dinga, Jahangirpur Chakrian, Kot Matta, and Chah Mughlan. Mangowal Gharbi is a business hub for surrounding villages, due to its location as Gujrat Sarghoda Highway passes through the town. History Mangowal west is situated 19 kilometer away from Gujrat towards west on Sargodha Road. Historically, this village and the surrounding villages, such as Goleki, Dinga, Chakrian, Ladha, and Ishra were named after influential Sikh Sardars. Muslim background The famous Sufi saint Shah Sharif came here in 17th century. The preaching Muslim Sufi and saint Syed Hafiz Abdul Rahim Shah(Rahma-tul-alaih ) started preaching Islam among the ancient Sikh and Hindu communities of the area and people started converting to Islam. His followers and descendants were appointed to different towns and cities such as, Moin-ud-D-Pur, Madina Sayyedan, Saroki, in the east and all the way to Miana Gondal, Bar Moosa, Mandi Baha-ud-Din, in the west, to convey the message of Islam and the whole region started embracing Islam. Arian Hindu/Sikh cultural background Mangowal, Kunjah, Jokalian and Dinga were prominent in the old Hindu and Sikh culture. Mangowal had valuable historical and spiritually esteemed buildings of the ancient community. More than five Manders, an Ashnaan Ghaat (swimming cum bathing pool) with Mander and a huge idol-worship place named as ..Baamda.. were present here. Moreover two great guest houses(Janj-Ghar) and a community center are still present ( Matrooka-waqf-amlaak Board care for nothing). More than seven common water wells were present along with two hammams each attached to every well for bathing purpose but most of the antiques, depicted here, are not available for the new generation because those are demolished, deformed, captivated or used for individual cause. Generally people here are hard working and now working all over the world. Most of the population belongs to the Kashmiris, Arayin, Sayyed, Jat/Warraich, Waince, Rehmani, and Mirza tribes. Mian Brothers (originally Malik Awan (Mian Muhammad Taj Muazzam and Mian Noor Muazzam) have contributed a lot for the modernization of this town. A variety of people inhabit here. Approximately half of the population migrated from India after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. The people are known as Muhajer (mean migrators), who left their property in India to seek freedom and willful Islamic culture. Due to accelerated economic standards of the town, enormous communication, attractive housing schemes launching and growing day by day, a huge population has permanently been moved in here from the suburbs. Mangowal is now a shopping preferred place for the area as dozens of plaza have been growing here with hundreds of shops and thousands of customers. Famous personalities of Mangowal There is a variety of people who served here (or still serving) for the betterment of community. Some of them are listed here Mian Noor Muazzam & Mian Taj Muazzam (Donated Land (5 Million current value)to schools , Ex.Chairman U.C.) Ch. Bahawal Bukhash (Late), MLA Ch.Muhammad Ikram, Member Zila Council Ch. Aitezaz Ehsan MPA Sir Khadim Hussain Tahir (Principal Boys High School, Mangowal gharbi.) Dr. Mian Mohammed Aslam (Eye specialist) Haji Ali Hassan Chaudary(business man) Education Government Sector Educational Institutions Govt.High School Mangowal Gharbi. (more than 1200 students) Govt.Girls High School Mangowal Gharbi. (near 1300 students) Govt. Boys Degree College Mangowal. Private Sector Educational Institutions The Jinnah School Mangowal Gharbi Oxford School System School Mangowal Gharbi The Ambition School Mangowal Gharbi Alfarabi School Mangowal Gharbi Health Government Sector Health Institutions Govt. Maternity Hospital Mangowal Gharbi (Lungay Road) MBBS qualified Dr. served Basic Health Unit Mangowal Gharbi (Near Anwar Town) MBBS Dr. served in working hours Rural Health Dispensary Mangowal Gharbi (Near Lari Adah) MBBS Dr. served in working hours Serving mankind The craftsmen of the town have a great sense of serving, creating and entertaining. The quality of mangowal wood works( furniture) is outstanding. Old ages mud-crafts industry is still active and creating various household mud utensils in the town which are regularly exported to various parts of the country. Super kernel Basmatii rice is abundantly produced by the industrious farmers here and processed in modern processing units (more than 16 rice processor units) and frequently exported all over the world to fetch currency exchange for the prosperity of the country. Accelerated development era Town and surrounding area has rapidly grown since 2001 up to 2007 during District Government of Gujrat under Ch.Shafaat Hussain of PML(Q). A high profile motorway, water supply, maternity hospital, basic health unit, revamping of roads, streets and ways, provision of gas are valuable services for Illaqa Mangowal. The provision of gas was approved by Governor Lt Gen Khalid Maqbool much before election of Ch Shafat Hussain, because of efforts of Ch Ikram. The person managing the information is requested to consult relevant records before listing. See also Mangowal Sharqi References Populated places in Gujrat District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangowal%20Gharbi
The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was the lower house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The legislative assembly was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791. The lower house consisted of elected legislative councilors who created bills to be passed up to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, whose members were appointed by the governor general. Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, the lower house was dissolved on March 27, 1838, and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. With the Act of Union in 1840, a new lower chamber, the Legislative Assembly of Canada, was created for both Upper and Lower Canada which existed until 1867, when the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was created. Speaker of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada Jean-Antoine Panet 1792–1794 Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière 1794–1796 Jean-Antoine Panet 1797-1814 Louis-Joseph Papineau 1815–1822 Joseph-Remi Vallieres de Saint-Real 1823–1825 Louis-Joseph Papineau 1825–1841 Electoral Districts From 1792 to 1829 50 members elected in 23 two-seat districts and four single-seat districts. Buildings See Old Parliament Building (Quebec) See also Executive Council of Lower Canada Constitutional history of Canada External links Parliament of Canada (Montmorency Park) 1791 establishments in Lower Canada 1838 disestablishments in Lower Canada Canada, Lower	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative%20Assembly%20of%20Lower%20Canada
Payton's Place is an album by the jazz trumpet player Nicholas Payton, released in 1998. Track listing All songs compositions by Nicholas Payton, except as indicated. Zigaboogaloo – 5:53 The Three Trumpeteers – 5:26 Back to the Source – 6:27 A Touch of Silver – 5:12 Concentric Circles – 7:08 Li'l Duke's Strut – 5:06 Time Traveling – 5:36 With a Song in My Heart – 5:35 (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) Paraphernalia – 9:39 (Wayne Shorter) Brownie à la Mode – 4:17 People Make the World Go Round – 5:21 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) The Last Goodbye – 5:25 (Thom Bell, Linda Creed) Personnel: Nicholas Payton - trumpet Tim Warfield - tenor saxophone Anthony Wonsey - piano Reuben Rogers - bass Adonis Rose - drums Special guests: Wynton Marsalis - trumpet (#2,8) Roy Hargrove - trumpet (#2,10) Joshua Redman - tenor saxophone (#4) Production credits Producer: Nicholas Payton. Executive Producer: Richard Seidel Recorder, mixed, mastered by James Nichols. Production Coordinator: Camille Tominaro Production Assistant: Samantha Black Mastered at BMG Studios, New York. Additional musicians: Wynton Marsalis, trumpet: "The Three Trumpeteers" and "Brownie à la Mode". Roy Hargrove, trumpet: "The Three Trumpeteers" and "With A Song in My Heart". Joshua Redman, tenor saxophone: "A Touch of Silver". Management: The Management Ark, Princeton, NJ Art direction & Design – Giulio Tururro. Photographs – Barron Claiborne. Recording Session Photographs – Jiimy Katz Label: Polygram Records Charts References 1998 albums Verve Records albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payton%27s%20Place
Derrick Clifton Harriott OD (born 10 February 1942) is a Jamaican singer and record producer. He was a member of the Jiving Juniors with Herman Sang before embarking on a solo career. He has produced recordings by Big Youth, Chariot Riders, The Chosen Few, Dennis Brown, The Ethiopians, Keith & Tex, The Kingstonians, Rudy Mills, Scotty, Sly & Revolutionaries, and Winston McAnuff. Biography The Jiving Juniors As a student at Excelsior High School, Harriott formed a duo with Claude Sang Jr. Harriott entered the Vere Johns Opportunity Hour talent contest as a solo artist in 1955, failing to reach the final round, and entered again in 1957 as a duo with Sang, going on to win several times. The duo first recorded for Stanley Motta, and went on to record for several producers, having hits including "Daffodil" and "Birds of Britain" before splitting up when Sang's job took him overseas. In 1958 Harriott formed the Jiving Juniors with Eugene Dwyer, Herman Sang (Claude's younger brother), and Maurice Wynter. The group had success on the Vere Johns Opportunity Hour, and in 1960 and 1961 had hit singles with "Lollipop Girl" (for Duke Reid) and "Over The River" (aka "I'll Be Here When He Comes", for Coxsone Dodd). The group split up after Harriott emigrated to the United States, although the other members continued for a while with Jimmy Mudahy replacing Harriott. After struggling to find work, Harriott reformed the Jiving Juniors with a new line-up, having already teamed up again with Claude Sang in New York. The new line-up included Winston Service and Valmont Burke, and split their time between Jamaica and New York, where they recorded at the Mirasound Studios, having hits including "Sugar Dandy". The travelling took its toll and the group split up in 1962. Solo and production career Harriott embarked on a solo career and later formed his own record label, Crystal. His first solo release, "I Care", was a hit, with further hits following with "What Can I Do" (1964), "The Jerk" (1965) and "I'm Only Human" (1965), all of which were included on his debut album, The Best of Derrick Harriott. In 1967 he had further solo hits with "The Loser" and "Solomon", as well as with productions of other artists, including The Ethiopians' "No Baptism", and Keith And Tex's "Tonight" and "Stop That Train". The lyrics to his song "Message from a Black Man" (circa 1970) echoed the growing black consciousness in American soul music of that time. In 1970 he issued The Crystalites' The Undertaker, an instrumental album in a similar vein to the early music of The Upsetters. He produced successful albums by other artists, including DJ Scotty's Schooldays, Dennis Brown's Super Reggae and Soul Hits, and also his own 14 Chartbuster Hits. In 1971, Swing magazine named Harriott the Top Producer of 1970. He was one of the first producers to use King Tubby mixing talents at his Waterhouse studio, issuing one of the earliest dub albums in 1974: Scrub A Dub, credited to The Crystallites. Harriott followed this with another dub/instrumental album, More Scrubbing The Dub. His late 1970s productions used backing from The Revolutionaries on albums such as Winston McAnuff's Pick Hits To Click (1978), DJ Ray I's Rasta Revival (1978) and his own Enter The Chariot and Disco 6 (a compilation album featuring Dennis Brown, Cornell Campbell and Horace Andy). In the 1970s he opened his first record shop on King Street in Kingston, later moving to larger premises at Twin Gates Plaza in Half-Way Tree. In the 1980s, he continued to have hits with soul cover versions, such as "Skin To Skin" and "Checking Out". In 1988 he scored with "Starting All Over Again", a duet with Yellowman, with lyrics about Hurricane Gilbert. The mid to late 1990s saw solo efforts such as Sings Jamaican Rock Steady Reggae, For a Fistful of Dollars, Derrick Harriott & Giants, and Riding the Roots Chariot being released. In July 2002 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Harriott performed at the two-night Legends of Ska festival. Other performers included: Skatalites, Rico Rodriguez, Lester Sterling, Johnny Moore, Lynn Taitt, Prince Buster, Alton Ellis, Lord Creator, Justin Hinds, Derrick Morgan and Lord Tanamo. In 2009, Harriott was awarded the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government, and in 2019 he received a Lifetime Achievement Award in Music from the Jamaica Reggae Industry Association (JaRIA). Discography Albums The Best of Derrick Harriott – 1965 – Island The Best of Derrick Harriott Volume 2 – 1968 – Trojan Sings Jamaican Reggae – 1969 – Crystal/Pama The Crystalites – Undertaker – 1970 Trojan Psychedelic Train – 1970 – Crystal/Trojan Presents Scrub-A-Dub Reggae – 1974 – Crystal More Scrubbing The Dub – 1975 – Crystal Songs For Midnight Lovers – 1976 – Crystal/Trojan Derrick Harriott & The Revolutionaries – Reggae Chart Busters Seventies Style – 1977 Reggae Disco Rockers – 1977 – Charmers Born to Love You – 1979 – Crystal Compilation albums Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – 14 Chartbuster Hits – 1973 – Crystal Derrick Harriott & The Crystalites / Chariot Riders – 1970 – Blockbuster Reggae Instrumentals Greatest Reggae Hits – 1975 – Crystal/Trojan Disco 6 – 1977 Enter The Chariot – 1978 Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – Those Reggae Oldies – 1978 Derrick Harriott & The Jiving Juniors – The Donkey Years 1961–1965 – Jamaican Gold (1993) Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – Step Softly 1965–1972 – Trojan (1988) Derrick Harriott – Sings Jamaican Rock Steady Reggae – Jamaican Gold Derrick Harriott & The Crystalites – For A Fistful of Dollars – Jamaican Gold From Chariot's Vault Volume 2: 16 Reggae Hits – Jamaican Gold Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – Riding the Roots Chariot – 1998 – Pressure Sounds Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – Skin To Skin – 1989 – Sarge Derrick Harriott & Various Artists – Musical Chariot'' – 1990 – Charly Records See also List of reggae musicians Island Records discography List of Jamaican record producers List of Jamaican backing bands References External links Pressure Sounds biography of Harriott Derrick Harriott & The Jiving Juniors I Derrick Harriott & The Jiving Juniors II 1939 births Jamaican reggae musicians Jamaican male singers Jamaican record producers Living people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick%20Harriott
Lords of Madness is an official supplement for the 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game. Contents The book includes new content for aberrations including new aberration monsters and monsters related to them, and information on how to hunt aberrations. It is split into the following chapters: "What Is an Aberration?": Defines what characteristics make a creature an aberration, and how these creatures originated. Also provides details on how to run a campaign based on aberrations. "The Deep Masters": Provides information on the aboleth, including their anatomy, variant creatures, a prestige class called the Savant, feats, and magic. "The Eye Tyrants": Provides information on the beholder, including their anatomy, variant creatures, a prestige class called the Beholder Mage, feats, and magic. "The Mind Flayers": Provides information on the illithid, including their anatomy, variant creatures, and magic. "The Slave Takers": Provides information on the neogi, including different types of neogi, their anatomy, and magic. "The Eaters": Provides information on the grell, including their anatomy, society, and magic. "The Wearers of Flesh": Provides information on the tsochar, including their anatomy, variant creatures, society, and magic. "New Monsters": Provides statistics and information on the beholderkin, cildabrin, shadowcloak elder cloaker, elder brain, elder eidolon, gas spore, gibbering mouther, half-farspawn, hound of the gloom, illithidae, mind flayer variants, pseudonatural creature template, psurlon, shaboath, shadow creature template, silthilar, urophion, and zeugalak. "The Aberration Hunter": Provides information for characters that hunt aberrations, including new feats, magic, spells, and magic items, and the new prestige classes Abolisher, Darkrunner, Fleshwarper, Keeper of the Cerulean Sign, Sanctified Mind, and Topaz Guardian. Publication history Lords of Madness was written by Rich Baker, James Jacobs, and Steve Winter, and was published in May 2005. Wayne England and Ed Cox drew the cover art, and the interior art was by Steve Belledin, Mitch Cotie, Ed Cox, Dennis Crabapple McClain, Steve Ellis, Wayne England, Colin Fix, Dana Knutson, Doug Kovacs, Chuck Lukacs, Jim Nelson, Michael Phillippi, Wayne Reynolds, Richard Sardinha, Dan Scott, and Ron Spencer. This book is part of a series of books regarding specific monster types, which includes the Draconomicon and Libris Mortis. Rich Baker explains how the book's designers chose the creatures with which they worked: "The best master aberrations we identified were the aboleths, beholders, and mind flayers. They're highly intelligent, they enslave other monsters, and they're particularly inimical to human life and society. Beyond those three major races, we found a couple of others that shared some similar characteristics but were not as iconic to the game -- the neogi and the grell. Finally, we created a new aberration just for this book, the tsochari. As the lead designer, I divvied up the book into assignments for Steve and James. Steve got mind flayers and neogi, James got beholders and aboleths. I took the grell and the new race, the tsochari. A fair amount of that decision-making was driven by the physics of carving up a book for three designers to work on, but I did decide to hog the new race for myself. I wanted to take a shot at 'em." Reception Reviews References External links http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/11/11917.phtml Dungeons & Dragons sourcebooks Role-playing game supplements introduced in 2005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords%20of%20Madness
Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer is the eponymous debut album by pop rock band Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer. It was originally released by Break Even Records / Wonka Vision, but was later re-issued by Law of Inertia / Reignition Records. The songs feature Anthony Green on vocals. Several of the tracks were re-recorded for their follow up album, Jalopy Go Far. Track listing Moment Plays Pretty for Baby Ode to Madonna Words for Now Mean Old Coot Mr. Song Riding Trains in November Simon There's That One Person You Will Never Get Over No Matter How Long It's Been References 2002 debut albums Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolof%20the%20Rock%20%26%20Roll%20Destroyer%20%28album%29
The Legislative Council of Lower Canada was the upper house of the bicameral structure of provincial government in Lower Canada until 1838. The upper house consisted of appointed councillors who voted on bills passed up by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. The legislative council was created by the Constitutional Act. Many of the members first called in the Council in 1792 had served as councillors in the Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec. The council came to be dominated by the Château Clique, members of the province's most powerful families who were generally interested in preserving the status quo. Both the upper and lower houses were dissolved on March 27, 1838 following the Lower Canada Rebellion and Lower Canada was administered by an appointed Special Council. Following the Act of Union in 1840, the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada was created in 1841. Legislative buildings Old Parliament Building (Quebec) List of Members of the Legislative Council Speakers During much of the existence of the Legislative Council, the Chief Justice served as Speaker and others appointed to the role in absence of the Chief Justice. William Smith 1791-1793 William Osgoode 1794-1797 Thomas Dunn 1797-1801 James Monk 1802 John Elmsley 1803-1804 Thomas Dunn 1805 François Baby 1806 Henry Allcock 1807-1808 Thomas Dunn 1808 Jonathan Sewell 1809-1810 Thomas Dunn 1811-? James Monk 1815-1816 Jonathan Sewell 1817 John Hale 1818 Jonathan Sewell 1819-1826 James Kerr 1827-1828 Jonathan Sewell 1829-1830 John Hale 1831 Sir John Caldwell 1831-? Jonathan Sewell 1833-1838 After the Rebellion, the Speaker was a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada: James Cuthbert, Jr. 1838 Sir James Stuart, 1st Baronet 1839-1841 See also Executive Council of Lower Canada Constitutional history of Canada Legislative Council of Quebec Notes Unless otherwise noted, the member died in office. External links Aux fenêtres du Parlement de Québec : histoire, traditions, coutumes, usages, procédures, souvenirs, anecdotes, commissions et autres organismes, D. Potvin (1942) Assemblée nationale du Québec (French) Lower Canada Defunct upper houses in Canada 1792 establishments in Lower Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative%20Council%20of%20Lower%20Canada
West High School (commonly West, West High, or WHS) is a public high school located in Sioux City, Iowa with an enrollment of approximately 1,404 students. The school is a part of the Sioux City School District and is one of three public high schools in Sioux City. History West High School first opened its doors in 1972. Also in 1972, Sioux City's North High School opened, and a new building for Sioux City East High School opened. North High School and West High School replaced Sioux City's first high school, Central High (named Sioux City High School until the opening of East High School in 1918) which opened in 1892. In 2000, West High's feeder middle school, West Middle School began construction of a new building directly west of West High School, which opened in January 2002. Unlike West High School, West Middle School opened in its original building in 1918. Due to construction of West Middle School, the track, baseball, and softball fields had to be moved and replaced, in order to make room for the new West Middle School. On October 25, 2008, Sarah Palin (Vice-Presidential candidate for John McCain) held a rally in the school gym for the 2008 United States presidential election. In October 2009. construction began on an expansion to the school building for 10 new brand new science classrooms. The expansion is directly integrating into the main academic classroom on the south side, towards the east end of the building. Similar to the original construction, Sioux City's East and North High schools also had new science wings, and are nearly identical in function and size. West High's science classes began on March 7, 2011 in the new addition. West High was named the 2010 School of Character by Character Counts of Iowa. In September 2011 the school's lunchroom "The Den" was opened. In 2011, West High became a recipient of Iowa's Safe and Supportive Schools grant. Funds from this were used to improve the school. Athletics and arts Former West High basketball standout Kirk Hinrich, former Chicago Bulls point guard, graduated in 1999. That year, the West High School basketball team won the Iowa State Basketball Championship. In 2009, the West High School basketball team competed for a spot in the Iowa State Championship for the first time since 1999. They lost to Sioux City East High School. The Wolverines compete in the Missouri River Conference in the following sports: Baseball Basketball Bowling Cross country Football Golf Soccer Softball Swimming Tennis Track Volleyball Wrestling Hockey In 1999, the boys' basketball team won the Class 4A State Championship. From 2007-2011, the West High School jazz band competed for state jazz championship at the Iowa Jazz Championships in Des Moines, IA. They received 7th place in Class 4A in 2007. In 2015, the West High School Marching Band earned 1st place in class 2A at the Quad State Marching Competition in Vermillion. They also won Best Music, Best Color guard, and Best Visual Design. As of 2009, the West High dance squad has entered in 136 competition routines at the Iowa Contest and has placed 1st 104 times, 2nd 24 times, 3rd 7 times, and 4th 1 time. See also List of high schools in Iowa References External links Public high schools in Iowa Schools in Sioux City, Iowa Educational institutions established in 1972 1972 establishments in Iowa	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20High%20School%20%28Sioux%20City%2C%20Iowa%29

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