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Welsh Americans () are an American ethnic group whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Wales, United Kingdom. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had Welsh ancestry, 0.6% of the total U.S. population. This compares with a population of 3 million in Wales. However, 3.8% of Americans appear to bear a Welsh surname. There have been several U.S. Presidents with Welsh ancestry, including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, James A. Garfield, Calvin Coolidge, Richard Nixon and Barack Obama. President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis, Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard, U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Colin Powell and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton are also of Welsh heritage. The proportion of the population with a name of Welsh origin ranges from 9.5% in South Carolina to 1.1% in North Dakota. Typically, names of Welsh origin are concentrated in the mid-Atlantic states, New England, the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama and in Appalachia, West Virginia and Tennessee. By contrast, there are relatively fewer Welsh names in the northern Midwest and the Southwest. Welsh immigration to the United States Legendary origins The legends of Brittonic Celtic voyages to America, and settlement there in the twelfth century, led by Madog (or Madoc), son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, are generally dismissed, although such doubts are not conclusive. The Madog legend attained its greatest prominence during the Elizabethan era (the Tudors being of Welsh ancestry) when Welsh and English writers used it bolster British claims in the New World versus those of Spain, France and Portugal. The earliest surviving full account of Madoc's voyage, as the first to make the claim that Madoc had come to America, appears in Humphrey Llwyd 1559 Cronica Walliae, an English adaptation of the Brut y Tywysogion. In 1810, John Sevier, the first governor of Tennessee, wrote to his friend Major Amos Stoddard about a conversation he had had in 1782 with the old Cherokee chief Oconostota concerning ancient fortifications built along the Alabama River. The chief allegedly told him that the forts had been built by a white people called "Welsh", as protection against the ancestors of the Cherokee, who eventually drove them from the region. Sevier had also written in 1799 of the alleged discovery of six skeletons in brass armor bearing the Welsh coat-of-arms. Thomas S. Hinde claimed that in 1799, six soldiers had been dug up near Jeffersonville, Indiana on the Ohio River with breastplates that contained Welsh coat of arms. It is possible these were the same six Sevier referred to, as the number, brass plates and Welsh coat of arms are consistent with both references. Speculation abounds connecting Madog with certain sites, such as Devil's Backbone, located on the Ohio River at Fourteen Mile Creek near Louisville, Kentucky. Colonial-era migration The first modern documented Welsh arrivals came from Wales after 1618. In the mid to late seventeenth century, there was a large emigration of Welsh Quakers to the Colony of Pennsylvania, where a Welsh Tract was established in the region immediately west of Philadelphia. By 1700, Welsh people accounted for about one-third of the colony's estimated population of twenty thousand. There are a number of Welsh place names in this area. The Welsh were especially numerous and politically active and elected 9% of the members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council. In 1757, Rev. Goronwy Owen, an Anglican Vicar born at Y Dafarn Goch, in the parish of Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf in Anglesey and whose contribution to Welsh poetry is most responsible for the subsequent Welsh eighteenth century Renaissance, emigrated to Williamsburg, in the Colony of Virginia. Until his death on his cotton and tobacco plantation near Lawrenceville, Virginia in 1769, Rev. Owen was mostly noted as an émigré bard, writing with hiraeth ("longing" or "homesickness") for his native Anglesey. During the subsequent revival of the Eisteddfod, the Gwyneddigion Society held up the poetry of Rev. Owen as an example for bards at future eisteddfodau to emulate. Post-Revolutionary migration During the Eisteddfod revival of the 1790s, Gwyneddigion Society member William Jones, who had enthusiastically supported the American Revolution and who was arguing for the creation of a National Eisteddfod of Wales, had come to believe that the completely Anglicized Welsh nobility, through rackrenting and their employment of unscrupulous land agents, had forfeited all right to the obedience and respect of their tenants. At the Llanrwst eisteddfod in June 1791, Jones distributed copies of an address, entitled To all Indigenous Cambro-Britons, in which he urged Welsh tenant farmers and craftsmen to pack their bags, emigrate from Wales, and sail for what he called the "Promised Land" in the United States. Pennsylvania According to Marcus Tanner, large scale Welsh immigration following the American Revolution began in the 1790s, when 50 immigrants left the village of Llanbrynmair for a tract of Pennsylvania land purchased by Baptist minister Rev. Morgan John Rhys. The result was the Welsh-American farming settlement of Cambria, Pennsylvania. In the 19th century, thousands of Welsh coal miners emigrated to the anthracite and bituminous mines of Pennsylvania, many becoming mine managers and executives. The miners brought organizational skills, exemplified in the United Mine Workers labor union, and its most famous leader John L. Lewis, who was born in a Welsh settlement in Iowa. Pennsylvania has the largest number of Welsh-Americans, approximately 200,000; they are primarily concentrated in the Western and Northeastern (Coal Region) regions of the state. Ohio Welsh settlement in Ohio began in 1801, when a group of Welsh-speaking pioneers migrated from Cambria, Pennsylvania to Paddy's Run, which is now the site of Shandon, Ohio. According to Marcus Tanner, "In Ohio State, Jackson and Gallia counties in particular became a 'Little Wales', where Welsh settlers were sufficiently thick on the ground by the 1830s to justify the establishment of Calvinistic Methodist synods." In the early nineteenth century most of the Welsh settlers were farmers, but later there was emigration by coal miners to the coalfields of Ohio and Pennsylvania and by slate quarrymen from North Wales to the "Slate Valley" region of Vermont and Upstate New York. There was a large concentration of Welsh people in the Appalachian section of Southeast Ohio, such as Jackson County, Ohio, which was nicknamed "Little Wales". As late as 1900, Ohio still had 150 Welsh-speaking church congregations. The Welsh language was commonly spoken in the Jackson County area for generations until the 1950s when its use began to subside. As of 2010, more than 126,000 Ohioans are of Welsh descent and about 135 speak the language, with significant concentrations still found in many communities of Ohio such as Oak Hill (13.6%), Madison (12.7%), Franklin (10.5%), Jackson (10.0%), Radnor (9.8%), and Jefferson (9.7%). Southern United States A particularly large proportion of the African-American population has Welsh surnames. A possible factor leading to this is slaves adopting the surnames of their former masters, though evidence for this is sparse. Examples of slave- and plantation-owning Welsh Americans include Welsh poet Rev. Goronwy Owen and American Founding Father Thomas Jefferson. While there were cases of slaves adopting their slavemasters' surnames, there were also Welsh religious groups and anti-slavery groups helping to assist slaves to freedom and evidence of names adopted for this reason. In other situations, slaves took on their own new identity of Freeman, Newman, or Liberty, while others chose the surnames of American heroes or founding fathers, which in both cases could have been Welsh in origin. Tennessee The premier recent scholarly treatment of Welsh settlers in Tennessee is the work of Cardiganshire-born Harvard Professor Eirug Davies. To author The Welsh of Tennessee, Davies did extensive research in academic collections, site visits, and interviews with descendants and Welsh émigré residents of Tennessee in the early 21st Century. A short interview with Dr. Davies, discussing his research, is available on-line. Many Welsh descendants, especially Quakers, migrated to Tennessee—primarily from Colonial settlements in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina—pre-Statehood (1796) and in the early years of the 19th Century. The first organized settlement occcured in the 1850s, inspired by Reverend Samuel Roberts, a Congregational pastor from Llanbrynmair, Montgomeryshire. Engaging with former Ohio governor William Bebb and Welsh immigrant Evan B. Jones, of Cincinnati, Roberts—known as "S. R."—promoted Welsh migration to Scott County, Tennessee. The first emigrants left Wales for Philadelphia in June, 1856. The first settlers arrived at Nancy's Branch in Scott County in September, 1856. Ultimately, the settlement failed. Some of the settlers migrated to Knoxville, while others migrated to other parts of the United States. Only three families, plus Samuel Roberts and John Jones remained at the settlement named Brynyffynon. The National Library of Wales has a collection of original material related to the settlement, identified as the "Tennessee Papers." Following the American Civil War, several Welsh immigrant families moved from the Welsh Tract in Pennsylvania to Central East Tennessee. These Welsh families settled primarily in an area now known as Mechanicsville in the city of Knoxville. These families were recruited by the brothers Joseph and David Richards to work in a rolling mill then co-owned by John H. Jones. The Richards brothers co-founded the Knoxville Iron Works beside the L&N Railroad, later to be used as the site for the 1982 World's Fair. Of the original buildings of the Iron Works where Welsh immigrants worked, only the structure housing the restaurant 'The Foundry' remains. At the time of the 1982 World's Fair, the building was known as the Strohaus. Having first met in donated space at the Second Presbyterian Church, the immigrant Welsh built their own Congregational Church, with the Reverend Thomas Thomas serving as the first pastor in 1870. However, by 1899, the church property was sold. The Welsh celebrated their native culture here, holding services in Welsh and hosting choral competitions and other activities that kept the community connected. These Welsh-immigrant families became successful and established other businesses in Knoxville. By 1930, many descendants of post-Civil War Knoxville's Welsh families dispersed into other sections of the city and neighboring counties.. Today, scores of families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry directly to these original immigrants. The Welsh tradition in Knoxville was remembered with Welsh descendants' celebrating St. David's Day until the early 21st Century. The Knoxville Welsh Society is now defunct. Because of pit mining north of Knoxville, a significant Welsh settlement was established in Anderson and Campbell Counties, especially in the towns of Briceville and Coal Creek (now Rocky Top). The non-profit Coal Creek Watershed Foundation has spearheaded efforts to document and preserve the history of Welsh settlers in this region. Chattanooga and nearby communities such as Soddy-Daisy were home to Welsh immigrants who worked in the mining and iron industries. The Soddy-Daisy Roots Project and the research of Professor Edward G. Hartmann provide substantial information about the Welsh settlers in southeastern Tennessee. During 1984–1985, Welsh educator David Greenslade travelled in Tennessee, documenting current and historic Welsh settlements as part of a larger, nationwide study of Welsh in the United States. Greenslade's research resulted in the book, Welsh Fever. Greenslade's papers are archived at the National Library of Wales. Award-winning actress Dale Dickey is a descendant of Knoxville's Richards brothers. Her ancestor, Reverend R. D. Thomas, another Welsh immigrant to Knoxville, authored the seminal work Hanes Cymru America (History of the Welsh in America) in 1872. A digital version of the original book, in Welsh, is available on-line. Midwestern United States After 1850, many Welsh sought out farms in the Midwest. Indiana In the years surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, the towns of Elwood, Anderson and Gas City in Grant and Madison Counties, located northeast of Indianapolis, attracted scores of Welsh Immigrants, including many large families and young industrial workers. Minnesota After the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux was signed by the Dakota people in 1851, Welsh-speaking pioneers from Wisconsin and Ohio settled much of what is now Le Sueur and Blue Earth Counties, in Minnesota. By 1857, the number of Welsh speakers was so numerous that the Minnesota State Constitution had to be translated into the Welsh language. According to The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, "Early Welsh immigrants settled in the Minnesota River valley in 1853; Blue Earth, Nicollete, and Le Sueur counties were the nucleus of a rural community that reached west into Brown County. While some of the men had been miners in Wales, most seem to have left central and northern Wales looking for land of their own. Families quickly founded enduring farming settlements and, despite a movement of children to Mankato and the Twin Cities metropolitan area, a Welsh presence remains in the river valley to this day." According to local Welsh-language poet James Price, whose bardic name was Ap Dewi ("Son of David"), the first Welsh literary society in Minnesota was founded at a meeting held in South Bend Township, also in Blue Earth County in the fall of 1855. Also according to Ap Dewi, "The first eisteddfod in the State of Minnesota was held in Judson in the house of Wm. C. Williams in 1864. The second eisteddfod was held in 1866 in Judson, in the log chapel, with the Rev. John Roberts as Chairman. Ellis E. Ellis, Robert E. Hughes, H.H. Hughes, Rev. J. Jenkins, and William R. Jones took part in this eisteddfod. The third eisteddfod was held in Judson in the new chapel (Jerusalem) on January 2, 1871. The famous Llew Llwyfo (bardic name) was chairman and a splendid time was had." By the 1880s, between 2,500 and 3,000 people of Welsh background were contributing to the life of some 17 churches and 22 chapels. Also according to The Minnesota Ethnic Food Book, "A profile of the Welsh community in the 1980s seems typical of many American ethnic groups: women of the older generation, aged in their sixties and seventies, maintain what there is of traditional foodways; but the younger generation shows revived interest in its heritage. These women have reclaimed old recipes from Welsh cookbooks or brought them back from trips to Wales. Thus Welsh folk occasionally eat Welsh cakes, bara brith, leek soup, and lamb on St. David's Day in honor of the patron saint of Wales." Welsh cultural events, as well as a Welsh-language classes and a conversation group, continue to be organized by the St. David's Society of Minnesota. Kansas Some 2,000 immigrants from Wales and another nearly 6,000 second-generation Welsh became farmers in Kansas, favoring areas close to the towns of Arvonia, Emporia and Bala. Features of their historic culture survived longest when their church services retained Welsh sermons. Mid-Atlantic United States New York Oneida County and Utica, New York became the cultural center of the Welsh-American community in the 19th century. Suffering from poor harvests in 1789 and 1802 and dreaming of land ownership, the initial settlement of five Welsh families soon attracted other agricultural migrants, settling Steuben, Utica and Remsen townships. The first Welsh settlers arrived in the 1790s. In 1848, The lexicorapher John Russell Bartlett noted that the area had a number of Welsh language newspapers and magazines, as well as Welsh churches. Indeed Bartlett noted in his Dictionary of Americanisms that "one may travel for miles (across Oneida County) and hear nothing but the Welsh language". By 1855, there were four thousand Welshmen in Oneida. With the Civil War, many Welshmen began moving west, especially to Michigan and Wisconsin. They operated small farms and clung to their historic traditions. The church was the center of Welsh community life, and a vigorous Welsh-speaking press kept ethnic consciousness strong. Strongly Republican, the Welsh gradually assimilated into the larger society without totally abandoning their own ethnic cultural patterns. Maryland Five towns in northern Maryland and southern Pennsylvania were constructed between 1850 and 1942 to house Welsh quarry workers producing Peach Bottom slate. During this period the towns retained a Welsh ethnic identity, although their architecture evolved from the traditional Welsh cottage form to contemporary American. Two of the towns in Harford County now form the Whiteford-Cardiff Historic District. Virginia After the Eastern European people, the Welsh people represents a significant minority there. Western United States Welsh miners, shepherds and shop merchants arrived in California during the Gold Rush (1849–51), as well the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain States since the 1850s. Large-scale Welsh settlement in Northern California esp. the Sierra Nevada and Sacramento Valley was noted, and one county: Amador County, California finds a quarter of local residents have Welsh ancestry. California Los Angeles and San Francisco have attracted Welsh artists and actors in various fields of the arts and entertainment industry. The following is a short list of notable Welsh artists and actors that have lived and worked in the Los Angeles area: D. W. Griffith, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Richard Burton, Rosemarie Frankland, Michael Sheen, Glynis Johns, Ioan Gruffudd, Ivor Barry, Cate Le Bon, Anthony Hopkins, Tom Jones, Katherine Jenkins, and Terry Nation, among others. Between 1888 and 2012 the Welsh Presbyterian Church was the center of the Welsh-American community in Los Angeles. The church was founded by the Reverend David Hughes from Llanuwchllyn, Gwynedd at another site. In its prime the church would average 300 immigrants for Sunday service in Welsh and English. Notably, the choir of the church sang in the 1941 film How Green Was My Valley. The singing tradition continued with the Cor Cymraeg De Califfornia, the Welsh Choir of Southern California, a non-denominational 501(c)(3) founded in 1997 still performing across the United States. Santa Monica, California was named one of the most British towns in America due to its commerce and British migrants who came during a post World War II boom in factory production, many of whom were Welsh. However, higher cost of living and stricter immigration laws have affected the town once dubbed 'Little Britain'. In 2011 the West Coast Eisteddfod: Welsh Festival of Arts, sponsored by A Raven Above Press and AmeriCymru, was the first eisteddfod in the area since 1926. In the following year, Lorin Morgan-Richards established the annual Los Angeles St. David's Day Festival which sparked a cultural resurgence in the city and the formation of the Welsh League of Southern California in 2014. Celebrities of Welsh heritage Henry Thomas, Ioan Gruffudd, Michael Sheen, along with Richard Burton's and Frank Lloyd Wright's families have all publicly supported the festival. Mormonism Mormon missionaries in Wales in the 1840s and 1850s proved persuasive, and many converts emigrated to Utah. By the mid-nineteenth century, Malad City, Idaho was established. It began largely as a Welsh Mormon settlement and lays claim to having more people of Welsh descent per capita than anywhere outside Wales. This may be around 20%. In 1951 the National Gymanfa Association of the United States and Canada sponsored a collection of Welsh books at the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University. Welsh culture in the United States One area with a strong Welsh influence is an area in Jackson and Gallia counties, Ohio, often known as "Little Cardiganshire". The Madog Center for Welsh Studies is located at the University of Rio Grande. The National Welsh Gymanfa Ganu Association holds the National Festival of Wales yearly in various locations around the country, offering seminars on various cultural items, a marketplace for Welsh goods, and the traditional Welsh hymn singing gathering (the gymanfa ganu). The annual Los Angeles St. David's Day Festival, celebrates Welsh heritage through performance, workshops, and outdoor marketplace. In Portland, the West Coast Eisteddfod is a yearly Welsh event focusing on art competitions and performance in the bardic tradition. On a smaller scale, many states across the country hold regular Welsh Society meetings. Tin workers Before 1890, Wales was the world's leading producer of tinplate, especially as used for canned foods. The U.S. was the primary customer. The McKinley tariff of 1890 raised the duty on tinplate that year, and in response, many entrepreneurs and skilled workers emigrated to the U.S., especially to the Pittsburgh region. They built extensive occupational networks and a transnational niche community. Entertainment The American daytime soap opera One Life to Live took place in a fictional Pennsylvania town outside of Philadelphia known as Llanview (llan is an old Welsh word for church, now encountered mainly in place names). Llanview was loosely based on the Welsh settlements located in the Welsh Barony, or Welsh Tract, located northwest of Philadelphia. 21st century Relations between Wales and America are primarily conducted through the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in addition to his Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to the United States. Nevertheless, the Welsh Government has deployed its own envoy to America, primarily to promote Wales-specific business interests. The primary Welsh Government Office is based out of the Washington British Embassy, with satellites in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and Atlanta. Current immigrants While most Welsh immigrants came to the U.S. between the early 17th century and the early 20th century, immigration has by no means stopped. Current expatriates have formed societies all across the country, including the Chicago Tafia (a play on "Mafia" and "Taffy"), AmeriCymru and New York Welsh/Cymry Efrog Newydd. This only amounts to a few social groups and some "High Profile" individuals. Currently, Welsh immigration to the United States is very low. Notable people See also Canadians of Welsh descent Celtic music in the United States Eisteddfod Maps of American ancestries Welsh settlement in the Americas Welsh History in Chicago Chicago Welsh Societies Chicago Tafia British Americans Cornish Americans English Americans Scottish Americans Manx Americans Irish Americans Welsh people Celtic Britons Welsh language Further reading Ashton, E. T. The Welsh in the United States (Caldra House, 1984). Berthoff, Rowland. British Immigrants In Industrial America (1953) Coupland, Nikolas, Hywel Bishop, and Peter Garrett. "Home truths: Globalisation and the iconising of Welsh in a Welsh-American newspaper." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural development 24.3 (2003): 153–177. Davies, P. G. Welsh in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2006). Dodd, A. H. The Character of Early Welsh Emigration to the United States (University of Wales Press, 1957). Hartmann, Edward G. Americans from Wales (Octagon Books, 1983). Heimlich, Evan. "Welsh Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 523–532. online Holt, Constance Wall. Welsh Women: An Annotated Bibliography of Women in Wales and Women of Welsh Descent in America (Scarecrow, 1993). Humphries, Robert. "Free Speech, Free Press A Byth Free Men: The Welsh Language and Politics in Wisconsin." North American Journal of Welsh Studies 8 (2013): 14–29. Jones, William D. Wales in America: Scranton and the Welsh, 1860-1920 (University of Wales Press, 1997). Jones, Aled, and William D. Jones. Welsh Reflections: Y Drych and America, 1851–2001 (Gwasg Gomer, 2001). Knowles, Anne Kelly. "Immigrant trajectories through the rural-industrial transition in Wales and the United States, 1795–1850." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 85.2 (1995): 246–266. Detailed geography of Welsh settlement in the US. Knowles, Anne Kelly. "Religious identity as ethnic identity: The Welsh in Waukesha County." in RC Ostergren and TR Vale, eds., Wisconsin Land and Life (1997): 282–299. Lewis, Ronald L. Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields (2008) Roberts, W. Arvon. 150 Famous Welsh Americans (Llygad Gwalch Cyf, 2013) Schlenther, Boyd Stanley. "'The English are Swallowing up Their Language': Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 114#2 (1990), pp 201–228 Tyler, Robert Llewellyn. "Occupational Mobility and Social Status: The Welsh Experience in Sharon, Pennsylvania, 1880–1930." Pennsylvania History 83.1 (2016): 1-27 Van Vugt, William. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700-1900 (2006). Walley, Cherilyn A. The Welsh in Iowa (University of Wales Press, 2009). References External links Cardiff Centre for Welsh American Studies A timeline of the history of Wales and details of some of the communities in the U.S. where Welsh influence is most important Patterns of Welsh settlement in the United States in the first half of the 20th century Madog Center for Welsh Studies, University of Rio Grande The Welsh in Pennsylvania BBC Wales: Welsh Comings and Goings: The history of migration in and out of Wales data-wales.co.uk: Emigration from Wales to America data-wales.co.uk: Why do so many Black Americans have Welsh names? Ninnau The North American Welsh Newspaper/Papur Cymry Gogledd America Welsh European-American society	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20Americans
Karahallı is a town in Uşak Province in the inner Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Karahallı District. Its population is 5,672 (2022). Karahallı is at a distance of from the province center of Uşak lying to its north. The name of the town makes reference to its founder, the 14th century Turkmen bey Kara Halil. The township was made into a district in 1953, simultaneous to the separation of Uşak Province from Kütahya Province, and Uşak's becoming a province seat. There is a recently built dam and its reservoir, which is arranged into a recreational area that stands out notably by the presence of an ancient bridge, possibly associated with the Lydians and the Persians, and the Royal Road, although research specific to the bridge is yet to be made. It is built over Banaz Stream (Banaz Çayı) which later joins Büyük Menderes River and the locality is called Clandras or Klandras. The ancient site of Pepuza, proclaimed as new Jerusalem in the traditions of Montanism, sometimes referred to as the lost sect of Christianity (mid-2nd century) is located within the boundaries of Karahallı district, and is an important visitor's attraction. Another important ancient construction is Cılandıras Bridge over Banaz Stream. In Ottoman times, the township was an important center for textile products, made especially of wool woven following Turkish traditions. Weaving activity is still pursued in an intensive manner with the presence of more than a thousand electric power looms across the district. Cultivation of grapes intended for production of wine in the nearby center of Bekilli is also an important economic activity. The region of Karahallı experienced considerable levels of outside immigration in recent decades, both towards other centers of its region and towards Europe. People who originate in Karahallı and live outside the district now outnumber those living in Karahallı. Among notable natives is Azra Akın, Miss World in 2002, herself born in the Netherlands, but whose father, the former Eskişehirspor player Nazmi Akın, is from Karahallı. See also Pepuza References Populated places in Uşak Province Karahallı District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahall%C4%B1
Sivaslı, formerly known as Sebaste () is a town in Uşak Province in the inner Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sivaslı District. Its population is 7,082 (2022). Sebaste ancient city area is away from Sivaslı town center today. The ancient city of Sebaste was founded by Roman Emperor Augustus in 20 AD, and was one of the 12 important cities of Roman Phrygia. Under the Byzantine Empire, the city turned into a regional bishop seat. There are remains of Byzantine buildings from the 6th and 10th century, including two large basilicas. References External links A collection of photographs of the ruins of Sebaste Populated places in Sivaslı District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivasl%C4%B1
Ulubey, formerly Göbek, is a town in Uşak Province in the inner Aegean Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Ulubey District. Its population is 6,195 (2022). References Populated places in Uşak Province Ulubey District, Uşak District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulubey%2C%20U%C5%9Fak
Raesfeld () is a municipality in the district of Borken in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 10 km south of Borken and 30 km east of the Dutch border. Raesfeld's landmark is the moated castle , originally built in the 13th century and extended and remodeled in Renaissance style in the 17th century. It is now primarily used by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia as a center for the teaching of crafts; the formal gardens have been lost, but the wildlife park has been restored and is part of the European Garden Heritage Network. The municipality of Raesfeld includes , a village within the that has an ancient oak, the , thought to be 600–850 years old and named for Vehmic court sessions formerly held under it. Gallery References External links Site of the municipality History of the castle Gallery about Raesfeld in general, and the castle Gallery showing the castle Borken (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raesfeld
Weetabix is a breakfast cereal produced by Weetabix Limited in the United Kingdom. It comes in the form of palm-sized (approx. 9.5 cm × 5.0 cm or 4" × 2") wheat biscuits. Variants include organic and Weetabix Crispy Minis (bite-sized) versions. The UK cereal is manufactured in Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire, and exported to over 80 countries. Weetabix for Canada and the United States is manufactured in Cobourg, Ontario, in both organic and conventional versions. Weetabix is made from whole-grain wheat. UK Weetabix has 3.8 g of fibre in a 37.5 g serving (2 biscuits) (10.1% by weight). The product sold in Canada and the U.S. has 4 grams of fibre in a 35 g serving (11.4% by weight). History Produced in the UK since 1932, Weetabix is the British version of the original Australian Weet-Bix. Both Weet-Bix and Weetabix were invented by Bennison Osborne, an Australian. Weet-Bix was introduced in Australia through the company “Grain Products Limited” in the mid-1920s, with funding from businessman Arthur Shannon and marketing assistance from Osborne's New Zealand friend Malcolm Macfarlane. To both Osborne's and Macfarlane's disappointment, Grain Products sold both its Australian company (in 1928) and then its New Zealand company (in 1930), to the Sanitarium Health Foods Company. Osborne and Macfarlane then went to South Africa where Arthur Shannon, the owner of Grain Products, funded another Weet-Bix factory. While in South Africa, Osborne modified his Weet-Bix recipe and with Macfarlane, obtained private funding and began the development of a new company, The British and African Cereal Company Limited, naming the new company's product Weetabix. The company commenced business in England in 1932 in an unused gristmill at Burton Latimer, near Kettering. In 1936, the name of the company was changed to Weetabix Limited. Weet-Bix is currently marketed in Australasia by Sanitarium and South Africa by Bokomo. The product was introduced to Canada in 1967, when Weetabix Limited began exporting the product to Canada. The United States followed in 1968. On 3 May 2012 Bright Food announced it was taking a 60% stake in Weetabix in a deal that values the company at £1.2bn. Baring Private Equity Asia acquired the remaining 40% from Lion Capital in 2015. On 18 April 2017, it was announced that the American company Post Holdings would buy the company from Bright Food. Advertising In British advertising in the 1980s, Weetabix anthropomorphized the biscuits, representing a group of 'street-wise' young teens, beginning as 'skinheads'. Their appearances on the packaging and associated publicity featured catch phrases such as "titchy breakfast cereals" to describe rivals, with the response "Neet Weet Mate", "OK!". The lead Weetabix known officially as "Dunk" was voiced by Bob Hoskins. During the 1990s, the brand was advertised with the slogan "Have you had your Weetabix?', based on the idea that someone who had eaten Weetabix would be filled with unbeatable strength and energy, causing those who oppose them to flee out of self-preservation. This was used to humorous effect in a variety of adverts re-imagining the outcome of fairy tales and historic events. In 2017, the campaign was reintroduced, with a reference to the English fairy tale Jack and the Beanstalk with actors Isaac Benn portraying Jack and Christopher Brand the Giant. The giant states: “Fee fi fo fum, I smell the blood of an Englishman”, with Jack responding: “Fee fi fo fix, I’ve just had my Weetabix”, resulting in the giant quickly leaving the room. Weetabix was the title sponsor of the Women's British Open golf tournament for two decades, from 1987 until 2006. It became a women's major golf championship in 2001. Variants Weetabix Crispy Minis Weetabix Crispy Minis are a sweeter 'bite-size' version of the standard Weetabix biscuits, with various additions depending upon the variety. As of 2020, the varieties available in the UK are 'chocolate', 'banana' and 'fruit & nut'. The bitesize versions of Weetabix have been renamed several times since their original launch. Previously, they were known as "Fruitibix", "Bananabix" and "Chocobix" (depending upon the additions), later as "Minibix", then as "Weetabix Minis". Organic Organic versions of Weetabix are sold in various countries. Weetabix Chocolate Weetabix launched a chocolate-powder infused version of the original Weetabix in the UK in July 2010 in a 24 pack size. Weetabix Chocolate Spoonsize A smaller-sized Weetabix biscuit with cocoa and chocolate chips. Weetabix Baked with Golden Syrup A sweeter form of the Weetabix biscuit which is baked with golden syrup. Weetabix Banana A banana-flavoured version of Weetabix. Weetabix Protein A version with added wheat gluten protein granules was introduced in the UK in April 2016, available in three forms, the standard biscuit shapes, as well as regular and chocolate flavour "Crunch" pipe shapes. Oatibix Oatibix is a breakfast cereal that was introduced in the United Kingdom in August 2006. It was invented by Weetabix Limited. It is similar to Weetabix, but is based on whole grain oats instead of wheat. See also Weet-Bix Frosted Mini-Wheats - sugar-coated wheat pellets Shredded Wheat - another wheat-based biscuit cereal. Ruskets - a similar product, formerly manufactured by Loma Linda Foods in Riverside, California. References External links Weetabix cereals Food brands of the United Kingdom Products introduced in 1936 Wheat	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weetabix
Resisting arrest, or simply resisting, is an illegal act of a suspected criminal either fleeing, threatening, assaulting, or providing a fake ID to a police officer during arrest. In most cases, the person responsible for resisting arrest is criminally charged or taken to court. In fewer, they are killed. Brazil The Brazilian penal code states resistance to arrest is "opposition to the execution of a legal act, by means of violence or threat towards a competent official executing it, or to who is assisting them". The penalty is from 1 to 3 years of imprisonment. Any damage caused by the violence used shall also be charged to the offender. Canada The Criminal Code has two provisions covering resisting arrest. Section 129(a) makes it an offence for anyone who "resists or wilfully obstructs a public officer or peace officer in the execution of their duty or any person lawfully acting in aid of such an officer". Section 270(1) makes it an offence for anyone who "(a) assaults a public officer or peace officer engaged in the execution of their duty or a person acting in aid of such an officer; (b) assaults a person with intent to resist or prevent the lawful arrest or detention of theirself or another person". Section 129 has a maximum jail term of two years, and Section 270 has a maximum term of five years. Denmark The Danish penal code makes allowance for some forms of eluding and thus is very different from the penal code in the United States. Norway Resisting arrest in Norway can be punished with up to three months in jail. Taiwan Any arrest not in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law may be constitutionally resisted. Conversely, knowingly and willfully resisting a lawful police arrest with threats or violence may indirectly constitute obstructing official duty. United Kingdom England and Wales Section 38 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 states: Assault with intent to commit felony, or on peace officers, &c. Whosoever . . . shall assault any person with intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detainer of himself or of any other person for any offence, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and being convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding two years, . . . Section 89 of the Police Act 1996 states: (2) Any person who resists or wilfully obstructs a constable in the execution of his duty, or a person assisting a constable in the execution of his duty, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one month or to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale, or to both. There is a further offence provided by the Vagrancy Act 1824, concerning "violently resisting" a constable: "...and every person apprehended as an idle and disorderly person, and violently resisting any constable, or other peace officer so apprehending them, and being subsequently convicted of the offence for which they shall have been so apprehended; shall be deemed a rogue and vagabond, within the true intent and meaning of this Act" United States The courts in the United States regard resisting arrest as a separate charge or crime in addition to other alleged crimes committed by the arrested person. It is possible to be charged, tried and convicted on this charge alone, without any underlying cause for the original decision to arrest or even if the original arrest was clearly illegal. Accordingly, it is never advisable to resist even an unlawful arrest as it will likely result in the use of force by the arresting officer up to and including summary execution regardless of how minor the original offence (or lack thereof in the case of an illegal arrest) was. As well as the addition of the charge of resisting. In most states, see below, resisting arrest is a misdemeanor which can result in jail time. Alabama A person would commit the crime of resisting arrest if they were to intentionally prevent or attempt to prevent a peace officer from affecting a lawful arrest of their-self or of another person. (b) Resisting arrest is a Class B misdemeanor. (Acts 1977, No. 607, p. 812, §4625.) Alaska A person commits the crime of resisting or interfering with arrest if, knowing that a peace officer is making an arrest, with the intent of preventing the officer from making the arrest, the person resists personal arrest or interferes with the arrest of another by (1) force; (2) committing any degree of criminal mischief; or (3) any means that creates a substantial risk of physical injury to any person. (b) Resisting or interfering with arrest is a class A misdemeanor. Arizona A person commits resisting arrest by intentionally preventing or attempting to prevent a person reasonably known to them to be a peace officer, acting under color of such peace officer's official authority, from effecting an arrest by: (1). Using or threatening to use physical force against the peace officer or another (2) Using any other means creating a substantial risk of causing physical injury to the peace officer or another (3) Engaging in passive resistance. B. Resisting arrest pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 1 or 2 of this section is a class 6 felony. Resisting arrest pursuant to subsection A, paragraph 3 of this section is a class 1 misdemeanor. C. For the purposes of this section, "passive resistance" means a nonviolent physical act or failure to act that is intended to impede, hinder or delay the effecting of an arrest. Arkansas A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if they knowingly resists a person known by them to be a law enforcement officer effecting an arrest. (2) As used in this subsection, "resists" means using or threatening to use physical force or any other means that creates a substantial risk of physical injury to any person. (3) It is no defense to a prosecution under this subsection that the law enforcement officer lacked legal authority to make the arrest if the law enforcement officer was acting under color of their official authority. (4) Resisting arrest is a Class A misdemeanor. (b) (1) A person commits the offense of refusal to submit to arrest if they knowingly refuses to submit to arrest by a person known by them to be a law enforcement officer effecting an arrest. (2) As used in this subsection, "refuses" means active or passive refusal. (3) It is no defense to a prosecution under this subsection that the law enforcement officer lacked legal authority to make the arrest if the law enforcement officer was acting under colour of their official authority. (4) Refusal to submit to arrest is a Class B misdemeanor. California Every person who willfully resists, delays, or obstructs any public officer, peace officer, or an emergency medical technician, as defined in Division 2.5 (commencing with Section 1797) of the Health and Safety Code, in the discharge or attempt to discharge any duty of their office or employment, when no other punishment is prescribed, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by imprisonment in a county jail not to exceed one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment. Colorado A person commits resisting arrest if they knowingly prevent or attempt to prevent a peace officer, acting under color of their official authority, from effecting an arrest of the actor or another, by: (a) Using or threatening to use physical force or violence against the peace officer or another; or (b) Using any other means which creates a substantial risk of causing bodily injury to the peace officer or another. It is no defense to a prosecution under this section that the peace officer was attempting to make an arrest which in fact was unlawful, if he was acting under color of his official authority, and in attempting to make the arrest he was not resorting to unreasonable or excessive force giving rise to the right of self-defense. A peace officer acts "under color of his official authority" when, in the regular course of assigned duties, he is called upon to make, and does make, a judgment in good faith based upon surrounding facts and circumstances that an arrest should be made by him. The term "peace officer" as used in this section and section 18-8-104 means a peace officer in uniform or, if out of uniform, one who has identified himself by exhibiting his credentials as such peace officer to the person whose arrest is attempted. Resisting arrest is a class 2 misdemeanor. Connecticut Interfering with an Officer: A person is guilty of interfering with an officer when such person obstructs, resists, hinders or endangers any (peace officer / special policeman / motor vehicle inspector / firefighter) in the performance of such (peace officer's / special policeman's / inspector's / firefighter's) duties. Resisting Arrest With Force: The effect of § 53a-23 is to require a person to submit to an arrest, even if he or she believes, and ultimately it is determined, that the arrest is illegal. This provision must be charged in conjunction with the crimes of Interfering with an Officer (§ 53a-167a) or Assault on Public Safety or Emergency Medical Personnel (§ 53a-167c). See Interfering with an Officer, Instruction 4.3-1, and Assault of Public Safety or Emergency Medical Personnel, Instruction 4.3-3. Delaware A person is guilty of resisting arrest with force or violence when: (1) The person intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a police officer from effecting an arrest or detention of the person or another person by use of force or violence towards said police officer, or (2) Intentionally flees from a police officer who is effecting an arrest against them by use of force or violence towards said police officer, or (3) Injures or struggles with said police officer causing injury to the police officer. Resisting arrest with force or violence is a class G felony. (b) A person is guilty of resisting arrest when the person intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from effecting an arrest or detention of the person or another person or intentionally flees from a peace officer who is effecting an arrest. Resisting arrest is a class A misdemeanor. Florida Resisting officer without violence to his or her person.—Whoever shall resist, obstruct, or oppose any officer as defined in s. 943.10(1), (2), (3), (6), (7), (8), or (9); member of the Florida Commission on Offender Review or any administrative aide or supervisor employed by the commission; county probation officer; parole and probation supervisor; personnel or representative of the Department of Law Enforcement; or other person legally authorized to execute process in the execution of legal process or in the lawful execution of any legal duty, without offering or doing violence to the person of the officer, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. Georgia Obstructing or hindering law enforcement officers: Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this Code section, a person who knowingly and willfully obstructs or hinders any law enforcement officer in the lawful discharge of his official duties is guilty of a misdemeanor. (b) Whoever knowingly and willfully resists, obstructs, or opposes any law enforcement officer, prison guard, correctional officer, probation supervisor, parole supervisor, or conservation ranger in the lawful discharge of his official duties by offering or doing violence to the person of such officer or legally authorized person is guilty of a felony and shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than five years. Hawaii A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if the person intentionally prevents a law enforcement officer acting under color of the law enforcement officer's official authority from effecting an arrest by: (a) Using or threatening to use physical force against the law enforcement officer or another; or (b) Using any other means creating a substantial risk of causing bodily injury to the law enforcement officer or another. (2) Resisting arrest is a misdemeanor. [L 1972, c 9, pt of §1; gen ch 1993; am L 2001, c 91, §4] Idaho Every person who willfully resists, delays or obstructs any public officer, in the discharge, or attempt to discharge, of any duty of his office or who knowingly gives a false report to any peace officer, when no other punishment is prescribed, is punishable by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars ($1,000), and imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one (1) year. Illinois A person who knowingly resists or obstructs the performance by one known to the person to be a peace officer, firefighter, or correctional institution employee of any authorized act within his or her official capacity commits a Class A misdemeanor. Indiana A person who knowingly or intentionally: (1) forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with a law enforcement officer or a person assisting the officer while the officer is lawfully engaged in the execution of the officer's duties; (2) forcibly resists, obstructs, or interferes with the authorized service or execution of a civil or criminal process or order of a court; or (3) flees from a law enforcement officer after the officer has, by visible or audible means, including operation of the law enforcement officer's siren or emergency lights, identified himself or herself and ordered the person to stop; commits resisting law enforcement, a Class A misdemeanor, except as provided in subsection (b)(b) The offense under subsection (a) is a: (1) Class D felony if: (A) the offense is described in subsection (a)(3) and the person uses a vehicle to commit the offense; or(B) while committing any offense described in subsection (a), the person draws or uses a deadly weapon, inflicts bodily injury on or otherwise causes bodily injury to another person, or operates a vehicle in a manner that creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person; (2) Class C felony if, while committing any offense described in subsection (a), the person operates a vehicle in a manner that causes serious bodily injury to another person; and (3) Class B felony if, while committing any offense described in subsection (a), the person operates a vehicle in a manner that causes the death of another person. (c) For purposes of this section, a law enforcement officer includes an enforcement officer of the alcohol and tobacco commission and a conservation officer of the department of natural resources. (d) If a person uses a vehicle to commit a felony offense under subsection (b)(1)(B), (b)(2), or (b)(3), as part of the criminal penalty imposed for the offense, the court shall impose a minimum executed sentence of at least: (1) thirty (30) days, if no prior unrelated conviction under this section exists; (2) one hundred eighty (180) days, if one (1) prior unrelated conviction; (3) one (1) year, if two (2) plus unrelated convictions. (e) Mandatory minimum may not be suspended, IC 35-50-2-2 and IC 35-50-3-1. Iowa A person is not authorized to use force to resist an arrest, either of the person's self, or another which the person knows is being made either by a peace officer or by a private person summoned and directed by a peace officer to make the arrest, even if the person believes that the arrest is unlawful or the arrest is in fact unlawful. Kansas Interference with law enforcement: (1) Falsely reporting to a law enforcement officer or state investigative agency:(A) That a particular person has committed a crime, knowing that such information is false and intending that the officer or agency shall act in reliance upon such information; or (B) any information, knowing that such information is false and intending to influence, impede or obstruct such officer's or agency's duty (2) concealing, destroying or materially altering evidence with the intent to prevent or hinder the apprehension or prosecution of any person; or (3) knowingly obstructing, resisting or opposing any person authorized by law to serve process in the service or execution or in the attempt to serve or execute any writ, warrant, process or order of a court, or in the discharge of any official duty. (b) (1) Interference with law enforcement as defined in subsection (a)(1) or (a)(2) is a class A nonperson misdemeanor, except as provided in subsection (b)(2). Kentucky A person is guilty of resisting arrest when he intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer, recognized to be acting under color of his official authority, from effecting an arrest of the actor or another by: (a) Using or threatening to use physical force or violence against the peace officer or another; or (b) Using any other means creating a substantial risk of causing physical injury to the peace officer or another. (2) Resisting arrest is a Class A misdemeanor. Louisiana Resisting an officer is the intentional interference with, opposition or resistance to, or obstruction of an individual acting in his official capacity and authorized by law to make a lawful arrest, lawful detention, or seizure of property or to serve any lawful process or court order when the offender knows or has reason to know that the person arresting, detaining, seizing property, or serving process is acting in his official capacity. B. (1) The phrase "obstruction of" as used herein shall, in addition to its common meaning, signification, and connotation mean the following: (a) Flight by one sought to be arrested before the arresting officer can restrain him and after notice is given that he is under arrest. (b) Any violence toward or any resistance or opposition to the arresting officer after the arrested party is actually placed under arrest and before he is incarcerated in jail. (c) Refusal by the arrested or detained party to give his name and make his identity known to the arresting or detaining officer or providing false information regarding the identity of such party to the officer. (d) Congregation with others on a public street and refusal to move on when ordered by the officer. (2) The word "officer" as used herein means any peace officer, as defined in R.S. 40:2402, and includes deputy sheriffs, municipal police officers, probation and parole officers, city marshals and deputies, and wildlife enforcement agents. C. Whoever commits the crime of resisting an officer shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or be imprisoned for not more than six months, or both. Maine Refusing to submit to arrest or detention. A person is guilty of refusing to submit to an arrest or a detention if, with the intent to hinder, delay or prevent a law enforcement officer from effecting the arrest or detention, that person: A. Uses physical force against the law enforcement officer; or B. Creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the law enforcement officer. 2. It is a defense to prosecution under this section that: A. The person knew that the law enforcement officer knew that the arrest or detention was illegal; or B. The person reasonably believed that the person attempting to effect the arrest or detention was not a law enforcement officer. 3. Refusing to submit to an arrest or a detention is a Class D crime. Maryland "Police officer" defined.- In this section, "police officer" means an individual who is authorized to make an arrest under Title 2 of the Criminal Procedure Article. (b) Prohibited.- A person may not intentionally: (1) resist a lawful arrest; or (2) interfere with an individual who the person has reason to know is a police officer who is making or attempting to make a lawful arrest or detention of another person. (c) Penalty.- A person who violates this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or a fine not exceeding $5,000 or both. (d) Unit of prosecution.- The unit of prosecution for a violation of this section is based on the arrest or detention regardless of the number of police officers involved in the arrest or detention. Massachusetts RESISTING ARREST The defendant is charged with resisting arrest. Section 32B of chapter 268 of our General Laws provides as follows: “A person commits the crime of resisting arrest if he [she] knowingly prevents or attempts to prevent a police officer, acting under color of his [her] official authority, from effecting an arrest of [himself] or another [either] by using or threatening to use physical force or violence against the police officer or another; or [by] using any other means which creates a substantial risk of causing bodily injury to such police officer or another.” In order to prove the defendant guilty of this offense, the Commonwealth must prove four things beyond a reasonable doubt: First: That the defendant prevented or attempted to prevent a police officer from making an arrest (of the defendant) (or) (of another person); Second: That the officer was acting under color of his (her) official authority at the time; Third: That the defendant resisted: either by using, or threatening to use, physical force or violence against the police officer (or another person); or by using some other means which created a substantial risk of causing bodily injury to the police officer (or another person); and Fourth: That the defendant did so knowingly; that is to say, that the defendant knew at the time that he (she) was acting to prevent an arrest by a police officer acting under color of his (her) official authority. As I have indicated, the Commonwealth must prove that the police officer was acting “under color of official authority.” A police officer acts “under color of official authority” when, in the regular course of assigned duties, he (she) makes a judgment in good faith, based on the surrounding facts and circumstances, that he (she) should make an arrest. Michigan Assaulting, battering, resisting, obstructing, opposing person performing duty; felony; penalty; other violations; consecutive terms; definitions: Except as provided in subsections (2), (3), and (4), an individual who assaults, batters, wounds, resists, obstructs, opposes, or endangers a person who the individual knows or has reason to know is performing his or her duties is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 2 years or a fine of not more than $2,000.00, or both. (2) An individual who assaults, batters, wounds, resists, obstructs, opposes, or endangers a person who the individual knows or has reason to know is performing his or her duties causing a bodily injury requiring medical attention or medical care to that person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 4 years or a fine of not more than $5,000.00, or both. (3) An individual who assaults, batters, wounds, resists, obstructs, opposes, or endangers a person who the individual knows or has reason to know is performing his or her duties causing a serious impairment of a body function of that person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 15 years or a fine of not more than $10,000.00, or both. (4) An individual who assaults, batters, wounds, resists, obstructs, opposes, or endangers a person who the individual knows or has reason to know is performing his or her duties causing the death of that person is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 20 years or a fine of not more than $20,000.00, or both. (5) This section does not prohibit an individual from being charged with, convicted of, or punished for any other violation of law that is committed by that individual while violating this section. (6) A term of imprisonment imposed for a violation of this section may run consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for another violation arising from the same transaction. (7) As used in this section: (a) "Obstruct" includes the use or threatened use of physical interference or force or a knowing failure to comply with a lawful command. (b) "Person" means any of the following: (i) A police officer of this state or of a political subdivision of this state including, but not limited to, a motor carrier officer or capitol security officer of the department of state police. (ii) A police officer of a junior college, college, or university who is authorized by the governing board of that junior college, college, or university to enforce state law and the rules and ordinances of that junior college, college, or university. (iii) A conservation officer of the department of natural resources or the department of environmental quality. (iv) A conservation officer of the United States department of the interior. (v) A sheriff or deputy sheriff. (vi) A constable. (vii) A peace officer of a duly authorized police agency of the United States, including, but not limited to, an agent of the secret service or department of justice. (viii) A firefighter. (ix) Any emergency medical service personnel described in section 20950 of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333.20950. (x) An individual engaged in a search and rescue operation as that term is defined in section 50c.(c) "Serious impairment of a body function" means that term as defined in section 58c of the Michigan vehicle code, 1949 PA 300, MCL 257.58c. Minnesota Obstructing Legal Process, Arrest, or Firefighting: obstructs, hinders, or prevents the lawful execution of any legal process, civil or criminal, or apprehension of another on a charge or conviction of a criminal offense; (2) obstructs, resists, or interferes with a peace officer while the officer is engaged in the performance of official duties; (3) interferes with or obstructs a firefighter while the firefighter is engaged in the performance of official duties; (4) interferes with or obstructs a member of an ambulance service personnel crew, as defined in section144E.001, subdivision 3a, who is providing, or attempting to provide, emergency care; or (5) by force or threat of force endeavors to obstruct any employee of the Department of Revenue while the employee is lawfully engaged in the performance of official duties for the purpose of deterring or interfering with the performance of those duties. Mississippi It shall be unlawful for any person to obstruct or resist by force, or violence, or threats, or in any other manner, his lawful arrest or the lawful arrest of another person by any state, local or federal law enforcement officer, and any person or persons so doing shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than Five Hundred Dollars ($500.00), or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six (6) months, or both. Missouri A person commits the offense of resisting or interfering with arrest, detention, or stop if he or she knows or reasonably should know that a law enforcement officer is making an arrest or attempting to lawfully detain or stop an individual or vehicle, and for the purpose of preventing the officer from effecting the arrest, stop or detention, he or she: (1) Resists the arrest, stop or detention of such person by using or threatening the use of violence or physical force or by fleeing from such officer; or (2) Interferes with the arrest, stop or detention of another person by using or threatening the use of violence, physical force or physical interference. 2. This section applies to: (1) Arrests, stops, or detentions, with or without warrants; (2) Arrests, stops, or detentions, for any offense, infraction, or ordinance violation; and (3) Arrests for warrants issued by a court or a probation and parole officer. 3. A person is presumed to be fleeing a vehicle stop if he or she continues to operate a motor vehicle after he or she has seen or should have seen clearly visible emergency lights or has heard or should have heard an audible signal emanating from the law enforcement vehicle pursuing him or her. 4. It is no defense to a prosecution pursuant to subsection 1 of this section that the law enforcement officer was acting unlawfully in making the arrest. However, nothing in this section shall be construed to bar civil suits for unlawful arrest. 5. The offense of resisting or interfering with an arrest is a class E felony for an arrest for a: (1) Felony; (2) Warrant issued for failure to appear on a felony case; or (3) Warrant issued for a probation violation on a felony case. The offense of resisting an arrest, detention or stop in violation of subdivision (1) or (2) of subsection 1 of this section is a class A misdemeanor, unless the person fleeing creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury or death to any person, in which case it is a class E felony. Montana Obstructing a Peace Officer or Public Servant: A person commits the offense of obstructing a peace officer or public servant if the person knowingly obstructs, impairs, or hinders the enforcement of the criminal law, the preservation of the peace, or the performance of a governmental function, including service of process. (2) It is no defense to a prosecution under this section that the peace officer was acting in an illegal manner, provided that the peace officer was acting under the peace officer's official authority. (3) A person convicted of the offense of obstructing a peace officer or other public servant, including a person serving process, shall be fined not to exceed $500 or be imprisoned in the county jail for a term not to exceed 6 months, or both. Nebraska A person commits the offense of resisting arrest if, while intentionally preventing or attempting to prevent a peace officer, acting under color of his or her official authority, from effecting an arrest of the actor or another, he or she: (a) Uses or threatens to use physical force or violence against the peace officer or another; or (b) Uses any other means which creates a substantial risk of causing physical injury to the peace officer or another; or (c) Employs means requiring substantial force to overcome resistance to effecting the arrest. (2) It is an affirmative defense to prosecution under this section if the peace officer involved was out of uniform and did not identify himself or herself as a peace officer by showing his or her credentials to the person whose arrest is attempted. (3) Resisting arrest is (a) a Class I misdemeanor for the first such offense and (b) a Class IIIA felony for any second or subsequent such offense. (4) Resisting arrest through the use of a deadly or dangerous weapon is a Class IIIA felony. Nevada Resisting public officer. A person who, in any case or under any circumstances not otherwise specially provided for, willfully resists, delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his or her office shall be punished: 1. Where a firearm is used in the course of such resistance, obstruction or delay, or the person intentionally removes, takes or attempts to remove or take a firearm from the person of, or the immediate presence of, the public officer in the course of such resistance, obstruction or delay, for a category C felony as provided in NRS 193.130.2. Where a dangerous weapon, other than a firearm, is used in the course of such resistance, obstruction or delay, or the person intentionally removes, takes or attempts to remove or take a weapon, other than a firearm, from the person of, or the immediate presence of, the public officer in the course of such resistance, obstruction or delay, for a category D felony as provided in NRS 193.130.3. Where no dangerous weapon is used in the course of such resistance, obstruction or delay, for a misdemeanor. New Hampshire A person is guilty of a misdemeanor when the person knowingly or purposely physically interferes with a person recognized to be a law enforcement official, including a probation or parole officer, seeking to effect an arrest or detention of the person or another regardless of whether there is a legal basis for the arrest. A person is guilty of a class B felony if the act of resisting arrest or detention causes serious bodily injury, as defined in RSA 625:11, VI, to another person. Verbal protestations alone shall not constitute resisting arrest or detention. New Jersey Except as provided in paragraph (3), a person is guilty of a disorderly persons offense if he purposely prevents or attempts to prevent a law enforcement officer from effecting an arrest. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (3), a person is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree if he, by flight, purposely prevents or attempts to prevent a law enforcement officer from effecting an arrest. (3) An offense under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection a. is a crime of the third degree if the person: (a) Uses or threatens to use physical force or violence against the law enforcement officer or another; or (b) Uses any other means to create a substantial risk of causing physical injury to the public servant or another. It is not a defense to a prosecution under this subsection that the law enforcement officer was acting unlawfully in making the arrest, provided he was acting under color of his official authority and provided the law enforcement officer announces his intention to arrest prior to the resistance. New Mexico knowingly obstructing, resisting or opposing any officer of this state or any other duly authorized person serving or attempting to serve or execute any process or any rule or order of any of the courts of this state or any other judicial writ or process; B. intentionally fleeing, attempting to evade or evading an officer of this state when the person committing the act of fleeing, attempting to evade or evasion has knowledge that the officer is attempting to apprehend or arrest him; C. willfully refusing to bring a vehicle to a stop when given a visual or audible signal to stop, whether by hand, voice, emergency light, flashing light, siren or other signal, by a uniformed officer in an appropriately marked police vehicle; D. resisting or abusing any judge, magistrate or peace officer in the lawful discharge of his duties. Whoever commits resisting, evading or obstructing an officer is guilty of a misdemeanor. New York A person is guilty of resisting arrest when he intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a police officer or peace officer from effecting an authorized arrest of himself or another person. Resisting arrest is a class A misdemeanor. North Carolina Resisting officers. If any person shall willfully and unlawfully resist, delay or obstruct a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge a duty of his office, he shall be guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor. North Dakota A person is guilty of a class A misdemeanor if, with intent to prevent a public servant from effecting an arrest of himself or another for a misdemeanor or infraction, or from discharging any other official duty, he creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or to anyone except himself, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome resistance to effecting the arrest or the discharge of the duty. A person is guilty of a class C felony if, with intent to prevent a public servant from effecting an arrest of himself or another for a class A, B, or C felony, he creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or to anyone except himself, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome resistance to effecting such an arrest. 2. It is a defense to a prosecution under this section that the public servant was not acting lawfully, but it is no defense that the defendant mistakenly believed that the public servant was not acting lawfully. A public servant executing a warrant or other process in good faith and under color of law shall be deemed to be acting lawfully. Ohio No person, recklessly or by force, shall resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or another. (B) No person, recklessly or by force, shall resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or another person and, during the course of or as a result of the resistance or interference, cause physical harm to a law enforcement officer. (C) No person, recklessly or by force, shall resist or interfere with a lawful arrest of the person or another person if either of the following applies: (1) The offender, during the course of or as a result of the resistance or interference, recklessly causes physical harm to a law enforcement officer by means of a deadly weapon; (2) The offender, during the course of the resistance or interference, brandishes a deadly weapon. (D) Whoever violates this section is guilty of resisting arrest. A violation of division (A) of this section is a misdemeanor of the second degree. A violation of division (B) of this section is a misdemeanor of the first degree. A violation of division (C) of this section is a felony of the fourth degree.(E) As used in this section, "deadly weapon" has the same meaning as in section 2923.11 of the Revised Code. Oklahoma No person may be convicted of resisting a/an peace/executive officer unless the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt each element of the crime. These elements are: First, knowingly. Second, by the use of force/violence. Third, resisting. Fourth, a/an peace/executive officer. Fifth, in the performance of his/her official duties. Oregon A person commits the crime of resisting arrest if the person intentionally resists a person known by the person to be a peace officer or parole and probation officer in making an arrest.(2)As used in this section: (a) Arrest has the meaning given that term in ORS 133.005(Definitions for ORS 133.005 to 133.400 and 133.410 to 133.450) and includes, but is not limited to, the booking process. (b) Parole and probation officer has the meaning given that term in ORS 181.610 (Definitions for ORS 181.610 to 181.712). (c) Resists means the use or threatened use of violence, physical force or any other means that creates a substantial risk of physical injury to any person and includes, but is not limited to, behavior clearly intended to prevent being taken into custody by overcoming the actions of the arresting officer. The behavior does not have to result in actual physical injury to an officer. Passive resistance does not constitute behavior intended to prevent being taken into custody. (3) It is no defense to a prosecution under this section that the peace officer or parole and probation officer lacked legal authority to make the arrest or book the person, provided the officer was acting under color of official authority. (4) Resisting arrest is a Class A misdemeanor. [1971 c.743 §206; 1989 c.877 §1; 1997 c.749 §3; Pennsylvania A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if, with the intent of preventing a public servant from effecting a lawful arrest or discharging any other duty, the person creates a substantial risk of bodily injury to the public servant or anyone else, or employs means justifying or requiring substantial force to overcome the resistance. Rhode Island (a) It shall be unlawful for any person to use force or any weapon in resisting a legal or an illegal arrest by a peace officer, if the person has reasonable ground to believe that he or she is being arrested and that the arrest is being made by a peace officer. (b) Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500) or by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by both fine and imprisonment. South Carolina It is unlawful for a person knowingly and willfully to interfere or resist a law enforcement officer or other authorized person in serving, executing, or attempting to serve or execute a legal, criminal, or civil writ or process or to resist an arrest being made by one whom the person knows or reasonably should know is a law enforcement officer or other authorized person, whether under process or not. A person who violates the provisions of this subsection is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction, for a: (1) first offense, must be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year, or both; (2) second offense, must be fined not less than one thousand dollars nor more than two thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than two years, or both; and (3) third or subsequent offense, must be fined not less than three thousand dollars nor more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not less than two years, or both. South Dakota Any person who intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a law enforcement officer, acting under color of authority, from effecting an arrest of the actor or another, by: (1) Using or threatening to use physical force or violence against the law enforcement officer or any other person; or (2) Using any other means which creates a substantial risk of causing physical injury to the law enforcement officer or any other person;is guilty of resisting arrest. Resisting arrest is a Class 1 misdemeanor. Tennessee It is an offense for a person to intentionally prevent or obstruct anyone known to the person to be a law enforcement officer, or anyone acting in a law enforcement officer's presence and at the officer's direction, from effecting a stop, frisk, halt, arrest or search of any person, including the defendant, by using force against the law enforcement officer or another. (b) Except as provided in § 39-11-611, it is no defense to prosecution under this section that the stop, frisk, halt, arrest or search was unlawful. (c) It is an offense for a person to intentionally prevent or obstruct an officer of the state or any other person known to be a civil process server in serving, or attempting to serve or execute, any legal writ or process. (d) A violation of this section is a Class B misdemeanor unless the defendant uses a deadly weapon to resist the stop, frisk, halt, arrest, search or process server, in which event the violation is a Class A misdemeanor. Texas Texas Penal Code. (a) A person commits an offense if he intentionally prevents or obstructs a person he knows is a peace officer or a person acting in a peace officer's presence and at his direction from effecting an arrest, search, or transportation of the actor or another by using force against the peace officer or another. (b) It is no defense to prosecution under this section that the arrest or search was unlawful. (c) Except as provided in Subsection (d), an offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor. (d) An offense under this section is a felony of the third degree if the actor uses a deadly weapon to resist the arrest or search. The crime of "evading arrest or detention" is distinct from the crime of "resisting arrest, search, or transportation." A person commits the offense of evading arrest if "he intentionally flees from a person he knows is a peace officer or federal special investigator attempting lawfully to arrest or detain him." Evading arrest is a misdemeanor when committed without aggravating factors, but is a felony if the actor has a previous conviction for it, the actor uses a vehicle while in flight, or "another suffers serious bodily injury as a direct result of an attempt by the officer or investigator from whom the actor is fleeing to apprehend the actor while the actor is in flight." Utah Interference with arresting officer. A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge, that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by: (1) use of force or any weapon; (2) the arrested person's refusal to perform any act required by lawful order: (a) necessary to effect the arrest or detention; and (b) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention; or (3) the arrested person's or another person's refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention. Vermont A person who intentionally attempts to prevent a lawful arrest on himself or herself, which is being effected or attempted by a law enforcement officer, when it would reasonably appear that the latter is a law enforcement officer, shall: (1) for the first offense, be imprisoned not more than one year or fined not more than $500.00, or both; (2) for the second offense and subsequent offenses, be imprisoned not more than two years or fined not more than $1,000.00, or both. (b) A defendant's mistaken belief in the unlawfulness of the arrest shall not be a defense to a prosecution under this section. (c) A person may not be convicted of both an escape from lawful custody, as defined in subdivision 1501(a)(2) of this title, and a violation of this section. Virginia Any person who intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a law-enforcement officer from lawfully arresting him, with or without a warrant, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor. For purposes of this section, intentionally preventing or attempting to prevent a lawful arrest means fleeing from a law-enforcement officer when (i) the officer applies physical force to the person, or (ii) the officer communicates to the person that he is under arrest and (a) the officer has the legal authority and the immediate physical ability to place the person under arrest, and (b) a reasonable person who receives such communication knows or should know that he is not free to leave. Washington A person is guilty of resisting arrest if he or she intentionally prevents or attempts to prevent a peace officer from lawfully arresting him or her. (2) Resisting arrest is a misdemeanor. West Virginia A person who by threats, menaces, acts or otherwise forcibly or illegally hinders or obstructs or attempts to hinder or obstruct a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $500 or confined in jail not more than one year, or both fined and confined. (b) A person who intentionally disarms or attempts to disarm a law-enforcement officer, correctional officer, probation officer or parole officer, acting in his or her official capacity, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than one nor more than five years. (c) A person who, with intent to impede or obstruct a law-enforcement officer in the conduct of an investigation of a felony offense, knowingly and willfully makes a materially false statement is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $200, or confined in jail for five days, or both fined and confined. The provisions of this section do not apply to statements made by a spouse, parent, stepparent, grandparent, sibling, half sibling, child, stepchild or grandchild, whether related by blood or marriage, of the person under investigation. Statements made by the person under investigation may not be used as the basis for prosecution under this subsection. For purposes of this subsection, "law-enforcement officer" does not include a watchman, a member of the West Virginia State Police or college security personnel who is not a certified law-enforcement officer. (d) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee by any means other than the use of a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity who is attempting to make a lawful arrest of the person, and who knows or reasonably believes that the officer is attempting to arrest him or her, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $500 or confined in jail not more than one year, or both fined and confined. (e) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $500 nor more than $1,000 and shall be confined in l jail not more than one year. (f) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop, and who operates the vehicle in a manner showing a reckless indifference to the safety of others, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $1,000 nor more than $2,000 and shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than one nor more than five years. (g) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop, and who causes damage to the real or personal property of a person during or resulting from his or her flight, is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than $1,000 nor more than $3,000 and shall be confined in jail for not less than six months nor more than one year. (h) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop, and who causes bodily injury to a person during or resulting from his or her flight, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than three nor more than ten years. (i) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop, and who causes death to a person during or resulting from his or her flight, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility for not less than five nor more than fifteen years. A person imprisoned pursuant to this subsection is not eligible for parole prior to having served a minimum of three years of his or her sentence or the minimum period required by section thirteen, article twelve, chapter sixty-two of this code, whichever is greater. (j) A person who intentionally flees or attempts to flee in a vehicle from a law-enforcement officer, probation officer or parole officer acting in his or her official capacity after the officer has given a clear visual or audible signal directing the person to stop, and who is under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in a state correctional facility not less than three nor more than ten years. (k) For purposes of this section, the term "vehicle" includes any motor vehicle, motorcycle, motorboat, all-terrain vehicle or snowmobile as those terms are defined in section one, article one, chapter seventeen-a of this code, whether or not it is being operated on a public highway at the time and whether or not it is licensed by the state. (l) For purposes of this section, the terms "flee", "fleeing" and "flight" do not include a person's reasonable attempt to travel to a safe place, allowing the pursuing law-enforcement officer to maintain appropriate surveillance, for the purpose of complying with the officer's direction to stop.(m) The revisions to subsections (e), (f), (g) and (h) of this section enacted during the regular session of the 2010 regular legislative session shall be known as the Jerry Alan Jones Act. Wisconsin Failure to comply with officer's attempt to take person into custody: In this section, "officer" has the meaning given in s. 946.41 (2) (b).(2) Whoever intentionally does all of the following is guilty of a Class I felony: (a) Refuses to comply with an officer's lawful attempt to take him or her into custody. (b) Retreats or remains in a building or place and, through action or threat, attempts to prevent the officer from taking him or her into custody. (c) While acting under pars. (a) and (b), remains or becomes armed with a dangerous weapon or threatens to use a dangerous weapon regardless of whether he or she has a dangerous weapon.This section delineates one crime: a suspect's armed, physical refusal to be taken into custody. It can be committed by action or threat, which are alternative ways of threatening an officer to avoid being taken into custody. A jury instruction requiring unanimity on which occurred is not required. Wyoming No person shall willfully resist the chief of police or any other member of the police department, or other member of any law enforcement department, in the discharge of his duties, if known to be or identified as a police officer.B.No person shall, in any manner, wilfully assist any person in the custody of the chief of police or other police officer, or any other law enforcement officer, to escape, or rescue or attempt to rescue any other person so in custody.C.No person shall wilfully, in any way, interfere, hinder or prevent the chief of police or any other member of the police department, or any other law enforcement officer, from discharging his lawful duties.D.Any person convicted of violating any provision of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished as provided by Chapter 1.28 of this code. See also All-points bulletin Contempt of cop Crime scene getaway Fugitive Obstructing government administration Plummer v. State Probable cause References Example code from New Jersey Criminal law Law enforcement terminology	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resisting%20arrest
Başçiftlik is a town in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Başçiftlik District. Its population is 3,760 (2022). The mayor is Murat Tunçel (AKP). References Populated places in Tokat Province Başçiftlik District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9F%C3%A7iftlik
Erbaa is a town in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Erbaa District. Its population is 75,210 (2022). The town of Erbaa lies on the left bank of the Kelkit River and is surrounded by the Erbaa Plain, most of which lies in its district. One kilometer east-southeast of Erbaa is the archaeological site of Horoztepe. Etymology The name "Erbaa" means "four" in Arabic. According to the official records of the Ottoman Empire, this name started to be used beginning from the early 18th century. The name was also used as "Nevah-i Erbaa", which literally means "four towns". It refers to the period when the most important settlements between Niksar and Amasya, namely Erek, Karayaka, Sonusa (Uluköy), and Taşâbat (Taşova) were collectively named as Nevah-i Erbaa or "four towns" as they were in the same region and close to one another. Even the accrued taxes of the time were recorded in this name. In 1840, the taxes collected from these four towns were registered to be 47,243 kuruş. Erbaa came to be used as a general name for Erek, Karayaka, Sonusa, and Taşâbat and was regarded as a district. The name Kaza-i Erbaa, or Erbaa District was also used during the Ottoman Empire. As the town of Erek developed more than the others over time, it became a district in 1872 and took the name Erbaa on its own and the others, Taşâbat, Karayaka and Sonusa became the villages of Erek, or today's Erbaa. Later, in 1944, when Taşabat or today's Taşova became a separate district in 1944, Sonusa was also annexed to Taşova. References Populated places in Erbaa District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbaa
Staincliffe, also known as Staincliff, was a wapentake of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. The wapentake was named from a place called Staincliffe, now lost, in Bank Newton, not to be confused with Staincliffe near Dewsbury. Staincliffe was presumably where the wapentake originally met, although in the 12th century it met at Flasby. The wapentake was split into two divisions. The East Division included the ancient parishes of Barnoldswick, Bracewell, Broughton, Burnsall, Carleton, Gargrave, Hebden, Keighley, Kettlewell, Kildwick, Linton, Marton in Craven, Skipton, Thornton in Craven and parts of Arncliffe and Addingham. The West Division included the parishes of Bolton by Bowland, Giggleswick, Gisburn, Kirkby Malhamdale, Long Preston, Slaidburn and parts of Arncliffe, Browsholme, Mitton, and Sawley. Some parts of the Forest of Bowland attached to the Chapelry of Whitewell, were part of the Lancashire parish of Whalley in neighbouring Blackburnshire. Old Deanery of Craven The old Deanery of Craven was approximately equivalent to the Wapentake of Staincliff. References External links http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10140110/relationships Wapentakes of the West Riding of Yorkshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staincliffe%20Wapentake
Pazar is a town in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Pazar District. Its population is 4,615 (2022). The mayor is Erdoğan Yılmaz (AKP). References Populated places in Tokat Province Pazar District, Tokat District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar%2C%20Tokat
Sulusaray or Çiftlik, in Antiquity and the early Middle Ages known as Sebastopolis () or Heracleopolis (), is a town in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sulusaray District. Its population is 4,383 (2022). Sulusaray is about 68 km from the center of Tokat, and about 30 km from Artova town. The site is situated on a plain surrounded by mountains and the Çekerek river runs near it. The mayor is Necmettin Coruk (AKP). Name The word Sebastopolis comes from Greek Sebastos, the Greek equivalent of the Latin Augustus, while polis means "city". In some sources the city was named as Heracleopolis (meaning "the city of Heracles", a Greek deity symbolizing power and strength). History The date of foundation of this ancient city is still unknown. Some sources say that it was first established in the first century during the reign of Roman emperor Trajan, and that the city was separated from the districts of Pontus Galaticus/Polemoniacus and was included in the province of Cappadocia. An epitaph inscription about this survives. The epitaph was written as a monument for Arrian, the Governor of the region of Cappadocia. In Ptolemy's time, it was a town in Pontus Cappadocicus (Ptol. v. 6. § 7), which, according to the Antonine Itinerary (p. 205), was situated on a route leading from Tavium to Sebastia (modern Sivas), and was connected by a road with Caesarea (p. 214). Pliny (vi. 3) places it in the district of Colopene, and agrees with other authorities in describing it as a small town. (Hierocl. p. 703) Architectural pieces recovered during the diggings organized by the Directorate of the Tokat Museum in 1987 showed that the city was an important settlement during the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. The artefacts recovered at the Comana Pontica (Old Tokat) are very similar to those recovered from the city of Sebastopolis, probably these two ancient cities had a close relationship in the past. Sebastopolis is at the crossroads of east to west route and south and central to north route. This shows the importance of the city during the Roman and Byzantine periods. The ancient city was surrounded by a city wall made of small, neatly cut stones put together without using mortar. A circular shape temple was discovered at the northeast side of the city, it was made of marble floor. The baths are situated at the eastern part of the Sebastopolis, where the water needed was recovered from the thermal spring located about 3 kilometers to the southwest. Many statues and statuettes, friezes, columns, grave steles and epitaphs have been found during excavations. References External links District municipality's official website Populated places in Tokat Province Roman towns and cities in Turkey Hellenistic colonies in Anatolia Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Geography of Pontus Sulusaray District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulusaray
The Bristol 400 is a luxury car produced by the Bristol Aeroplane Company of Great Britain, its first. After World War II in 1947, BAC decided to diversify and formed a car division, which would later be the Bristol Cars company in its own right. BAC inspected the former BMW car factory in what was now a Soviet-controlled East German factory, and returned to Britain with plans for the 327 model and the six-cylinder engine as official war reparations. Bristol then employed BMW engineer Fritz Fiedler to lead their engine development team. In 1947, the newly formed Bristol Cars released their 400 coupé, a lengthened version of the BMW 327. that featured BMW's double-kidney grille. BAC had also acquired Frazer Nash who had held a licence to build BMW models pre war. Bristol chose to base its first model on the best features of two outstanding pre-war BMWs, namely the 328's engine, and the 326's frame. These were covered with a mainly steel body but with aluminium bonnet, door and boot skins inspired by the BMW 327's. The Bristol 400 featured a slightly modified version of BMW's six-cylinder pushrod engine of 1,971 cc (bore 66 mm, stroke 96 mm). This engine, considered advanced for its time due to its hemispherical combustion chambers and very short inlet and exhaust ports, developed 80 horsepower at 4,500 revs per minute and could carry the 400 to a top speed of around 148 km/h (92 mph) with acceleration to match. In order to maintain a hemispherical combustion chamber, the valves had to be positioned at an angle to the head. In order to drive both sets of valves from a single camshaft, the Bristol engine used a system of rods, followers and bell-cranks to drive the valves on the far side of the engine from the camshaft. Owners soon found that setting and maintaining the numerous clearances in the system was difficult but vital to keep the engine in tune. The gearbox was a four-speed manual with synchromesh on the upper three ratios and a freewheel on first. The model 400 was the only Bristol to be fitted with a steel and aluminium skin, and had all flat glass, but for the curved rear window, glazed in perspex, which was available to specification with a top hinge. This feature was very welcome on warmer climate export markets, where the sliding door windows provided only marginal ventilation to the passengers. The 400 featured independent front suspension with a transverse leaf spring and a live axle, located by an A-bracket over the differential case and longitudinal torsion bars with transverse arms and brackets at the rear. It featured a lengthy 2895 mm (114 inch) wheelbase and a very BMW-like grille at the front of its long bonnet. The passenger area was very short, with the spare tyre mounted inside the boot on the first cars, but eventually mounted on the rear hinged boot lid, inside an aluminium cover. References External links Bristol Owners Club - Bristol Type 400 - 2 litre Saloon Erdal Can Alkoçlar Buying a Six-Cylinder Bristol jel450.com Bristol 2 litre engined cars 400 Sports sedans Cars introduced in 1947 Rear-wheel-drive vehicles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol%20400
Turhal is a city in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Turhal District. Its population is 62,030 (2022). It is 48 km to the west of Tokat. Turhal is situated on a fertile plain fragmented by the Yeşil Irmak river. It has an elevation of approximately 530 m. The city is best known for its sugar beet processing plant established in 1934 as an important enterprise of the young Turkish Republic. History The first nucleus of Turhal appeared as an important fortress or fortification named Talaura (Τάλαυρα in Ancient greek) on the way between today's Amasya and Tokat provinces. It is deduced from the tablets found in the region that Turhal had been inhabited as early as the third millennium BC and had relations as far as the Mesopotamian cultures such as Sumerians who had already invented an effective alphabet. The Persian invasion in Anatolia during the 6th century BC made this region an important center influenced by the cult of Zoroastrianism. The famous geographer of the antiquity, Strabo has, on various occasions, drawn up different accounts on the region describing Turhal as a fortress in the north of another ancient city named Gayyura. In the 3rd century BC, the region was occupied by the contingents of Alexander the Great's Macedonian army, but many insurrections had also taken place in this era as the Macedonian occupiers couldn't build up a total control on the region. After the collapse of Alexander's Empire (as Alexander died in 323 BC), the region was taken over by the Pontus Kingdom founded on the Black Sea coast who later had to retreat in the face of emerging Roman power in the whole Anatolia. The Pontus Kings from the Mithridates descendance constructed an even more powerful fortress on a rocky hill in the center of the outer city whose remains are only two ruined towers and several tunnels today. The struggle between the two powers lasted for decades and ended up in an absolute defeat suffered by the Pontus Kingdom. Having captured the fortress, the Roman General Pompeius destroyed it. In 395, The Roman Empire was divided into two independent states and thus, Turhal became a Byzantine domain together with other eastern Roman provinces. Turhal was the site of the bishopric of Ibora which persists as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church to this day. Evagrius Ponticus was born there in the mid fourth century. During the Byzantine era, the region had undergone several raids from the Sassanids in the 4th and 5th centuries, later from the Muslim Arabs in the 8th century. As the constant Turkish immigration to Anatolia and the emerging Seljuk power in the neighbouring east weakened the Byzantine rule in the region, the Turkish principality of Danishmend captured Turhal and its environs after 1071 but later ceded it to the Kingdom of Seljuk Turks (Selçuklular). In the 13th century, the whole region was invaded by the Ilkhan Emperors who extended their rule as a devastating wave from the Middle Asia to Anatolia. In 1399, Turhal was taken over by the Ottomans who were uniting the Turkish principalities in Anatolia under their command. After a short invasion by Temur, Turhal was taken over once more by the Ottomans in 1413. The most significant change in the demographic structure of Turhal occurred during the second half of the 19th century as the town became a place of settlement for the Muslim refugees and immigrants coming from the Balkans and Caucasus due to constant military conflicts that the collapsing Ottomans got involved around those regions such as the Crimean War (1854–1878) and the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878. Today's Turhal As mentioned above, Turhal is best known for its sugar beet processing plant established in 1934. But today Turhal's economy depends on much diverted business sectors such as textile, animal feed and dairy products. Turhal also has a machine works which provides an important income to the town. Today, Turhal is becoming important with its natural marble deposits and marble processing industries. Traditionally, stockbreeding and other agricultural activities still keep their importance too. Gallery See also Ibora References External links Turhal images from D.Osseman's archives District municipality's official website Populated places in Tokat Province Turhal District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turhal
Reken is a municipality in the district of Borken, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 15 km east of Borken. Sister Mary Prema hails from this municipality. References Borken (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reken
Yeşilyurt is a town in Tokat Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Yeşilyurt District. Its population is 5,263 (2022). The mayor is Muhsin Yılmaz (MHP). References Populated places in Tokat Province Yeşilyurt District, Tokat District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filyurt%2C%20Tokat
Robert Culp Stalnaker (born 1940) is an American philosopher who is Laurance S. Rockefeller Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. Education and career Stalnaker was born on January 22, 1940. He earned his BA from Wesleyan University, and his PhD from Princeton University in 1965. His thesis advisor was Stuart Hampshire, though he was strongly influenced by another faculty member, Carl Hempel. Stalnaker taught briefly at Yale University and the University of Illinois, and then for many years at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University before joining the MIT faculty in 1988. He retired from MIT in 2016. His many students include Jason Stanley, Zoltán Gendler Szábo, and Delia Graff Fara. In 2007, Stalnaker delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University on the topic of "Our Knowledge of the Internal World". In 2017, he delivered the Casalegno Lectures at the University of Milan on "Counterfactuals and Practical Reason". Philosophical work His work concerns, among other things, the philosophical foundations of semantics, pragmatics, philosophical logic, decision theory, game theory, the theory of conditionals, epistemology, and the philosophy of mind. All of these interests are in the service of addressing the problem of intentionality, "what it is to represent the world in both speech and thought". In his work, he seeks to provide a naturalistic account of intentionality, characterizing representation in terms of causal and modal notions. Along with Saul Kripke, David Lewis, and Alvin Plantinga, Stalnaker has been one of the most influential theorists exploring philosophical aspects of possible world semantics. According to his view of possible worlds, they are ways this world could have been, which in turn are maximal properties that this world could have had. This view distinguishes him from the influential modal realist Lewis, who argued that possible worlds are concrete entities just like this world. In addition to his contributions to the metaphysics of possible worlds, he has used the apparatus of possible worlds semantics to explore many issues in the semantics of natural language, including counterfactual and indicative conditionals, and presupposition. His view of assertion as narrowing the conversational common ground to exclude situations in which the asserted content is false was a major impetus in recent developments in semantics and pragmatics, in particular, the so-called "dynamic turn". Stalnaker is the author of four books and dozens of articles in major philosophical journals. Selected publications "A Theory of Conditionals," in N. Rescher (ed.), Studies in Logical Theory (Oxford University Press, 1968). "Pragmatics," Synthese 22 (1970): 272–289. "Possible Worlds," Nous 10(1976): 65–75 Ifs: Conditionals, Belief, Decision, Chance, and Time, edited with William Harper and Glenn Pearce (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1981). Inquiry (Bradford Books, MIT Press, 1984) "On What's in the Head," in Philosophical Perspectives, 3: Philosophy of Mind and Action Theory (1989): 287-316 Context and Content: Essays on Intentionality in Speech and Thought (Oxford University Press, 1999) Ways a World Might Be: Metaphysical and Anti-Metaphysical Essays (Oxford University Press, 2003) Our Knowledge of the Internal World (Oxford University Press, 2008) Mere Possibilities. Metaphysical Foundations of Modal Semantics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2012). See also American philosophy List of American philosophers References External links Bibliography "The possible worlds hedgehog", 2013 interview of Stalnaker by Richard Marshall for 3:AM magazine [Archived by Wayback Machine] Wesleyan University alumni 20th-century American philosophers Analytic philosophers Living people Metaphysicians Philosophers of language 1940 births Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Stalnaker
Andrew W. Marlowe (sometimes Andrew Marlowe) is an American screenwriter. Marlowe is best known for being the creator of, a executive producer of, and a writer on Castle, a crime mystery and comedy-drama TV show, that ran on ABC from 2009 to 2016, starring Nathan Fillion in the eponymous role. Biography Marlowe graduated from Columbia University in 1988 with a degree in English Literature, and attended the University of Southern California where he obtained his MFA in Screenwriting in 1992. Screenwriting He won the Nicholl Fellowship award for screenwriting for his script The Lehigh Pirates. Apogee, a space-based adventure he wrote soon after, sold for $500,000. He went on to write Air Force One, End of Days and Hollow Man. He wrote the unproduced scripts Hammer Down, Alien Prison and a Western intended for Harrison Ford and John Woo. He is the creator and executive producer of the ABC TV series Castle, which he also frequently wrote. He also created the TV series Take Two and the revival of The Equalizer He is working on two film screenplays, Manhunt and a film adaptation of the comic book character Nick Fury. Novels Marlowe is purportedly the ghostwriter (or co-writer) of Heat Wave, a mystery novel published September 28, 2009, attributed to the fictional Richard Castle—the title character of the Castle TV series; the novel itself is a plot element in the show. The author acknowledges Marlowe's wife Terri E. Miller as "my partner in crime". The book debuted at number 26 on The New York Times Best Seller list. Personal life Marlowe lives in Los Angeles with wife and fellow screenwriter Terri Edda Miller; she has two children from her first marriage Filmography Film writer Air Force One (1997) End of Days (1999) Hollow Man (2000) Television Notes External links Living people 20th-century male writers 21st-century American male writers American male screenwriters American television writers Columbia College (New York) alumni American male television writers USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni Year of birth missing (living people) 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American screenwriters	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20W.%20Marlowe
Ardeşen (Laz and Georgian: არტაშენი/Art'asheni or არდაშენი/Ardasheni; Armenian: Արտաշեն/Artashen) is a town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, along the coast road from the city of Rize. It is the seat of Ardeşen District. Its population is 30,645 (2021). History See Rize Province for the history of the area, at one time part of the Colchis and Lazica kingdoms, Roman, Byzantine Empires and Kingdom of Georgia and later the Empire of Trebizond until their defeat in 1461 by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II. The origins of the name is believed to be Armenian coming from Ard- meaning field and -Shen meaning village. Geography Ardeşen is sandwiched between sea and mountain, with of Black Sea coastline, while most of the district is hill and mountain, extending inland, up to the Altıparmak hills and then on to Çamlıhemşin and the Kaçkar Lazistan mountains. There is plenty of rainfall but little land flat enough for planting anything except for tea, and life is hard in these wet highlands. The highland villages are remote, and reaching them with roads, cables and other infrastructure is very challenging. This was even more the case before tea planting began, when successive generations would migrate away from the area to jobs in Turkey's larger cities or abroad. 10% of the land is used for tea growing, other than is there is little agriculture except gardening for local consumption. The first tea-processing factory was opened in 1947, other industry includes sawmills and furniture workshops. The industrial development is in the town of Ardeşen itself, which is on the coast near the mouth of the Fırtına River. Ardeşen has a lot of beautiful public buildings and apartment blocks. The busy coast road through Ardeşen leads up to Turkey's border with Georgia (country). The cuisine is like the typical Turkish menu, but there are a lot of special foods typical for the region like minci / cökelek or muhlama to mention only some of the rich kitchen of Ardeşen . Ardeşen has some local radio, TV and newspapers, like Ardeşen'in Sesi. The income from tea growing has brought better amenities to Ardeşen but the traditional rural lifestyle persists; many of the people in the countryside are ethnic Laz and the older generations in particular continue to speak the Laz language although their traditional clothing has disappeared with the ban on growing hemp. However education is quite successful with literacy rates of 97% among men and 89% among women. The people of Ardeşen have a reputation for their love of firearms, most people carry them and home-made small arms are a thriving trade, (to such an extent that in 1991 the state established a factory here to produce them legally and try and bring the industry under control ). Even the municipality logo features a picture of a mosque and a revolver. The municipality consists of the following 23 quarters: Bahar, Başmahalle, Cami, Düz, Elmalık, Kahveciler, Kavaklıdere, Kuzey, Merkez, Müftü, Şentepe, Yayla, Yenimahalle, Barış, Deniz, Fırtına, Çiftekavak, Işıklı, Yavuzselim, Cumhuriyet, Fatih, Konaktepe and Taşbaşı. Climate Ardeşen has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Sport The Ardeşen GSK, a women's handball club, play in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League. Places of interest Fırtına Deresi, a river running down from the Kaçkars, is used for rafting. Tunca (Dutxe), where the 'formulaz' traditional car races take place. References External links Ardeşen municipality's official website and more photos Lazuri - information on the Laz language and culture Ardeşenim - General local site on the district Populated places in Ardeşen District Black Sea port cities and towns in Turkey Fishing communities in Turkey Populated coastal places in Turkey Laz settlements in Turkey District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arde%C5%9Fen
WRNO may refer to: WRNO (shortwave), a shortwave radio station located in Metairie, Louisiana, United States WRNO-FM, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRNO
Çamlıhemşin, formerly Vice, ( Vija or ვიჯე Vije ; Vija ) is a small town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. It is the seat of Çamlıhemşin District. Its population is 1,763 (2021). With its mountains and valleys in all shades of green, Çamlıhemşin has a reputation as one of the most attractive parts of the eastern Black Sea region, particularly with the autumn foliage. Etymology The town was originally known as Vija, Vije, or Vice with local variants Vicealtı, Vicedibi, although it was officially named as Vicealtı until 1953 when its name was changed to Çamlıca by Turkish authorities. Its current name, Çamlıhemşin, was given in 1957, a combination of the terms "Çamlı", which in Turkish means "pine-forested" or "piney” The name Vija is the Laz word for brine, mineral (salty) water, which corresponds to the Kartvelian *weʒ₁- form. Geography Çamlıhemşin is high in the Fırtına Valley, which leads down to the Black Sea coast, and is an important access point to the Kaçkar mountains. This is a hilly area surrounded by very high mountains that poke up into the clouds, and watered by the Hala River and other streams running down the Black Sea. It rains here all year round, temperatures drop to minus 7 °C in winter and reach 25 °C in summer. This is a low-income district and successive generations of Çamlıhemşin have migrated to jobs in Turkey's larger cities (for example they have reputation as the best bakers and pastry-cooks in Ankara). In Çamlıhemşin some tea is grown and otherwise people live from forestry, beekeeping or herding animals on the mountainside. However the countryside here is a gorgeous mix of meadows and valleys and in recent years the district has begun to attract tourists, people on trekking holidays in the Kaçkar. There are now small hotels and guest houses throughout the district. Çamlıhemşin itself is a small town of 2,355 people. There is a health centre and some blocks of public housing, residences for teachers and civil servants posted here. There are high schools in Çamlıhemşin and primary schools in the mountains villages. The traditional Çamlıhemşin village house is wooden, with a steep roof to run off the rain and a wooden terrace at the side. Many of these homes seem stuck to the steep hillsides by magic. 20 villages of the district are inhabited by Hemshinli, 7 villages are inhabited by Laz. The centre of the district (Vija/Vicealtı) has a Hemshinli majority and a Laz minority who are mostly recent settlers. Hemshinli have a distinct folk culture, for example, the women wear bright orange headscarves which they tie in a certain way to declare their availability (or not) for marriage. The local cuisine includes muhlama, the fondue-type hot cheese, butter and flour pudding. Climate Çamlıhemşin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Places of interest Çamlıhemşin has a number of places for hiking and escaping into the countryside, including: Ayder - the village has mineral baths and plenty of accommodation for visitors. the Fırtına Valley, which runs through the heart of Çamlıhemşin, and is spanned by the Ottoman-era Fırtına River bridges. Kale-i Balâ a castle high on a rock Zilkale, a medieval era castle Notable residents - a Turkish musician of Hemshin origin playing the tulum References External links Çamlıhemşin with photographs Gulapoğlu Ailesi Sitesi - Gulapoglu Family Site from Camlihemsin the Çamlıhemşin-Hemşin foundation a forum for discussion of all things Hamsheni website tilted "WE ARE HEMŞİNLİ" Populated places in Rize Province Çamlıhemşin District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1hem%C5%9Fin
Samuel Edward Thomas Baldock (born 15 March 1989) is an English former professional footballer who last played as a striker for Oxford United. He also played for Milton Keynes Dons, West Ham United, Bristol City, Brighton & Hove Albion, Reading, Derby County and made two appearances for England U20. Club career Milton Keynes Dons Baldock was born in Buckingham, Buckinghamshire. Having joined the Wimbledon F.C. youth system following the club's 2003 relocation to Milton Keynes, Baldock signed as a trainee in July 2004, just after the club renamed itself as Milton Keynes Dons. Danny Wilson handed Baldock his first team debut on 20 December 2005 in the 2–1 Football League Trophy loss to Colchester United as a late substitute in his only appearance of the season. Martin Allen as Dons manager for the 2006–07 season gave Baldock two further games in the first team in his only year in charge. Baldock failed to score as a substitute in either game as the Dons lost 4–1 away to Brighton & Hove Albion in the Football League Trophy and drew 1–1 at home to Mansfield Town. As Paul Ince took the role as manager, Baldock became more involved in matches, first making a substitute appearance in the FA Cup away to Crewe Alexandra, before making five substitute appearances in League Two. He also made his full debut in the Football League Trophy victory over Gillingham, and made two further appearances as a substitute, including one in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium on 30 March 2008, helping MK Dons win their first ever trophy. As new manager Roberto Di Matteo joined MK Dons, Baldock made his break-through season as he became a regular in the first-team, scoring his first senior goal in the Dons' 2–1 loss against Reading in a friendly match at stadium:mk on 19 July 2008. He then made his first competitive start in the MK Dons' opening day League One defeat to Leicester City on 9 August 2008. Baldock's first competitive goal came as the Dons beat Norwich City 1–0 in the Football League Cup at stadium:mk on 12 August 2008. On 12 March 2011, having been named in the starting line-up to face Colchester United away, he scored his first ever senior hat-trick with all three goals coming in the second half to overturn a 1–0 half-time deficit. The final score was 3–1. On 15 May 2011, Baldock scored a long range free-kick in the 2011 Football League play-offs Semi-Final First Leg as MK Dons beat Peterborough United 3–2 at stadium:mk. MK Dons lost in the second leg as Peterborough gained promotion, beating Huddersfield Town in the final. On 29 June 2011, Peterborough United had a £1.2 million bid accepted for Baldock, however, after meeting with the club, Baldock decided to decline the offer to join Peterborough and pledged his future to MK Dons. In August 2011 at the start of the 2011–12 season, Baldock scored six goals in six appearances including a hat-trick against newly promoted side Chesterfield in a 6–2 win and a goal in a 4–0 away victory in the League Cup against Premier League side Norwich City. Fittingly his last goals for the club came against the opponents he scored his first goal against, Norwich West Ham United On 26 August 2011, Baldock joined West Ham United for an undisclosed fee on a four-year contract with an option for an additional year. He was allocated the number 7 shirt. Baldock made his West Ham debut on 17 September 2011 coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Henri Lansbury in a 0–0 draw away with Millwall. His first two West Ham goals were scored in 4–0 win on 15 October 2011 against Blackpool at Upton Park. He then got his second two-goal haul in successive home matches helping the Hammers to a 3–2 victory over Leicester City. Despite scoring five goals in his first six starts, an injury reduced his first team opportunities, as did the arrival of Nicky Maynard and Ricardo Vaz Tê. Bristol City Baldock joined Bristol City in August 2012 for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year contract. He made his debut on 25 August, in a 4–2 win against Cardiff, in which he scored and assisted a goal. He scored again on 15 September, in a 5–3 defeat at home to Blackburn Rovers and a brace in the club's following match, a 2–1 win away at Peterborough to take his tally to four goals in four matches for Bristol City. Baldock finished the 2012–13 season with ten goals but could not help Bristol City survive as they were relegated to League 1. During the pre-season, Baldock failed to score but fellow striker Steven Davies moved to Blackpool leaving Baldock as the only recognised goal scorer at Bristol City. Sean O'Driscoll made Baldock captain at the start of the season and his first goal came in a 2–0 away win in the first round of the League Cup. He scored a brace against Coventry in a thrilling game which city lost 5–4. He continued his great start by scoring his second brace of the season against old club MK Dons. He chose not to celebrate either goal after saying it was an emotional day. Baldock finished the League One 2013–14 season with the Golden Boot as top scorer with 24 goals. Brighton & Hove Albion On 27 August 2014, Baldock signed for Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee in the region of £2 million. Reading On 30 July 2018, Baldock transferred to Reading on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. Baldock left Reading when his contract expired at the end of the 2020–21 season. Derby County On 17 August 2021, after training with the club over pre-season, Baldock joined Derby County on a short-term contract until January 2022. A day after signing he made his debut scoring the only goal of the game in the 1–0 away victory over Hull City. On 13 January 2022, manager Wayne Rooney announced that Baldock would leave the club upon the expiration of his short-term deal the following week. Oxford United On 4 February 2022, Baldock signed a contract with League One club Oxford United until the end of the season. He scored in his first League One start for Oxford, netting the third goal in a 4–0 away victory over Charlton on 19 February 2022. On 16 May 2022, he signed a new two-year deal with the club. Baldock retired because of injury on 14 September 2023 and accepted a role at Oxford United as a business development analyst. International career On 26 August 2009, Baldock was called up to an initial 30-man squad for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. Later, on 11 September, he made the final squad of 21 players, MK Dons chairman Pete Winkelman commented: "The standard of players he will now be rubbing shoulders with underlines what a wonderful talent he is." Personal life Born in England, Baldock is of Greek descent through his grandmother. His younger brother, George Baldock, is contracted to Sheffield United, and his other brother James is the club doctor at Sam's former club Oxford United. Career statistics Honours Milton Keynes Dons Football League Trophy: 2007–08 Football League Two: 2007–08 West Ham United Football League Championship play-offs: 2012 Brighton & Hove Albion EFL Championship runner up: 2016–17 Individual Football League Young Player of the Month: August 2010 Football League One Golden Boot: 2013–14 Bristol City Player of the Year: 2013–14 References External links 1989 births Living people People from Buckingham English men's footballers English people of Greek descent Men's association football forwards Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players West Ham United F.C. players Bristol City F.C. players English Football League players People educated at the Royal Latin School Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Reading F.C. players Derby County F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Premier League players Footballers from Buckinghamshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Baldock
A national Internet registry (or NIR) is an organization under the umbrella of a regional Internet registry with the task of coordinating IP address allocations and other Internet resource management functions at a national level within a country or economic unit. NIRs operate primarily in the Asia Pacific region, under the authority of APNIC, the regional Internet registry for that region. The following NIRs are currently operating in the APNIC region: IDNIC-APJII (Indonesia Network Information Centre-Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia) CNNIC, China Internet Network Information Center JPNIC, Japan Network Information Center KRNIC, Korea Internet & Security Agency TWNIC, Taiwan Network Information Center VNNIC, Vietnam Internet Network Information Center Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers The following NIRs are currently operating in the Latin American (LACNIC) region: NIC Mexico NIC.br There are no NIRs operating in the RIPE NCC region. See also Country code top-level domain Geolocation software Internet governance Local Internet registry References External links APNIC website NIC Mexico website NIC Chile website Regional Internet registries Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet Standards Internet governance	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Internet%20registry
Derepazarı is a town in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey between the cities of Rize and Trabzon, 8 km west of the city of Rize. It is the seat of Derepazarı District. Its population is 3,913 (2021). Features The district consists of a small town on the coast and an area of countryside in the mountains that rise up behind. The Black Sea is clean in the area although there are no sandy beaches and the population of Derepazarı rises in summer with holidaymakers coming to enjoy the coast. Furthermore the mainstay of the local economy is growing and processing tea, and in summer there is seasonal work in the tea industry also. The town centre is small as Derepazarı is very close to the city of Rize and therefore people go there for shopping etc. Climate Derepazarı has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). References Populated places in Rize Province Populated coastal places in Turkey Derepazarı District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derepazar%C4%B1
Güneysu is a town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, inland from the city of Rize. It is the seat of Güneysu District. Its population is 8,722 (2021). History Güneysu was formerly named in Greek Potamya (Ποταμιὰ, "river village") and the name persists in local usage to this day, as Güneysu stands on a plain watered by the Potamya river, a tributary of the Taşlıdere (or Askoroz) river (the ancient and Byzantine Ἄσκουρος ποταμός). Geography This is a hilly district of rivers and valleys, inland from the Black Sea coast, with peaks inland as high as 2000 m. The climate is wet, hence the number of valleys that have been cut through by mountain streams. Thus, floods and landslides are a constant threat even today. The coastal vegetation is broad-leaved but the higher land is pine forest, with Alpine plants in the high meadows up in the Kaçkar Mountains. Güneysu is an impoverished rural district losing much of its population as they migrate to jobs elsewhere (some of Turkey's biggest construction firms have their roots here for example). The main source of income is growing tea and in recent years kiwifruit. Other crops are mainly grown in family gardens for personal use. The only industry is tea processing, and Güneysu is a centre of this for the Rize province. Climate Güneysu has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). Notable natives The Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is from a Güneysu family, spent part of his childhood here, and still regularly visits the district. References Populated places in Rize Province Güneysu District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCneysu
İyidere is a town in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey, 14 km from the city of Rize. It is the seat of İyidere District. Its population is 5,362 (2021). Formerly known as Aspet, İyidere is a green rural district. The local economy depends on growing and processing tea, plus some other farming and fishing. Climate İyidere has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa). History See Rize Province for the history of the area, once part of the trading network of the Ancient Greeks based in Miletos, who founded the port of İyidere, then part of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond until it was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Mehmet II in 1461. References External links Municipality's official website and photo gallery Populated places in Rize Province Fishing communities in Turkey Populated coastal places in Turkey İyidere District District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yidere
Schöppingen is a municipality in the district of Borken in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately south-west of Steinfurt. The Master of the Schöppingen Altarpiece derives his name from an altarpiece that hangs in the town parish church. Gallery Personalities Heinrich von Ahaus (c. 1371–1439), promoter of the movement of the brothers and sisters of common life Heinrich Krechting (1501-1580), radical leader of the Baptist movement References Borken (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ppingen
Chelwood is a small village and civil parish in Somerset, England, and is in the affluent Chew Valley in the Bath and North East Somerset council area, about from Bristol and Bath. The parish, which includes the hamlets of West Chelwood and Breach, has a population of 148. It is situated on the A368 (Bath to Weston-super-Mare road) between Marksbury and Bishop Sutton, very close to the A37. History The first mention of Chelwood dates from 925 when Robert le Bok, a native of Chelwood, was tried and acquitted of attempting to burn down the house of John de Kylkenny. According to Robinson there are two entries in the 1086 Domesday Book: Cellwert and Celeworde both indicating the same meaning, "the hill farm" from the Old English ceol and wor. Although spellings varied down the years, the first attested use of the form "Chelwood" dates from the 12th century. The parish of Chelwood was part of the Keynsham Hundred. The village formed part of two holdings, known as East and West Chelwood. Both sides along with Breach were originally owned by the Earl of Warwick's estate, but East Chelwood passed to the Popham family of the nearby Hunstrete House, where it remained into the early 20th century. Chelwood is one of the nine Thankful Villages in Somerset where all the men returned from the First World War; four went and four returned. Governance The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council. Along with Stanton Drew and Clutton, Chelwood is part of the Clutton Ward, which is represented by one councillor on the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service. Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Clutton Rural District. The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. Demographics According to the 2001 Census, the Clutton Ward (which includes Stanton Drew and Clutton), had 1,290 residents, living in 483 households, with an average age of 40.3 years. Of these 72% of residents describing their health as "good", 22% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 2.2% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 24,527 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived. Landmarks Chelwood House was built in the valley of the river Chew in 1681 as a Dower house, and sits in gardens. The property is a Grade II listed building. Chelwood includes several other Grade II listed buildings: Church Farmhouse Malt House Farmhouse Old School House Park Farmhouse Wall and railings about 5 metres north-east of Old School House Withydale and attached house Religious sites St Leonard's church was nearly all built around 1850, but two corbel-heads of the nave arcade are said to be 13th-century. The font is Norman with tiny volutes at the edges and a top frieze of something like lambrequins. The stained glass has various 16th-century Flemish pieces in the south aisle window. The tower contains a bell dating from 1773 and made by Abraham Bilbie of the Bilbie family. It has been designated by Historic England as a Grade II* listed building. The church has been redundant since March 2020. References External links Chelwood-village.co.uk Rotary club serving the Chew Valley and surrounding areas Map of Chelwood circa 1900 Chelwood Community Energy Civil parishes in Somerset Villages in Bath and North East Somerset	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelwood
Pazar (Laz and Georgian: ათინა, Atina; ) is a town in Rize Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey, 37 km east of the city of Rize. It is the seat of Pazar District. Its population is 17,946 (2021). The town contains many inhabitants of Laz and Georgian ancestries as well as other peoples. The town consists of the quarters Gazi, Kocaköprü, Ocak, Beyaztaş, Güzelyalı, Zafer, İkiztepe, Kirazlık, Cumhuriyet, Pazar, Soğuksu and Yukarı Soğuksu. Etymology The town was formerly named Atina (Αθήνα του Πόντου) and was renamed Pazar, meaning 'market', in 1928. Geography Pazar is a strip of Black Sea coast with high mountains running parallel to the coast inland. This coast has a mild climate with warm summers (22 °C in August) and cool winters (7 °C in January, it rarely snows on the coast), but very wet and humid, apart from the early summer (April–May–June) it rains heavily year round, with an average of 50 sunny days per year. The wind off the Black Sea is cold in autumn, warm and wet in summer. With all this rainfall the area is very green, and even more water is brought to the area by the many streams bringing rainwater and snowmelt down from the Black Sea mountains, including the Pazar River itself. This is a hilly district and the main economic activity is tea growing, plus some fishing, trade and light industry (tea processing) in the town of Pazar. Tea was first planted here in 1944 and there are now three factories in Pazar for processing the crop. 65% of arable land in Pazar is used for growing tea. Before tea was planted, citrus fruits and apples were grown here but this has mostly ceased now, apart from trees in family gardens, where people grow vegetables and keep poultry. There are small areas of tobacco, corn, potatoes and beans. Pazar has plenty of grazing land, including summer grazing in the high mountain pastures (yayla in Turkish) further up the Fırtına River. At even higher altitudes efforts are being made to plant trees but it is hard to put roads through and manage a forest in these steep, high mountains. Today Pazar is a market town, and the centre of the local tea trade. Fishing was once a major activity and Pazar still has a fleet of small fishing boats although this is in decline as the Black Sea becomes polluted and the traditional anchovies, flathead mullet, red mullet and other species are all in decline. Until tea was planted these districts at the far end of Turkey were all impoverished, losing generation after generation as migrant workers in Europe or Istanbul. Life is still a struggle and people still leave although now many return for the tea harvest in summer. Local handicrafts include basket-weaving and the hand-woven linen Rize bezi. As in much of rural Turkey, women traditionally cover their heads, partly out tradition, partly from practical necessity as they are outside in the wind and rain. Climate Pazar has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb. The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. History The first recorded occupation is the trading colony Αθήνα established here by the Ancient Greeks of Miletos in the 8th century BC. Along with the rest of what is now Rize Province, Athina then became part of the Roman Empire and its successors the Byzantine Empire and the Empire of Trebizond until it was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Mehmet II in 1461, although this coast was always vulnerable to pirates and threats of invaders from across the nearby Caucasus. Indeed, for two years during the First World War Atina was occupied by Russia. Places of interest The watch tower, Kız Kalesi is on the sea front in Pazar. References External links Pazar town's web site Kalastas Populated places in Pazar District, Rize Populated coastal places in Turkey Laz settlements in Turkey District municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar%2C%20Rize
Gamalost (also Gammelost, Gammalost) is a traditional Norwegian cheese. History Gamalost, which translates as old cheese, was once a staple of the Norwegian diet. The name might be due to the texture of the surface, or the fact that it is an old tradition, not the ripening which may take as little as two weeks. Like many traditional Norwegian foods, such as flat bread, dry salted meats and stockfish, Gamalost could be stored for long periods without refrigeration. The brownish-yellow cheese is firm, moist, coarse and often granular. Gamalost is rich in protein with low fat content, measuring 1% fat and 50% protein. Production To make Gamalost, lactic starter is added to skimmed cow's milk, causing it to sour. After several days of souring, the milk is slowly heated, before the curds are separated and pressed into forms. After removal from the forms, mold is introduced onto the surface of the cheese, either by exposure to the wooden walls of the form that is only used for Gamalost, or rubbed on by hand in the traditional method. The cheese is then allowed to cure for four to five weeks. The ripening happens from outside inwards, so the center might be lighter than the parts near the exterior. Gamalost production is very labor-intensive, particularly if traditional methods are used. Everything depends on the proper fermentation and maturation. It is not made in sufficient quantity for mass export. As such, it is rare to find the cheese outside Norway. Commercial production has principally been limited to the Tine facility in Vik. Gamalost Festival Gamalost Festival (Gamalostfestivalen) is an annual event held in Vik in Sogn at the beginning of summer every year. See also List of cheeses References Other sources Related reading Diehl, Kari Schoening (2012) The Everything Nordic Cookbook (Quarto - Everything Books) Scott, Astrid Karlsen (2015) Authentic Norwegian Cooking: Traditional Scandinavian Cooking Made Easy (Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.) External links TINE in Norway Synnøve Finden Gamalostfestivalen Norwegian cheeses Dairy products Blue cheeses Cow's-milk cheeses Acid-set cheeses	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamalost
Südlohn is a municipality in the district of Borken in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located right at the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km east of Winterswijk. It consists of the villages Südlohn and Oeding. References Borken (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdlohn
Battles in the North is the third studio album by Norwegian black metal band Immortal. It was released on May 15, 1995 through Osmose Productions. It picks up where its predecessor, Pure Holocaust, left off, featuring extreme tempos, low-fidelity production, and lyrics about coldness or wintery landscapes. This is the first album where the concept of Blashyrkh becomes a central focus. It is the last album to feature Abbath on drums. Background The songs "Cursed Realms of the Winterdemons" and "Circling Above in Time Before Time" reference The Underdark, a setting from Dungeons & Dragons. Music videos were made for "Blashyrkh (Mighty Ravendark)" and "Grim and Frostbitten Kingdoms", the latter featuring Hellhammer on drums, who also became the band's touring drummer during this period. Release The album was issued in multiple formats, including the standard CD, a limited edition digipak, a limited edition digipak with embossed band logo and album title, cassette tape, a jewel case with slip cover, fold-out poster and bonus tracks taken from the Immortal EP (limited to 3000 copies), and a limited edition LP released under Osmose Productions (re-pressed six times over the years starting in 2005). The artwork on the limited slip cover CD is an original oil painting done by Jeroen van Valkenburg. Reception In 2009, IGN included Battles in the North in their "10 Great Black Metal Albums" list. Track listing Misprint On some editions of this album, most notably on iTunes, many tracks are mislabelled. The songs play in the order shown above, but the song titles are given as follows: "Battles in the North" "At the Stormy Gates of Mist" "Through the Halls of Eternity" "Moonrise Fields of Sorrow" "Cursed Realms of the Winterdemons" "Throned by Blackstorms" "Grim and Frostbitten Kingdoms" "Descent into Eminent Silence" "Circling Above in Time Before Time" "Blashyrkh (Mighty Ravendark)" Personnel Abbath – vocals, drums, bass guitar, production Demonaz – guitar, production Eirik Hundvin – production References Immortal (band) albums 1995 albums Osmose Productions albums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles%20in%20the%20North
Bozdoğan is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 859 km2, and its population is 32,607 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın. Bozdoğan is high on the side of Mount Madran, the source of the highly valued Pınar Madran mineral water, which is bottled and packaged at the source. The surroundings are also green and mildly forested. The local economy depends on organic agriculture, especially olives, figs, fruits and vegetables which are exported to the markets of Europe and America. Bozdoğan itself is a small, quiet town of historic narrow cobble stone streets, and stone houses. History From 1867 until 1922, Bozdoğan was part of the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Composition There are 55 neighbourhoods in Bozdoğan District: Akçay Akseki Akyaka Alamut Alhisar Altıntaş Amasya Asma Başalan Çamlıdere Çarşı Cumhuriyet Dömen Dutağaç Eymir Güneyköy Güneyyaka Güre Güvenir Haydere Hıdırbaba Hisar Hışımlar Kakkalan Kamışlar Karaahmetler Karabağlar Kavaklı Kazandere Kemer Kılavuzlar Kızılca Kızıltepe Konaklı Körteke Koyuncular Madran Olukbaşı Örencik Örentaht Örmepınar Örtülü Osmaniye Pınarlı Seki Sırma Tütüncüler Yakaköy Yazıkent Yeni Yenice Yeniköy Yeşil Yenice Yeşilçam Ziyaretli References External links local information Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Bozdoğan District Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozdo%C4%9Fan
Çine is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 820 km2, and its population is 48,466 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın, on the road to Muğla. History Throughout the ages this area has belonged to the Ionians, Caria, Lydians, Persia, Ancient Rome and Byzantium, was viciously fought over by the Seljuk Turks and Byzantines, eventually ending up in the hands of the Anatolian beylik of the Menteşe. The original settlement is 8 km south of the modern town. In 1426 the area was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Murat II. From 1867 until 1922, Çine was part of Aidin Vilayet. The town grew in the 19th century when following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 displaced Turks from Russia were resettled here by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The town was destroyed by fire in 1900 and rebuilt. Geography Formerly known as Kıroba, Çine is an attractive rural district in the southern part of the valley of the Büyük Menderes River, on the southern flank of Madran mountain. The local economy depends on mining of quartz and amethyst, forestry and agriculture. The Çine Dam and its hydro-electric power station were completed in 2013. The local cuisine features köfte and fish. Composition There are 72 neighbourhoods in Çine District: Akçaova Akdam Alabayır Altınabat Altınova Bağlarbaşı Bahçearası Bedirler Bereket Bölüntü Bucak Çaltı Camızağılı Çatak Çöğürlük Cumalı Cumhuriyet Dereli Doğanyurt Dorumlar Dutluoluk Elderesi Esentepe Eskiçine Evciler Gökyaka Hacıpaşalar Hallaçlar Hamitabat Hasanlar İbrahimkavağı Kabalar Kabataş Kadılar Kahraman Karahayıt Karakollar Karanfiller Kargı Kasar Kavşıt Kirazderesi Kırkışık Kırksakallar Kızılgüney Kuruköy Mutaflar Ovacık Özeren Sağlık Saraçlar Sarıköy Sarıoğlu Sarnıç Seferler Şevketiye Soğancılar Soğukoluk Söğütçük Subaşı Taşoluk Tatarmemişler Tepeköy Topçam Umur Ünlüce Yağcılar Yeni Yeniköy Yeşilköy Yolboyu Yörükler References External links the district governor Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Çine District Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ine
İncirliova is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 188 km2, and its population is 55,848 (2022). It is west of the city of Aydın. Etymology Formerly known as "Karapınar" the name was changed in 1937 to İncirliova meaning, literally, "the valley of figs", in reference to the fruit (ficus carica, formerly called Smyrna figs) in whose production the province of Aydın excels. History See Aydın for the rich history of this area, which has so much remaining from antiquity that it feels like an open museum. The area has changed hands many times throughout history, from the Hittites in the 13th century BC through the Phrygians, Lydians, Ionians, Persians, Alexander the Great, Ancient Rome and Byzantium. The Turkish settlement here was founded in the 15th century by the Madanoğlu family and as it was well watered was called "Karapınar" (dark spring). The Karapınar area really developed with the building of the İzmir-Aydın railway, founded by a British company to ensure a new source of cotton during the world shortage caused by the American Civil War. Following the railway came other industries including the spinning of cotton and the extraction of olive oil and the surrounding wetlands were drained to create more land for planting. At the same time water was channeled to bathhouses and mills in the ever-growing town. Following the Treaty of Sèvres, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War Karapınar was occupied by Greek forces from May 26, 1919. The Turkish resistance began at nearby Erbeyli in June 1919 and continued in the area throughout the Turkish War of Independence, while the Turkish people of the town retreated into the surrounding hills for safety to gather forces for further resistance. Following the defeat of the Greek army at İnönü and their retreat to the Aegean coast, Karapınar was liberated on September 7, 1922. During the 1920s Karapınar was rebuilt with the founding of sports clubs, a fig-growers union, and a fruit market. The town's first bank, İtibar Bankası was founded in 1927 and electricity came to Karapınar in 1930. The town was renamed İncirliova in the 1930s following an observation by Atatürk of how many fig trees there were in the area. Geography İncirliova itself is today a small town of 18,000 people, on the İzmir–Aydın highway and a station on the İzmir-Aydın railway. This area of the Büyük Menderes valley is very fertile and İncirliova is an agricultural district. Composition There are 28 neighbourhoods in İncirliova District: Acarlar Akçeşme Arpadere Arzular Atatürk Beyköy Cumhuriyet Dereağzı Eğrek Erbeyli Gerenkova Hacıaliobası Hamitler Hürriyet İkizdere İsafakılar İstiklal Karabağ Karagözler Köprüova Kurtuluş Osmanbükü Palamut Sandıklı Sınırteke Şirindere Yazıdere Zafer Places of interest The Atatürk memorial to the memory of the Turkish War of Independence in the town was built in 1985 by Professor Tankut Öktem of Marmara University, it was the first sizeable monument to be designed solely by a Turkish architect. References External links the municipality Video: Dancing on the Old Bridge at İncirliova; performed by the Sarıkaya family, recorded 2016 by Thede Kahl and Andreea Pascaru, retrieved from Austrian Academy of Sciences Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ncirliova
Karacasu is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 727 km2, and its population is 17,620 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın. Formerly known as "Yenişehir", Karacasu is reached by turning off the Aydın - Denizli road south-east at Kuyucak and following the Dandalaz River upstream into the hills. The road is windy and the surrounding countryside is planted with olives, citrus fruits and as you get higher up, pines. The ruins of the ancient city of Aphrodisias are located within the boundaries of Karacasu, near the small town of Geyre. The area was first settled in the Bronze Age and reached its peak in the Roman and Byzantine eras as a centre of marble working. The ruins include a stadium, Temple of Aphrodite, theatre, agora and a bath with the heating system still visible. The city also contains the grave of archaeologist Kenan Erim of New York University who did so much to excavate the site. The district is also notable for its rich emery mines. Karacasu itself is a small town of nearly 6,000 people, and is thought to be the site of the lost city of Gordiouteichos. Composition There are 38 neighbourhoods in Karacasu District: Alemler Aşağıgörle Ataeymir Ataköy Bahçeköy Bereketli Bingeç Büyükdağlı Cabi Çamarası Çamköy Cuma Dedeler Dereköy Dikmen Esençay Geyre Görle Güzelbeyli Güzelköy Hacıhıdırlar Işıklar Karabağlar Karacaören Küçükdağlı Nargedik Palamutçuk Tekeliler Tepecik Yaykın Yaylalı Yazır Yenice Yeniköy Yeşilköy Yeşilyurt Yolaltı Yolüstü References Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karacasu
Karpuzlu is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 286 km2, and its population is 10,590 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın. It became a district centre after separation from Çine in 1990. Karpuzlu is reached by turning off the road from Aydın to Çine. There is infrequent public transport (by minibus) from both towns to Karpuzlu, which can also be reached by the mountain road from Bodrum or Milas. This latter route is popular with tourists on "jeep safaris" coming to see the ruins of Alinda. The town is partially situated on the slopes of a hill on the top of which can be seen the well-preserved ruins of the ancient acropolis of Alinda. The modern district of Karpuzlu covers part of the Çine plain that is part of the southern reaches of the fertile Menderes River (Maeander) valley. The main crops are cotton, corn and many other grains and vegetables. Karpuzlu (former Demircidere) itself is a very small town of 2,300 people. Composition There are 23 neighbourhoods in Karpuzlu District: Abak Akçaabat Bayraktepe Çobanisa Cumalar Ektirli Gölcük Güneyköy Hatıpkışla Işıklar Kovuk Meriçler Mutluca Ömerler Orta Ovapınarı Şenköy Tekeler Tütünlük Ulukonak Umcular Yahşiler Yeni See also Alinda Gülkız Ürbül References External links the municipality the district governorate Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpuzlu
Koçarlı is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 455 km2, and its population is 21,832 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın. Geography Koçarlı is a small town and although there is an institute of Adnan Menderes University and thus a small student population, the population of the area is shrinking as people take their families to seek education and careers in Turkey's larger cities. This is an attractive district of agricultural villages in the middle of the Büyük Menderes River valley on hillsides above the Koçarlı River. The main crops are cotton, olives and pine nuts, other activities include grazing animals and producing other crops including figs and chestnuts. Industry is basically factories for processing these crops and repairing farm implements with the exception of an aluminum processing plant nearby. Composition There are 52 neighbourhoods in Koçarlı District: Adnan Menderes Akmescit Atatürk Bağarcık Bağcılar Birci Bıyıklı Boğaziçi Boydere Büyükdere Çakırbeyli Çakmar Çallı Çeşmeköy Cincin Çulhalar Dedeköy Dereköy Esentepe Evsekler Gaffarlar Gözkaya Güdüşlü Gündoğan Hacıhamzalar Halilbeyli Haydarlı Karaağaç Karacaören Karadut Kasaplar Kızılcabölük Kızılkaya Kullar Kuşlarbeleni Mersinbeleni Orhaniye Orta Şahinciler Sapalan Satılar Şenköy Sobuca Taşköy Tekeli Tığıllar Timinciler Yağcıdere Yağhanlı Yeni Yeniköy Zeytinköy Places of interest Koçarlı is notable for a mosque, tower, and other landmark buildings built by the 18th century - 19th century feudal lords (derebey) of the region who were native to Koçarlı, the Cihanoğlu family. Their biggest monument is the castle in the village of Cincin. The ruins of the ancient city of Amyzon (Mazın), in the village of Akmescit, 30km south of Koçarlı. The Traditional Pine Nut Festival attracts many visitors to the town, held every year at the end of May. References External links the municipality the district governorate Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7arl%C4%B1
Köşk is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 187 km2, and its population is 28,235 (2022). "Köşk" is a noun in Turkish and refers to an ornate wooden mansion, smaller than a palace. Composition There are 28 neighbourhoods in Köşk District: Ahatlar Akçaköy Altıeylül Baklaköy Başçayır Beyköy Çarşı Çiftlikköy Cumadere Cumayanı Gökkiriş Gündoğan Güzelköy Ilıdağ Karatepe Ketenyeri Kıran Kızılcaköy Kızılcayer Koçak Menteşeler Mezeköy Ovaköy Sarıçam Serdaroğlu Soğukkuyu Uzundere Yavuzköy References External links the municipality the district governorate Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk
Kuyucak is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey. Its area is 544 km2, and its population is 26,111 (2022). It is from the city of Aydın on the E24 highway that connects İzmir and Denizli, east of İzmir. Kuyucak is near the larger town of Nazilli. Etymology The word of Kuyucak probably comes from kuyuçok (means "many wells"). Geography In the foothills of the Aydın mountains, the economy of Kuyucak is based on agriculture. The mountain districts produce olive oil, while the lowland plain of the Büyük Menderes River produces high quality oranges, figs and cotton. Kuyucak itself is a small town of 7,200 people. Kuyucak has a typical Aegean climate, with hot summers, rainy autumns, chilly winters and sunny springs. Composition There are 36 neighbourhoods in Kuyucak District: Aksaz Aydınoğlu Azizabat Başaran Belenova Beşeylül Bucakköy Çamdibi Çobanisa Cumhuriyet Dereköy Fatih Gencelli Gencellidere Horsunlu İğdecik Karapınar Kayran Kurtuluş Kurtuluş (Horsunlu) Merkez Beşeylül Musakolu Mustafapaşa Ören Ovacık Pamucak Pamukören Sarıcaova Taşoluk Yakuppaşa Yamalak Yaylalı Yeni Yeşildere Yöre Yukarıyakacık Transportation There are regular buses from İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport, Nazilli and Denizli (70 km to the west). The town is also on the Izmir-Denizli railway line and there is a daily train service. History A few km southeast of Kuyucak lie the ruins of Antioch on the Maeander, an ancient Byzantine city. Independence day is celebrated on 5 September, the date that Kuyucak was liberated at the end of the Turkish War of Independence. Kuyucak in popular culture "Kuyucaklı Yusuf" (Yusuf of Kuyucak) is the title of a major novel published in 1937 by Sabahattin Ali about the small-town life in Turkey. The story was made into a film in 1985 by Feyzi Tuna. References External links the municipality the district governorate Populated places in Aydın Province Districts of Aydın Province Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyucak
Red yeast rice (), red rice koji (べにこうじ, lit. 'red koji'), red fermented rice, red kojic rice, red koji rice, anka, or angkak, is a bright reddish purple fermented rice, which acquires its color from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus. Red yeast rice is what is referred to as a "koji" in Japanese, meaning "grain or bean overgrown with a mold culture", a food preparation tradition going back to ca. 300 BC. In both the scientific and popular literature in English that draws principally on Japanese traditional use, red yeast rice is most often referred to as "red rice koji." English language articles favoring Chinese literature sources prefer the translation "red yeast rice." In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in Chinese herbology and Traditional Chinese medicine, possibly during the Tang dynasty around AD 800. Red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia Ben Cao Gang Mu by Li Shizhen. A modern-era use as a dietary supplement developed in the late 1970s after researchers were isolating lovastatin from Aspergillus and monacolins from Monascus, the latter being the same fungus used to make red yeast rice. Chemical analysis soon showed that lovastatin and monacolin K were identical. Lovastatin became the patented prescription drug Mevacor. Red yeast rice went on to become a non-prescription dietary supplement in the United States and other countries. In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated action to ban a dietary supplement containing red yeast rice extract, stating that red yeast rice products containing monacolin K are identical to a prescription drug, and thus subject to regulation as a drug. Production Red yeast rice is produced by cultivating the mold species Monascus purpureus on rice for 3–6 days at room temperature. The rice grains turn bright red at the core and reddish purple on the outside. The fully cultured rice is then either sold as the dried grain, or cooked and pasteurized to be sold as a wet paste, or dried and pulverized to be sold as a fine powder. China is the world's largest producer of red yeast rice, but European companies have entered the market. Uses Culinary Red yeast rice is used to color a wide variety of food products, including fermented tofu, red rice vinegar, char siu, Peking duck, and Chinese pastries that require red food coloring. In China, documentation dates back to at least the first century AD. It is also traditionally used in the production of several types of Chinese huangjiu (Shaoxing jiu), and Japanese sake (akaisake), imparting a reddish color to these wines. It was called a "koji" in Japanese, meaning "grain or bean overgrown with a mold culture". The lees left over from wine production, known as hóngzāo (), can be used as flavoring, imparting a subtle but pleasant taste to food. The lees are particularly commonly used in Fujian cuisine, where they are used for dishes like Fujian red wine chicken, a celebratory dish associated with birthdays and Chinese New Year. Red yeast rice (angkak in Filipino) is also used widely in the Philippines to traditionally color and preserve certain dishes like fermented shrimp (bagoong alamang), burong isda (fermented rice and fish), and balao-balao (fermented rice and shrimp). Traditional Chinese medicine In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine. Medicinal use of red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia Ben Cao Gang Mu compiled by Li Shizhen ca. 1590. Recommendations were to take it internally to invigorate the body, aid in digestion, and revitalize the blood. One reference provided the Li Shizgen health claims as a quotation "...the effect of promoting the circulation of blood and releasing stasis, invigorating the spleen and eliminating [in]digestion." Red yeast rice and statin drugs In the late 1970s, researchers in the United States and Japan were isolating lovastatin from Aspergillus and monacolins from Monascus, respectively, the latter being the same fungus used to make red yeast rice when cultured under carefully controlled conditions. Chemical analysis soon showed that lovastatin and monacolin K are identical chemical compounds. The two isolations, documentations and patent applications occurred months apart. Lovastatin became the patented, prescription drug Mevacor. Red yeast rice went on to become a non-prescription dietary supplement in the United States and other countries. Lovastatin and other prescription statin drugs inhibit cholesterol synthesis by blocking action of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. As a consequence, circulating total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol are lowered by 24–49% depending on the statin and dose. Different strains of Monascus fungus will produce different amounts of monacolins. The 'Went' strain of Monascus purpureus (purpureus = dark red in Latin), when properly fermented and processed, will yield a dried red yeast rice powder that is approximately 0.4% monacolins, of which roughly half will be monacolin K (chemically identical to lovastatin). U.S. regulatory restrictions The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) position is that red yeast rice products that contain monacolin K are identical to a prescription drug and, thus, subject to regulation as a drug. In 1998, the FDA initiated action to ban a product (Cholestin) containing red yeast rice extract. The U.S. District Court in Utah ruled in favor of allowing the product to be sold without restriction. This decision was reversed on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2001. In 2007, the FDA sent Warning Letters to two dietary supplement companies. One was making a monacolin content claim about its RYR product and the other was not, but the FDA noted that both products contained monacolins. Both products were withdrawn. In a press release the FDA "...is warning consumers to not buy or eat red yeast rice products... may contain an unauthorized drug that could be harmful to health." The rationale for "harmful to health" was that consumers might not understand that the dangers of monacolin-containing red yeast rice are the same as those of prescription statin drugs. A products analysis report from 2010 tested 12 products commercially available in the U.S. and reported that per 600 mg capsule, total monacolins content ranged from 0.31 to 11.15 mg. A 2017 study tested 28 brands of red yeast rice supplements purchased from U.S. retailers, stating "the quantity of monacolin K varied from none to prescription strength". Many of these avoid FDA regulation by not having any appreciable monacolin content. Their labels and websites say no more than "fermented according to traditional Asian methods" or "similar to that used in culinary applications". The labeling on these products often says nothing about cholesterol lowering. If products do not contain lovastatin, do not claim to contain lovastatin, and do not make a claim to lower cholesterol, they are not subject to FDA action. Two reviews confirm that the monacolin content of red yeast rice dietary supplements can vary over a wide range, with some containing negligible monacolins. Clinical evidence The amount typically used in clinical trials is 1200–2400 mg/day of red yeast rice containing approximately 10 mg total monacolins, of which half are monacolin K. A meta-analysis reported LDL-cholesterol lowered by 1.02 mmol/L (39.4 mg/dL) compared to placebo. The incidence of reported adverse effects ranged from 0% to 5% and was not different from controls. A second meta-analysis incorporating more recent clinical trials also reported significant lowering of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Within the first review, the largest and longest duration trial was conducted in China. Close to 5,000 post-heart attack patients were enrolled for an average of 4.5 years to receive either a placebo or a RYR product named Xuezhikang (血脂康). The test product was an ethanol extract of red yeast rice, with a monacolin K content of 11.6 mg/day. Key results: in the treated group, risk of subsequent heart attacks was reduced by 45%, cardio deaths by 31%, and all-cause deaths by 33%. These heart attack and cardiovascular death outcomes appear to be better than what has been reported for prescription statin drugs. A 2008 review pointed out that the cardioprotective effects of statins in Japanese populations occur at lower doses than are needed in Western populations, and theorized that the low amount of monacolins found in the Xuezhikang product might have been more effectively athero-protective than expected in the Chinese population for the same reason. Safety The safety of red yeast rice products has not been established. Some commercial supplements have been found to contain high levels of the toxin citrinin. As commercial products will have highly variable amounts of monacolins, and rarely declare this content on the label, defining risk is difficult. Ingredient suppliers have also been suspected of "spiking" red yeast rice preparations with purified lovastatin. As evidence, one published analysis reported several commercial products as being almost entirely monacolin K – which would occur if the drug lovastatin was illegally added – rather than the expected composition of many monacolin compounds. There are reports in the literature of muscle myopathy and liver damage resulting from red yeast rice usage. From a review: "The potential safety signals of myopathies and liver injury raise the hypothesis that the safety profile of RYR is similar to that of statins. Continuous monitoring of dietary supplements should be promoted to finally characterize their risk profile, thus supporting regulatory bodies for appropriate actions." The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food concluded that when red yeast rice preparations contained monacolins, the Panel was unable to identify an intake that it could consider as safe. The reason given was case study reports of severe adverse reactions to products containing monacolins at amounts as low as 3 mg/day. Red yeast rice is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding. See also List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation Medicinal fungi References External links Traditional Chinese medicine Dietary supplements Food colorings Medicinal fungi Medical controversies Fermented foods Chinese rice dishes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20yeast%20rice
West Harptree is a small village and civil parish in the Chew Valley, Somerset within the unitary district of Bath and North East Somerset. The parish has a population of 439. The village is south of Bristol, southwest of Bath and east of Weston-super-Mare. It is just south of Chew Valley Lake on the A368 between Bishop Sutton and Compton Martin. The village has a pub and several shops including a post office. With its close neighbour East Harptree the villages are collectively known as the Harptrees. History According to Stephen Robinson it is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as Herpetreu meaning 'The military road by the wood' from the Old English herepoep and treow. Between 1154 and 1172 an estate at West Harptree was granted by William FitzJohn to the Knights Templar. The shape of some of the existing fields with cross-slope and down-slope field banks and cultivated ridges forming an interleaving irregular mosaic suggest they are of medieval origin. The parish was part of the hundred of Chewton. Governance The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council. Along with East Harptree and Hinton Blewett, West Harptree is part of the Mendip Ward which is represented by one councillor on the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. They are also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service. Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Clutton Rural District. The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Demographics According to the 2001 Census the Mendip Ward (which includes East Harptree and Hinton Blewett), had 1,465 residents, living in 548 households, with an average age of 39.0 years. Of these 79% of residents describing their health as 'good', 22% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.5% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 25,387 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived. Landmarks Gournay Court Gournay Court is a Grade II* Country house. Circa 1600 () The entrance Gates and railings are grade II () as are the Gatepiers to the west () Grade II listed buildings () () () () () () Religious sites The Church of St Mary dates from the 12th century, although the tower is a much later addition, and is a Grade II* listed building References External links Map of West Harptree circa 1900 West Harptree Memorial Hall Mendip Hills Civil parishes in Somerset Villages in Bath and North East Somerset	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Harptree
Bluna is an orange soft drink produced by the German Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG, the same company, which produces the better-known Afri-Cola, since 1994. In 1952, the company F. Blumhoffer Nachfolger GmbH started to produce Bluna. It became a hit among consumers. In 1965, it also started being sold in cans. Today, Bluna is sold in four flavors: orange (the original flavor), lime, lemon, and mandarin orange. It is sold in both 1- or 2-Liter bottles in stores and smaller 0.33-Liter bottles for restaurants. Advertisement slogans for Bluna like "Sind wir nicht alle ein bisschen Bluna?" ("Aren't we all a bit Bluna?") and "Wie Bluna bist Du?" ("How Bluna are you?") have been very successful and the former has found its way into everyday language as shown by it being mentioned on several different internet forums and blogs. Bluna was exported to Saudi Arabia from Germany during the 1980s and early 1990s, Today it is locally produced. Citrus sodas Products introduced in 1952 Soft drinks	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluna
Kalkar ( is a municipality in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the Rhine, approx. 10 km south-east of Cleves. The catholic church St. Nicolai has preserved one of the most significant sacral inventories from the late Middle Ages in Germany. History Kalkar was founded by Dirk VI of Cleves in 1230 and received city rights in 1242. It was one of the seven "capitals" of Cleves (called Kleve), until the line of the Duchy of Cleves died out in 1609, whereupon the city went over to the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Marie of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves retired to Monreberg castle in Kalkar, where she founded a Dominican convent in 1455. Under her influence the city bloomed and artists were attracted to the favorable climate for cultural investment. She died at Monreberg castle in 1463. Air base The USAF 470TH Air Base Squadron supports the NATO Joint Air Power Competence Center (JAPCC) in Kalkar and the NATO CAOC in Uedem. The 470th is not located in Kalkar however. Nuclear reactor Between 1957 and 1991, West Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands pursued an ambitious plan for a fast breeder nuclear reactor, the a prototype reactor, SNR-300, near Kalkar. Construction of the SNR-300 began in April 1973. In the wake of large anti-nuclear protests at Wyhl and Brokdorf, demonstrations against the SNR-300 reactor escalated in the mid-1970s. A large demonstration in September 1977 involved a "massive police operation that included the complete closure of autobahns in northern Germany and identity checks of almost 150,000 people". Construction of the Kalkar reactor was completed in the middle of 1985, but a new state government was clearly against the project, and opposition mounted following the Chernobyl disaster in April 1986. In March 1991, the German federal government said that the SNR-300 would not be put into operation; the project costs, originally estimated at $150 to $200 million, escalated to a final cost of about $4 billion (equivalent to about $B in ). The nuclear reactor plant has since been turned into Kern-Wasser Wunderland, an amusement park with a rollercoaster and several other rides and restaurants. Novel In the science fiction novel "The Moon Maid", Edgar Rice Burroughs used "Kalkars" as the name for a malevolent fictional race living on the Moon and later invading Earth. Gallery References Populated places on the Rhine Anti–nuclear power movement Anti-nuclear movement in Germany Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkar
Tom Sayers (15 or 25 May 18268 November 1865) was an English bare-knuckle prize fighter. There were no formal weight divisions at the time, and although Sayers was only five feet eight inches tall and never weighed much more than 150 pounds, he frequently fought much bigger men. In a career which lasted from 1849 until 1860, he lost only one of sixteen bouts. He was recognized as heavyweight champion of England between 1857, when he defeated William Perry (the "Tipton Slasher") and his retirement in 1860. His lasting fame depended exclusively on his final contest, when he faced American champion John Camel Heenan in a battle which was widely considered to be boxing's first world championship. It ended in chaos when the spectators invaded the ring, and the referee finally declared a draw. Regarded as a national hero, Sayers, for whom the considerable sum of £3,000 was raised by public subscription, then retired from the ring. After his death five years later at the age of 39, a huge crowd watched his cortège on its journey to London's Highgate Cemetery. Early years Tom Sayers was born in May 1826 in a slum in the Brighton alley of Pimlico (now Tichborne Street) not far from the Royal Pavilion. He was the youngest of the five children of William Sayers (33), a shoemaker, and his wife Maria, ten years her husband's senior. At the age of six, Tom became a Jack-in-the-water, earning a few coppers performing small duties for holidaymakers and fishermen on Brighton beach. Claims that he attended school in 1836 may be unfounded, and he was barely literate. At the age of thirteen, he went to London, where he stayed with his sister Eliza and her husband Robert King, a builder. Sayers became a bricklayer, and for the next seven years shuttled between his home town and the capital. He is known to have worked on the London Road viaduct outside Brighton, and may well have taken part in the construction of London's King's Cross Station. In an anecdote of his early life, it was reported that whilst working on the construction of Wandsworth Prison, he was struck by his supervisor, described as a "great big bully of a fellow", and on his returning the blow, it was decided to carry on the fight at a nearby common. Here, after a tremendous battle, Sayers prevailed, knocking out his adversary. In 1846, he finally settled in the capital, taking up residence in the notorious slum of Agar Town, just north of where St Pancras Station now stands. It was around 1847 that he set up home in a more salubrious part of Camden Town with Sarah Henderson. Only fifteen years old, Sarah was unable to marry without her father's permission, and her daughter Sarah (1850–1891), and son Tom (1852–1936) by Sayers were consequently illegitimate. Prize ring career Early career Although the prize ring had long been illegal, it continued as an underground activity, and Sayers, having earned a considerable reputation from a number of informal fights, decided to try to make a living with his fists. His first contest as a professional was on 19 March 1849 near Greenhithe when he defeated Abe Couch (or Crouch). His next contest was with Dan Collins on 22 October 1850 at Edenbridge, Kent. The fight was interrupted after 9 rounds by the local constabulary. The fight recommenced at Red Hill but was abandoned in a draw as darkness descended. The two fighters met again on 29 April 1851 at Long Reach, the result being victory to Sayers. Sayers next took on Jack Grant for £100 a side, the fight taking place at Mildenhall, Suffolk on 29 June 1852. For this fight, Grant had Harry Orme in his corner whilst Sayers was attended by Nat Adams and Bob Fuller. The fight lasted 64 rounds, Sayers ending up as victor. Tom Sayers next fight was with Jack Martin, who was backed by Ben Caunt. The fight took place on 26 January 1853, Sayers winning after 23 rounds. Loss to Nat Langham In 1853, Sayers challenged Nat Langham, who, despite the absence of formal weight divisions, was widely accepted as England's middleweight champion. The fight took place on 18 October 1853 at Lakenheath, Suffolk. This was Sayers's toughest fight so far, and a combination of illness and inexperience contributed to his first and only defeat. The wily Langham gained the upper hand by temporarily blinding his opponent with frequent blows to the eyes. The end came in the 61st round with Sayers unable to see his opponent, who could therefore strike him at will. Sayers was still reluctant to quit, however, and one of his seconds, Alec Keene was forced to "throw up the sponge" to signify the end of the contest. Once his eyes were healed, Sayers requested a re-match but Langham announced his retirement from the prize-ring. Still, Sayers had fought well, and defeat did not damage his career. But his marriage that same year to Sarah Henderson, by now old enough to marry without her father's permission, was soon in ruins as she left to live with another man. To make matters worse, on top of an expensive failure to set himself up as a publican, he had great difficulty arranging another payday in the ring. He had one further victory against a fighter near his own weight before taking on much heavier men. The fighter was George Sims, described by the boxing chronicle Pugilistica as " a civil, well-behaved, courageous fellow, ridiculously over-estimated by his friends". The one-sided contest took place at Longreach on 2 February 1854, Sayers knocking his opponent out after 4 rounds of fighting, taking just 5 minutes. Challenges heavyweight fighters At this stage of his career, men of his own size considered Sayers just too dangerous to fight. Finally and in desperation, he took the bold step of challenging a leading heavyweight. According to Alan Lloyd in "The Great Prize Fight" and Alan Wright in "Tom Sayers: the last great bare-knuckle champion", this decision was driven by John Gideon. John Gideon was a gentleman 'bookie' with influential and wealthy connections. He took a liking to Sayers after watching him fight Langham and stepped forward to become Sayers' manager. He would guide Sayers through the most successful part of his career as the two men became firm friends. In convincing Sayers to challenge the heavyweights, Gideon was breaking convention. The convention – though it was never a formal rule – was that men fought others of their own size, and few gave him much chance against the highly regarded Harry Paulson. Paulson was shorter than Sayers by an inch but was described as "a perfect Hercules in the torso, weighing 12st. 7lb. in hard condition." Sayers, however, was undaunted, and in January 1856, a convincing victory raised him to a new level. Sayers' next two fights were with Aaron Jones in the early months of 1857. The first contest ended in a draw after 62 rounds of fighting but Sayers won the subsequent bout on 10 February 1857. According to the boxing chronicler, Fred Henning: "this battle brought the plucky Brighton Boy still nearer to the coveted title, and it was evident that giving away weight made very little matter to him and he proved by his conquering of the two heavy weights that he must have some chance for the Championship, so his friends were determined that he should have a try when the opportunity offered itself" Fight for the championship At this time, there was no undisputed champion of England amongst the heavier fighters. Harry Broome, who had won the title in 1851 against William Perry (known as the "Tipton Slasher") and defended it against Harry Orme in 1853, had forfeited an arranged re-match with William Perry and had written to the editor of the sporting paper Bell's Life in London in August 1853, when he "intimated his intention of retiring from the Prize Ring". In early 1855, fight supporters commissioned a new championship belt, the previous one "having gone astray". The subscription raised £100 and a Bond Street jeweller was asked to make the new belt. At this date there were thought to be 5 possible contenders for the Championship: William Perry, Harry Broome, Harry Orme, Tom Paddock and Aaron Jones. William Perry claimed the title for himself and attempted to set up fights with Aaron Jones and Tom Paddock in 1856, however both forfeited to him rather than fight, which gave the opportunity for Sayers to fight for the championship. On 3 March 1857, the articles for a fight between Sayers and the Tipton Slasher were signed. The fight was to be for £100 per side plus the new Championship belt. According to one of the chroniclers of the Prize Ring, many thought it was "a wild, mad, revolutionary idea to match a 10st. 10lb. man of 5ft. 8in. against a 14 stoner of over 6ft., and the latter, mind you, no duffer, but the Champion of England, who had won his title by hard fighting". Perry was so confident of winning that he sold his pub in Spon Lane, West Bromwich, and staked the proceeds on himself at 6 to 4 on odds. However, although confident of winning, he did not underestimate Sayers and he trained hard for the fight. This fight, Perry's final one, took place on 16 June 1857 on the Isle of Grain. During the fight, Sayers demonstrated his ring craft as he moved swiftly, dodging the Slasher's heaviest punches. According to one eye-witness report, Perry's tactics were at fault as, despite being slower on his feet, he tried to force the pace of the fight, instead of fighting defensively and using his powers as a counter-hitter. In the end, Sayers won a convincing victory after 10 rounds of fighting, lasting 1 hour and 42 minutes. Championship defences Sayers first fight as champion was with Bill Benjamin on the Isle of Grain on 5 January 1858. According to the sporting paper, Bell's Life in London, Benjamin's real name was William Bainge, and he was a complete novice at prizefighting. Sayers won easily after 3 rounds of fighting, which took just 6 and a half minutes. On 16 June 1858, Sayers took on and beat the experienced fighter Tom Paddock on Canvey Island. In the 21st round, Sayers, noting that exhausted Paddock could hardly see and was incapable of defending himself, shook his opponent by the hand and led him back to his corner, prompting Paddock's seconds to "throw up the sponge". On 5 April 1859, Sayers fought a rematch with a much improved Bill Benjamin. Sayers came out on top, defeating his opponent in 11 rounds. On 20 September 1859 a fight took place with the Birmingham-based Bob Brettle, The contest differed from Sayers' recent fights in that Brettle was slightly the lighter man. In the 7th round, Brettle dislocated his shoulder and so was unable to continue, giving victory and the £600 stake money to Sayers. In 1859 Sayers accepted a challenge from US champion John Camel Heenan known as the Benicia Boy. The fight with John C. Heenan By this time the prize ring was in utter disrepute – and virtually ignored by everyone outside the ranks of the Fancy, as the followers of boxing were known – yet the Sayers–Heenan fight caught the public imagination on both sides of the Atlantic. In the words of The Times, "this challenge has led to an amount of attention being bestowed on the prize ring which it has never received before", while in America, the New York Clipper observed that "'Whate'er we do, where'er we be,' fight, fight, fight is the topic that engrosses all attention". Efforts of a number of concerned citizens to have the illegal event prevented came to nothing, and the battle took place at Farnborough in Hampshire on the morning of Tuesday, 17 April 1860. From contemporary reports it appears that the fight took place in a field just east of Farnborough North railway station. Transport from London to the venue was provided by South Western Railways. According to one eyewitness: "Several members of Parliament were present, and among the "nobility and gentry," besides the noble owner of the property, we were shown the Duke of Sutherland, the Marquis of Stafford, and Colonel Peel. There were about two thousand persons, and in the crowd were very many of the London celebrities in the literary, artistic, and sporting world." Sayers' seconds for the fight were Harry Brunton and Jemmy Walsh, whilst Heenan was attended by Jack MacDonald and Jim Cusick. It was on the face of it an unequal contest: Sayers was conceding forty pounds in weight, five inches in height and eight years in age. Heenan won the toss for corners and placed himself at an advantage with his back to the sun. At about half-past seven in the morning, the contest started. According to one report, Heenan had the better of the opening rounds, knocking down Sayers in the 3rd and 4th rounds. To make matters worse for Sayers, his right arm was damaged in the 6th round, warding off a blow from Heenan, and he had to fight one-handed for most of a ferocious contest which went on for more than two hours. However, in the next round, which one reporter called "a fine specimen of stratagem and skill", Sayers struck several blows around and on Heenan's right eye, which had the effect of closing it for the remainder of the fight. In the 37th round, the fight descended into chaos when Heenan held Sayers around the neck on the ropes. The ropes were let down and the crowd invaded the ring, and it also became clear that the police were in the vicinity, keen to put a stop to proceedings. The referee, having been "forced from his post" tried to bring the contest to an end but the ring was reformed and five more rounds fought before the referee could finally end the contest. The fight was finally declared a draw, but hostilities continued for some weeks outside the ring, with the American camp claiming that Heenan had been cheated of victory, and the British insisting that Sayers had been on top. According to Iain Manson, a careful study of newspaper reports of the fight and the subsequent controversy leaves little doubt that Heenan was on the verge of victory when the action was stopped. Others say the match was a draw. However, according to Alan Wright's book "Tom Sayers: the last great bareknuckle champion", Heenan's attempted strangling of Sayers did not stop the fight, nor did the subsequent invasion of the ring by Sayers' supporters. This account says that order was nearly restored and the ring re-pitched yards away. The fight continued for four or five rounds with neither man able to box proficiently. When the Police were spotted at the edge of the field, the entire throng, including the fighters, made a bolt for it and the fight ended there. The fight stirred up considerable public interest. According to one source: "newspapers were filled with frenzied denunciations, Parliament angrily discussed the question, Palmerston quoted, with every sign of satisfaction, a French journalist who saw in the contest a type of the national character for indomitable perseverance in determined effort". Differences between the two men were finally patched up, and both were awarded a specially made championship belt at the Alhambra Theatre, London on 30 May 1860. The tour of England, Ireland and Scotland which they then undertook together was, however, only a partial success. On 4 June the fighters performed an exhibition bout at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester. After retirement from prizefighting Involvement with the circus business After the Heenan fight of 1860, Tom Sayers never fought again. A public subscription was raised for him after the fight, and he received the sum of £3,000, enough to fund a comfortable retirement. This money was safely invested following the advice of John Gideon. In the Autumn of 1860, Sayers was engaged by the American circus company, Howes and Cushing, at a reported wage of £55 per week plus expenses. In October 1861, it was announced that Sayers had purchased the circuses of Howes and Cushing as well as "Jem Meyers's Great American Circus". Advertised as Tom Sayers' Champion Circus, pitched in the towns of Wisbech, March, Chatteris and Ely in April 1862 and described as "a mere wreck of what it was a few years earlier". It toured Britain but was sold off by auction in November 1862. Sayers' marriage had broken down in the mid 1850s, after which time he and his two children had been living with a married woman called Charlotte. However, in early 1863, this relationship came to an acrimonious end, as the couple appeared in Clerkenwell Police Court, where Sayers accused Charlotte of breaking his windows and Charlotte accused him of breaking her furniture and throwing her out. The auction of his circus in 1862 did not end Sayers' involvement with the circus business, as in November 1863, it was reported that "Tom Sayers and his Company" would be putting on a combined performance with Howes's American Circus. At ringside with Heenan The bout with Heenan was Sayers' last prizefight. However, he made one last appearance in the prizefighting ring, when on 10 December 1863, he was one of Heenan's seconds, when the American returned to England to fight the then champion, Tom King. Heenan had been trained for the fight by his countryman, Jack MacDonald with the assistance of Hennan's brother, James. According to his own account, MacDonald only found out that Sayers would appear as his assistant on the morning of the fight, having been told that James Heenan would be fulfilling that role. Sayers' appearance was explained as conforming to the "etiquette of the profession". It was also speculated that Heenan's party may have hoped that Sayers' prestige, would "scatter dismay in the ranks of King's followers". However, it was clear from his appearance at the fight that Sayers was unwell and he was unable to assist Heenan during the fight, which Heenan lost. Sayers had bet heavily on Heenan, losing hundreds of pounds. In January 1864, legal proceedings were initiated against the fighters, seconds and other prominent participants in the prizefight. The proceedings concluded in April with the chief participants having to lodge £100 surety with the court in case of further court action. In Liverpool on 25 and 26 January 1864, Myers' American Circus was hired by John Heenan, who invited Sayers to recreate the "Great Battle of Farnborough". In June 1864, it was reported that Sayers was promoting a benefit evening for the boxer Jem Mace, hiring the Standard Theatre, Shoredich for the occasion. Illness and death In December 1864, Sayers appeared in the betting ring together with Heenan at the Croydon Steeplechase meeting. Sayers was described as being "haggard, thin and wretched". In February 1865, Sporting Life reported that he was very seriously ill and confined to his house in Camden Town. A medical examination revealed him to be showing the symptoms of consumption aggravated by diabetes. It was also reported that Heenan had visited him and "spent some time in cheering up his great opponent of Farnborough". In April 1865, Sayers was well enough to make a visit to Brighton, appearing "robust and strong" but by August, whilst staying with his sister, it became clear that the disease in his lungs meant he would not survive many weeks. His last permanent address (1860–64) was at 51 Camden Street in Camden Town. He died at No. 257 Camden High Street on 8 November 1865, in the presence of his father and two children and his funeral a week later attracted some 100,000 people to Camden Town. According to the Spectator magazine, the crowd that accompanied the coffin, stretched for more than two miles in length and the bier was drawn by four sable-plumed horses, Sayer's dog sitting alone in a pony cart. Misfortune pursued him beyond the grave. His estranged (but not divorced) wife, who now had three sons by the man for whom she had left him, went to court to disinherit her two children by Sayers. The parents' subsequent marriage had not changed their legal status, and a judge ruled that, while they were certainly illegitimate, it could not be proved that Sayers was not the father of his wife's other three children. These must therefore be regarded as legitimate, and entitled to inherit his estate. Tom Sayers is buried in Highgate Cemetery, his marble tomb, the work of the sculptor Morton Edwards, guarded by the stone image of his mastiff, Lion, who was chief mourner at his funeral. The house in Camden where he died now has an English Heritage blue plaque. Career record \|- \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"\|12 Wins, 1 Loss, 3 Draws \|- style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;" \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Result \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Opponent \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Date \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Location \| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "\|Duration \|- \| Win \| Abe Couch \| 1849-03-19 \| Greenhithe, Kent \| 13 minutes (6 rounds) \|- \| style="background: #dae2f1"\|Draw \| Dan Collins \| 1850-10-22 \| Edenbridge, Kent \| 1 hour 52 minutes (39 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Dan Collins \| 1851-04-29 \| Long Reach, Kent \| 1 hour 24 minutes (44 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Jack Grant \| 1852-06-29 \| Mildenhall, Suffolk \| 2 hours 30 minutes (64 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Jack Martin \| 1853-01-26 \| Long Reach, Kent \| 55 minutes (23 rounds) \|- \| Loss \| Nat Langham \| 1853-10-18 \| Lakenheath, Suffolk \| 2 hours 2 minutes (60 rounds) \|- \| Win \| George Sims \| 1854-02-28 \| Long Reach, Kent \| 5 minutes (4 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Harry Paulson \| 1856-01-29 \| Appledore, Kent \| 3 hours, 8 minutes (109 rounds) \|- \| style="background: #dae2f1"\|Draw \| Aaron Jones \| 1857-01-06 \| Canvey Island, Essex \| 3 hours (62 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Aaron Jones \| 1857-02-10 \| Canvey Island, Essex \| 2 hours (85 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Bill Perry \| 1857-06-16 \| Isle of Grain, Kent \| 1 hour 15 minutes (10 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Bill Benjamin \| 1858-01-05 \| Isle of Grain, Kent \| 7 minutes (3 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Tom Paddock \| 1858-06-15 \| Canvey Island, Essex \| 1 hour 20 minutes (21 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Bill Benjamin \| 1859-04-05 \| Isle of Grain, Kent \| 22 minutes (11 rounds) \|- \| Win \| Bob Brettle \| 1859-09-20 \| Ashford, Kent \| 15 minutes (7 rounds) \|- \| style="background: #dae2f1"\|Draw \| John C. Heenan \| 1860-04-17 \| Farnborough, Hampshire \| 2 hours 10 minutes (42 rounds) In fiction A fictionalised Tom Sayers appeared in a series of weekly adventures penned for the story paper The Marvel by Amalgamated Press writer Arthur S. Hardy (real name Arthur Joseph Steffens, b. 28 September 1873) in the first decade of the twentieth century. Hardy's version of Sayers was an Edwardian actor-manager, touring Britain's theatres and music halls with staged recreations of his boxing triumphs in a career move very loosely based on the real Sayers's circus venture. This romanticised figure was revived and further developed as a central character in The Kingdom of Bones, a 2007 novel by Stephen Gallagher. Tom Sayers is mentioned in Dorothy L. Sayers's mystery novel The Nine Tailors (1937). [The two Sayers were unrelated.] Sayers appears in George du Maurier's first novel Peter Ibbetson (Part Two). A detailed account of the Sayers-Heenan fight appears in Hugh Walpole's The Fortress. A recreation of the Sayers-Heenan fight is the event around which the action of Episode 13.6, The Noble Art, of Midsomer Murders revolves. Notes Further reading Brooks, Chris. Burying Tom Sayers. Annual of The Victorian Society, 1989. Gallagher, Stephen. The Kingdom of Bones. Random House/Shaye Areheart Books, 2007. Langley, Tom. The Life of Tom Sayers. Vance Harvey Publishing, 1973. Lloyd, Alan. The Great Prize Fight. Cassell, 1977. Manson, Iain. The Lion and the Eagle. SportsBooks, 2008. Miles, Henry Downes (editor). Tom Sayers, sometime champion of England, his life and pugilistic career. S.O Beeton, 1866. Wright, Alan. Tom Sayers: the last great bare-knuckle champion. The Book Guild, 1994. External links Tom Sayers John Camel Heenan Sayers–Heenan fight 1826 births 1865 deaths Sportspeople from Brighton English male boxers Bare-knuckle boxers 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Burials at Highgate Cemetery Tuberculosis deaths in England	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Sayers
Bartter syndrome (BS) is a rare inherited disease characterised by a defect in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which results in low potassium levels (hypokalemia), increased blood pH (alkalosis), and normal to low blood pressure. There are two types of Bartter syndrome: neonatal and classic. A closely associated disorder, Gitelman syndrome, is milder than both subtypes of Bartter syndrome. Signs and symptoms In 90% of cases, neonatal Bartter syndrome is seen between 24 and 30 weeks of gestation with excess amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios). After birth, the infant is seen to urinate and drink excessively (polyuria, and polydipsia, respectively). Life-threatening dehydration may result if the infant does not receive adequate fluids. About 85% of infants dispose of excess amounts of calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria) and kidneys (nephrocalcinosis), which may lead to kidney stones. In rare occasions, the infant may progress to kidney failure. Patients with classic Bartter syndrome may have symptoms in the first two years of life, but they are usually diagnosed at school age or later. Like infants with the neonatal subtype, patients with classic Bartter syndrome also have polyuria, polydipsia, and a tendency to dehydration, but normal or just slightly increased urinary calcium excretion without the tendency to develop kidney stones. These patients also have vomiting and growth retardation. Kidney function is also normal if the disease is treated, but occasionally patients proceed to end-stage kidney failure. Bartter syndrome consists of low levels of potassium in the blood, alkalosis, normal to low blood pressures, and elevated plasma renin and aldosterone. Numerous causes of this syndrome probably exist. Diagnostic pointers include high urinary potassium and chloride despite low serum values, increased plasma renin, hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus on kidney biopsy, and careful exclusion of diuretic abuse. Excess production of prostaglandins by the kidneys is often found. Magnesium wasting may also occur. Homozygous patients experience severe hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Pathophysiology Bartter syndrome is caused by mutations of genes encoding proteins that transport ions across renal cells in the thick ascending limb of the nephron also called as the ascending loop of Henle. Specifically, mutations directly or indirectly involving the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter are key. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter is involved in electroneutral transport of one sodium, one potassium, and two chloride ions across the apical membrane of the tubule. The basolateral calcium-sensing receptor has the ability to downregulate the activity of this transporter upon activation. Once transported into the tubule cells, sodium ions are actively transported across the basolateral membrane by Na+/K+-ATPases, and chloride ions pass by facilitated diffusion through basolateral chloride channels. Potassium, however, is able to diffuse back into the tubule lumen through apical potassium channels, returning a net positive charge to the lumen and establishing a positive voltage between the lumen and interstitial space. This charge gradient is obligatory for the paracellular reabsorption of both calcium and magnesium ions. Proper function of all of these transporters is necessary for normal ion reabsorption along the thick ascending limb, and loss of any component can result in functional inactivation of the system as a whole and lead to the presentation of Bartter syndrome. Loss of function of this reabsorption system results in decreased sodium, potassium, and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, as well as abolishment of the lumen-positive voltage, resulting in decreased calcium and magnesium reabsorption. Loss of reabsorption of sodium here also has the undesired effect of abolishing the hypertonicity of the renal medulla, severely impairing the ability to reabsorb water later in the distal nephron and collecting duct system, leading to significant diuresis and the potential for volume depletion. Finally, increased sodium load to the distal nephron elicits compensatory reabsorption mechanisms, albeit at the expense of potassium by excretion by principal cells and resulting hypokalemia. This increased potassium excretion is partially compensated by α-intercalated cells at the expense of hydrogen ions, leading to metabolic alkalosis. Bartter and Gitelman syndromes can be divided into different subtypes based on the genes involved: Diagnosis People with Bartter syndrome present symptoms that are identical to those of patients who are on loop diuretics like furosemide, given that the loop diuretics target the exact transport protein that is defective in the syndrome (at least for type 1 Bartter syndrome). The other subtypes of the syndrome involve mutations in other transporters that result in functional loss of the target transporter. Patients often admit to a personal preference for salty foods. The clinical findings characteristic of Bartter syndrome is hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and normal to low blood pressure. These findings may also be caused by other conditions, which may cause confusion. When diagnosing a Bartter's syndrome, the following conditions must be ruled out as possible causes of the symptomatology: Chronic vomiting: These patients will have low urine chloride levels; they have relatively higher urine chloride levels. Abuse of diuretic medications (water pills): The physician must screen urine for multiple diuretics before a diagnosis is made. Magnesium deficiency and calcium deficiency: These patients will also have low serum and urine magnesium and calcium. Patients with Bartter syndrome may also have elevated renin and aldosterone levels. Prenatal Bartter syndrome can be associated with polyhydramnios. Related conditions Bartter and Gitelman syndromes are both characterized by low levels of potassium and magnesium in the blood, normal to low blood pressure, and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. However, Bartter syndrome is also characterized by high renin, high aldosterone, hypercalciuria, and an abnormal Na+-K+-2Cl− transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, whereas Gitelman syndrome causes hypocalciuria and is due to an abnormal thiazide-sensitive transporter in the distal segment. Pseudo-Bartter's syndrome is a syndrome of similar presentation as Bartter syndrome but without any of its characteristic genetic defects. Pseudo-Bartter's syndrome has been seen in cystic fibrosis, as well as in excessive use of laxatives. Treatment Medically supervised sodium, chloride and potassium supplementation is necessary, and spironolactone can be also used to reduce potassium loss. Free and unqualified access to water is necessary to prevent dehydration, as patients maintain an appropriate thirst response. In severe cases where supplementation alone cannot maintain biochemical homeostasis, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to reduce glomerular filtration and can be very useful, although may cause gastric irritation and should be administered alongside stomach acid suppression therapies. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors can also be used to reduce glomerular filtration rate. In young babies and children, a low threshold to check serum electrolytes during periods of illness compromising fluid intake is necessary. Surveillance renal ultrasound should be employed to monitor for the development of nephrocalcinosis, a common complication which further augments urinary concentrating difficulty. Prognosis The limited prognostic information available suggests that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of infants and young children with classic Bartter Syndrome may improve growth and perhaps intellectual development. On the other hand, sustained hypokalemia and hyperreninemia can cause progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, resulting in end-stage kidney disease (kidney failure). With early treatment of the electrolyte imbalances, the prognosis for patients with classic Bartter Syndrome is good. History The condition is named after Dr. Frederic Bartter, who, along with Dr. Pacita Pronove, first described it in 1960 and in more patients in 1962. References External links Nephrology Congenital disorders Channelopathies Rare syndromes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartter%20syndrome
Perthshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1885, representing a seat for one Member of Parliament (MP). Creation The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Perthshire. Boundaries The constituency was created to cover the county of Perth, minus the burgh of Perth, which was a component of the Perth Burghs constituency. The Scottish Reform Act 1832 transferred from Perthshire to Clackmannanshire and Kinross-shire the parishes of Tulliallan, Culross and Muckhart and the Perthshire portions of the parishes of Logie and Fossaway. History The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1885. As a result of the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the Perthshire constituency was divided to create Eastern Perthshire and Western Perthshire in 1885. Members of Parliament Election results Elections in the 1830s Campbell succeeded to the peerage, becoming 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane and causing a by-election. Elections in the 1840s Murray succeeded to the peerage, becoming 4th Earl of Mansfield and causing a by-election. Elections in the 1850s Elections in the 1860s Elections in the 1870s Stirling-Maxwell's death caused a by-election. Elections in the 1880s Notes and references Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster) Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885 History of Perth and Kinross Politics of Perth and Kinross	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
The Ice Harvest is the debut novel of Scott Phillips. The story, set in 1979, was published to wide acclaim in 2000. Critical reception Publishers Weekly called the book a "darkly delicious debut comic thriller." The New York Times called it "bitterly funny," writing that the crime genre "has found a sterling new champion in Phillips." Awards and nominations Silver Medal - First Work of Fiction, by the California Book Awards (for books published in 2000). It was shortlisted for the CWA Gold Dagger for best crime novel of 2001. Film, TV or theatrical adaptations It was adapted into a film of the same name in 2005. Release details References 2000 American novels American crime novels Fiction set in 1979 Novels set in the 1970s Novels set in Kansas Culture of Wichita, Kansas American novels adapted into films Ballantine Books books 2000 debut novels	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ice%20Harvest%20%28novel%29
Major Thomas "Robin" Valerian Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran, (born 21 April 1935), is a former British bobsledder and Northern Irish politician, known as Robin Dixon. He is a former Conservative Party Shadow Minister for the Olympics. Early life Dixon was educated at Eton and Grenoble in France. After university, he served with the Grenadier Guards from 1954 to 1966, including service in the Cyprus Emergency. Sports career In 1964, Dixon was granted leave from the army to participate in the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, where he won the gold medal in the Two-man Bobsleigh as brakeman to Tony Nash. Nash and Dixon also won three medals in the two-man event at the FIBT World Championships with one gold (1965) and two bronzes (1963, 1966). Dixon retained his sporting links throughout his life: he was President of the Jury at the 1976 Winter Olympics, set up the Ulster Games Foundation in 1983, and was appointed Chairman of the Northern Ireland Tall Ships Council in 1987. He has been President of the British Bobsleigh Association since 1987. Business Dixon retired from the army in 1966 with the rank of Major and went on to work for Kodak in their public relations department and in 1971 joined the Northern Irish business, Redland Tile and Brick Ltd, which he built up into a multimillion-pound subsidiary of Redland plc and became managing director. In 1983, he was appointed High Sheriff of Antrim. Upon the 1995 death of his father, the 2nd Baron Glentoran, Dixon inherited his title, and he retired from business in 1998. Political career Dixon was Chairman of Positively Belfast from 1992 to 1996, Chairman of the "Growing a Green Economy" Committee from 1993 to 1995 and has been Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland, Shadow Minister for Sport and Shadow Minister for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. He is also a member of the British-Irish Parliamentary Body. Lord Glentoran was one of 92 hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches until his retirement from the House on 1 June 2018. Personal life Lord Glentoran has three sons from his first wife, Rona (divorced in 1975), and lives with his third wife, Margaret, in their family home, Drumadarragh House, near Ballyclare. His eldest son, Daniel, has two sons; his second, Andrew, a son and a daughter, and his youngest, Patrick, has one daughter. Honours Dixon and his driver, Tony Nash, were inducted into the British Bobsleigh Hall of Fame as a result of their success. In the 1969 New Year Honours, Dixon was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), as was Nash, for services to winter sports. A curve at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun is named for both Nash and Dixon. In 1987, Dixon was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion, Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd and 87th). Dixon was promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1992 Birthday Honours for services to sport and to the community in Northern Ireland. See also List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords References External links Robin Dixon profile Stratagem Bobsleigh two-man Olympic medalists 1932-56 and since 1964 Sports 123 Bobsleigh two-man world championship medalists since 1931 Sports 123 Hall of Fame British Bobsleigh Association St. Moritz, Switzerland bobsleigh and skeleton track map featuring the Nash-Dixon corner. Olympia Bobrun Wallenchinsky, David (1984) "Bobsled: Two-man". In The Complete Book of the Olympics: 1896-1980 New York: Penguin Books; p. 559 1935 births Living people Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom Bobsledders at the 1964 Winter Olympics Bobsledders at the 1968 Winter Olympics British male bobsledders Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers Grenadier Guards officers High Sheriffs of Antrim People educated at Eton College British military personnel of the Cyprus Emergency Olympic bobsledders for Great Britain Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain People from Ballyclare Olympic medalists in bobsleigh British sportsperson-politicians Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics Hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999 Peers retired under the House of Lords Reform Act 2014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Dixon%2C%203rd%20Baron%20Glentoran
New York State Route 210 (NY 210) is a state highway in Orange County, New York, in the United States. It runs north from the New Jersey state line—where it continues south as Passaic County Route 511 (CR 511)—along the west shore of Greenwood Lake to the eponymous village of Greenwood Lake, where it ends at a junction with NY 17A. It was once much longer, as it originally extended east along NY 17A and CR 106 in Orange and Rockland counties to Stony Point when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. The route was truncated to its current length in 1982. Prior to becoming NY 210 in 1930, the road alongside Greenwood Lake was part of NY 55, a route connecting New Jersey to Goshen, in the 1920s. Route description NY 210 commences at the New York–New Jersey state line in the town of Warwick, where it connects to CR 511 in West Milford Township, Passaic County, New Jersey. Like CR 511 in New Jersey, NY 210 is the primary lakeside roadway along Greenwood Lake, an interstate lake located roughly equally in New Jersey and New York. NY 210 heads north from the state line along the western edge of the base of a deep valley surrounding the lake to a community known as Indian Park, entirely situated on the steep incline leading away from the lake. The route continues on to the eponymous village of Greenwood Lake, located at the northern tip of the lake. NY 210 enters the village center from the west on Jersey Avenue. It follows the village street for four blocks to Windermere Avenue, where it turns to follow that street to the northeast. The route terminates nine blocks later upon intersecting NY 17A north of the village center. History Old roads From 1930 to 1982, NY 210 extended eastward into Rockland County. This extension was primarily made up of several highways that were previously part of a privately maintained road. On March 10, 1824, the New York State Legislature passed a law incorporating the Monroe and Haverstraw Road Company. The new company was tasked with building a turnpike from the hamlet of Monroe (now Southfields) east to the town of Haverstraw, where it ended at a fork in the road somewhere in the town. The turnpike company ceased to exist on April 28, 1870, when the legislature passed a law repealing the 1824 document that created the turnpike company. The highway was subsequently sold off in order to pay off the debts of the company and to finance repairs to bridges along the road. When Harriman State Park opened in 1910, the Monroe–Haverstraw highway was renamed Southfields Road. Three years later, a portion of the route became part of Seven Lakes Drive, a major highway built to traverse the park. In 1916, Rockland County numbered its highways for the first time. The Rockland County section of the former Monroe and Haverstraw Road was designated as CR 416 at this time. From 1919 to 1920, the highway was reconstructed and rebuilt to state standards. Designation In the late 1920s, what is now NY 210 was originally designated as part of NY 55, a connector between NY 17 in Goshen and the New Jersey state line south of the village of Greenwood Lake. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 55 was incorporated into two longer routes: NY 210 from New Jersey to Greenwood Lake and NY 17A from Greenwood Lake to Goshen. Initially, NY 17A ended in Greenwood Lake while NY 210 continued east to U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) on the banks of the Hudson River in West Haverstraw. From Greenwood Lake to Southfields, NY 210 was routed on modern NY 17A. The route continued east from there along Southfields Road to the eastern fringe of Harriman State Park, at which point it headed to West Haverstraw via Willow Grove and Letchworth Village roads, Suffern Lane, and Railroad Avenue. By 1933, NY 17A was extended eastward along NY 210 to Southfields, completing the alternate loop of NY 17, while NY 210 was realigned on its east end by 1938 to end at US 9W in Stony Point. Instead of following Willow Point Road, the highway remained on modern Gate Hill Road to the vicinity of Stony Point, where it entered the hamlet on Main Street. It was rerouted again between 1968 and 1973 to bypass Main Street to the south on Central Drive. On April 1, 1980, ownership and maintenance of the portion of NY 210 from NY 17 to the Orange–Rockland county line was transferred from the state of New York to Orange County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. Two years later, the portion of the route within Rockland County was turned over from the state to the county. As a result, NY 210 was truncated to the former western terminus of its overlap with NY 17A in Greenwood Lake. The former routing of NY 210 is now designated as CR 106 in both Orange and Rockland counties. Accidents Over the years, at least two fatal accidents have occurred on the portion of NY 210 that runs alongside Greenwood Lake. On July 15, 1940, a Brooklyn couple was killed when their car struck a stone ledge near the lake. Two others were injured in the accident. On December 1, 1968, three were killed and one person was injured when two cars had a head-on collision just north of the New Jersey state line. Major intersections See also References External links 210 Transportation in Orange County, New York	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%20210
Rees is a town in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the right bank of the Rhine, approximately 20 km east of Kleve. The population in 2005 was 22,559. Founded in 1228, Rees is the oldest town in the lower Rhine area. Geography Rees is administratively organized in eight communities: Community of Bienen Community of Empel Community of Esserden Community of Haffen Community of Haldern Community of Mehr Community of Millingen Community of Rees The neighbouring municipalities are Oude IJsselstreek (province of Gelderland, NL) and Isselburg (district of Borken) in the North, Hamminkeln and Wesel in the East, Xanten in the South (all district of Wesel), and Kalkar and Emmerich in the West. History The origin of the town is a Frankish settlement established between 500-800 AD. The name Rees most probably goes back to the Franconian term "Rys", which means "willow grove". The Lower Rhine area was Christianized by the Irish missionary Willibrord between 657-739. Around 1000 the nearby monastery of Aspel was first mentioned. On 14 July 1228 Rees was granted municipal rights by Heinrich I von Müllenark, Archbishop of Cologne. At that time it had about 600 inhabitants. In 1289/90 the works on a fortified city wall began, which was completed in 1350. In 1392 Rees and the monastery of Aspel became parts of the County of Cleves. During the Eighty Years War, the town was captured by Spanish troops in 1598. After the death of the last duke of Cleves in 1609 the town belonged to the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Between 1616 and 1625 Rees was occupied by Dutch troops who transformed the town into a huge fortress. In 1701 Rees became a part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1816 Rees became capital of the newly founded Rees District within Regierungsbezirk Kleve. The railway line from Oberhausen to Arnhem was inaugurated in 1856 and a railway station was built near Rees. At the beginning of the 20th century Rees had 4,096 inhabitants of whom 330 were Protestants and 52 were Jews. During the Nazi period, many Jewish inhabitants were deported. Today the only reminders of Jewish culture in Rees are two historic Jewish cemeteries. The city was almost completely destroyed by an Allied air raid on February 16, 1945 during World War II. It became part of North Rhine-Westphalia after the war. The Rhine bridge of Rees was completed in 1967. Mayor Christoph Gerwers (CDU) has been mayor of Rees since 2009. He was reelected in 2015 with 66.6% of the votes. Culture, Tourism and Points of Interest In the Middle Ages Rees was surrounded by a city wall which was built from 1289 - 1307. Several parts of the wall are well-preserved and can be visited, e.g. the "White Tower" (Weißer Turm) built in 1410 which was used as a prison until the 18th century. The watch tower (Wachturm)near the Jewish cemetery dates from 1480. It was destroyed by bombs in 1945 and rebuilt in 1993. Mühlenturm, the tallest tower, was built in 1470 and used as a windmill. It suffered comparatively little bomb damage and was renovated in 1984. Near the river bank there are further remains of the ancient city fortification. Several casemates have been restored and are open to the public. One of them (Bastei) was built in 1583 and transformed into a war memorial after 1945. The municipal Koenraad-Bosman-Museum houses various exhibitions explaining the history of Rees and pieces of art. The catholic church "Saint Mary's Ascension" (Sankt Mariä Himmelfahrt) was built from 1820-1828 in a classicist style. It was destroyed in 1945 and rebuilt from 1956-1964. The small Protestant church in the Market Place was built in 1624, destroyed in 1945 and reconstructed after the war. In the town center, there are many carefully restored wells and water pumps that have become recognizable landmarks. An annual Pumpenkirmes (Ger., "pump fair") celebrates their former role as places for work and gossip. The Jewish cemetery of Rees was founded at the beginning of the 18th century. As Jews in medieval Rees were forbidden from being buried in the city their cemetery was laid out on the medieval wall which was 8 metres broad. Thus the graves were safe in case of a Rhine flood. In 1872 the cemetery was closed because it was fully occupied and a new Jewish cemetery was founded in the outskirts of the town on Wesel Road. On 8 of November 1938 the cemetery was desecrated by the Fascists and heavily damaged by bombs on 16 February 1945. Today 24 graves can be seen on the cemetery with the oldest gravestone dating from 1788. The cemetery is not open to the public but the graves on the wall can be seen from the outside. The sculpture park of Rees was founded in 2003. Pieces of art by German und Dutch artists are exhibited. In Millingen, a former village which became a part of Rees in 1974, catholic Saint Quirin's Church dating from the 15th and 16th century is worth a visit. Rees has one of the most beautiful Rhine promenades in Germany with restaurants and cafes arranged along the riverbank. Most visitors come from the nearby Netherlands, the Münsterland, and the urban Ruhr Area, from where Rees can be easily accessed via the Autobahn A3 in approx. 30 minutes. Boat tours on the Rhine river (e.g. to Nijmegen, Netherlands) can be taken from the small shipping pier. The town offers a motorhome park, as well as three campsites and many bicycling routes. The facilities of the SV (Sportverein) Rees have been used by several national and international soccer teams, most memorably playing host to the national team of Cameroon in 2002. Haldern is venue of the Haldern Pop festival, which takes place every August and attracts indie music artists from all over the world as well as thousands of enthusiastic fans. Transportation Railway The train station Empel-Rees, located about 4 km from the city center, is connected northbound to Emmerich and Arnhem and southbound to Wesel, Oberhausen, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Bonn, and Koblenz. From the station, there is a bus line downtown. There are train stations in Millingen and Haldern as well. Major roads Rees has major road access to the Autobahn A3 and the federal roads B8 (North-South) and B67 (East-West). Inland waterways The River Rhine For pedestrians and bicyclists, transfer across the Rhine is provided by two ferries from Easter holidays through October. Nearest airports Distance to Düsseldorf Airport: ca. 75 km Distance to Airport Weeze (low cost carriers only): ca. 35 km Notable people Mirko Boland (born 1987), footballer (Eintracht Braunschweig) Konrad Heresbach (1496–1576), German Humanist Karl Leisner (1915–1945), martyr of the Catholic Church, who died as a result of mistreatment in concentration camp Dachau Vlado Stenzel (born 1934), handball player and coach Franz-Josef Tenhagen (born 1952), former footballer and coach References External links Kleve (district) Holocaust locations in Germany	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rees%2C%20Germany
Dazhou () is a prefecture-level city in the northeast corner of Sichuan province, China, bordering Shaanxi to the north and Chongqing to the east and south. As of 2020 census, Dazhou was home to 5,385,422 inhabitants whom 1,850,869 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts. History Dazhou's history goes back to the Eastern Han Dynasty when in 90 AD it was made a county by the name of Liweizhou ). Then until the Liao Dynasty its name was Zaidi (). During the Liao and Tang dynasties its name was again changed, this time to Tongzhou (). Finally in the Song Dynasty it was given its present name of Dazhou. Notable people from Dazhou include the Three Kingdoms writer Chen Shou, Song Dynasty astronomer Zhang Sixun, and Ming and Qing Dynasty philosopher and educator Tang Zhen. Dazhou also made notable contributions to the Communist Revolution. Red Army heroes such as Xu Xiangqian, Li Xiannian, Xu Shiyou, Wang Weizhou (), and Zhang Aiping were all from or lived in Dazhou. The partially preserved mausoleum complex (in particular, its gate towers, known as que of the Shen () family in Qu County, dating from the Han Dynasty, is a well-known architectural monument. Geography and climate Dazhou is the easternmost prefecture-level division of the province, bordering Ankang and Hanzhong (both in Shaanxi) to the north, Chengkou County, Kai County, and Wanzhou District of Chongqing to the east, the Chongqing counties of Liangping and Dianjiang to the south, Guang'an to the southwest, Nanchong to the west, and Bazhong to the northwest. It is centrally located between Chongqing and Xi'an. The area is . The terrain is largely mountainous (Daba Mountains and adjacent ranges). Typical of the Sichuan Basin, Dazhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons. Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though actual precipitation is low. January averages and, while frost may occur, snow is rare. Summers are long, hot and humid, with highs often exceeding . The monthly daily average in July, the warmest month, is . Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and over 70% of the annual total occurs from May to September. The annual frost-free period lasts around 300 days. Administration It is one of Sichuan's most populous cities with 5,468,097 residents as of 2010 census. Economy Dazhou is an important river and land transportation hub for the region. Numerous national highways, expressways, and rail lines pass through Dazhou connecting it directly with major cities in China such as Chengdu, Xi'an, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Beijing, etc., making it one of Sichuan's important trade centers. Dazhou has numerous natural resources including large natural gas fields and an abundance of mineral resources such as salt, coal, manganese, lithium, and limestone. Major agricultural products include pork, beef, and tea. Other industries are chemical production, coal power, metallurgy, textiles, building materials, and processed food. Tourism Dazhou has both cultural and natural attractions. There are several national and provincial cultural sites and many national and provincial protected forests and nature reserves. Xuanhan's Baili Gorges have scenery and rapids, leading to the nickname "Little Three Gorges". Mountains are this area's greatest attraction. Points of interest In Dazhou, there is a residential building with 16 floors with a 20 metres tall electricity pylon on the roof . Transportation China National Highway 210 Xiangyu Railway (Xiangyang, Hubei−Chongqing) Dazhou–Chengdu railway A branch line from Dacheng to Wanzhou, Chongqing where it connects with the Yiwan Railway Dazhou Jinya Airport, a new airport opened in May 2022 References External links Official Website Cities in Sichuan Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazhou
Straelen (; Low Rhenish: Strale) is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 10 km north-east of Venlo. Twinning : Bayon in Meurthe-et-Moselle, since 7 July 1963. ( France ). History Straelen was first mentioned in Latin as Strala in 1063. References External links Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straelen
Tadeo Gomez was a worker at Fender Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company in Fullerton, California in the 1950s. He has become famous amongst players and collectors of electric guitars for the high quality of his work and his habit of signing his name or initials on the guitars he helped to craft. His initials appear on famous guitars such as Eric Clapton's Brownie. References Guitar makers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeo%20Gomez
The Mill at Sonning is a theatre and restaurant (or dinner theater), converted from a circa-1800 flour mill on earlier foundations, on an island in the River Thames at Sonning Eye in the English county of Berkshire. The river divides into three, with the mill race forming the middle branch, spanned by one of the Sonning Backwater Bridges just downstream of the mill. The original mill was established much earlier and was mentioned in the Domesday Book. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the mill was owned by the well-known local families of May and Witherington, and it produced flour for Huntley and Palmer biscuits in the nearby town of Reading. More recently, the Mill complex has been converted into a 215-seat air-conditioned theatre, with a restaurant for pre-theatre meals and also a bar, where the original watermill is now exposed to view. Close by is the French Horn hotel, also on the river. The theatre has a small hydroelectric generator of 18.5 kW capacity, commissioned in June 2005. This was the first such installation on the Thames, predating the one at Windsor Castle. In 1984, the Mill at Sonning was given a conservation award by The Times newspaper and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors for the design, restoration and conversion of the derelict mill into a dinner theatre. The theatre's first artistic director was Peter Egan. Productions have included performances by Anthony Valentine, Judi Dench, June Whitfield, Adam Faith, Michael Denison, Dulcie Gray, John Junkin and Brian Cant. The Mill adjoins the Mill House, a circa-1800 house based on earlier foundations, acquired by the American film actor George Clooney and his wife, British human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, in 2014. See also List of dinner theaters References External links The Mill at Sonning website The Mill at Sonning on theatresonline.com Sonning Theatres in Oxfordshire Tourist attractions in Oxfordshire Sonning Buildings and structures on the River Thames Dinner theatre South Oxfordshire District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mill%20at%20Sonning
Evandro Serafim Lobo Chagas (August 10, 1905 – November 8, 1940) the eldest son of Carlos Chagas (1879-1934), noted physician and scientist who discovered Chagas disease, and brother of Carlos Chagas Filho (1910-2000), also a noted physician and scientist who was president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. In 1926 Evandro Chagas got diploma from the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and made residence at Hospital São Francisco de Assis and at Hospital Oswaldo Cruz. At the same time, he attended the specialization course in microbiology at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. In 1930 he became professor at Clinical Infectious and Tropical Diseases (in Portuguese: Clínica de Doenças Tropicais e Infecciosas) at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro, whose discipline was taught by his father, Carlos Chagas. To fill the vacancy, he defended as a thesis the cardiac form of American trypanosomiasis. Being one of the pioneers in the use of electrocardiography has made significant contributions on Chagas disease. He conducted studies on Yellow Fever, Malaria, Hookworm, and especially about the Leishmaniasis, discovering the first human cases of the disease and conducting clinical and epidemiological investigations in several states in Brazil and in Argentina. In 1931 he held the position of Human Pathology Section (in Portuguese: Seção de Patologia Humana) of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and, in 1935, represented the institution at the Ninth Meeting of the Argentine Society of Pathology North Regional, held in the city of Mendoza to honor the memory of Carlos Chagas, newly deceased. Upon returning from Argentina, he organized the service of Endemic Diseases Study, to coordinate a plan of medical and health research in several Brazilian states, promoting important research, especially on Malaria, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. He also created, in 1936, the Institute of Experimental Pathology of North (in Portuguese: Instituto de Patologia Experimental do Norte), located in Belém, Pará state, Brazil it operated as a subsidiary of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; later it would bear his name, Instituto Evandro Chagas (today one of the best known institutes on tropical medicine and virology in the world). Evandro Chagas died at an air crash in Rio de Janeiro on November 8, 1940, aged 35. References 1905 births 1940 deaths Brazilian tropical physicians Chagas disease 20th-century Brazilian physicians Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Brazil Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evandro%20Chagas
Bedburg-Hau is a municipality in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately 5 km south-east of Kleve. One of its main attractions is Museum Schloss Moyland, a castle with a museum of modern art dedicated to the German artist Joseph Beuys. The park around the castle has a sculpture garden, herbal gardens and a rose garden. Castle Moyland was first documented in 1307. In the 1740s Frederick of Prussia used the castle to meet with a lover of his. In 1766 it came into possession of the von Steengracht family, and it remained in their possession until 1990 when the foundation Stiftung Museum Schloss Moyland was formed to care for it. Once a medieval moated castle, the Castle was converted to its current appearance in the 19th century by Cologne Cathedral architect Ernst Friedrich Zwirner, who transformed it in the Gothic Revival style. After being heavily damaged in World War II, it was only after the foundation was established that a comprehensive restoration was initiated, allowing the castle to serve its current purpose. The museum was opened in 1995. The reconstruction of Moyland Schloss was finally completed in 2007 with a topping ceremony when a replica of the historical spire was placed on top of the northtower. Bedburg-Hau is also home to St. Markus Church, which was built in 1124, and the mausoleum where Prince John Maurice von Nassau-Siegen was initially buried before his bodily remnants were brought to Siegen. A large area near the railway station is dedicated territory of the mental hospital LVR-Klinik Bedburg-Hau. The terrain was established around 1910, and now has many architectural monuments. Villages within the municipality of Bedburg-Hau are Hau, Hasselt, Huisberden, Louisendorf, Schneppenbaum, Till-Moyland and Qualburg. Gallery References Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedburg-Hau
In Canada, a party whip is the member of a political party in the House of Commons of Canada, the Senate of Canada or a provincial legislative assembly charged with ensuring party discipline among members of that party's caucus. The whip is also responsible for assigning offices and scheduling speakers from his or her party for various bills, motions and other proceedings in the legislature. Responsibilities A party whip works to ensure that the number of party members in the legislature or at committee meetings is adequate to win a vote if one is called. When a vote is called in the legislature, division bells ring until the whips for each party are satisfied that there are sufficient members of their own party present for the vote to proceed. The whip's role is especially important when there is a minority government or if the government has a slim majority, as the absence of a handful of members during a confidence vote could result in the defeat of the government. Party discipline is strict in Canada, and party members are expected to vote with the rest of their party in all but a few designated free votes. Use in Canadian government James E. Walker, Chief Government Whip from 1963 to 1966, commented: "Once you get beyond the taxicab radius of Ottawa, nobody seems to have heard of a Whip. For that matter, nobody in Ottawa, three blocks from the Hill, has ever heard of the Whip either!" The post of Chief Government Whip is not a cabinet-level position. However, the Chief Government Whip may receive a concurrent appointment, such as minister without portfolio or Minister of State, and sit in cabinet by virtue of that position. For a time, the Reform Party of Canada publicly styled its parliamentary whip with the title of Caucus Coordinator rather than Whip. Current Whips Senate Government Liaison in the Senate: Patti LaBoucane-Benson Opposition Whip in the Senate: Judith Seidman House of Commons Chief Government Whip: Steven MacKinnon Deputy Government Whip: Ruby Sahota Chief Opposition Whip: Kerry-Lynne D. Findlay Deputy Chief Opposition Whip: Chris Warkentin Bloc Québécois Whip: Claude DeBellefeuille NDP Whip: Rachel Blaney List of Chief Government Whips See also Chief Whip Party whip (Australia) References External links List of Chief Government and Opposition Whips Parliament of Canada Political whips	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party%20whip%20%28Canada%29
Washington is a closed "L" station on the CTA's Red Line. It was a subway station in the State Street Subway located at 128 North State Street in the Loop. History Structure The platform at Washington is part of a long continuous platform beneath State Street which runs from the Jackson station to the Lake station, making it the United States' longest continuous passenger platform. There are two mezzanines for the station, a northern at Randolph shared with the Lake station and a southern at Madison. There are stairs and escalators along State Street between Randolph and Madison to access both mezzanines. Additionally, Washington is equipped with an elevator to the Randolph mezzanine and was therefore accessible to people with disabilities. There is another elevator between that mezzanine and State Street, which is still in use for access to the Lake station. There were two stairways on the platform to a lower level pedestrian tunnel that connected the Washington station to the Washington station in the Milwaukee–Dearborn subway, to allow transfers between the Red and Blue Lines. Lake station to the north of Washington and Washington were originally a single station, but they were separated on June 2, 1996 due to the renovation project of the Randolph-Washington mezzanine and Lake became an independent station on November 18, 1997 in order to better facilitate transfers between the Red Line subway and the elevated State/Lake station. Closure for superstation As part of the development of 108 North State Street (known as Block 37), The City of Chicago planned to construct a superstation located under the Block 37 mall. Washington station, and the lower level transfer tunnel to the Blue Line closed at midnight on October 23, 2006 for work related to the construction of this new station. Following cost overruns of $100 million, the superstation was indefinitely mothballed in June 2008. The Block 37 superstation which had already been partially built, was left abandoned. The transfer tunnel and Washington-Madison mezzanine were both closed, and the station's platform reopened in February 2010. However the station remained closed and trains never resumed stopping at the station. Post closure When the CTA closed the Washington station, most of it was left intact. Originally, no work was performed to improve the Washington-Madison mezzanine, so that if a reopening was considered. The platform changed little except for the removal of its signage. However, the signs that say Escalator: Washington-Madison and To Madison or Monroe St, were not removed for unknown reasons. Until February 2015, the Washington: To Howard and Washington: To 95/Dan Ryan signs also remained on the walls of the southern half of the Lake station. The Washington station signs on the walls remained until late 2009 when the CTA removed the station signs from the walls to indicate it was no longer a station and Washington/State was removed from CTA rail maps in January 2009. With the permanent closure of Washington, the turnstiles and fare vending machines were removed from the Washington-Madison mezzanine. , power has been cut to the Washington-Madison mezzanine. Due to its location, the Washington station is still easily accessible for pedestrian access via the Lake and Monroe stations. As of October 2019, the CTA does not consider the station to have closed permanently, but there are currently no plans to reopen the station. References External links Washington/State Station Page at Chicago-L.org CTA Red Line stations Railway stations in the United States opened in 1943 Railway stations closed in 2006 1943 establishments in Illinois 2006 disestablishments in Illinois Defunct Chicago "L" stations Railway stations in the United States closed in the 2000s	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20station%20%28CTA%20Red%20Line%29
Issum is a municipality in the district of Kleve, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately east of Geldern. Economy Issum is home to the Diebels brewery, the largest altbier brewery in the world. Notable natives Isabell Werth (born 1969), German equestrian Peter Wollny (born 1961), German musicologist References External links Official site Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issum
William Brace (23 September 1865 – 12 October 1947) was a Welsh trade unionist and Liberal and Labour politician. Early life and career Born in Risca, in the coal-mining district of Monmouthshire, he was one of six children of Thomas and Anne Brace. Brace briefly attended school before starting work at the local colliery, aged 12. He later worked at Celynnen and Abercarn collieries He soon involved himself in trade union activities and politics and in 1890 was elected the local agent for the Monmouthshire Miners' Association. He was also elected to Monmouthshire County Council. Trade Union career Brace was an early advocate of a single union for all of Britain's colliers, an issue in which he clashed with William Abraham (Mabon). Following the Welsh coal strike of 1898 the Miners' Association became part of the new South Wales Miners' Federation, and Brace was elected its first vice-president. He was later to the union's president from 1912 to 1915. Parliamentary career During the early years of the twentieth century, there was considerable debate within Welsh Liberal Party circles around the selection of working men as Liberal candidates. This had intensified after the election Keir Hardie as the first independent Welsh Labour MP in 1900. Hardie made outspoken attacks on nonconformity and the Liberal establishment and this made even moderate labour leaders such as Mabon appear suspect in the eyes of local Liberal associations. In 1903, Brace presented his name for the South Glamorganshire constituency, held since 1895 by a Conservative landowner. Only after considerable pressure from the Liberal chief whip, Herbert Gladstone, did the Liberal Association in the constituency agree to adopt Brace as their candidate. At the 1906 general election he was elected as a Liberal-Labour member of parliament for South Glamorganshire, holding the seat at the next two general elections. He continued taking the Liberal whip for some years, despite the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, which sponsored him, having affiliated to the Labour Party in 1909. During the First World War he held the post of Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in Lloyd George Coalition Government. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1916. When the South Glamorganshire seat was abolished at the 1918 general election, he was elected unopposed to represent the new Abertillery seat, this time as Labour Party MP. Later life He resigned from the House of Commons in 1920 in the wake of a bitter dispute within the miners' unions. Brace was criticised over his failure to support the "Datum Line" strike while he was equally critical of the "wild" union leaders who were determined to bring about conflict in the coalfields. He decided he could better serve the interests of the coal miners by taking up the position of Labour Advisor to the Ministry of Mines. His brother George Brace borrowed money from him and other family members to form Brace's Bakery. Brace married Nellie Humphreys in 1890. The couple had had two sons and a daughter. The younger son, Ivor Llewellyn Brace, became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Sarawak, North Borneo and Brunei. William Brace died after a long illness at his home in Allt-yr-yn, Newport in October 1947 aged 82. References Sources Books and Journals Images 1865 births 1947 deaths British trade union leaders Welsh Labour MPs Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Liberal-Labour (UK) MPs Miners' Federation of Great Britain-sponsored MPs UK MPs 1906–1910 UK MPs 1910 UK MPs 1910–1918 UK MPs 1918–1922 People from Risca Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Brace
Kerken with the towns of Aldekerk, Eyll, Nieukerk and Stenden, is a municipality in the district of Kleve in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, approx. 15 km north-east of Venlo. Personalities Sons and daughters of the city Johannes Ackermanns (1887-1962), municipal politician Franz Grobben (1904-1994), CDU politician Guido Winkmann (* 1973), football league judge Personalities who have worked on the ground Fritz Lewerentz, (1878-1945), SPD politician and victim of the Nazi dictatorship References Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerken
Gemeinlebarn is an Austrian village in the community of Traismauer in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land, Lower Austria. Its population is about 1000 inhabitants. Its Old High German name is Lewary and so most of the native "Gemeinlebarner" (citizen of Gemeinlebarn in German) call it Lewing. The village is placed in the west of "Tullner Becken" (the lowland around the city of Tulln and its surrounding). External links Homepage of the community of Traismauer Cities and towns in St. Pölten-Land District	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinlebarn
The Heavy Tank M6 was an American heavy tank designed during World War II. The tank was produced in small numbers and never saw combat. Development Because of limited budgets for tank development in the interwar years, at the outbreak of World War II the United States Army possessed few tanks, though it had been keeping track of the use of tanks in Europe and Asia. Successful employment of armored units in 1939–40, mostly by the Germans, gave momentum to a number of US tank programs, including a heavy tank. The United States possessed a massive industrial infrastructure and large numbers of engineers that would allow for mass production of tanks. Following the Chief of Infantry recommendation from May 1940, the US Army Ordnance Corps started to work on a 50-ton heavy tank design. The project was approved in June and the vehicle received the designation Heavy Tank T1. Initially, a multi-turreted design was proposed, with two main turrets each armed with a low-velocity T6 75 mm (2.95 inch) gun, a secondary turret with a 37 mm gun and a coaxial .30 caliber (7.62 mm) machine gun, and another secondary turret with a 20 mm gun and a coaxial .30 caliber machine gun. Four .30 caliber machine guns were to be installed in ball mounts, two in the glacis (front) plate and two in the rear corners of the hull. The design was somewhat similar in concept to multi-turreted breakthrough tanks developed in Europe in the 1920s and throughout the 1930s, such as the 1925 British Vickers A1E1 Independent or the Soviet T-35 of the early 1930s, albeit on a much more powerful scale: the older tank designs were typically armed with a single light or medium-caliber main gun and multiple machine guns, and had armor only sufficient to protect from small arms fire. Later in the decade, however, European tank developers switched to single-turret designs. By October, the US developers reached the same conclusion as their European counterparts. The armament was changed to a single vertically stabilized 3-inch (76.2 mm) gun and a coaxial 37 mm gun in a single three-man turret with both manual and electric traverse. The turret had a commander's cupola identical to that of the M3 Medium Tank. Additional armament consisted of two .50 caliber machine guns in a bow mount (operated by the assistant driver), two .30 caliber machine guns in the front plate (fired electrically by the driver), one .30 caliber in the commander's cupola and one .50 caliber in a rotor mount for anti-aircraft use in the right rear of the turret roof (operated by the loader). The crew consisted of commander (seated in the turret left), gunner to the right of the gun, gun loader (turret), driver and assistant driver in the front left and right of the hull respectively, and another crewman in the hull to pass ammunition to the turret. One of the main challenges was developing a powerpack for such a heavy vehicle. The Wright G-200 air-cooled radial gasoline engine was selected by a committee formed by the Society of Automotive Engineers, but no suitable transmission was available. The committee recommended developing a hydramatic transmission, while a possibility of using a torque converter or an electric transmission was also to be checked. The project was first publicly disclosed in August 1940 when the Army awarded Baldwin Locomotive Works in Pennsylvania a $5.7 million contract for the production of 50 tanks. The Army envisioned building 500 of this type. The first T1E1 was delivered to the Army in December 1941. From 1941 to 1942, three prototypes were built: one with electric transmission and two with torque converter transmission. Variants with hydramatic transmission were never completed. The prototypes also differed in hull assembly method: one had a welded hull and two had cast hulls. On 26 May 1942, two variants with torque converter transmission were standardized as M6 (cast hull) and M6A1 (welded hull). Standardization of the electric transmission equipped T1E1 as the M6A2 was never approved, but the manufacturing of the vehicle was nevertheless recommended. It was proposed by the Ordnance Corps that 115 T1E1s would be built for the US Army for "extended service tests", between that and Services of Supply instruction to increase production with the balance going to aid US allies, this would mean 50 M6s and 65 M6A1s built for the British. Production started in December 1942. Some minor changes were introduced in the production vehicles: the cupola was replaced by a double-door hatch with a ring mount, while the machine gun in a rotor mount and the left front machine gun were removed. However, by the time the M6 was ready for production, the Armored Corps had lost interest in the project. The advantages the M6 offered over medium tanks – its much thicker armor and slightly more powerful gun – were offset partly by the shortcomings of the design – such as very high silhouette, awkward internal layout and reliability problems – and partly by logistical concerns due to its weight. In early 1942, the Ordnance Department set a production target of 250 a month, with Fisher as a second contractor to meet a planned expansion in the size of the army. However, by September, the focus had changed, with tank production scaled back and more aircraft for the USAAF. Under this new "Army Supply Program", the M6 production was cut from 5,000 to a little over 100. By the end of 1942, the Armored Corps were of the opinion that the new M4 Sherman gave adequate solution for the present and the near future, while being reliable, cheap and much easier to transport and they had no need for a heavy tank. In 1943, the production target was reduced again, down to 40, being an economic cut-off. Production M6 and pilot M6A1 examples were evaluated at Fort Knox in the early part of 1943. The reports were critical of the awkward and inefficient crew stations, and the superfluous 37mm gun. However, in October, the tank had performed well enough at Aberdeen Proving Ground to proceed. The Ordnance Corps had expected the 75 mm gun to be lacking, and the T1E1 prototype was tested with a T7 90 mm gun and was found to be a satisfactory gun platform, although the poor turret layout was again noted. By this point, the M6 had been cancelled. In August 1944, the Ordnance Corps recommended modifying the T1E1s to build 15 specially armored and armed tanks to meet a need for attacking heavily fortified areas. These 77-ton vehicles – designated M6A2E1 – with thicker (equivalent to vertical protection) glacis armor and a turret developed for the T29 Heavy Tank, armed with a T5E1 105 mm gun but no increase in engine power. Ordnance believed they could be delivered by November. The proposal was put to the supreme commander in Europe General Eisenhower, who rejected them as impracticable. Two tanks were used to test the T29 turret and gun, but their armor was not modified. On 14 December 1944, the M6 was declared obsolete. Only 40 had been produced and they never left US soil. Several toured the United States for propaganda purposes, where they gave performance displays (such as car crushing) at War Bond drives and the like. All were eventually scrapped except for a single T1E1, which was put on display at the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland. The British used the horizontal volute spring suspension system of the M6 in the first of their two A33 Heavy Assault Tank "Excelsior" prototypes. Variants T1 – Cast hull, hydramatic transmission. Never built. T1E1 – Cast hull, General Electric electrical transmission. Standardization proposed as M6A2 but not accepted. 20 units built. T1E2 / M6 – Cast hull, torque converter transmission. 8 units built. T1E3 / M6A1 – Welded hull, cast turret, torque converter transmission. 12 units built. T1E4 – Welded hull, hydramatic transmission. Four GM engines. Cancelled 1942. Never built. M6A2E1 – Uparmored T1E1 fitted with a new turret with a T5E1 105 mm gun. Used for testing T29 heavy tank project armament system. Project cancelled at 22 August 1944. 2 units built. See also List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation List of U.S. military vehicles by model number TOG II* – British superheavy prototype tank for trench warfare T29 – late-war prototype heavy tank; early version turret and gun was tested on M6A2E1 variant Tanks of comparable role, performance and era German VK 30.01 (H) – prototype for the Tiger I British Excelsior – prototype heavy tank, two built, did not enter service British Churchill – heavy tank, entered service in 1941 American-British T14 – prototype heavy tank with similar specifications Soviet KV-1 – heavy tank, entered service in 1939 Hungarian 44M Tas – prototype heavy tank, didn't enter production due to military/political situation Contemporaries to M6A2E1 variant German Tiger II – late-war heavy tank, entered service in 1944 United States T26E4 "Super Pershing" heavy tank – single prototype M26 Pershing with extra armor and improved gun; fought in Western Europe during 1945 Soviet IS-2 model 1944 – heavy assault tank, entered service in 1944 Soviet IS-3 – heavy tank, entered service in 1945, did not see combat French ARL 44 – heavy tank, too late to see service References Sources R.P. Hunnicutt – Firepower: A History of the American Heavy Tank, 1988 Presidio Press, . External links M6 at World War II vehicles Heavy Tank M6 M6 at AFV database Heavy tanks of the United States World War II heavy tanks World War II tanks of the United States Abandoned military projects of the United States History of the tank Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20Tank%20M6
Kranenburg is a town and municipality in the district of Cleves in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located near the border with the Netherlands, south-east of Nijmegen and west of Cleves. Since 1992, Kranenburg has evolved into a commuter town for Nijmegen. The village has always focused on the Dutch city of Nijmegen, and the local language was Dutch until far into the 19th century. Towns and villages in the municipality Kranenburg Nütterden Schottheide Mehr, including Zelem Castle Frasselt Zyfflich Wyler Niel Grafwegen History Middle Ages First records show that Kranenburg was founded in the 13th century by the Baron of Kleve. The first castle was built in 1270 and the first church a few years later by Dietrichs Luf von Kleve († 1277). In 1294, the village raised to the status of town. In 1308 "The Miraculous Trinity" ("Wundertätige Dreifaltigkeit") was found, establishing Kranenburg as a place of pilgrimage. According to legend, a one-legged priest went into the forest after church and a divine revelation came upon him. Overcome by the power of the Holy Spirit, the priest fell asleep under a tree. The next day, he woke up to find that God had given him two additional legs. At the tree where he had slept, the Miraculous Trinity now stands, functioning as a memorial to the now three-legged priest. In 1370, the county Land Kranenburg came into the possession of the von Kleve family line again, after it had been leased to Gerhard I knight, Lord of Horne and Weert, Lord of Perweys, Lord of Herlaer, and later his son, the bishop Dietrich. During this time the town got its first fortifications. At the end of the 15th century, a new castle, substantial stone fortifications with 2 gates and an unknown number of towers were erected. The southernmost of these towers acted as the town windmill (Stadtwindmühle). The town bloomed most prosperously during the first half of the 15th century, which resulted in the construction of the large, Gothic St. Peter und Paul church. In 1436, the St. Martins Priory was moved to Kranenburg from Zyfflich, followed in 1445/46 by the Augustinian women's nunnery Katharinenhof Kranenburg, which was established in the Kranenburger Mühlenstraße as an axillary branch of the Klever Nunnery of Mount Sion (Schwesternhauses vom Berg Sion). After a fierce religious feud over the new prince bishop within the Münster Cathedral Chapter since 1450, the Kranenburger Treaty was signed in Kranenburg in 1457, assigning John II of Pfalz-Simmern as the new prince bishop. Early Renaissance Multiple town fires and floods diminished the prosperity that Kranenburg had known during the Middle Ages. With the end of the hereditary lineage of the Duchy of Jülich-Kleve-Bergischen in 1609, county Kranenburg and the Duchy of Cleves became the property of lords of Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1675, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) gave Kranenburg to his personal physician, Arnold Fey. After his death in 1678, Kranenburg returned into the possession of the family of Brandenburg-Prussia. Around 1650, the "reformed congregation" of Kranenburg was founded, and got a small church in 1723. The historic town hall was destroyed completely by fire in 1789. In 1800, the then derelict town gates were demolished. 19th and 20th century During the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent French occupation, Kranenburg was a separate canton within the Roer département and temporary the most northern location of the Napoleonic Empire. At the same time, it however lost its town privileges. In 1802, the Order of St. Martin and the St. Catherine convent became secular. After the Vienna Convention, the counties of Kranenburg, Nütterden und Frasselt-Schottheide grounded the community (Bürgermeisterei) of Kranenburg. Later, in 1936, Grafwegen, that previously belonged to Kessel, was added to the administrative community of Kranenburg. Kranenburg remained a mainly agricultural community until far into the 20th century. Kranenburg during World War II During the winter of 1944 -1945, the town of Kranenburg found itself in the middle of heavy fighting. In the nearby Klever Reichswald and the surroundings of the nowadays village of Kranenburg, Operation Veritable, also known as the Battle of the Reichswald took place. Taking place from 8 February till 11 March 1945, Operation Veritable was a part of General Dwight Eisenhower's "broad front" strategy to occupy the west bank of the Rhine, before attempting any crossing, conquest of the Ruhrgebiet industrial area, and eventual push towards Berlin. Veritable was originally called Valediction and had been planned originally for execution in early January, 1945. One day after the start of Operation Veritable on the 8th, the Germans blew the gates out of the largest Roer dam, sending water surging down the valley. The next day they added to the flooding by doing the same to dams further up stream on the Roer and the Urft. The river rose at two feet an hour and the valley downstream to the Meuse stayed flooded for about two weeks. Modern-day Kranenburg After the Second World War, the counties of Wyler and Zyfflich were added to the administrative community Kranenburg. After the 1st North Rhine Westphalia Communal Reformation Program (1. kommunalen Neugliederungsprogramm) of 1 July 1969, the country of Kranenburg existed out of the communities of: Kranenburg Nütterden Frasselt Schottheide Grafwegen Mehr Niel Wyler Zyfflich At present day, the community of Kranenburg is a border town within a Europe "without borders". With the introduction the European Union and subsequent EU internal market without boundaries, many Dutch moved from the Netherlands to Kranenburg in Germany, attracted by economic motives, e.g. low real estate prices/ taxes. This resulted in a massive influx increase of more than 200% between 1992 and 2008, growing the total population of the small community dramatically. Although, German authorities suggest diplomatically to "steer" this influx by "handing out permits selectively", migration away from the area by its original German citizens, and "enclave formation" of "Dutch-only" clusters is already observed. This, according to international publications of the Centre for Border Research (NCBR) of the nearby located University of Nijmegen, is mainly caused by the refusal of the Dutch migrants to integrate/ participate in German society. Based on their observations, the investigators conclude that 100% of the life of these Dutch migrants lies across the border in the Netherlands, although their residence lies in Germany, solely out of financial motives. Hence, for example Dutch parents selectively send their children to Dutch schools, Dutch physicians and hospitals are visited, Dutch sporting and social organisations are joined, Dutch media are read, watched, and listened to. Many do not speak the German language, and don't make any effort to acquire German language skills. Illustratively, the Dutch are reported "to drive back to the Netherlands to buy a jar of peanut butter". In their conclusions, the authors observe that this refusal of the Dutch to integrate, participate, and contribute to their new German community contrasts strongly with the current Dutch public opinion, political climate, or indeed legislation. The Dutch political climate, and the apparent support of Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte, was recently discussed and condemned by the European Union. Dutch legislation, the Integration law for immigrants to the Netherlands Act obliges migrants entering the Netherlands to integrate into Dutch society. To measure this, migrants are subjected to courses and a final exam, determining the migrants' ability to speak the Dutch language and general knowledge of Dutch society. Failure to pass the exam (e.g. inability to speak Dutch) results in expulsion. Participation in this exam is only required of non-EU nationals. Although public sentiments and opinions vary considerably, as for the whole EEC territory, the German conditions of residence for non EU nationals are very similar to those in the Netherlands. Gallery Notable people Born in Kranenburg Alexander von Spaen (1619-1692), Prussian field marshal References External links Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranenburg%2C%20North%20Rhine-Westphalia
A cigarette tax stamp is any adhesive stamp, metered stamp, heat transfer stamp, or other form or evidence of payment of a cigarette tax. A cigarette tax stamp is a specific example of a revenue stamp. The 1978 Contraband Cigarette Act prohibits the transport, receipt, shipment, possession, distribution, or purchase of more than 60,000 cigarettes (300 cartons) not bearing the official tax stamp of the U.S. state in which the cigarettes are located. References Cigarettes Tobacco taxation Revenue stamps	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette%20tax%20stamp
Newspapers in Kuwait are published in English, French and Urdu, in addition to Arabic. the publishing reach the peak at 2009 there were 14 Arabic dailies, three English dailies and a dozens weekly newspapers in Kuwait. but the numbers decreased since then either by 2008 financial crisis and the increase of digital news sources or by government censorship. , first published in 1954, is solely the government gazette used for public matter and not used for journalistic reporting. Publishing certain actions in the gazette is necessary for them to become legally valid, like in instances of name changes. This is an incomplete list of newspapers in Kuwait. Arabic language daily newspapers Al-Seyassah — daily since 1965 Al-Qabas — since 1972 Al-Anbaa — since 1976 Al Rai — Alrai-Alaam from 1995 until 2006 Al-Wasat — since 2007 Annahar — since 2007 Al-Shahed — since 2007 Al-Jarida — since 2007 Al-Sabah — since 2007 English language daily and weekly newspapers Kuwait Times — since 1961 Arab Times — since 1977 Non-daily newspapers Al Kuwait Magazine — since 1928 Al Bayan — since 1966 Afaaq — since 1978 Al-Arabi — since 1958 Al Dustor — semi-daily since 1997 from Kuwait National Assembly Sout Al Khaleej — since 1962 Al Mouasher Economic Weekly — since 1994 The Times Kuwait — English weekly since 1996 Dark Politics — since 2018 Defunct newspapers Al Kuwaiteya — 2011-2023 Al Khaleej —2009-2020 Al Shahed weekly — 2004-2019 Al Taleea — 1962-2016 Al-Watan —1974-2015 ِAlRay AlAam -1962–1995 Alam Al Yawm — 2007-2014 Al Balad 2008 Al-Watan Daily - 2008-2013 Al Mustagbal - 2010-2012 Arrouiah - 2007–2010 Awan - 2007–2010 Assawt - 2008–2009 Sawt alKuwait - 1990–1993 during the Invasion of Kuwait by State of Kuwait government Alfajer Aljadeed - 1991–1993 was published by Mr. Yousif Olyan and Dr.Yasin Taha Al-Yasin 26 Febrayer - 1991 Al-Nida' - 1990–1991 during the Invasion of Kuwait by Republic of Kuwait government Al Morabtoon - 1990-1991 Al jamaheer - 1983-1990 Daily News - 1963- References Kuwait Newspapers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Kuwait
Auxiliary Power's Demolition Derby and Figure 8 Race is a PC demolition derby and figure 8 racing game. The game was developed by John C. Ardussi with the help of real demolition derby drivers and officials. Gameplay In this game, there are 4 difficulty levels and 9 different original tracks. There are 11 original body styles and over 50 original AI(computer) drivers. Engines smoke, stall, steam, and backfire. Vehicles get realistic damage. Just like real demolition derby, there is a heat, and then a final. You can get black flagged for sandbagging, or avoiding hits on purpose. Players start at a local level, then move on to regional then national level. References External links Auxiliary Power official website 2001 video games Racing video games Vehicular combat games Video games developed in the United States Windows games Windows-only games Multiplayer and single-player video games	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary%20Power%27s%20Demolition%20Derby%20and%20Figure%208%20Race
William Hugh Albright (October 20, 1944 – September 17, 1998) was an American composer, pianist and organist. Biography Albright was born in Gary, Indiana, and began learning the piano at the age of five, and attended the Juilliard Preparatory Department (1959–62), the Eastman School of Music (1962–63) and the University of Michigan (1962–70), where he studied composition with Ross Lee Finney and George Rochberg, and organ with Marilyn Mason. He interrupted his studies for the 1968–69 academic year when he received a Fulbright scholarship to study with Olivier Messiaen in Paris. Upon his graduation in 1970 he was appointed to the faculty of the University of Michigan, where he taught composition and directed the electronic music studio until his death from liver failure in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1998. Career His music combined elements of tonal and non-tonal classical music (in particular the influence of Messiaen) with American popular music and non-Western music, in what has been described as "polystylistic" or "quaquaversal" music—which makes the definition of an overall style difficult. Albright's approach to some of his music has been considered to be surrealistic. He was an enthusiast for ragtime and made notable recordings of the piano rags of Scott Joplin and others. He also recorded an album of his own ragtime compositions. In addition to his compositional and teaching activities, Albright maintained an active career and was regarded as both a virtuoso organist and pianist, performing many recitals on both instruments throughout North American and Europe. He was the featured organist for the 1976 International Contemporary Organ Music Festival at the Hartt School of Music. He had earlier been commissioned to write his organ work Stipendium Peccati for the 1973 International Contemporary Organ Music Festival. He commissioned new works for the organ from other contemporary composers to play on his international concert tours. His hymns appear in hymnals of the Unitarian and Episcopal Churches. Albright's notable students include Derek Bermel, John Burke, Evan Chambers, Chihchun Chi-sun Lee, Gabriela Lena Frank, Alexander Frey, Evan Hause, Katt Hernandez, Joseph Lukasik, John Howell Morrison, Carter Pann, Frank Ticheli, and Michael Sidney Timpson. Honors Two Fulbright fellowships Two Guggenheim Fellowships Niagara University's Symphonic Composition Award Two National Endowment for the Arts Grants Two Koussevitzky Commissions Composer-In-Residence at the American Academy in Rome, 1979 Queen Marie-Jose Prize American Academy of Arts and Letters University of Michigan's Distinguished Service Award and Faculty Recognition Award. Selected Compositions Three Novelty Rags Alliance Stipendium Peccati Bacchanal Organbook I and II, for organ and tape Chasm, for organ. Commissioned by the Ann Arbor and Detroit chapters of the American Guild of Organists for the 1986 AGO National Convention in Ann Arbor, premiered by Marilyn Mason. References Sources Further reading Beckford, Richard Edward. 1997. "The Organ Symphony: Its Evolution in France and Transformation in Selected Works by Composers of the Twentieth Century". DMA diss. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University. Krahn, Stephen W. 1994. "Structural, Tonal, and Linear Problems in William Albright's Symphony for Organ". DMA diss. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Little, Jeanie R. 1975. "Serial, Aleatoric, and Electronic Techniques in American Organ Music Published between 1960 and 1972." Ph.D. diss. Ames: University of Iowa. Santos, Eric. 1999. "Requiem for Bill Albright". Perspectives of New Music 37, no. 1 (Winter): 35–37. Szoka, Marta. 1994. "Twórczosc Williama Albrighta na tle wspólczesnej muzyki organowej w USA" [The Works of William Albright against the Background of Contemporary Organ Music]. In Organy i muzyka organowa IX (Prace specjalne 52), edited by Janusz Krassowski. Gdańsk: Akademia Muzyczna im. Stanisława Moniuszki. External links William Albright obituary William Albright's page, Theodore Presser Company 1944 births 1998 deaths 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century classical composers American contemporary classical composers American male classical composers Composers for carillon Contemporary classical music performers Eastman School of Music alumni Fulbright alumni Juilliard School Pre-College Division alumni Musicians from Gary, Indiana Ragtime composers University of Michigan faculty University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Albright%20%28musician%29
Rheurdt () is a municipality in the district of Cleves, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located approximately west of Moers. References External links Kleve (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheurdt
PKP class OKl27 is a class of ordinary passenger (O) tank (K) 2-6-2 (l) steam locomotives designed in 1927 for Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways, PKP). It was the first completely Polish construction. The design was prepared by eng. Bryling. History Production Hipolit Cegielski Metal Works in Poznań produced 122 engines in the period of 1928–1933. Operation The OKl27 class serviced mainly local transport, especially suburban lines. Wartime After the German invasion of Poland in World War II, 107 of the 122 OKl27 locomotives were taken into the Deutsche Reichsbahn fleet as 75 1201 to 75 1307. The remaining 15 were taken into the stock of the Soviet Railways; all but two of which came into German hands and were renumbered 75 1308 to 75 1320. After the war, most locomotives were restored to Poland and renumbered. While the post-war class remained the same, locomotives were renumbered at random, so a locomotive's pre- and post war identities are (usually) completely different. Preservation Four engines have survived: OKl27-10 in Skierniewice (as an exhibit), OKl27-26 in Warsaw Railroad Museum (as an exhibit), OKl27-27 in Gdynia (as an exhibit), and OKl27-41 in Chabówka. See also PKP classification system References Railway locomotives introduced in 1928 Ol27K 2-6-2T locomotives Standard gauge locomotives of Poland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20OKl27
Music from Macbeth is a 1972 album by the Third Ear Band. It consists of the soundtrack from Roman Polanski's 1971 film Macbeth, an adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Macbeth. Composition The band composed original music for the film, by adding electronic music to hand drums, woodwinds and strings. Elements of music in India and the Middle East and jazz were also incorporated into the score. While the score has some Middle Ages influence, this is not found in the scenes where Duncan is assassinated and Macbeth is killed. Polanski and the band used aleatoric music for these scenes, to communicate chaos. Track listing "Overture" – 4:20 "The Beach" – 1:54 "Lady Macbeth" – 1:47 "Inverness: Macbeth's Return/The Preparation/Fanfare/Duncan's Arrival" – 5:00 "The Banquet" – 1:21 "Dagger and Death" – 2:49 "At the Well/The Princes's Escape/Coronation/Come Sealing Night" – 3:03 "Court Dance" – 2:28 "Fleance" – 4:02 "Grooms' Dance" – 4:21 "Bear Baiting" – 1:10 "Ambush/Banquo's Ghost" – 2:27 "Going to Bed/Blind Man's Buff/Requiescant/Sere and Yellow Leaf" – 3:04 "The Cauldron" – 2:39 "Prophesies" – 1:53 "Wicca Way" – 1:24 (All compositions by Bridges, Sweeney, Minns, and Buckmaster.) Personnel Paul Minns — oboe and recorder Glen Sweeney — drums Paul Buckmaster — cello and bass guitar Simon House — violin and VCS3 Denim Bridges — guitars The album also features vocals by a 12-year old Keith Chegwin. The cover was originally painted by Roger Dean. References Third Ear Band albums Works based on Macbeth 1972 soundtrack albums Harvest Records soundtracks Drama film soundtracks	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20from%20Macbeth
Cairncross may refer to: Places Australia Mary Cairncross Reserve, Queensland Cairncross Dockyard, Brisbane, Queensland Cairncross Island Scotland Cairncross, Angus - Angus 56.90N 02.83W NO4979 Other uses Cairncross (surname), including a list of people with the name	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairncross
"Timescape" is the 151st episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, and the 25th episode of the sixth season. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Captain Picard, Counselor Troi, Chief Engineer La Forge and Lt. Commander Data must save the Enterprise, which they find frozen in an explosion of time, taking weapons fire from an also-frozen Romulan Warbird. This episode features a Danube-Class runabout, which is larger than an average Starfleet shuttle but not as big as the larger starships. It also includes special effect shots of a Romulan Warbird, which appeared throughout Star Trek: The Next Generation. Production This fictional large Shuttle spacecraft design, known as the Danube-class runabout, was created primarily by Herman Zimmerman, Rick Sternbach and Jim Martin in the 1990s for Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and used throughout the franchise, including in books, comics, and games. The set for the runabout's aft living quarters was built for this episode of The Next Generation, which was running concurrently with DS9s first season. The set was designed by Richard James, and was funded from The Next Generations budget in order to take pressure off DS9s finances. Design and fabrication of the aft set had to be completed in nine days. This was the only television appearance of the Danube class outside of DS9 during this period, and although the set was intended for use on DS9 it was never used again to depict a runabout's interior. The other spacecraft were developed previously also. Andrew Probert designed the Romulan Warbird for season one of The Next Generation and also designed the exteriors of many other space vehicles seen in the first year of the show, including the Enterprise D. Plot Captain Picard, Counselor Troi, Chief Engineer La Forge, and Lt. Commander Data are on a runabout, returning to the Enterprise from a conference. As they near the ship, they encounter pockets of temporal disruptions that have very peculiar effects and could be lethal if they pass through them. They modify their sensors to avoid these and they find the Enterprise and a Romulan warbird frozen in time. The warbird has fired a disruptor at the Enterprise, which had initiated a power transfer to the warbird. Data and La Forge modify a set of emergency transport armbands to nullify the temporal effects, and Picard, Data and Troi transport aboard the Enterprise to investigate. The crew has been transporting Romulans aboard from the warbird, one of whom has fired on Dr. Crusher with his disruptor. The Enterprise warp engine has suffered a warp breach which, under normal circumstances, would consume the ship in seconds. Picard suffers "temporal narcosis" from standing close to the core breach, forcing them to return to the runabout, and La Forge takes Picard’s place. On the warbird, they find the crew attempting to evacuate the ship with the Enterprises help; its main reactor, which uses an artificial quantum singularity, is undergoing a power surge. Investigating the engine closely, they find the singularity appearing odd and discolored. When Data scans it with a tricorder, time briefly moves forward on the ship (causing a cataclysmic core explosion), but then reverses back to its original point (restoring ships and crews). La Forge spots a Romulan who was not in the same place as before; the Romulan suddenly touches him, shocking them both. The shock is nearly lethal to La Forge, and they disconnect the shield to freeze him in time, hoping to care for him later, while they take the Romulan back to the runabout. There, they find the Romulan is really a creature from trans-dimensional space. He admits that he and a companion were trying to recover the singularity from the Romulans—their young were accidentally placed there to incubate instead of in a natural singularity such as a black hole. In the process of trying to remove the singularity, they had created a power surge, and the Warbird sent out a distress call to the Enterprise. The creature soon fades away, returning to its own trans-dimensional space. Picard, Troi, and Data return to the Enterprise. Data readies a remote-controlled tricorder aimed at the Romulan engine core to reverse time a few seconds so he can perform actions to prevent the pending disasters. After the warp core breach is averted in Engineering, Data is about to stop the power transfer, but is attacked by the trans-dimensional creature’s companion. He regains consciousness shortly thereafter, but must put a force field around the warp core to prevent it from breaching again. Picard suddenly appears on the Enterprise bridge near Riker. The crew is surprised, but Picard orders them to continue to evacuate the Romulan ship, including La Forge, and to terminate the power transfer. In sickbay, Troi successfully pushes Dr. Crusher out of the way of the Romulan disruptor blast; the Romulan states he was firing at a trans-dimensional creature that had disguised herself as a Romulan and had not meant to harm Crusher. However, the warbird continues to go critical, and the power transfer from the Enterprise cannot be stopped. Picard remotely powers the runabout into the power transfer beam's path, disrupting it and allowing the Enterprise to move away, after safely recovering the warbird crew. Just as the warbird's engines go critical, the ship disappears, along with the remaining time abnormalities. As the Enterprise crew repair the ship, Picard promises to return the Romulans safely to their homeworld. At the close, Data is trying to examine human perception of time. Reception In 2017, Medium rated this the 12th best time-travel episode of Star Trek, and noted an opening scene that includes a bowl of fruit decaying in rapid speed. Also in 2017, Popular Mechanics said that "Timescape" was one of the top ten most fun episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation, noting how they must explore two spaceships seemingly locked in battle but frozen in time. In 2017, Business Insider listed "Timescape" as one of the most underrated episodes of the Star Trek franchise at that time. The Romulan Warbird, known in-universe as the D'deridex-class, was featured on the show between 1987 and 1994; in 2017, Space.com rated it the 9th greatest spacecraft of the Star Trek franchise. In 2020, GameSpot noted this episode as one of the most bizarre moments of the series, when Picard makes a smiley face in the warp core breach, noting it as a "funny, yet unsettling moment". Releases The episode was released as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season six DVD box set in the United States on December 3, 2002. A remastered HD version was released on Blu-ray optical disc, on June 24, 2014. "Timescape" and "Descent, Part I" were released on a LaserDisc on November 17, 1998 in the USA. References External links Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 6) episodes 1993 American television episodes Television episodes written by Brannon Braga Star Trek time travel episodes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timescape%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation%29
The Physiological Society, founded in 1876, is a learned society for physiologists in the United Kingdom. History The Physiological Society was founded in 1876 as a dining society "for mutual benefit and protection" by a group of 19 physiologists, led by John Burdon Sanderson and Michael Foster, as a result of the 1875 Royal Commission on Vivisection and the subsequent 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act. Other founding members included: William Sharpey, Thomas Huxley, George Henry Lewes, Francis Galton, John Marshall, George Murray Humphry, Frederick William Pavy, Lauder Brunton, David Ferrier, Philip Pye-Smith, Walter H. Gaskell, John Gray McKendrick, Emanuel Edward Klein, Edward Schafer, Francis Darwin, George Romanes, and Gerald Yeo. The aim was to promote the advancement of physiology. Charles Darwin and William Sharpey were elected as the society's first two Honorary Members. The society first met at Sanderson's London home. The first rules of the society offered membership to no more than 40, all of whom should be male "working" physiologists. Women were first admitted as members in 1915 and the centenary of this event was celebrated in 2015. Michael Foster was also founder of The Journal of Physiology in 1878, and was appointed to the first Chair of Physiology at the University of Cambridge in 1883. The archives are held at the Wellcome Library. Present day The Society consists of over 2500 members, including 14 Nobel Laureates drawn from over 50 countries. The majority of members are engaged in research, in universities or industry, into how the body works in health and disease and in teaching physiology in schools and universities. The Society also facilitates communication between scientists and with other interested groups. The Physiological Society publishes the academic journals The Journal of Physiology and Experimental Physiology, and with the American Physiological Society publishes the online only, open access journal Physiological Reports. It also publishes the membership magazine Physiology News. The society is based at Hodgkin Huxley House in Farringdon, London, named for Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley. Presidents The post of president was established in 2001, and the society's current president is David Attwell. Past holders include: 2022 – 2024: David Attwell Prizes The Society awards a number of prizes for meritorious achievement. Annual Review Prize Lecture The society considers its Annual Review Prize Lecture, first awarded in 1968, to be its premier award. International Prize Lecture Bayliss-Starling Prize Lecture Named for William Bayliss and Ernest Starling. Originally awarded every three years, since 2015 it is awarded annually alternating between established and early-career physiologists. – Endogenous and exogenous control of gastrointestinal epithelial function: building on the legacy of Bayliss and Starling Biller Prize Lecture Named in memory of Kathy Biller. Given to a worker in the field of renal or epithelial physiology, under 35 years old. It has now been discontinued. G L Brown Prize Lecture Named for George Lindor Brown. These lectures are delivered at various institutions and intended to stimulate an interest in physiology. G W Harris Prize Lecture Named in memory of Geoffrey Harris. Now discontinued. Hodgkin–Huxley–Katz Prize Lecture Named after Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley and Bernard Katz, and normally awarded to a physiologist from outside the UK or Ireland. – Calcium microdomains in cardiac myocytes Joan Mott Prize Lecture Named for Joan Mott. Michael de Burgh Daly Prize Lecture Named for . Otto Hutter Teaching Prize Named for Otto Hutter, and awarded to teachers of undergraduate physiology. – Engaging students and valuing teachers The President's Lecture Initiated in 2017, the President’s Lecture is awarded by the President of The Society to a recipient of their choosing. This prestigious lecture is awarded at the discretion of The Society’s President. R Jean Banister Prize Lecture Named for R Jean Banister. Awarded to an early-career physiologist and delivered at various institutions. – Getting excited about pacemaking in the athletic heart: interplay of transcription factors and microRNAs in pacemaker electrophysiology. – Decoding the visual cortex – Physiological adaptations to traditional and novel exercise interventions as a function of age The Paton Lecture Named for William D.M. Paton, and given on a historical aspect of physiology. Annual Public Lecture Intended to raise awareness and understanding of physiology among the general public and schools. – How your body clock makes you tick – The loving brain – The science of laughter – From mountains to the bedside: Lessons learnt from Everest Sharpey-Schafer Lecture and Prize Named after Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer. Awarded alternating between established and early-career physiologists. Wellcome Prize Lecture Awarded to young physiologists (under 40). Now discontinued. GSK Prize Lecture Awarded to early-career physiologists. Now discontinued. References Further reading Tansey, Tilli; Wray, Susan, ed. (1 July 2015). Women Physiologists: Centenary Celebrations and Beyond, The Physiological Society. External links The Physiological Society The Journal of Physiology Experimental Physiology Biology societies Learned societies of the United Kingdom Scientific organizations established in 1876 1876 establishments in the United Kingdom Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom Physiology organizations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Physiological%20Society
The American Student Government Association (ASGA) was founded in 2001 as a professional association for collegiate student governments and student government associations across the United States. History ASGA was founded by Oxendine Publishing, Inc., which published Student Leader magazine, books, and web sites on student leadership. ASGA's research and experts have been referenced in hundreds of newspapers nationwide. " ASGA's "SG Database" gathers information on trends in higher education, including the number of women and ethnic minorities, as well as trends in election turnout, and compensation paid to elected student government officers and members ASGA Membership ASGA has over 1,500 member student governments at the nearly 4,500 institutions across the United States. ASGA Events Since 2005, ASGA has produced 140 conferences for student government leaders and advisors. 3,000 students and administrators attend 11 ASGA conferences each year. 700 student leaders attend the National Student Government Summit annually. ASGA Mission The American Student Government Association will provide all Student Government leaders and advisors nationwide with networking, research, and information resources and will teach them how to become more effective, ethical, and influential leaders on their campuses. ASGA also will promote the advancement of SGs, conduct research as the nation's only "SG Think Tank," and advocate the importance of having a vibrant, autonomous Student Government organization at every institution in America. External links American Student Government Association. ASGA is the professional association for collegiate Student Government across the United States. Student Leader magazine. Founded in 1992, Student Leader was ASGA's official member magazine, but also had subscribers at more than 1,000 colleges and universities nationwide. References Groups of students' unions Student governments in the United States American education-related professional associations	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Student%20Government%20Association
Below is a list of newspapers in the Netherlands. Newspapers in the Netherlands are issued every day, with the exception of Sunday and some general holidays. The total number of printed daily newspapers is 28 in 2018, down from 35 in 2009. Of the 27 dailies in 2019, 10 are national, 16 regional and 1 local. Some of the regional newspapers offer editions for smaller regions, as does the national Algemeen Dagblad for its readers in South Holland and Utrecht. National dailies The number of national daily newspapers in the Netherlands was 108 in 1950, 38 in 1965, 10 in the 2010s, 9 since March 2020, and 8 since March 2021. Circulation data was for 2017, the last year precise numbers were published. For 2019, a list is available that does not control for returned newspapers. Since, only exposure is published, not separating print from online. Het Financieele Dagblad is in Berliner format, others in tabloid. Regional dailies All titles are paid and in tabloid format. Circulation data is for 2017. Local dailies Other local dailies (or small region newspapers) are distributed as part of regional newspapers. Paid, except for the free Thursday issue of Barneveldse Krant Circulation data is for 2017. Tabloid format References Bibliography Dutch-language newspapers Netherlands Newspapers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20the%20Netherlands
The coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands consists of a gold-coloured escutcheon (shield) charged with a conch shell, lobster and a cactus, supported by two flamingos, and topped with a pelican in the crest. Adopted three years after the islands became a Crown colony, it has been the coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands since 1965. The escutcheon is featured on the flag of the territory. The previous badge featured two mounds of salt in front of a ship, with doors added to the mounds after they were reportedly mistaken for igloos. History The Turks and Caicos Islands were ruled by the British colonial government in the Bahama Islands starting in 1799. Tensions between the two territories, coupled with financial troubles, led to the Turks and Caicos being given their own charter in 1848, before being placed under the administration of the Colony of Jamaica 26 years later. During the 1870s, the territory was accorded its own badge to be utilised on its flag. This consisted of two mounds of salt on land in the foreground, awaiting to be loaded onto a ship in the background. A door was erroneously added to one of the mounds, however, when the designer or an official at the Admiralty reportedly mistook the salt mounds for igloos. This was not rectified up until a new coat of arms was instituted in the 1960s. The Turks and Caicos Islands became a Crown colony in 1962, after Jamaica became independent that same year. The islands were consequently reunited with the Bahamas from 1962 until 1973, when the latter territory became independent and the Turks and Caicos were granted their own governor. A new coat of arms for the territory was adopted by royal warrant on 28 September 1965. Design The coat of arms of the Turks and Caicos Islands are blazoned as follows: Or in chief a Queen Conch Shell and a Spiny Lobster and in base a Turk's Head Cactus proper; and for the Crest: On a Wreath Or and Azure, On a Mount Vert a Pelican between two Sisal Plants proper; and for Supporters: On either side a Flamingo proper. Symbolism The colours and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The queen conch shell and spiny lobster allude to the islands' primary industry of fishing. The Turk's Head cactus symbolises the territory's biome. Taken altogether, the shell, lobster, and cactus represent the flora and fauna of the islands. The crest at the top depicts a white pelican flanked by two sisal plants – evoking the islands' past trade of rope-making – while the supporters grasping the shield on both sides are flamingos. Uses The shield from the arms features on the flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and on the standard of the territory's governor. See also List of coats of arms of the United Kingdom and dependencies References External links Heraldry of the World: Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands culture Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat%20of%20arms%20of%20the%20Turks%20and%20Caicos%20Islands
Riaumont (literally meaning "royal mountain") is located on the hill of Riaumont, in the commune of Liévin, in the Pas-de-Calais département in northern France, in the former province of Artois. It refers to a Benedictine monastic community, a children's residential village, and a Scout group. History The village and religious community was first directed since its formation in the 1960s by Father Revet, until his death in 1986. Built for young people at the request of the DDASS (the French social services) and the judges of Pas-de-Calais, this centre and independent school accepts children with disabilities like autism. The establishment was a main centre for children placed under the supervision of the DDASS. The French State financed the construction and the maintenance of the buildings as well as the teachers' salaries. The children have worked on the various building sites (receptions, farm, chapel, scout building, monastery, etc.), sometimes as a practical placement of vocational teaching courses, helping to transform the initial reception into a Catholic monastic centre. In parallel, Father Revet determined to set up a religious scouting movement. In 1979, the DDASS found serious problems (poor hygiene, food safety conditions and maltreatment), and decided to close the centre in April 1982. The establishment now accommodates children removed by their families, in particular children originating from South-east Asia. The religious order The religious community of Sainte-Croix (Holy-Cross) celebrates the liturgy according to the 1962 form of the Roman Rite, under the provisions of the motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. Its states an attribute of a twofold origin: Benedictine (the monks are Benedictine Oblates) and the scout movement. The frieze and the dress of ceremony refer to religious military orders. The main symbol is the potent, distinguished cross of the scouts of France and originating from the cross of kingdom of Jerusalem. The Children Village People can see the works of the painter Gerard Ambroselli like the fresco in the canopy but also of the drawings and paintings originally from draughtsman and illustrator Pierre Joubert. Scouting is ubiquitous and the three principal buildings do the activities: "Godefroy de Bouillon", "Beaumanoir" and "Cedars". The boarding school The children from sixth to ninth grade are accommodated with the boarding school Holy Jean Bosco, located in the building "Beaumanoir". The pupils need to be prepared for more than ten years for the official examination of Brevet des collèges which is the first French diploma, obtained after 4 years of junior high school in general and technical areas. The children have to do the "Hattemer course" (mail-given / correspondence course) and the courses are given by the brothers of Riaumont as well as by external supply teachers. The classes are often small between five and about fifteen pupils and they are all the "boys of Riaumont" but the courses of catechism are also open to other children of different surroundings. The extracurricular activities are extensive: do-it-yourself, froissartage, penmanship and printing works, film club, games, dealing with the farm and the animals, singing, brass band and music, reading in the library, heraldic workshop, sports activities, etc. Pedagogy The pedagogy of the school is presented in the form of a return to the Christian realism, inspired by scouting founded by Robert Baden-Powell. The teaching objective of the school is to carry out a full Christian education by taking it as a starting point of the realism thomist and the pedagogy of scouting. It is a question of showing, by the practice, the benefits of the traditional scouting which joins with the wisdom of a philosophical thomist in to original reality, by the practice of manual work. Concerning pedagogy scouts compare some to the description given by the historian of scouting Jean-Jacques Gauthé in a newspaper article Le Monde on September 2, 1998, entitled ' ' the Little Soldiers of scouting : "Defense of the true scouting, since they estimate that this one was denatured by the Scouts de France [...] defense of the true faith through the mass of saint Pie V [...] dispute of the values resulting from the Revolution of 1789 [...] constant references to the counter-revolution of which they relate to the topics [...] the values which they defend are those of the "ongoing beyond of oneself" by demanding physical activities, virility sometimes resulting in a paramilitary style [...] the testimony to form a Catholic elite is manifest" Scouting Stemming from a troop of Scouts de France in the 1960s, the Association des Scouts et Guides de Riaumont (Association of the Scouts and Guides of Riaumont) passed successively by Scouts d'Europe, Scouts Saint-George and the Association Française de Scouts et Guides Catholiques. It is today, a federation affiliated to the Eclaireurs Neutres de France (ENF), a movement of Scouting founded in 1947, approved by the ministry for Youth and Sports. Each weekend, as well as the camp starting every July, the Scout units of Riaumont (willow, wolf cubs, guides, scouts, guides elder and teamster) are opened to all children. The village has some curiosities which exploited with the Scouting, such monument with the memory of the Scouts who died in France, a "Scout" museum which gathers many badges and parts of uniform resulting from various associations or uniforms and objects which have may belonged to Scout chaplains, or with chaplains of the trenches, lasting until the First World War. In addition, for the researchers and academics, the "Scout laboratory" gathers many works, newspapers and readings on Scouting. See also Site of Riaumont Rover's training Riaumont: citadel of the hope. Life and the work of the Father Revet'' (Elor Editions, 1991). By Remi Fountain, journalist with the daily newspaper "Present " The Remnant newspaper 2005 Chartres Pilgrimage and the little Catholic Girls from Riaumont. References Scouting and Guiding in France Geography of the Pas-de-Calais Ecclesia Dei	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaumont
FC Triesen is a Liechtensteiner football club that plays in Triesen. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation, and it plays in the Swiss Football League in 3. Liga, which is the seventh tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup which was won by the team 8 times in its history. Currently the team is coached by former Liechtenstein international Raphael Rohrer. Honours Liechtenstein Football Championship Winners (3): 1934, 1935, 1937 Liechtenstein Football Cup Winners (8): 1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1965, 1972, 1975 Runners-up (10): 1949, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1958, 1959, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 Current squad External links Official website Football clubs in Liechtenstein Sport in Triesen Expatriated football clubs 1932 establishments in Liechtenstein Association football clubs established in 1932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Triesen
Fussball Club Triesenberg is a Liechtensteiner amateur football team that plays in Triesenberg, Liechtenstein. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation. They play in the Swiss Football League in 3. Liga, which is the seventh tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup. The club has never won the tournament, but was the runner-up in the 2014–2015 edition. History The team was founded in 1972. Like all the other teams in Liechtenstein they started playing in the Swiss leagues, in this case in 4. Liga. They achieved promotion for the first time in their history in the 1986/1987 season, being promoted to 3. Liga. They stayed in that league till 1998, when they were relegated. In 2001 they were promoted back to 3. Liga and in 2010 were promoted to 2. Liga. Honours Liechtenstein Football Cup Runners-up (1): 2015 Current squad External links Official Site Football clubs in Liechtenstein Expatriated football clubs 1972 establishments in Liechtenstein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Triesenberg
Billerbeck (Westphalian: Billerbiëk) is a municipality in the district of Coesfeld in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Geography Neighbor towns/cities Billerbeck has boundaries to Rosendahl, Laer, Altenberge, Havixbeck, Nottuln and Coesfeld. City Districts Stadt Billerbeck, Kirchspiel Billerbeck (until 1969) Beerlage (until 1969) Growth due to law acts On 1 July 1969 the town's surrounding areas: Alstätte, Bockelsdorf, Bombeck, Dörholt, Gantweg, Gerleve, Hamern, !'Lutum, Osthellen, Osthellermark and Westhellen - each part of former "Kirchspiel Aulendorf", Esking, Langenhorst und Temming - each part of former Beerlage - were merged with Billerbeck. Politics Town council 26 Seats of the town council were given to different parties at local elections on 26 September 2004: Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 14 Seats Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 10 Seats Alliance '90/The Greens 2 Seats Coat of Arms The Coat of Arms shows the three rivers Berkel, Haulingbach and Lilienbeck in silver on blue background. Its origin can be traced back to the medieval Knights of Billerbeck. Sister city Englewood, Ohio Culture and Sights Theatre In 1950 the citizens Alex Hesselmann and Bernhard Engbers founded the open air-theatre of Billerbeck. It is well known for its high class acting, given that there are only non-professional actors. Museums The Kolvenburg comprises building parts from the 15th and 16th centuries. This kind of mansion with its half-hipp roof is a typical housing of the lower nobility of the Münsterland. Today it is the cultural centre of the district of Coesfeld showing changing exhibitions. Buildings St. Ludgerus Church Cath. Church of St. Johannis Kolvenburg Town Hall, Markt 1. Neogothic building with blending made of sandstone, 1891, erected by Hilger Hertel. Enlargement in 1948/49. Haus Beckebans Richthof Gerleve Abbey Haus Hameren (Inh: Baron Twickel zu Degenhart) Former residence of the Arch Deacon of Billerbeck, Johanniskirchplatz 11. L-formed massive building with hipped roof, in earlier times surrounded by water. The oldest parts were erected in the early 16th century and enlarged in 1679. Ludgerus-fountain Marien chapel Aulendorf Evang. church centre "Alte Landwirtschaftsschule" (former agricultural college), Billerbeck's cultural center Ludgerus-Stift, an old hospital now used as old people's homeOld buildings that were lived in''' street: MÜNSTERSTR. 4.: 16th century MÜNSTERSTR. 8.: 16th century or earlier. MÜNSTERSTR. 16.: the northern part and the back are from the 16th century. Inside there is a chimney/fireplace from 1693 in a late renaissance style MÜNSTERSTR. 25.: The backhouse dates to the 16th century. The old church of St. Johannis (from 1234) is completely surrounded by simple styled half-timbered buildings (little storage buildings). The oldest date from the late medieval age but have been re-arranged several times. Street: JOHANNSIKIRCHHOF 2, 1513 d. - Nr. 7, 1492 d. Parks Longinusturm in the "treehills" Baumbergen Berkel-Auen (the river Berkel starts here) Leisure- and Sports Centre Helker Berg Economy and Infrastructure Traffic Billerbeck can be reached by car via the autobahn. From north-east on autobahn A1 at interchange "Havixbeck/Billerbeck", from south on autobahn A43 at interchange "Nottuln/Billerbeck", from west on autobahn A31 at interchange "Coesfeld". Public Transport Billerbeck is located on the train line from Münster to Coesfeld, the so-called "tree hills line" ("Baumbergebahn"). The modernised station building offers a café for cultural Events and a bicycle rental station. A further train station in Billerbeck is located in Lutum, which is a countryside train station. The town of Billerbeck is part of the public transport association of the Münsterland VGM. Therefore, some bus lines also stop at Billerbeck, connecting the town to its neighbouring towns and cities. Business The biggest employer in Billerbeck is the company Dr. Suwelack founded by Wolfgang Suwelack and which employs 410 staff. It is working on the sector of nutrition production and skin care. It is also operating one of the most advanced and biggest nutrition shockfrosting sites in Europe. A medium-sized metal-working industry can be found there as well as several trading companies, and service industry (e.g. 7 haircutters, 3 undertakers and a filmproduction company). Billerbeck is an important centre of tourism as it is only half-an-hour away for the 7 million people of the Rhein-Ruhr-Area and it is also a place of pilgrimage as Ludger, the first bishop of Münster, died there in the year 809. Last but not least cycling is very popular in the region which is manifested in 800 kilometres of bicycle and pedestrian streets. For these reasons the gastronomy is well developed and offers a great variety related to the city's number of inhabitants. Hotels / Restaurants / Bistros: Restaurant Hahnenkamp Hotel Weißenburg Domschenke Groll Tagungshotel Billerbecker Hof Bürgerhaus Möllmann-Daldrup Hotel Homoet Cox Orange u.a. Cafés: Billerbeck's Bahnhof Domcafé Frede Eiscafé de Fanti Café Kunstleben and further more Education In Billerbeck there are the Grundschule (basic school - school years 1-4) at two locations, the Realschule (secondary modern school/junior high - 5-10) and a Hauptschule (secondary school - 5-10). 5 Kindergartens and 2 day care units are operated in the city. Religion In Billerbeck there are Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches present. The Catholic Pfarr- und Propsteigemeinde St. Johann / St. Ludgerus Billerbeck has its roots in the 8th century. Very renowned and with great importance far ahead of Billerbeck there is the abbey of Benedictine- St. Joseph at Billerbeck-Gerleve. It is part of the Beuron congregation and since 1999 has been led by prior Pius Engelbert O.S.B. The abbey also contains a house for retreat, a youth education unit, and a religious book store. The Lutheran church centre (Protestant) "Vom guten Hirten" (of the good shepherd) in Billerbeck is a modern style church with affiliated centre of parish. Literature Westfälischer Städteatlas''; Band: VI; 1 Teilband. Im Auftrage der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen und mit Unterstützung des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen-Lippe, hrsg. von Heinz Stoob † und Wilfried Ehbrecht. Stadtmappe Billerbeck, Author: Peter Ilisch. ; Dortmund-Altenbeken, 1999. Peter Ilisch, Zur Siedlungsgenese von Billerbeck. Westfälische Zeitschrift 129, 1979, S. 9-56. Peter Ilisch, Zum Erscheinungsbild münsterländischer Kirchhöfe vor 1800 - Das Beispiel St. Johann zu Billerbeck. Geschichtsblätter des Kreises Coesfeld 4, 1979, S. 114-131. Peter Ilisch, Die Vikarien zu Billerbeck. Geschichtsblätter des Kreises Coesfeld 28, 2003, S. 1-25. Clubs, societies, groups, institutions DJK-VfL Billerbeck (sports club - football, tennis, athletics etc.) Katholische Landjugend Bewegung Billerbeck (Catholic youth movement billerbeck) Bürgerschützenverein Aulendorf Capellengemeinde-Aulendorf Freilichtbühne Billerbeck Förderverein Domorgel Billerbeck Förderverein Mahnmal Deutsches Rotes Kreuz Ortverein Billerbeck KJG-Ferienwerk Billerbeck Kolpingsfamilie Billerbeck Suwelack-Stiftung Tennisclub Billerbeck Sister-City-Club Billerbeck Personalities from Billerbeck Josef Suwelack (1850-1929), entrepreneur and pioneer Helmut Elfring (born 1933), politician Margret Mergen (born 1961), politician (CDU), Lord Mayor of Baden-Baden since 2014 References External links Billerbeck im Kulturatlas Westfalen Billerbeck, Peter - Georgetown University Homepage Coesfeld (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billerbeck
FC Schaan is a Liechtensteiner professional football team that plays in Schaan. The reserve team is called FC Azzurri Schaan. It is one of the seven official teams in the nation and it plays in the Swiss Football League in 4. Liga, which is the eighth tier. The team annually competes in the Liechtensteiner Cup which was won by the team 3 times in its history. The club runs its youth system in conjunction with FC Vaduz. Honours Liechtenstein Football Cup Winners (3): 1954–55, 1962–63, 1993–94 Runners-up (11): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1992–93, 2015–16 European record FC Azzurri Schaan FC Azzurri Schaan is the name of FC Schaan's reserve team. Current squad (captain) References External links Football clubs in Liechtenstein Sport in Schaan Expatriated football clubs 1949 establishments in Liechtenstein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Schaan
The Signature at MGM Grand is a condo-hotel at the MGM Grand resort in Paradise, Nevada, near the Las Vegas Strip. It consists of three towers, each 38 stories in height, with a total of 1,728 units. MGM Mirage and Turnberry Associates partnered to develop the project, which was announced in 2002. Construction was underway in 2004, and the first tower opened in May 2006. The project was built on land previously used by the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park. Individual buyers in the project had the option of renting out their unit and splitting the profit with MGM. Starting in 2007, hundreds of buyers filed suit against the property, alleging misleading sales pitches and income that was lower than expected. History Part of the property was previously occupied by the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park, which was built just northeast of the MGM Grand resort; both opened in 1993. On December 5, 2002, MGM Mirage announced that it had partnered with Turnberry Associates to build a condominium and hotel complex on the property, following the closure of the theme park earlier that year. The project was part of an ongoing trend to build luxury condominiums in Las Vegas. Turnberry had previously developed the Turnberry Place condominium project, also located near the Las Vegas Strip. Unit sales for the condo-hotel project, known then as The Residences at MGM Grand, began in early 2004. The property could accommodate up to six towers, and the ultimate number of towers was dependent on sales. A total of three towers was ultimately decided upon. Construction of the first tower was underway later in 2004, near the corner of Harmon Avenue and Koval Lane. Construction of the second tower was expected to begin in early 2005. Excavation for the final tower was underway in September 2005, three months earlier than initially planned. Construction began early after more than half of the tower's 576 units were sold. The first tower was topped off on October 7, 2005, and was opened in May 2006. The second tower was finished later that year, and the third was scheduled to open in July 2007. It was the first condo-hotel to open near the Las Vegas Strip. The project was designed by Bergman Walls & Associates. The tower exteriors feature gold glass, and each building is 38 stories. Buyers had the option of renting out their units and splitting the profit with MGM. Each tower was built with 576 units, and 90 percent of them were expected to be managed by the MGM Grand as condo-hotel units. The Signature was built with its own entrance, and it had a staff of bellhop, concierge and valet employees that was separate from the main resort. Residents had access to the resort's amenities, and a moving walkway connected each tower to the resort. The Signature property included a pool and a Starbucks. Eventually, the property also started offering cooking classes with hotel chefs, through 30-minute television programs. The project's 1,728 units were largely sold prior to the Great Recession. In 2007, more than 40 buyers filed suit against the property with allegations of misleading sales pitches and income that was lower than expected. MGM stated that the poor state of the economy was to blame for low rental rates, while buyers stated that the low rates had started before the economic downturn. By May 2009, the case had grown to nine lawsuits and more than 300 buyers. Meanwhile, unit prices had dropped 70 percent. Most of the unit sales at that time were resales or repossessions. In 2012, a judge ordered that 102 buyers in the case proceed through arbitration. The project developer, Turnberry/MGM Grand Towers LLC, filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2015. A lawyer for 545 buyers alleged that the bankruptcy filing was an attempt to delay discovery in the ongoing buyer suit. Gallery References External links Official website 2006 establishments in Nevada Condo hotels in the United States Hotels established in 2006 Residential buildings completed in 2006 Residential skyscrapers in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise, Nevada MGM Grand Las Vegas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Signature%20at%20MGM%20Grand
FC Ruggell is a Liechtensteiner amateur football (soccer) team that plays in Ruggell. They currently play in the Swiss Football League, in 2. Liga, which is the sixth tier of Swiss football. Like all Liechtensteiner clubs, they play in the Swiss football pyramid. They have reached the final of the Liechtenstein Football Cup on 7 occasions, most recently in 2019, where they lost 3–2 against FC Vaduz. History Formation and early years (1958–1970) The club was founded after 10 sports enthusiasts from Ruggell met at the Gasthaus Rössle - a local Inn - at midday of 9 March 1958. The first match played under the name FC Ruggell was in the Liechtenstein Junior Tournament in Triesen, which Ruggell's Youth C-Team took place in, with their first match happening on 7 September 1958. The following year the club competed in a senior league match for the first time, spending the 1959/60 season in the Swiss 4. Liga. In 1963 the club reached the final of the Liechtenstein Cup for the first time, losing 3:1 against FC Schaan. The team won its first honour in 1970, winning the league title in 4. Liga but losing the promotion playoffs to FC Gams. 3. Liga (1970–1983) In 1973 Ruggell won their league once again, however this time they won their playoff matches against FC Buchs and FC Untervaz, promoting them to the 3. Liga for the first time in their history. The club remained in the 3. Liga for several years after, never getting into any promotion playoffs, however did have some success in the Swiss Cup (which clubs from Liechtenstein were allowed to participate in at the time. In 1975, they beat the second division teams of Altstätten and Rorschach but were knocked out in the third round by FC Triesen. During the 1980s Ruggell's youth teams had more success, with the youth C, D and E teams winning their competitions, however the senior team wasn't performing as well, typically finishing in the lower end of the 3. Liga table. In 1981 they reached the Liechtenstein Cup Final for the fourth time, after a 5–0 victory over Vaduz in the semi-final, but lost to FC Balzers 3-0 after extra time. Playoffs and Decline (1983–2000) 1983 was the 25th anniversary of the founding of FC Ruggell, with several sporting events done in celebration. At the end of the 1984–85 season, the club was joint on points with the league leaders FC Diepoldsau, after winning a crucial final day match against local rivals FC Schann. This meant that a final match between the two teams was scheduled to decide who had won the division, with Ruggell winning the match, giving them their first 3. Liga title and their first time in the playoffs for promotion to the 2. Liga, however they failed to get promoted. In the 1988–89 season, the club had a women's team for the first time. In the 1994–95 season, the club was relegated back to the 4. Liga, however was promoted back to the 3. Liga the following season. The club was then promoted and relegated between these two divisions until the new millennium. Recent history (2000–present) In 2001 Ruggell reached the Final of the Liechtenstein Cup for the first time in 20 years, but once again they lost, this time in a 9–0 defeat to FC Vaduz. On 31 August 2002, the club's new ground - the Freizeitpark Widau - was officially opened. In 2007 the club reached the Liechtenstein Cup final for the 6th time but lost 8-0 to FC Vaduz. The team remained consistently in the 3 Liga for the rest of the 2000s and 2010s until the end of the 2015–16 season, when the club was promoted the 2. Liga for the first time. The team were the runners up of the Liechtenstein cup in 2019, having lost to FC Vaduz 3–2. On April 9, 2020, the club announced that starting from next season Michael Mäder would the club's new head coach. Honours Domestic competitions Liechtenstein Football Cup Runners-up (7): 1963, 1973, 1978, 1981, 2001, 2007, 2019 Switzerland competitions Swiss 3. Liga Winners (3): 1984–85, 2015–2016 Swiss 4. Liga Winners (4): 1969–70, 1972–73, 1995–96, 1998–99 Current squad Staff Coach Michael Mäder Assistant coach Walter Büchel Goalkeeper coach Markus Marty Physio Martina Augsburger References External links Official web site Football clubs in Liechtenstein Expatriated football clubs 1958 establishments in Liechtenstein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Ruggell
Renfrewshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 until 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885. Creation The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Renfrewshire. Boundaries The constituency covered the county of Renfrewshire, minus the parliamentary burgh of Renfrew throughout the 1708 to 1885 period, and minus the parliamentary burgh of Port Glasgow and the Paisley and Greenock constituencies from 1832 to 1885. The burgh of Renfrew was a component of Glasgow Burghs until 1832, when it became a component of Kilmarnock Burghs. Port Glasgow became a parliamentary burgh in 1832, and another component of Kilmarnock Burghs. History The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1885. In 1885 the Renfrewshire constituency area was divided into two new constituencies: Renfrewshire Eastern and Renfrewshire Western. Members of Parliament Election results Elections in the 1830s Shaw-Stewart's death caused a by-election. Elections in the 1840s Stewart's death caused a by-election. Elections in the 1850s Mure resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election. Elections in the 1860s Speirs' death caused a by-election. Elections in the 1870s Bruce was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Aberdare and causing a by-election. Elections in the 1880s Mure's death caused a by-election. References Sources History of Parliament - constituencies Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster) Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1708 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885 Politics of Renfrewshire	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery (, lit. Transfiguration Cemetery) is a cemetery in the eastern part of Moscow long associated with Old Believers. It was inaugurated by a Fedoseevtsy merchant in 1777 as a plague quarantine disguising the Bespopovtsy monastery. At that time the territory of the cemetery was located outside Moscow, but near its border. The cemetery soon became the spiritual and administrative center of all the Fedoseevtsy in Russia (just like the Rogozhskoe cemetery became an administrative and cultural centre for most Popovtsy Old Believers). The cloister consisted of two equal square areas, a monastery for men and a nunnery for women, separated by a road to the cemetery. Construction work was in progress throughout the 1790s and the first decade of the 19th century. At that time, the monastery asylum was home to 1,500 people, while the chapels were attended by as many as 10,000 Old Believers. Every church within the monastery was styled a chapel; like other Bespopovtsy, the Fedoseevtsy reject priesthood, and so even their largest temples are called chapels rather than churches, since they have no altar. The area was surrounded by brick walls with decorative pseudo-gothic towers. In the mid-19th century the "male" part of the monastery was confiscated from the Fedoseevtsy by the imperial administration to be transformed into the monastery of the Edinovertsy, the only legal denomination of Old Believers in Imperial Russia. The cloister, which came to be known as the St Nicholas Monastery of the Edinovertsy, boasted the largest collection of Old Believer literature (the Khludov bequest) and as many as 1,300 ancient icons. After the October Revolution the St. Nicholas Monastery was occupied by the Obnovlentsy, while the icons and the books were taken to the State Historical Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery. Later the monastery was divided between the Pomortsy Old Believers and the nearby parish of the official Russian Orthodox Church. The orthodox parish took a church above the gates with surrounding quarters, a bell-tower and a western part of the temple. The eastern part of the temple and several utilities in the western part of the territory belong to Pomortsy. The two parts of a single temple are currently separated by a thick brick wall, and compartments are occupied by different denominations. The women's part of Preobrazhenka avoided such a dissension, and still belongs to the Fedoseevtsy. The cemetery is also noted as a place where the first Eternal flame in Moscow was kindled in order to commemorate the World War II dead. Notable people buried in the Preobrazhenskoye Cemetery Vladimir Kuts Sergei Magnitsky Aleksey Batalov Viktor Nikiforov Konstantin Loktev Yevgeny Feofanov Ivan Zimin References External links Preobrazhenskoe cemetery. Gallery – Russian Necropolis Gallery Cemeteries in Moscow Christianity in Moscow Eastern Orthodox cemeteries in Russia Monasteries in Moscow Old Believer communities in Russia Cultural heritage monuments in Moscow	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preobrazhenskoye%20Cemetery
Alone (, meaning "Alone") is a Soviet film released in 1931. It was written and directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It was originally planned as a silent film, but it was eventually released with a soundtrack comprising sound effects, some dialogue (recorded after the filming) and a full orchestral score by Dmitri Shostakovich. The film, about a young teacher sent to work in Siberia, is in a realist mode and addresses three political topics then current: education, technology, and the elimination of the kulaks. Plot The film tells the story of a newly graduated Leningrad teacher, Yelena Kuzmina. She goes furniture shopping with her fiance, Petya, and in a fantasy sequence she imagines teaching a class of neat, obedient city schoolchildren. Instead, she is assigned to work in the Altai mountains of Siberia. Reluctant to leave, she appeals to remain in the city. Although her request is granted (by a faceless Nadezhda Krupskaya, seen only from behind), she is eventually spurred by the government's condemnation of 'cowards' such as her to accept the post. Yelena arrives in a remote village, where the two authority figures are the feckless representative of the Soviet and the Bey — the local version of the kulak. The villagers live a primitive life, practicing shamanist religion (symbolised by the totem of a dead horse on a pole) and living entirely off their herd of sheep. The children become devoted to Yelena, but their education is hampered both by their primitive condition and by the insistence of the Bey that they work as shepherds rather than attending school. The representative of the Soviet refuses to help Yelena against the Bey; although he has received posters calling on people to expel the kulaks from the collective farms, his only comment is that the posters "look pretty". Undaunted, Yelena takes her lessons to the children working with the sheep. The Bey, however, has illegally sold the sheep to some sheep traders, who begin to slaughter the animals. Yelena declares that she will travel to the regional centre to find out about Soviet regulations concerning dealings in sheep, but on the way she is thrown off a sled by one of the sheep traders and becomes lost in a snowstorm. Yelena is found just in time by a rescue party from the village. They overthrow the representative of the Soviet and summon help for Yelena, who needs an emergency operation in order to survive. Telegraph messages to and from the capital result in an aeroplane being sent to rescue Yelena, who promises that she will soon return. The final shot of the film shows the aeroplane soaring above the totemic dead horse. Cast Yelena Kuzmina as teacher Yelena Kuzmina Pyotr Sobolevsky as Kuzmina's fiancé Sergei Gerasimov as local council chairman Maria Babanova as chairman's wife Liu-Sian Van as kulak Yanina Zhejmo as young teacher Boris Chirkov as voice on the phone History Alone was one of many films produced by the partnership between Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg, which began in the mid-1920s and continued until Trauberg was denounced in the anti-Semitic purge of 1948. Their previous film, The New Babylon, had been subject to censorship in 1929. Production of Alone began in the same year, but under the first five-year plan the political content of films was now more tightly prescribed. The film therefore set out to address three key areas of political concern: the promotion of education, the elimination of the kulaks, and the introduction of advanced technology. Another key element was realism, which comes through in the use of the actress's real name for the main character, and in the ethnographic detail with which the lives of the villagers is depicted. The plot was inspired in part by two newspaper stories about teachers in peril: one who committed suicide, and one who was airlifted to safety. The film was shot on location in Leningrad and, over a period of seven months, in the Altai Mountains of Kazakhstan. It was originally planned as a silent film, but it was eventually decided to add a sound track to accompany it. This included sound effects and some dialogue (recorded after shooting, although the film mainly used written intertitles to show speech), but the main part was a full orchestral score in over 60 numbers by the young composer Dmitri Shostakovich, his opus 26. Shostakovich had also worked with the directors and writers on The New Babylon, as well as spending several years as a cinema pianist. His score includes parts for a throat-singer and for a theremin, which appears in the section depicting Yelena lost in the snowstorm, as well as a musical depiction of the aeroplane's engine, played by three tubas. He later re-used the music from the finale in the opening of his ballet The Limpid Stream (Op. 39). The film was premiered on 10 October 1931 at the Splendid Palace in Leningrad. It was extremely popular, and was shown abroad as well as across Russia. As was usual for the time, it ran in cinemas for several years, but as with The New Babylon it again fell foul of tightening political controls. Although some of the more sarcastic elements of Shostakovich's score had been removed before release, the authorities had not censored the ironic use of the song How happy our days shall be! when Yelena realises her solitude. The figure of the lazy party boss was also a prime example of 'cultural pessimism', while the darkness and dramatism of the film provoked severe criticism in the mid-1930s, and it was eventually withdrawn from circulation. The sixth of the film's seven reels (showing the kidnap and attempted murder of Yelena) was destroyed in the Siege of Leningrad, along with parts of Shostakovich's score. The film was revived for a showing in The Hague in 1984, while for a 2003 live performance in Den Bosch the missing music was reconstructed by Mark Fitz-Gerald from a surviving copy of the soundtrack. Similar performances have since taken place in France, Switzerland, Germany and the UK. A recording of music from the film was made in 1995, by the Byelorussian Radio and TV Symphony Orchestra under Walter Mnatsakanov. Early in 2008 the Naxos label released a recording of part studio and part live performances made in late 2006, and including two tracks that had not been used in the film. References Basel Sinfonietta (2004). Programme and note to a performance of the score at the Basel Theater, Basel on 4 April 2004; accessed 13 February 2006. Holloway, Amanda (2006). Putting the notes in order in the programme to the performance of the score at the Barbican Centre on 10 February 2006. IMDB Odna; accessed 12 February 2006. Van Houten, Theodore (2006). Odna 'silent masterpiece in spite of sound' in the programme to the performance of the score at the Barbican Centre on 10 February 2006. NAXOS Catalogue Odna; accessed 21 March 2008. External links 1931 films 1930s Russian-language films Films directed by Grigori Kozintsev Soviet black-and-white films Lenfilm films Films directed by Leonid Trauberg Films about educators Films scored by Dmitri Shostakovich Soviet drama films 1931 drama films	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone%20%281931%20Soviet%20film%29
Jacob Nielsen (died about 1309) was count of Northern Halland and a great-grandson of Valdemar II of Denmark. His father (Niels Nielsen) and grandfather (Niels Valdemarsen) had both held Halland as a county before him. Jacob received Halland in 1283, but switched allegiance to the King of Norway two years later and was declared an outlaw in 1287 after the murder of Eric V of Denmark. In Halland, Jacob built the fortresses of Hunehals and later Varberg Fortress. Jacob's position weakened after the Norwegian king started to lose interest in the conflict with Denmark, and in 1305, he was forced to relinquish Halland to Haakon V of Norway, who granted it to his own son-in-law, the Swedish duke Erik Magnusson. Bibliography Kr[istian] Erslev, "Jacob, Greve af Nørrehalland", Dansk biografisk leksikon, VIII. Bind. Holst - Juul, 1894, p 336 f. 13th-century births 14th-century deaths Danish nobility House of Estridsen Halland Regicides 13th-century Danish nobility 14th-century Danish nobility	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Nielsen%2C%20Count%20of%20Halland
George Henry Roberts (27 July 1868 – 25 April 1928) was a Labour Party politician who switched parties twice. Biography He was born on 27 July 1868. At the 1906 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich. He was a minister in the Lloyd George Coalition Government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade from 1916 to 1917, Minister of Labour from 1917 to 1919, and Minister of Food Control from 1919 to 1920. He was appointed as a Privy Counsellor in 1917. Roberts stood in 1918 as a Coalition Labour candidate, opposed by the official Labour Party candidate. After leaving office in 1920, Roberts returned as a director to the firm he had left as works manager upon entering Parliament in 1906. He sat on the back-benches and as an independent retained his seat in the 1922 election but lost it as the Conservative candidate in 1923. Roberts spent the rest of his life in the sugar beet industry. He died on 25 April 1928. References Bibliography Meeres, Frank. George Roberts MP. A Life That 'Did Different'. (Poppyland Publishing, 2019) External links 1868 births 1928 deaths Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Norwich Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Typographical Association-sponsored MPs UK MPs 1906–1910 UK MPs 1910 UK MPs 1910–1918 UK MPs 1918–1922 UK MPs 1922–1923 Coalition Labour MPs Chairs of the Labour Party (UK) Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates Parliamentary Secretaries to the Board of Trade Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Roberts%20%28British%20politician%29
USV Eschen/Mauren is a Liechtensteiner football club from Eschen and Mauren. They play at the Sportpark Eschen-Mauren, which used to be the national football stadium, until the Rheinpark Stadion in Vaduz was built. USV Eschen/Mauren, like all other Liechtensteiner teams, play in the Swiss Football League system. The first team plays in 1. Liga, Group 3, the fourth tier of the Swiss Football League, following promotion in the 2007/08 season from 2.Liga interregional as a result of winning the Group 5 division. The club was originally formed in 1963 as a merger of FC Mauren and FC Eschen. Since 1975, the first team has always played in Liga 2 except for the 1999/2000 season when they were promoted to 1. Liga, Group 3 before being relegated back again to 2.Liga interregional. After the 2007/08 season, it won promotion once again. USV has won the Liechtensteiner Cup on five occasions, the most recent being in 2012, and 18 occasions have been runners-up. Honours Liechtenstein Football Cup Winners (5): 1976, 1977, 1978, 1987, 2012 Runners-up (18): 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2022 European record Current squad Out on loan Notes External links Official website Football clubs in Liechtenstein Expatriated football clubs 1963 establishments in Liechtenstein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USV%20Eschen/Mauren
Sir Nicholas John Shackleton (23 June 1937 – 24 January 2006) was an English geologist and paleoclimatologist who specialised in the Quaternary Period. He was the son of the distinguished field geologist Robert Millner Shackleton and great-nephew of the explorer Ernest Shackleton. Education and employment Educated at Cranbrook School, Kent (thanks to the generosity of a person he called his "fairy godmother" as she paid his school fees) Shackleton went on to read natural sciences at Clare College, Cambridge. He graduated with the Bachelor of Arts degree in 1961, promoted in 1964 to Master of Arts. In 1967 Cambridge awarded him a PhD degree, for a thesis entitled "The Measurement of Paleotemperatures in the Quaternary Era". Apart from periods abroad as Visiting Professor or Research Associate, Shackleton's entire scientific career was spent at Cambridge. He became Ad hominem Professor in 1991, in the Department of Earth Sciences, working in the Godwin Institute for Quaternary Research. Paleoceanography Shackleton was a key figure in the field of paleoceanography, publishing over two hundred scientific papers. He was a pioneer in the use of mass spectrometry to determine changes in climate as recorded in the oxygen isotope composition of calcareous microfossils. Shackleton also found evidence that the Earth's last magnetic field reversal was 780,000 years ago. He became internationally known, in 1976, with the publication of a paper, with James Hays and John Imbrie, in Science entitled "Variations in the Earth's orbit: Pacemaker of the ice ages". Using ocean sediment cores, Shackleton, Hays and Imbrie demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun (see Milankovitch cycles). Much of Shackleton's later work focused on constructing precise timescales based on matching the periodic cycles in deep-sea sediment cores to calculations of incoming sunlight at particular latitudes over geological time. This method allows a far greater level of stratigraphic precision than other dating methods, and has also helped to clarify the rates and mechanisms of aspects of climate change. In September 2000 Shackleton published an innovative study of the relationship between the oxygen isotope record of the oceans and isotope records obtained from the ice in Antarctica (glacial effect). This helped to identify the relative contribution of deep water temperature changes and ice volume changes to the marine isotopic record, and also highlighted the close interdependency between carbon dioxide levels and temperature change over the last 400,000 years. In 1995 Shackleton became Director of the Godwin Institute for Quaternary Research. In 1998 he was knighted for his services to earth sciences. From 1999 to 2003 he was president of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). In 2010 Nick Shackleton was one of ten scientists depicted on a set of postage stamps, in commemoration of the 350th anniversary of the Royal Society. Shackleton was chosen to represent Earth Science. The European Association of Geochemistry quinquennially awards a Science Innovation Award medal named in his honour for work in climatology. Clarinet Shackleton was also a skilled amateur clarinet player, and collector of woodwind instruments. During his lifetime he amassed a large collection of clarinets and related instruments. His Cambridge home became a place of pilgrimage for many players and scholars. Shackleton was internationally known as an organologist, reflected in his many journal articles, as well as his contributions to the 1980 and 2001 editions of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, as well as the Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Most of Shackleton's substantial instrument collection, numbering over 700 instruments, was bequeathed to the University of Edinburgh together with an endowment. Part of the collection is now exhibited at the Reid Concert Hall, as part of Edinburgh University's Collection of Historic Musical Instruments. The collection has been described in a published catalogue . In addition to his reputation in the scientific world, Shackleton was highly respected by many musicians, and a friend to many who studied at Cambridge, including Christopher Hogwood who lodged with him for several years. The fine copies, by Cambridge maker Daniel Bangham, of many clarinets in Shackleton's collection, had a significant impact on historical performance from the 1980s, and continue to be used by leading performers today. Personal life From 1986 to 2002, Shackleton was married to Vivien Law, a linguistic scholar. Awards Doctor of Science (ScD), University of Cambridge 1984 Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) 1985 Francis P. Shepard Medal for marine geology (SEPM) 1985 Carus Medal, Deutsche Akademie für Naturforscher 'Leopoldina' 1985 Lyell Medal, Geological Society of London 1987 Founding member, Academia Europaea 1988 Fellow, American Geophysical Union 1990 A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in the Marine Sciences (Bedford Institute of Oceanography Canada) 1990 Crafoord Prize, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1995 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Dalhousie University Canada 1996 Wollaston Medal, Geological Society of London 1996 Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, Stockholm University 1997 Knighthood for services to the earth sciences in 1998 Milutin Milankovic Medal, European Geophysical Society 1999 Foreign Associate, US National Academy of Sciences 2000 Foreign Member, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2001 Honorary Doctorate, Geology, University of Padova, Italy, 2002 Maurice Ewing Medal, American Geophysical Union 2002 Honorary member, EUG 2003 Urey Medal, 2003 Royal Medal, Royal Society of London 2003 Vetlesen Prize, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University 2004 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 2004 Founder's Medal, Royal Geographical Society 2005 Blue Planet Prize, Asahi Glass Foundation, Japan 2005 References External links A special issue of Quaternary Science Reviews dedicated to Nick Shackleton; includes several articles by and about him, as well as a complete list of his publications. Tributes to Nicholas Shackleton 1937 births 2006 deaths 20th-century British geologists British climatologists Fellows of the Royal Society Knights Bachelor Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge Wollaston Medal winners Members of Academia Europaea Royal Medal winners Lyell Medal winners People educated at Cranbrook School, Kent Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Fellows of the American Geophysical Union Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Shackleton
The French Horn at Sonning is a hotel and restaurant on the banks of the River Thames next to the Sonning Backwater Bridges, at Sonning Eye, Oxfordshire, England. The hotel includes a number of riverside cottages that are now used as rooms for hotel clients. There is an old, rusty iron gate with the name of the hotel within the ironwork on the path by the river opposite Sonning Bridge. Notable clientele included the film director and restaurant critic Michael Winner (died 2013), who has used the location as a film set. It has also featured in the books of Dick Francis. Close by is The Mill at Sonning, now a dinner theatre. On the opposite Berkshire bank over the main Sonning Bridge is another riverside hotel and restaurant, the Great House at Sonning. See also Great House at Sonning Mill at Sonning References External links The French Horn at Sonning website Hotels in Oxfordshire Restaurants in Oxfordshire Sonning Buildings and structures on the River Thames	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Horn%2C%20Sonning%20Eye
Michael Shackleford, (May 23, 1965 in Pasadena, California, United States), also known as "The Wizard of Odds" (a title taken from Donald Angelini), is an American mathematician and an actuary. He is best known for his professional analysis of the mathematics of the casino games. He is also an adjunct professor of actuarial science and mathematics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He became interested in the mathematics of gambling at a young age after reading John Scarne's Guide to Casino Gambling. Shackleford discovered his affinity for mathematics when he began to study algebra in school at approximately 11 years old. He described how math had become something new and interesting. Before launching his websites, he was a government actuary in Baltimore. It took him approximately one year to convince his wife that going into business for himself within the gambling industry was the right thing to do. He then left his job as an actuary to work on his websites. Today Shackleford is best known for his websites, The Wizard of Odds and The Wizard of Vegas, which contain analyses and strategies for casino games. In 2002, after moving to Las Vegas, he published a paper with rankings of slot machine payout percentages that were previously considered unavailable. The Time Out Las Vegas referred to the survey as groundbreaking. This paper was referenced by Palms Casino Resort to advertise their competitive payouts. Shackleford sold his sites on September 19, 2014 for $2.35 million to LCB Network. Shackleford also analyzes new games for game developers and casinos. Clients include Hilton, Realtime Gaming, Playtech, and Shuffle Master. He is the author of Gambling 102: The Best Strategies for All Casino Games (Huntington Press, 2005). Previously, he was an Adjunct Professor of Casino Math at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and a contributing editor to Casino Player magazine. Shackleford is periodically consulted on gambling issues outside of Nevada. In 2010, Pittsburgh Live requested a consult on whether the gaming companies in Pennsylvania would tighten their blackjack rules. Every year, professional gambler, Max Rubin hosts the Blackjack Ball, an invitation-only event where a winner is given the title of “The Best Gambler in the World.” To win this title, participants are quizzed with gambling trivia and mathematical questions. They also face a second series of tests where their skills are put to the test (card counting, signaling, etc.). The 2011 winner was Michael Shackleford where he beat Anthony Curtis to take the title. Before changing careers, Shackleford worked as a claims adjuster and later as an actuary for the United States Social Security Administration from 1992 until 2000. His main responsibility there was estimating short-term costs and benefits of Social Security law changes. But he was best known for researching the most popular baby names for each year since 1880. The results of this research have been published in many books, newspapers, and magazines, and the Social Security Administration now officially publishes a new list every year of the previous year's most popular names, along with all the previous years' names. Shackleford lives in Las Vegas, Nevada with his wife and three children. References External links Bio on the Wizard of odds Gambling 102 at Huntington Press 1965 births Living people American gambling writers American male non-fiction writers University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty People from Pasadena, California People from the Las Vegas Valley American actuaries 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Shackleford
Glenealy is one of the few roads or streets without a suffix in Hong Kong. Located in the Mid-Levels on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong, it starts from Ice House Street and goes uphill to Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens, across Robinson Road and ends at Hornsey Road and Conduit Road. Name Glenealy was the short form of a valley called Glenealy Ravine (). The valley separates the Government Hill in the east and Pedder's Hill in the west. Alternatively, the valley was known as Elliot's Vale (), after Charles Elliot, at the beginning and a road from Robinson Road leading to the house named Glenealy on the site of present Roman Catholic Cathedral is known as Elliot Crescent. Vale in Elliot's Vale means river valley and a river runs from Victoria Peak down to Central. The Elliot Vale name seems, however, to have been as short-lived as Elliot's administration. The name Glenealy was quickly restored after Elliott's administration ended, with a new suffix of "ravine", a fitting name in view of its steepness. Features Glenealy was also the name of a mansion in the Victorian era. It belonged to an American opium trader, Warren Delano Jr., grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States of America. The mansion later gave way to the Catholic Cathedral of Hong Kong, whose construction commenced in 1883. The present address of the cathedral is 16 Caine Road. Another Glenealy landmark is the 100-year-old Anglican Sheng Kung Hui , whose gates actually open to Wyndham Street. St. Paul's College was founded here too, in 1851, as a school for boys. It was closed in 1941 due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. After the war it was briefly amalgamated with St. Paul's Girls' School to become St. Paul's Co-educational College, and a new campus was built away from Glenealy on Bonham Road when it resumed as its own institution. It is one of the steepest roads in Hong Kong with public transport. It has a gradient of 1:5 in the Robinson Road to Conduit Road section, with Route 2*, 3, 3A and 45A (minibus) passing this road, which is often congested. The other 1:5 roads used by public transport in Hong Kong are Aberdeen Reservoir Road, Breezy Path and Castle Road. The present Glenealy "street" is very short, running from number 1 to 10 only. The nearest point to reach Glenealy 1 is to walk uphill from the Hong Kong Fringe Club, while the nearest point to reach Glenealy 10 is to walk downhill from Caine Road near the Caritas House, through the very short pedestrian subway. A total of 3 Glenealy street signs can be found - one is tucked away at the far end at the bottom of the hill where it can hardly be seen, one is hoisted at Sheng Kung Hui St Paul's Church near the Hong Kong Fringe Club yet no street number is mentioned. The 3rd sign, hoisted at the top of the Caritas House, is the only street sign showing the street number. External links A section about Glenealy Map: Glenealy, Hong Kong Valleys of Hong Kong Central, Hong Kong Government Hill Roads on Hong Kong Island	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenealy%2C%20Hong%20Kong
In mathematics, a -system (or pi-system) on a set is a collection of certain subsets of such that is non-empty. If then That is, is a non-empty family of subsets of that is closed under non-empty finite intersections. The importance of -systems arises from the fact that if two probability measures agree on a -system, then they agree on the -algebra generated by that -system. Moreover, if other properties, such as equality of integrals, hold for the -system, then they hold for the generated -algebra as well. This is the case whenever the collection of subsets for which the property holds is a -system. -systems are also useful for checking independence of random variables. This is desirable because in practice, -systems are often simpler to work with than -algebras. For example, it may be awkward to work with -algebras generated by infinitely many sets So instead we may examine the union of all -algebras generated by finitely many sets This forms a -system that generates the desired -algebra. Another example is the collection of all intervals of the real line, along with the empty set, which is a -system that generates the very important Borel -algebra of subsets of the real line. Definitions A -system is a non-empty collection of sets that is closed under non-empty finite intersections, which is equivalent to containing the intersection of any two of its elements. If every set in this -system is a subset of then it is called a For any non-empty family of subsets of there exists a -system called the , that is the unique smallest -system of containing every element of It is equal to the intersection of all -systems containing and can be explicitly described as the set of all possible non-empty finite intersections of elements of A non-empty family of sets has the finite intersection property if and only if the -system it generates does not contain the empty set as an element. Examples For any real numbers and the intervals form a -system, and the intervals form a -system if the empty set is also included. The topology (collection of open subsets) of any topological space is a -system. Every filter is a -system. Every -system that doesn't contain the empty set is a prefilter (also known as a filter base). For any measurable function the set defines a -system, and is called the -system by (Alternatively, defines a -system generated by ) If and are -systems for and respectively, then is a -system for the Cartesian product Every -algebra is a -system. Relationship to -systems A -system on is a set of subsets of satisfying if then if is a sequence of (pairwise) subsets in then Whilst it is true that any -algebra satisfies the properties of being both a -system and a -system, it is not true that any -system is a -system, and moreover it is not true that any -system is a -algebra. However, a useful classification is that any set system which is both a -system and a -system is a -algebra. This is used as a step in proving the - theorem. The - theorem Let be a -system, and let be a -system contained in The - theorem states that the -algebra generated by is contained in The - theorem can be used to prove many elementary measure theoretic results. For instance, it is used in proving the uniqueness claim of the Carathéodory extension theorem for -finite measures. The - theorem is closely related to the monotone class theorem, which provides a similar relationship between monotone classes and algebras, and can be used to derive many of the same results. Since -systems are simpler classes than algebras, it can be easier to identify the sets that are in them while, on the other hand, checking whether the property under consideration determines a -system is often relatively easy. Despite the difference between the two theorems, the - theorem is sometimes referred to as the monotone class theorem. Example Let be two measures on the -algebra and suppose that is generated by a -system If for all and then This is the uniqueness statement of the Carathéodory extension theorem for finite measures. If this result does not seem very remarkable, consider the fact that it usually is very difficult or even impossible to fully describe every set in the -algebra, and so the problem of equating measures would be completely hopeless without such a tool. Idea of the proof Define the collection of sets By the first assumption, and agree on and thus By the second assumption, and it can further be shown that is a -system. It follows from the - theorem that and so That is to say, the measures agree on -Systems in probability -systems are more commonly used in the study of probability theory than in the general field of measure theory. This is primarily due to probabilistic notions such as independence, though it may also be a consequence of the fact that the - theorem was proven by the probabilist Eugene Dynkin. Standard measure theory texts typically prove the same results via monotone classes, rather than -systems. Equality in distribution The - theorem motivates the common definition of the probability distribution of a random variable in terms of its cumulative distribution function. Recall that the cumulative distribution of a random variable is defined as whereas the seemingly more general of the variable is the probability measure where is the Borel -algebra. The random variables and (on two possibly different probability spaces) are (or ), denoted by if they have the same cumulative distribution functions; that is, if The motivation for the definition stems from the observation that if then that is exactly to say that and agree on the -system which generates and so by the example above: A similar result holds for the joint distribution of a random vector. For example, suppose and are two random variables defined on the same probability space with respectively generated -systems and The joint cumulative distribution function of is However, and Because is a -system generated by the random pair the - theorem is used to show that the joint cumulative distribution function suffices to determine the joint law of In other words, and have the same distribution if and only if they have the same joint cumulative distribution function. In the theory of stochastic processes, two processes are known to be equal in distribution if and only if they agree on all finite-dimensional distributions; that is, for all The proof of this is another application of the - theorem. Independent random variables The theory of -system plays an important role in the probabilistic notion of independence. If and are two random variables defined on the same probability space then the random variables are independent if and only if their -systems satisfy for all and which is to say that are independent. This actually is a special case of the use of -systems for determining the distribution of Example Let where are iid standard normal random variables. Define the radius and argument (arctan) variables Then and are independent random variables. To prove this, it is sufficient to show that the -systems are independent: that is, for all and Confirming that this is the case is an exercise in changing variables. Fix and then the probability can be expressed as an integral of the probability density function of See also Notes Citations References Measure theory Families of sets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-system
FC Balzers is a Liechtensteiner football team based in Balzers. They currently compete in the Swiss 1. Liga, the fourth tier of Swiss football. Balzers play at Sportplatz Rheinau which is situated right next to the Rhine next to the border with Switzerland where the town of Trübbach lies. History Formation and early years (1932–1970) Founded in Balzers in 1932, FC Balzers was the first foreign team to join the Swiss Football Association and therefore is the oldest football team from Liechtenstein. On 22 May 1932, the team played its first friendly match against FC Chur. In 1947, the team was promoted to the 3. Liga for the first time, after winning their league in the 1946/47 season. The team won its first Liechtenstein Cup in 1964, becoming the fourth team to win the competition after FC Triesen, FC Vaduz and FC Schaan. Promotions and Liechtenstein Cup domination (1970–1992) The club moved to the Sportplatz Rheinhau in 1970, where it has remained ever since. In the same year, the Liechtenstein Cup Final was hosted in Balzers for the first time, in which FC Vaduz beat FC Schaan 2-1. This was also the year in which Balzers were promoted to the 2. Liga for the first time, after overcoming a 2-0 half time deficit to win 3-2, in a match for promotion against FC Altstätten. In 1973, the club won its second Liechtenstein Cup after beating FC Ruggell 2-1 in the final. In 1975, the 1964-65 Bundesliga top goalscorer Rudolf Brunnenmeier joined Balzers, and the team was promoted to the 1. Liga for the first time at the end of the 1975/76 season. From 1978 to 1984, Balzers won the Liechtenstein Cup 5 out of a possible 6 times, only finishing as runners up in 1979-80. Between 1986 and 1992 the club was relegated down to the 2. Liga and then promoted back up to the 1. Liga several times, however the club still won the Liechtenstein Cup twice in this period - in 1988-89 and 1990-91. First European matches (1992–2000) In 1992, having been relegated to the 2. Liga, the club signed former Bundesliga professional Michael Nushöhr as a player-manager. The club beat FC Schaan 5-2 in the Liechtenstein Cup Final after extra time, which meant the club qualified for the qualifying round of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Balzers faced Albanian champions KS Albpetrol at home in the first leg, and won 3-1 after a goal by Nushöhr and two goals by an 18 year old Mario Frick. The second leg finished 0-0, which meant that for the first time a club from Liechtenstein had reached the first round for the first time. The club were eliminated from the competition after losing 11-1 on aggregate against Bulgarian side CSKA Sofia. In 1997, Balzers won the Liechtenstein cup for the 11th time, beating Vaduz 3-2 in the final, with Mario Frick scoring twice in extra time after being 2-1 down. This granted the team entry to the qualifying round of the Cup Winners' Cup for the second time, however this time they did not progress any further, losing 5-1 on aggregate to Hungarian side BVSC Budapest. Recent history (2000 – present) In 2001, Balzers were promoted to the 2.Liga interregional, however were relegated after just one season. In 2005-06 the club played in the Liechtenstein Cup Final, having not won the competition for 9 years and having lost in the final 4 times since their last triumph. Balzers were trailing 2-1 to professionals and winners in the past 8 seasons Vaduz, but in the 90th minute Balzers were awarded a penalty. This was scored by club captain Marco Büchel, forcing the game into extra time. Despite this, Balzers still lost the match 4-2 after extra time. In 2007 former player and manager Michael Nushöhr returned to manage the club, and in 2010 Balzers were promoted back into the 1. Liga, after a 14 year absence. In 2011, Liechtenstein record goalscorer Mario Frick rejoined his former club, and in 2011 he became the club's manager after the departure of Nushöhr. He retired from playing in 2015, continuing his managerial role until 2017. In 2018 the club was relegated down to the 2. Liga Interregional however the next season they were promoted as league champions back to the 1. Liga Reserve teams FC Balzers 2 FC Balzers 2 is the reserve team of FC Balzers. They currently play in the 4. Ligue (eighth tier of the Swiss football league system), and also compete in the Liechtenstein Cup. In the 2015-16 Liechtenstein Cup, they reached the semifinals (2 rounds further than the 1st team), losing 5-3 on penalties after a 2-2 draw against FC Schaan. In the 2002-03 Liechtenstein Cup they faced the FC Balzers 1st team in the quarter-finals, with the 1st team winning 6-0 FC Balzers 3 FC Balzers 3 (also known as FC Balzers 2b) was the 3rd team of FC Balzers, however as of the 2019-20 season the team no longer exists. It last competed in the 4. Liga Group 3, finishing 9th out of 10 with just 16 points. The team's final appearance in the Liechtenstein Cup was a 4-1 defeat against FC Ruggell 2. Honours Liechtenstein Football Cup Winners (11): 1963–64, 1972–73, 1978–79, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1996–97 Runners-up (16): 1973–74, 1974–75, 1976, 1979–80, 1985–86, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2012–13, 2017–18, 2022–23 European record Current squad As of 2 November, 2021. Notable former players Mario Frick Rudolf Brunnenmeier Michael Nushöhr Thomas Beck Martin Telser Ralekoti Mokhahlane Former chairmen Robi Agnolazza Stefan Wolfinger References External links Official web site Football clubs in Liechtenstein Sport in Balzers Expatriated football clubs 1932 establishments in Liechtenstein	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Balzers
Lüdinghausen (Westphalian: Lünkhusen or Lünksel) is a town in district of Coesfeld in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the Dortmund-Ems Canal, approx. 25 km south-west of Münster. Town parts The town of Lüdinghausen includes the village of Seppenrade, where the ammonite Parapuzosia seppenradensis was found in 1895. History Lüdinghausen was founded in the thirteenth century and received its first city charter around 1308. Transportation Lüdinghausen is situated at the Dortmund-Enschede railway, and has a train station (Lüdinghausen railway station). Flugplatz Borkenberge (Borkenberge Airport) (ICAO code: EDLB) is located in the Ludinghausen area. Sights Lüdinghausen is known for its three castles, Castle Luedinghausen, Kakesbeck Castle and Vischering Castle. Twin towns – sister cities Lüdinghausen is twinned with: Nysa, Poland Taverny, France Notable people Holger Blume (born 1973), springer Marc Blume (born 1973), sprinter Marie Theres Fögen (1946–2008), jurist and historian Franz Kamphaus (born 1932), Roman Catholic bishop Johannes Kriege (1859–1937), jurist and politician (DVP) Wiebke Muhsal (born 1986), politician (AfD) Amos Pieper (born 1998), footballer Bettina Schausten (born 1965), journalist Karin Schnaase (born 1985), badminton player Bernd Strasser (born 1936), water polo player Heiner Thade (born 1942), modern penthalete Wilm Weppelmann (born 1957), artist Franz Wernekinck (1764–1839), physician and botanist Jens Albert (born 1973), rapper References External links (in German) Deerfield, Illinois Coesfeld (district)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdinghausen
Pariyaram is a Grama Panchayat consisting of two villages viz. Pariyaram census town and Kuttiyeri village. Pariyaram is a suburb of Taliparamba on National Highway (NH 66) between Taliparamba and Payyanur in Kerala state of India. Mini villages of Thiruvattoor, Koran Peedika, Mukkunnu & Chithappile Poyil are parts of Pariyaram. Even though the Government Medical College, Kannur was formerly known as Pariyaram Medical College, the same is located in Kadannappally- Panapuzha Grama panchayat. Educational Institutions Government Dental college, Pariyaram Government Medical College, Kannur Government Ayurveda Medical College Kannur Oushadhi K.K.N.Pariyaram Memorial Government Higher Secondary School Demographics As of 2011 census, Pariyaram census town had total population of 20,405 where 9,582 males and 10,823 females with an area spreads over . Total number of households were 4,580 in the town limits. Population of children in age group 0-6 was 2,519 (12.3%) which constitutes 1,249 males and 1,270 females. Pariyaram town had overall literacy of 93.2% where male literacy was 96.8% and female literacy was 90%. Religions As of 2011 Indian census, Pariyaram census town had total population of 20,405 which constitute 9,329 (45.7%) Hindus, 7,818 (38.3%) Muslims, 3,194 (15.7%) Christians and Others (0.3%). Administration Pariyaram Panchayat is part of Taliparamba Assembly constituency under Kannur Loksabha constituency. Law and Order Pariyaram Medical College Police Station was established on 10th February 2009 adjacent to the Pariyaram Government Medical College situated in Kadannapalli village. The old station building was renovated and inaugurated on 06.03.2022 by Hon’ble Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan. The police station is part of Kannur rural police district and has jurisdiction over Kadannappalli, Panapuzha, Cheruthazham and Pariyaram villages with an area of 118.01 Sq kms. Transportation The national highway passes through Pariyaram. Mangalore and Mumbai can be accessed on the northern side and Cochin and Thiruvananthapuram can be accessed on the southern side. The road from Taliparamba to the east of Iritty connects to Mysore and Bangalore. It will take approximately 45 minutes by Bus to reach Pariyaram from the district headquarters Kannur. The nearest railway stations are Payangadi and Payyannur on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Kannur, Mangalore and Calicut. All of them are international airports but direct flights are available only to Middle Eastern countries. See also Mathamangalam Kadannappally Vellora Olayampadi Pilathara Eramam Kuppam Mukkunnu References Cities and towns in Kannur district	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariyaram
USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) is an aircraft carrier for the United States Navy and the lead ship of her class. The ship is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford, whose World War II naval service included combat duty aboard the light aircraft carrier in the Pacific Theater. Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that forms part of a side shell unit of the carrier. The keel of Gerald R. Ford was laid down on 13 November 2009. She was christened on 9 November 2013. Gerald R. Ford entered the fleet replacing the decommissioned , which ended her 51 years of active service in December 2012. Originally scheduled for delivery in 2015, Gerald R. Ford was delivered to the Navy on 31 May 2017 and formally commissioned by President Donald Trump on 22 July 2017. Her first deployment departed 4 October 2022. , she is the world's largest aircraft carrier, and the largest warship ever constructed. Naming In 2006, while Gerald Ford was still alive, Senator John Warner of Virginia proposed to amend a 2007 defense-spending bill to declare that CVN-78 "shall be named the USS Gerald Ford." The final version, signed by President George W. Bush on 17 October 2006, declared only that it "is the sense of Congress that ... CVN-78 should be named the U.S.S. Gerald R. Ford." Since such "sense of" language is typically non-binding and does not carry the force of law, the Navy was not required to name the ship after Ford. On 3 January 2007, former United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that the aircraft carrier would be named after Ford during a eulogy for President Ford at Grace Episcopal Church in East Grand Rapids, Michigan. Rumsfeld indicated that he had personally told Ford of the honor during a visit to his home in Rancho Mirage a few weeks before Ford's death. This makes the aircraft carrier one of the few U.S. ships named after a living person. Later in the day, the Navy confirmed that the aircraft carrier would indeed be named after the former president. On 16 January 2007, Navy Secretary Donald Winter officially named CVN-78 USS Gerald R. Ford. Ford's daughter Susan Ford Bales was named the ship's sponsor. The announcements were made at a Pentagon ceremony attended by Vice President Dick Cheney, Senators Warner (R-VA) and Levin (D-MI), Major General Guy C. Swan III, Bales, Ford's other three children, and others. The USS America Carrier Veterans Association (CVA) had pushed to name the ship USS America. The CVA is an association of sailors who served aboard . The carrier was decommissioned in 1996 and scuttled in 2005 in the Atlantic, as part of a damage test of large deck aircraft carriers. The name "America" was instead assigned to , an amphibious assault ship commissioned in 2014. History Construction On 10 September 2008, the U.S. Navy signed a $5.1 billion contract with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia, to design and construct the carrier. Northrop had begun advance construction of the carrier under a $2.7 billion contract in 2005. The carrier was constructed at the Huntington Ingalls (formerly Northrop Grumman) Newport News Shipbuilding facilities in Newport News, Virginia. The keel of the new warship was ceremonially laid on 14 November 2009 in Dry Dock 12 by Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales. In a speech to the assembled shipworkers and DoD officials, Bales said: "Dad met the staggering challenges of restoring trust in the presidency and healing the nation's wounds after Watergate in the only way he knew how—with complete honesty and integrity. And that is the legacy we remember this morning." The ship's crest was developed jointly by the ship sponsor and first commanding officer, Captain John F. Meier. In August 2011, the carrier was reported to be "structurally halfway complete". In April 2012, construction was said to be 75 percent complete. On 24 May 2012, the important milestone of completing the vessel up to the waterline was reached when the critical lower bow was lifted into place. This was the 390th of the nearly 500 lifts of the integral modular components from which the vessel is assembled. Huntington Ingalls reported in an 8 November press release construction had "reached 87 percent structural completion". By 19 December 2012, construction had reached 90 percent structural completion. "Of the nearly 500 total structural lifts needed to complete the ship, 446 have been accomplished." The island was landed and accompanying ceremony took place on 26 January 2013. On 7 May 2013, the last of 162 superlifts was put in place, bringing the ship to 100 percent structural completion. On 11 July 2013, a time capsule was welded into a small room just above the floor, continuing a long Navy tradition. The time capsule holds items chosen by President Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales, and includes sandstone from the White House, Navy coins, and aviator wings from the ship's first commanding officer. The ship was originally scheduled for launch in July 2013 and delivery in 2015. Production delays meant that the launch was delayed until 11 October 2013 and the naming ceremony until 9 November 2013, with delivery in February 2016. On 3 October 2013, Gerald R. Ford had four 30-ton, -diameter bronze propellers installed. The installation of the propellers required more than ten months of work to install the underwater shafting. On 11 October 2013, the ship's drydock was flooded for the first time in order to test various seawater-based systems. Her launch date was set to be on the same day as her naming ceremony on 9 November 2013. On 9 November 2013, the ship was christened by Ford's daughter, Susan Ford Bales, with a bottle of American sparkling wine. As of 2013, construction costs were estimated at $12.8 billion, 22% over the 2008 budget, plus $4.7 billion in research and development costs. Because of budget difficulties, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan Greenert warned there might be a two-year delay beyond 2016 in completing Gerald R. Ford. The GAO reported that the price cap would be met by the Navy accepting an incomplete ship for that cost. On 23 September 2015, the Navy announced that several weeks of testing delays would likely slip the delivery date into April or May 2016. In addition, construction was 93% complete as of September 2015. In July 2016, a memo was obtained by CNN from Michael Gilmore, the US Department of Defense's Director of Operational Testing and Evaluation indicating that problems with four major flight systems would further delay combat readiness of the ship. The ship was not expected to be delivered until November 2016 and these issues were suggested to further delay that goal. Construction of the ship was described as 98% complete, with 88% of testing finished. By March 2018, due to issues with the nuclear propulsion system and munitions elevators, construction costs had reached $13.027 billion, making the Gerald R. Ford the most expensive warship ever built. Planned delivery to the Navy was delayed by three months, to October 2019. Newport News Shipbuilding has released a video documentary on the construction of Gerald R. Ford. Performance improvements Gerald R. Ford is intended to be the first of a class of aircraft carriers that offer significant performance improvements over the previous . Gerald R. Ford is equipped with an AN/SPY-3 and AN/SPY-4 active electronically scanned array multi-function, multi-band radar, and an island that is shorter in length and taller than that of the Nimitz class; it is set farther aft and closer to the edge of the ship. Replacing traditional steam catapults, the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) will launch all non-VTOL carrier aircraft. This innovation eliminates the traditional requirement to generate and store steam, freeing up considerable area below-deck. With the EMALS, Gerald R. Ford can accomplish 25% more aircraft launches per day than the Nimitz class and requires 25% fewer crew members. The Navy estimates it will save $4 billion in operating costs over a 50-year lifespan. According to an Associated Press story: These performance enhancements were problematic in Pentagon tests, and final software fixes for some of the problems were delayed until after the ship's post-shakedown availability in 2019. Operational and major system testing In January 2014, the annual Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) report recorded that critical ship systems in lab and test environments (including the EMALS, Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG), Dual Band Radar, and weapons elevators) were not reliable enough and needed more testing and improvements. The Navy implemented a rigorous testing program to ensure performance issues would be resolved before the systems were installed on the aircraft carrier. Major problems with the main turbine generators were found in June 2016. The fix, requiring design changes, was installed and was verified during acceptance trials in May 2017. The Initial Operational Test & Evaluation milestone was achieved in April 2017. On 8 April 2017, Gerald R. Ford got underway under her own power for the first time as she headed to sea for builder's trials. She completed the trials and returned to port at Naval Station Norfolk on 14 April 2017. On 24 May 2017, she departed for acceptance trials and completed them on 26 May 2017. In 2018, the Navy requested to delay shock trials for at least six years in order to speed up the ship's deployment, but this request was denied. On 18 June 2021, Gerald R. Ford completed her first Full Ship Shock Trial off Ponce Inlet, Florida to ensure that she is able to withstand battle conditions. 40,000 lbs. (18 tonnes) of TNT was detonated underwater, measured as a 3.9 magnitude earthquake by USGS. Additional tests were conducted in July and August, with the test detonations set off closer to the hull. The ship was determined to have passed the tests and this concluded the trials. Delivery On 31 May 2017, Newport News Shipbuilding delivered Gerald R. Ford to the U.S. Navy and her status was changed to Special, in service. Gerald R. Ford was formally commissioned into the United States Navy on 22 July 2017. On 28 July 2017, Air Test and Evaluation Squadron 23 (VX-23) performed the first arrested landing and catapult launch from Gerald R. Ford in an F/A-18F Super Hornet. According to a GAO report in mid-2020 the Gerald R. Ford was still reporting significant problems with the operation of her weapons elevators, while a DoD report in early 2021 stated that the ship was still not combat-ready, citing continuing problems with the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS). Designed to achieve 4,166 aircraft launches between operational mission failures, it instead accomplished only 181. On 20 March 2021, Gerald R. Ford and conducted Ready for Operations (RFO) by the Italian Navy while transiting the Atlantic Ocean. In September 2022, Rear Adm. James Downey described the ship as "fully delivered" and has "met her initial operating capability". Operational service 2022 Gerald R. Ford left Naval Station Norfolk for Task Force Exercise (TFEX) on 4 October 2022. The carrier was to conduct operations and training exercises alongside NATO allies and partners throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Gerald R. Fords Carrier Strike Group 12 included Carrier Air Wing 8, , Destroyer Squadron 2 with , and , auxiliaries and , and the United States Coast Guard cutter . Among the first NATO ships assigned to CSG-12 was the . Gerald R. Fords first port visit outside of her home country was on 28 October 2022, to Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, home of CFB Halifax, Canada's largest military installation and home port of the Royal Canadian Navy's Atlantic fleet. On 14 November 2022 the ship arrived in United Kingdom waters, for a four day visit anchored in Stokes Bay near Gosport. She returned to Norfolk on 26 November 2022. 2023 On 3 May 2023, Gerald R. Ford departed Naval Station Norfolk on her first full length deployment and is scheduled to be operating in the 2nd and 6th Fleet's Area of Responsibility (AOR). On 24 May 2023 the ship arrived just outside Oslo, Norway for NATO exercises, hosting a visit from Norway's Crown Prince Haakon. She is scheduled to head towards the Arctic later for further drills. On 26 June 2023 the ship sailed to the Mediterranean and arrived in Split, Croatia for crew rest. In early October 2023, Gerald R. Ford conducted naval exercises with the Italian navy in the Ionian Sea. On 8 October 2023, the day after the Hamas attack on Israel, the U.S. Secretary of Defense, Lloyd Austin, directed the Gerald R. Ford carrier strike group to the Eastern Mediterranean "to bolster regional deterrence efforts." Along with the carrier, the group also includes the cruiser , and the destroyers , , and . See also List of aircraft carriers List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy References External links DVIDS media website Builder's website Nimitz Class vs. Ford Class, Captain John F. Meier (video, 2m7s) OSD Operational Testing and Evaluation Annual Reports re CVN78; FY2013 (January 2014) FY2014 (January 2015) FY2015 (January 2016) FY2016 (December 2016) FY2017 (January 2018) Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers Nuclear ships of the United States Navy Ships built in Newport News, Virginia 2013 ships	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Gerald%20R.%20Ford

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