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Bhulabhai Desai (13 October 1877 – 6 May 1946) was an Indian independence activist and acclaimed lawyer. He is well-remembered for his defence of the three Indian National Army soldiers accused of treason during World War II, and for attempting to negotiate a secret power-sharing agreement with Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim League.
Early life
Bhulabhai Desai was born in Valsad, Gujarat. Initially schooled by his maternal uncle, Bhulabhai further studied at the Avabai School in Valsad and the Bharda High School in Bombay, from where he matriculated in 1895, standing first in his school. He married Ichchhaben while still in school. They had one son, Dhirubhai, but Ichchhaben died of cancer in 1923. He then joined the Elphinstone College in Bombay from where he graduated in high standing in English literature and history. He won the Wordsworth Prize and a scholarship for standing first in History and Political Economy. He did his MA in English from the University of Bombay. Bhulabhai was appointed Professor of English and History in the Gujarat College, Ahmedabad. While teaching he also studied law. Desai enrolled as an advocate at the Bombay High Court in 1905, and became one of the city's and later the nation's leading lawyers.
Political career
Bhulabhai began his political career with joining Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League. He had joined the Indian Liberal Party, supportive of British influences, but came out in opposition of the all-European Simon Commission formed in 1928 by the British to formulate constitutional reforms in India. His connection with the Indian National Congress began when he represented the farmers of Gujarat in the inquiry by the British Government following the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928. The satyagraha was a campaign by the farmers of Gujarat protesting oppressive taxation policies in a time of famine, under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Bhulabhai formidably represented the farmers' case, and was important to the eventual success of the struggle.
Desai formally joined the Congress in 1930. Convinced about the effectiveness of boycott of foreign goods, he formed the Swadeshi Sabha and persuaded 80 textile mills to join in, with the aim of building a boycott by Indian companies of foreign goods. The Sabha was declared illegal and he was arrested in 1932 for his activities. While in jail, Bhulabhai Desai was constantly ill. On his release on health grounds, he went to Europe for treatment. When the Congress Working Committee was reorganised, at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's insistence Desai was included in the committee.
In November 1934, Desai was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from Gujarat. The Government of India Act 1935, which allowed provincial autonomy, raised the question whether the Congress should participate in the legislatures. Bhulabhai among others supported Congress participation, pointing out the greater autonomy and political rights granted to Indians. When the Congress entered the Central Assembly, he was elected the leader of all elected Congressman, thus becoming the majority leader. He built much respect and standing by forcefully leading the first elected representation of the Congress.
At the onset of World War II, the Congress opposed the arbitrary inclusion of India and Indian soldiers in the war effort. Bhulabhai Desai considered it important to use the Central Assembly to clarify the Congress attitude to the world. Bhulabhai addressed the House on 19 November 1940, making a strong plea which read "...unless it is India's war, it is impossible that you will get India's support." Participating in the satyagraha initiated by Mohandas Gandhi, he was arrested on 10 December, under the Defense of India Act and sent to Yerwada Central Jail. He was released from prison in September 1941 on grounds of poor health, which also affected his participation in the Quit India movement.
Desai-Liaquat pact
While Mohandas Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee had been arrested during the Quit India movement, from 1942 to 1945, Desai was one of few Congress leaders free. While pressing demands for the immediate release of political prisoners, Desai began secretive talks with Liaquat Ali Khan, the second-most important leader of the Muslim League. However this assertion has been seriously challenged by other eminent people like Sir Chiman Lal Setalwad who have stated that Gandhi had full knowledge of the ongoing negotiations. It was their intention to negotiate an agreement for a future coalition government, which would enable a united choice for Hindus and Muslims for the independent Government of India. In this deal, Liaquat gave up the demand for a separate Muslim state in turn for parity of Muslims-to-Hindus in the council of ministers. Conceding the League as the representative of Muslims and giving a minority community equal place with the majority Hindus, Desai attempted to construct an ideal Indian alliance that would hasten India's path for freedom while ending the Quit India struggle. While Desai was working without the knowledge of Gandhi, Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru or any other Congress leader, Khan had kept the deal a secret from his superior, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
When a press report leaked the prospective deal in 1945, the respective parties were alarmed. While Desai presented full information to Gandhi, Jinnah and the League outrightly rejected any agreements, and Liaquat Ali Khan denied that such a pact was being negotiated. Desai's assertion that a deal had been reached was ridiculed by the League, while Congress leaders were angry at him for conducting such negotiations without informing them. Bhulabhai Desai would lead a major effort in March 1945 to get the House to defeat the unpopular war budget, but he had lost political standing in his own party owing to the fallout of the Desai-Liaquat pact. He was not given a ticket to contest elections for the Constituent Assembly of India on grounds of his ill-health, but also due to feelings in the Congress that Desai had been advancing his own power and popularity while the Congress leadership was imprisoned. This should be kept in mind that at that time many a proceedings of the Indian National Congress were shrouded in secrecy and people like Sir Chiman Lal Setalwad have time and again asserted that Gandhi had full knowledge of the Desai-Liaquat pact and was in fact the silent force behind the negotiations. It is also a matter worth note that when Desai was on his death bed, Gandhi went to meet him and did not speak a single word citing his "Maunvrata" (a fast wherein people do not speak for a designated period of time).
INA soldiers trial
When three captured Indian National Army (INA) officers, Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were put on trial for treason, the Congress formed a Defence committee composed of 17 advocates including Bhulabhai Desai. The court-martial hearing began in October 1945 at the Red Fort. Bhulabhai was the leading counsel for the defence. Undeterred by poor health, Bhulabhai made an emphatic and passionate argument in defence of the charged soldiers. He worked for three months at a stretch. He cited international law in his arguments, arguing that the accused were entitled to take up arms to gain independence for their country under the order of the Provisional Government which Subhas Bose had established and which had the recognition of a few sovereign governments, and that the Indian Penal Code did not apply to their case. The judge nevertheless pronounced the three officers guilty and sentenced them to transportation for life. The accused were however released and during the course of the trials reignited the Indian freedom struggle leading to complete independence in 1947.
Death
Bhulabhai Desai died on 6 May 1946. His immense wealth led to the creation of the Bhulabhai Memorial Institute in Bombay.
Legacy
M.C. Setalwad authored his biography, Bhulabhai Desai. Bhulabhai Desai Road in Mumbai is named after him.
References
Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (1992)
Indian independence activists from Gujarat
Indian National Army trials
1877 births
1946 deaths
Gujarati people
University of Mumbai alumni
Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India
Elphinstone College alumni
Prisoners and detainees of British India
19th-century Indian lawyers
Politicians from Mumbai
Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat
People from Valsad district
20th-century Indian lawyers
20th-century Indian politicians
Lawyers in British India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhulabhai%20Desai |
Unified Sports Classification System of the USSR () is a document which provided general Soviet physical education system requirements for both athletes and coaches.
Several Warsaw Pact states developed their own versions of the system. Russia, other post-Soviet republics, and allied states have continued their own versions of the system.
Athletes
The classification was established in 1935 and was based on separate classifications, which existed for several sports disciplines before. Starting in 1949, it was revised every four years, the period, which corresponded to the Olympic cycle, to reflect new standards for the physical training. The document contained test standards, principles and conditions, necessary for the conferment of sports ranks and titles, for all sports, cultivated in the USSR.
As of the 1970s, there were following ranks for athletes of the USSR (listed in descending order of value):
Merited Master of Sport of the USSR, (, abbreviated as "змс", sometimes translated as Honoured Master of Sport of the USSR), equates to international champion who has made valuable contributions to the sport
Master of Sport of the USSR, International Class (; abbreviated as "мсмк"), equates to international champion
Master of Sport of the USSR (; abbreviated as "мс"), equates to national champion
Candidate for Master of Sport of the USSR (; abbreviated as "кмс"), equates to nationally ranked player
First-Class Sportsman (), equates to regional champion
Second-Class Sportsman (), equates to state champion
Third-Class Sportsman (), equates to city champion
First-Class Junior Sportsman ()
Second-Class Junior Sportsman ()
Third-Class Junior Sportsman ()
Each of these titles was awarded only for results on the official competitions. Athletes who qualified for the rank were awarded a badge with serial number.
This system was popular among Soviet satellite states and was used in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, and Romania until the breakup of the USSR in 1991. Russia continued the system, and former Soviet republics Belarus, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan also maintain a similar or identical ranking system. In Mongolia, Honored Athletes (Mongolian: гавьяат тамирчин) have been recognized since 1960. In Albania, the Sports titles system was established in 1967.
A new sports title called Merited Master of Sport of Russia was created by the Russian government in 2007 to replace the previous one.
Non-Soviet Masters of Sport
The title of Merited Master of Sport of the USSR was awarded to a select number of foreigners.
On 30 January 1952, the title Merited Master of Sport of the USSR was awarded to Agustín Gómez Pagóla, who was born in Spain and started to play football there, but moved to the USSR during the Spanish Civil War in 1937, and played for Torpedo Moscow in 1947–1954, being the team captain in 1951–1953.
In 1972, to mark the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Soviet Union, this title was awarded to the following prominent athletes from Soviet-aligned nations:
Maria Gigova (world champion in rhythmic gymnastics)
András Balczó (modern pentathlon, Hungarian Sportsman of the Year in 1966, 1968, 1969)
Karin Janz (1972 Olympic champion in artistic gymnastics)
Li Ho-Jun (1972 Olympic champion in shooting)
Teófilo Stevenson (1972 Olympic champion in boxing) (he later won in 1976 and 1980 also)
Khorloogiin Bayanmönkh (1972 world champion in freestyle wrestling)
Włodzimierz Lubański (1972 Olympic champion in football)
Nicolae Martinescu (1972 Olympic champion in wrestling)
Ondrej Nepela (1972 Olympic champion in figure skating)
Coaches
Under the Soviet system, titles were awarded to coaches based on national and international success. Significant International success brought Merited Coach of the USSR while national success was rewarded with Merited Coach of one of the Soviet republics.
Merited Coach of the USSR ()
Merited Coach of the Uzbek SSR ()
Merited Coach of the Georgian SSR ()
The same system is in place today for most of the former Soviet republics as well. For example,
Merited Coach of Russia ()
Merited Coach of Ukraine (
Merited Coach of Uzbekistan ()
Non-Russian coaches
Since 2007, a few foreign coaches have been awarded the title of Merited Coach of Russia for their roles in the development of sports in Russia:
2007: David Blatt, coach of the Russian men's basketball team, champions, 2007 European Championships
2008: Giovanni Caprara, coach of the Russian women's volleyball team, champions, 2006 European Championships
2008: Dick Advocaat, football, head coach of Zenit St. Petersburg, champions, 2007–08 UEFA Cup and 2008 UEFA Super Cup
2013: Guus Hiddink, football, coach of Russian national team, bronze medalists, 2008 European Championships
2013: Oleg Znarok, hockey, head coach of Dynamo Moscow, champions, 2011/2012 Gagarin Cup
2013: Harijs Vītoliņš, hockey, assistant coach of Dynamo Moscow, champions, 2012/2013 Gagarin Cup
Judges and referees
The title of Honored Judge of Russia may be given to sport judges and referees who have reached the level of "All-Russian Sports Official" and have distinguished careers of officiating to their credit.
See also
Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
Master of Sports of Russia
Unified Sports Classification of Ukraine
References
External links
Mapping of the requirements for weight lifting, swimming and running from Russian to English.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., vol. 9, p. 64
1935 documents
1935 establishments in the Soviet Union
1935 in Soviet sport
Sport in the Soviet Union
Sport in Russia
Documents of the Soviet Union
Sports
Sports
Sports titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified%20Sports%20Classification%20System%20of%20the%20USSR%20and%20Russia |
Thomas Vincent Miller Jr. (December 3, 1942 – January 15, 2021), known as Mike Miller, was an American politician from Maryland. He had been a state senator representing the 27th District (Calvert, Charles, and Prince George's Counties) from 1975 to 2020 and served as its President from 1987 to 2020. He was the longest-serving President of the Maryland Senate, and was for a period the longest-serving state senate president in the United States.
Early life and education
Miller was born in Clinton, Maryland on December 3, 1942, the first of ten siblings, and attended Surrattsville High School. He studied at the University of Maryland, College Park where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa, and graduated with a B.S. in business administration in 1964. Miller went on to graduate from the University of Maryland School of Law in 1967 with an LL.B. degree. Miller was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1967.
Career
In 1971, he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates from the third legislative district of Maryland in Prince George's County, and served in that position until his election to the state senate in 1975.
The Senate office building in Annapolis was named after him due to his being the longest-serving Senate president in the history of the state legislature.
The Main Administration Building at his alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park, was named after him on June 29, 2020. He was known as a tireless advocate for higher education institutions in Maryland and the building's official moniker was the "Thomas V. Miller Administration Building."
Miller was featured in the Netflix documentary The Keepers for his opposition to a bill seeking to increase the statute of limitations for sexual abuse victims.
On October 24, 2019, he announced he would step down from his leadership post, citing fatigue caused by his cancer treatment. He has stated that he intended to serve out the remainder of his term in the state Senate.
On December 23, 2020, he announced his resignation from the senate, citing health reasons.
Personal life
Miller was married; he and his wife lived in Chesapeake Beach and had five children, a son and four daughters.
In January 2019, Miller disclosed that he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in July 2018 and underwent prescribed medication treatment; in December 2018 he underwent chemotherapy after the cancer was found to have progressed. Miller died at home in Chesapeake Beach from the effects of the disease on January 15, 2021.
References
External links
Senator Mike Miller official website
Maryland Senate - Senate President official government website
Bills sponsored 2008 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
Project Vote Smart - Senator Thomas V. 'Mike' Miller Jr. (MD) profile
Follow the Money - Thomas V. (Mike) Miller Jr
2006 2004 2002 1998 campaign contributions
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1942 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Deaths from cancer in Maryland
Deaths from prostate cancer
Maryland lawyers
Democratic Party Maryland state senators
People from Calvert County, Maryland
People from Clinton, Maryland
Presidents of the Maryland Senate
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20V.%20Miller%20Jr. |
The Museum of Gothenburg () is a local history museum located in the city centre of Gothenburg in western Sweden. It is located in the East India House (), originally built as the Swedish East India Company offices in 1762. The city museum was established in 1861.
The City Museum is a cultural history museum. It displays Gothenburg and West Sweden's history, from the Viking Age to the present day. There is a permanent exhibition about the Swedish East India Company.
History
The museum was founded in the East India House in 1861. Modelled on the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, it initially comprised natural history, art and books and covered art, science and industry. Its founders were Sven Adolf Hedlund, AF Ericsson, August Malm and Victor von Gegerfelt. The merchant John West Wilson paid for a fourth wing which opened in May 1891 shortly after his death.
At the time of the Gothenburg Exhibition in 1923 the city's collections were split in two, with the art housed in the Göteborgs konstmuseum and the rest in the Göteborgs naturhistoriska museum. Between 1993 and 1996, several of the city's museums on archaeology, general history and the history of industry, education and theatre merged to form the Göteborg City Museum.
References
External links
Official website
Museums in Gothenburg
Gothenburg
History museums in Sweden
Swedish East India Company
Listed buildings in Gothenburg
Government buildings in Sweden
1861 establishments in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum%20of%20Gothenburg |
Hari Rhodes (April 10, 1932 – January 15, 1992) was an American author and actor whose career spanned three decades beginning around 1960.
He was sometimes billed as Harry Rhodes, and appeared in 66 films and television programs, such as ABC's 1963 TV medical drama series about psychiatry Breaking Point.
Early life
In a 1968 TV Guide interview, Rhodes described growing up in a rough section of his native Cincinnati: "We lived between the railroad tracks and the river bank. The flood ran us out every winter, but we'd always come back, kick out the mud and settle down again until flood time. All the boys had to learn how to hop freights and throw pieces of coal off. All I ever knew was rats, roaches, and poverty."
When he was 15, Rhodes spent two months learning to copy his mother's signature, and forged it on enlistment papers to join the U.S. Marine Corps.
In the Marines, Rhodes was a member of his camp's judo team for two years. He eventually gained the rank of sergeant and served in Korea, where he led a reconnaissance platoon behind enemy lines.
"The time I got wounded at the Chosin Reservoir, a Chinese came running toward me," Rhodes told TV Guide. "My Thompson submachine gun was unloaded. I threw it down so he wouldn't shoot. His face almost smiled. He had his bayonet on my chest. He began slashing my arms. I got him with an 8-inch knife."
In 1965, he published a novel based on his experiences in the Marine Corps at the last black Marine Corps Recruit Depot at Montford Point called A Chosen Few.
Acting career
In 1960, Rhodes appeared in five television series: General Electric Theater, hosted by Ronald Reagan; The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor, Have Gun, Will Travel, starring Richard Boone, The Westerner, starring Brian Keith; and in two episodes of Adventures in Paradise, starring Gardner McKay. In 1961, he was cast in an episode of ABC's Hawaii-based drama, Follow the Sun. In 1963, he played a patrolman in "Death of a Cop" on CBS's The Alfred Hitchcock Hour.
From 1966–69, Rhodes was a regular on Daktari as Mike Makula. In 1969, he starred in the short-lived series The Bold Ones: The Protectors. His most notable television role came in 1977 in the ABC miniseries, Roots, in which he was cast as a leader of Kunta Kinte's village. He had a pioneering role as an African-American in science-fiction television. His portrayal of one Lt. Ernie Travers, member of a lunar exploration team in the "Moonstone" episode of The Outer Limits (1964), antedated Nichelle Nichols' portrayal of a black member (Lt. Uhura) of a space exploration crew on Star Trek. In 1985, he appeared as character Mr. Wanda in Magnum P.I. in the episode titled "Old Acquaintance".
His early film roles included appearances in The Nun and the Sergeant (1962), Drums of Africa (1963), Shock Corridor (1963), The Satan Bug (1965), and Mirage (1965). In 1966, he played a supporting role as Captain Davis in the successful suspense-comedy motion picture Blindfold, starring Rock Hudson and Claudia Cardinale. He also played Mr. MacDonald, who aids Caesar in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and was the star of the blaxploitation film Detroit 9000 (1973). His later film credits included Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976), The Hostage Heart (1977), Coma (1978), and the Burt Reynolds cop thriller Sharky's Machine (1981).
Acting and racism's effect on his writing
Rhodes' first television role was in a 1957 episode of Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater that starred Sammy Davis Jr. The role came just one year after Rhodes had received a rude lesson in racial prejudice.
"I read about a training program a major studio had for grooming people for 'stardom.' Being naïve about the system, I got on the phone and called the man in charge and asked if he would interview me, and he told me to come around to the studio," Rhodes told TV Guide in 1968. "I said, 'By the way, I think I should tell you that I am a Negro.' He said, 'Don't waste your time – we don't take Negroes in this program.' I hung up the phone. Almost tore the cradle off the thing."
Rhodes channeled his anger into a novel, A Chosen Few, which was published in a paperback edition. A Chosen Few was described as "an explosive personal portrait of what (Rhodes) saw and lived through in the heart of the American South in the last all-Negro Marine boot camp." The novel's uneducated hero remarks, "Bitterness ... is a consuming, cancerous quality out of which comes nothing but self-destruction, while out of an anger can come many constructive things, if nothing more than the drive to get something done."
Rhodes later penned two unpublished novels: Harambee, about a man with a plan to liquidate the world's entire Caucasian population, and Land of Odds, about Hollywood.
Rhodes told TV Guide that writing served as his safety valve. "I'd rather be writing my own than reading somebody else's. I have no need for it." Rhodes said.
Filmography
Death
Hari Rhodes died of a heart attack in January 1992, a few months before the premiere of his final project, the made-for-TV feature Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry Story.
Bibliography
A Chosen Few. Bantam Books, 1965.
The Hollow and the Human. Vantage, 1976
See also
References
Further reading
Hobson, Dick. (1968, April 20–26). "On Maneuvers With Hari Rhodes". TV Guide, p. 18–19.
External links
1932 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American male actors
African-American male actors
American male film actors
20th-century American male writers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
American male television actors
Male actors from Cincinnati
20th-century African-American writers
United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers
African-American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari%20Rhodes |
King David School(s) can refer to one or more of the following Jewish day schools:
Australia
King David School, Melbourne
Canada
King David School, Vancouver
England
King David School, Birmingham
King David School, Liverpool
King David High School, Manchester
South Africa
King David Schools, Johannesburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20David%20School |
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, commonly known as veratrole, is an organic compound with the formula CH(OCH). It is one of three isomers of dimethoxybenzene. It is a colorless liquid, with a pleasant odor and slight solubility in water. It is the dimethyl ether derived from pyrocatechol.
Occurrence
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is naturally occurring. Its biosynthesis entails the methylation of guaiacol by guaiacol O-methyltransferase. 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is an insect attractant. Guaiacol O-methyltransferase gene is first scent gene discovered so far in any plant species.
Uses
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is a building block for the organic synthesis of other aromatic compounds. Veratrole is relatively electron-rich and thus readily undergoes electrophilic substitution.
An example of the use of veratrole is in the synthesis of Domipizone.
Veratrole can easily be brominated with NBS to give 4-bromoveratrole.
Related compounds
1,3-Dimethoxybenzene
1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
Methyl isoeugenol
References
O-methylated natural phenols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C2-Dimethoxybenzene |
Rev. Edward Henry Bradby (1827–1893) was a classicist.
Academic timeline
Educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, Oxford (1845)
Canon of St. Albans
Principal at Hatfield College, Durham University (1852)
House Master at Harrow (1853–1868)
Headmaster of Haileybury College (1868–1883)
Bradby retired somewhat early from Haileybury to do mission work in the east end of London, where he remained until his death.
Children
Lucy Barbara Hammond (née Bradby), Historian
Henry Christopher Bradby, Cricketer, Poet, Teacher, father of poet Anne Ridler
Godfrey Fox Bradby, Author, Teacher
Edward Bradby, Cricketer, Solicitor
Mabel Agatha Bradby (1865–1944), mother of Letitia Chitty,structural analytical engineer, first female fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Dorothy Bradby
References
Academics of Durham University
1827 births
1893 deaths
British classical scholars
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
People educated at Rugby School
Masters of Hatfield College, Durham | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Bradby |
Robert Robinson Taylor (June 8, 1868 – December 13, 1942) was an American architect and educator. Taylor was the first African-American student enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the first accredited African-American architect when he graduated in 1892. He was an early and influential member of the Tuskegee Institute faculty.
A native of Wilmington, North Carolina, Taylor remained in architectural practice in the American South for more than forty years. He was part of what was possibly the nation's first black architecture firm, Taylor and Persley, a partnership founded in July 1920 with Louis H. Persley. He designed many of the early buildings of the Tuskegee Institute, and at several other Historically black colleges and universities. As second-in-command to Booker T. Washington, the Tuskegee Institute's founder, Taylor was instrumental in both campus planning and inventing the school's industrial curriculum.
Early life
Robert Robinson Taylor was born on June 8, 1868, in Wilmington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Taylor, worked as a carpenter and businessman, born into slavery but freed in 1847 by his father and owner Angus Taylor. His mother, Emily Still, was the daughter of freedmen even prior to the Civil War. He left home for MIT in 1888, where he studied architecture. In June 1890 and again in September 1891, he was recommended for the Loring Scholarship, which he held for two consecutive academic years: 1890–1891 and 1892–1893.
During his course of study at MIT, he talked in person on more than one occasion with Booker T. Washington. What Washington had in mind was for Taylor to develop the industrial program at Tuskegee and to plan and direct the construction of new buildings for the campus. At the MIT faculty meeting on May 26, 1892, Taylor was one of twelve students in Course IV, the architectural program, recommended for a degree. The class of 1892 was the largest on record since MIT's founding. After graduation, Taylor did not head directly to Tuskegee. He finally accepted the Tuskegee offer in the fall or winter of 1892.
Career
Taylor's first building project on the Tuskegee University campus was the Science Hall (Thrasher Hall) completed in 1893. The new Science Hall was constructed entirely by students, using bricks made also by students under Taylor's supervision. The project epitomized Washington's philosophy of instilling in Tuskegee students, the descendants of former enslaved Africans, the value and dignity of physical labor. It exemplified of the capabilities of African Americans in the building trades, and it underscored the larger potential of the manual training curricula being developed at Tuskegee. A number of other buildings followed, including the original Tuskegee Chapel, erected between 1895 and 1898, and The Oaks, built in 1899 as Tuskegee's presidential residence.
From 1899 to 1902, he returned to Cleveland, Ohio, to work on his own and for the architectural firm of Charles W. Hopkinson. Upon his return to Tuskegee from Cleveland in 1902, he was architect and director of "mechanical industries" until his retirement in the mid-1930s. To develop a sound curriculum at Tuskegee, both Washington and Taylor drew inspiration from MIT as a model. Taylor's own admiration for MIT as a model for Tuskegee's development was conveyed in a speech that he delivered at MIT in 1911. Taylor cited examples to the 1911 US Congress in a paper to illustrate the kinds of rigorous ideas, approaches, and methods that Tuskegee had adopted from MIT and successfully applied within the context of a black educational institution.
Taylor also designed buildings that were not at Tuskegee. These include Carnegie libraries at Wiley College in Marshall, Texas, and at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina. With his later partner, the black architect Louis H. Persley, he did large buildings at Selma University in Selma, Alabama, and the Colored Masonic Temple, which is also an office building and entertainment venue, in Birmingham, Alabama.
He served for a period as vice-principal of Tuskegee, beginning in 1925. In 1929, under the joint sponsorship of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, the Liberian government, and Firestone Rubber, he went to Kakata, Liberia to lay out architectural plans and devise a program in industrial training for the proposed Booker Washington Institute – "the Tuskegee of Africa." Robert Taylor served on the Mississippi Valley Flood Relief Commission, appointed by President Herbert Hoover, and was chairman of the Tuskegee chapter of the American Red Cross.
Following his retirement to his native Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1935, the governor of North Carolina appointed Taylor to the board of trustees of what is now Fayetteville State University. Moreover, in 1942, less than a decade after his retirement from Tuskegee, he wrote to the secretary of his MIT class indicating that he had just been released from treatment for an unspecified illness at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. "Thanks to a kind Providence and skillful physicians," he said, "I am much better now."
Personal life
In 1898, he married Beatrice Rochon Taylor. They had four children, one of whom, Robert Rochon Taylor, became a noted housing advocate in Chicago. Beatrice's younger sister was teacher and pharmacist Etnah Rochon Boutte. After Beatrice died in 1906, Robert remarried in 1912 to Nellie Chestnutt; they had one child.
Death
He died on December 13, 1942, while attending services in the Tuskegee Chapel, the building that he considered his most outstanding achievement as an architect. He was buried at the Pine Forest Cemetery in Wilmington, North Carolina.
Legacy
The Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science at Tuskegee University is named for Taylor. The housing project in Chicago, Robert Taylor Homes, was named after his son, Robert Rochon Taylor, a civic leader and former Chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority.
The US Postal Service has a postage stamp with his likeness.
His great-granddaughter, Valerie Jarrett, was a senior advisor to Former President Barack Obama.
Projects
Huntington Hall (1900)
Emery dormitories 4 buildings (1900)
Dorothy Hall (1901) Tuskegee Institute
Women's Trades Building (1901)
Carnegie Library (1901)
Administration Building (1902–03)
Rockefeller Hall (1903)
Men's residence Hall (1904)
Douglass Hall (1904)
Collis P. Huntington Memorial Building academic building(1904–05)
Tantum Hall (1907)
Milbank Agriculture Building (1909)
Tompkins Hall, dining facility (1910)
White Hall, women's dormitory (1910)
John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital (1913)
Laundry, now The George Washington Carver Museum (1915)
James Hall (1921)
Prince Hall Masonic Temple (1924)
Sage Hall (1927)
Wilcox Trade Buildings, architecture buildings (1928)
Logan Hall, old gym (1931)
Armstrong Science Building (1932)
Hollis Burke Frissell Library (1932)
See also
African-American architects
Robert Charles Bates, an early architecture teacher at Claflin University
References
External links
Robert R. Taylor, First Black Student at MIT (MIT Black History Project)
1868 births
1942 deaths
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
African-American architects
19th-century American architects
Fayetteville State University
Tuskegee University faculty
20th-century African-American people
20th-century American architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Robinson%20Taylor |
Side Show is a musical by Bill Russell (book and lyrics) and Henry Krieger (music) based on the lives of Daisy and Violet Hilton, conjoined twins who became famous stage performers in the 1930s.
The musical opened October 16, 1997, on Broadway; Robert Longbottom directed and choreographed, and the cast starred Emily Skinner as Daisy and Alice Ripley as Violet. Despite receiving some positive reviews, the show closed after 91 performances. A Broadway revival opened in November 2014, and closed after 56 performances.
Synopsis
Act I
The Boss, the ringmaster of a sideshow, introduces the exhibits: the bearded lady, a geek, the Cannibal King, the seraglio of a Hashemite sheik, and, lastly, his star attraction, the Siamese twins ("Come Look at the Freaks"). Buddy Foster, an aspiring musician, brings Terry Connor, a talent scout for the Orpheum Circuit, to see the Siamese twins, persuading him to enter the show all the way. Coerced ominously in by the Boss, Buddy thinks he could help them create an act and convinces Terry to meet them. The two men interrupt a birthday party for the girls ("Happy Birthday To You And To You").
Terry asks their names and they respond, "I'm Daisy" and "I'm Violet". He then asks them their dreams ("Like Everyone Else"); Violet, the gentler of the two, wants a life of a husband and home; Daisy, on the other hand, seeks fame and fortune. Terry tells them he wants to help their dreams come true ("You Deserve a Better Life"). After the Boss rudely refuses Terry's offer to be cut in on the twins' potential vaudeville career ("Crazy, Deaf and Blind"), Terry devises a scheme whereby Buddy will teach the girls a song. Jake, who plays the Cannibal King in the sideshow and is the twins' friend and protector, begs them to consider what they're getting into and the whole sideshow family adds its opinion ("The Devil You Know").
Two weeks later, Terry returns to see the twins perform and Buddy tells him how the personal dynamics with the girls are getting sticky ("More Than We Bargained For"). Before their secret late-night performance, the twins confess to each other how infatuated they are with the two men who've come into their lives ("Feelings You've Got to Hide").
The Hilton Sisters' secret debut is a great success ("When I'm By Your Side"). But the Boss discovers the subterfuge and physically threatens the twins when they tell him they're leaving the sideshow. Jake comes to their rescue and the other attractions threaten to leave also, causing the Boss to back down. Daisy, Violet and Jake, whom Terry has invited to help backstage on the twins' tour, bid farewell to their sideshow family ("Say Goodbye to the Freak Show").
It's time for the twins' first public performance, and Terry invites a group of reporters together before the show ("Overnight Sensation"). Before their vaudeville debut, the twins argue about their different ways of expressing interest in men ("Leave Me Alone"). Onstage they sing "We Share Everything" in a production number featuring them as queens of ancient Egypt.
After the twins' performing triumph, Terry and Buddy shower them with kisses. Hostile reporters ask tough questions about the girls' love life ("The Interview"). Terry and Buddy deny any romantic inclinations, leaving the twins to wonder if they will ever find romantic fulfillment ("Who Will Love Me as I Am?").
Act II
The second act opens with the Hilton Sisters at the height of their success - a Follies-style production number ("Rare Songbirds on Display"). Daisy's dream of stardom has come true but Violet seems no closer to her dream of finding a husband.
At a fancy New Year's Eve party, Buddy tries to cheer up Violet and ends up proposing marriage ("New Year's Day"). Afterwards, Terry imagines what it would be like to be alone with Daisy ("Private Conversation").
In an onstage number ("One Plus One Equals Three"), Buddy, Violet and Daisy issue an upbeat invitation to their wedding. But backstage both Daisy and Buddy separately express doubts as to how the arrangement will work. Jake overhears Buddy and, in an effort to save Violet from seemingly imminent heartbreak, confesses that he has loved her for years ("You Should Be Loved").
The night before Violet and Buddy's wedding as the grand finale of the Texas Centennial, Daisy is feeling left out. To appease her, Terry suggests going where they could be more-or-less alone together ("Tunnel of Love").
The big day arrives. Hawkers sell tickets and souvenirs ("Beautiful Day for a Wedding"). But in the dressing area, complications arise. Jake announces he is leaving. Buddy confesses he's not strong enough to marry Violet. Daisy offers a solution which will ensure a movie contract dependent on the wedding publicity ("Marry Me, Terry"). Terry cannot bring himself to publicly acknowledge what he feels for Daisy. She dismisses him and insists that Violet and Buddy go through with the ceremony, which will at least benefit everyone's career. Left alone, the twins find solace in each other ("I Will Never Leave You"). As the wedding proceeds, they reprise "Come Look at the Freaks" with full understanding and acceptance of who they are and what they are doing.
Musical Numbers
Original Broadway Production
Act I
Come Look At The Freaks – The Boss and Company
Happy Birthday To You And To You – Terry and Buddy
Like Everyone Else – Daisy and Violet
You Deserve A Better Life – Terry and Buddy
Crazy, Deaf and Blind – The Boss
The Devil You Know – Jake and Company
More Than We Bargained For – Terry and Buddy
Feelings You've Got To Hide – Daisy and Violet
When I'm By Your Side – Daisy and Violet
Say Goodbye To The Freak Show – Company
Overnight Sensation – Terry and Reporters
Leave Me Alone – Daisy and Violet
We Share Everything – Daisy, Violet and Vaudevillian
The Interview – Daisy, Violet and Reporters
Buddy Kissed Me – Violet and Daisy
Who Will Love Me As I Am? – Daisy and Violet
Act II
Rare Songbirds On Display – Company
New Year's Day – Terry, Buddy, Jake, Daisy, Violet and Company
Private Conversation – Terry and Daisy
One Plus One Equals Three – Buddy, Daisy, Violet, and the Vale Sisters
You Should Be Loved – Jake and Violet
Tunnel Of Love – Terry, Buddy, Daisy, Violet and Company
Beautiful Day For A Wedding – The Boss and Hawkers
Buddy's Confession – Jake, Daisy, Violet, Buddy and Terry
Marry Me, Terry – Terry and Daisy
I Will Never Leave You – Daisy and Violet
Finale – Company
Broadway Revival Production
Act I
Come Look At The Freaks – Sir and Company
I'm Daisy, I'm Violet – Daisy and Violet
Like Everyone Else – Daisy and Violet
Very Well-Connected – Terry and Buddy
Before The Devil You Know – Daisy, Violet, Attractions and Jake
The Devil You Know – Jake and Company
Ladies And Gentlemen – Buddy
Typical Girls Next Door – Daisy and Violet
Flashback – Auntie, Daisy and Violet, Doctors, Houdini, Sir, and Ensemble
Feelings You've Got to Hide – Daisy and Violet
Say Goodbye to the Sideshow – Violet, Daisy, Terry, Jake and Ensemble
Ready to Play – Suitors, Daisy and Violet
The Interview – Terry, Reporters, Daisy and Violet
Buddy Kissed Me – Violet and Daisy
Who Will Love Me As I Am? – Daisy, Violet and Attractions
Act II
Stuck With You (Part One) – Buddy, Ray, Daisy and Violet
Leave Me Alone – Daisy and Violet
Stuck with You (Part Two) – Buddy, Ray, Daisy and Violet
New Year's Eve Sequence – Terry, Buddy, Jake, Daisy, Violet and Company
Private Conversation – Terry and Daisy
One Plus One Equals Three – Buddy, Daisy, Violet, Ray, and Ensemble
You Should Be Loved – Jake and Violet
Great Wedding Show – Full Company
Buddy's Confession – Jake, Daisy, Violet, Buddy and Terry
Marry Me, Terry – Terry and Daisy
I Will Never Leave You – Violet and Daisy
Finale – Full Company
Casts
Production history
Original production
Side Show opened on Broadway on October 16, 1997 at the Richard Rodgers Theatre. Robert Longbottom directed and choreographed, the sets were by Robin Wagner, costumes by Gregg Barnes and lighting by Brian MacDevitt. The cast starred Emily Skinner as Daisy Hilton and Alice Ripley as Violet Hilton. Despite receiving some positive reviews, the show closed on January 3, 1998 after 31 previews and 91 regular performances. Original producers were Manny Azenberg and former actor Wayne Rogers.
Original Broadway cast
Emily Skinner as Daisy Hilton
Alice Ripley as Violet Hilton
Norm Lewis as Jake
Jeff McCarthy as Terry Connor, press agent
Hugh Panaro as Buddy Foster
Ken Jennings as The Boss
Also featured was J. Robert Spencer.
It was nominated for four Tony Awards in 1998. Although Side Show won none of these awards, it was the first and only time that two actresses were co-nominated for Best Actress in a Musical as a team. At the Tony Awards ceremony, the two stars performed the show's most popular number, "I Will Never Leave You". Ripley and Skinner later released two albums of duets (Duets and Unsuspecting Hearts), as well as a live recording of their 2006 reunion concert ("Skinner/Ripley: Raw at Town Hall").
Regional theatre productions
In 1998, TheatreWorks near San Francisco produced the regional premiere of Side Show at the Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts. The production was a critical and popular success, receiving the Garland Award (Los Angeles) and various Dean Goodman Critics Choice Awards (San Francisco). The production afforded TheatreWorks its largest first day of ticket sales on their records for a single production. Subsequently, 2 extra performances were added to meet the demand. The production was directed by Robert Kelley and Bick Goss (Goss also choreographed). Kristin Behrendt, who had been a standby for (and performed) the role of Violet in the original Broadway cast, played the role of Daisy. The cast also included Debra Wiseman (Bullets Over Broadway, The Scarlet Pimpernel) as Violet, AJ Vincent (The Will Rogers Follies) as Terry (Dean Goodman Critics Choice Award Best Actor in a Musical), Pierce Peter Brandt (Les Miserables, Martin Guerre) as Buddy, and Stephonne Smith (The Scarlet Pimpernel) as Jake.
The show then had several successful regional productions throughout the country, including in 1999 in Denver, Colorado, by the Physically Handicapped Actors & Musical Artists League. While many were initially uncomfortable with the idea of disabled actors portraying "side show freaks", the production was well received and was presented with several awards, including the Denver Mayor's Award for Excellence in the Arts.
In 2001, Signature Theatre Company's production starred Amy Goldberger (Daisy), Sherri Edelen (Violet), Will Gartshore (Buddy Foster) Matt Bogart (Terry Connor), Eric Jordan Young (Jake), and Michael Sharp (The Boss).
An abridged version of Side Show was presented at the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C. October 2–5, 2008 as part of their Broadway: Three Generations production. Jenn Colella and Lisa Brescia played Daisy and Violet, respectively, Bobby Steggert played Buddy, and Max von Essen played Terry.
Revised version; Broadway revival
A revised version of the musical ran at the La Jolla Playhouse in La Jolla, California, in late 2013. Bill Condon directed, with Erin Davie as Violet and Emily Padgett as Daisy. The show has a "darker approach" and "incorporates new songs as well as additional biographical details of the Hilton twins' life and historical figures of the era." Several new songs were added. In Act 1, Terry sings "Very Well Connected" to try to convince the twins that he can get them booked on the Orpheum Circuit. Buddy teaches the girls a song called "Typical Girls Next Door". During a backstory flashback, British physicians sing "Cut Them Apart" while the girls sing "I Will Never Leave You" for the first time. Harry Houdini teaches the girls to tune out all distractions around them in order to get some private time ("All in the Mind"). When the girls are being brought to the US, Sir sings "Come See a New Land" (Come Look at the Freaks reworked). The twins' first big performance is a new song, "Ready to Play." Act 2 opens with a new number, "Stuck With You", featuring the twins, Buddy, and a boy with whom Buddy seems to be having a relationship. This is followed by "Leave Me Alone", moved to Act 2. "New Year's Day" was reworked and added to "New Year's Eve". "Tunnel of Love" was reworked as "A Great Wedding Show." Several other songs from the original were cut: "You Deserve a Better Life", "Crazy, Deaf and Blind", "More Than We Bargained For", "When I'm By Your Side", "Overnight Sensation", "We Share Everything", "Rare Songbirds on Display", and "Beautiful Day for a Wedding".
The production next played at the Kennedy Center in June and July 2014. with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, scenic design by David Rockwell, costumes by Paul Tazewell, lighting by Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer and sound by Kai Harada. The cast starred Davie and Padgett and also featured Matthew Hydzik as Buddy Foster, Robert Joy as Sir, Ryan Silverman as Terry Connor and David St. Louis as Jake.
The production began previews on Broadway at the St. James Theatre on October 28, 2014, opening officially on November 17, with the same cast. Despite very positive reviews, the revival did not catch on with audiences and closed on January 4, 2015 after only seven weeks.
London
The musical made its UK premiere in 2016 at the Southwark Playhouse in London for a limited run, running from October 21, 2016 to December 3, 2016. Directed by Hannah Chissick, the cast featured Louise Dearman (Daisy) and Laura Pitt-Pulford (Violet), with Dominic Hodson as Buddy Foster.
University Productions
The first collegiate production of the reworked version of Side Show was produced as an immersive theatrical experience by USC School of Dramatic Arts in October, 2016 and featured real twins. Daisy was played by Selene Julia Klasner and Violet by Carson Klasner.
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
2014 Broadway revival
References
External links
Fan letters for Side show, 1997-1998, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
1997 musicals
Biographical musicals
Broadway musicals
Cultural depictions of British women
Cultural depictions of sideshow performers
Sung-through musicals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side%20Show%20%28musical%29 |
William Henry Millar (born August 7, 1954) is the former president of the American Public Transportation Association. From October 1, 1984 until October 31, 1996, he was the CEO of the Port Authority of Allegheny County, which serves the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. In spring 1992, he dealt with a crippling 28-day work stoppage strike that was only resolved by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, with an agreement not reached until eight months later.
References
Public Transportation Leader Calls For New Mobility Solutions For Older Americans American Public Transportation Association, April 14, 2005
External links
1954 births
Living people
American business executives
Port Authority of Allegheny County executives
20th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Millar%20%28transportation%20executive%29 |
Keswick School of Industrial Art (KSIA) (sometimes Keswick School of Industrial Arts) was founded in 1884 by Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley and his wife Edith as an evening class in woodwork and repoussé metalwork at the Crosthwaite Parish Rooms, in Keswick, Cumbria. The enterprise, designed to alleviate unemployment, prospered, and within ten years more than a hundred men were attending classes. A new building was erected for the school at a nearby site.
The school closed in 1984 and the building became a restaurant.
History
Rawnsley was the vicar of Crosthwaite, at the edge of Keswick, from 1883 to 1917. He was one of the three co-founders of the National Trust and was a prominent figure in philanthropic enterprises in the area, helping to establish a grammar school, a hospital and a farm school.
Inspired by the precepts of John Ruskin, Rawnsley and his wife set up free evening classes in the parish rooms, beginning in November 1884, to teach metalwork and wood carving under the supervision of a London professional woodcarver and a local jeweller. In the winter months there was considerable unemployment in the town; the Rawnsleys provided training in skills that could alleviate the problem.
The school prospered and swiftly developed a reputation for high quality copper and silver decorative metalwork. By 1888 nearly seventy men were attending the classes. By 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes; Its numbers now more than a hundred, it had outgrown its cramped home in the parish rooms, and Rawnsley raised funds for a purpose-built school nearby. Among his supporters were Walter Crane, Holman Hunt, and G. F. Watts. The new building, to which the school moved in 1894, was designed by the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin at a cost of £1,300. The workrooms were on the ground floor, with the showroom and a library on the upper floor. Beneath the balcony of the façade is the slogan:
The loving eye and patient hand
Shall work with joy and bless the land
The school was mainly financed from sales of its products. Its funds became inadequate in the 1980s, from a combination of inadequate marketing and cheaper imported goods. The school closed in 1984. Keswick Museum and Art Gallery displays a range of the school's works. The building, with its façade intact, became a restaurant.
Directors
Reference:
See also
List of non-ecclesiastical works by Austin and Paley (1895–1914)
Newlyn Copper
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
KSIA.co.uk
Art schools in England
Arts and Crafts movement
Education in Cumberland (unitary authority)
Keswick, Cumbria
Paley, Austin and Paley buildings
Educational institutions established in 1884
Educational institutions disestablished in 1984
1884 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick%20School%20of%20Industrial%20Art |
Macken or Mackan () is a small hamlet and townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, off the A509 main Enniskillen to Derrylin road. Once quite a sizeable village it has now dwindled to containing only a few scattered farmsteads.
History
Macken was the scene of a famous skirmish on the evening of 13 July 1829 between Catholics and Protestants during which four Protestants died. Nineteen Catholics were later charged for their part in the affair. One of them, Ignatius McManus, was hanged and most of the remainder were transported to Botany Bay, Australia.
See also
List of villages in Northern Ireland
References
Villages in County Fermanagh
Townlands of County Fermanagh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macken%2C%20County%20Fermanagh |
Ranunculus californicus, commonly known as the California buttercup, is a flowering plant of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is a native of California, where it is common in many habitats, including chaparral and woodlands.
Its distribution extends across many habitats of California, north into Oregon and south into Baja California. Its reported locations include the islands between British Columbia and Washington, the Channel Islands of California, and the Sierra Nevada.
Description
Ranunculus californicus grows up to in height. The bright yellow flower is roughly in diameter and has 7 to 22 shiny, teardrop-shaped petals. Each flower grows on a long, green, leafless stem.
Varieties
Ranunculus californicus var. californicus
Ranunculus californicus var. cuneatus
Cultivation
Ranunculus californicus is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use in native plant gardens.
See also
List of California native plants
References
Notes
Sources
Munz, Philip A. (2003). Introduction to Shore Wildflowers of California, Oregon, and Washington. Berkeley: University of California Press.
External links
CalFlora Database: Ranunculus californicus (Botta's clarkia, punch bowl godetia)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Ranunculus californicus
U.C. Photo gallery — Ranunculus californicus
californicus
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Baja California
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Garden plants of North America
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus%20californicus |
Michael Erin “Coach” Busch (January 4, 1947 – April 7, 2019) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 106th Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates from 2003 until his death in 2019. Busch was a member of the House for nine terms, beginning in 1987. He represented all of legislative District 30 prior to redistricting in 2012, and represented District 30A after the district was split following the 2010 census. The district encompasses parts of Anne Arundel County, including the state capital of Annapolis.
Background
Busch was born in Baltimore and was a lifelong resident of the state of Maryland. He attended St. Mary's High School in Annapolis and in 1970 received his B.S. degree in education from Temple University, where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.
Busch was pursued by the National Football League as a running back, prior to a knee injury. Busch then returned to Maryland to coach athletics and teach.
He was married to Cynthia Abbott Busch, with whom he had two children, Erin and Megan.
Legislative career
Busch first got involved in politics at the urging of parents of his students. After winning election to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1986, Busch served on the Judiciary Committee, the Economic Matters Committee, which he later chaired, and as Chairman of the Anne Arundel County Delegation before being elected Speaker. Busch repeatedly won reelection in an evenly-split district and served alongside other delegates in District 30 from both the Republican Party and Democratic Party during his tenure in the House. As Speaker, he had significant influence over matters in the House and in state government overall. He served through 5 governors and alongside his counterpart in the state senate, long-time President of the Maryland Senate Mike Miller.
At the beginning of the 2003 session of the Maryland Legislature, Busch was elected Speaker of the House by his colleagues in the Maryland House of Delegates. He became the longest-serving Speaker in Maryland history.
Busch was known for his interest in the areas of healthcare, education, and economic development. During the 2007 legislative session, he sponsored a bill with other members of the leadership titled the Children and Working Families Healthcare Act of 2007, which proposed to provide health care access to 250,000 Marylanders and all children in the state.
Democrats held a supermajority in the House throughout Busch's terms in office. Busch successfully leveraged his party's majority to advance his legislative goals over the objections of Republican Governors Larry Hogan and Bob Ehrlich. The House overrode a number of vetoes by both aforementioned governors during Busch's time as Speaker. Some significant veto overrides include raising the state's minimum wage, twice, restoring voting rights to felons, closing a hotel sales tax loophole, increasing funding for performing arts, and creating a new Public Service Commission.
Busch had significant knowledge of procedural rules of the House and occasionally maneuvered to block efforts by the minority party to advance legislation outside the normal committee process. Notably, in 2015 Busch blocked an attempt by Republicans to put forward legislation to ban gay marriage in the state by ending the day's session abruptly in a rare move.
Speaker Busch was also instrumental in the passage of LGBTQ+ supportive legislation in Maryland. He rallied his caucus to support legislation allowing visitation rights for unmarried partners before gay marriage was legalized in the state. He also led the fight to legalize gay marriage in the state before other key lawmakers supported the measure. His first attempts to pass the legislation failed, however in 2012 he was successful in leading his caucus to pass legislation legalizing same-sex marriage. The legislation was forced to a ballot referendum in the 2012 general election. The ballot referendum, known as Question 6, passed.
Legislative notes
sponsored The Tax Reform Act of 2007 (HB2) , which raised income tax, sales tax from 5% to 6%, and business tax from 7% to 8.25%. The bill was part of a special session that raised state revenues an estimated $1.4 Billion.
sponsored The Safe Schools Act of 2010, to break down communication barriers between school personnel and law enforcement
voted for the Maryland Gang Prosecution Act of 2007 (HB713), subjecting gang members to up to 20 years in prison and/or a fine of up to $100,000
voted for Jessica's Law (HB 930), eliminating parole for the most violent child sexual predators and creating a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in state prison, 2007
voted for Public Safety – Statewide DNA Database System – Crimes of Violence and Burglary – Post conviction (HB 370), helping to give police officers and prosecutors greater resources to solve crimes and eliminating a backlog of 24,000 unanalyzed DNA samples, leading to 192 arrests, 2008
voted for Vehicle Laws – Repeated Drunk and Drugged Driving Offenses – Suspension of License (HB 293), strengthening Maryland's drunk driving laws by imposing a mandatory one year license suspension for a person convicted of drunk driving more than once in five years, 2009
voted for HB 102, creating the House Emergency Medical Services System Workgroup, leading to Maryland's budgeting of $52 million to fund three new Medevac helicopters to replace the State's aging fleet, 2009
voted for SB 715, removing the requirement to show proof of citizenship or valid social security number, allowing undocumented individuals to obtain and renew drivers licenses in the state of Maryland
voted for SB 422, requiring public school teachers to pay union dues, effectively removing the ability of the teacher to choose to be in the union
voted nay to HB 359, resulting in the denial of all handgun permits to victims of domestic abuse
voted for SB 269, authorizing speed monitoring systems
Speaker Busch voted multiple times to support classroom teachers, public schools, police and hospitals in Anne Arundel County. Since 2002, throughout his Speakership, funding to schools across the state increased 82%, resulting in Maryland being ranked top in the nation for K-12 education.
Awards
2010 Most Influential Maryland Legislators (Top 20)
Death
Busch underwent a liver transplant in 2017. As his health declined, his supporters adopted the nickname "Iron Mike" to emphasize his strength and resilience as he tried to recover from the transplant. He reportedly fell ill with pneumonia on March 26, 2019, after a follow-up procedure. He was hospitalized at the University of Maryland Medical Center, where he died from complications of pneumonia and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis on April 7. Maryland Governor Larry Hogan ordered flags to be flown at half-staff following his death. Busch laid in state at the Maryland State House rotunda on April 15, 2019. His funeral took place on April 16 at St. John Neumann Church in Annapolis and was followed by a reception at the Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium. He was laid to rest on April 16, 2019. Tributes from across the state flowed in following Busch's death.
Legacy
In 2019, Maryland Hall, a cultural and arts center located in Annapolis renamed their building the Michael E. Busch Center for the Arts at Maryland Hall, in honor of Busch, who had fought for funding for the institution throughout his career.
In 2020, Anne Arundel County Executive Steuart Pittman, Jr. directed that the newly built Annapolis branch of the Anne Arundel County Public Library be named the Michael E. Busch Annapolis Library in Busch's honor.
In 2020, the District 30 Democratic Club, a social political club representing the same legislative district that Busch represented, was renamed the Michael E. Busch District 30 Democratic club in his honor.
Election results
2018 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30A
Voters to choose two:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|20,080
| 32.6%
| Won
|-
|-
|Alice J. Cain, Dem.
|18,070
| 29.3%
| Won
|-
|-
|Chelsea Gill, Rep.
|12,097
| 19.6%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Bob O'Shea, Rep.
|11,324
| 18.4%
| Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|53
| 0.01%
| Lost
|-
|}
2014 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30A
Voters to choose two:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Herb McMillan, Rep.
|14,484
| 27.9%
| Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|14,289
| 27.6%
| Won
|-
|-
|Chuck Ferrar, Dem.
|11,932
| 23.0%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Genevieve Lindner, Rep.
|11,100
| 21.4%
| Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|56
| 0.01%
| Lost
|-
|}
2010 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – 30th District
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Ron George, Rep.
|25,631
| 19.25%
| Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|23,995
| 18.02%
| Won
|-
|-
|Herb McMillan, Rep.
|22,553
| 16.94%
| Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|21,142
| 15.88%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Seth Howard, Rep.
|20,080
| 15.08%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Judd Legum, Dem.
|19,670
| 14.77%
| Lost
|-
|}
2006 Race for Maryland House of Delegates– 30th District
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|22,479
| 17.1%
| Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|22,360
| 17.0%
| Won
|-
|-
|Ron George, Rep.
|21,811
| 16.6%
| Won
|-
|-
|Barbara Samorajczyk, Dem.
|21,758
| 16.5%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Andy Smarick, Rep.
|20,594
| 15.6%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Ron Elfenbein, Rep.
|20,497
| 15.5%
| Lost
|-
|}
2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – 30th District
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|22,422
| 17.7%
| Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|21,875
| 17.3%
| Won
|-
|-
|Herbert H. McMillan, Rep.
|20,972
| 16.6%
| Won
|-
|-
|C. Richard D'Amato, Dem.
|20,545
| 16.3%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Michael Collins, Rep.
|19,140
| 15.1%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Nancy Almgren, Rep.
|18,861
| 14.9%
| Lost
|-
|-
|David M. Gross, Green
|2,536
| 2.0%
| Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|71
| 0.1%
| Lost
|-
|}
1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates– District 30
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|24,075
| 21%
| Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|24,036
| 21%
| Won
|-
|-
|C. Richard D'Amato, Dem.
|20,223
| 18%
| Won
|-
|-
|Phillip D. Bissett, Rep.
|18,690
| 16%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Edward J. Turner, Rep.
|14,119
| 12%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Anthony McConkey, Rep.
|12,353
| 11%
| Lost
|}
1994 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|18,709
| 19%
| Won
|-
|-
|Phillip D. Bissett, Rep.
|18,009
| 23%
| Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem.
|18,254
| 18%
| Won
|-
|-
|Ralph C. Rosacker, Rep.
|16,299
| 16%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Joan Beck, Rep.
|15,974
| 16%
| Lost
|-
|-
|John C. Eldridge Jr., Dem.
|13,320
| 13%
| Lost
|}
1990 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 30
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|John Astle, Dem.
|18,009
| 23%
| Won
|-
|-
|Aris T. Allen, Rep.
|16,951
| 22%
| Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem.
|16,104
| 18%
| Won
|-
|-
|Edith Segree, Dem.
|14,341
| 18%
| Lost
|-
|-
|Phillip D. Bissett, Rep.
|13,321
| 17%
| Lost
|}
References
External links
Maryland Archives biography
Campaign website biography
1947 births
2019 deaths
21st-century American politicians
Baptists from Maryland
Deaths from liver disease
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
Players of American football from Maryland
Politicians from Baltimore
Speakers of the Maryland House of Delegates
Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Temple University College of Education alumni
20th-century Baptists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20E.%20Busch |
Fisherman's Village is a waterfront mall, commercial boat anchorage and tourist attraction located in the world's largest man-made small boat harbor in Los Angeles County at Marina del Rey, California. The Ballona Wetlands State Ecological Reserve is just east of Fisherman's Village and immediately to the south is the federally-owned riverine estuary of Ballona Creek. The historical Fisherman's Village, built in 1967, is nestled on the eastern bank of main harbor entrance channel between Whiskey Reds restaurant to the south and the Windward boatyard to the north.
Fisherman's Village was developed and built by the Sheldon L. Pollack Corporation. The company also developed and/or built several other similar projects in Southern California including San Diego Seaport Village, Port Hueneme Fisherman's Village (now called Fisherman's Wharf Channel Islands Harbor) and Oceanside Harbor Village.
Constructed in the style of a New England fishing village, Fisherman's Village consists of five brightly painted wooden buildings, a waterfront promenade, a lighthouse, a water fountain and commercial boat docks. Tourist attractions include live music concerts, restaurant and café dining, harbor and fishing cruises, boat and bicycle rentals, a Catalina Island ferry service, souvenir shops, a nightclub and a public water shuttle (harbor ferry) service.
The waterfront promenade offers panoramic views of the harbor in which approximately 5,300 pleasure boats, yachts, and commercial vessels are berthed in 21 individual marinas including yacht clubs.
Various types of ocean-going vessels can be seen as they pass Fisherman's Village en route to, or returning from, voyages into Santa Monica Bay, Catalina Island, the Pacific Ocean and beyond. On Wednesday evenings during March to September from 5 pm to 7 pm, up to 100 sailboats from 22 to 70 feet in length can be seen, sails unfurled, racing toward the finishing line in California Yacht Club's (CYC) Sunset Series regatta.
The address of Fisherman's Village is 13755 Fiji Way, Marina del Rey, California, 90292-6909. It is situated on Los Angeles County land (public land) and designated as parcel #56 by the DBH (Department of Beaches and Harbors). DBH lease the parcels on the public's behalf. The adjoining public parking lot #1 is managed by Parking Concepts International (PCI) on behalf of DBH.
The lessee of Fisherman's Village is 'Gold Coast Village, LLC' who have appointed their property management company, 'Pacific Ocean Management'. The leasee also holds other parcels in Marina Del Rey such as Admiralty Apartments on Admiralty Way, Marina Beach strip mall on Washington Boulevard and Pier 44/Dock 77 marinas. Shoreline Village in Long Beach is another lease held.
Other entities of note adjoining Fisherman's Village are: US Coast Guard station, MDR LA Sheriff's Department station, the LA County Department of Beaches and Harbors (DBH) executive offices, Whiskey Red's restaurant, Villa Venetia apartment complex, UCLA rowing sheds to the south and Loyola Marymount University (LMU) rowing sheds, The Boatyard and DBH trailer offices to the North-east.
Since the late 1970s, Fisherman's Village has faced a decline of stores closing due to the leasing issues. A seal cage was emptied and various arcades for pinball machines and video games closed, including an eponymous arcade owned by actor Gary Coleman in the early 1990s. At times, the boat tours were shut down as well.
There has been an effort to rebuild Fisherman's Village with a parking complex, however, due to the millions of dollars involved in order to add new shops and stores, as well as the influx of heavy traffic, it had to go through several environmental impact reports before any demolition could take place. No decision has been made at this time.
The parking lot had to start charging fees in order to pay for the maintenance of Fisherman's Village.
Attractions
Live Music: Free concerts are held in fountain square, near the lighthouse, both weekend afternoons throughout the year, weather permitting. Concert times are 1pm - 4pm, or 2pm - 5pm during daylight saving time. Musical styles are varied and can include; Jazz, Funk, Blues, Reggae, Rockabilly, Salsa and Rock.
Dining: Restaurants 'El Torito' (Mexican) and 'Sapori' (Italian) offer licensed waterfront dining, whereas, 'Cafe Al Fresco', 'Thai Garden Cafe' and 'Lighthouse Grill' offer quick gourmet meals, snacks and drinks.
Harbor Cruises: Tiki Mermaid Charters and Hornblower Cruises offer fully catered and licensed private party harbor cruises and public cruises on weekends and for celebrations such as; July 4, the Marina Del Rey Boat Parade in December, Valentine's Day and New Year's Eve. Cruises depart from the docks.
Boat Rentals: Hourly/daily rental of power, sail and electric boats and kayaks is available 7 days on the docks.
Bicycling: Fisherman's Village connects with the Ballona Creek Bike Path and South Bay Bicycle Trails that combine more than 26 miles of coastal beach riding. Rentals are available from 'Daniel's Bicycle Rental & Sales'.
Fishing: Public 'Open Party' fishing trips are offered twice daily from the docks.
Fireworks: The annual 4 July and New Year's Eve fireworks are released from a barge in the main channel near Fisherman's Village. The promenade provides a good vantage point from which to view the display.
Boat Parade: The Annual Marina del Rey Holiday Boat Parade (Festival of Lights) is held the 2nd Saturday in December. Boaters decorate their vessels for the holidays and parade through the Marina to be judged for their creativity by a panel. Fisherman's Village and nearby Burton Chace Park offer the best sites for viewing the parade.
Boat Brokers: Mason Yacht Sales provides boat brokerage services.
The UCLA and LMU rowing teams practice both in nearby Ballona Creek and in the harbor's main channel.
In popular culture
Scenes involving The Bluth Banana Stand in the television program Arrested Development were filmed next to the lighthouse in Fisherman's Village. Set in Newport Beach and Balboa Island, the show was primarily filmed in locations around Culver City and Marina del Rey.
The dates that occur on the program Blind Date have often been filmed at Shanghai Red's, a restaurant at the far end of Fisherman's Village.
The Village was also the filming location for several scenes in the popular Fox TV series, The O.C.
A date scene for an episode of More to Love was filmed aboard the Tiki Mermaid Charter boat in 2009.
Scenes from a 3rd season episode of Greek were filmed in Fountain square, Fisherman's Village on January 5 & 6, 2010.
Scenes from District Nurse (2016), a lo-fi British chiller, were filmed throughout March 2014 in and around the nearby Boat Yard.
Scenes from Breezy (1973) with William Holden and Kay Lenz shopping for groovy clothing.
The scene with the boat party from Booksmart (2019) was filmed here.
Sources
Virtual Tourist: Marina del Rey
Marina del Rey, California
Shopping malls in the South Bay, Los Angeles
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman%27s%20Village |
The Bruckner rhythm is a 2 + 3 (duplet + triplet) or 3 + 2 rhythm in Anton Bruckner's symphonic music, where it occurs prevalently, and in many different ways.
One example is in the main theme of the first movement of Symphony No. 4, from bars 43 forward:
Bruckner also used the rhythm with a single pitch repeated, and this is the only way it occurs in Symphony No. 2 (e.g., bars 20 and 122). In Symphony No. 6, the Bruckner rhythm occurs to a much greater extent than in previous works, in several parts at slightly different times. At first it occurs as a string ostinato high in the violins' range against a melody of different rhythm in the cellos (bar 3), while at bars 195–209 it serves to articulate hexatonic cycle block chords. The rhythm occurs in somewhat more "manageable" form in the secondary theme group of Symphony No. 8, where it usually occurs in the same way in all the parts.
The Bruckner rhythm also occurs in the works of other composers, such as in Howard Hanson's Romantic Symphony, where it occurs mostly in the horns' and trumpets' parts.
References
External links
Time analysis Symphony No. 2, William Carragan
Time analysis Symphony No. 4, William Carragan
Time analysis Symphony No. 6, William Carragan
Time analysis Symphony No. 8, William Carragan
Anton Bruckner
Rhythm and meter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruckner%20rhythm |
A dive center is the base location where recreational divers usually learn scuba diving or make guided dive trips at new locations. Many dive centers operate under the guidelines of ISO 24803, in which case the facilities must meet the ISO minimum standard for a service provider for recreational diving.
Shop
Divers commonly refer to dive centers as dive shops. It is normally a shop selling diving equipment equipped with a diving air compressor to fill the cylinders. The dive center usually offers the facilities to repair and maintain scuba gear.
Diver training and guided dives
Professional recreational diving instructors are often associated with, or employed by, a dive center. The center may be located near a swimming pool and open water, where training and guided dives can be conducted. Some operate boats or road transport and offer guided dives at recreational dive sites in the vicinity. Classrooms are often available for diver training which may include training according to ISO 24801-1 Supervised diver, ISO 24801-2 Autonomous diver and ISO 24801-3 Dive leader, and other courses according to the certification agency to which they are affiliated.
Organization
Dive centers may be affiliated to one or more diver certification agencies to offer their beginner, advanced, professional or specialty courses.
See also
Pro shop, fulfilling similar functions in other sports
Dive centers near eco hotels
References
External links
Diving organizations
Recreational diving
Underwater diving installations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive%20center |
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine is a 1908 romance novel/western novel written by John Fox, Jr. The novel became Fox's most successful, and was included among the top ten list of bestselling novels for 1908 and 1909. It has been adapted numerous times for both stage and screen.
Plot summary
Set in the Appalachian Mountains at the turn of the twentieth century, a feud has been boiling for over thirty years between two influential mountain families, the Tollivers and the Falins. The character of Devil Judd Tolliver in the novel was based on the real life of "Devil John" Wesley Wright, a United States Marshal for the region in and around Wise County, Virginia, and Letcher County, Kentucky. The outside world and industrialization, however, are beginning to enter the area. Coal mining begins to exert its influence on the area, despite the two families' feuds. Entering the area, enterprising "furriner" (foreigner) John Hale captures the attention of the beautiful June Tolliver, and inadvertently becomes entangled in the region's politics.
Geologist Hale has a vision for the potential wealth of the natural raw materials, especially coal, that he intends to use as a means of creating a legacy for himself and the Gap. But he also has an eye for the young natural beauty of a mountain girl, June Tolliver, whom he feels compelled to free from the confines of mountain life and introduce to higher education.
The coming boom time for the region requires Hale to establish authoritative law and order that the two feuding clans refuse to recognize. It is this conflict between clans, who are used to settling their differences established by a century of tradition, and the principled Hale that threatens to destroy the budding romance between him and June, who then must choose between clan loyalties and the man she loves.
Adaptations
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine was first adapted for the stage by Eugene Walter. The 1912 Broadway production starred Berton Churchill and Walter's wife, Charlotte Walker. An adaptation was filmed in 1914. In the 1916 film adaptation directed by Cecil B. DeMille, Charlotte Walker reprised her Broadway role, starring with Thomas Meighan. A 1923 film adaptation starring Mary Miles Minter and Antonio Moreno is considered a lost film.
A 1936 motion picture was directed by Henry Hathaway. Starring Sylvia Sidney, Henry Fonda, and Fred MacMurray, the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for Louis Alter and Sidney D. Mitchell's "A Melody for the Sky." It was also awarded the Venice Film Festival Award for Best Color Film. Hathaway's version marked the first time the Technicolor process was used for outdoor filmmaking.
The 1916 DeMille adaptation features an additional plot angle of Hale being a revenue agent seeking out "moonshiners." It also omitted much of the subplot concerning the Falin family. Henry Hathaway's 1936 version, which was the first feature film to be filmed outdoors in full (three-strip) Technicolor, remains relatively faithful to the original novel.
The novel was adapted into a successful stage play by Earl Hobson Smith and Clara Lou Kelly. Since 1964, the play has been performed in an outdoor theater in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, the hometown of the novel's author. It is considered the longest running outdoor drama in the United States and was designated the "official outdoor drama" by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1994.
See also
June Tolliver House
"The Trail of the Lonesome Pine" (song)
References
External links
Official Outdoor Stage Play Site
1908 American novels
American romance novels
Western (genre) novels
Novels set in Virginia
American novels adapted into films
Wise County, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Trail%20of%20the%20Lonesome%20Pine%20%28novel%29 |
is a 2001 Japanese anime short film written and directed by Junichi Satō. Premium, the fifth and latest Slayers film, was first released in Japan on December 22, 2001, along with Sakura Wars: The Movie, Di Gi Charat - A Trip to the Planet and Azumanga Daioh: The Animation.
This is the only Slayers movie so far to feature the characters of Gourry Gabriev, Amelia Wil Tesla Seyruun, Zelgadis Greywords and Xellos. Naga the Serpent also has a small role, as "the octopus sorceress".
Plot
Lina and Gourry travel to the town of Acassi, known for its tasty octopus. However, the octopus meat is cursed, causing the person who eats it to only be able to speak takogo (タコ語, octopus language). Sorcerers and sorceresses cursed by this also cannot cast spells, since the spells have to be spoken in a common language in order for them to work.
Gourry just happens to eat one of the cursed octopuses (after fighting for it with Lina), which causes him to speak in takogo. This often creates awkward situations during the film (the phrase "how horrible" being spoken as "flat chested", which offends Lina greatly). But soon, everyone in town starts to speak takogo (including Amelia and Zelgadis, who had just arrived in town), despite the fact that they have not eaten any octopus. Xellos is also there, seeming to know some details about what is going on but is not divulging anything.
It soon becomes evident that the octopuses plan to use the accumulated anger from the villagers of Acassi to release a demon that was sealed many years before. Lina and her friends have to stop these plans before they come to fruition. However, it becomes complicated when Lina is infected with the takogo affliction, which negates much of her magic, including the Dragon Slave, her signature move.
Cast
Release
Slayers Premium was originally released in Japan on December 22, 2001. It was licensed by ADV Films and released with English dubbing on DVD on January 17, 2005. It was later included in the collection of digitally remastered Slayers films and OAV series, released on Blu-ray in Japan on October 30, 2015.
Reception
Aleksandra Janusz of the Polish magazine Kawaii expressed her severe disappointment in Slayers Premium for several reasons, including its short running time, character design and animation changes, the plot that in her opinion was weak with unfunny gags, and deeming returning characters other than Lina and Gourry unnecessary due to their unsatisfactory very small roles in the film. In his review for Anime News Network, Zac Bertschy conversely called it "an entertaining little piece of fan-pleasing animation."
References
External links
Official website (Madman Entertainment's Slayers Movie Collection)
2001 anime films
2001 films
2000s animated short films
Adventure anime and manga
Anime short films
Comedy anime and manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Slayers films
Hal Film Maker
Films scored by Takayuki Hattori | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayers%20Premium |
John Aasen (March 5, 1890 – August 1, 1938) was an American silent film actor and sideshow performer who was one of the tallest actors in history.
Early life
Aasen was born on March 5, 1890, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. His mother, Kristi (Danielsen) from Rollag in Numedal, was an extremely tall Norwegian woman of around 2.20 m (almost 7 ft 3 inches) in height (latest information from September 2008, sets her height to 188 cm, almost 6 ft 2 inches). It is not certain who his father was, but according to Aasen's sister Evelyn (who died in 1988), his father was Alfred Aasen. When Aasen was 10 years old, he and his mother moved from Ridgeway, Iowa (where his uncle Sam/Sevre lived with his wife Cornelia) to Sheyenne, North Dakota with his two younger siblings. Aasen was a Freemason. He rose to the degree of Master Mason at Highland Park Lodge No. 382, Los Angeles on July 14, 1924.
When in Sheyenne, Aasen's mother operated a restaurant. He attended school and helped out in the family business. In 1902, Aasen's mother died. He was taken into many homes and families. When a family he was staying with started to operate a hotel in Leeds, North Dakota, he moved with them there. Aasen's growth started slowly. When he was confirmed in the Lutheran faith in Grandfield Lutheran Church near Sheyenne, North Dakota, he was the shortest in his class. According to some sources, Aasen was around 2.74 m or 8 feet, 11½ inches (which, if true, would make him even taller than Robert Wadlow, the tallest verified person in history). The Top 10 of Everything 2010 edition states his height at 8 feet, 9.7 inches (2.68 m).
True height
According to the 1978 edition of Guinness World Records he was only 7 feet (213.4 cm). Just before his death, at age 46, he was medically measured at 7 feet 0.9 inches, however he had lost some height due to age and could not stand completely straight anymore. In June 2008, Loma Linda University confirmed that the skeleton they had in their collection was John Aasen. A Norwegian man named Bent Lønrusten spent 13 years of his life trying to find out Aasen's true height. He found out that John/Johan was 226cm / 7' 5" tall. His mothers (Kirsti) coffin was 186cm / 6' 1" long, which made her a approx. 183cm-184cm / 6 feet tall. And his sister (Evelyn) was maybe around 175cm-180cm / 5' 9" - 5' 11" tall.
Bent was a guest on a Norwegian podcast called "Rekommandert", talking about Aasen's history and how he found out his true height.
Podcast episode (in Norwegian):
https://open.spotify.com/episode/2fNcnHn4l74Z9KK4nfNMxw
Career
Aasen worked for Midway Chemical, a company based in St. Paul, in 1917–1918. After that, he worked in various shows, including Barnum & Bailey and C.A. Wortham's World's Best Shows.
The death of giant George Auger led to Aasen's working in the film Why Worry? (1923). Later, he acted in several other films like Bengal Tiger, Charlie Chan at the Circus, Growing Pains, Should Married Men Go Home?, Legionnaires in Paris, Two Flaming Youths, The Sting of Stings, Long Fliv the King and the Tod Browning film Freaks, in a small uncredited cameo appearance.
Death
Aasen died from pneumonia on August 1, 1938, at Mendocino State Hospital in Talmage, California. His body was later shipped to Dr. Charles Humberd in Missouri for study and dissection. The skeleton was kept by the doctor, and eventually shipped to Loma Linda, California. Aasen's cremated soft parts were given a Masonic funeral at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California.
Filmography
Film
Television
See also
List of tallest people
References
Further reading
Olson, Julia, Our Heritage, 1883–1980, Sheyenne area., Sheyenne Historical Society, Sheyenne, N.D., 1980
External links
Website dedicated to Johan Aasen
1890 births
1938 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American Freemasons
American male silent film actors
American people of Norwegian descent
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Male actors from Minnesota
People with gigantism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Aasen |
David Rudovsky (born 1943, Queens, New York) is a civil rights lawyer in Philadelphia. He is a founding partner, in 1971, of the law firm of Kairys, Rudovsky, Messing, Feinberg and Lin , and a Senior Fellow at University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he teaches evidence and constitutional criminal procedure. In 1996, Rudovsky won Penn's Lindback Award for Teaching Excellence. In 1986 he was named a MacArthur Fellow by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for creative and ground-breaking work in jail reform and police misconduct litigation.
Rudovsky has twice appeared before the United States Supreme Court. He represented the plaintiff in Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), which addressed whether a government official could be sued for damages based on his conduct in authorizing a warrantless wiretap for the purpose of gathering intelligence regarding a suspected threat to national security. The Supreme Court held that the official was immune from suit because his actions had not violated clearly established law. In addition, Rudovsky represented the plaintiff in City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378 (1989), which addressed whether police could be sued for failing to provide medical treatment to an arrestee who had fallen down while in police custody and allegedly had suffered "emotional ailments" as a result. The Supreme Court held that the plaintiff had not proven deliberate indifference by the police to the plaintiff's medical condition, and therefore had not established that they were liable for damages.
In 2009, Rudovsky and his co-author, Widener University Law School Professor Leonard Sosnov (previously and subsequently an appellate public defender in Philadelphia), sued West Publishing Company over the company's issuance of a "2008-2009 pocket part" (update) to the authors' 1991 treatise on Pennsylvania criminal procedure. In prior years, the two authors had prepared annual supplements but for that year had not agreed on terms with the publisher, and so did not prepare one. When West issued a pocket part under Rudovsky and Sosnov's names anyway, which the authors considered grossly deficient, they brought suit. A jury ruled in favor of Rudovsky and Sosnov, awarding compensatory and punitive damages. Following a grant of remittitur, the case was settled on appeal on undisclosed terms.
References
Works
Michael Avery, Karen Blum and David Rudovsky, Police Misconduct: Law and Litigation (Clark Boardman Co., 2006, 3rd ed.).
David Rudovsky, Alan Bronstein and Ed. Koren, The Rights of Prisoners (1990).
Human Rights in Northern Ireland (Helsinki Watch, 1991, with Norman Dorsen and Lois Whitman).
The Law of Arrest, Search and Seizure in Pennsylvania (PBR Press, 2005, 3rd ed.).
“Running in Place: The Paradox of Expanding Rights and Restricted Remedies, “ 2005 Ill. L. Rev. 1199 (2005).
David Rudovsky and Leonard Sosnov, Pennsylvania Criminal Procedure: Law, Commentary and Forms (West Group 2001, 2nd ed.).
“Law Enforcement By Stereotypes and Serendipity: Racial Profiling and Searches Without Cause,” 3 U.Pa.J. of Const. Law 296 (2001).
The Impact of the War on Drugs on Procedural Fairness and Racial Equality, 1994 Univ. of Chicago L. Forum 237 (1994).
Police Abuse: Can The Violence Be Contained?, 27 Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties L. Rev. 465 (1992).
Crime, Law Enforcement, and Constitutional Rights, in A Less Than Perfect Union, Jules Lobel, ed. (1988).
Criminal Justice: The Accused, in Our Endangered Rights, Norman Dorsen, ed. (1984).
The Criminal Justice System and the Role of the Supreme court, The Politics of Law, David Kairys, ed. (Pantheon, 1990).
John Gray and David Rudovsky, The Court Acknowledges the Illegitimate, 118 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1 (1969).
The Right to Counsel Under Attack, 136 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1965 (1988).
The Qualified Immunity Doctrine in the Supreme Court: Judicial Activism and the Restriction of Constitutional Rights, 138 U. Pa. L. Rev. 23 (1989).
Norman Dorsen and David Rudovsky, Some Thoughts on Dissent, Personal Liberty and War, 54 ABA Journal 752 (1968).
Book Review, Judicial First Aid, The Nation, August 17, 1977, p. 153.
Litigating Prison Conditions in Philadelphia, 65 Prison Journal 64 (1985).
External links
University of Pennsylvania Faculty Page
1943 births
Living people
American jurists
MacArthur Fellows
University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
Scholars of evidence law
American scholars of constitutional law
Scholars of criminal law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Rudovsky |
Verna Fields (née Hellman; March 21, 1918 – November 30, 1982) was an American film editor, film and television sound editor, educator, and entertainment industry executive. In the first phase of her career, from 1954 through to about 1970, Fields mostly worked on smaller projects that gained little recognition. She was the sound editor for several television shows in the 1950s. She worked on independent films including The Savage Eye (1959), on government-supported documentaries of the 1960s, and on some minor studio films such as Peter Bogdanovich's first film, Targets (1968). For several years in the late 1960s, she was a film instructor at the University of Southern California. Her one major studio film, El Cid (1961), led to her only industry recognition in this phase of her career, which was the 1962 Golden Reel award for sound editing.
Fields came into prominence as a film editor and industry executive during the 'New Hollywood' era (1968–1982). She had established close ties with the directors Peter Bogdanovich, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg early in their careers, and became known as their "mother cutter"; the term "cutter" is an informal variation of "film editor". The critical and commercial success of the films What's Up, Doc? (1972), American Graffiti (1973), and Jaws (1975) brought Fields a level of recognition that was unique among film editors at the time. Jaws in particular was enormously and unexpectedly profitable, and ushered in the era of the "summer blockbuster" film. Fields' contributions to this success were widely acknowledged. She received an Academy Award and an American Cinema Editors Award for best editing for the film. Within a year of the film's release, she had been appointed as Vice-President for Feature Production at Universal Pictures. She was thus among the first women to enter upper-level management in the entertainment industry. Her career as an executive at Universal continued until her death in 1982 at age 64.
Early life, education, and training
Verna Hellman was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of Selma (née Schwartz) and Samuel Hellman, who was then working as a journalist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the Saturday Evening Post. Sam Hellman subsequently moved his family to Hollywood, where he became a prolific screenwriter.
Verna Hellman graduated from the University of Southern California with a B.A. in journalism. She then held several positions at 20th Century Fox, including being the assistant sound editor on Fritz Lang's film The Woman in the Window (1944). In 1946, she married the film editor Sam Fields and stopped working. The Fieldses had two sons; one of them, Richard Fields, became a film editor. In 1954, Sam Fields died of a heart attack at the age of 38.
Career in sound editing
After her husband died, Fields began a career as a television sound editor working on such shows as Death Valley Days and the children's programs Sky King and Fury. She installed a film editing lab in her home so that she could work at night while her children were young; she told them that she was the "Queen of Saturday morning".
By 1956, she was working on films as well. Her first credit as a sound editor was for Fritz Lang's While the City Sleeps (1956). She worked on the experimental documentary The Savage Eye (1959); the co-directors Ben Maddow, Sidney Meyers, and Joseph Strick and the other connections she made on this film were important to her subsequent career. In 1962 Fields won the Motion Picture Sound Editors' Golden Reel Award for the film El Cid (directed by Anthony Mann).
Following El Cid (1961), Fields was the sound editor on several lesser-known films, including the experimental film The Balcony (1963) with her Savage Eye colleagues Strick and Maddow. Peter Bogdanovich's first, low-budget film Targets (1968) was one of her last sound-editing projects, and represents her mature work. Bill Warren has described the scene in which the character Bobby starts sniping at freeway drivers from the top of a large oil storage tank: "The sound is mono, and brilliantly mixed – the entire sequence of Bobby shooting from the tanks was shot without sound. Verna Fields, then a sound editor, added all the sound effects. The result is seamlessly realistic, from the scrape of the guns on the metal of the tanks, to the crack of the rifles, to the little gasps Bobby makes just before firing."
Film editing and teaching
Fields' career as a film editor commenced when the director Irving Lerner recruited her to be the editor of the film Studs Lonigan (1960); Fields and Lerner had both worked on The Savage Eye. In 1963, she edited An Affair of the Skin, which was directed by Ben Maddow (another Savage Eye contact). Over the next five years, Fields edited several other independent films, but her best known work was on the Disney film The Legend of the Boy and the Eagle (1967). She also made documentaries funded by the United States government through the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), the United States Information Agency (USIA), and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).
Starting in the mid-1960s, Fields taught film editing at the University of Southern California (USC). Douglas Gomery wrote of her time at USC that: "Her greatest impact came when she began to teach film editing to a generation of students at the University of Southern California. She then operated on the fringes of the film business, for a time making documentaries for the Office of Economic Opportunity. The end of that Federal Agency pushed her back into mainstream Hollywood then being overrun by her former USC students." Fields' students had included Matthew Robbins, Willard Huyck, Gloria Katz, John Milius and George Lucas.
Fields left no written lectures from her USC years, but a transcript exists from a 1975 seminar that she gave at the American Film Institute. In one characteristic excerpt she said that, "There's a feeling of movement in telling a story and there is a flow. A cut that is off-rhythm will be disturbing and you will feel it, unless you want it to be like that. On Jaws, each time I wanted to cut I didn't, so that it would have an anticipatory feeling — and it worked."
In 1971, Peter Bogdanovich, with whom Fields had worked on Targets, recruited her to edit What's Up, Doc? (1972); Bogdanovich had edited his previous films himself. The film was very successful, and is now considered as the second of Bogdanovich's 'golden period' that commenced with The Last Picture Show (1971).
What's Up, Doc? established Fields as an editor on studio films. She subsequently edited Bogdanovich's final golden period film, Paper Moon (1973), as well as his less successful film Daisy Miller (1974).
George Lucas and American Graffiti
In 1967, Fields had hired George Lucas to help edit Journey to the Pacific (1968), which was a documentary film written and directed by Gary Goldsmith for the USIA. She had also hired Marcia Griffin for the job, and introduced Griffin and George Lucas; the couple subsequently married. In 1972, Lucas was directing American Graffiti. While Lucas had intended that his wife would edit the film, Universal asked him to add Verna Fields to the editing team. Over the first ten weeks of post-production, George and Marcia Lucas, along with Fields and Walter Murch (as sound editor), pieced together the original, 165-minute version of the film. Each of more than 40 scenes in the film had a continuously playing background song that had been popular around 1962, when the film's story was set. Michael Sragow has characterized the effect as "using rock 'n roll as a Greek chorus with a beat".
Fields then left American Graffiti. It took another six months of editing to create a shorter, 110-minute version of the film, but upon its release in 1973 American Graffiti was extremely successful both with critics and at the box office. Shortly after its release, Roger Greenspun described the film and its editing: "American Graffiti exists not so much in its individual stories as in its orchestration of many stories, its sense of time and place. Although it is full of the material of fashionable nostalgia, it never exploits nostalgia. In its feeling for movement and music and the vitality of the night—and even in its vision in white—it is oddly closer to some early Fellini than to the recent American past of, say, The Last Picture Show or Summer of '42."
Verna Fields and Marcia Lucas were nominated for an Academy Award for Film Editing in 1974 for their work on American Graffiti; while the film won no Academy Awards, Marcia Lucas, Murch, and Fields all won Academy Awards for later work.
Steven Spielberg and Jaws
Fields edited Steven Spielberg's first major film, The Sugarland Express (1974). She became widely celebrated for her work as the film editor on Spielberg's next film, Jaws (1975), for which she won both the Academy Award for Film Editing and the American Cinema Editors Eddie Award in 1976. Leonard Maltin has characterized her editing as "sensational". Gerald Peary, who interviewed Fields in 1980, wrote that, "Jaws scared the world, brought in a fortune for Universal, and made Verna Fields, who won an Academy Award, about as famous 'overnight' as an editor ever gets." He then quoted Fields as saying that, "Steven told me it was because I had cut the first picture that was a monumental success in which you can really see the editing. And people discovered that it was a woman who edited Jaws."
The editing of Jaws has been intensely studied for over thirty years.
In film editor Susan Korda's 2005 lecture, "We'll Fix It in the Edit!?", at the Berlinale Talent Campus, she broadly explained the contribution of editing to the film: "What is fascinating in Jaws is that the shark has a personality, the shark has an intelligence, indeed sometimes I think the shark has a sense of humor, morbid as it might be. And that was all achieved in the first two acts of the film before you see the shark. So the cutting was very essential for that." David Bordwell has used the second shark attack scene in Jaws as (literally) a textbook illustration of an editing innovation that occurred in the late 1960s. The innovation, which Fields herself named the "wipe by cut", can be used when a character is filmed from a distance using a telephoto lens. The cut to a different framing of the character occurs during the interruption by a figure who passes between the camera and the character. The cut thus masks itself, and avoids drawing the viewer's attention away from the narrative of the scene.
The critic David Edelstein's affectionate comments on Jaws and its editing are also a good indication of the film's lasting influence 30 years after its release:
On a 2012 listing of the 75 best edited films of all time that was compiled by the Motion Picture Editors Guild, Jaws was listed eighth.
Management for Universal Studios
Shortly after the completion of Jaws in 1975, Fields was hired by Universal as an executive consultant. Some insight into Universal's reasons for hiring her can be gleaned from the fact that during the filming of Jaws, in addition to her editing, Fields had been "omnipresent...at Spielberg's beck and call by means of a walkie-talkie. Often she would shuttle back and forth on her bike between the producers in town and Spielberg at the dock for last-minute decisions". The producers of Jaws were David Brown and Richard D. Zanuck. Along with Brown, Zanuck, and Peter Benchley (the book's author), Fields helped promote Jaws on the "talk show circuit" in the eight months before its saturation release to 464 theaters on June 20, 1975. Fields had plainly earned the confidence of the producers and of the studio executives at Universal.
Throughout her career, Fields had worked independently, but in 1976, and following the unexpected success of Jaws, she accepted a position as the Feature-Production Vice-President with Universal. She was thus among the first women to hold high executive positions with the major studios. In a 1982 interview, Fields was quoted as saying, "I got a lot of credit for Jaws, rightly or wrongly."
Fields had come "up from the cutting room floor" and out of the customary, near-anonymity of film editors. Regarding this change in her career path, Fields told Peary in 1980 that "All these young filmmakers are possessive. They feel I belong to them, and they feel a certain resentment - that I went to the other side. In calmer moments, of course, they know it isn't true, that I can do more for them now." Of Fields' work at Universal, Joel Schumacher was quoted in 1982 as saying: "In the record business, you have Berry Gordy and Ahmet Ertegün. They're executives who actually made records. In the movie business, as an executive who's worked with film, you have only Verna. She saves Universal a fortune...every day."
Later life and death
In 1981, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.
Fields held her position as a vice president at Universal until her death in 1982. Jaws was the last film that she edited. There had apparently been some discussion that Fields might edit Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), but Michael Kahn took responsibility, and edited all but one of Spielberg's films for the next 30 years. After John D. Hancock, the initial director of Jaws 2, was sacked, it was suggested that Fields co-direct it with Joe Alves. Jeannot Szwarc, however, was hired to complete the film.
Fields died of cancer in Los Angeles in 1982. In her honor, Universal named a building at its Universal City, California lot the Verna Fields Building; it lies immediately across from the Alfred Hitchcock Building. The Motion Picture Sound Editors (MPSE) sponsor an annual Verna Fields Award for Student Sound Editing. The Women in Film Foundation, which honored Fields with its Crystal Award in 1981, presently administers the Verna Fields Memorial Fellowship for women film students at UCLA.
Selected filmography (editor)
References
Further reading
External links
1918 births
1982 deaths
American film editors
Best Film Editing Academy Award winners
Deaths from cancer in California
Film people from Los Angeles
People from St. Louis
American sound editors
USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism alumni
Women sound editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna%20Fields |
Spinney is a 2-member ward within Kettering Borough Council, in Northamptonshire, England.
It was established in boundary changes before the 1999 elections. The ward was last fought at borough council level in the 2003 local council elections, in which both seats were held by the Conservatives.
The most recent councillors prior to the Ward's abolition were Cllr. Bob Civil and Cllr. Matthew Lynch.
Councillors
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
Cllr. Bob Civil (Conservative)
Cllr. Matthew Lynch (Conservative)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 1999
Cllr. Bob Civil (Conservative)
Cllr. Matthew Lynch (Conservative)
Election results
Kettering Borough Council Elections 2003
(Vote count shown is ward average)
Kettering Borough Council Elections 1999
This seat was established in boundary changes implemented at the time of this election
(Vote count shown is ward average)
See also
Kettering
Kettering Borough Council
Electoral wards in Kettering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinney%20%28Kettering%20BC%20Ward%29 |
Justice League Task Force refers to superheroes owned and published by DC Comics. It may also refer to:
Justice League Task Force (comics) - the name of a former DC Comics publication, as well as a superhero team.
Justice League Task Force (video game) - a video game developed by Blizzard Entertainment and published by Acclaim Entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20League%20Task%20Force |
Kevin D. Ritz (born June 8, 1965) is an American former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher. Ritz grew up in Bloomfield, Iowa. He is an alumnus of William Penn University and Indian Hills Community College.
Ritz was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 4th round of the 1985 MLB amateur draft. He pitched for the Detroit Tigers (1989–92) and the Colorado Rockies (1994–1998). In 1989, Ritz was honored as Tigers Rookie of the Year.
Ritz had his big break when he joined the Rockies in 1994, where he found some success in his career. He was a member of the first Colorado Rockies team to reach the playoffs. This came in the 1995 season. His best season was in 1996, when he went 17-11 in 213 innings pitched, despite recording a high ERA of 5.28 in hitter-friendly Coors Field and leading the National League in Earned Runs Allowed (125). That year he won 10 games before the All Star break; the only other Rockies pitchers to have done that through 2010 are Shawn Chacón (2003), Aaron Cook (2008), Jason Marquis (2009), and Ubaldo Jiménez (2010).
Ritz was an excellent fielding pitcher in his major league career. In 753.1 innings pitched in 151 games, he committed only two errors in 211 total chances for a .991 fielding percentage.
References
External links
1965 births
Colorado Rockies players
Detroit Tigers players
New Haven Ravens players
Lakeland Tigers players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Glens Falls Tigers players
Gastonia Tigers players
Living people
Indian Hills Warriors baseball players
William Penn Statesmen baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Monmouth County, New Jersey
People from Eatontown, New Jersey
People from Bloomfield, Iowa
Baseball players from Iowa
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Ritz |
Melvin A. Steinberg (born October 4, 1933) is an American politician who served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Maryland from 1987 to 1995 under Governor William Donald Schaefer. He was also President of the Maryland State Senate from January 1983 to 1987, and a member of the State Senate from 1967 until his election to the position of lieutenant governor. Steinberg graduated from the University of Baltimore with an A.A. degree in 1952 and with a J.D. degree in 1955.
The relationship between Steinberg and Schaefer was strained, with each publicly criticising the other and extensive coverage being devoted to their personal relationship. Despite their differences, they worked together for eight years (1987–1995), winning two elections in the process. Steinberg ran for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1994 launching his campaign pledging a war on crime, but was defeated by Parris Glendening, who went on to become governor. Steinberg then took up a career in lobbying. In 1998, he drew criticism for supporting the Republican candidate for Governor, Ellen Sauerbrey, rather than endorsing Glendening in his bid for re-election; Sauerbrey was a critic of abortion and of gun control, positions opposite those held by Steinberg. In 2018, he again endorsed the Republican nominee for governor, incumbent Larry Hogan, over the Democratic nominee, Ben Jealous.
References
1933 births
Lieutenant Governors of Maryland
Maryland state senators
United States Navy sailors
University of Baltimore alumni
Presidents of the Maryland Senate
Living people
Baltimore City College alumni
University of Baltimore School of Law alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Steinberg |
MacNeil can have a number of different meanings and spellings:
Clan MacNeil is a Scottish clan.
Notable people
Al MacNeil (born 1935), Canadian hockey player
Angus MacNeil (born 1970), Scottish politician
Archibald Macneil of Colonsay (fl. 1773–1805), Scottish laird
Bernie MacNeil (born 1950), Canadian ice hockey player
Bhreagh MacNeil, Canadian actress
Brett MacNeil (born 1967), Canadian gridiron football player
Carol Brooks MacNeil (1871–1944), American sculptor
Carole MacNeil (born 1964), Canadian television journalist
Charles Grant MacNeil (1892–1976), Canadian politician
Chuck MacNeil (born 1944), Canadian politician
Colin MacNeil, British comics artist
Colin MacNeil (footballer) (born 1936), Australian rules footballer
Cooper MacNeil (born 1992), American racecar driver
Cornell MacNeil (1922–2011), American baritone
Donald C. MacNeil (1924–1978), Canadian politician
Drew MacNeil (born 1964), Scottish shinty player
Flora MacNeil (1928–2015), Scottish Gaelic singer
Heather MacNeil, Canadian archivist
Hermon Atkins MacNeil (1866–1947), American sculptor
Hugh MacNeil (1860–1924), New Zealand cricketer, golfer and businessman
Hugh Livingstone Macneil (1850–1901), Canadian pioneer ranch and town developer
Ian MacNeil (ice hockey) (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player
Ian MacNeil (scenic designer) (born 1960), British scenic designer, the son of Robert MacNeil
Ian Roderick Macneil (1929–2010), American legal scholar
John MacNeil (1854–1896), Scottish/Australian evangelist
Joseph MacNeil (1924–2018), Canadian Roman Catholic archbishop
Karen MacNeil, American wine writer and educator
Ken MacNeil (born 1975), Canadian darts player
Kenzie MacNeil (1952–2021), Canadian songwriter and politician
Kevin MacNeil, Scottish writer and poet
Laine MacNeil (born 1996), Canadian actress
Linda MacNeil (born 1954), American jeweller
Maggie MacNeil (born 2000), Canadian swimmer
Mick MacNeil (born 1958), Scottish songwriter and keyboardist
Neil MacNeil (1923–2008), American journalist
Rita MacNeil (1944–2013), Canadian folk singer
Robert MacNeil (born 1931), Canadian television journalist
Russell MacNeil (1931–2018), Canadian politician
Sarah Macneil (born 1955), Australian Anglican bishop
Sheila MacNeil, Scottish tissue engineer
Wade MacNeil (born 1984), Canadian musician
William J. MacNeil (born 1946), Canadian real estate agent and politician
As first name
MacNeil Mitchell (1904–1996), American lawyer and politician
Fictional people
Regan MacNeil, a character from William Peter Blatty's The Exorcist, played by Linda Blair in the 1973 film
Other possible meanings
The MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour, former name of The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer when Robert MacNeil co-anchored
See also
McNeil (disambiguation)
McNeill (disambiguation)
MacNeill
McNeal
MacNeal
MacNeille
Surnames
Surnames of Scottish origin
Clan MacNeil
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacNeil |
This is a list of the endemic flora of Puerto Rico. This list is sorted in alphabetical order by binomial names. Common names are in parentheses.
Apocynaceae
Forsteronia portoricensis, synonym of Pinochia corymbosa subsp. portoricensis
Tabernaemontana oppositifolia
Aquifoliaceae
Ilex cookii (Cook's holly)
Ilex sintenisii (Sintenis' holly)
Araliaceae
Dendropanax laurifolius
Frodinia gleasonii
Asclepiadaceae
Marsdenia elliptica
Matelea borinquensis
Matelea sintenisii
Matelea variifolia
Asteraceae
Chromolaena borinquensis
Critonia portoricense
Koanophyllon dolicholepis
Koanophyllon polyodon
Mikania odoratissima
Mikania porosa
Vernonia proctorii
Begoniaceae
Begonia decandra
Bignoniaceae
Crescentia portoricensis (Higuero de sierra)
Tabebuia haemantha
Boraginaceae
Cordia bellonis
Cordia wagneriorum (Luquillo Mountain manjack)
Bromeliaceae
Hohenbergia antillana
Buxaceae
Buxus portoricensis
Cactaceae
Harrisia portoricensis (Puerto Rico applecactus)
Campanulaceae
Lobelia assurgens var. portoricensis
Canellaceae
Pleodendron macranthum (Chupacallos)
Celastraceae
Maytenus ponceana
Clusiaceae
Clusia gundlachii
Cyatheaceae
Alsophila amintae
Alsophila bryophila
Cyathea portoricensis
Cyperaceae
Eleocharis sintenisii
Ebenaceae
Diospyros sintenisii
Ericaceae
Lyonia truncata var. proctorii
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha bisetosa
Acalypha portoricensis
Hieronyma clusioides
Fabaceae
Calliandra locoensis
Neorudolphia volubilis
Poitea florida
Flacourtiaceae
Banara portoricensis
Gesneriaceae
Gesneria citrina
Gesneria cuneifolia
Gesneria pedunculosa
Icacinaceae
Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon (Palo de Rosa)
Lauraceae
Licaria brittoniana
Loranthaceae
Dendropemon bicolor
Magnoliaceae
Magnolia portoricensis
Magnolia splendens
Malpighiaceae
Heteropteris wydleriana
Stigmaphyllon floribundum
Malvaceae
Thespesia grandiflora (Flor de maga)
Marcgraviaceae
Marcgravia sintenisii (Bejuco de palma, Bejuco de lira, Bejuco de rana, Lira del Yunque, Pegapalma)
Melastomataceae
Henriettea membranifolia
Heterotrichum cymosum
(?)Sagraea portoricensis (Puerto Rico hogwood)
Meliaceae
Trichilia triacantha (Bariaco)
Moraceae
Ficus stahlii
Myrtaceae
Eugenia eggersii
Eugenia haematocarpa
Eugenia padronii
Eugenia stewardsonii
Marlierea sintenisii
Myrcia acevedoi
Myrcia estremerae
Myrcia luquillensis (Luquillo forest lidflower)
Myrcia margarettae
Myrcia paganii
Psidium amplexicaule
Psidium sintenisii (Hoja Menuda)
Nyctaginaceae
Neea buxifolia
Orchidaceae
Brachionidium ciliolatum
Leochilus puertoricensis
Lepanthes caritensis
Lepanthes eltoroensis (Luquillo Mountain babyboot orchid)
Lepanthes woodburyana
Lepanthes caritensis
Psychilis kraenzlinii
Psychilis krugii
Psychilis monensis
Lepanthes stimsonii
Passifloraceae
Passiflora tulae
Phyllanthaceae
Hieronyma clusioides (Cedro Macho)
Piperaceae
Peperomia maxonii
Poaceae
Aristida chaseae
Aristida portoricensis (Pelos del diablo)
Polygalaceae
Coccoloba rugosa
Polygala cowellii
Polygonaceae
Coccoloba pyrifolia
Coccoloba swartzii f. urbaniana
Polypodiales
Amauropelta inabonensis
Amauropelta rheophyta
Asplenium corderoanum
Goniopteris abdita
Goniopteris hildae
Goniopteris verecunda
Goniopteris yaucoensis
Tectaria estremerana
Rhamnaceae
Reynosia krugii
Rhamnus sphaerosperma
Rubiaceae
Mitracarpus maxwelliae
Mitracarpus portoricensis
Randia portoricensis
Rondeletia inermis
Stenostomum obtusifolium (syn. Antirhea obtusifolia)
Stenostomum portoricense (syn. Antirhea portoricensis)
Stenostomum sintenisii (syn. Antirhea sintenisii)
Salicaceae
Xylosma pachyphylla (Spiny logwood)
Sapindaceae
Thouinia striata
Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum pauciflorum
Manilkara pleeana
Micropholis garciniifolia
Sideroxylon portoricense
Schizaeaceae
Anemia portoricensis
Schoepfiaceae
Schoepfia arenaria
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella krugii
Selaginella laxifolia
Simaroubaceae
Simarouba tulae
Solanaceae
Goetzea elegans
Solanum drymophilum (Erubia)
Styracaceae
Styrax portoricensis (Palo de Jazmin)
Ternstroemiaceae
Ternstroemia luquillensis (Palo Colorado)
Ternstroemia subsessilis
Thymelaeaceae
Daphnopsis helleriana
Urticaceae
Pilea leptophylla
Verbenaceae
Cornutia obovata
Zamiaceae
Zamia ambiphyllidia
Zamia portoricensis
See also
Fauna of Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
Grasses of Puerto Rico
San Juan Botanical Garden
Notes
References
Further reading
Three endemic Puerto Rican ferns
External links
Departamento de Recursos Naturales
List
Puerto Rico
Endemic flora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20flora%20of%20Puerto%20Rico |
The Northeastern Railroad was chartered in 1870 by the Georgia General Assembly to meet this request by the state, and the new railroad opened its first 39 miles on September 1, 1876, from Athens, Georgia, to Lula, Georgia. A second line was opened in 1882 from Cornelia, Georgia, to Tallulah Falls, Georgia.
The railroad never paid dividends to its stockholders and it was later sold before construction could reach Clayton. The Cornelia-Tallulah Falls line was purchased in 1887 by the newly chartered Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad, also doomed to fail. While in the hands of the Tallulah Falls Railway, these tracks were extended all the way to Franklin, North Carolina, before they were abandoned; they are no longer in operation.
The Athens-Lula line was consolidated into the Southern Railway Company in 1899. These tracks are now owned by Norfolk Southern Railway.
This railroad was largely responsible for the economic development of the following cities, each being a stop on the line (shown here from north to south, with counties):
Athens - Lula line
Lula (on the Banks and Hall county line)
Gillsville (Banks)
Maysville (on the Banks and Jackson county line)
Harmony Grove (Jackson)
Nicholson (Jackson)
Center (Jackson)
Athens (Clarke)
Cornelia - Tallulah Falls line
Tallulah Falls (Habersham)
Tallulah Lodge (Habersham)
Tallulah Park (Habersham)
Turnerville (Habersham)
Hollywood (Habersham)
Anandale (Habersham)
Clarkesville (Habersham)
Demorest (Habersham)
Cornelia (Habersham)
Defunct Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Predecessors of the Southern Railway (U.S.)
Railway companies established in 1854
Railway companies disestablished in 1895
American companies established in 1854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Eastern%20Railroad%20%28Georgia%29 |
(Margaret) Emily Shore (1819–1839) was a young English diarist.
Life
Margaret Emily Shore was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk on Christmas Day, 1819 to Thomas Shore and his wife, Margaret Ann (née Twopenny). She was the eldest of 5 children: having two younger sisters, Arabella (b.1822); Louisa (b.1824), and brothers, Richard (b.1821), and Mackworth (b.1825). She kept a journal from the age of eleven until her death from consumption at the age of nineteen. Her diary is less a diary and more a journal, as she herself called it: recording her thoughts on a wide range of subjects. Margaret – who went by the name of Emily – was credited with educating her two younger sisters, Arabella and Louisa Catherine Shore.
Emily Shore moved to Funchal, Madeira, with her family at the end of her life in search of a healthier climate. She died there in 1839. Her final journal is a descriptive account of life in Funchal.
Extracts of her journal were published by her sisters Louisa and Arabella in 1891, more than fifty years after her death. A second edition was published in 1898. Today only some parts of her journal are extant, but in 1991 it was discovered that Arabella had left two of her sister's journals to the British Museum. These journals are now in America as they were not delivered at the time. These journals reveal that Emily's autobiography was, to a degree, converted into a biography by her then elderly sisters.
Legacy
The University of Virginia Press have digitized Emily Shore's diaries to show how her sisters censored her original thoughts, what Emily Shore herself censored in her diary, and what was actually cut out of the original diary.
Alternative country band The Handsome Family recorded a song based on the diaries, "Emily Shore 1819–1839", on their 1996 album Milk and Scissors.
References
English diarists
Women diarists
19th-century diarists
19th-century British women writers
19th-century British writers
1819 births
1839 deaths
Writers from Bury St Edmunds
Tuberculosis deaths in Portugal
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Shore |
Dendrite derives from the Greek word "dendron" meaning ( "tree-like"), and may refer to:
Biology
Dendrite, a branched projection of a neuron
Dendrite (non-neuronal), branching projections of certain skin cells and immune cells
Physical
Dendrite (metal), a characteristic tree-like structure of crystals growing as molten metal freezes
Dendrite (mathematics), a locally connected continuum that contains no simple closed curves
Dendrite (crystal), a crystal that develops with a typical multi-branching tree-like form
Dendrimer, a repetitively branched molecule
Software
Dendrite (matrix), a server for the matrix protocol written in Go
Brand
Dendrite (adhesive), a brand of contact cement from India and South Asia
See also
Dendroid (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrite%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Loungs are an indie rock band from St Helens, Merseyside, in the North-West of England. Their debut album We Are The Champ was released in 2007 on Manchester's Akoustik Anarkhy label and the follow-up Big Wow in 2010 on Fresh Hair Records. Both albums were highly acclaimed throughout the music press and the band have gigged extensively across the UK since their inception.
During 2009/2010 the band give away free 'B-Sides' to members of their online mailing list and the songs eventually formed a download only album entitled B-Sides to Non-Existent A-Sides.
The band released their 3rd studio album, entitled Short Cuts released through Fresh Hair Records on 6 November 2015.
History
Early years
The Loungs were formed in 2003 by Jamie, Dan and Neil, who had been friends at school. They found drummer Gaz outside a takeaway, asked him to join the band, and set out gigging. They recruited keyboard player Martin and guitarist Paul in 2004. The band's first gig as a six-piece was on 24 April 2004 at the "Groovy Festival" at Liverpool St Helens Football Club.
The Loungs established a reputation via a series of gigs throughout the UK, playing with Arctic Monkeys, Sondre Lerche, Noisettes, Good Shoes, Yeti, The Basement, The Rakes, 10,000 Things, Moco, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, The Redwalls, Zabrinski, The Harrisons, Gintis, Vinny Peculiar and Jim Noir, amongst others. During this time, they self-released an EP called Learning is Fun with The Loungs.
Akoustik Anarkhy
In late 2005, they became involved with the Manchester-based Akoustik Anarkhy record label, which led to the releasing of their debut single "I'm Gonna Take Your Girl" in February 2006 to rave reviews throughout the music press. During this time the band were picked amongst 14 finalists as a part of Channel 4's The Road To V competition and a live performance and interview were featured on the Channel 4 programme of the same name. The Loungs also donated a demo version of their track "All Your Love" to Lupine Recordings' debut compilation Tales From The Lux in October 2006.
Their next single "Armageddon Outta Here/Cats" followed in April 2007.
We Are The Champ
The Loungs' debut album We Are The Champ was released in May 2007 to widespread critical acclaim and was described as "Joyous" (Uncut Magazine), "Gloriously rowdy" (Q Magazine)
"One of the most exhausting but enjoyable 34 minutes you'll spend listening to music this year" (NME) and "The best thing to come out of St.Helens since the East Lancs road" (The Word) amongst many others.
Summer 2007 saw The Loungs appear at many festivals throughout the UK including Glastonbury, Knowsley Hall Music Festival, Bestival and Beat Herder.
Their next single "Googly Moogly/Jimmy Two Shoes" followed in October 2007.
Big Wow
The Loungs split from Akoustik Anarkhy at the end of 2007.
They spent 2008 working on their second album at Catalyst Studios in St. Helens and gigging regularly throughout the UK appearing at many festivals throughout the summer. A new song "Jack Sarfatti" appeared in June 2008 on USB stick attached to the cover of Amelia's Magazine which featured bands performing specially written songs on the subject of 'the future'.
The band's second album Big Wow was released in March 2010 and featured 12 new songs. Alongside the album the band created 12 promotional videos to accompany each track which can be seen on the Fresh Hair Records YouTube page.
B-Sides To Non-Existent A-Sides
Throughout 2009/2010 the band released a series of monthly recordings to the members of their mailing list. In May 2011 the recordings where sequenced together as a free download only album B-Sides To Non-Existent A-Sides.
Short Cuts
The Loungs released their 3rd album proper, entitled Short Cuts, through Fresh Hair Records in November 2015.
Hey, Brain!/Kite
During lockdown in 2020, the band released two new songs through Fresh Hair Records via Bandcamp. The tracks were also accompanied by two videos via YouTube.
Discography
Albums
We Are The Champ - released 21 May 2007 on Akoustik Anarkhy 12" vinyl, CD Digipack and Download. Download available from 23 April 2007.
Big Wow - released 8 March 2010 on Fresh Hair Records CD and download.
B-Sides To Non-Existent A-Sides - released 17 May 2011 on Fresh Hair Records. Download only collection of B-Sides & Demos.
Short Cuts - released 6 November 2015 on Fresh Hair Records CD and download.
Singles
I'm Gonna Take Your Girl/Seen My Baby Dancin' - released 28 February 2006 on Akoustik Anarkhy 7" and Download
Armageddon Outta Here/Cats - released 2 April 2007 on Akoustik Anarkhy 7" and Download
Googly Moogly/Jimmy Two Shoes - released 15 October 2007 on Akoustik Anarkhy 7" and Download
Hey, Brain!/Kite - released 8 May 2020 on Fresh Hair Records Download via Bandcamp
Self-released CDs
The "Learning Is Fun With The Loungs" EP - released Summer 2005
Download
B-Sides to Non-Existent A-Sides - Collection of free downloads originally available through The Loungs' mailing list and now available as a download only album.
Compilations
Tales From The Lux - released 30 October 2006 on Lupine Records 10" - features "All Your Love"
Amelia's Magazine - released May 2008 - USB stick attached to magazine - features "Jack Sarfatti"
Registered - released September 2008 - Free CD created by the electoral services unit in order to promote young people to use their vote in Manchester - features "Dig That Do"
Cloud Sounds Compilation - released December 2008 - CD - features "Cloud Sounds Jingle" + "Jimmy Two Shoes"
TV and Film
Hollyoaks - the Channel 4 series featured the song "Sunbeat" during an episode aired 12/03/12.
Waterloo Road - the BBC1 drama featured the songs "All Your Love" and "Clancy's Stomp" in series 3, episode 3.
The Road To V - the Channel 4 series featured the songs "Clancy's Stomp" and "I'm Gonna Take Your Girl" and an interview with the band.
References
External links
Official Website
Myspace Page
YouTube Page
Free 'B-Sides To Non-Existent A-Sides' Download
People from St Helens, Merseyside
English rock music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Loungs |
Sir Clement Higham, or Heigham, (pre-1495 – 9 March 1571) of Barrow, Suffolk, was an English lawyer and politician, a Speaker of the House of Commons in 1554, and Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1558–1559. A loyal Roman Catholic, he held various offices and commissions under Queen Mary, and was knighted in 1555 by King Philip, but withdrew from politics after the succession of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558.
Background and early career
Clement Heigham was the son and heir of Clement Heigham of Lavenham, Suffolk, the fourth son of Thomas Heigham of Heigham (died 1492). His mother was Matilda (Maud), daughter of Lawrence Cooke of Lavenham. His exact birth date is not known, but (if we follow Metcalfe's edition) he was the first of five sons, also Thomas, John, William and Edmond. His father died on 29 August 1500, and was buried under a marble slab in the Braunches chapel on the north side of the chancel of Lavenham church, with a brass figure in full armour, a brief Latin inscription, and above it a single shield for Heigham displaying Sable a fess componée or and azure, between 3 horses' heads erased argent. (The brasses are long since lost.)
It is suggested that Clement may have received early education from the monks of Bury St Edmunds. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn in July 1517, but, being appointed an officer for the Inn's celebration of Christmas in 1519, failed to turn up, and was fined. He was called to the bar in 1525. In around 1520 he married Anne Monnynge, of a mid-Suffolk family, and over the next years she had five daughters, and one son (who died in infancy). In 1521 Clement Heigham, Roger Reve (brother of John Reve, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds 1513–1539) and Thomas Munning were among the feoffees for 2nd Duke of Norfolk and others in lands at Stow Bardolph and Wimbotsham, Norfolk.
By 1528, however, his first wife was dead, and he remarried to the widow Anne Bures, daughter of George Waldegrave of Smallbridge, Suffolk and Anne Drury, with whom he had a further three sons and two daughters. Anne had previously been the wife of Sir Henry Bures (died 1528), of Acton Hall, Suffolk, and by him had four daughters, Joan, Bridget, Anne and another, who were small children at the time of the second marriage. They were therefore the step-sisters of Heigham's elder daughters, and of similar ages to them, and were to become the half-sisters of the Heigham children by the second marriage. Estimates of the birthdate of John Higham, his first son by Anne, range between c. 1530 and c. 1540.
His attainments as a lawyer, and perhaps the example of the Abbot's bailiff Thomas Heigham during the 1470s, had by 1528 recommended Clement Heigham to the office of Bailiff to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds. In 1529 he first received commission as justice of the peace for Suffolk, and remained in the Suffolk magistracy for the rest of his life. He became Pensioner at Lincoln's Inn in 1531 and was called to the Bench in 1534. On the east side of the county of Suffolk, farm of the site of the manor of Semer was leased to him in 1532 under the Convent seal for 30 years. On the west side he developed tenures around the Abbey's manor and park of Chevington, not far from Gazeley and the hamlet of Heigham from which his family took its name. In his chambers at Lincoln's Inn Heigham was presented as Autumn Reader in 1537/38 (when he was also appointed Marshall, but fined £7 for not acting), and Keeper of the Black Book in 1538/39. Through this time the monastic closures occurred, and Bury Abbey was dissolved in 1539.
Dissolution and Edwardian period
Following the death in 1539 of Roger Reve, the Court of Augmentations instructed Clement Heigham of Chevington to pay £220 to Abbot John Reve (Roger's executor), and in March 1540, shortly before his death, John Reve made his own testament appointing Heigham his executor and disposing of the sum in many small legacies, not forgetting his sister Elizabeth Munning and her daughter. Reve gave to Heigham his valuable hangings in his great chamber at Horningsheath, and to Anne Heigham his best ring set with turkey stones. The manor and park of Chevington were among those granted to Sir Thomas Kytson in March 1540.
Serving as Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn in 1540–41, in December 1540 Heigham completed the purchase of the manor of Barrow, near Chevington, from Sir Thomas Wentworth (died 1551) of Nettlestead, by deed of Sir William Waldegrave of Smallbridge Hall (Anne Heigham's brother), Sir William Drury of Hawstead (her uncle) and Sir Thomas Jermyn of Rushbrooke Hall (her stepfather). Here he built his residence of Barrow Hall, which remained in the family of his descendants for more than two centuries. An illustration of the Hall, copied in 1779 from a 1597 original, survives. John Gage wrote of it, "Barrow Hall... stood on the south side of the church, and was a large brick building, moated. In the summer of 1775, the ground plan of the building was traceable. It was evident that the front had been broken by a central gatehouse, and several bay windows." The rectory of Barrow was then newly occupied as the benefice of a notable academic in the University of Cambridge, Dr Thomas Bacon, presented by the King in 1539. Heigham purchased the manor of Semer from the King for £426 in 1543.
Queen Katheryn's letter from Hampton Court of 25 July 1544 to the King in Calais, advising His Majesty that Clement Higham had been appointed by the Council and the High Treasurer of the Wars for the wafting of £40,000 unto His Majesty on the following Monday, indicates the high level of trust now reposed in him. He was again appointed Autumn Reader at Lincoln's Inn at All Souls 1545, but he was reported to be "sykke and disseased", and Giles Townsend had to read for him. The Solicitor-General (Edward Griffith) called an immediate council which appointed Heigham Lent Reader next coming if willing, or to pay a fine of 20 nobles, and wrote at once for his decision. He read at Lent 1547/48. Following the death of King Henry and the accession of Edward VI in 1547, the Autumn vacation of 1548 was not kept owing to a death from plague in the Inn, but at the Council at All Saints' Day 1548 Clement Heigham first sat as a Governor of Lincoln's Inn, and regularly thereafter through the reigns of Edward and of Mary, where he was often in company with Edward Griffith.
During the 1540s Anne Heigham's daughters were married: three of them were married to three brothers, the sons and coheirs of the royal physician William Butts (1486-1545) and his wife Margaret, heiress of the Cambridgeshire family of Bacon. Joan Bures married (Sir) William Butts the younger, lord of Thornage, Norfolk, who died in 1583; Bridget Bures married Thomas Butts, lord of Ryburgh Magna, Norfolk, who took part in the 1536 voyage of Richard Hore to Newfoundland; and Anne married Edmund Butts, of Barrow, Suffolk in 1547, and had a daughter Anne Butts. The fourth daughter, Mary, married Thomas Barrow of Shipdham, Norfolk, and was mother of the separatist, Henry Barrowe.
Abbot John had, until the dissolution of St Edmund's, been responsible for the collecting of the tenths in the diocese of Norwich (which Bishop Reppes had not blushed to spend), and in Edward's reign Heigham was still being held accountable for £972 outstanding so on the abbot's account. However, after an Act was introduced in 1549 to regulate and restore monastic pensions, in September 1552 Heigham was appointed a commissioner, together with Sir William Drury, Sir Thomas Jermyn (deceased), Sir William Waldegrave and others, to investigate abuses. They interviewed the late priors of Woodbridge and Eye, the abbot of Leiston and the prioress of Redlingfield, the Master and three fellows of Wingfield College, and many priests, former monks and lay annuitants. It was found that Ambrose Jermyn (son of Sir Thomas) had accepted the transfer of an annuity as an inducement for the granting of a benefice; Edward Reve had sold his annuity to John Holt, one of the commissioners.<ref>J.C. Cox, 'Ecclesiastical History' in W. Page (ed.), Victoria History of the County of Suffolk, Volume II (Archibald Constable and Company Limited, London 1907), pp. 1-53, at pp. 31-32 (Internet Archive).</ref> Heigham was given two geldings and named an executor in the will of Sir Thomas Jermyn, written September, proved December 1552.
Marian advancement
In the succession crisis of the following summer, on 8 July 1553 Queen Mary wrote to Sir George Somerset, Sir William Drury, Sir William Waldegrave and Clement Heigham, informing them of the death of King Edward and commanding them to repair to her at Kenninghall in Norfolk. They, together with the Earl of Bath, Sir John Sulyard, Sir Henry Bedingfield, Henry Jerningham and others were with her on 12 July, in preparation for her journey to London: their swift loyalty to her was afterwards remembered. Bedingfield and Drury had sat in March for the county of Suffolk; but it was in the parliament of October 1553 that Heigham sat first, initially for Rye, and was placed in charge of some important legislation, including an Act to avoid unlawful risings. Wyatt's rebellion intervened in February 1554. In April 1554 Heigham was returned to parliament for Ipswich, Suffolk, and had responsibility for the bill concerning Ordinances for Cathedral churches in late April. This parliament was dissolved in May 1554, and soon afterwards he was admitted to the Privy Council of England.
Speaker of the House of Commons
It was then in November 1554, following solemnization of the marriage of Philip and Mary, that, being returned for West Looe (Cornwall), Heigham was elected Speaker of the House of Commons. The Bishop of Winchester, Lord Chancellor, opened the proceedings by declaring that the parliament was called for the confirmation of true (i.e. Catholic) religion. Then Heigham, being chosen Speaker, "in an excellent oration, comparing the body politic to the body natural, introduced the three usual petitions, for freedom of speech, etc., and was accepted." He presided over very weighty affairs. Cardinal Pole, his attainder reversed, spoke before both houses. The schemes of Stephen Gardiner were accomplished: the Acts against the Pope were repealed, and those against Heresy revived. Almost forty members of the Commons rose and left the house when they saw that the majority were minded to capitulate: Heigham's colleague Edward Griffith, since May 1552 Attorney-General, was ordered to indict them.
The parliament was dissolved on 16 January 1555, and shortly afterwards, 27 January, Heigham was knighted by King Philip in his chamber, together with the Lord Mayor of 1554-1555 John Lyon, Robert Broke (Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas), Edward Saunders, John Whiddon and William Staunford, Justices. In a legal notice issued in July 1555, in which he legitimizes the heir of a priest of Mildenhall who had married in the time of King Edward, it is expressed that Philip and Mary "per Clementum Heigham militem Senescallum suum concesserunt...", Senescallus or steward presumably referring to his position in the Privy Council. At Lincoln's Inn, at the All Saints' Day Council of 1554, Mr. Hygham's name appeared second in precedence among the six Governors, between Edward Griffith, Attorney-General of the King and Queen, and William Cordell, Solicitor-General: one year later, Clement Hygham, Knight, headed the list. Sir William Waldegrave died during that year, leaving £20 among the children of his sister Anne wife of Clement Higham.
Heretics
According to Heigham's own epitaph,"In punishment unto the pore which ded their cryme lamentHe wold with pyty mercyfull from rigour soone relent:But unto them which wilfully contynude in offence,A terro[r] unto them he was in Justice true defence." Advancement to the summit of his career depended, for Heigham, upon the favour of Mary and her Chancellor, which came with expectations. Inevitably he was an instrument of their persecutions, and as a justice and magistrate he must frequently have given the first hearings to cases of religious delinquency. His reputation for severity towards common people as heretics seems borne out by a few stories in John Foxe's Acts and Monuments.
Hooper and Mountain
He was plunged directly into the full political force of Gardiner's intentions within hours of receiving his knighthood. On 28 and 29 January 1554/55 Heigham was in St Mary Overie where Stephen Gardiner with Edmund Bonner presided over a solemn company of the bishops, many lords, knights and others, to witness the public inquisition and excommunication of John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester. Hooper was condemned, sentenced and handed over to the Sheriffs of London for burning. Many, including Sir Clement Heigham and Sir Richard Dobbs, were required to witness the notarial certificate of the proceedings. John Rogers (Prebendary of St Paul's), Dr. Rowland Taylor and Laurence Saunders (brother of Sir Edward) were condemned in the same session: Hooper was burned on 9 February 1554/55. On 5 March 1555, Queen Mary rewarded Heigham for his loyalty to her at Framlingham, and for his services as Speaker, by the grant in chief of the reversion of the manor and rectory of Nedging, Suffolk, with its lands in Semer, Bildeston, Whatfield and Chelsworth.
Heigham was also on the Cambridge Castle Bench with Sir Robert Broke, Edward Griffith and others when Thomas Mountain, the troubled minister of Whittington College was brought into the August sessions of 1555, after a long imprisonment, and was found to have no accusers. The County Sheriff for November 1554 to 1555, Sir Oliver Leader, spoke up for Mountain, and then said he had forgotten to bring with him the writ against the man. Griffith, in the meantime, was telling Mountain that he was a traitor and a heretic, and likely to be hanged. However without a writ or an accuser Broke and his fellow-justices were obliged in all equity to release Mountain on bail, which was immediately put up by his acquaintances, and he was later able to make an escape.
East Anglian martyrs
In Ipswich in summer 1555 Robert Samuel, a minister of East Bergholt, was imprisoned, and burnt at the stake on 31 August. During his confinement two devout women of reformist views, Agnes Potten and Joan Trunchfield, visited Samuel and gave him encouragement. Immediately after his execution they were arrested and imprisoned, and the accounts of the Chamberlains of Ipswich show that Sergeant Holmes made two journeys to the home of Sir Clement Heigham in that connection before they were burned in a single fire at Ipswich on 19 February 1555/56.
At about this time information had been given against Robert Pygot, a painter from Wisbech, for non-attendance at church. He was called into the sessions, and Heigham said to him, "Ah, are you the holy father the painter? How chance you came not to the church?": to which Pygot answered, "Sir, I am not out of the church; I trust in God." "No, sir", said Heigham, "this is no church: this is a hall." "Yea, sir", said Pygot, "I know very well it is a hall: but he that is in the true faith of Jesus Christ, is never absent, but present in the church of God." "Ah sirrah", said the judge, "you are too high for me to talk with, wherefore I will send you to them that are better learned than I." So he was taken to jail in Ely and interrogated, and was burned there on 16 October 1555.
Heigham was present at the examination of John Fortune alias Cutler, a blacksmith of Hintlesham who had influenced Roger Bernard (a man burned at Bury St Edmunds on 30 June 1556). The Bishop of Norwich interviewed him, and Heigham intervened at a critical point in the dialogue. The bishop told Fortune he should be burned like a heretic, and Fortune asked "who shall give judgement upon me?" The bishop said, "I will judge a hundred such as thou art", and Fortune asked again, "Is there not a law for the spiritualty as well as for the temporalty?" Sir Clement Heigham said, "Yes, what meanest thou by that?" Fortune told the bishop he was a perjured man, because he had taken an oath to resist the Pope, in King Henry's time: and therefore, like a perjured lawyer, he should not be allowed to sit in judgement. 'Then sayde maister Hygham: "it is tyme to weede out suche fellowes as you bee in deede".' (This is from Fortune's own account.) Fortune was condemned.
Foxe also mentions John Cooper of Wattisham, who was arraigned at a Bury Lent Assize in 1557 before Sir Clement Heigham for allegedly having said that he should pray "if God would not take away Queen Mary, that then the devil would take her away." This accusation, for a treasonable saying, was made by one Fenning, who is thought to have borne false witness: Cooper denied it. Heigham told Cooper "he should not escape, for an example to all heretics", and sentenced him to be hanged, drawn and quartered, which was accordingly done.
In July 1558 the outspoken country wife Alice Driver of Grundisburgh, near Woodbridge, who had been pursued for her Protestant views into hiding in the countryside, appeared before Sir Clement at the Bury Assizes. Before him her principal offence was to compare Queen Mary to Jezebel, and to call her by that name, for which Heigham then and there commanded that her ears be cut off, which was done. He then committed her to be interrogated by Dr Spenser, Chancellor of Norwich, at Ipswich, where her spirited defence led to her condemnation and death at the stake in November 1558. It is said that he issued a writ for the burning of three men at Bury St Edmunds about a fortnight before the death of Queen Mary, when it was already known that she was beyond hope of recovery.
Chief Baron of the Exchequer
In the parliament beginning 20 January 1557/58, in which William Cordell was chosen Speaker, Sir Clement Heigham sat for Lancaster. When the session rose on 7 March, Heigham had a few days earlier (2 March) received appointment "during good behaviour" to be Chief Baron of the Exchequer (though he had never held the rank of Serjeant-at-law), in succession to Sir Robert Broke. The great matter then in preparation was the indictment against John Harleston (Captain of Ruysbank Castle), Edward Grymeston (Comptroller of Calais), Sir Ralph Chamberlain (Lieutenant of Calais Castle), Nicholas Alexander (Captain of Newenham Bridge Castle) and Thomas Lord Wentworth (Deputy of Calais), that they had become adherents of the King of the French and had treasonably conspired to deprive Her Majesty of Calais and the other castles and to surrender them to the French during the preceding January. The indictment was found before Thomas Curtis (lord mayor), Sir John Baker (Chancellor of the Exchequer), Sir Clement Heigham and Sir Robert Broke on 2 July 1558. The Queen ordered Heigham and Sir John Sulyard to take inventories of the goods of the accused, and an account of their revenues since the loss of Calais, on 15 July 1558.
Elizabethan years
Heigham received a new patent as Chief Baron of the Exchequer upon the accession of Queen Elizabeth, but he resigned it on 22 January 1559, and so served only 10 months in the office in all, making way for Sir Edward Saunders to succeed him. The reversal of Mary's religious policy and the abhorrence of her persecutions was such that he withdrew from public office, and retired to Barrow Hall. He last appeared as Governor at the All Saints' Day 1557 Council of Lincoln's Inn, when his son-in-law Robert Kempe was Keeper of the Black Book. In November 1559 he was granted the arrears of an annuity relating to the wardship of his daughter Elizabeth Kempe's first marriage, to Henry Eden. His son and heir John Heigham, who had matriculated from Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1555, was admitted to Lincoln's Inn on 7 May 1558. Sir Clement however retained his place in the Suffolk magistracy, and is said, in his epitaph, to have been beloved by his neighbours for his effectiveness in settling their disputes peaceably. On 22 June 1559, following the death of Dr Thomas Bacon (Master of Gonville Hall, Cambridge), incumbent, he presented John Crosyer, Cambridge B.A. (1535-1536), M.A. (1538), to the Rectory of Barrow.C.H. Cooper and T. Cooper, Athenae Cantabrigienses, I: 1500-1585 (Deighton, Bell & Co., Cambridge 1858), p. 191 and p. 282 (Google).
Heigham retained until his death the office of Chief Bailiff to the town of Bury St Edmunds, as he had held it since the time of Sir Robert Drury. He drew support from his long connection with Sir Nicholas Bacon, appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and Lord Privy Seal to Elizabeth in 1558, who in the 1560s was building his residences at Old Gorhambury, Hertfordshire and Redgrave Hall, Suffolk. During the 1540s Heigham was connected with Bacon in the manors of Ingham, Ampton and Culford."Sir Nicholas Bacon Collection of English Court and Manorial Documents, 1200-1785", MSS 3211 (1543) and 3271 (1547) University of Chicago Library. In 1562 Bacon was recruited by Heigham, Ambrose Jermyn, John Holt and others, to assist in their attempts to obtain a charter for Bury St Edmunds. He wrote supportively, but expressing doubt as to the prospects of success.
John Heigham, the heir, married in 1562. It was in 1564 that Sir Nicholas Bacon's son and heir, Nicholas Bacon the younger, married Anne Butts, Dame Anne Heigham's granddaughter. Sir Thomas Kytson the younger (1540-1603), of Hengrave Hall, described to the Duke of Norfolk how he accompanied Sir Clement Heigham and other gentlemen of the county to meet the Lord Keeper between Bury and Newmarket, in his progress to Redgrave Hall. In August 1566 Sir Thomas Gresham wrote from Ringshall to William Cecil telling how he had met the Lord Keeper at Sir Clement Heigham's house, where "his Lordshipe sealed the Quene's Maiestie's bonds" before proceeding to St Albans. A letter of 1569 survives in which the Lord Keeper instructs his son to send a brace of bucks from Redgrave to Sir Clement Heigham. When Heigham died in 1571, the office of Bailiff of Bury St Edmunds was granted to Nicholas Bacon "as fully as it was formerly held by Robert Drury, Kt., or Clement Heigham, Kt."
John Crosyer, rector of Barrow, died in December 1569 leaving a charitable request to the poor of the village and to its church, arising from the rents of 13 acres of land in Bury St Edmunds. He was buried in front of the altar at Barrow under a stone with his effigy in brass, and a long English verse inscription referring (in the third person) to his education, his teaching, his example and his benefaction. There were also short inscribed scrolls, and six lines of prayer in Latin verse (in the first person), which have now gone.H.K. Cameron and
J.C. Page-Phillips, 'The Brass of John Crosyer at Barrow, Suffolk', Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society, XIII, pt. 3 (1982), pp. 224-31. Then on 28 May 1570 Sir Clement presented as rector another University of Cambridge academic, Dr Humphrey Busby, who had been (the second) Regius Professor of Civil Law in Cambridge from c. 1545 to c. 1550. He was apparently deputy as Vice-Chancellor to Walter Haddon (1549–50). Like Crosyer he was originally of Trinity Hall: in 1557-1558 he served at St Stephen Walbrook, but during the 1560s he was, as Dr Bacon had been, a member of Gonville Hall, and he established scholarships at both colleges. In 1573 Gabriel Harvey considered Busby to be senile, disputative, and over-fond of "seavenoclocke dinnars".
Heigham made his will on 10 November 1570. It opens with a lengthy prayer of repentance for his many sins, hoping for and trusting in forgiveness, so that he may have Grace to receive the body and blood in the form of bread, "the whiche after the consecracion thereof I steadfastly belive to be the verie bodie and bludd of our Saviour Jhu Christe, the whiche was crucified for me uppon the Crosse for the redempcon of me and all sinners", etc., thus professing his continued adherence to the mysteries of the Old English Religion. Naturally he could not make arrangements for a chantry, but he made numerous bequests to the poor people dwelling on his estates. The will, making his widow Anne and son John his executors, amply describes the family relationships, settling Barrow with all its appurtenances and other lands upon his widow Anne for life: they are to remain thereafter to his son John, who in his own right is to have the manor of Semer, or in default of issue it is to pass by entail through Sir Clement's heirs, all of whom are in other ways provided for. Sir Clement died on 9 March 1571 and was buried as he requested at Barrow, in the tomb described below. His son John received licence to enter upon his father's lands on 2 June 1571.
Marriage and children
Sir Clement married twice.
His first wife, Anne, is in some sources said to have been Anne Moonines daughter of John de Moonines of Semer Hall, near Bildeston, Suffolk, but in others to have been the daughter of Thomas Monnynge or Munninge of Bury St Edmunds. By her Sir Clement had one son, who died without issue, and five daughters:
Vincent Heigham (died in infancy).
Elizabeth Heigham, living 1570, married (1) Henry Eden of St Edmundsbury, and (2) Robert Kempe of Finchingfield, Essex.
Margaret Heigham, living 1570, married Humphrey Moseley, of Tunstall, Staffordshire; died 1606 aged 78, buried at Wolverhampton.
Anne Heigham, living 1570, married Thomas Turner of Wratting, Suffolk.
Frances Heigham, living 1570, married ----- Warren.
Lucy Heigham, living 1570, married (1) John Bokenham, of Snetterton, Norfolk, and (2) Francis Stonar, of Stapleford, Essex.
His second wife, whom he married after 1528, was Anne Waldegrave (1506–1590), widow of Sir Henry Bures of Acton, Suffolk, and daughter of Sir George Waldegrave (1483–1528) of Smallbridge in the parish of Bures St. Mary, Suffolk and his wife Anne Drury (d. 1572). (Anne Drury was a daughter of Sir Robert Drury, Lord of the Manors of Thurston and Hawstead, both in Suffolk (1455–1536)). (See also the Waldegrave family.) By Anne Waldegrave (who died in 1589 aged 84, and whose ledger stone survives in All Saints Church, Thornage, Norfolk) he had several children, including:
Sir John Heigham, eldest son and heir, an M.P. for Ipswich.J.P. Ferris, Heigham (Higham), Sir John (c.1540-1626), of Barrow and Bury St. Edmunds, Suff.', in A. Thrush and J.P. Ferris (eds), The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 (from Cambridge University Press 2010), History of Parliament Online. He married (1), 1562, Anne, daughter of Edmund Wright (died 1583), of Sutton Hall, Bradfield Combust, Suffolk, and (2), Anne, daughter of William Poley of Boxted, Suffolk.
Thomas Heigham, buried Ampton, Suffolk, 1597.
William Heigham, of East Ham, Essex, died 1620 aged 73. He married Anne, daughter of Richard Stoneley, Teller of the Exchequer.
Judith Heigham, died 1571, married John Spelman, of Narborough, Norfolk.
Dorothy Heigham, married (1561) Sir Charles Framlingham, of Crowes Hall, Debenham, Suffolk.
Monument
Sir Clement is buried in the Church of All Saints at Barrow, Suffolk. Against the south wall of the chancel is a tomb-chest surmounted by a low canopy with a flat-arched roof, ornamented within with quatrefoils and Tudor flowers. Externally the canopy has a horizontal frontage carved with quatrefoils (three enclosing shields, two enclosing double roses) between coursed mouldings, crowned above with a frieze of lozenge-formed crinkled foliage between the slender octagonal columnar quoins which rise at the corners as turrets. The front of the tomb-chest has three lozenges enclosing quatrefoil tracery with a heraldic shield at the centre of each.
Beneath the canopy, a brass memorial of composite construction is set into the upright wall at the back. In the lower part are two large brass rectangular plates set adjacent, containing an epitaph to Sir Clement Heigham in 44 lines of English rhymed heptameter couplets, engraved in very controlled gothic lettering. Directly surmounting these are three figural groups separately mounted. Sir Clement, in full plate armour and with sword, appears centrally: he kneels in prayer at a desk with an open book upon it, his helmet beside it and his gauntlets hanging in front of it. He faces sinister (to the right as viewed), towards a separate group facing towards him, representing his second wife (Anne Waldegrave) kneeling at another desk, and behind her their two daughters, Judith and Dorothy.
Sir Clement faces away from a third group on the dexter side (left as viewed), representing his first wife Anne Munnings kneeling at another desk, with their five daughters, Elizabeth, Margaret, Anne, Frances and Lucy, kneeling behind her. Between Sir Clement and this group is a gap with three rivet holes in the wall, representing a missing fourth group directly behind him which should have shown his sons by his second wife, John, Thomas and William Heigham. Vincent, the son of the first marriage who died in infancy, is shown by a kneeling shrouded chrisom child just behind Sir Clement himself.
Above these images are three heraldic shields. The central one, engraved on a square plate of latten, bears the arms of Heigham (quarterly 1st and 4th Heigham; 2nd and 3rd Francys), including the crest of a horse's head erased, argent''. The other two escutcheons are shield-shaped plates. The shield to the right as viewed, above the second wife, contains the arms of Waldegrave, 1st and 4th (shown as a quartering with Montchency, Creake, Vauncy and Moyne), quartered with Fray, 2nd and 3rd. The shield to the left as viewed represents the impalement of the Heigham quartering (as before) on the dexter side, with the Waldegrave quartering (as before) on the sinister side: it is the heraldic representation of the second marriage.
The arms of Heigham (not quartered with Francys) are displayed in a window at Lincoln's Inn.
References
1571 deaths
People from the Borough of St Edmundsbury
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
Chief Barons of the Exchequer
English barristers
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Year of birth uncertain
English MPs 1553 (Mary I)
English MPs 1554
English MPs 1554–1555
English MPs 1558
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Ipswich
16th-century English lawyers
1495 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement%20Higham |
Maria Cino (born April 19, 1957) is an American public servant and political operative of the Republican Party. She served in the United States Department of Commerce and served as acting United States Secretary of Transportation during the George W. Bush administration.
Early life
Cino was born in Buffalo, New York on April 19, 1957. She grew up in Buffalo in an "Italian Catholic Democratic union household". Cino is a graduate of St. John Fisher College in Rochester, New York.
Career
Cino served as Chief of Staff for U.S. Representative Bill Paxon.
From 1993 to 1997, Cino served as the Executive Director and Chief Operating Officer of the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC), managing the organization's strategy, budget and daily operations. She helped lead the Republican Party to congressional victories in the 1994 election cycle.
In 1999 and 2000, Cino served as national political director for the presidential campaign of George W. Bush. She was also the RNC's deputy chair for political and congressional relations in 2000, and she served as RNC deputy chair in 2003 and 2004.
United States Department of Commerce
President George W. Bush appointed Cino to serve as assistant secretary and director general of the U.S. Foreign Commercial Service; in that capacity, "she supervised 1,700 employees and had a budget of $200 million".
United States Department of Transportation
Cino was nominated by President George W. Bush as the Deputy Secretary of Transportation on April 6, 2005, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 11, 2005.
After Norman Mineta's departure in July 2006, Cino served as acting United States Secretary of Transportation for a short time. Mary Peters was sworn in as Mineta's successor on September 30, 2006.
Later work
Cino served as president and chief executive officer of the 2008 Republican National Convention.
In December 2010, Cino announced her candidacy for chair of the Republican National Committee in the RNC's January 2011 election. The contest was won by Reince Priebus, and Cino finished third.
In 2012, Cino was appointed as Vice President of Americas and U.S. Government Relations for Hewlett Packard Enterprise. In 2020, Cino was named to The Hill's Top 100 Lobbyists list.
Board memberships
Cino has served as a board member of The WISH List, a group seeking to elect pro-choice Republican women. She considers herself "pro-life" (part of the United States anti-abortion movement) but she is also interested in increasing the numbers of Republican women holding office.
References
External links
Maria Cino - Deputy Secretary of Transportation - Biography
1957 births
American people of Italian descent
Living people
New York (state) Republicans
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
St. John Fisher University alumni
United States Department of Transportation officials
United States Deputy Secretaries of Transportation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Cino |
Curt Conway (May 4, 1915 – April 10, 1974) was an American actor. He was sometimes billed as Curtis Conway or Kurt Conway. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Conway appeared in a number of Broadway plays, had small parts in films. such as Hud (1963), and appeared on TV from 1960 until his death.
A member of the Group Theatre, and later the Actors Studio, Conway went on to found his own acting school, the Theatre Studio, in 1952. Located at 353 West 48th Street in Manhattan, its faculty included, at one time or another, Nora Dunfee, Robert Alvin, and fellow Actors Studio members Lonny Chapman and David Pressman. The Actors Studio also supplied some of the school's participating directors, namely Martin Ritt, Alan Schneider, and Joseph Anthony; also participating were Horton Foote and Everett Chambers. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he taught acting at the School of Performing Arts in San Diego and the University of California at Irvine (UCI).
Conway was married three times, including to actress Kim Stanley from 1949 to 1956, with whom he had one daughter.
Conway died from a heart attack at the age of 58.
Partial play credits
Johnny Johnson* (1936)
Marching Song* (1937)
Casey Jones* (1938)
The Time of Your Life* (1938)
Quiet City* (1939)
No for an Answer (1941)
A View from the Bridge* / A Memory of Two Mondays* (1955)
A Touch of the Poet* (1958)
* denotes Broadway productions
Filmography
References
External links
1915 births
1974 deaths
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Boston
20th-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt%20Conway |
Saint Tysilio (also known as/confused with Saint Suliac; ; died 640 AD) was a Welsh bishop, prince and scholar, son of the reigning King of Powys, Brochwel Ysgithrog, maternal nephew of the great Abbot Dunod of Bangor Iscoed and an ecclesiastic who took a prominent part in the affairs of Wales during the distressful period at the opening of the 7th century.
Life
Prince Tysilio (or Sulio) was the second son of Brochfael Ysgythrog (of the Tusks). He fled his father's court at an early age to throw himself at the mercy of Abbot Gwyddfarch of Caer-Meguaidd (Meifod) and beg to become a monk. A Powysian warband was sent to retrieve him, but King Brochfael was eventually persuaded that his son should be allowed to stay. Tysilio probably started his career in Trallwng Llywelyn (Welshpool) and afterwards took up residence in Meifod where he was associated with Gwyddvarch and St Beuno.
Fearful of further trouble from his family, Tysilio set up his base at a hermitage on Ynys Tysilio (Church Island) in the Menai Strait and became a great evangeliser on Ynys Môn (Anglesey). He spent seven years there before returning to Caer-Meguaidd (Meifod) and succeeding as Abbot. Tyslio rebuilt the Abbey Church and things were peaceful for a while. He founded the second church in Meifod—the Eglwys Tysilio. His feast day, or gwyl-mabsant, was 8 November which was also the date of the patronal festival and "wakes" in the nearby parish of Guilsfield, where a holy well was dedicated to him—the Fons Tysilio.
After the death of Tysilio's brother Cynan Garwyn, his sister-in-law, Queen Gwenwynwyn, desired to marry Tysilio and place him on the throne of Powys. Objecting to both proposals, Tysilio refused and found his monastery persecuted by the state. He resolved to leave for Brittany with a handful of followers. Tysilio travelled through Dyfed and across the Channel to Saint-Suliac where he established a second monastery. Tysilio is traditionally said to be the original author of the Brut Tysilio, a variant of the Welsh chronicle Brut y Brenhinedd, although Brynley F. Roberts has demonstrated that the Brut Tysilio originated around 1500 as an "amalgam" of earlier versions of the Brut y Brenhinedd, which itself derives from Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century Latin Historia Regum Britanniae.
Tysilio died and was buried at the Abbey of Saint Suliac in 640.
Identity
St. Tysilio has been confused, historically, with Saint Sulien, with some scholars suggesting that they were the same historical character. The facts that they lived in different Celtic states, and had different feast days from antiquity, make this suggestion unlikely.
Place names
Today Tysilio's name is remembered in several church and place names in Wales, including Llandysilio in Powys, Llandissilio in Pembrokeshire, Llandysiliogogo in Ceredigion and Llantysilio in Denbighshire.
Most famously, it appears in the longest place name in the United Kingdom, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, part of which (shown bold here) means the Church of St. Tysilio. That name, however, is a late 19th-century invention for the burgeoning tourist industry in the area.
References
Bibliography
Roberts, Brynley F. (ed.). Brut y Brenhinedd (Llanstephan MS 1), Brut y Brenhinedd. Llanstephan MS. 1 version. Selections. Mediaeval and Modern Welsh series 5. Dublin, 1971. Extracts and discussion.
Simpson Jones, T. and Owen, R. (1901), "A History of the Parish of Guilsfield (Cedigva)", Montgomery Collections; 31, 129–200.
Further reading
People from Powys
Welsh royalty
Medieval Welsh saints
640 deaths
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysilio |
Harry Lawton Calder (24 January 1901 – 15 September 1995) was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1918, then a 17 year old schoolboy. Calder is the youngest person to receive this accolade, one of the game's top honours, and the only Wisden Cricketer of the Year that never played first-class cricket.
Calder was born in South Africa. His father, Henry Calder, had a brief first-class career, playing ten matches for Hampshire, Western Province and Eastern Province in the late 19th century.
He came to England in 1914 and was educated at Cranleigh School in Surrey for five years, playing cricket for the school's First XI for five years, three as captain. As a 16-year-old spin bowler, he took many wickets for the school team in 1917, and was named as a Cricketer of the Year in the 1918 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack alongside four other schoolboy cricketers, there being no first-class cricket during the First World War. Another five schoolboys were selected by Wisden as Cricketers of the Year in 1919. Calder was the youngest.
Calder never appeared in a first-class game, although he did play for the Surrey Second XI in 1920, scoring 0 and 6 not out and bowling four wicketless overs for 21 against Staffordshire. The other nine schoolboy Cricketers of the Year in 1918 and 1919 all played at least one first-class game.
Calder went back to South Africa with his family in 1919. His father encouraged him to continue to play cricket, but he decided to concentrate on golf and tennis instead. He worked in industry and banking. He was not tracked down until 1994, the year before his death, when the cricket historian Robert Brooke traced him to a nursing home in Cape Town. Calder said he had not known of the honour and had not played cricket since school, more than three-quarters of a century earlier.
Notes
References
The Essential Wisden: An Anthology of 150 Years of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, edited by John Stern, Marcus Williams, p.142
Joy of Cranleigh – What was happening in Cranleigh in August 1918?, Cranleigh Magazine, 23 July 2018
External links
1901 births
1995 deaths
English cricketers
People educated at Cranleigh School
Wisden Cricketers of the Year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Calder |
Wieżyca railway station is a railway station serving the town of Wieżyca, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
The station used to be known as Thurmberg under German occupation.
Modernisation
In 2014 the platform was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Wieżyca article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wie%C5%BCyca%20railway%20station |
Christian social may refer to:
Christian left
Christian socialism, a political ideology.
Christian Social Party (disambiguation), a list of parties of which some do and some do not adhere to this ideology.
The self-described ideology of the Christian Union (Netherlands) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20social |
Cornelius C. Duson, (aka CC Duson or Curley, August 31, 1846 - October 19, 1910) was a legendary Louisiana lawman. He was the sheriff of St. Landry Parish, Louisiana from 1874 to 1888. During his career, he was known for his dogged determination.
Famous exploits
In one case, he single-handedly chased two fugitives from Opelousas to the Red River. There
he killed one of them in a hand-to-hand fight. He wounded the other man and brought him back to Opelousas to face justice.
His most famous case was his capture of Louis Rousseau. Rousseau had fled the state after allegedly committing a murder in the town of Ville Platte. Duson tracked Rousseau for months, and found him in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. Louis Rousseau was captured and brought to trial. Louis Rousseau was hanged on June 8, 1877, in what was the first execution of a white man in St. Landry parish in 30 years.
In another well known case, a John Sonnier eluded capture for nine years after being indicted on two counts of murder in 1871. Several years after his indictment, Sonnier returned to St. Landry Parish. He narrowly escaped Sheriff Duson and disappeared. After some determined questioning, Duson located Sonnier in Brazoria County, Texas, where he was working as a prison guard. Sheriff Duson enlisted the help of two Texas officers to capture Sonnier. John Sonnier was captured and sentenced to life in prison.
History
CC Duson was the son of Cornelius Duson McNaughton, an Irish Scotch Canadian infamous for rebelling against the English in Canada. At age 21, he started work as a deputy sheriff in 1867, under Sheriff James G. Hayes. Hayes and Duson had been friends since the Civil War when they met as POWs in a POW camp in Washington, Louisiana. James Hayes was assassinated, and the job of sheriff went to his younger brother Egbert Hayes. As sheriff, Egbert appointed Curley as his executive assistant. Curley Duson held this job until 1872, when he campaigned for the office of sheriff in 1872. During his career Duson was known as a crack shot with a pistol. In 1882, an Opelousas newspaper reported that Sheriff Duson has killed 96 alligators with 96 shots from a boat near Morgan City, Louisiana. The same article mentioned "Duson got his man in Texas, for murder north of Chicot." The wording and placement of the news implied that his capture of the wanted man was commonplace.
In 1906, Curley Duson was appointed to the position of US Marshal for the Western District of Louisiana by President Theodore Roosevelt.
Among Curley Duson's accomplishments, he was instrumental in founding three towns in SW Louisiana; Eunice, Crowley and Mamou. He also helped found Acadia Parish in 1886.
References
1846 births
1910 deaths
Law enforcement in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20C.%20Duson |
The British South Africa Company appointed a variety of officials to govern Southern Rhodesia (called Zimbabwe since 1980) between 1890 and 1923. The most prominent of these were the Administrator and the Chief Magistrate, the first of which was in effect the head of government during this time. As such, he held a seat on the Legislative Council of Southern Rhodesia ex officio.
The post of Administrator was officially created by section 8 of the Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 1894, but in practice had existed as a deputy to the Chief Magistrate, who was the principal officer from 1890. The term of office was theoretically three years, though it was common to reappoint incumbents. There was, in addition, an Acting Administrator, who was a deputy.
The Administrator office became defunct when Southern Rhodesia received responsible government within the British Empire in October 1923. It was replaced by the post of Premier, which was renamed Prime Minister in 1933.
Chief Magistrates of Southern Rhodesia
24 July 1891 – 18 September 1891: A. R. Colquhoun (acting)
18 September 1891 – 7 October 1893: Dr Leander Starr Jameson KCMG, CB
7 October 1893 – 10 September 1894: A. H. F. Duncan (acting)
Administrators of Southern Rhodesia
1 October 1890 – 10 September 1894: A. R. Colquhoun
10 September 1894 – 2 April 1896: Dr Leander Starr Jameson KCMG, CB
2 April 1896 – 5 December 1898: Earl Grey
5 December 1898 – 20 December 1901: William Henry Milton (Administrator of Mashonaland and Senior Administrator of Southern Rhodesia)
5 December 1898 – March 1901: Hon. Arthur Lawley (Administrator of Matabeleland)
20 December 1901 – 1 November 1914: Sir William Henry Milton
1 November 1914 – 1 September 1923: Sir Francis Chaplin
Acting Administrators of Southern Rhodesia
1894 – 1895: Colonel Francis Rhodes
1895 – 1897: Mr Justice Joseph Vintcent
1897 – 1898: William Henry Milton
1898 – 1899: Hon. Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen
1899 – 1902: Hon. Arthur Lawley (Mashonaland)
1902 – 1903: John Gilbert Kotzé
1903 – 1903: Hon. Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen
1903 – 1904: John Gilbert Kotzé
1904 – 1909: Hon. Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen
1909 – 1914: Francis James Newton
1914 – 1923: Sir Clarkson Henry Tredgold, Sir Ernest William Sanders Montagu, and P. D. L. Fynn at various times.
Resident Commissioner
After the Jameson Raid, the British Imperial Government determined by order in council to appoint a Resident Commissioner to supervise the affairs of the British South Africa Company. Reporting to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, who in turn reported to the Colonial Office in London, the resident commissioner's function was to protect African interests and to prevent the company from inducing another expensive rebellion.
5 December 1898 – 1 April 1905: Sir Marshal James Clarke
1 April 1905 – 1 April 1908: Richard Chester-Master
1 April 1908 – 1 April 1911: James George Fair
1 April 1911 – 1 April 1915: Robert Burns-Begg
1 April 1915 – 1 April 1918: Herbert James Stanley
1 April 1918 – 1 October 1923: Crawford Douglas Douglas-Jones
References
Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964 by F.M.G. Willson and G.C. Passmore, assisted by Margaret T. Mitchell (Source Book No. 3, Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Salisbury 1966)
Bibliography
Southern Rhodesia Administrators
British South Africa Company
Politics of Southern Rhodesia before 1923
Rhodesia-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative%20posts%20of%20the%20British%20South%20Africa%20Company%20in%20Southern%20Rhodesia |
Garryowen Football Club (Irish: Cumann Rugbaí Gharraí Eoin), usually referred to as Garryowen, is a rugby union club from Limerick, Ireland. As at the 2023–24 season, it plays in Division 1B of the All-Ireland League. Historically, Garryowen has been one of the most successful clubs in Irish rugby union.
History
The club was formed in 1884. The founding members of the club were:
President W.L. Stokes
Secretary J. Gogarty
Treasurer M. L. Joyce
Captain J.O'Sullivan
Messrs. Patrick Stapleton, Tom Prendergast, J.O'Connor, J.G.O'Brien, Roche, Riordan, Pender, Gilligan and Dick
Founding member of the club, W.L.Stokes, had a huge influence on the game in Limerick during the 1880s. He made sure Garryowen received Union recognition in 1884. If not for his tireless work promoting rugby, Garryowen might never have begun.
Another great family linked to Garryowen were the O'Connors. John O'Connor was a founder member of the club and his seven sons were prominent rugby players, runners and oarsmen of national and international renown. They won 47 Munster senior cup medals between them beginning in the early 1890s. Born in Athlunkard Street, Limerick, the seven brothers - Mick, Charlie, Jack, Thade, Joe, Bryan and Jim - set an impressive record with 47 medals. Jack with 11 had the most. His son, Mick, won 4 further Munster Senior Cup medals between 1925 and 1934.
The club has had two fixed homes: the Markets Field until 1957, then the club moved to Dooradoyle. After the club moved, Garryowen (which had won the Senior cup in 1954) did not achieve success again for 15 years – the longest period in the club's history without a cup win. It was not till 1969 that another led to a glorious period for the club with probably the finest collection of players since the great nine in row team. With 5 senior cups coming in the next 10 years. There was also great success on the international scene with 6 players getting capped for Ireland in this time.
After winning the Cup in 1979 the club did not achieve Cup success again until 1993, not the largest gap between wins but this was the 1st time that they had failed to win at least one cup in each decade. Back-to-back Munster Senior League successes in 1982 and 1983 were the highlights of the 80's. The foundations were laid for the great success that was achieved in the 90's. The advent of the All Ireland League would give the club game in Limerick the platform it had long sought.
Having won the league title in its second and fourth year (1992, 1994), Garryowen reached two finals and a number of semi-finals only to fall just short. However, 2007 proved a spectacular year for the Limerick side, seeing them finally re-take the AIL crown after their years of disappointment and also the Munster Senior and AIL cups in what is an unprecedented clean sweep of all domestic competitions in Irish club rugby.
In total Garryowen have won the Munster Senior Cup 38 times, more times than any other club. Garryowen won the trophy nine times in a row between 1889 and 1898 and have the distinction of having played in the first final in 1886 and the 100th final in 1986.
The garryowen kick
In playing terms a garryowen is a very high up and under kick (named after the rugby club) designed to put the opposing team under pressure, by allowing the kicking team time to arrive under and compete for the high ball. It is thought to have come part of the modern lexicon in the early 1920s as one of the great Garryowen teams that won three Senior cups from 1924 to 1926 used this tactic to the utmost. The 'garryowen' was immortalised as a 'descriptive' to the British sporting public by the doyen of BBC Rugby Union commentators Bill McLaren who frequently used it in his decades on air between 1953 and 2002. He often used the phrase "hoists the garryowen" rather than "kicks" adding additional colour to his commentary.
Honours
All-Ireland League (3):
1992, 1994, 2007
All-Ireland Cup (3)
2006–07, 2011–12, 2018–19
Munster Senior Cup (39):
1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1898, 1899, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1914, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1932, 1934, 1940, 1947, 1952, 1954, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2007, 2012, 2018
Munster Senior League (17):
1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1925, 1936, 1946, 1954, 1982, 1983, 2001
Munster Junior Cup (7):
1910, 1955, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1993, 2007
Notable players
See also
Ireland
The following Garryowen players have represented Ireland at full international level, 56 players in total. The club has had players represent Ireland at every position.
Michael Sherry, 1 Cap, 2014 (USA) to present
Conor Murray, 100 Caps, 2011 (Fra) to present
Damien Varley, 3 Caps, 2010 (Aus) to present
Rob Henderson 32 Caps, 1996 (Samoa) to 2003 (Italy)
Paul Burke, 13 Caps, 1995 (Eng) to 2003 (Samoa)
Jeremy Staunton, 5 Caps, 2001 (Samoa) to present
David Wallace 72 Caps, 2000 (Arg) to 2011 (Eng), Member of the 2009 Grand Slam winning team
Tom Tierney, 8 Caps, 1999 (Aus) to 2000 (Eng)
Killian Keane, 1 Cap, 1998 (E)
Dominic Crotty, 5 Caps, 1996 (A) to 2000 (Canada)
Stephen McIvor, 3 caps, 1996 (A), 1997 (It,S)
Ben Cronin, 2 Caps, 1995 (S), 1997 (S)
Keith Wood, 58 Caps, 1994 (Aus)-2003 (France)
Richard Costello, 1 Cap, 1993 (S)
Paul Hogan, 1 Cap, 1992 (F)
Neville Furlong, 2 Caps, 1992 (NZ)
Nicky Barry, 1 Cap, 1991 (Namibia)
Richard Wallace, 29 Caps 1991 (Nm), 1998 (E)
Philip Danaher, 28 Caps (also played with Lansdowne) 1988 (Scot) to 1995 (Wales)
Willie Sexton, 4 Caps, 1984 (A), 1988 (S,E,E)
Tony Ward 19 Caps (also played with St Marys), 1978 (S,F,W,E,NZ), 1979 (F,W,E,S), 1981 (W,E,S,A), 1983 (E), 1984 (E,S), 1986 (S), 1987 (C,Tg)
Pat Whelan, 19 Caps
Larry A.Moloney, 4 Caps, 1976 (W,S), 1978 (S,NZ)
Michael J.Sherry, 2 Caps (also played with UCD) 1975 (F,W)
Seamus Dennison, 3 Caps, 1975 (F), 1975 (E,S)
Shay Deering (Jr.) 8 Caps (also played with St Marys) 1974 (W), 1976 (F,W,E,S), 1977 (W,E), 1978 (NZ)
Johnny C.Moroney], 6 Caps, 1968 (W,A), 1969 (F,E,S,W)
Mick Doyle, 20 Caps (also played for Blackrock & UCD), 1965 (F,E,S,W,SA), 1966 (F,E,S,W), 1967 (A1,E,S,W,F,A2), 1968 (F,E,S,W,A)
J.C.Kelly, 11 Caps (also played with UCD), 1962 (F,W), 1963 (F,E,S,W,NZ), 1964 (E,S,W,F)
Tom J.Nesdale, 1 Cap, 1961 (F)
Noel Murphy 49 Caps, 1958 (Aus)-69 (Wales)
Tim McGrath, 7 Caps, 1956 (W), 1958 (F), 1960 (E,S,W,F), 1961 (SA)
Gordon Wood 29 Caps, 1954 (E,S), 1956 (F,E,S,W), 1957 (F,E,S,W), 1958 (A,E,S,W,F), 1959 (E,S,W,F), 1960 (E,S,W,F,SA), 1961 (E,S,W,F,SA)
Tom E. Reid, 13 Caps, 1953 (E,S,W), 1954 (NZ,F), 1955 (E,S), 1956 (F,E), 1957 (F,E,S,W)
Aengus D. McMorrow, 1 Cap, 1951 (W)
Hugh Delacy, 2 Caps, 1948 (E,S)
Paddy Reid, 4 Caps, 1947 (A), 1948 (F,E,W), Member of Ireland's first Grand Slam winning team
Dave B. O'Loughlin, 6 Caps (also played with UCC), 1938 (E,S,W), 1939 (E,S,W)
Shay M.Deering, 9 Caps (also played with Bective Rangers), 1935 (E,S,W,NZ), 1936 (E,S,W), 1937 (E,S)
D.G.Langan, 1 Cap (also played with Clontarf), 1934 (W)
Anthony Sheehan, 1 Cap (also played with Munster), 1927 (S)
Dr. A.W. Courtenay, 7 Caps, 1920 (S,W,F), 1921 (E,S,W,F)
Noel Butler, 1 Cap (also played with Bective Rangers & Young Munster), 1920 (E)
Dr.P.J. Stokes, 12 Caps, 1913 (E,S), 1914 (F), 1920 (E,S,W,F), 1921 (E,S,F), 1922 (W,F)
J.J. Clune, 6 Caps (also played with Blackrock Coll), 1912 (SA), 1913 (W,F), 1914 (F,E,W)
G.V. Killeen, 10 Caps, 1912 (E,S,W), 1913 (E,S,W,F), 1914 (E,S,W)
R.V. Jackson, 10 Caps (also played with Wanderers), 1911 (E,S,W,F), 1913 (W,F), 1914 (F,E,S,W)
Joe J. O'Connor, 1 Cap, 1909 (F)
T. Halpin, 13 Caps, 1909 (S,W,F), 1910 (E,S,W), 1911 (E,S,W,F), 1912 (F,E,S)
G.J. Henebry, 6 Caps, 1906 (E,S,W,SA), 1909 (W,F)
Pa Healy, 11 Caps, 1901 (E,S,W), 1902 (E,S,W), 1903 (E,S,W), 1904 (S)
Jack O'Connor, 1 Cap, 1895 (S)
Michael S.Egan, 2 Caps, 1893 (E), 1895 (S)
T.F. Peel, 3 Caps, 1892 (E,S,W)
George Collopy, 2 Caps (also played for Bective Rangers), 1891 (S), 1892 (S)
T. Fogarty, 1 Cap, 1891 (W)
Jack Macauley, 2 Caps, 1887 (E,S)
J.M. O'Sullivan, 2 Caps, 1884 (S), 1887 (S)
British & Irish Lions
The following Garryowen players have also represented the British & Irish Lions.
Conor Murray: 2013, 2017 played in 5 tests.
David Wallace: 2001, 2009, played in 3 tests.
Rob Henderson, 2001, played in 3 tests.
Keith Wood: 1997, 2001, played in 5 tests.
Richard Wallace, 1993, played in 0 tests.
Tony Ward: 1980, played in 1 test.
Mick Doyle, 1968, played in 1 test.
Noel Murphy: 1959, 1966, played in 8 tests.
Gordon Wood: 1959, played in 2 tests.
Tom Reid, 1955, played in 2 tests.
Captains of Ireland
Keith Wood,
Philip Danaher
Former presidents of the IRFU
J.Macauley,
J.M.O'Sullivan,
D.G.O'Donovan,
K.J.Quilligan,
J.Quilligan
Other notables
Eddie O'Sullivan, Coach of Ireland 2001-2008
2018/19 Squad
Full-backs: Andrew O'Byrne, Jamie Heuston
Wings: Alex Wootton, Liam Coombes, Cian O'Shea, Ronan O'Mahony, Dan Hurley, John Hurley
Centres: Peadar Collins, Dave McCarthy, Bryan Fitzgerald, Matt More, Sammy Arnold
Out-halves: Jamie Gavin, Bill Johnston, Ben Healy, Ben Swindlehurst
Scrum-halves: Neil Cronin, Rob Guerin, Ed Barry, Evan Maher, Steven Atkinson
Front-rows: Niall Horan, Mike O'Donnell, Andrew Keating, Ben Rowley, Jack Mullany, Jeremy Loughman
Hookers: Liam Cronin, Diarmuid Barron, David Canny
Second-rows: Scott Leahy, Dean Moore, Kevin Seymour, Roy Whelan, Seán O'Connor
Back Rows: Tim Ferguson, Conor Oliver, Jack Daly, Darren Ryan, Alan Fitzgerald, Sean Rennison, Mikey Wilson
References
External links
Rugby clubs established in 1884
Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby union clubs in Limerick (city)
All-Ireland League rugby union clubs
Munster Senior League (rugby union) teams
1884 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garryowen%20Football%20Club |
Tony Hall may refer to:
Tony P. Hall (born 1942), American politician, representative and ambassador
Tony Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead (born 1951), former Director-General of the BBC
Tony Hall (Australian footballer) (born 1964), Australian rules footballer
Tony Hall (footballer, born 1969), played for East Fife, Berwick and some Irish clubs
Tony Hall (journalist), South African journalist and member of the South African Congress of Democrats
Tony Hall (supervisor) (born 1942), former member of San Francisco Board of Supervisors
Tony Hall (music executive) (1928–2019), British music executive and former record producer and DJ
Tony Hall (musician) (born 1941), melodeon player born in Beccles, Suffolk (England)
Tony Hall (botanist), Kew Gardens Expert, former manager of the Alpine House; see List of botanists by author abbreviation (T–V)
See also
Anthony Hall (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Hall |
Krzeszna railway station is a railway station serving the town of Krzeszna, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
The station used to be known as Groß Kresin under German occupation.
Modernisation
In 2014 the platform was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Krzeszna article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzeszna%20railway%20station |
Marc Mellits (born 1966) is an American composer and musician.
Mellits was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at the Eastman School of Music from 1984 to 1988, at the Yale School of Music from 1989 to 1991, at Cornell University from 1991 to 1996, and at Tanglewood in the summer of 1997. His composition instructors include Joseph Schwantner, Samuel Adler, Martin Bresnick, Bernard Rands, Christopher Rouse, Roberto Sierra, Jacob Druckman, Poul Ruders, and Steven Stucky.
Mellits's music has been performed throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. His music is influenced by minimalist and rock music, and has been identified with the postminimalist stylistic trend. He often composes for electric guitar and other amplified instruments.
Mellits received a 2004 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. Mellits's commissions include pieces for the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, Bang on a Can All-Stars, Assad Duo, Kronos Quartet, and the Meridian Arts Ensemble. His music has also been arranged by guitarist Dominic Frasca and the experimental music group Electric Kompany.
Mellits is a founding member of Common Sense Composers' Collective, which focuses on new and alternative ways of collaborating with performance ensembles. Mellits is the artistic director and keyboard player in his ensemble, the Mellits Consort.
As of 2011, Marc Mellits lives in Chicago, Illinois with his wife and two daughters, and teaches composition at the University of Illinois-Chicago.
Discography
1997 Common Sense Composers' Collective: Polysorbate 60
2002 Shock of the Old, Common Sense Composers' Collective & American Baroque: 11 Miiniatures for Baroque Ensemble
2005 Deviations, Dominic Frasca: Dometude, Lefty's Elegy, Metaclopramide, Dark Age Machinery
2006 String Quartet No. 2, Duke Quartet: String Quartet No. 2
2006 Tight Sweater, Real Quiet plays the music of Marc Mellits: Tight Sweater, Agu, Fruity Pebbles, Disciples of Gouda
2007 Dirty Little Secret, Andrew Russo: Etude No. 1: Medieval Induction
2007 TIC, Common Sense Composers' Collective & New Millennium Ensemble: Spam
2007 Paranoid Cheese, The Mellits Consort: Opening, Broken Glass, paranoid cheese, The Misadventures of Soup, Lefty's Elegy, Machine IV, Srećan Rođendan, Marija!, Troica, Dreadlocked, Machine III, Machine V
2008 Melville's Dozen, Nicola Melville: Etude No. 2: Defensive Chili
2008 Mix Tape, Andrew Russo: Spank Me (Menage a Deux), Curried Kaftka (No Strings Attached)
2009 Serendipity, Society for New Music: Platter of Discontent
2009 American Journey, Roger McVey: Agu
2010 Convergence, Strike: Tight Sweater Remix
2010 Black, Sqwonk: Black
2017 Quatuor Debussy: Marc Mellits, String Quartets n° 3, 4, 5.
References
Dickenson, J. Andrew: "Electric Counterpoint", Urban Guitar, July 2006
External links
Marc Mellits' homepage
Marc Mellits Audio Portrait ASCAP
Cornell University alumni
Living people
1966 births
Musicians from Baltimore
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Pupils of Jacob Druckman
Pupils of Samuel Adler (composer)
Pupils of Joseph Schwantner
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Mellits |
Gołubie Kaszubskie railway station is a railway station serving the town of Gołubie, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
The station also used to lie on the Kościerzyna–Gołubie Kaszubskie railway until its closure in 1930. This line has been dismantled. The station used to be known as Golben under German occupation.
Modernisation
In 2014 the station was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Gołubie Kaszubskie article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kartuzy County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%82ubie%20Kaszubskie%20railway%20station |
The Rat Pack was a group of entertainers in the 1950s and 1960s comprising primarily Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop; as well as others
Rat Pack may also refer to:
Entertainment
Television
"Rat Pack" (The Sopranos), an episode from Season 5 of The Sopranos television series
The Rat Pack, Verminous Skumm's henchmen from the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers
The Rat Pack (TV series), a 2009 British reality television series following London-based pest controllers that aired on BBC One
Music
The Rattpack, a group of artists led by Logic
The Rat Pack: Live From Las Vegas, a 2000 stage musical
Other
The Rat Pack, stories in Battle Picture Weekly by Gerry Finley-Day and Carlos Ezquerra
The Rat Pack (film), a 1998 TV film about the above-mentioned entertainers
Sports
The Rat Pack, a professional wrestling stable active in the Mid-South Wrestling promotion during 1982 and 1983, comprising Ted DiBiase, Jim Duggan and Matt Borne
The Rat Pack, a group of racing drivers active in the late 1980s and early 1990s, comprising Julian Bailey, Mark Blundell, Martin Donnelly, Johnny Herbert, Damon Hill and Perry McCarthy
The student section for the St. John's University Johnnies Football team
Other uses
Liberal Party of Canada Rat Pack, a group of Canadian Liberal Members of Parliament
Commonwealth military colloquial for Ration Packs, individual meals for one soldier in field conditions
See also
RatPac Entertainment, an American media company | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%20Pack%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Primula clevelandii, with the common name of Padre's shooting star, is a species of primrose.
Its specific epithet clevelandii honors 19th-century San Diego-based plant collector and lawyer Daniel Cleveland.
Description
Primula clevelandii is spring deciduous, dying back to the ground after the rains cease. It has basal clumps of leaves up to 40 centimeters long.
The flowers are magenta to deep lavender to white. They are nodding flowers each about an inch long on stems up to a foot tall.
This species hybridizes with Primula hendersonii, from which it can be distinguished by its green stem.
Subspecies
Named subspecies include:
Primula clevelandii ssp. clevelandii — The autonymous subspecies. In Baja California, it is found in the northwestern part of the state at low elevations from Tijuana south to El Rosario.
Primula clevelandii ssp. gracilis — Known commonly as the island shooting star. Found on the California Channel Islands and Guadalupe Island in Mexico.
Primula clevelandii ssp. insularis
Primula clevelandii ssp. patula
Distribution
The plant is native to California and Baja California. It is generally found in open grassland areas.
References
"Wildflowers of Henry W. Coe State Park" brochure, Larry Ulrich, 2002
External links
Jepson eFlora Treatment of Primula clevelandii
Calflora Database: Dodecatheon clevelandii (padre's shooting star)
Jepson Manual Treatment - Dodecatheon clevelandii
USDA Plants Profile for Dodecatheon clevelandii (padre's shooting star)
Dodecatheon clevelandii — Photo gallery
clevelandii
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Flora of Mexican Pacific Islands
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula%20clevelandii |
The 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants) was a British regiment in the American Revolutionary War that was raised to defend present day Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada from the constant land and sea attacks by American Revolutionaries. The 84th Regiment was also involved in offensive action in the Thirteen Colonies; including North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia and what is now Maine, as well as raids upon Lake Champlain and the Mohawk Valley. The regiment consisted of 2,000 men in twenty companies. The 84th Regiment was raised from Scottish soldiers who had served in the Seven Years' War and stayed in North America. As a result, the 84th Regiment had one of the oldest and most experienced officer corps of any regiment in North America. The Scottish Highland regiments were a key element of the British Army in the American Revolution. The 84th Regiment was clothed, armed and accoutred the same as the Black Watch, with Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean commanding the first battalion and Major General John Small of Strathardle commanding the second. The two Battalions operated independently of each other and saw little action together.
First Battalion
Historical context - Quebec and Ontario
The British Province of Quebec (which included much of the present-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario) was the target of an invasion by Continental Army forces in 1775.
Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean, Commander, 1st Battalion
The distinguished war hero, Lieutenant Colonel Allan Maclean of Torloisk (1725–83), was authorized by Lieutenant General Thomas Gage to raise a regiment from Scottish communities in Canada, New York and the Carolinas. The 84th Highland Regiment was the first to be raised from American Loyalists. The soldiers were drawn from those who had served Britain in the Seven Years' War – the 42nd Regiment of Foot (Black Watch), 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie's Highlanders), and 78th Fraser Highlanders.
The prospect of raising regiments in the Thirteen Colonies was a dangerous mission. Only two battalions of the five originally requested were raised because of the difficulty of recruiting. When Maclean arrived in New York not long after the war broke out, he was warned not to disembark in his uniform for fear of attack. As a result, when travelling alone he dressed as a doctor. The dangers of recruiting American Loyalists became even clearer after the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, a patriot victory, in North Carolina.
Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, North Carolina
Members of the 84th Highland Regiment were in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, North Carolina, in early 1776. On 27 February 1776, the 84th Regiment, with a number of new recruits, was marching to the port of Wilmington, North Carolina. There they were to join with a force arriving from Europe and participate in operations in the southern colonies. The recruited force, at first numbering 1,600 American Loyalists but reduced during the march by desertions to fewer than 800, faced off against 1,000 American Patriots. The American Loyalists' movement was blocked by Patriot forces on two occasions, but the Loyalists managed to bypass them to reach the bridge over Widow Moore's Creek. Captain McLeod, who had survived the Battle of Bunker Hill, was killed leading the charge at Moore's Creek Bridge. Half of the regiment was captured and thirty were killed; with ninety six officers and men taken prisoner. The majority of the Carolina recruits were never able to join the regiment since the Loyalist forces were scattered after the battle.
Lt. Col. Donald MacDonald helped with the recruiting in North Carolina and fought in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. Both MacLean and MacDonald were taken prisoner.
Sorel, Quebec, Headquarters, 1st Battalion
In 1777 the Headquarters moved from Quebec to Sorel.
Military operations – Quebec
Under McLean's command, the First Battalion acted primarily to defend Quebec from American Patriot forces. It marched from Quebec in an attempt to repel Brigadier General Richard Montgomery's invasion in the Siege of Fort St. Jean, Quebec. The regiment made two attempts to relieve the fort, but eventually returned to Quebec, where it helped to stiffen the resolve of the civil population until Carleton's return from Montreal.
The regiment was also involved in the Battle of Quebec. Montgomery and Benedict Arnold, who led an expedition through the wilderness of what is now Maine, combined forces and mounted attack on Quebec City. At a crucial moment in the battle, Captain McDougal led 120 of the 84th and 60 Royal Navy sailors against a force of New Hampshire troops commanded by Henry Dearborn. They overwhelmed Dearborn's men, forcing the survivors to surrender.
Military operations – Thirteen Colonies
Later in the war, they took part in raids upon Lake Champlain in 1778 and into the Mohawk Valley in 1780, 1781 and 1782.
Second Battalion
Historical context – Atlantic Canada
The 84th was tasked with defending British maritime provinces from American Revolutionary attacks by land and sea. Throughout the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by raiding many of the coastal communities. There were constant attacks by American privateers, such as the Sack of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782), numerous raids on Liverpool, Nova Scotia (October 1776, March 1777, September, 1777, May 1778, September 1780) and a raid on Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (1781). There was also a naval engagement with a French fleet at Sydney, Nova Scotia, near Spanish River, Cape Breton (1781).
In the fall of 1775 General George Washington authorized some ship's captains to engage in privateering activities. In violation of their charter (which allowed the taking of ships but not raids on land targets), the privateering ships Hancock and Franklin made an unopposed landing at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, on 17 November 1775. Three days later, they sailed to Nova Scotia and raided Canso, Nova Scotia. In 1779, American privateers returned to Canso and destroyed the fisheries, which were worth £50,000 a year to Britain.
To guard against such attacks, the 84th was garrisoned at forts around the maritime provinces. One such fort was Fort Howe, at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy at what is now Saint John, New Brunswick. As soon as the fort was built, it was immediately pillaged and burned by American privateers (August, 1775). Saint John was raided three more times in the span of two months (1777) before the 84th was able to rebuild Fort Howe.
In Newfoundland, American privateers sacked numerous ports such as Chateau Bay (1778) and Twillingate (1779). Off the coast of Newfoundland, the 84th Regiment were the first to defeat an American privateer in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane (1776). Major Small also had companies from the 84th Regiment stationed in Fort Frederick, Placentia, Newfoundland.
The 84th Regiment also defended Nova Scotia, attacking an American privateer off Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1775). The 84th was led by Captain John MacDonald. They boarded the warship when part of its crew were ashore seeking plunder. They captured the crew and sailed her into Halifax.
There were also Patriot attacks on Nova Scotia by land, such as the Battle of Fort Cumberland (also known as the Eddy Rebellion). There was the constant fear that American Patriots would attack Halifax, Nova Scotia, by land. The threat involved American Patriots landing in Windsor and marching to Halifax. As a result, in the summer of 1778, Major John Small moved the headquarters of the 84th Regiment from Halifax to Fort Edward (Nova Scotia) in Windsor.
Major General John Small, Commander, 2nd Battalion
When Col. Allan Maclean landed in America, he discovered that Major General John Small, was already mobilizing American Loyalists from the 13 Colonies as well as present day Ontario, Quebec and Atlantic Canada to create a Highland Regiment. Along with getting soldiers who fought in 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie's Highlanders) and 78th Regiment of Foot (Fraser's Highlanders), Small was recruiting soldiers from the 42nd Regiment of Foot (Black Watch); the same regiment that he had served with in the Seven Years' War. The regiment was known as the "Young Royal Highlanders" until it turned into the 84th Regiment.
Small was involved with also recruiting new immigrants as they arrived off transports from the British Isles. On one occasion, the transport George arrived in New York with 172 immigrant Highlanders. Major Small went aboard, explained the situation, and pressed the men into service. Small gave them assurance that their families would be well taken care of by the regiment. The same thing happened on October 3, 1775, with Scottish immigrants arriving in New York on the ship Glasgow. On that occasion, there were 255 immigrants (men and their families). Upon Small redirecting the immigrants to Halifax, the officer in command in Halifax reported that their amount of luggage was enough to "fill St. Paul's Church."
Battle of Bunker Hill, Boston
Major John Small was engaged to establish the Royal Highland Emigrants on 13 June 1775. Five days later, on June 17, before recruits could be found, Small and a number of other officers of the 84th Regiment were in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Small was a central figure in the battle, leading the 38th and 43rd Regiments in storming the hill. Along with three other members of the 84th Regiment who were wounded, Small was also wounded in the arm by cannon fire. He relayed his experience to John Trumbull, who then painted his famous painting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, in which Major Small is one of the central figures in the painting. Although the British won the battle, it was very costly: 226 were killed and 828 were wounded.
Fort Edward, Headquarters, 2nd Battalion
Fort Edward (Nova Scotia) in Windsor was the Headquarters for the 84th Regiment in Atlantic Canada.
Initially, the headquarters for the 84th Regiment was in Halifax. During the nine years of the war, members of the Battalion served on Detachments around Halifax: the Redoubt & Fort Needham (Halifax), Fort Sackville (Bedford), Fort Charlotte (Georges Island (Nova Scotia), Fort Clarence (Eastern Battery, Dartmouth). The 84th Regiment was also stationed at four locations around the Bay of Fundy: Fort Edward (Windsor), Fort Anne (Annapolis), Fort Cumberland (Amherst), and Fort Howe (Saint John). There were also forts that the 84th were stationed at on Cape Sable, Fort Cornwallis (Kentville, Nova Scotia), Sydney Mines Battery (Spanish River, Sydney), Fort Frederick (Placentia, Nfld.). The Regiment was also at Fort Hughes (New Brunswick) (Oromocto, New Brunswick). As well the 84th Regiment was stationed at forts in the 13 Colonies: Brooklyn Heights (New York) and Ft. Augusta (Georgia).
Because of the threat of a land assault on Halifax by landings in Windsor, Small moved the headquarters for the 84th Highland Regiment from Halifax to Fort Edward, Windsor (1778). The 84th operated on land and sea. In June 1779, for example, the 84th Regiment at Fort Edward had captured twelve American privateers, who had plundered many small vessels and neighbouring inhabitants on the Bay of Fundy. The prisoners were wounded. The prisoners were almost rescued by another American privateer vessel the Statagem, from Marblehead which had a crew of nine. Upon seeing the fate of the prisoners, however, they abandoned the rescue mission for fear of sharing the same fate. One report stated, "It is to be hoped that if they dare return they will fare no better."
Small assigned Captain Allan Macdonald, husband of the famous Scottish heroine Flora MacDonald, to be the commander of Fort Edward for five years.
Flora MacDonald
Captain Allan Macdonald had fought in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge in North Carolina, where he was captured. He was imprisoned for two years until a prisoner exchange in 1777, when he was sent to New York and then to Fort Edward in Windsor, Nova Scotia. Major Small gave him command of the Second Battalion, 84th Regiment, at Fort Edward (Nova Scotia). He served there along with two of his sons, Ranald and Charles, who were among the young officers of the regiment.
In 1750, at the age of 28, Flora married Captain Allan Macdonald of Kingsburgh, and in 1773 together they emigrated to Montgomery County (formerly Anson), North Carolina. Flora actively participated in recruiting men for the 84th Highland Regiment, displaying once more her resolution. She exhorted the 84th Regiment at Cross Creek, North Carolina (present-day Fayetteville) before they went off to fight in the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge. After Flora's husband was taken prisoner, Flora remained in hiding while the American Patriots ravaged her family plantation and she lost all her possessions. When her husband was released from prison, she travelled with him out of North Carolina to New York and then to Fort Edward in Windsor, Nova Scotia, in the fall of 1778. Flora only stayed in Nova Scotia for one year at Fort Edward, Windsor. In 1779 Flora returned home to Dunvegan Castle in Isle of Skye, Scotland. After the war, in 1784, Allan followed her.
There is a plaque at Fort Edward which reads:
"Flora MacDonald: A name that will be mentioned in history, and if courage and fidelity be virtures, mentioned with honour" - Samuel Johnson
The preserve of Bonnie Prince Charlie spent the winter of 1779 here with her husband, Captain Allan Macdonald of the Royal Highland Emigrants, when returning to her old home in Skye. After exile from her home in North Carolina. Her loyalty and devotion in the midst of troubled days have long been told in Scottish song and story.
Military operations – Atlantic Canada
Battle of Newcastle Jane, Newfoundland
On October 23, 1776, under the Captain Murdock MacLaine, the 84th Regiment was in the Battle of the Newcastle Jane. This battle was the first in which a merchant British vessel defeated an American Privateer vessel. The 84th Regiment was on the transport ship Newcastle Jane off the coast of Cape Race, Newfoundland. On board the ship was 20,000 pounds sterling and 3,000 sets of uniforms, much of which was for the 84th Regiment. On October 23 at 4:00 am American privateer came within 30 yards of Newcastle Jane. The American had ten carriage guns and twelve swivel guns and Newcastle Jane had only 6 three-pound carriage guns and a few swivels. The ships opened fire on each other. After a 24-hour standoff, the 84th Regiment had outmanoeuvred the Americans, leaving them with many wounded and a damaged vessel. By the time the battle was over, Newcastle Jane only had two rounds of shot left.
Lachlan Macquarie
One of the crew in the Battle of Newcastle Jane was a young recruit Lachlan Macquarie, who eventually became known as "the Father of Australia." Macquarie began his military career in 1776 at the age of fourteen when he sailed from Scotland to the New World. The attackers were repulsed and, six months later, on 9 April 1777, he obtained an ensigncy in the 84th Regiment. He did garrison duty, first in Nova Scotia, and then in New York and Charleston. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the 71st Regiment in January 1781. In 1784 he returned to Scotland from his posting in Jamaica, and was reduced to half-pay.
Siege of Saint John (1777)
Machias, Maine was used as a base for privateering against Nova Scotia and as a staging and supply point for American Patriot attacks on Fort Frederick, Saint John and Fort Cumberland. In 1776, privateers from Machias had burned Fort Frederick at Saint John to the ground. In 1777, American forces briefly controlled Saint John. In response, Major John Small personally led a force to drive out the Americans. When the 84th Regiment landed at Saint John on June 30, 1777, the Americans retreated to the woods. The 84th marched through the woods and were ambushed by the American. Twelve Americans and one member of the regiment were killed. Weeks later, on July 13, 1777, American privateers again attacked Saint John and were repulsed by the 84th. In August 1777, the Americans attacked yet again and were successful, carrying off 21 boatloads of plunder. The 84th immediately began to replace the low-lying Fort Frederick with Fort Howe, which overlooked the settlement. Fort Howe became instrumental in curtailing privateer action and was used as an assembly point for attacks on the 13 Colonies.
Raid on Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia
On September 4, 1778, the 84th Regiment, under the command of Ranald MacKinnon, was in the Raid of Cape Sable Island. Privateers were threatening Cape Sable Island when the 84th arrived; they surprised the ship in the night and destroyed it. For his aggressive action, MacKinnon was praised highly by Brigadier General Eyre Massey. In response, one of his friends, Captain MacDonald, wrote to Major John Small, "McKinnon was embarrassed by the praise of the General and requested it not be inserted in the record since he only did his duty."
Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
On October 2, 1778, the 84th Regiment, under the command of Captain MacDonald, was involved in the defeat of an American privateer at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Captain MacDonald arrived at Annapolis by ship, only to find a large privateer ship raiding the port. He destroyed the privateer vessel, which mounted ten carriage guns. Captain MacDonald also caught the attention of General Massey, who wrote that he "highly approved" of his conduct.
Captain Campbell of the 84th Regiment, in December 1778, took seven men with him to retrieve an American privateer that was abandoned on Partridge Island. They returned the ship safely to Annapolis Royal.
In 1780, Rev. Jacob Bailey was appointed the Deputy Chaplain to the 84th Regiment.
In another raid on Annapolis Royal in 1781, prisoners were captured by the crew of an American privateer and later released on parole on promise of exchange for an American prisoner at Halifax.
Military operations – Thirteen Colonies
Maine
In November 1777, the 84th Regiment was involved in the raid of a fort at Castine, Maine, a privateering port at the mouth of the Penobscot River. The capture of this vital port interrupted its use as a staging area by privateers to attack Nova Scotia.
Southern theatre
Upon leaving New York, the Second Battalion, 84th Regiment was engaged in the Southern theatre of the American Revolutionary War. The Southern theater was the central area of operations in the second half of the American Revolutionary War. During the first three years of the conflict, the primary military encounters had been in the north, focused on campaigns around the cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Earlier in the war, the 2/84th Regiment was involved in trying to take Charleston, South Carolina, in the Battle of Sullivan's Island. On June 24, companies of the 2/84th Regiment from Boston and New York left their ports to descend upon Fort Sullivan (later renamed Fort Moultrie), South Carolina. Four days later the 84th Regiment from New York, on June 28, 1776, engaged in the Battle of Fort Sullivan (see Fort Moultrie National Monument). The fleet bombarded the fort and suffered excessive damage by return fire. The attack was a failure; 38 of the regiment died.
The 2/84th Regiment was involved in a skirmish at Wiboo Swamp, Savannah River, Clarendon County, South Carolina (1781). 3 of the 84th Regiment were killed as were about 18 American Patriots.
The 2/84th Regiment was then involved in protecting the Loyalist stronghold of Augusta, Georgia. The first skirmish was at Wiggin's Hill, Savannah River, Georgia, in April 1781. The Patriots surprised the regiment at Wiggin's Hill, but were twice repulsed. The 84th then took prisoners, killed many of them and burned their homes. Captain McKinnon tried to stop what he considered his own regiments "barbarity". The 84th was also involved with trying to protect Fort Motte in the Siege of Fort Motte, Georgia (1781). The 2/84th Regiment was forced to surrender on May 12 and were taken prisoner.
Siege of Ninety-Six, South Carolina
On June 18, 1781, the 2/84th Regiment was involved with the relief of the American Loyalists besieged by Americans Patriots in the Siege of Ninety-Six. The American Patriots were trying to defeat the American Loyalists who were trapped in an earthen fortification known as the Star Fort. The American Patriots had 1,000 troops in a siege against the 550 American Loyalists. On the 28th day of the siege, Lord Rawdon, along with the 2/84th Regiment arrived. The American Patriots retreated and those in the Star Fort were saved, although Ninety-Six was abandoned by the British not long after.
John Bond
One of those in the Star Fort who belonged to the Ninety-Six Militia was Captain John Bond. Along with the rest of the American Loyalists from Ninety-Six, John Bond eventually left South Carolina and settled in Rawdon Township (see Rawdon, Nova Scotia), the place being named after Lord Rawdon who had saved them in the siege.
Battle of Eutaw Springs
The American Patriots attacked Orangeburg, South Carolina, with 2,600 troops. The 2/84th were part of a British force of 2,300, which stopped their advance at the Battle of Eutaw Springs on September 8, 1781. In the battle, the 84th Regiment lost 6 killed, 22 wounded and 2 missing.
Skirmish at Fair Lawn
In the last months of the war, the Second Battalion, 84th Regiment, defending Charleston, was involved in the Skirmish at Fair Lawn (also known as Fair Lawn Barony, Colleton House, "below Monck's Corner"). The battalion was in the area of the hospital where many of their fellow wounded soldiers were located. They were also stationed at a blockhouse near Baggen's Bridge, which lead directly to Charleston. They had few soldiers in the area and the captain in charge was forced to choose between either protecting the hospital or protecting the bridge that led to Charleston. He chose to protect the bridge. On November 17, 1781, the American Patriots attacked the undefended hospital; pillaging it and then burning the building to the ground. Most of the wounded were dragged into the surrounding woods and swamps, where they died from exposure and maltreatment.
After this incident, the 2/84th Regiment went to Georgia, Florida and Jamaica. In Georgia, they were involved in the skirmish on the Ogeechee River, Burke County (1781).
Uniform and equipment
The 84th was the only Highland regiment to keep and use its traditional highland uniform; plaids and swords, for the duration of the war. General Gage specified that the new military unit would be "cloathed Armed and accoutred in like manner with His Majesty's Royal Highland Regiment", indicating that they would wear the Highland Scots military uniform, unlike the more conventional uniforms worn by other Provincial units.
The original uniform of the first battalion was the green Provincial uniform, consisting of a long, green coat, tri-cornered black hat, breeches, and gray hose. They were armed with surplus King's Long Land Muskets from the Seven Years' War. In the second quarter of 1777, they received kilts, belted plaids (or perhaps both) in the government sett and wore these with their green Provincial coats (which were shortened) until these wore out, at which time they were replaced with the red coats of regulars.
The Second Battalion did not do as well; having to provide for their own uniforms until the local governor was formally ordered to clothe and arm them in the autumn of 1776. Upon their incorporation into the Regular Establishment, their uniform was standardized to the short Highland- style coat with dark blue facings and white turnbacks. The regimental lace is presumed to have been white tape, with one blue worm between two red ones: but this description is based on a later 84th Regiment's practices. No contemporary descriptions of the regimental lace have been discovered. Buttons had one of three variations; all of which incorporated "84th" with the customary Highland embellishment. The men were issued plaids or kilts of government sett. Each man was also issued a bonnet, multiple shirts and a white wool waistcoat with regimentally marked buttons. (In addition, each man was issued two pairs of gaitered trousers, one of linen for the summer and one of blue wool for the winter. - this statement not currently supported by documentation). Companies in the South Theatre were issued brown wool gaitered trousers for the winter instead of blue wool. Officers' uniforms used gold lace and buttons. In winter, it was common for the men to wear trousers and plaids simultaneously. Members stationed in Canada were issued a wool waistcoat, a blanket coat, overshoes, a watch cape, mittens, ice creepers, and snow shoes.
Disbanded
After the American Revolution, the soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, 84th Regiment became part of the migration of the United Empire Loyalists to Nova Scotia. The 2/84th Regiment evacuated Charlotte, North Carolina, and went to New York in April 1782 and then on to Halifax, arriving on October 24, 1782. Major Small followed them, arriving on the frigate Jason on November 12. Small arrived with a number of the settlers that the 84th Regiment had saved in the Siege of Ninety-Six. These men founded Rawdon Township (currently, Rawdon, Nova Scotia, and area). After the 2nd Battalion was disbanded at the headquarters for the 84th Regiment Fort Edward (Nova Scotia) on October 10, 1783, many of the 84th Regiment settled beside Rawdon Township in the newly formed Douglas Township (Kennetcook, Nova Scotia and surrounding area).
Major Small purchased Malachy Salter's grant (present day Selma, Nova Scotia) and built a manor house on an estate which he named "Selma", after which the community is named. Small had hoped to establish the Feudal Barony of Straloch in Selma but his last will and testament was not honoured.
The First battalion settled mainly in Kingston, Ontario. A few took passage, instead, to Britain. This unit, the "old 84th", was completely disbanded and has no direct descendants in the military of the modern United Kingdom. Later regiments to bear this number (84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot) have no historical nor traditional connection to it. However, the Canadian Army considers the 84th to be continued in the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders.
84th Regiment soldiers in Hants County, Nova Scotia
The following is a list of the soldiers from the 84th Regiment who settled in Douglas Township in Hants County, Nova Scotia, after the war:
Hector Maclean (politician), Kennetcook, Nova Scotia
Abraham Blois, Gore, Nova Scotia
Alexander Cameron, Minasville, Nova Scotia
James Dalrymple, Kennetcook, Nova Scotia
Lewis Ettinger, Kennetcook, Nova Scotia
Christian Hennigar, Kennetcook, Nova Scotia
Thomas Laffin, Kennetcook, Nova Scotia
For list of the 84th Regiment soldiers who settled in the Douglas Township see Duncanson, John (1989). Rawdon and Douglas: Two Loyalists Townships in Nova Scotia. Ontario: Mika Publishing Company.
84th Regiment soldiers in Eastern, Ontario
Patrick Sinclair
William Brannan, E. District
Richard Campbell, Marysburgh Township, Ontario
Donald Cameron, Charlottenb'g
William Cameron, Cornwall
James Chavassey, Marysburgh Township, Ontario
Michael Conlon, Kingston
Link to site of all the 84th Regiment who settled in Eastern Ontario
See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
King's Orange Rangers
Nova Scotia in the American Revolution
References
Primary Texts
Notes
External links
Index to Royal Highland Emigrants History - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
Re-enactment Group, Maryland, USA
History of the 84 Regiment by Kim Stacy
84th Regiment of Foot - Historical Documents
Military regiments raised in Nova Scotia
Infantry regiments of the British Army
Highland regiments
Military units and formations established in 1775
Military units and formations disestablished in 1784
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
Military units and formations of Nova Scotia
Military units and formations of New Brunswick
Loyalist military units in the American Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th%20Regiment%20of%20Foot%20%28Royal%20Highland%20Emigrants%29 |
In calculus, the reciprocal rule gives the derivative of the reciprocal of a function f in terms of the derivative of f. The reciprocal rule can be used to show that the power rule holds for negative exponents if it has already been established for positive exponents. Also, one can readily deduce the quotient rule from the reciprocal rule and the product rule.
The reciprocal rule states that if f is differentiable at a point x and f(x) ≠ 0 then g(x) = 1/f(x) is also differentiable at x and
Proof
This proof relies on the premise that is differentiable at and on the theorem that is then also necessarily continuous there. Applying the definition of the derivative of at with gives
The limit of this product exists and is equal to the product of the existing limits of its factors:
Because of the differentiability of at the first limit equals and because of and the continuity of at the second limit thus yielding
A weak reciprocal rule that follows algebraically from the product rule
It may be argued that since
an application of the product rule says that
and this may be algebraically rearranged to say
However, this fails to prove that 1/f is differentiable at x; it is valid only when differentiability of 1/f at x is already established. In that way, it is a weaker result than the reciprocal rule proved above. However, in the context of differential algebra, in which there is nothing that is not differentiable and in which derivatives are not defined by limits, it is in this way that the reciprocal rule and the more general quotient rule are established.
Application to generalization of the power rule
Often the power rule, stating that , is proved by methods that are valid only when n is a nonnegative integer. This can be extended to negative integers n by letting , where m is a positive integer.
Application to a proof of the quotient rule
The reciprocal rule is a special case of the quotient rule, which states that if f and g are differentiable at x and g(x) ≠ 0 then
The quotient rule can be proved by writing
and then first applying the product rule, and then applying the reciprocal rule to the second factor.
Application to differentiation of trigonometric functions
By using the reciprocal rule one can find the derivative of the secant and cosecant functions.
For the secant function:
The cosecant is treated similarly:
See also
References
Articles containing proofs
Differentiation rules
Theorems in analysis
Theorems in calculus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20rule |
The following list includes all the works of Lydia Sigourney that were published as books under her supervision. Contributions to periodicals, which number many thousands, are not included; similarly, single poems reprinted for distribution at funerals or for other occasions have been excluded. Where the same work reappeared under a new title, the second title is listed with a reference to the earlier one. The dates in all cases are taken from the title pages, though many of the books were published late in the preceding years to catch the holiday trade.
Works
Huntley, Lydia. Moral Pieces, in Prose and Verse. Hartford, 1815.
[Anonymous]. The Writings of Nancy Maria Hyde, of Norwich, Conn. Connected with a Sketch of Her Life. Norwich, 1816.
[An Anonymous pamphlet]. "The Square Table." Hartford, 1819.
Traits of the Aborigines of America. A Poem. Cambridge, 1822.
[Anonymous]. Sketch of Connecticut Forty Years Since. Hartford, 1824.
Poems; by the Author of "Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse." Boston and Hartford, 1827.
[Anonymous]. Female Biography. Philadelphia, 1829.
[Anonymous]. Biography of Pious Persons. Springfield, 1832. 2 volumes.
[Anonymous]. Readings in History. Springfield, 1833.
[Signed L. H. S]. The Farmer and the Soldier. A Tale. Hartford, 1833. [Reprinted in Olive Buds, 1836].
[By a Lady]. How To Be Happy. Written for the Children of Some Dear Friends. Hartford, 1833.
Sigourney, Mrs. and Smith, Gerrit. The Intemperate and the Reformed. Boston, 1833. [Reprinted in Sketches, 1834].
[By a Lady]. Letters to Young Ladies. Hartford, 1833.
[Prepared for the Press by Mrs. L. H. S]. Memoir of Phebe P. Hammond, a Pupil in the American Asylum at Hartford. New York, 1833.
[Anonymous]. Report of the Hartford Female Beneficent Society. Hartford, 1833.
Poems. Philadelphia, 1834. [Beginning with the third edition, 1838, this book was known as Select Poems. The contents were slightly changed from time to time].
Poetry for Children. By the Author of How To Be Happy. Hartford, 1834.
Sketches. Philadelphia, 1834.
Memoir of Margaret and Henrietta Flower. Boston, 1835.
Tales and Essays for Children. Hartford, 1835. Page images at Google Books.
Zinzendorff; and Other Poems. New York, 1835.
History of Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome. Hartford, 1836.
Olive Buds. Hartford, 1836.
Poems for Children. Hartford, 1836. [An abridgement of Poetry for Children, 1834].
History of the Condition of Women. Boston, 1837.
The Girl's Reading-book: in Prose and Poetry, for Schools. New York, 1838.
Letters to Mothers. Hartford, 1838.
The Boy's Reading Book . . . . New York, 1839.
[Edited]. The Religious Souvenir for 1839. New York, 1839.
Memoir of Mrs. Mary Ann Hooker. 1840.
[Edited]. The Religious Souvenir for 1840. New York, 1840.
Pocahontas, and Other Poems. London, 1841. [Published in London before Mrs. Sigourney's departure, and in New York a few weeks later].
Poems, Religious and Elegiac. London, 1841.
Letters to Young Ladies. New Edition with Two Additional Letters. . . . London, 1841.
Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands. Boston, 1842.
Poems. Philadelphia, 1842. [Published by John Locken. The plates were later acquired by Leavitt & Allen and used for many years].
The Pictorial Reader . . . . New York, 1844. [This title was claimed by another and the title of The Child's Book . . . was substituted].
The Lovely Sisters. Hartford, 1845. [A revised edition of the Memoir of Margaret and Henrietta Flower, 1835].
Poetry for Seamen. Boston, 1845. [The whole edition of 1,000 copies was bought by Martin Brimmer for distribution by a sailors' chaplain].
Scenes in My Native Land. Boston, 1845.
Myrtis; with Other Etchings and Sketchings. New York [copyright, 1846]. E-text (U. of Michigan).
The Voice of Flowers. Hartford, 1846.
The Weeping Willow. Hartford, 1847.
Water-drops. New York, 1848.
[Edited]. Sigourney, Mrs.; Hemans, Mrs.; Howitt, Mrs.; Cook, Eliza; Barrett, Miss; Landon, Miss; and others. The Young Ladies' Offering; or Gems of Prose and Poetry. Boston, 1848.
Illustrated Poems . . . . Philadelphia, 1849.
Poems for the Sea. Hartford, 1850. [Reprints most of Poetry for Seamen, 1845, with some additional pieces and illustrations by William Lawrence].
Whisper to a Bride. Hartford, 1850.
Letters to My Pupils: with Narrative and Biographical Sketches. New York, 1851.
Examples of Life and Death. New York, 1852.
Margaret and Henrietta. New York [copyright 1852] .
Olive Leaves. New York, 1852.
Voices of Home; or Poems for the Sea. Hartford, 1852. [A reprint of Poems for the Sea, 1850, except that the first poem is placed in a different position].
The Faded Hope. New York, 1853.
Memoir of Mrs. Harriet Newell Cook. New York, 1853.
Past Meridian. New York and Boston, 1854.
The Western Home, and Other Poems. Philadelphia, 1854.
Sayings of the Little Ones, and Poems for their Mothers. Buffalo and New York, 1855.
Examples from the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. First Series. New York, 1857. E-text (U. of Michigan).
Lucy Howard's Journal. New York, 1858.
The Daily Consellor. Hartford, 1859.
Gleanings. Hartford and New York, 1860.
The Man of Uz, and Other Poems. Hartford, 1862.
Selections from Various Sources. Worcester, 1863.
Sayings of Little ones. New York, 1864. [A reprint of the first three parts of Sayings of Little Ones, etc., 1855].
[Privately printed. Anonymous]. The Transplanted Daisy. Memoir of Frances Racilla Hackley. New York.
[Posthumous]. Letters of Life. New York, 1866.
References
Sources
Gordon S. Haight, Mrs. Sigourney: The Sweet Singer of Hartford. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930.
Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of American writers
Poetry bibliographies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Sigourney%20bibliography |
Skorzewo railway station is a railway station serving the village of Skorzewo, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway. The train services are operated by SKM Tricity.
The station used to be known as Schörendorf under German occupation.
On 15 June 1969 15:40 between Kościerzyna and Skórzewa an accident occurred. The steam locomotive Ty246-84 collided with steam locomotive Ok1-279. The crash killed 7 people and injured 14.
Modernisation
In 2014 the station was modernised.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
References
Skorzewo article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of July 2016.
External links
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kościerzyna County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorzewo%20railway%20station |
Jan Ladislav Rubeš CM (6 June 1920 – 29 June 2009) was a Czech-Canadian bass opera singer and actor.
Life and career
Rubeš was born in Volyně, Czechoslovakia, to Ružena (née Kellnerová) and Jan Rubeš. Not long after World War II, he graduated from the Prague Conservatoire and joined the Prague Opera House as a bass singer. In 1948, he won first prize at the Geneva International Music Festival and emigrated to Canada at the end of the year to pursue a career in a wider sphere. Beginning as a singer with the Canadian Opera Company, he subsequently directed and became director of touring, before switching to radio and television, where he became well known as an actor and presenter in Canada. He is noted for his portrayal of Amish patriarch Eli Lapp in Peter Weir's major-market film Witness and Jan in D2: The Mighty Ducks.
Family
On 22 September 1950, Rubeš married actress Susan Douglas. The couple had three sons: Christopher (died 1996), Jonathan, and Anthony. They remained married until his death in 2009. He is the great uncle of Czech YouTuber Janek Rubeš.
Death
On 29 June 2009, Rubeš died following a stroke at Toronto General Hospital.
Awards and recognition
1989: nominee, 10th Genie Awards, Best Actor, Something About Love
1990: winner, Earle Grey Award
1995: appointed Member, Order of Canada
Filmography
Motion pictures
1950: Forbidden Journey - Jan Bartik
1963: The Incredible Journey - Carl Nurmi
1975: Lions for Breakfast - Ivan
1980: Mr. Patman - Vrakettas
1981: The Amateur - Kaplan
1981: Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid - Psychiatrist
1983: Utilities - Mort
1985: Witness - Eli Lapp
1985: One Magic Christmas - Santa Claus
1987: Dead of Winter - Dr. Joseph Lewis
1988: Blood Relations - Andreas
1988: The Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick - Augustus Glick
1988: This Kiss - Gordon Tobin
1988: Something About Love - Stan Olynyk
1989: The Experts - Illyich
1989: Cold Front - Zoubov
1989: Blind Fear - Lasky
1990: Divided Loyalties
1990: Courage Mountain - Grandfather
1990: The Amityville Curse - Priest
1991: Class Action - Pavel
1991: Deceived - Tomasz
1991: On My Own - The Colonel
1992: Don Gio - Journalist No. 2
1994: Boozecan - Pops
1994: D2: The Mighty Ducks - Jan
1994: Mesmer - Prof. Stoerk
1995: Roommates - Bolek Krupa
1996: Never Too Late - Joseph
1997: Bach Cello Suite #4: Sarabande - Dr. Kassovitz
1998: Music from Another Room - Louis Klammer
1998: The White Raven - Markus Strand
1999: Snow Falling on Cedars - Ole Jurgensen
1999: Nightmare Man - Evan Hannibal
2000: Believe - Jason Stiles
2001: Anthrax - Arthur Kowalski
2002: The Burial Society - Marvin Telekunsky
2003: The Republic of Love - Strom
2004: Daniel and the Superdogs - The Colonel
Television movies
1975: Deadly Harvest
1977: The Day My Granddad Died
1978: Catsplay
1985: Charlie Grant's War - Jacob
1985: Murder by Reason of Insanity - Giorgi Denerenko
1986: The Marriage Bed - Max Ehrlich
1988: No Blame - Dr. Bloomer
1988: Two Men - Michael Barna
1990: Descending Angel - Bishop Dancu
1992: Devlin - Vittorio Di Fabrizi
1994: The Birds II: Land's End - Karl
1994: Lamb Chop in the Haunted Studio - Phantom
1995: Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story - Far
1997: Flood: A River's Rampage
1999: What Katy Did - Dr. Reinhart
2000: The Christmas Secret - Andree
2005: Our Fathers - Pope John Paul
Television series
1963: The Forest Rangers - Jaworski / Gregor Kowalski
1970: Castle Zaremba - Col. Kazimir Zaremba
1983: Vandenberg - Lewis Vanderberg
1975-1983: Guess What (host)
1985: Kane & Abel (miniseries) - The Polish Consul
1985: Murder in Space - Gregory Denarenko
1986: Kay O'Brien - Dr. Josef Wallach
1986: Crossings (miniseries) - Isaac Zimmerman
1988: Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show (as a special guest) - Jan Rubes
1989: War of the Worlds - (Episode, "Choirs of Angels") - Dr. Erik von Deer
1990: Street Legal (season 4, Episode 4X13 "Leon's Story") - Arthur Robinovitch
1990: Max Glick - Augustus Glick
1992-1993: By Way of the Stars (miniseries) - Hausierer Nathan
1996: The X-Files (Episodes Tunguska [uncredited] and Terma) - Vassily Peskow
1996-1998: Due South - Dr. Mort Gustafson
1997: The Third Twin (miniseries)
1999: The Outer Limits (Episode, "Tribunal") - Robert Greene / Older Karl Rademacher
2000: Stargate SG-1 (season 3, Episode 21 "Crystal Skull") - Nicholas Ballard
References
External links
1920 births
2009 deaths
People from Volyně
Czech male film actors
Czechoslovak male opera singers
Czech male stage actors
Czech male television actors
Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male voice actors
Members of the Order of Canada
Academic staff of University of Windsor
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University
Czech emigrants to Canada
Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Canadian Screen Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Rube%C5%A1 |
Filippi Boats (Cantiere Navale Filippi Lido S.R.L.) is an International manufacturer of rowing racing shells, based in Italy. The company was founded in 1980 by Lido Filippi.
Today, the running of the boatyard is undertaken by Lido Filippi’s son David; the yard employs 60 technicians and produces just over 1100 boats each year, which supply Federations worldwide.
In the previous 20 years, crews in Filippi boats have achieved over 400 medals in World Rowing Championships and at the Olympic Games.
History
The history of Cantiere Filippi dates back to 1980 when Lido Filippi opened his own boat-building business producing wooden rowing boats in a small shed with five other shipwrights. The boatyard's location is unique, as it stands in Donoratico on the Tyrrhenian Sea, which looks out onto the Tuscany archipelago, home to Elba, the "buen retiro" of Napoleon Bonaparte.
By the mid- to late 1980s, Cantiere Filippi was already enjoying its first international success winning gold medals at the 1986 World Rowing Championships in Nottingham, England and in 1987 World Rowing Championships in Copenhagen. It went on to scale even greater heights by winning gold in the coxless quadruple sculls at the Seoul Olympics in 1988.
In 1997 Cantiere Filippi was awarded the first ISO quality certification. This was a decisive step as it enabled Cantiere Filippi to guarantee both its international clientele and its 22 exclusive resellers on all five continents consistently high quality according to a clearly defined process. Each boat that leaves Donoratico complies fully with all the points of a technical card that is signed by each one of the craftsmen who worked on it.
Today
Nowadays, traditional wooden boats have been replaced by carbon fibre and honeycomb sandwich constructions made with vacuum bag technology and polymerisation in high-temperature ovens. Today, Cantiere Filippi employs 60 craftsmen and those old boats have been replaced by its familiar blue and white ones, which are built in the 2500 square metre boatyard of Filippi Lido Srl, just outside the town of Donoratico in the province of Livorno.
Filippi Boats Srl manufacture a wide variety of moulds of shell, suitable for athletes of a wide variety of weight and height. Boats can also vary in the rigging set up with the latest and most advanced being the Carbon Aliante set up, which is seen on the vast majority of Filippi boats at world level competitions. Each year Filippi endeavor to bring out at least one new mould of boat to cater for an even greater expanse of rowers.
Boats along with accessories are distributed through the network of worldwide Filippi boats dealers.
Developments in boat-building techniques, proverbial attention to detail and an excellent price-quality ratio have made Filippi a worldwide name. The hallmark of Cantiere Filippi, however, is that it invests much of its resources into research and employs the latest techniques, such as carbon riggers in both traditional and wing form. It also used to assess the seaworthiness of its boats with hydrodynamic tests at its ship tank in Insean, but today these have been replaced by sophisticated Computer Fluid Dynamics software. In addition to its research, Cantiere Filippi has also invested in workplace safety systems and its production processes are conducted in full respect of the environment.
Today, Lido Filippi works alongside his son David and employs more than sixty technicians who help to produce about 700 boats per year for federations across the world. Much is owed to the directors, trainers and athletes of these federations for the noticeable increase in the technical level of these boats. Their preparation, passion and ambition blend effortlessly with the way the boatyard views the future of rowing. High praise must also go to the International Rowing Federation (FISA) which in 1996 officially invited the company to attend the Olympic Games, recognizing the excellent quality of boatyard's work in the service of rowing, one of the Olympics' longest-standing sports.
Design
Today, Cantiere Filippi is able to design and test a boat without actually building it, with the help of sophisticated observation techniques designed in conjunction with the University of Ferrara and with the Department of Applied Mathematics at Milan Polytechnic, which helped develop Team Alinghi. A virtual rower is placed inside a virtual boat and the athlete's movement is simulated in the water. As the position of the rower's centre of gravity changes, the force exerted on the stretcher, seat and rowlock is monitored. Rowers with different builds, techniques and experience are used so that a range of force is generated. Once these data have been gathered, they are put into software that matches the three-dimensional drawings of the boat created ad hoc by a research laboratory with the most suitable hull for each individual athlete, or team of athletes. This match also takes account of maximum speed and pitch as well as the conditions of the regatta basin.
Once the best hydrodynamics have been established, the whole boat is created with design software that ensures each measurement is reproduced with pinpoint accuracy. A model is produced by removing any unnecessary elements from the drawing and by adding the ones required to layer the mould. The end-drawing is then used to mill the model on the CNC machine. Once the model has been made, the next step is to produce the mould.
Parmigiani Spirit Award
Parmigiani Fleurier joined World Rowing in supporting all young rowing scholars around the world with the creation of the Parmigiani Spirit Award. The Parmigiani Spirit Award is presented to a university rower who has demonstrated the core values of rowing in his/her social, academic and sporting life, and, through these values, also enabled or inspired exceptional success in other people's lives - for example in education, business, sports or charity.
Eligibility Criteria
The Parmigiani Spirit Award is open to current university students worldwide who study full-time and row regularly for a university rowing club. The rowing club of the winner is presented with a custom-made new Filippi racing eight boat. Each nomination must be made by two of the nominated rower's teammates, supported by the rowing club and endorsed by the university. Only one member may be nominated by each club.
Results
Over the last 20 years, Teams competing in Filippi boats have won more than 400 medals at World Championships and Olympic Games.
In 2014 Filippi boats won 85 medals in international competitions (27 golds) and 12 potentially of Olympic interest. In particular, the gold and silver medal with New Zealand and Italy in senior men's coxless four in Munich has really no precedents.
Quality Certification
The company has implemented and maintains the ISO9001-2008 Quality Management System.
References
External links
Official English Site
North American Importer of Filippi Racing Boats
UK Distributor for Filippi Racing Boats
Shipbuilding companies of Italy
Rowing equipment manufacturers
Italian boat builders
Italian companies established in 1980
Italian brands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippi%20Boats |
The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle developed by Daimler AG. Two different versions are known - the previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and the new model is based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The first generation F-Cell was introduced in 2002, and had a range of , with a top speed of . The current B-Class F-CELL has a more powerful electric motor rated at , and a range of about . This improvement in range is due in part to the B-Class's greater space for holding tanks of compressed hydrogen, higher storage pressure, as well as fuel cell technology advances. Both cars have made use of a "sandwich" design concept, aimed at maximizing room for both passengers and the propulsion components. The fuel cell is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), designed by the Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (AFCC) Corporation.
There are 60 F-Cell vehicles leased to customers in the USA, Europe, Singapore and Japan.
Production
In December 2010, began its B-Class based F-Cell lease program with the first delivery to Vince Van Patten, with a further 69 to be on the roads in California by 2010.
Hydrogen storage
The 350 Bar (5000 PSI) hydrogen tanks for hydrogen storage contain enough fuel for a drive. Using 700 Bar (10000 PSI) tanks the range is extended 70% to .
Notable publicity
On May 23, 2006, Daimler announced that its fuel cell vehicle fleets had achieved a combined mileage of over 2 million kilometers (1.24 million miles).
On May 31, 2006, Daimler revealed that select individuals in California would be able to take their driving examination in an F-Cell.
On July 6, 2006, Daimler leased 1 F-Cell to DHL Japan as delivery car in Tokyo area.
On January 30, 2011, three F-Cell vehicles start on a 125-day long-lasting journey around the world.
On June 21, 2011, Daimler announced it was moving up commercialization of the B-Class F-CELL to 2014
On Jan 31, 2014 YouTube video uploaded of new F-cell fuel cell, no information known otherwise.
Recognition
The Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-Cell was selected by Green Car Journal as one of the five finalists to the 2012 Green Car Vision Award.
Gallery
See also
List of fuel cell vehicles
References
External links
Road test on USAtoday.com
News on the German Chancellor taking delivery of an F-Cell
Driving Impression by Tom Bird of Channel4 - Website is now defunct, so this link uses the Wayback Machine
UCLA-Driving the F-Cell
Mercedes-Benz Leasing (in German)
Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL
Hydrogen cars
Fuel cell vehicles
F-Cell | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz%20F-Cell |
Tapes 'n Tapes is an indie rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
History
Formed in the winter of 2003 at Carleton College, the band has released four albums. First came the self-released Tapes 'n Tapes EP in 2004, followed by the full-length release, The Loon, on Ibid Records in 2005. The band signed to XL Recordings and re-released The Loon on July 25, 2006. In October 2007 the band announced finishing recording of their second album, titled Walk It Off. Walk It Off was recorded by producer David Fridmann in his Tarbox Road Studio in Cassadaga, New York. The album was released April 8, 2008. The band's most recent album, Outside, was released on January 11, 2011.
Tapes singer Josh Grier says their first album was recorded "...in the winter time at a cabin in the Wisconsin woods with no running water or toilet paper. It was a lot fun to do it on our own and get a little crazy, but it was also frustrating since we didn't really know entirely what we were doing"
Tapes 'n Tapes gained popularity after a series of write-ups on music blogs, first on EAR FARM then on sites such as Music For Robots and Gorilla vs. Bear, leading some to cite them as the most recognizable examples of a "blog band" . However, it wasn't until The Loon received a favorable review from Pitchfork Media, including a "best new music" commendation, that the band started to find success. Tapes 'n Tapes have been compared to such alternative bands as Pixies and Pavement, or the recent alt-pop phenomenon Clap Your Hands Say Yeah. After release of their self-titled EP, the band played with more well-known acts such as The Futureheads, The Streets, Metric, Calvin Johnson, and I Am the World Trade Center. The band made its American television debut on the Late Show with David Letterman on July 25, 2006, performing the song "Insistor." In 2006 the band did a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon. They also performed at the Siren Music Festival in July of that same year. Tapes 'n Tapes performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2007, along with bands such as Rage Against the Machine, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Björk.
Tapes 'n Tapes' musical style varies in tempo and in influence, ranging from fast-paced polka renditions to the slower, more blues-influenced songs. The publication Music Week described the band's song "Insistor" as "Part country, part rock...possess[ing] an emotional urgency that rivals Arcade Fire. This is promising stuff."
Josh Grier has written several untitled songs for the band's next album, which was originally to be recorded in June 2007 and released in the fall of 2007, Grier told Billboard.com. During their set at the 2007 Lollapalooza festival, the band played six songs titled, according to the setlist posted on the festival's website, "Demon Apple", "Blunt", "Icedbergs", "Headshock", "Le Ruse" and "Hang Them All". The song "Icedbergs" was previously featured on the band's debut EP.
Tapes 'n Tapes were featured in a 2007 sketch on the MTV comedy program Human Giant. Aziz Ansari's character, a psychotic "Indie Marketing Guru" named Clell Tickle, pushes bloggers to feature MP3s of the band on their blogs. At one point he says, "I've decided that if you don't post that Tapes 'n Tapes MP3, I'm going to come back here tomorrow and give you a Colombian necktie."
While not on the official soundtrack, the song "Insistor" by Tapes 'n Tapes is featured in a scene in the movie Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist. The music video for "Insistor" was directed by Dan Knight.
"Hang Them All" appears on Minnesota Public Radio station KCMP 89.3 The Current's "Live Current Volume 4". The album is available to contributors to MPR.
The band has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.
Discography
Albums
EPs
Tapes 'n Tapes – (2004) Ibid Records
Singles
Notes
Band members
The band has four members, each of whom is named after a word in the band's name; two members of the band share the same word for their name. The band members are:
Josh Grier (Tapes 1) – guitar, vocals
Jeremy Hanson (Tapes 2) – drums
Matt Kretzman ('n) – keyboards, multi-instruments
Erik Appelwick ('n) – bass guitar
In April 2006, producer Erik Appelwick replaced previous bassist Shawn Neary. Drummer Jeremy Hanson replaced original Tapes drummer Karl Schweitz in 2005 while still a senior in high school.
References
External links
Tapes 'n Tapes official website
Tapes 'n Tapes Live Review
Tapes 'N Tapes Hit the Pavement with Exclaim! magazine
Tapes 'n Tapes interview at musicOMH.com
Pitchfork Media's review of The Loon
Interview with Josh Grier and Ashley Marie Sansotta with REAX Music Magazine
[ Tapes 'N Tapes] bio from Allmusic
Tapes 'n Tapes perform a new song, "SWM," on Radio Happy Hour
a journal by Josh Grier on the recording of Outside from InDigest
Indie rock musical groups from Minnesota
Musical groups established in 2003
XL Recordings artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapes%20%27n%20Tapes |
The non-broadcast pilot episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer was produced by 20th Century Fox Television in 1996 to pitch a series to networks. The twenty-five-and-a-half-minute production was written and directed by Buffy creator Joss Whedon, and was expanded upon and re-shot for the first episode of the series. It is notable for featuring different actors in the roles of Willow and Principal Flutie. Sunnydale High is known as Berryman High.
The plot concerns Buffy Summers' move to Sunnydale after being expelled from a school in Los Angeles. Buffy enters Sunnydale High and meets Cordelia, Willow, and Xander. Willow is lured by a vampire into a trap. Buffy shows up with Xander and kills all the vampires.
While a popular bootleg, Whedon has said the pilot episode will not be officially released, as he feels it is of poor quality.
Plot
Buffy Summers begins her first day at Berryman High School, where she meets Principal Flutie, Xander Harris, Willow, and the British librarian, Mr. Giles. After class, Willow and Buffy walk through the school. Buffy asks her about the librarian. Willow says that Mr. Giles is new, "from some British museum". Cordelia and her gang interrupt them, attempting to get Buffy to join them and leave Willow.
Two other school girls, Aura and Aphrodesia, talk about the new girl while preparing for gym class. They are interrupted by a body falling out of a locker. Once the news reaches Buffy, she finds Principal Flutie and asks to see the body. When she finds the two holes in the neck, she heads for the library.
Mr. Giles is unsurprised by the news; instead, he is surprised that Buffy seems to be rejecting interest in Slaying. She angrily tells him that she loved her life before she knew about her calling, but after losing everything she valued, she now wants nothing to do with it. Xander overhears the conversation in the stacks.
That night, Buffy meets a stranger, who warns her that she is living on a Hellmouth. He also gives her a large silver cross.
That night, Buffy asks Xander about Willow. Xander says that Willow has found a boyfriend. She quizzes Xander about the guy's appearance; when he mentions a 'Lionel Richie' look, Buffy runs off. Xander and Buffy hear Willow's scream from the auditorium. Buffy charges in, finds the blond vampire biting Willow, and attacks him. Two other vampires emerge. Xander and Willow attempt to escape, using a cross to scare the vamps. Buffy dispatches the vamps and announces she is "The Slayer". One vampire runs away, and Buffy is left to dispatch the blond vampire.
The next morning, Giles is unimpressed by Buffy's sloppy fighting and the fact that she allowed others to find out her identity as the Slayer. Willow and Xander defend her, but Buffy is unbothered.
Cast
Starring
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy Summers
Nicholas Brendon as Xander Harris
Riff Regan as Willow Rosenberg
Charisma Carpenter as Cordelia Chase
Anthony Stewart Head as Rupert Giles
Guest starring
David Boreanaz as Angel (Deleted Scene)
Julie Benz as Darla
Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Flutie
Nicole Bilderback as Cordette
Mercedes McNab as Harmony Kendall
Persia White as Aura
Danny Strong as Jonathan Levinson
References
External links
Whedonesque.com - Whedonesquers discuss the unaired pilot
bbc.co.uk - Peter staddon mentions the presentation
Unaired television pilots
Television episodes directed by Joss Whedon
Television episodes written by Joss Whedon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaired%20Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer%20pilot |
Filippi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alana Filippi (1960 or 1961 – 2020), French singer and songwriter
Alessia Filippi (born 1987), Italian swimmer
Amnon Filippi (born 1969), American poker player
Ange-Marie Filippi-Codaccioni (1925–2018), French historian and Communist politician
Bruno Filippi (1900–1919), Italian anarchist and writer
Camilla Filippi (born 1979), Italian actress
Camillo Filippi (died 1574), Italian painter
Ernesto Filippi (born 1950), Uruguayan football referee
Gloria Filippi (born 1992), Italian archer
Joe Filippi (born 1953), Scottish footballer
John Filippi (born 1995), French racing driver
Luca Filippi (born 1985), Italian racing driver
Mattia Filippi (born 1993), Italian footballer
Roberto Filippi (born 1948), Italian footballer
Rodéric Filippi (born 1989), French footballer
Sebastiano Filippi (c.1536–1602), Italian painter
Tomáš Filippi (born 1992), Czech ice hockey player
See also
Filippi Boats, Italian rowing equipment manufacturer
Philippi (disambiguation)
Italian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippi |
Allenby Street ( Rekhov Allenby) is a major street in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was named in honor of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby.
Allenby Street stretches from the Mediterranean Sea in the northwest to HaAliya Street in the southeast. It was first paved with concrete in 1914. During the day, it is a commercial street with many small businesses and clothing stores. At night, its cafés, pubs and restaurants throng with people. Many public buses run along Allenby Street.
Landmarks
Lederberg House
The 1925 Lederberg House, at the intersection of Rothschild Boulevard and Allenby, features a series of large ceramic murals designed by Ze'ev Raban of the Bezalel school. The four murals show a Jewish pioneer sowing and harvesting, a shepherd, and Jerusalem with a verse from Jeremiah 31:4, "Again I will rebuild thee and thou shalt be rebuilt."
References
Streets in Tel Aviv | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenby%20Street |
Ernest Leroy Wilkinson (May 4, 1899 – April 6, 1978) was an American academic administrator, lawyer, and prominent figure in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1951 to 1971, simultaneously overseeing the entire LDS Church Educational System (CES). He is credited with the expansion of BYU. Under his presidency, the student body increased six times to over twenty-five thousand students due to the physical growth of the university and his aggressive recruiting policies. The number of colleges at the university increased from five to thirteen and the number of faculty members increased four-fold. Wilkinson focused on recruiting more faculty and convincing current faculty to receive education outside the university. As a result, the number of teachers with doctorate degrees increased from 50 to 500. Associate and doctoral programs were created for BYU.
The J. Reuben Clark Library (now the Harold B. Lee Library (HBLL)) was built, and library resources were expanded by 500 percent. The number of buildings on BYU campus increased from 6 to over 300, representing an increase in floor space of about 4.2 million square feet. He initiated the construction of various student housing options to accommodate over 6,000 students. Additionally, he increased the number of student religious congregations. During his twenty-year presidency, the number of congregations increased from 1 student branch to 98 wards and 10 stakes for LDS students. Under Wilkinson's presidency, the BYU Honor Code was more clearly established and was designed to include a strict dress code.
Wilkinson was a strongly conservative Republican. He unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate in 1964, while he was president of BYU. Prior to his career in education, Wilkinson was a lawyer in Washington, D.C. and New York City, his most well-known and lucrative case being a $32 million settlement from the U.S. government for the Ute Indian Tribes.
Background and education
Ernest Leroy Wilkinson was born in Ogden, Utah, on May 4, 1899. He was one of seven children of Robert Brown Wilkinson and Annie Cecilia Anderson. Robert Wilkinson was a Scottish immigrant who arrived in the United States as a young boy and later married Annie Anderson. Robert Wilkinson worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad for 25 years. Robert Wilkinson supported the union and according to family, at one time ran for mayor of Ogden as a Socialist candidate. During Ernest Wilkinson's childhood, he associated mostly with older boys and men, as there were few boys his age. He became involved in cock fighting, buying a few cocks with the money he made from delivering Desert News, but stopped after police started persecuting offenders.
In order to cultivate his faith as a member of the LDS Church, his mother suggested he attend Weber Academy in Ogden, which was then owned by the church. Before his graduation, he won the Dr. Edward S. Rich oratorical contest with his speech entitled, "American Ideals". He graduated from Weber Academy in 1917. He continued his studies at the expanded Weber Academy, then known as Weber College. During his time at Weber, he organized the Public Service Bureau (a service organization), was editor of the yearbook, and was president of the student body for two years. He competed in forensics meets and won the state championship with his team. He received the Lewis Efficacy Medal for students excelling in scholarship and public service and was valedictorian of his class. After a year at Weber College, Wilkinson became a member of the Student Army Training Corps unit located at BYU. Wilkinson attributed his success to what he learned at Weber Academy and became interested in the idea of offering a religiously affiliated education to more LDS youth. After the war, he became a regular student at BYU and among other things served as the editor of the weekly newspaper White and Blue and was president of his senior class. Wilkinson and a few colleagues received special recognition when they beat the Princeton debate team. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree at BYU in 1921.
He married Alice Valera Ludlow, a native of Spanish Fork, whom he had met while they were both students at BYU. They were married in the Salt Lake Temple on August 16, 1923. The ceremony was performed by James E. Talmage. Alice was elected vice president of the student body with Wilkinson as her campaign manager and had studied drama at BYU. The Wilkinsons had five children.
Career
After graduation, Wilkinson began teaching English and speech at Weber College. During this time, Wilkinson began to take an active interest in politics. He ran as a Democrat for county auditor and lost.
Law School
In 1923, Wilkinson was involved with the campaign of William H. King for United States Senate. King invited Wilkinson to be his secretary (administrative assistant) in Washington D.C. He agreed so that he could take evening classes at George Washington University. When he arrived in Washington D.C., he was informed by King's current secretary that he was to arrange for another position for him. He was offered the position of assistant architect of the Capitol Building. Uninterested in architecture, Wilkinson found a job as a teacher of a business high school teaching shorthand and typing, still able to attend law school at night. He earned a law degree from George Washington University summa cum laude in 1926. He was admitted to the Washington D.C., Utah, and New York bar associations. He studied at Harvard Law School on scholarship for his graduate studies. Even though five years of teaching were prerequisite for entering in the doctoral program, he was granted exception from Dean Roscoe Pound of the law school due to his academics at George Washington University. In 1927, Wilkinson graduated from Harvard Law School with a Doctor of Juridical Science.
Teaching law
He initially accepted a position teaching law at the University of California, but quickly resigned in order to pursue another offer to teach at the more prestigious New Jersey Law School, the largest law school in the United States at the time, where he taught from 1927 to 1933. After aiding Hughes, Schurman, and Dwight law firm with a challenging tax problem, he was invited to join their law firm in New York City. He began practicing there as well as teaching at New Jersey Law School, where he was known as a notoriously difficult professor.
Practicing law
After working for future Supreme Court chief justice Charles Evans Hughes, and working with Moyle & Wilkinson in Washington D.C., Wilkinson opened up a private firm in 1940 where he practiced for 11 years. One case involved a young, American soldier in Japan who was sentenced to death for accidentally killing a child in a motorcycle accident. He succeeded in lowering the sentence to only the time in jail that the man had already served. Even though he received no compensation for the case, he considered it the most gratifying case he ever worked on. He served as attorney for the Ute Indian Tribes in their suit to be compensated for land never paid for by the U.S. government as part of the Treaty of 1880. In 1950, this suit was upheld by the United States Court of Claims and as a result, the Ute tribes were awarded $32 million. Due to Wilkinson's work, the Indian Claims Commission was signed in 1946 by Harry S. Truman. This opened up more claims to be filed and prosecuted by Wilkinson, making his firm the most active in the country for tribal cases. Wilkinson's share of the Ute Indian settlement as the plaintiff's attorney made him independently wealthy and allowed him to give up his law practice to pursue his interests in education. When he became the 7th president of BYU, Wilkinson created a new law firm: Wilkinson, Cragun, and Barker. He was the senior partner, but management was left to his brother, Glen Wilkinson, Cragun, and Barker.
Political
Wilkinson was heavily interested in politics. Influenced by his socialist father from a young age, his viewpoints shifted to conservatism in his adult years. During the Cold War, LDS Church leaders were particularly fearful of the influence of communism in the United States. This was manifest in their choice of strictly conservative Wilkinson as the next BYU president. LDS Church leader Stephen L. Richards hoped in Wilkinson's inauguration that Wilkinson would, "implant in youth a deep love of country and a reverential regard for the Constitution of the United States." Wilkinson made it clear that he supported the Republican party and disliked communism. Some students at BYU criticized his "unabashed partisanship". Despite his interest in politics during the beginning of his presidency at BYU, he did not seriously consider running for the U.S. Senate. Though his law career had taught him how to navigate federal bureaucracy, he did not feel that he had the skills to win a congressional race. In addition, he was more concerned, at the time, in the work he could accomplish in Utah as BYU president rather than in Washington. Several times during the 1950s and 1960s, Wilkinson approached church president David O. McKay for his permission to run for public office. He was advised not to run until 1964 when he was given a one-year leave of absence to run for the senate. In his absence, duties of the president and chancellor were taken up by Earl C. Crockett and Harvey L. Taylor, respectively. In 1964, Wilkinson won the Republican Party nomination for the United States Senate, defeating Sherman P. Lloyd. Wilkinson lost in the general election to incumbent Senator Frank Moss. Within a month after his defeat, Wilkinson returned to BYU, but members of the Board of Trustees maintained that Harvey Taylor remain chancellor. As consolation, Wilkinson was granted a $20,000 salary, the largest salary of any BYU employee at the time.
BYU presidency
The First Era: 1951–1957
Beginnings
After Howard S. McDonald resigned from his position as BYU president, Christian Jensen served as interim president for about ten months. In 1949, at a dinner for Jensen, Wilkinson gave a speech asserting the ways in which he believed BYU could excel. He expressed that he had high aspirations for the school and believed in the values of combining a spiritual and secular education. After the dinner, Wilkinson was invited to share his ideas with the church's First Presidency and the Board of Trustees. The favorite candidate of J. Reuben Clark to fill the vacancy of BYU president was the vocally conservative Wilkinson, who lobbied LDS Church leaders to be appointed as president of BYU and was offered the position in July 1950. Wilkinson refused to be paid a salary, which attracted church officials in the aftermath of tense financial negotiations with previous president, McDonald. In September 1950, Wilkinson changed the members of the board of trustees from local members to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles with the First Presidency serving as president and vice presidents, respectively, of the board. Wilkinson wanted a direct line of communication to McKay, the church president at the time. Wilkinson would frequently counsel directly with McKay, avoiding the Board of Trustees. From 1951 to the end of 1952, Wilkinson had no official assistants besides William F. Edwards, the dean of the College of Commerce, and William E. Berrett, a professor of religion. At the end of 1952, Harvey L. Taylor became Wilkinson's first administrative assistant. Wilkinson was considered by most of his subordinates difficult to work with, citing him as dictatorial and inconsiderate. At 5'5", his nicknames among colleagues were "Little General" or "Little Napoleon". Aware of his difficulty getting along with his employees, he claimed he "[didn't] have time to be polite".
Unification and CES
In 1953, in an attempt to unify church schools, Wilkinson was named administrator of the church's schools. Besides his duties at BYU, he oversaw the administrative duties of Ricks College (now Brigham Young University-Idaho), LDS Business College, the McCune School of Music, and Juarez Academy in Mexico, along with seventeen institutes and 193 seminaries. Wilkinson proposed that the name CES be changed to University of Deseret, but his proposal was rejected for multiple reasons, one of them being that people were unwilling to drop the name of Brigham Young from their school. After this expansion of CES and thus Wilkinson's duties, he appointed Edwards and Berrett as vice presidents of the LDS Department of Education. In 1953, CES considered reacquiring Weber College, Snow College, and Dixie College in order to expand its influence. A referendum was included on the November 1954 ballot to transfer these three junior colleges from the State of Utah back to CES. The controversial referendum was defeated in the election with less than 40% of voters in favor. Still interested in pursuing junior colleges, CES established the Church College of Hawaii (CCH) (now Brigham Young University-Hawaii) in 1955 in Laie, Hawaii. Shortly thereafter, CCH and other LDS institutions in the Pacific were removed from CES, considered to be closer to "missionary operations", and the presidents of the institution were subject to the local school systems rather than CES.
Enrollment and the establishment of colleges
The next concern for Wilkinson was increasing the enrollment of BYU. He instituted a program in which members of BYU faculty would travel with general authorities to stake conferences. They attended nearly 180 conferences, emphasizing the benefits of a BYU education. Enrollment increased by more than twenty-five percent in fall of 1952. After discontinuing the program in 1952, Wilkinson continued to recruit for BYU by sending representatives to high schools and church missions, which received some criticism from mission presidents and was terminated by the First Presidency shortly after. Despite the criticisms, Wilkinson's tactics were successful, and enrollment increased to over 10,000 by the 1956–57 school year. Colleges were reorganized in order to group similar studies together and allow for the most growth and success of students. For example, the College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Applied Sciences were broken into multiple colleges in 1954 including, but not limited to, the College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. The Department of Physical Education, Health, and Athletics was separated from the College of Education and established as its own college and the College of Education was forced to relinquish its monopoly on the training of teachers and made to be a college specific to teaching methods. Wilkinson improved the salaries of faculty in order to recruit more talented professors and staff members to BYU. The Army and Air Force ROTC program at BYU was established by Wilkinson in 1951 for the Air Force and 1968 for the Army. An engineering program with its own building was established by Wilkinson with the help of Harvey Fletcher, and in 1956, broke into three programs: civil, mechanical, and electrical. Wilkinson also established a College of Family Living in late 1951, alleged to be the first in the United States, however, Purdue University had opened a Department of Family Life in 1946. In order to increase the size and quality of the graduate program at BYU, Wilkinson instituted a policy that encouraged faculty to pursue graduate studies at other universities. Through the policy, the university could obtain faculty qualified to teach graduate students as well as faculty who have attended other universities and thus obtained a more well-balanced education, preventing the "academic inbreeding" that had been a problem at the institution. The number of professors that held doctorates, especially from other universities, increased significantly.
Building construction
Wilkinson sought to increase the size and the beauty of the BYU campus. The first construction project during his presidency commenced July 1952. The Student Service Center, or unofficially, the bookstore, was dedicated in March 1953. After the planning committee devised a "master plan" for building and expansion of BYU campus, and the LDS Church appropriated $500,000 for the acquisition of more land in pursuit of the building projects proposed in the master plan. Wilkinson received ten million dollars from the board of trustees in order to build student housing and academic buildings. In order to accommodate more students, student housing was expanded. Heritage Halls were apartment-style dormitories that included a kitchen were built for girls, and Helaman Halls, which included a large dining hall, were built for men. With these additions, the number of women's accommodations increased to 2,000 students while the men's accommodations increased to 1,600 students. 150 homes were bought from the Mountain Home Air Force Base in Idaho and transported to Provo. Considered a fairly temporary solution, the complex was named Wyview Village and was intended to accommodate married students. Construction of the Harvey Fletcher Building was completed in 1953 in order to house the new engineering program, though other departments, namely the English department was allowed to share the space due to the lack of buildings. The David O. McKay Building was completed in 1954 for the College of Education. The college shared its walls with some other humanities disciplines until the campus was expanded more in later years. The Benjamin Cluff Jr. Building, along with two greenhouses, was built to house the laboratories for the College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences in 1955. These buildings were torn down for the new Life Science Building completed in 2014. The Howard S. McDonald Student Health Center, which also housed the Air Force ROTC program, was completed in 1955 and contained an x-ray room and a hydrotherapy room. A separate Student Health Center now exists. The Howard S. McDonald Building now contains BYU's MRI Research Facility. The Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center was built in 1957 to house the College of Family Living. Dedicated in 2005 and still home to the College of Family, Home and Social Sciences, the Joseph Fielding Smith Building took the place of the Family Living Center. A number of other smaller, miscellaneous buildings were built in the 1950s, including a ticket office for the football stadium and a poultry laboratory for the Animal Science Department. Significant effort was also put into improving the campus utilities and landscaping. The Department of Physical Plant was established in 1954. Due to the nearly seventy hours of work he was putting in per week, Wilkinson suffered a heart attack in October 1956. He was permitted to return to work in January 1957. Taylor, Edwards, and Berrett took over his responsibilities while he was recovering.
The Second Era: 1957–1971
Building construction
With the continuous growth of the student body, Wilkinson understood the need to continue expanding campus. The first large project was the BYU Motion Picture Studio (now the LDS Motion Picture Studios), built in 1958. In 1961, At a cost of nearly $4,000,000, the J. Reuben Clark Jr. Library (now the HBLL) was built due to lack of library resources and space in the Heber J. Grant Library. The library was built to accommodate 3,000 people and house one million books. The Jesse Knight Building was completed in 1960 to house the College of Commerce. Plans were made in early 1960 for a new student center; student costs were raised by ten dollars each student to raise the funds for the project. The building cost $7 million, and two-thirds of the funds came directly from students. The building was six stories and contained a bookstore, cafeteria, two theaters, lounges, a bowling alley, and a barber shop. A consensus hadn't been reached on the name of the building. Students were interested in naming the building "Memorial Union" to honor BYU students killed in war. Shortly before the dedication, the board of trustees revealed they intended to name the building the Ernest L. Wilkinson Student Center. Although some students believed that they should have had the right to name the building since they paid for most of it, the board of trustees named the building after Wilkinson. During his presidency, church appropriations to the school increased from $1 million to $22 million annually, while university expenditures increased from $2 million to $65 million annually.
The Honor Code
Wilkinson felt that his job was to prevent the decay of moral values of the students and increase administrative control of the BYU Honor Code. He instituted a strict dress code meant to prevent students from dressing like "go-go girls" or "surfers". Women's skirts and dresses were required to be below the knee and they were prohibited from wearing pants. Upon protestation, female students achieved a small victory when they were permitted to wear slacks at the university's bowling alley. Men were required to keep their hair cut short. Wilkinson pushed to increase the social interaction among the students, believing that it would be facilitated if every student was required to wear a name tag. Due to the unpopularity of the plan among students, this was never enforced. Wilkinson attempted to weed out students who were not following the honor code, because he felt that they prevented other worthy students from attending the university. Wilkinson also instituted a rule against male facial hair with the exception of a small, well-trimmed mustache.
The 1966 BYU spy ring controversy
Extremely conservative and anti-communist, Wilkinson was not bashful in expressing his political philosophy to BYU students and faculty. After his unsuccessful run for U.S. Senate in 1964, he "returned to campus with a vengeance". Some of the employees publicly supported his opponent Sherman Lloyd in the primaries, which Wilkinson felt was disloyal. When he returned to BYU, he became aware of a group of "liberal" teachers who were interested in changing the social and political atmosphere at BYU. He invited right-wing speakers to BYU and gave highly political speeches on campus. Wilkinson gave a lengthy May 1965 commencement address in which he attributed the beginning of moral decay of American values to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal as well as criticizing the current president Lyndon B. Johnson's views of social security. Hoping to incite controversy, Wilkinson planned to give another politically charged speech in April 1966. He asked his comptroller, Joseph Bentley, to find students to report on professors' reactions to the speech. Bentley in turn asked student Stephen Hays Russell to report on professors' reactions unofficially. The two made a list of professors to surveil, and Russell recruited ten students to take notes on what their professors said about Wilkinson's speech in their classes. Political science professor Ray Hillam was one of Bentley and Russell's targets. He was notified of the spy ring by one of his students and requested a formal hearing be arranged. In the first hearing on September 15, presided over by vice presidents of the university, Hillam was formally charged for being pro-communist and disloyal to the university, with information gathered by the student spies used as evidence. Hillam rejected the charges and questioned the motives of all involved. The vice presidents formally issued a report on October 17. The report did not address that Hillam was the target of a spy ring, only accusing him of "minor indiscretions". Ronald Hankin, one of the students involved, went to local television and radio stations to inform them of the spying scandal and Wilkinson's involvement in it. Wilkinson admitted that he recruited students to report on faculty members in an official statement. In the official history of BYU, Wilkinson included information about the spy ring, but omitted any information that led him to appear guilty.
End of presidency
Wilkinson considered the most important accomplishment of his term as president to have been the organization of student wards and stakes. Wilkinson was the ninth Commissioner of Church Education of the LDS Church. During his tenure, he also bore the title "Administrator–Chancellor of the Unified Church Schools System". On April 21, 1966, Wilkinson gave an address to the student body of BYU, entitled "The Changing Nature of American Government from a Constitutional Republic to a Welfare State". This was published in booklet form by Deseret Book Company. After McKay died in 1970, Neal A. Maxwell was named the new commissioner of CES. Wilkinson had relied on McKay as a buffer in interacting with Harold B. Lee, a senior member of the Board of Trustees with whom Wilkinson differed greatly in educational and administrative philosophies. Sensing a lack of support among the church leaders, Wilkinson resigned from his position as BYU president in mid-1970 and was released at the beginning of 1971. Even though he was no longer president, Wilkinson hoped to be involved in the establishment of the J. Reuben Clark Law School. Due to his domineering reputation, school officials were unsure that he should continue to be so closely involved in administration of BYU, so they asked him to edit the university's official centennial history. Published in 1976, Brigham Young University: The First One Hundred Years was composed of four volumes.
Death
Wilkinson died of a heart attack April 6, 1978. Before he died, he had been supervising the work on his biography, Ernest L. Wilkinson: Indian Advocate and University President.
LDS Church service
In the early 1930s, Wilkinson served as branch president in New York and Queens, and later, bishop of the Queens Ward. His colleagues in the Hughes law firm called him the "Bishop of Wall Street". In 1940, he served as second counselor to Ezra Taft Benson in the presidency of the Washington Stake and as first counselor from 1944 to 1948 to a later president of the stake. He represented the church on the General Commission for Chaplains of the Army and Navy.
Legacy
During the twenty years of Wilkinson's presidency at BYU, the student body increased from 4,004 students in 1951 to over 25,000 in 1971. The university went from having five colleges with 37 departments to 13 colleges with 71 departments. The number of faculty members increased by from 244 to 932, while the number of them holding a doctoral degree increased from 50 to more than 500. The first associate and doctoral programs were organized. The quarter system was changed to the semester system. The number of resources in the library increased by 500%. The number of buildings increased from six permanent buildings to 254 permanent buildings and 85 temporary buildings, an increase from 800,000 to 5 million square feet of floor space. After 1972, student housing could accommodate almost 6,000 students, an increase from the 1,200 student accommodations in 1951. The achievement Wilkinson was most proud of was the creation of student wards and stakes. In 1951, there was one branch for LDS students and in 1971, there were 98 wards and 10 stakes for LDS students.
Notes
References
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External links
Wilkinson's presidential profile listed at BYU
Wilkinson resources available through BYU
Ernest L. Wilkinson Papers at BYU
Ernest L. Wilkinson scrapbook of Brigham Young University buildings, UA 5529 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Wilkinson, Cragun, and Barker papers, MSS 2382 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
United States Petioner v. Southern Ute Tribe or Band of Indians
1899 births
1978 deaths
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Commissioners of Church Education (LDS Church)
George Washington University Law School alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Legal educators
People from Ogden, Utah
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Rutgers University faculty
Utah lawyers
Utah Republicans
Weber State University alumni
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Washington, D.C.
Latter Day Saints from Massachusetts
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Latter Day Saints from New Jersey
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20L.%20Wilkinson |
Howard Stevenson McDonald (July 18, 1894 – October 25, 1986) was President of Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1945 to 1949. During his presidency, the board of trustees approved a master of theology program. Enrollment at BYU greatly increased after World War II, and McDonald petitioned the board of trustees to build many buildings, including the Eyring Science Center. McDonald helped establish the student health center and student wards. He discouraged students from smoking and drinking. He left BYU because of his strained relationship with the board of trustees.
McDonald was president of Los Angeles State College (now known as California State University, Los Angeles) and Los Angeles City College in 1949. In 1958, Los Angeles City College received its own president as a junior college. McDonald helped found San Fernando State College (now known as California State University, Northridge) in 1956, and was president of the general faculty until 1958. He helped to formally organize the colleges, recruit more faculty, build more buildings, and petition the state of California for funds.
Early life and education
McDonald was born in Holladay, Utah on July 18, 1894, to Francis McDonald and Rozella Stevenson. He attended the first LDS Seminary, the Granite High School Seminary. He served as a missionary in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the Eastern States Mission, which was headquartered in New York City. He spent part of his mission as president of the Western Pennsylvania Conference headquartered in Pittsburgh. While serving in this area he met Ella Gibbs, a woman serving as a missionary who was the first Relief Society president in Pittsburgh. Ella was later transferred to Baltimore. After both returned from their missions, McDonald courted Ella Gibbs. They married in the Salt Lake Temple on September 26, 1917. They had two daughters.
In 1918, McDonald served in the 163rd Artillery Brigade in France. Following his military service, he graduated from Utah State Agricultural College in 1924 in architectural engineering. He taught advanced mathematics at Utah State Agricultural College during the chairman's sabbatical.
Teaching career
Franklin Harris asked him to head BYU's engineering department in 1924, but McDonald declined, stating that he was unqualified for the position. He taught math and physical education part-time at Mission High School while studying at the University of California, Berkeley. He received his M.A. from there in 1925. In 1928 he was vice-principal and dean of boys at Balboa High School, and 1934–1936 he was director of personnel in the San Francisco School District, becoming superintendent in 1937. From 1944 to 1945, McDonald was superintendent of schools in Salt Lake City, Utah. He instituted the 12-year system and successfully campaigned for better funding for public schools. In 1949 he completed a Doctorate of Education, also from the University of California.
President of BYU
Importance of religious studies
McDonald became president of Brigham Young University in 1945. At McDonald's request, he had meetings directly with the board of trustees, not receiving their instructions through a commissioner of church schools. Unlike with his previous administrative roles, the board of trustees wanted more input over the details of administration compared to the boards of public school districts, who were happy to defer administrative details to McDonald. Additionally, the board selected McDonald as president because they believed McDonald could bring a stronger religious emphasis to the school with his ecclesiastical leadership background. Initially the board of trustees asked McDonald to prepare to close BYU, but McDonald convinced them of the LDS Church's need for BYU. Joseph Fielding Smith was particularly concerned with the education of institute teachers, which he felt was best done at a church-owned institution.
Religious studies at BYU were a great source for seminary instruction materials and training for seminary teachers. However, religious instructors had previously focused on encouraging students to live righteous lives rather than on intellectually engaging with religious ideas. John A. Widtsoe advised against forming a graduate school separate from the rest of BYU, stating there were fears that an overly scholarly school of divinity could create unorthodox graduates. In 1949, the board of trustees approved a master of theology degree and encouraged graduates to study elsewhere for their doctorate.
Sudden increase in enrollment
Enrollment more than doubled in the winter and fall semesters as veterans from World War II came home and enrolled at BYU. His administration received surplus military buildings from the Federal Public Housing Authority in San Francisco to house the huge influx of students, and they began to build permanent buildings to replace them. McDonald initiated the construction of several new buildings to alleviate the intense crowding at the university. He petitioned the board of trustees for approval to build a large science building, partially planned by Dean Eyring. The planned building was larger than the five largest buildings on campus combined. While some members of the board disliked the proposal, Joseph Fielding Smith championed the project. In 1945, the projected cost was around $300,000, and the board approved a budget of $950,000. The final cost of the Eyring Science Center was over 2 million dollars. Enrollment in the College of Arts and Sciences increased five percent. Construction on other buildings was suspended because of the high cost of the science building, and in 1947 several physical education instructors resigned because of "unfavorable working conditions," and the board of trustees considered abandoning sports programs altogether. Other in-progress building projects were heavily delayed. The board of trustees approved plans for the Smith Fieldhouse, which was completed in 1951.
Instructors at the time often taught over thirteen hours per week. McDonald recruited more professors to teach the more numerous student body, including Hugh Nibley and M. Wells Jakeman. He petitioned to increase professors' salaries to make positions more attractive, and over 80 professors were hired during his administration. He created a dean of student life position to organize student services, and gave more responsibility to department chairs, college deans, and their assistants, who conveyed faculty requests and ideas to him.
Ernest Wilkinson suggested that BYU increase the cost of tuition, and McDonald agreed with the idea, but stated that the First Presidency did not wish to burden students with more expensive tuition, despite their anxiety about the LDS Church's increased cost in enrolling so many more students. The cost to educate each student increased by $55 from 1944 to 1946, and faculty requested and received raises to combat postwar inflation.
Changes to student life
In 1946, McDonald organized a student health plan with Vasco Tanner as the chair on the committee. Full-time doctors were employed through a $10 contribution from each student. The student health center was named after him. He developed a character recommendation required for new applicants to the university to be sure that university attendees conform to the standards of the LDS Church. Also in 1946, McDonald made efforts to stop students from smoking and drinking. He gave students three months to change their habits. He also called for more strict adherence to curfew. In Amanda Knight Hall, doors were locked on the outside and inside after curfew, causing one woman to publicly protest the policy as dangerous in the case of an emergency. In 1947, McDonald helped establish student branches, with student leaders. This helped create a more intimate atmosphere for church services, as previous Sunday school classes could exceed 100 students at a time.
Leaving BYU
McDonald constantly requested additional funding, including emotional appeals, which strained his relationship with the board of trustees. J. Reuben Clark, then a counselor in the first presidency, was also unhappy with McDonald's performance as president of BYU and harshly rebuked his behavior; as tension grew McDonald began looking for another job. In 1949, McDonald left BYU to become president of Los Angeles City College and Los Angeles State College.
Educational administrator in California
When McDonald became president of both Los Angeles City College and Los Angeles State College, they were housed in borrowed spaces with part-time faculty. He hired administrators to help him formally organize the colleges. He found a site within LA to house the new Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences, which replaced the Los Angeles State College in 1949. He recruited faculty, petitioned the California state government for more funds, and met with the state architect to plan buildings. The college opened in its new location in 1958. When McDonald retired in 1962, seven buildings on the new campus were completed. The Los Angeles City College remained as a junior college under John Lombardi in 1958.
College students in California began to protest the loyalty oaths that faculty in California state colleges were compelled to make in 1950. After prohibiting the student executive council at the Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences from discussing the issue, they resigned in protest. After negotiations, McDonald rescinded the ban on discussing the loyalty oaths and the student executive council returned.
He helped found San Fernando Valley State College in 1956, where he was president of the general faculty 1956–1958. He retired in 1962 and was appointed as a regional representative of the US Commissioner of Education, a position he held until 1964.
LDS Church service
McDonald served as a member of the San Francisco stake high council, a member of the stake presidency, and as stake president. In 1943, McDonald asked to be released as stake president so he could continue pursuing his doctoral studies.
Fifteen years after leaving as BYU president, he returned to Utah and served as president of the LDS Church's Salt Lake Temple from 1964 to 1968.
References
External links
Howard S. McDonald presidential papers, UA 1087 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Howard S. McDonald letters, MSS SC 1316 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1894 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American academic administrators
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
California State University, Los Angeles people
California State University, Northridge people
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
People from Holladay, Utah
Presidents of California State University, Northridge
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Temple presidents and matrons (LDS Church)
Utah State University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from California
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20S.%20McDonald |
Mithridates of Armenia (;, ) was a Pharnavazid prince of the Kingdom of Iberia who served as a King of Armenia under the protection of the Roman Empire.
Mithridates was installed by Roman emperor Tiberius, who invaded Armenia in AD 35. When the Parthian prince Orodes, son of Artabanus II of Parthia, attempted to dispossess Mithridates of his newly acquired kingdom, Mithridates led a large Armenian and Iberian army and defeated the Parthians in a pitched battle.
Around AD 37, the new emperor Caligula had Mithridates arrested, but Claudius restored him to the Armenian throne in AD 42. Subsequently, Mithridates' relations with his brother Pharasmanes I deteriorated to the point where the Iberian king instructed his son, Rhadamistus, to invade Armenia and overthrow Mithridates in AD 51.
Betrayed by his Roman commanders, Mithridates surrendered. Roman historian Cassius Dio reports a likely apocryphal confrontation of Mithridates and Claudius in Rome.
Mithridates was put to death by his nephew Rhadamistus, who usurped the crown and married his cousin Zenobia, Mithridates' daughter.
References
Bibliography
1st-century kings of Armenia
Roman client kings of Armenia
51 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Pharnavazid dynasty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates%20of%20Armenia |
Cluster is a series of science fiction novels by Piers Anthony. Anthony originally conceived of and wrote the series as a trilogy but later added two additional volumes.
Setting
As the series opens, humanity has colonized an area of the galaxy roughly 100 light years in diameter. This area is called Sphere Sol, as it is the sphere of influence of the race from the star Sol, that is, the Sun. Sphere Sol's "neighborhood" is also home to other spheres, each centered around a particular star: Spheres Polaris, Canopus, Spica, Nath, Mirzam, and Bellatrix as well as the huge, decadent Spheres Sador and Mintaka.
In the Cluster setting, races colonize other planets in three ways. The first is through instantaneous teleportation, called matter transmission or mattermission. This, however, is prohibitively expensive. Second, colonists travel to new worlds in "freezer" ships, where they are cryonically stored for the decades it takes for the voyage. Half of those frozen are lost due to failures either of the containment units or the ships themselves. The third and most common method of colonist travel is via lifeships, slower but safer multigenerational vessels that may take centuries to reach their destination. The drawback of the lifeships is that as they plod through space, their occupants regress in technical sophistication.
In part due to this, and perhaps because colony worlds with small populations cannot support sophisticated social constructs, all spheres in the Cluster series suffer spherical regression—i.e., the farther a colony is from its home star, the less technology the inhabitants use, while the social order begins to resemble periods of the home planet's past. For instance, the inhabitants of Outworld, Sphere Sol's farthest colony, are paleolithic tribes. They hunt with flint spears and make fire, but their society has little technology beyond that level.
Spherical regression does not create true copies of Earth or any world's past, however. Colonists know they are part of an interstellar empire, and they are aware of the technological and social differences on other planets. Furthermore, the home world mattermits some government and security personnel to all colony worlds. Therefore, individual students of history can often use their knowledge of the home world's past to make their own planets more or less primitive than one would expect when simply calculating the distance from the home star.
Kirlian transfer
The central plot mechanism of the Cluster novels is that of transfer. Every living thing has a Kirlian aura that can be measured. Through transfer, the mind and personality of individuals with high aura can be sent to animate a body physically distant. For instance, a transferee living on Earth could be sent to Outworld and inhabit the body of one of that planet's stone-age tribesmen.
Transfer is a refinement of mattermission technology, but because only the aura is transferred, it is substantially less expensive. In the first three novels, the protagonists find themselves transferring from alien body to alien body in order to combat threats from elsewhere in space.
Thousandstar and Viscous Circle
These later novels take place between Chaining the Lady and Kirlian Quest. While the original Cluster trilogy tells epic stories of galactic scope, the later two books are smaller stories in the same setting. Instead of transferring to different worlds with each chapter, the protagonists spend almost the full novel on a single planet. See further details below.
Relationship with other novels
Anthony first conceived of the Cluster series when writing But What of Earth?, a speculative novel in which the government discovers the secret of mattermission, making interstellar colonization feasible. Earth? follows developments on humanity's home planet as its civilization and resources dwindle when half the population leaves for the colony worlds.
The Cluster series takes place roughly 500 years further in the future and is in continuity with Anthony's original manuscript of Earth?, published in an annotated edition by Tor Books in 1989. The Cluster series is not necessarily consistent with the first published version of Earth?, the heavily reworked 1976 Laser Books edition credited to Anthony and Robert Coulson as collaborators. According to Anthony this was an unauthorized collaboration. More detail can be found on Anthony's main page.
After completing the original Cluster trilogy, Anthony returned to the earlier time frame. His three-volume Tarot series featured Brother Paul of the Holy Order of Vision, a major supporting character in Earth?, and is set some years after that earlier novel. At the same time Anthony wrote the two additional Cluster novels, Thousandstar and Viscous Circle.
Series synopsis
Cluster (1977)
As the story opens, the alien envoy Pnotl of Sphere Knyfh attempts to enlist the cooperation of Sphere Sol in a mutual crisis of galactic proportion: Galaxy Andromeda has discovered the secret of energy transfer and intends to use it to steal the basic energy of the Milky Way Galaxy. Knyfh proposes to give Sphere Sol the secret of transfer—the ability to transfer an individual's Kirlian aura (and thus his entire mind and personality) into another "host". In exchange for this priceless knowledge, Knyfh and other Spheres request that Sphere Sol spread the technology to its neighboring Spheres, creating a galactic coalition in which all minor spheres will patrol their own regions to find and weed out Andromedan agents.
Kirlian transfer, a technology known to the mysterious vanished culture known as The Ancients, is a millionth the effective cost of mattermission and has been sought for decades. This knowledge is proven by Pnotl himself, who pleads his case while hosted in a human body, and the government of Sol agrees to the plan.
Because a hosted aura fades at the rate of about 1 unit per Earth day, higher-Kirlian individuals last longer and thus have more freedom of movement. Sphere Sol's highest-Kirlian individual at the time is Flint, a green-skinned native of Outworld, Sphere Sol's most distant planet. Flint has a Kirlian aura of 200, an eidetic memory (useful for memorizing the complex equations of Kirlian transfer that he will need to communicate to other Spheres), extraordinary intelligence, and is highly adaptable. His mission is complicated, however, by the fact that he is pursued everywhere by a very high Kirlian female Andromedan agent—somehow the Andromedans are able to detect and trace Kirlian transfers.
Flint embarks upon several missions to bring transfer technology to neighboring Spheres, inhabiting various alien forms and learning much about alien sex, among other things. His efforts are successful despite a couple of false starts and the efforts of the Andromedan agent to prevent or kill him. In the process, the mutual attraction of their two vastly superior auras begin to create a conflict of loyalties. Upon discovery and investigation of an archaeological site of the Ancients in the Pleiades, Flint and a group of other non-Sol entities recover the information that will allow them also to detect and trace transfers, giving them parity with Andromeda. One of the group is revealed as the Andromedan agent and in an attempt to prevent her escape, the entire site is destroyed.
Flint and his nemesis are, through the mechanism of the Ancient site, transferred into Mintakan bodies. Choosing to leave things as they are, with parity between their two galaxies, Flint and the Andromedan mate and remain together until their auras fade (which happens rapidly since their physical bodies have been destroyed).
Chaining the Lady (1978)
The book opens with the discovery that Andromeda, the enemy galaxy of the first novel, has discovered the secret of involuntary hosting: a sufficiently higher-Kirlian aura can in effect possess an individual of a lower-Kirlian aura. This has enabled Andromeda to secretly infiltrate the highest levels of government in Sphere Sol and its allies and resurrect its plot to steal the energy of the Milky Way.
Melody of Mintaka, a direct descendant of Flint of Outworld and his Andromedan nemesis, has a Kirlian aura of well over 200. She is pressed into service to "possess" and interrogate a captured Andromedan transferee. Melody, hosted in the young and beautiful body of Yael of Dragon, must like her ancestor Flint find a way to defeat the Andromedan threat and save the galaxy.
The mysterious Ancients are present again in the form of their artifacts and sites. The themes of Tarot and of various myths of Sphere Sol (in this case that of Perseus and Andromeda) are carried throughout this novel as well—for example, the interSphere fleet of starships has forms analogous to the Tarot suits of Disks, Cups, Wands and Swords.
Kirlian Quest (1978)
For a thousand years Sphere / of Andromeda was cursed by the other spheres because a representative, Llume of /, betrayed Andromeda during the Second War of Energy. As Kirlian Quest opens, a new threat has appeared on the horizon: the Space Amoeba, a fleet of alien ships one million strong, whose intentions are definitely hostile. Herald the Healer, aural (but not literal) descendant of Flint and Melody, who is a / of Andromeda, has the chance to redeem his species' honor and save the galaxy, but in order to do so he must solve the riddle of the Space Amoeba and of the Ancients themselves.
Thousandstar (1980)
A new Ancient Site has been discovered, and unlike others which are "dead" this one appears to be active and functioning. To determine which Sphere has the right to explore it and investigate its secrets, a competition is being held. Each competing team consists of a carefully matched host and transferee pair, chosen for their complementary skills and knowledge. The tasks test all of the competitors' abilities to their limit and range from word puzzles to navigating past a black hole. However, both Heem of Highfalls and his transferee Jessica of Capella have deep dark secrets that may cost them not just the competition but their lives.
Viscous Circle (1982)
Viscous Circle is a story about a strange and inhuman race of beings and an experimental attempt to transfer into creatures that seem only slightly sapient. They are ultimate pacifists that take the form of magnetic disks that float through space and simply demagnetize and destroy themselves when faced with an unpleasant thought.
References
External links
Piers Anthony sequences
Science fiction novel series
Avon (publisher) books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20%28novels%29 |
Takeshi Inoue (born December 20, 1972) known by his stage name , is a Japanese retired professional wrestler, who worked for Pro Wrestling Noah. He is also a former sumo wrestler.
Sumo career
He made his sumo debut in March 1988, after leaving junior high school. He joined at the same time as future yokozuna Takanohana and Wakanohana. He initially trained at the same stable as these two, Futagoyama-beya, but when former yokozuna Takanosato branched off to set up Naruto-beya in March 1989, Inoue was one of the young recruits to follow him to the new stable. He also changed his shikona, or fighting name, from Futagozakura to Rikio. In July 1993 he was promoted to the second highest jūryō division, becoming the first wrestler from Naruto stable to reach elite sekitori status. He was demoted from that division after just one tournament, but returned to jūryō in May 1994 and was promoted to the top makuuchi division in July 1996 after winning his second jūryō yūshō, or tournament championship. In September 1997 he was promoted to his highest rank of maegashira 4, but he did not take part in the tournament. This was initially said to be due to a liver disorder, but it was later revealed that relations with his stablemaster had broken down, and Rikio was forced to retire from sumo. Due to the dispute he was unable to have a formal retirement ceremony, but some of his friends in the sumo world organised an informal one for him in early 1998, with Akebono and Konishiki among the attendees.
Professional wrestling career
After leaving sumo he was soon scouted by All Japan Pro Wrestling. After training in their dojo, he made his debut in 2000 in a tag team match in which he partnered Masao Inoue against Takeshi Morishima and Jun Akiyama. However, before he could build any momentum, Mitsuharu Misawa left AJPW and in the process, took most of the native talent with Rikio being among these talents. In Pro Wrestling Noah, he has seen much success. He dethroned the legendary Kenta Kobashi for the GHC Heavyweight Championship (at the end of this match Rikio can be seen sobbing as he accepts the title from Kobashi), ending his two-year reign, before losing the title to Akira Taue some time later. On June 4, 2006, he captured his second GHC Tag Team Championship with Jun Akiyama when he pinned Muhammad Yone after a Musou. However, Rikio and Akiyama were forced to vacate their title on September 25, 2006 after Rikio suffered a neck injury.
On November 27, 2011, Rikio announced his retirement from professional wrestling due to serious neck injuries.
Championships and accomplishments
Nikkan Sports
Outstanding Performance Award (2005)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #82 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
GHC Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Takeshi Morishima (1), Jun Akiyama (1) and Muhammad Yone (1)
Two Day Tag Team Tournament (2004) – with Naomichi Marufuji
Global Tag League Outstanding Performance Prize (2008) – with Jun Akiyama
Tokyo Sports
Outstanding Performance Award (2005)
Rookie of the Year (2000)
Sumo career record
See also
List of sumo tournament second division champions
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
References
External links
Profile at Green Destiny
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
1972 births
Sumo people from Nara Prefecture
GHC Heavyweight Champions
GHC Tag Team Champions
21st-century professional wrestlers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi%20Rikio |
Franklin Stewart Harris (August 29, 1884 – April 18, 1960) was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from July 1921 until June 1945, and president of Utah State University from 1945 to 1950. His administration was the longest in BYU history and saw the granting of the first master's degrees. Under his administration the school became an accredited university. He set up several colleges, such as the College of Fine and Performing Arts with Gerrit De Jong as the founding dean. Harris was an agricultural scientist, holding a doctorate in agronomy from Cornell University. He had served as the agriculture department head and head of the experiment station at Utah State Agricultural College and left BYU to become president of that institution. Harris also traveled to Russia and to Iran and other parts of the Middle East in order to provide expert advice on agriculture issues. The Harris Fine Arts Center on BYU's Provo campus was named after him.
Early life
Harris was born in Benjamin, Utah Territory, United States. In the 1890s his family moved to the Mormon colonies in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Harris did his early studies at BYU, taking a year to teach at Utah State Agricultural College, before going on to receive his doctorate from Cornell.
After Cornell, Harris traveled back to Logan to become a professor of agronomy and an agronomist at Utah State Agricultural College (USAC). In 1920, Harris was working as director of the Utah State Agricultural Experiment Station and was also head of the department of zoology and Entomology at USAC. Although he held these administrative positions at USAC and was already the president of the American Society of Agronomy, Harris accepted the General Church Board of Education's offer of the BYU presidency on April 22, 1921. He was the first non-polygamous president of Brigham Young University.
As president of a university
Brigham Young University
Before officially becoming president of BYU, Harris began to encourage college's development. He submitted a plan of organization that suggested adding the Extension and Research Division to the university, which was approved. He also began to recruit professors who had completed their doctorate degrees as well as well-known Latter-day Saint scholars to join the faculty at BYU. As president his first year, Harris hired five faculty members with PhDs and required all new faculty to possess at least a master's degree. Janet Jenson, author of The Many Lives of Franklin S. Harris, wrote: "The most significant and enduring accomplishment of Franklin S. Harris was his leadership in transforming what was essentially a high school with a small collegiate division into a university". Harris recognized that the combination of high school students and university students was hurting the scholarship of the college and organized the high school and college into separate buildings. His second year as president, Harris attempted to get BYU accredited with the Northwest Association of Secondary and Higher Schools; BYU became recognized as a four-year college but was not given the status of university. Harris then requested accreditation with the Association of American Universities, "but BYU failed to meet the criteria in student entrance requirements, coursework, faculty credentials, or research funds". In 1928, BYU was finally accepted as a member of the Association of American Universities.
Harris instituted special lectures on campus from LDS General Authorities relating to a variety of different topics such as religion, science, and industry. He also instituted the school's radio program with extended broadcasting to all inter-mountain states. President Harris contributed to the Improvement Era, the LDS Church magazine, along with other important members of the BYU administration. He also took the initiative to visit different parts of the continental United States such as Hawaii and other countries like Japan in order to share information about his studies of soil alkali. Prompted by these trips, Harris extended his international experience in order to travel around the world for his expertise in agronomy. He not only shared his own educational knowledge at universities but gathered information about the practices of other educational institutions around the world. Harris believed that university education should prepare students for community leadership.
Harris oversaw the founding of the College of Fine Arts and viewed the enjoyment of the arts as vital to living a rich life. The first building constructed on BYU campus during Harris's administration was the Heber J. Grant building. Its first purpose was as the university's library. The building was dedicated in 1925. Harris wanted Brigham Young University to become a center of religious scholarship and advocated acquiring a broad spectrum of religious books in the library. Just as the BYU presidents before him, Harris continued to differentiate and better organize the different collegiate subjects at the university and to separate the colleges, the normal school, and the training schools.
The university continued to struggle financially through Harris' presidency. This, coupled with the Great Depression in the 1930s, alienated Harris from the board of trustees. The Board of Trustees were slow to approve funds to the university. Instead of waiting, Harris would pay for campus expansions with the profits from the student bookstore without telling the board of trustees. Over time, Harris grew tired of debating with the board over financial programs he deemed important. He also struggled with J. Reuben Clark, Jr. who wanted a "purging of heretical faculty." Harris gave his resignation to the board in 1944 in order to become the president of Utah State Agricultural College.
Utah State University
On November 20, 1944, Harris was offered the position of president at Utah State Agricultural College. He met with the USAC board of trustees on November 25 to be appointed president effective July 1, 1945. Harris began his career at USAC with the difficult task of finding funds for new buildings. USAC buildings were old and run down, additionally, the influx of students attending USAC after World War II led to a space problem as capacity was already limited on campus. With World War II ending, Harris was able to acquire temporary buildings from military bases that were being dismantled. In 1948 he received approval from the board to rent Cache Valley Hospital as a dorm. Harris also worked to provide new, permanent buildings on campus. He continued to follow his agronomist pursuits and in 1950 he spent the month of January as a consultant to the United States State Department. Harris continued as USAC's president until 1955.
Politics
In 1938 friends of Harris encouraged him to run for the Senate. He started campaigning when J. Reuben Clark Jr. told him the First Presidency wanted Harris to run for United States Senate. With fall approaching and school starting again Harris had little time to campaign, however, Harris won the primary election and became the Republican candidate for senator. Harris ran on an anti-New Deal platform. He eventually lost the election to Elbert D. Thomas.
Harris ran for governor of Utah in 1948. He won the third most votes at the Republican state convention but did not make it on to the primary ticket. By August he decided to give his support to Charles Rendell Mabey, another candidate running for governor at the time.
Other LDS church service
In June 1925 Harris was made a member of the General Board of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association (YMMIA) and remained affiliated with the association until November 1948. He served as a missionary in Japan in 1926. The following year he served a short mission among the Latter-day Saints in Syria. After returning from foreign trips, Harris would often speak in LDS sacrament meetings detailing his experiences. Harris was never an LDS General Authority but did receive some of their privileges. He was given an assigned seat with his name on it to attend general conference. Harris' church service was often combined with his job as president of Brigham Young University. He often taught religious classes and attended church school conventions. On his second trip to Iran in 1950, Harris became the branch president of Tehran. The branch started out with nine members but eventually reached thirty-five individuals.
International work
Russia
The Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia (Yidishe Kolonizatsye Organizatsye in Rusland = ICOR) was established by pro-Soviet Americans in order to develop agricultural settlements in Soviet territory specifically for Jews. In 1928 one of the journalists involved with the ICOR, Leon Talmy, invited Franklin Harris to Russia in order to evaluate the area of Birobidzhan where the creation of a Jewish autonomous district had just been approved.
In 1929, Harris traveled to the Soviet Union as chairman of a commission appraising the territory. In July 1929 the commission began searching in Birobidzhan to see if it could agriculturally sustain a large population. Harris spent two months "evaluating the territory for agricultural development." The commission met with Alexei Rykov, chairman of the Council of Ministers as well as Jewish community leaders. Upon Harris' return to the United States, he traveled back to Utah by train in order to stop and speak in many cities about Birobidzhan and rally support for its progress. Harris wrote to Talmy for a time but eventually lost touch. He "regarded his trip to Birobidzhan as a highlight of his professional career." The commission's work on the agricultural potential of Birobidzhan would later help in forming the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in 1934.
Iran
In March 1939 Harris was asked by the United States Department of Agriculture to consider working with the Iranian government in order to reorganize Iran's Department of Agriculture. Harris and his wife left for Iran the next month. Upon arrival, Harris became the agricultural adviser to the Shah, Reza Shah, and the Iran government in 1939. Harris' first project was to inspect the structure and performance of the agricultural college in Karaj. He also studied Iran's forestry problem while working to improve Iran's Department of Agriculture. After a year contract Harris returned to Provo to manage BYU as its president. His relationships in Iran attracted Iranian students to the United States and specifically to Utah to study.
On March 10, 1950, Harris was asked by the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations of the United States Department of Agriculture if he would be head the United States international technical collaboration program part of Truman's Point Four program in Iran. That July Harris and his wife returned to Iran where he worked in the United States embassy and at the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Esfahanak, Markazi was chosen as the first demonstration site for the Point Four program. The village of Esfahanak had continually struggled in agriculture, education, and health. A drain was dug to reduce mosquito-breeding water and old buildings were repaired to become schools. In 1951 Harris helped relocate funds from the Point Four program for emergency aid as a large plague of locusts couldn't be controlled through local methods. The Point Four program created confusion as to who was supposed to oversee work in Iran. Harris became the program's technical director and worked to get the Point Four program operating. Of Harris' two-year contract in Iran it took a year to sign the Point Four program into action.
Harris also served as the president of the LDS Church branch headquartered in Tehran, as reported in the October 1951 general conference.
Middle East
In 1945 Harris was asked to lead a three-man mission to the Middle East by the United States Department of State and Agriculture. The purpose of the mission was to help survey foreign agricultural situations and provide "American agricultural experience" to the Middle East. The first stop was Egypt where the group focused on diplomatic activities. The mission traveled through Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Greece surveying agricultural conditions. Back in the United States Harris gave a speech to the Institute of World Affairs in December 1948 where he addressed his recommendations for Middle Eastern advancement. He believed educating the area's population on agricultural improvement would sustain agriculture in these countries as well as provide new developments to maintain and preserve water.
Later years, death, and legacy
At age 65, in 1949, Harris attempted to retire as president of USAC, however, the board asked him to stay one more year. By the end of the next year Harris had agreed to return to Iran in order to implement the Point Four program. He was 68 when he officially retired. Board of trustee members and BYU presidents sought Harris' advice in his later years. Harris had a mild stroke the day after Christmas 1954 and in January 1956 experienced another. This ended his public career after which he kept mostly to himself and family. He suffered another stroke in 1960 and died seven days later on April 18.
Legacy
In his third year as BYU president he was awarded the "Supreme Honor Man of the Student Body" by the student body president. As a gift, the graduating class of 1935 commissioned his portrait to be painted by Lee Greene Richards. In 1964 the Franklin S. Harris Fine Arts Center was inaugurated and named after Harris because of his support for the Fine Arts while president of BYU. After his twenty-four years as president of BYU, Harris also became known as "Mr. BYU." During BYU's 1998 Homecoming week on Founders Day, October 6, Harris was honored as the "right man."
Publications
Some of the publications of Franklin S. Harris from the BYU library catalogue.
Effects of variations of moisture content on certain properties of soil and on the growth of wheat, 1914
The Principles of Agronomy, 1915
The Young Man and His Vocation, 1916
The Sugar Beet in America, 1918
Soil Alkali, 1920
Scientific Research and Human Welfare, 1924
Heroes of science, 1926
A Book of Mormon bibliography, 1936
A critical study of the apparatus used by Beniams in his study of the emission of positive ions from heated filaments coated with metallic salts, 1936
College values in retrospect, 1953
The farmers of Iran, 1954.
Others kept records on metal plates too, 1957
He also wrote articles for scientific journals and contributed bulletins to the Agricultural Experiment Station.
References
External links
Franklin S. Harris presidential papers, UA 1089 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Franklin S. Harris correspondence, UA 96 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
Pamphlets and articles mentioning or by Franklin S. Harris, UA 1106 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
1884 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American agronomists
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in Syria
Brigham Young University alumni
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
American Mormon missionaries in Japan
People from Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua
People from Utah County, Utah
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Presidents of Utah State University
Utah Republicans
Young Men (organization) people
American expatriates in Iran
American expatriates in Mexico
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles
Presidents of the American Society of Agronomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20S.%20Harris |
George Henry Brimhall (December 9, 1852 – July 29, 1932) was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from 1904 to 1921. After graduating from Brigham Young Academy (BYA), Brimhall served as principal of Spanish Fork schools and then as district superintendent of Utah County schools, finally returning to BYU. In April 1904, Brimhall became president of the school, which had become BYU in October 1903. As president of BYU, Brimhall helped institute the collegiate program, departments for specific subjects, and an emphasis on religious learning.
Early life
Brimhall was born to George W. Brimhall and Rachel Ann Meyer in Salt Lake City. When Brimhall was about a year old his family moved to Ogden and then moved to Spanish Fork, which is where Brimhall attended Timpanogos University. Because of his family's financial situation, one semester they gave the school a side of beef to pay for his tuition. After working closely with instructor George Carson at a Spanish Fork common school, he moved back to Spanish Fork, became a teacher, and received a county teachers certificate. In 1874, Brimhall married Alsina Elizabeth Wilkins. They were the parents of 6 children.
Early career
While in Spanish Fork, Brimhall was involved with the city's civil affairs. He became city marshal in 1875, but only for a short period of time and was later appointed as "auditor of accounts" for 2 terms. He also organized a literary and debate society and helped build a schoolhouse called "The Young Men's Academy". He eventually became principal of the academy. After being involved in most of the educational events in Utah County, Brimhall became interested in BYA and decided to begin attending in 1876. In 1877, Brimhall graduated from Maeser school, but often struggled to get good scores on teacher examinations and other academic assessments. In 1883, Brimhall was elected as the district superintendent of Utah County schools and oversaw many other educational programs in Utah County and in Salt Lake City. He worked closely with Warren Newton Dusenberry, who was an instructor at BYA. Brimhall also worked with the Sunday School organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and taught classes for the church's Young Men Mutual Improvement Association. He published some articles in the Contributor Magazine and was on the local board of examiners. He eventually moved from Spanish Fork to Provo in order to take his place as head of the Provo community schools.
In 1890, Abraham O. Smoot invited Brimhall to be a part of the faculty at BYA as a church calling. Through BYA and with special instruction from Benjamin Cluff, Brimhall was finally able to complete a college degree, while simultaneously heading the Intermediate Department and Preparatory School. When Cluff became BYA's principal , Brimhall took his place as head of the Normal Department, but continued in his position over the Training School as well. Then in 1894, Cluff returned to Michigan to complete his graduate work and left Joseph B. Keeler and Brimhall as co-acting principals of BYA. Both Brimhall and Keller had desires to follow Cluff's example and go east to study, but because Keller had been at BYA longer, he was permitted to go east first. Because of this delay in Brimhall's education, he would never again have such an interest in pursuing higher education. This became one of the greatest weaknesses of his administration.
In 1897, Brimhall was called by John W. Taylor to serve a month-long mission in Colorado. While in Colorado, Brimhall became ill, along with others he contracted continued the rest of his life. When he returned to BYA after his mission, he continued to work closely with Cluff. They worked to persuade the state legislature to recognize the BYA Normal School. He also worked closely with church leaders in Salt Lake City and in 1898 he became an official member of the Church Board of Education.
BYA acting president
When Cluff left on an expedition to South America, Brimhall was appointed as the temporary superintendent of the LDS Church's schools and acting president of BYA. As acting president, Brimhall encountered many obstacles, especially with the funding of the school and the proposed Church University which threatened the existence of the Academy. Eventually, Brimhall was able to successfully secure enough money to construct a building for BYA's Training School and from the generous donations of the Jesse Knight family and colleagues, a new Central Building for BYA was built. Brimhall served on the high council of the Utah Stake during this time.
Because BYA was being closely watched by the Board of Education and resources were scarce, Brimhall took it upon himself to ensure the success of the students. He began a class to help local parents with childcare, gave emphasis to the importance of student assemblies and clubs, and sent students and faculty to local LDS meetinghouses to speak about the value of education and about BYA. He also gave much of his attention to finding excellent speakers for BYA's summer school and often found himself in the classrooms at the school lecturing and helping individual students with their educational pursuits. Because of this workload, many of Brimhall's past illnesses began to manifest themselves again. Luckily, a couple months after the illness took hold of Brimhall, Cluff returned from South America and was able to take on the responsibilities that Brimhall had been shouldering at BYA. In April 1902, Brimhall went to California to recuperate. The year after Cluff returned, the institution's name was officially changed from BYA to BYU.
BYU president
In December 1903, the board met to appoint a new president for BYU. Brimhall and Keeler, who had served as co-presidents together during Cluff's absence, were the two main candidates. The votes were evenly divided between the two until Stephen L. Chipman decided to vote in favor of Brimhall, breaking the tie. On 16 April 1904, Brimhall was unanimously elected as president of BYU. Following the pattern of LDS Church leadership, the board requested that BYU, Latter-day Saints University, and Brigham Young College appoint a presidency for their respective institutions. Brimhall appointed Keeler and Edwin S. Hinckley as members of the BYU presidency. Just as in past years, the first couple years of Brimhall's presidency were met with financial problems. The church allocated more funds for BYU than any other of the schools supported by its funding, but it still was not enough money to cover BYU's expenses.
Brimhall continued to support the BYU athletics programs, just as his predecessor, Cluff, had done. During Brimhall's presidency, the Training School Building gymnasium was constructed and because football had been banned by the board, the school focused on basketball, baseball, and track. Brimhall was known for his influential speeches that were able to evoke both positive and negative emotions from the students and faculty. He was also known for his outgoing and talkative nature, which helped him secure friends who could come to his aid for emotional and financial hardships.
In 1907, BYU applied to be the official LDS Church university and Brimhall pushed for grants in order to fund the construction of BYU's first university facility. The application to build the facility (now known as the Maeser Building) was approved by the board and BYU was the church's official university for a short time, but because of heated discussions among other Utah educators the board decided to keep all of the church's schools at the same status for the time being. However, BYU was recognized as the LDS Church Teacher's College, which accelerated its increase in prestige among other known universities. During Brimhall's time as BYU president, he helped organize the collegiate program into separate departments in order to increase concentration of certain subject. Class credits were better defined and a more defined separation of high school and college was put into place.
That same year, Brimhall permitted students to paint the letters "B", "Y", and "U" on the mountain nearest to campus, but because of limited time and resources, the "Y" was the only letter put on the mountain. The mountain that the students painted is now called "Y Mountain" In 1908, students built a concrete retaining wall around the Y.
The Maeser building was completed in 1911, but leading up to its completion, Brimhall took it upon himself to invest more in the school just as many students and faculty members had done monetarily for the new university building. In order to achieve the goals that he had set for BYU, Brimhall recruited educators who had degrees from prestigious universities in the East. These educators helped facilitate the organization of the departments and curriculum of the collegiate program. Many controversial topics relating to modernism were introduced to the school through faculty, which caused quite a stir at BYU. After a group of students approached Brimhall and let them know that they were questioning their belief in God because of their exposure to false doctrine, Brimhall and Horace H. Cummings (who was superintendent of the church's schools), decided to approach the board with the hopes of setting a precedent for what could be taught at BYU. After a hearing in front of the board, Ralph Vary Chamberlin, Joseph Peterson, and Henry Peterson, who advocated evolution, biblical criticism and historical criticism were to be dispensed from their teaching positions unless they would change their teachings. This caused many in the press and members of other church institutions to question the church's authority to regulate professor's freedom of speech in the classroom.
A similar controversy at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City — what Brimhall himself at the time described as 'a tempest in a teapot' — erupted four years later in February 1915. There, the dismissals of two professors and two instructors by Joseph T. Kingsbury — and the subsequent resignations of 14 faculty members in protest (including Peterson, who earlier had resigned from BYU) — launched the American Association of University Professors' (AAUP) first institutional academic freedom inquest, spearheaded by AAUP founders Arthur O. Lovejoy and John Dewey. The 1911 BYU controversy, involving some of the same professors, led in part to the University of Utah debacle.
As a result of these intertwined academic storms, the AAUP published, in December 1915, its inaugural volume of the Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors, including the document now known as the 1915 Declaration of Principles on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure — the AAUP’s foundational statement on the rights and corresponding obligations of members of the academic profession.
Because of the recent controversies between the school and the board, Brimhall was surprised when the school was given $50,000 for BYU high school and $90,000 (initially $25,000) for BYU, although the school still remained in debt. BYU would continue to face financial problems throughout Brimhall's presidency and around 1914 unofficial reports stated that BYU would be closed and moved to Salt Lake City to become part of LDS University. Near the end of Brimhall's time as president, BYU began to emphasize its role as a religious institution, specifically focusing on the importance of testimony and morality. When the United States declared war with Germany in 1917, Brimhall conducted many patriotic assemblies and supported his students who enlisted. In October 1918, under the direction of Brimhall, BYU officially opened an Army Training Corps center. The school continued its growth by building the Mechanic Arts Building, which would be the first step to the construction of separate buildings for each of the colleges within the University.
Executive committee
At a BYU board meeting, Brimhall announced that the church had asked him to devote some of his time to the seminary program. In order to keep BYU running without Brimhall's constant supervision, a faculty executive committee would help with important school affairs. This shift in power marked a new era for BYU. With regards to BYU, Brimhall was focused on the liberal arts program and would often travel with other faculty members to promote the program. Although Brimhall was not as interested in hiring professors from eastern universities, he did keep in touch with (Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saints students who went to graduate schools and their reports helped Brimhall see the value of advanced degrees. Brimhall also received reports from eastern administrators praising the values and intellectual prowess of students who received their undergraduate education from BYU.
Post-presidency
Suffering from chest and abdominal pain, Brimhall resigned the presidency of BYU in July 1921, although he remained head of the Department of Theology and Religion. Brimhall died by suicide on July 29, 1932, although many newspapers simply reported that he died after a long battle with illness.
See also
Creation–evolution controversy
Mormon views on evolution
Notes
References
Woodger, Mary Jane and Joseph H. Groberg, "George H. Brimhall's Legacy of Service to Brigham Young University", BYU Studies 43 no. 2 (2004), 5–46.
.
External links
Collections relating to George H. Brimhall at L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1852 births
1932 suicides
1932 deaths
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Brigham Young University alumni
Presidents of Brigham Young University
People from Ogden, Utah
People of Utah Territory
People from Spanish Fork, Utah
Suicides by firearm in Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Brimhall |
The Greek-Cypriot diaspora refers to the Greek Cypriot population of Cyprus, or people who are of Greek Cypriot origins, who live abroad because of either economic reasons, or were part of the Greek population that was uprooted from their homes in Northern Cyprus by the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus when the island was divided, into the Greek-Cypriot controlled southern two-thirds and the Turkish-controlled northern one-third in 1974.
Many Greek Cypriots migrated to the UK in the 1950s and 1960s for economic reasons, but many also fled, leaving their island country behind after the Turkish invasion of 1974. Today, the majority of Greek Cypriots living abroad are in the United Kingdom, particularly in North London, many around the Southgate neighbourhood. However, thousands more have also relocated to Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United States and other European countries. Many often return to Cyprus and are a major force in advocating Cypriot issues around the world.
See also
British Cypriots
Notable British Cypriots
Cypriot Americans
Cypriot Australians
References
External links
NEPOMAK (The World Organisation for Young Overseas Cypriots)
Reassessing what we collect website – Greek Cypriot London History of Greek Cypriot London with objects and images
Greek Cypriot people
Greek
Cypriot
Cyprus–Greece relations
Diasporas by ethnic group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20Cypriot%20diaspora |
The North Sea Mine Barrage, also known as the Northern Barrage, was a large minefield laid easterly from the Orkney Islands to Norway by the United States Navy (assisted by the Royal Navy) during World War I. The objective was to inhibit the movement of U-boats from bases in Germany to the Atlantic shipping lanes bringing supplies to the British Isles. Rear Admiral Lewis Clinton-Baker, commanding the Royal Navy minelaying force at the time, described the barrage as the "biggest mine planting stunt in the world's history." Larger fields with greater numbers of mines were laid during World War II.
Concept
The idea of a mine barrage across the North Sea was first proposed in the summer of 1916 by Admiral Reginald Bacon and was agreed at the Allied Naval Conference on 5 September 1917. The Royal Navy—and in particular Admiral Beatty as Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet—was skeptical about the value of the operation and did not feel it justified the large logistical and manufacturing commitment required. A minefield across the North Sea would require mining water deep, while no previous minefield had been established in waters more than deep. A minefield across the North Sea had been estimated to require 400,000 conventional anchored mines. An "antenna" mine developed in July 1917 was effective at the assumed maximum submarine depth of , and 100,000 of these new Mk 6 mines would be adequate to form the North Sea mine barrage.
The United States was altogether more enthusiastic about the operation, as the loss of trans-Atlantic shipping was a major domestic concern and this plan allowed the United States to play an active part in tackling this, while playing to their industrial strength and with minimal risk of American casualties. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt appealed directly to President Woodrow Wilson to overcome opposition to the project from Vice Admiral William Sims, who commanded all United States naval forces in Europe. The U.S. Navy tendered an order for the Mk 6 mines in October 1917 with of steel wire rope required to moor the mines to the seabed. Project spending of $40 million was shared among 140 manufacturing contractors and over 400 sub-contractors. All mine components other than wire rope, explosives, and detonating circuitry were manufactured by Detroit automobile firms. Eight civilian steamships were converted to minelayers; and another 24 mine-carrying freighters, sailing at a rate of two or three per week, were required to transport manufactured mine components to assembly depots in Scotland.
Objectives
The objective was to prevent U-boats from operating in the North Atlantic and preying on trans-Atlantic shipping. A similar barrage had already been placed across the English Channel, which had resulted in U-boats diverting north around Scotland. The North Sea Mine Barrage was intended to close this alternative route, and it also made it hard for the U-boats to get supplies.
Mark 6 Mines
The Mk 6 mine was a steel sphere containing a buoyancy chamber and of TNT. Each mine was constructed of two steel hemispheres welded together. A Toxyl bursting charge was cast into the lower hemisphere. Toxyl was a mixture of 60% trinitroxylene (TNX) with 40% TNT used because the United States Army controlled United States TNT production and would not release sufficient quantities for the naval mine barrage. For transport, the mine rested atop a box-shaped steel anchor approximately square. The anchor box had wheels allowing the mine assembly to be moved along a system of rails aboard the minelayer. The mine was connected to its anchor box by a wire rope mooring cable stored on a reel. The depth of the mine below the water surface was controlled by allowing the steel mooring cable to unwind from its reel as the mine was dropped from the minelayer until a sensor suspended beneath the anchor reached the bottom. The sensor locked the cable reel so the falling anchor would pull the buoyant mine below the surface; and the float extended the antenna above the mine.
Each mine had two hydrostatic safety features intended to render the mine safe if it detached from its mooring cable and floated to the surface. The first was an open switch in the detonation circuit closed by hydrostatic pressure. The second was a spring pushing the detonator away from the explosive charge into the buoyancy chamber unless compressed by hydrostatic pressure. The mines were intended to be safe at depths less than . The mines contained a dry cell battery each with an electrical detonating circuit which could be initiated by any one of five parallel fuzes. Four of the fuzes were conventional horns in the buoyant upper hemisphere of the mine. Each horn contained a glass ampoule of electrolyte which would connect an open circuit if an ampoule was broken by bending the soft metal horn. The novel fifth fuze was a copper wire antenna with a float to extend it above the mine. A ship's steel hull touching the copper antenna would form a battery, and seawater acted as an electrolyte completing a circuit with an insulated copper plate on the mine surface to actuate a detonating relay within the mine. The relay armature was initially set to complete the detonating circuit at 25 to 40 millivolts. The Bureau of Ordnance subsequently increased sensitivity to 10 to 25 millivolts, but this was later readjusted on the basis of field experience. Each mine had five separate spring-loaded safety switches in the detonating circuit held open by salt pellets which took about 20 minutes to dissolve in sea water after the mine was dropped overboard from the minelayer. Battery life for the detonating circuit was estimated at greater than two years.
Laying the minefield
The mine barrage was within a belt long and to wide divided into area B off the east coast of Orkney, area C near the Norwegian coast between Utsira and Bergen, and the longest central area A connecting the two coastal areas between 0° 50′ West and 3° 10′ East. The Royal Navy laid mines in areas B and C while the United States Navy mined area A. The Royal Navy left a channel open for navigation adjacent to Orkney. Because of neutrality regulations no mines were laid within Norwegian territorial waters. The United States North Sea Mine Force was commanded by Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss aboard the Atlantic Fleet Mine Force flagship . Strauss was an ordnance specialist and had been chief of the Bureau of Ordnance from 1913 to 1916. Mine Squadron One, under the command of Captain Reginald R. Belknap, assembled at Inverness, Scotland in June 1918. Over the following five months, these ships planted 56,571 of the 70,177 mines laid to form the North Sea mine barrage.
The WWI Mine Memorial on Boston Common, Massachusetts, United States
(old protected cruiser converted in 1911 to carry 170 mines) (flagship)
(old protected cruiser converted in 1915 carry 180 mines)
(former Eastern steamship Bunker Hill carried 320 mines on one deck)
USS Shawmut (former Eastern steamship Massachusetts carried 320 mines on one deck)
(former Southern Pacific freighter El Siglo carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
(former Southern Pacific freighter El Dia carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
(former Southern Pacific freighter El Cid carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
(former Southern Pacific freighter El Rio carried 830 mines on 3 decks)
(former Old Dominion steamship Hamilton carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
(former Old Dominion steamship Jefferson carried 612 mines on 2 decks)
The mine barrage consisted of 18 rows of mines laid in an east–west direction. Ten rows of mines were laid at a depth of to be detonated by ships traveling on the surface. Submerged submarines were targeted by four rows of mines at , and another four rows at . Since Utsira is slightly north of Orkney, alignment of minefields within the central area A was skewed east-northeasterly from Orkney. Where possible, longitude was determined from a calibrated taut-wire anchored near a landmark and unreeled from a spool of piano wire aboard one of the cruisers acting as the minelaying formation guide. Latitude was checked from the elevation of the sun when atmospheric conditions permitted. The mine barrage required multiple missions, called "excursions", laying parallel rows of mines partway across the North Sea between Norway and Orkney. Mine Squadron One made thirteen two-day minelaying excursions laying parallel rows of mines while steaming in columns apart, with the last ship in each column dropping mines at intervals. As a minelayer exhausted its supply of mines, another minelayer in that column would drop back to the last position to continue the minelaying sequence. The minelayers were preceded by Royal Navy destroyers sweeping for enemy mines and submarines. A covering force of battleships with Royal Navy cruiser squadrons maneuvered nearby to defend the minelaying formation, but no German surface warships attempted engagement. Buoys were dropped temporarily marking the end point of a mining excursion to avoid leaving an unmined gap when the next excursion started. These buoys were subject to potential movement by storms or enemy action.
Three to five percent of the new mines dropped into the North Sea detonated as soon as the salt pellets dissolved; and hydrophones detected premature detonations continuing for a week after minelaying. These premature detonations were initially attributed to activation of the horn fuze detonation circuits by seawater leaking into the mines; and mine spacing was increased from on the first minelaying excursion to on subsequent excursions to minimize leakage caused by detonation of nearby mines. About one percent of the mines deployed during the first excursion broke free of their mooring cables and washed ashore in Norway within a month. Mines used for the last eleven excursions had springs installed at the mine mooring cable attachment points to buffer wave loading during storms. Premature detonations increased to 14 percent for the fourth minelaying excursion; because some mines had been assembled with the more sensitive antenna fuze relay settings made by the Bureau of Ordnance. The fifth minelaying excursion was halted when 19 percent of the mines detonated prematurely. San Francisco identified relay armature sensitivity as a major cause of premature detonations during a comparative field test minelaying excursion on 12 August. Subsequent investigations revealed copper sulfate deposits caused by antenna corrosion created a weak battery, increasing the probability of relay activation by shock wave accelerations when nearby mines detonated. Premature detonations dropped to four to six percent when sensitivity was adjusted to 30 to 45 millivolts for mines deployed by the last five minelaying excursions.
Results
Supply problems and technical difficulties caused some delays. More minelaying excursions to complete the barrage were cancelled when the approaching end of hostilities was recognized after the thirteenth minelaying excursion on 26 October 1918. The design of the minefield meant there was a theoretical 66 per cent chance of a surfaced U-boat triggering a mine and a 33 per cent chance for a submerged U-boat. On the basis of the number of effective mines observed while sweeping the barrage, the actual odds were assessed at being closer to 20 per cent for a surfaced U-boat and 10 per cent for a submerged one. As the final mines were laid only a matter of days before the end of the war, it is impossible to assess the success of the plan. Some contend the minefield was a major cause of the declining morale of the Imperial German Navy through the final months of the war, while others suggest Germany easily swept safe channels through the large, unguarded minefield.
The official statistics on lost German submarines compiled on 1 March 1919 credited the North Sea mine barrage with the certain destruction of four U-boats, presumed destruction of two more and possible destruction of another two.
19 August 1918 unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
9 September 1918 presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2007)
9 September 1918 sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
25 September 1918 sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
September 1918 presumed sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B (confirmed in 2006)
19 September 1918 sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area B
September 1918 unknown - possibly sunk by the North Sea mine barrage
18 October 1918 sunk by the North Sea mine barrage area A
Eight more boats were known to have been damaged by the mines and some Admiralty personnel assumed the field might be responsible for five more U-boats which disappeared without explanation.
Cleanup
United States participation in the minesweeping effort was overseen by Rear Admiral Strauss aboard the repair ship Black Hawk, from which he had commanded the minelaying operation. Tugs and towed Admiralty wooden sailing smacks Red Rose and Red Fern out to conduct the first trial sweep in December. Sweeping was accomplished by suspending a serrated wire between two ships on a parallel course. While held underwater by planing devices called "kites", the wire would foul the cables suspending the buoyant mines above their anchors. If the serrated wire parted the mine mooring cable, the mine would bob to the surface to be destroyed by gunfire. The smacks swept and destroyed six mines before winter weather halted further work at sea. The winter was spent testing an electrical protective device to reduce the risk of sweeping the antenna mines with steel-hulled ships. Patapsco and Patuxent tested the protective device by sweeping 39 mines in March. Royal Navy minesweeping efforts involved 421 vessels manned by 600 officers and 15,000 men from 1 April to 30 November 1919.
Twelve Lapwing class minesweepers and 18 submarine chasers were available for the first routine sweep of the United States minesweepers on 29 April 1919. After the first sweep took two days to clear 221 mines, Strauss requested more ships in the hope of clearing the mine barrage that summer. Twenty Admiralty trawlers with American crews, 16 more Lapwing class minesweepers, and another repair ship were assigned to his command. Panther was given responsibility for tending trawlers William Ashton, Thomas Blackhorne, Thomas Buckley, Richard Bulkeley, George Burton, Pat Caharty, William Caldwell, George Clarke, John Clay, George Cochrane, John Collins, William Darnold, Sam Duffy, John Dunkin, John Fitzgerald, John Graham, Thomas Graham, Thomas Henrix, William Johnson, Thomas Laundry, and submarine chasers SC-37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 95, 110, 164, 178, 181, 182, 206, 207, 208, 254, 256, 259, 272, 329, 354 and 356. Blackhawk provided tender services for the larger ships operating as six divisions.
Mine Division 1: , , , , ,
Mine Division 2: , , , , , , ,
Mine Division 3: , , , , ,
Mine Division 4: , , , , ,
Mine Division 5: , , , ,
Buoying Division: , Patapsco, Patuxent, ,
Common difficulties with the sweeping procedure involved mine cables becoming entangled in the kites attached to the sweeping wires. Sweeping gear was often lost if the mine detonated and cut the sweeping cables. Approximately one-third of the ships were damaged by exploding mines. Two men were killed in separate incidents while attempting to haul mines aboard to clear fouled sweeping kites. It had been assumed the Mk 6 mine hydrostatic safety devices would minimize the risks of this procedure, but sweeping gear losses increased after unreliability of these safety devices was recognized. Countermining sequences initiated by destruction of a swept mine causing detonation of an undetected mine closer to one of the minesweepers were another source of damage. Some of this countermining was attributed to acceleration of the antenna fuze relay armature or seawater leaking into damaged mines rather than sympathetic detonation of explosives. The minesweepers were sometimes able to continue sweeping, but the trawlers were less durable. Seven men drowned when the Richard Bulkeley was sunk by a mine detonation on 12 July. Strauss discontinued use of the trawlers for minesweeping, but retained six for transporting replacement sweeping gear to minesweepers when wires were destroyed by exploding mines. The remaining 13 trawlers were returned to the Admiralty. Most damaged ships were repaired, but SC-38 was declared a total loss. Three more men of the minesweeping force were killed in individual accidents involving sweeping gear before Strauss declared the barrage cleared on 30 September 1919. The minesweepers found only about 25 to 30 percent of the mines laid a year earlier; but it was assumed the others had either broken free, sunk to the bottom, or been destroyed by premature explosions. Strauss was recognized as a Knight Commander of St Michael and St George for his efforts; but doubts about effectiveness of the minesweeping effort persisted into the 21st century.
Post war
As 1919 drew to a close, the onset of winter forced the suspension of sweeping for moored buoyant mines, but the Royal Navy resumed minesweeping operations the following spring, continuing to clear sunken mines from fishing grounds, and maintaining a destroyer patrol to track down mines that had broken free of their moorings and gone adrift. Losses of civilian ships to North Sea mines continued; the origin of the mine in these cases was often difficult to determine. In 1919, twenty crewmen drowned when the Swedish steamship Hollander sank, minutes after striking a mine in October; and the steamer Kerwood struck a mine and sank on 1 December.
See also
Otranto Barrage
Notes
Bibliography
Conflicts in 1918
North Sea operations of World War I
Naval mines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Sea%20Mine%20Barrage |
Benjamin Cluff Jr. (February 7, 1858 – June 14, 1948) was the first president of Brigham Young University and its third principal. Under his administration, the student body and faculty more than doubled in size, and the school went from an academy to a university, and was officially incorporated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Cluff changed class periods from half an hour to a full hour, adopted the official colors of the university, started summer school and the Alumni Association, encouraged the university's first student newspaper (White and Blue), provided the first student loans, and developed an intercollegiate sports system.
Early life
Benjamin Cluff was a native of Provo and was born to Benjamin Sr. and Mary Ellen Foster Cluff in 1858. When he was 4 years old, his family moved to Logan, Utah. They then moved to Hawaii when Cluff was 7 years old because his father was serving a mission there. The family worked at a church owned plantation for cotton and sugar cane. They returned to Utah in 1870. Cluff later lived in Coalville, Utah with his uncle where he became the city librarian at age 17 because of his love of reading.
In 1877, he walked 67 miles from Coalsville to Provo in order to start his studies at Brigham Young Academy, where he studied in the Normal Department. When he first started school he worked as a janitor, but after one year he became an instructor in the Primary Department at Brigham Young Academy. He then went on a 3-year mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to the Hawaiian Islands in 1879. In 1882 he returned to teach at the academy, teaching everything from language to bookkeeping. He also helped the fire brigade in Provo when the Lewis Building, which was the original location of Brigham Young Academy, caught on fire.
In 1886, he received approval for a leave of absence to go to the University of Michigan and was set apart to study there by John W. Taylor. While studying in Michigan, Cluff joined a prestigious student organization called the Adelphi Society. He worked closely with professors in the fields of astronomy and engineering, and became good friends with James Burrill Angell, president of the university. Cluff received his bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1890. He also served as president of the Ann Arbor Branch of the LDS church while there. At the time he left for the University of Michigan, Cluff had two wives, Mary the daughter of David John and Harriet "Hattie" Cullimore.
Principal of Brigham Young Academy
After receiving his degree, Cluff returned to Brigham Young Academy and became the assistant principal. Although the board voted unanimously to make Cluff assistant principal, much of the faculty at the academy were apprehensive because of Cluff's ties to education in the East and their distrust in eastern influences at the academy. When Karl G. Maeser, the acting principal of the academy, returned from an extended trip, he found that many of the affairs of the academy, especially financial affairs, were in disarray and because of Maeser's reaction, Cluff resigned as assistant principal. A few months later the board rejected Cluff's resignation. By late 1891, Karl G. Maeser had to be replaced as principal of Brigham Young Academy because he had been called to oversee the entire LDS education program as superintendent of church schools, and was unable to do both jobs.
Church University
On January 4, 1892, the principalship of Brigham Young Academy was passed from Maeser to Cluff. This occurred on the same day that approximately one thousand people were gathered for the dedication of the new Academy Building. After becoming principal, there were many pressing matters that Cluff had to address. One of those matters was the proposed formation of an LDS university in Salt Lake City. Many worried that this would affect the academy by taking away some of its most prestigious teachers, including Cluff who had been offered a position there. Fortunately for the academy, Cluff did not go to the LDS College. When the Circular Number Eight, a document that restricted the right of existing LDS schools in order to centralize the new Church University, was created by the General Board of Education, Cluff and other leaders of major church schools tried to fight back against certain provisions of the document. One provision that Cluff feared was the restriction of church schools other than the new Church University to give degrees to their students.
Although the leaders of the major LDS schools were apprehensive about the idea of creating a Church University, many of the most prestigious of these educators were called to be members of the committee charged with the responsibility to organize the new Church University. Along with Cluff, the committee consisted of Karl G. Maeser, and James E. Talmage from the academy, plus James Sharp, and Willard Young. The next day, the committee proposed that the new university be called "The University of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" or the "Church University". After nationwide financial issues, church leadership decided to suspend any further efforts to create the Church University and proceeded to give their support to the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. After continuous financial struggles, the academy was able to stay open, but because of the death of Abraham O. Smoot who was a generous benefactor of the academy, the financial struggles lasted longer than other periods of financial challenges.
In 1893, Cluff went back to the University of Michigan to work on a master's degree and left George H. Brimhall as acting president.
Changes under Cluff
Cluff's methods as principal have been described as nearly opposite those of Maeser. Maeser was insular and conservative in his teaching methods. He kept his teachings well within the LDS world, and adhered to classical education standards. Cluff was more open to new ideas and methods. He also believed that the world outside Mormonism had a lot to offer the school. Cluff often referred to his time as administrator of the academy as the "New Epoch" because of his commitment to academic excellence and his motto, "learn to do by doing". At the beginning of Cluff's principalship, the administration continued to strictly enforce the rules of the academy as the Maeser administration had done, but over time Cluff helped the academy transfer that power to the students themselves. This helped to establish an atmosphere of discipline and responsibility maintained by the students through self-governance.
Before Cluff's principalship, Brigham Young Academy was still more like a present-day high school than a university. Cluff, however began implementing several changes to the school according to his experiences at Michigan. He began separation of the college from the high school, giving older students access to higher level materials. The Collegiate Department of Brigham Young Academy was officially established in 1896 and was an extension of the college-level courses that Cluff had been teaching since becoming principal. He also introduced an athletics program, which included baseball, football, and track and field. The football program was quickly closed by the board of trustees because many colleges at this time frowned on athletics programs and because the sport was an "abomination to the spirit." Cluff also helped implement many programs that were ahead of their time such as adding a military department, a summer school, a school song, and psychology classes. He also extended the length of class from thirty minutes to one hour blocks. The school was privately supported by members of the community, and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896.
Around 1894, Cluff was finding it increasingly difficult to find qualified teachers who were willing to take the salary that the academy was able to offer them. Another recurring problem was the academy's teacher retention because of mission assignments from the church that required the instructors to leave their teaching jobs and dedicate all of their energies to their missionary efforts. That same year, Cluff was able to hire a handful of non-Mormon teachers after much resistance from Maeser and Brigham Young Jr. Although hiring teachers outside of the Mormon community was Cluff's doing, he also saw the importance of training high quality teachers within the Mormon community. In order to accomplish this goal, Cluff started a "Normal Training School" which gave free lessons to students who were interested in teaching. This approach proved to be successful, and the normal school supplied experienced and qualified teachers to the schools in the region.
In May 1898, College Hall was built in order to provide more space for the upper division students of the academy's Collegiate Department. Even with the added space, many students at the academy were cramped because of the continuous increase in enrollment. The school continued to have success with the dedication and opening of the annual Brigham Young Academy Summer School. Another successful initiative that Cluff suggested was the implementation of a Missionary Training Program in 1899 for prospective missionaries of the LDS church.
Expedition to Central and South America
In 1899, Cluff outlined his proposal to take Academy students on an expedition to ancient Book of Mormon ruins and complete other related historical studies in Central and South America. Church leadership approved Cluff's plans, and he began preparing for the trip. He had to select the men who would accompany him, getting needed funding, and better organize the studies that would take place during the expedition. The men who were part of the expedition were set apart on 7 April 1900 and 10 days later they embarked on their expedition, leaving George Brimhall as acting principal of the academy. As they journeyed through Southern Utah, for the first 16 days of the journey they were met by feasts and celebrations in many of the cities that they entered. After leaving predominately Mormon areas, members of the expedition began to go off in pairs to act as missionaries in the cities that they passed through. The expedition stopped in Thatcher Arizona for a month while Cluff went to visit Florence Reynolds, who was a teacher at the Juarez Academy in the Mormon Colonies in Mexico and would become Cluff's second wife. The young men in the company were getting restless because of the significant delay in their journey, and after their month-long wait, they continued towards the Mexican border and began to familiarize themselves with Mexican culture.
Heber J. Grant went and visited the expedition camp which had stopped in Nogales, on the border of Mexico. Once he returned to Utah to report his findings, the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles decided that because the members of the expedition were not well experienced travelers and were not proving to be completely compliant with the rules that they were taught at the academy, a letter was sent to Joseph F. Smith. He met with Cluff and expressed the concern of church leadership and recommended the termination of the trip. Even as he was told to cease the venture, Cluff ignored this counsel and proceeded with the journey. Although Cluff decided to continue, some members of his expedition party decided to return to Provo, leaving only 9 members of the expedition party, including Cluff. They passed through many Mormon settlements in Mexico and had many hardships including starvation, illness, and fatigue. After nearly two years of travel, the expedition ran out of supplies, had problems with securing safe passage through Colombia, and was forced to turn back. Cluff finally returned to his position in 1902, but was accused of various improprieties, including sexual immorality by his assistant Walter Wolfe. Cluff was forced to resign. The charges of immorality stemmed from a post-Manifesto marriage between Cluff and twenty-five-year-old Florence Mary Reynolds conducted in Mexico. Cluff had obtained permission for the marriage from Joseph F. Smith.
Founding of Brigham Young University
In Cluff's last official act, he proposed to the board that the academy be named "Brigham Young University". At first there was a large amount of opposition to this. Many members of the board thought that the school wasn't large enough to be a university. However, the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, "I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat."
Today, the Cluff Building on BYU's Provo campus is named for him.
Later life
After resigning in 1903, Cluff moved to Mexico to establish a rubber plantation and once again had trouble in Mexico. At one point he was held by bandits for 2 weeks and during his absence his family was robbed. He worked with mahogany and shipped some lumber to California which caused him to decide to move his family to California, where he opened a grocery store and gas station. He died on June 14, 1948, at the age of 90.
Family life
Cluff was husband to three wives and fathered 25 children.
References
Notes
External links
Benjamin Cluff Jr.'s diary from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Benjamin Cluff diaries, MSS 1667 from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
digitized letters from Cluff's BYU presidential records from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Digitized Benjamin Cluff diary, MSS 3076 from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1858 births
1948 deaths
Presidents of Brigham Young University
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Brigham Young Academy alumni
Brigham Young Academy faculty
Mormon missionaries in Hawaii
University of Michigan alumni
People of Utah Territory
American expatriates in Mexico
American expatriates in the Hawaiian Kingdom
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Latter Day Saints from Michigan
People from Provo, Utah
People from Coalville, Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Cluff |
The American Power Boat Association (APBA) is an American membership-owned corporation. In 1903, New York's Columbia Yacht Club had formulated a constitution for what ultimately became the APBA. It is the United States sanctioning authority for the Union Internationale Motonautique, the world governing body for powerboat racing. Headquartered in Eastpointe Michigan, the APBA has over 3,500 active members and sanctions over 150 races nationwide. The APBA sanctions all types of power boat racing from 205+ mph Unlimited Hydroplanes to smaller Junior Class racing starting at age 9.
Hall of Champions
Each year, the association inducts powerboat drivers into its "Hall of Champions".
2009 induction
2010 induction
Footnotes
External links Past Champion Mike Quindazzi
American Power Boat Association official website
Motorboat racing
Personal water craft
Maritime safety
H1 Unlimited
Power boating
Sports organizations of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Power%20Boat%20Association |
The Modern are a British electropop band. They are currently signed to Ninth Wave Records in the United States and EQ Music in Asia. The band consists of vocalist Emma Cooke, with Nathan Cooper and Chi Tudor-Hart on vocals and synthesizers. The band changed their name from Dirty Blonde to The Modern in 2003, and then on to Matinee Club in September 2006, before reverting to The Modern in November 2008.
History
The band first began to form in 2001. Fronted by Nathan Cooper and Chi Tudor-Hart, the group were then known as Dirty Blonde. In 2003, vocalist Emma Cooke joined the band, and they changed their name to The Modern.
Following Cooke's induction to the group, guitarist Telee and drummer Rees also joined. Rees then left the band to tour with Dirty Vegas, and was replaced by Bob Malkowski shortly afterwards. It was not long after this that Telee left to concentrate on his own band. The Modern line up was completed, and the group started to write and perform together. They obtained got a recording contract in 2005, when they were signed to Mercury Records. The band recorded several songs with record producer Stephen Hague, with a view towards preparing for their debut album, which was tentatively going to be called 'Life In The Modern World'. The first of these songs was released as a single. "Jane Falls Down" received little airplay on commercial radio stations. but entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 4.
The group followed this with their second single, "Industry" on 6 March 2006. The song airplay on the music video channels, but due to sales irregularities, the single was disqualified from the UK Singles Chart. The band conducted UK wide tours supporting these singles. They also played the 2005 Reading and Leeds Festivals and the October 2005 Whitby Gothic Weekend, as well as the 2006 Elektrofest. In July, 2006, they performed at Pride Rally's 'Prides Against Prejudice' in Trafalgar Square.
In September 2006, it was announced on the group's forum that they had parted company with Mercury Records, and that Malkowski and Robert James had left the band. The trio continued as Matinee Club. They signed to a new independent record label, Planet Clique and, in March 2007, the song "Discotheque Francais" was issued through the record label's website. Months later the band had changed record labels once again, this time moving onto Universal Music under Europa Recordings, although this was short-lived as Europa Recordings was closed down.
In October the group transferred back to Planet Clique for the digital release of "Discotheque Francais". The debut album, Modern Industry, was made available to download in December. It included a cover version of David Bowie's "Modern Love". In January 2008, the group released The Modern LP through Ninth Wave Records, albeit only in the US. It differed from the later UK release.
Matinee Club recorded a video for the American global warming awareness show, Earth Hour. In November 2008, the group reformed as The Modern, and the drummer Rees returned to the band. Signing another record deal that covered most of Asia, the band released a double album, under the same title as their US LP, in July 2009.
Discography
Albums
Modern Industry (January 2008) (UK) (download only)
Matinee Club Present The Modern LP (January 2008) (US)
The Modern LP (double album) (July 2009) (Asia, US and UK)
Singles
"Industry" (download only)
"Jane Falls Down" – (Mercury 9874798, November 2005) No. 35 UK
"Industry" – (Mercury 9877068, March 2006)
'Seven Oceans' (cancelled)
"Discotheque Francais" – (Planet Clique SSMCD004, March 2007)
"Discotheque Francais" (October 2007)
'Sometimes' (cancelled)
EPs
"Eastern Bloc" (download only)
"The Dirty Blonde" – (Ninth Wave, US December 2007) [This release changed to The Modern LP listed above]
Compilations
Robopop 'The Return' (December 2006 – Lucy Pierre – Planet Clique Records)
References
External links
The Modern official site
The Modern/Matinee Club MySpace profile
Ilikemusic.com
Holytoilet.com
English synth-pop groups
Musical groups established in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Modern%20%28band%29 |
Gantt may refer to:
Henry Gantt, American mechanical engineer and management consultant, known for his work in the development of scientific management and creator of the Gantt chart
Gantt chart, a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule and estimation
Gantt (surname)
Gantt, Alabama, United States
Gantt, South Carolina, United States
See also
Gant (disambiguation)
Gantz (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt |
The Hero: Love Story of a Spy is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language spy thriller film directed by Anil Sharma and produced by Time Magnetics. It stars Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta and Priyanka Chopra in her Bollywood film debut. Written by Shaktimaan, the film tells the story of an undercover Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) agent who must gather intelligence about cross-border terrorism and stop the terrorist responsible for it and his separation from his fiancé.
Sharma had long contemplated making a spy film but felt this was not economically viable for the Indian market because Indian films did not have sufficient budgets. He first planned a film about India's spy network set in the early 2000s but made the 2001 film Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, which became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. Following the record-breaking success of that film, Sharma decided to make The Hero: Love Story of a Spy. The Shah Brothers were engaged to produce the film, which was touted to have a huge budget and scale, unlike previous Bollywood films. Aiming for high production values, a sizeable amount of money was spent on the film. Several large sets were created to give the film a feeling of grandeur, and international stunt experts were hired to coordinate action sequences new to Bollywood. Principal photography was done at Indian locations, including Kullu and Manali, and in locations in Canada and Switzerland. Uttam Singh composed the soundtrack with lyrics written by Anand Bakshi and Javed Akhtar.
The film's production cost was very high, with trades suggesting that it was the most expensive Indian film ever made at that point; this was the most talked-about aspect of the film. The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was released on 11 April 2003 to mixed to positive reviews from critics. It grossed over 451 million at the box office against a production and marketing budget of 350 million, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of the year. Chopra won the Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.
Plot
Arun Khanna is an army intelligence officer working for the Indian Secret Service agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) who has been sent to the Indo-Pakistan border in Kashmir. Under the identity of Major Ravi Batra, he sets up a spy network to obtain information about Pakistani terrorist activities across the border. In a nearby village, he meets Reshma, an orphan. Reshma joins the network to help Batra, and they fall in love. He reluctantly sends her into Pakistan to work as an undercover maid in Colonel Hidayatulla's house. Hidayatulla is associated with ISI head Isaq Khan and terrorist Maulana Azhar.
Reshma begins passing information to Batra. Khan, Azhar, and a group of nuclear scientists meet Hidayatulla's house, where they reveal plans to make a nuclear bomb for a terrorist attack in Kashmir. Reshma is exposed; she escapes and is chased but is saved by Batra and returns to India. Batra proposes marriage. Their engagement ceremony is cut short when terrorists attack. Reshma goes missing after falling into the river, and Batra is presumed dead.
Batra realizes Khan and Azhar are responsible for the attack. He fakes his own death and plans to infiltrate their terrorist network. In disguise, he follows Khan and Azhar to Canada and discovers they are planning to create a nuclear bomb. Reshma is found alive on the shore in Lahore, Pakistan, where she is rescued by Salman. She loses the ability to walk after learning about the deaths of Batra and her parents. Salman takes her to Canada for treatment under the care of doctor Shaheen Zakaria, the daughter of Muslim fundamentalist Mr. Zakaria, an associate of Khan. In a shopping mall, Reshma finds a muffler she had knitted for Batra, and realizes he is alive and in Canada.
Batra changes his identity to that of a nuclear scientist named Wahid. To infiltrate Zakaria's group, he wins Zakaria's trust and marries Shaheen. Reshma sees Batra as Wahid at his wedding with Shaheen and recognizes him. Batra tells Reshma they cannot be together because he is now married to Shaheen. Reshma is heartbroken and returns to India. Overhearing their conversation, Shaheen learns the truth and is heartbroken. Batra tells Shaheen the truth about her father, but she does not believe the news about her father's terrorist links.
Batra tricks the group into revealing the location of the bomb's parts, which have been kept at a high-altitude facility owned by Zakaria. The group reveals the codes to him, and he transmits a signal to the Canadian and Indian governments. Shaheen learns about the group's plan, exposing them. Khan learns about "Wahid's" true identity and attempts to kill him, but Batra survives. Soldiers arrive, forcing the terrorists toward a train station. They hijack a train and take the passengers hostage. Shaheen, on board, tries to disarm Khan, but he kills her. Before dying, she forgives Batra. Batra kills the other terrorists and Khan. He returns to Kashmir and reunites with Reshma.
Cast
Credits adapted from Bollywood Hungama.
Sunny Deol as Ajay Chakravarty/Arun Khanna/Major Ravi Batra/Wahid Khan/Roshanlal/Taneja
Preity Zinta as Reshma
Priyanka Chopra as Dr. Shaheen Zakaria
Kabir Bedi as Mr. Zakaria
Amrish Puri as Isaq Khan
Shahbaz Khan as Capt. Idris Malik
Rajpal Yadav as Lt. Dorjee
Parvin Dabas as Dr. Salman
Deep Dhillon as Colonel Hidayatullah
Pradeep Rawat as the head of RAW.
Shri Vallabh Vyas as Reshma's Guardian.
Rajat Bedi as Wasim
Arif Zakaria as Karimuddin.
Gene Snitsky as a Russian terrorist.
Big Guido as Lab's security guard.
Production
Director Anil Sharma had planned to make The Hero: Love Story of a Spy before the release of his blockbuster film Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001). Sharma said he wanted to make a spy film and had contemplated making something like a James Bond film for a long time but realised Indian films did not have the budget needed to make a film on such a scale. Sharma then thought of making a film based on India's spy network and, unlike his last historical film, set it in the early 2000s. His idea was to make a family film with no sex and violence. After the success of Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, Sharma decided to make The Hero: Love Story of a Spy which Shaktimaan had written. As part of his research for the film, Sharma interacted with Army personnel to understand the working methods of its intelligence section.
The Shah brothers of Time Magnetics—Dhirajlal Shah, Hasmukh Shah, and Pravin Shah—were engaged to produce the film. Aiming for high production values, Sharma mounted the film on a sizable budget and the scale he said was needed for a story of this proportion. He said the film was a risk, especially when the Indian film industry was going through a slump. Sharma defended the budget, saying, "But everything is risky; even walking on the street is risky. I knew before I started how much it would cost. I think the two years I gave to the film are more important than the budget. The money may come back, the time won't. Films these days don't work because filmmakers don't give enough time to them."
Sharma cast Sunny Deol, who also starred in Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, in the role of an Indian spy. The director felt that the film differed greatly from their previous collaboration because Deol played a "subtle spy" who did not "scream and shout" (Deol's trademark in his films). Deol streaked his hair blond and wore several disguises in the film, which made him uncomfortable. Preity Zinta was cast in the female lead as a naive Kashmiri village girl, while Miss World 2000 Priyanka Chopra was cast in the supporting role of a Pakistani-born Canadian doctor. Chopra's other 2003 film Andaaz was supposed to be her debut Bollywood film, but The Hero: Love Story of a Spy ended up releasing a month before and thus became the actress' debut Bollywood film. Zinta thought that the film had "a terrific script" and she identified with her character thanks to Zinta's Himachal Pradesh roots. Chopra thought the film had "a very emotional subject" and being a part of a big film like this seemed like a good option for her. Kabir Bedi and Amrish Puri completed the cast. Simple Kapadia, Abu Jani, Sandeep Khosla, Neeta Lulla and Sheetal India designed the cast's costumes. Sanjay Dhabade was the film's production designer. Several huge sets were constructed, including a massive glass house on water. Kabir Lal handled the cinematography.
Principal photography took place in Kullu and Manali in India with filming in Lonavala and Film City where half the film was shot. The rest half was filmed at locations in Canada and Switzerland. Filming in freezing weather in Canada and Switzerland proved to be difficult for the cast who had to be transported to rooms with heaters every five minutes. Sometimes, the temperatures fell to . Allan Amin designed the action set pieces, and international action experts coordinated the stunts. In one of the "heavy duty" action scenes, eight helicopters were used in the filming. The film's producers cast professional wrestler Big Guido as Bedi's bodyguard for an action sequence. For one scene, Deol had to jump off an tall peak, which he felt was difficult. The climax of the film was shot at Jungfrau in temperatures of . To shoot the scene, Lal propped himself on top of an open helicopter to capture the Jaungfrau Heights from in . The shot took two hours to film. After landing, he collapsed and was rushed to a hospital immediately. Ganesh Acharya choreographed the songs, and Suresh Urs edited the film.
Budget and trade analysis
After the record-breaking success of Deol's and Sharma's previous collaboration Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, which had become the highest-grossing Indian film of all time at that point, their next collaboration was highly anticipated and a lot was expected from it. According to Taran Adarsh, there were "gargantuan" expectations for the new film. The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was much talked about for its budget and scale. Adarsh said the producers had spared no expense in making it a film of "epic proportions" and "grand production values", writing, "The money spent is visible in every frame, the grand look of the film just cannot be overlooked." The film was also talked about for including stunts that were new to Bollywood cinema.
Industry experts and trade analysts declared The Hero: Love Story of a Spy the most expensive Indian film ever made at that point, with some estimating its budget as being between 500 and 600 million. According to Box Office India, the film had a budget of 350 million, including production and marketing costs. Sharma refused to confirm the exact budget but agreed it was an expensive film, telling Subhash K. Jha: "The producers have gone on record about the budget. I cannot tell you the exact cost. But yes, it is an expensive film." The director, however, was extremely unhappy with the hype around the film's budget because he did not want to raise audience expectations. Rajesh Thadani said the film should have been made on a lower budget because the economics of film-making had changed and that restraining a film's budget was "the need of the hour". A distributor told Rediff.com "making such a costly film in the 2000s was not a viable proposition and that audiences had become extremely unpredictable". He added: "Devdas, with all its hype, barely managed to recover its cost. For The Hero to succeed, it will have to do better than Devdas."
When The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was in production, the Hindi film industry's revenues were declining, and many were hopeful the film would help to revive the industry. The film's trailers and promos created "enormous" to "positive" buzz in the public and the media, but some trade analysts were skeptical about its high budget and its potential box-office earnings. An editor of Box Office India said the recovery of the cost of a film like this, filmed on "an extra-large canvas", was impossible from the Indian market alone. He said big-budget films like this mostly rely on overseas markets, which was uncertain for this film because it offered nothing new to overseas audiences as a "James Bond type of movie" that had been done several times before. Trade analyst Amod Mehra was more optimistic about the film, saying he hoped it would help revive the Bollywood film industry, which had "virtually gone dead", and that "the public is anticipating something as thrilling and fast-paced as Gadar. If he has kept the pulse of the public in mind, I see no reason why [the film] won't run well."
Soundtrack
Uttam Singh composed the soundtrack for The Hero: Love Story of a Spy with lyrics written by Anand Bakshi and Javed Akhtar. Initially, Bakshi was the sole lyricist on the soundtrack, but during production he fell ill. He wrote the lyrics for a few songs after his recovery, but after his death, Akhtar was brought in to write the lyrics for the rest of the songs. The film contains eight original tracks with vocals provided by Vital Signs, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, Jaspinder Narula, Sunidhi Chauhan, Sardool Sikander and Hariharan. Times Music released the soundtrack on 4 January 2003.
Bollywood Hungama said the soundtrack did not have "anything great or extraordinary to offer" and that the music is below expectations considering the budget and scale of the film. Planet Bollywood rated the album 6 out of 10, calling it "simply passable, nothing spectacular" and saying the music is not what was expected from such a big film. The reviewer said "Dil Main Hai Pyar" is the best song on the album, noting "its enjoyable characteristics" and saying it had "the potential to become very popular".
Release
As The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was nearing its release, the 2003 Bollywood Producers' strike prevented the release of new Hindi films in theaters after 1 April 2003. Deol was unhappy about the strike because he felt postponing a big film like this was not an affordable option, saying: "When a producer has spent so much money promoting and publicising a film like The Hero, how is he expected to scrap his campaign, postpone his film and start from scratch?" The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was released on 11 April 2003 on 500 screens despite the ongoing ban on the release of Hindi films.
The film had a good opening at the box office, collecting 22.2 million on its opening day and 63.1 million in its opening weekend in India with worldwide opening-weekend revenue of over 111.5 million. In its first week, the film collected over 107 million at the domestic box office and over 188.2 worldwide. In a report published in Rediff.com, Jha said the strike proved to be beneficial for The Hero: Love Story of a Spy because it had sustained a steady second-week run. During its box office run, the film grossed 414.5 million in India and over 36.8 million in the overseas market, making a worldwide gross of over 451.3 million. It was the third-highest-grossing Indian film of the year, but the film's box-office gross was considered to be below expectations due to high production costs.
Time released The Hero: Love Story of a Spy as a single-disc, NTSC-format DVD on 8 July 2003 across all regions. A DVD version released by Venus Records contains some bonus features, including a "making-of" documentary and a collection of Deol's songs. A Video CD version was released at the same time. Tip Top Video released the film internationally on an all-regions, PAL-Widescreen format DVD. A VHS version was released on 1 September 2003. Moser Baer later released another version of the DVD across all regions on an NTSC-format single disc.
Reception
The Hero: Love Story of a Spy garnered mixed to positive reviews from critics. Deepa Gumaste of Rediff.com praised the film, calling it a "comicbook spy movie", comparing it to Die Another Day (2002) and Mission: Impossible (2000), and wrote, "At last an original desi spy who combines the guile and charm of James Bond and the raw appeal of Rambo!" She said the cinematography is a "treat for the eyes with exquisite footage of the picturesque landscapes" and wrote, "For once in a Hindi film, foreign locations have actually been put to good use." Lawrence Van Gelder of New York Times was appreciative of the film, noting its "multiple pleasures" and writing, "Stretching from the snow-capped peaks of Kashmir to the ski slopes of Canada, mingling gunplay, spectacular explosions and chases with songs, dances and romance, this colorful Indian spy adventure constitutes the cinematic equivalent of the delightful and inconsequential escapism of a 700-page summer beach novel."
Sify gave The Hero: Love Story of a Spy film three out of five, writing, "The central theme gets more spice with a love story giving much role to play for Zinta and Chopra. The action sequences are well shot and Deol essays his role with his usual skill." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called the film "straightforward escapist fare" with the sensibility of an "old-fashioned comic-book", and said it "may be corny" and "unintentionally amusing at times" but it is also "a lot of fun" and has "all the classic elements of a Bollywood blockbuster taken to a spectacular level". The BBC's Manish Gajjar called the film "great escapist" cinema and praised the performances, writing that, "the role of Ravi Khanna was tailor-made for Deol. He got a chance to exhibit the various looks of a secret agent ... Zinta is radiantly refreshing throughout the film, whilst ex-Miss World Chopra appears natural considering that this is her debut film."
Derek Elley of Variety said The Hero: Love Story of a Spy is "wildly over-the-top" but "undeniably entertaining". Praising the performances, Elley wrote, "Deol makes a solid, rather than exciting hero, better in military duds than his increasingly outre disguises, and Puri overacts wildly as the villain. The female leads are much more engaging, with Zinta typically sparky and likable, and mega-looker Chopra making a solid screen debut as a modern urban miss." Anupama Chopra of India Today said the narrative has flair, noting the love story, including the courtship and consequent separation that has "emotional vigour" works to some extent but the spying part is a problem. She wrote: "The leads try hard—Deol appears suavely sincere and Zinta, vulnerable—but Shaktimaan's script doesn't hold. The incendiary dialogue got whistles but the comic-book discussions on nuclear bombs were a sleeping pill." Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama criticized the "superficial" writing but praised the technical aspects of the film, such as the "terrific" visuals and "awe-inspiring" action sequences, and said it "lacks the soul to make you cry and make your heart go out for the on-screen characters ... [the film] has gloss and hype as its trumpcards, but ... lacks in emotions, music and a taut screenplay".
Accolades
Notes
References
External links
2000s Hindi-language films
2000s spy thriller films
2003 action thriller films
2003 drama films
2003 films
Films about the Research and Analysis Wing
Films directed by Anil Sharma
Films scored by Uttam Singh
Films set in Canada
Films set in Jammu and Kashmir
Films shot in Quebec
Films shot in India
Films shot in Switzerland
India–Pakistan relations in popular culture
Indian action thriller films
Indian spy thriller films
Kashmir conflict in films
Military of Pakistan in films
Indian spy action films
Films about nuclear technology
Films about nuclear war and weapons
Films shot in Toronto | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hero%3A%20Love%20Story%20of%20a%20Spy |
Katie Victoria "Kate" Magowan (born 1 June 1975) is an English actress and producer. She started her career playing Helen Jensen in 74 episodes of Dream Team (1998–1999). She appeared in 24 Hour Party People (2002), It's All Gone Pete Tong (2004), as Princess Una in Stardust (2007), Primeval (2009), A Lonely Place to Die and Exile (2011), Elfie Hopkins and Outside Bet (2012), Spotless (2015), and she portrayed Sadie Young in EastEnders between 2013 – 2014.
Early life
After finishing high school, and having trained as a dancer, she graduated from The Actors' Institute (TAI), Swindon.
Acting career
She began her screen career in season 2 of Dream Team, Sky 1's first original drama series. She went on to appear in many films and television roles including the role of Princess Una in the magical film Stardust in 2007, Kidulthood, 4.3.2.1., Screwed, A Lonely Place to Die and It's All Gone Pete Tong.
Stage
She made her stage debut as a student of TAI, in a production of Caryl Churchill's Top Girls
Television
Magowan appeared in Spotless, playing Sonny Clay. She has also featured in two episodes of the third series of Primeval as Eve. She also stars as Martha Bannerman in four episodes of A Dinner of Herbs by Catherine Cookson, a TV series made for British television. She appeared in series 15 of Silent Witness in the two-part story 'Domestic' as murder victim Justine Thompson.
From 2013 to 2014, she played Sadie Young for 41 episodes of EastEnders.
Film
Her film credits include leading roles in Michael Winterbottom's 24 Hour Party People, Sonya in It's All Gone Pete Tong, Princess Una in Stardust, Jenny in A Lonely Place to Die, Danielle in Screwed, Mrs Gammon in Elfie Hopkins and Natalie in Outside Bet.
Personal life
Magowan married actor John Simm in April 2004 in the Forest of Dean. They have two children: son Ryan and daughter Mollie.
Magowan and Simm have appeared together in four films: 24 Hour Party People, Is Harry On The Boat?, the award-winning short film Devilwood and the heist thriller Tuesday, as well as in the BBC Series Exile.
Filmography
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People from Harrow, London
Actresses from London
English soap opera actresses
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Magowan |
Warren Newton Dusenberry (November 1, 1836 – March 31, 1915) was the founding principal of Brigham Young Academy in 1876. Before becoming principal of Brigham Young Academy, Dusenberry was the founder of three other schools in Provo, Utah. Dusenberry was only a temporary principal and was succeeded by Karl G. Maeser. He also served as County Judge of Utah County and mayor of Provo.
Early years and family
Dusenberry was born in White Haven, Pennsylvania. In 1840 he moved with his parents to Pike County, Illinois, which was located near Mormon headquarters.
In 1846, shortly after the move his mother joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, but his father did not. Due to this, when the majority of the Latter Day Saints moved to Utah the Dusenberry family remained in Illinois.
In 1860, the Dusenberry family began the trek west and stopped in Provo, Utah Territory to visit their mother's brother Howard Coray. After their visit to Provo, the Dusenberry family continued on to Los Angeles, California where they lived for six months before moving to northern California near Sacramento. In California Warren Dusenberry studied at Vacaville College, which was a Methodist high school.
In 1862 Dusenberry moved with his mother, brother Wilson, and two sisters to Provo, leaving his father and one brother behind in California.
First Ward School
After settling in Provo, Dusenberry began teaching at a Mormon school called the "First Ward School" in the basement of the tabernacle. Seeing that the school needed materials, he went to Salt Lake City and spent $50 out of his own pocket in order to buy materials for the "First Ward School". Because the school was growing rapidly it caused the church leaders, who were also the school administrators, to move the school into a large house with two stories. This pattern of relocating to more spacious venues continued with multiple other building because of Dusenberry's popularity as a school teacher. At one point he was teaching 62 students on his own. Later many accounts of his struggle to maintain order in the classroom came to light. Even with said difficulties in the classroom and the financial difficulties surrounding the school, Dusenberry often commented on how much he enjoyed teaching. The school grew in popularity and numbers and eventually Warren decided to "establish a school of his own."
Dusenberry School
In 1863, Warren Dusenberry opened the Dusenberry School, also called Provo High School, which was actually a "graded" elementary school. He rented "cluff hall" on 2nd north and 2nd east, which had enough room for the expected enrollment and for theatrical activities and other features that fit Dusenberry's teaching style. The school was furnished with desks that Dusenberry made by hand and had 83 students when its doors first opened. Because Warren and Wilson Dusenberry were the only administrators at the school while it was being established, they took care of all responsibilities including teaching and cleaning. Warren took over the teaching of the more advanced classes while Wilson taught the novice students. They promoted extracurricular activities including participating in after school debates, playing ball, acting, and learning to play instruments (Dusenberry taught the accordion). The Dusenberry brothers were forced to live at the school because of their obligation to this new investment, initially sleeping on the hardwood floor
In the spring of 1864, the Dusenberry School was more popular than ever. With a capacity of 103 students, some of the 120 students who enrolled for that semester had to be turned away. The Dusenberry brothers were into dramatic acting and helped acting become a popular activity among young people in Provo. Many say that the Dusenberry brothers helped the people of Provo realize Brigham Young's vision of education and culture in the Mormon community.
In the spring of 1865 schools in the Provo area were still struggling financially, including the Dusenberry School. As the president of the county board of education, Dusenberry attempted to improve the quality of teachers and materials in the classroom, but because of limited funds, his efforts were in vain. Because tuition was often paid in commodities or services rendered, the Dusenberrys struggled to pay rent for their school building, especially after the price nearly tripled. In order to bring in extra money, Dusenberry farmed during the summers, served on a grand jury, and took part in other civic happenings.
In 1867, the Dusenberry brothers opened a general store, helped in the Provo Post Office, and took over the Provo telegraph agency. Dusenberry also took on the role county tax assessor, county school examiner, and the county road district road district. After taking up other interests and becoming discouraged by so many financial setbacks, the Dusenberry School closed after the spring of 1865 and would not reopen for another 4 years.
Second Dusenberry School
In 1869, the Dusenberry brothers along with their new colleague James E. Daniels, organized the Second Dusenberry School in the Kinsey Building on Center Street in Provo. Once the school opened they faced many of the same problems that they had encountered with the first Dusenberry School. They did not have enough room for all of the students who enrolled, but this time they were able to expand to some vacant rooms in the Lewis hall next door. The Dusenberry school helped form a solid educational system in Provo, and helped Provo become an important educational center in Utah.
Timpanogos Branch of the University of Deseret
The University of Deseret was established in 1850, and although it was located in the Salt Lake Valley, just like the schools in Provo, the university struggled with financial problems and was closed from 1853-1868. When the university was reestablished in Mar. 1869, the popularity and quality of the second Dusenberry School made it a prime candidate to be the first branch of the university, and it was converted into the Timpanogos Branch. From 1870 to 1875, Dusenberry was the principal the University of Deseret's Timpanogos Branch (also called Timpanogos University), but for much of his time in that position he was not able to be a full-time administrator. In 1871, Dusenberry was sent to New York to help with the emigration office. When he returned home he focused more on civil duties and the practice of law than being in the classroom. After more financial struggles, the Timpanogos Branch was closed in April 1875.
Brigham Young Academy
In April 1875, Brigham Young, George Q. Cannon, and Dusenberry began to make plans for the opening of a new school that would be called Brigham Young Academy. The land that had once belonged to the Timpanogos Branch would now be used for the new academy. In November of that same year a board of trustees was formed and Dusenberry was elected as the first principal of Brigham Young Academy. Dusenberry would only act as principal of the academy for a few months before resigning and to go to law school.
In 1892 Dusenberry was elected mayor of Provo, defeating Reed Smoot.
Religious affiliations
Eventually, both of the Dusenberry brothers decided to be baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, despite counsel from their father to keep "free from the curse of Mormonism". They were baptized on July 25, 1864 and were confirmed the next day. By 1867, both Warren and Wilson were ordained as members of the Quorum of the Seventy. On April 7, 1867, Dusenberry went on a mission to the Southern States. He served for one year as a proselyting missionary and then was reassigned to help in the immigration office in Boston where he helped LDS church members prepare to move west.
References
External links
BYU Presidents: Warren N. Dusenberry
Provo History bio of Dusenberry
Warren Newton Dusenberry materials at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
1836 births
1915 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
University of Utah faculty
Mayors of Provo, Utah
Presidents of Brigham Young University
Mormon pioneers
Utah state court judges
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Harold B. Lee Library-related University Archives articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20Newton%20Dusenberry |
Majority (absolute majority), a mathematic concept, is the greater part, or more than half, of the total.
Majority may also refer to:
Plurality, sometimes referred to as "relative majority"
Majority (sociology), related to the minority group
Age of majority, the threshold of adulthood in law
Majority function in Boolean algebra
The office held by a member of the armed forces in the rank of major
Majority (film), a 2010 Turkish drama film
See also
Major (disambiguation)
Majority opinion, a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court
Social science disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus) is an insectivorous passerine bird native to the east coast of Australia. Its whip-crack song is a familiar sound in forests of eastern Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Heard much more often than seen, it is dark olive-green and black in colour with a distinctive white cheek patch and a crest. The male and female are similar in plumage.
Taxonomy
The eastern whipbird was mistakenly described by John Latham as two separate species in 1801 from early colonial illustrations, first as the white-cheeked crow (Corvus olivaceus) and as the coachwhip flycatcher (Muscicapa crepitans). The bird became commonly known as coachwhip bird or stockwhip bird. John Gould recorded the aboriginal term Djou from the Hunter Region of New South Wales.
Its specific name is derived from its olive colouration, though it was soon placed in the new genus Psophodes by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield, derived from the Greek psophōdes/ψοφωδης meaning 'noisy'. The family placement has changed, some now placing it in a large broadly defined inclusive Corvidae, while others split it and several other genera into the quail-thrush family Cinclosomatidae. Other research proposes that the quail-thrushes are themselves distinctive, leaving the whipbirds and wedgebills in a family with the proposed name Psophodidae. The name "Eupetidae" had been used for this grouping; however, because of the distant relationship of the rail-babbler to the other members of this group uncovered in research by Jønsson et al. (2007) that name is more appropriately used for the monotypic family which contains this species.
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized:
P. o. olivaceus, the nominate subspecies, is found from eastern Victoria to southeastern Queensland.
P. o. lateralis is found on the Atherton Tableland and is smaller and browner.
Description
A slim bird some in length and in weight, it is olive green with a black head and breast. It has a small black crest with a white cheek-patch on its face. It has a paler abdomen with a long dark olive-green tail tipped with white. The iris is brown and bill is black with blackish feet. The male is slightly larger than the female. Juveniles are a duller olive-brown and lack the white cheek stripes and dark throat.
The eastern whipbird is generally shy, and is heard much more often than seen. Its long drawn out call – a long note, followed by a 'whip crack' (which is the source of the common name) and some follow-on notes – is one of the most distinctive sounds of the eastern Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported. The call samples have been used in many films such as: Bush Christmas (1983) and The Dark Crystal (1982).
Distribution and habitat
The eastern whipbird is found in wet temperate forests including both rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests, generally near water. It occurs from eastern Victoria north through to central Queensland. A northern race, sometimes known as the northern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus lateralis) is found in the wet tropics of North Queensland from Cooktown to Townsville. At least one study has found it to be a specialist species in terms of habitat and threatened by urbanisation.
Behaviour
The eastern whipbird is insectivorous, recovering insects from leaf litter on the forest floor.
Breeding
Whipbirds are monogamous. Breeding occurs from late winter through spring; a loosely built bowl of twigs and sticks lined with softer material such as grasses, located in shrubs or trees less than above the ground. Several broods may occur in an extended breeding season. A clutch of two eggs, pale blue with blackish splotches and spots, measuring 28 x 20 mm, is laid. The female incubates and the eggs and broods the nestlings, though the male helps feed and take a more active role in looking after fledglings for 6 weeks after leaving the nest.
References
External links
Eastern whipbird videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Eastern whipbird Fact Sheet on the Birds in Back Yards site.
Eastern whipbird description and call.
Eastern whipbird call.
Eastern whipbird call in the Atherton Tablelands of Australia.
eastern whipbird
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (state)
Endemic birds of Australia
eastern whipbird | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20whipbird |
Robert Guy Bathurst (born 22 February 1957) is an English actor. Bathurst was born in The Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1957, where his father was working as a management consultant. In 1959 his family moved to Ballybrack, Dublin, Ireland and Bathurst attended school in Killiney and later was enrolled at Headfort, an Irish boarding school. In 1966, the family moved back to England and Bathurst transferred to Worth School in Sussex, where he took up amateur dramatics. At the age of 18, he read law at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and joined the Footlights group.
After graduating, he took up acting full-time and made his professional stage debut in 1983, playing Tim Allgood in Michael Frayn's Noises Off, which ran for a year at the Savoy Theatre. To broaden his knowledge of working on stage, he joined the National Theatre. He supplemented his stage roles in the 1980s with television roles, appearing in comedies such as the aborted pilot episode of Blackadder, Chelmsford 123, The Lenny Henry Show and the first episode of Red Dwarf. In 1991, he won his first major television role playing Mark Taylor in the semi-autobiographical BBC sitcom Joking Apart, written by Steven Moffat. Although only thirteen episodes were made (between 1991 and 1995), the role remains Bathurst's favourite of his whole career. After Joking Apart concluded, he was cast as pompous management consultant David Marsden in the ITV comedy drama Cold Feet, which ran for five series from 1998 to 2003 and again for four further series from 2016 to 2020.
Since 2003, Bathurst has played a fictional prime minister in the BBC sitcom My Dad's the Prime Minister, Mark Thatcher in the fact-based drama Coup! and a man whose daughter goes missing in the ITV thriller The Stepfather. He also made a return to theatre roles, playing Vershinin in The Three Sisters (2003), Adrien in the two-hander Members Only (2006), government whip Alistair in Whipping it Up (2006–07), and the title role in Alex (2007, 2008). In the following years, he starred in the television dramas The Pillars of the Earth (2010), Downton Abbey (2010), Hattie (2011) and joined the cast of Wild at Heart in 2012. Bathurst appeared in his first Noël Coward play, Present Laughter in 2010 and followed it with a role in Blithe Spirit that same year and again in 2011. He is married and has four children.
Early life
Robert Guy Bathurst was born in Accra, Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), on 22 February 1957 to Philip Charles Metcalfe Bathurst, a descendant of politician Charles Bathurst and kinsman of the Earls Bathurst and Viscounts Bledisloe, and his wife Gillian (née Debenham). His father was a major in the Royal Engineers during the Second World War and was working in West Africa as a management consultant. His mother was a physiotherapist. They had two other children, Nicholas and Charlotte. The family lived in Ghana until 1959, when they moved to Ballybrack, Dublin, Ireland. Bathurst and his brother attended two schools in Dublin – the Holy Child School in Killiney and a school in Ballsbridge – before being sent to Headfort, a preparatory school in Kells, County Meath. He compared the time he and his brother, who were Catholics, spent at the Anglican boarding school to Lord of the Flies; "we were incarcerated in a huge, stinking, Georgian house, where we were treated very brutally".
In 1966, the family moved to England and Bathurst was sent to board at Worth School in Sussex. At the age of 13, he began acting in minor skits and revues and read old copies of Plays and Players magazine, "studying floor plans of theatres and reading about new theatres being built". He had first become interested in acting when his family saw a pantomime at the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin and he watched actors waiting for their cues in the wings.
Bathurst left Worth at the age of 18 to read law at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He spent much of his time there performing in the Cambridge Footlights alongside Hugh Laurie, Rory McGrath and Emma Thompson. From 1977 to 1978, he was the secretary of the group and, from 1978 to 1979, he was the president. Among the Footlights Revues in which he participated were Stage Fright in 1978, which he also co-wrote and Nightcap in 1979. He also directed and appeared in the Footlights pantomime Aladdin as Widow Twankey during the 1978–79 season. He took the Bar Vocational Course at the University of Law, in London, which allowed him to go on to become a practising barrister, but stuck to acting instead.
Acting career
Early career
After leaving Cambridge, Bathurst spent a year touring Australia in the Footlights Revue Botham, The Musical, which he described as "a bunch of callow youths flying round doing press conferences and chat shows". Although he enjoyed his work with Footlights, he did not continue performing with the group, worrying that he would be "washed up at 35 having coat-tailed on their success through the early part of [his] career". After leaving, he found that he was considered a dilettante, which resulted in it taking him longer than expected to be accepted as a serious actor. His first professional role out of university was in the BBC Radio 4 series Injury Time, alongside fellow Footlights performers Rory McGrath and Emma Thompson. His first role for television came in 1982, when he appeared as Prince Henry in the pilot episode of Blackadder. He had already appeared in a training video by director Geoff Posner and got the role of Henry by way of thanks. The character was recast and downgraded when the series was commissioned as The Black Adder.
Bathurst's professional stage debut came the next year when he joined the second cast of Michael Frayn's Noises Off at the Savoy Theatre. He replaced Roger Lloyd-Pack as Tim Allgood and stayed at the Savoy for a year. Between roles, he worked as a television presenter for BBC East. After declining an offer to be a presenter of That's Life! he joined the National Theatre in 1984, where he appeared as a background actor in Saint Joan. He regards it as "the most demoralising" job he has ever had but was grateful for the theatre experience it gave him. The following year, he appeared at The Man in the Moon, a pub theatre in Chelsea, in Judgement, a two-hour monologue on cannibalism. The opening night audience was made up of three people but after good reviews in the national press the audience grew to an average of fifteen.
A casting director for the James Bond film The Living Daylights persuaded Bathurst to audition for Bond. Bathurst believes that his "ludicrous audition" was only "an arm-twisting exercise" because the producers wanted to pressure Timothy Dalton to take the role by telling him they were still auditioning other actors. Bathurst noted "I could never have done it – Bond actors are always very different from me".
He continued to make minor appearances in television throughout the 1980s; in 1987, he auditioned for the role of Dave Lister in the BBC North science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf. The part eventually went to Craig Charles but Bathurst was given a role in the first episode of the first series as Frank Todhunter, second officer on the ship, who is killed in the first ten minutes. Ten years later, Bathurst was invited to reprise the role when a storyline in the series allowed former characters to return, but filming commitments prevented him from appearing. In 1989, he appeared in Malcolm Bradbury's Anything More Would Be Greedy for Anglia Television, playing Dennis Medlam, MP. The programme was broadcast in 1990 to little fanfare. In 1990, he performed on Up Yer News, a live topical programme broadcast on BSB.
Joking Apart
While working on Up Yer News, Bathurst auditioned for a one-off television comedy called Joking Apart. Earlier in the day, he noticed a fellow Up Yer News performer reading the script to prepare for his own audition. As Bathurst went into the audition room, his colleague was leaving and told Bathurst he would "break his legs" if he got the part, a threat that seemed not to be "entirely jocular". Bathurst got the part and the pilot of Joking Apart was broadcast as an installment of the BBC 2 Comic Asides strand. It returned for two series in 1993 and 1995. Bathurst appeared as sitcom writer Mark Taylor in the series. After the first series was broadcast, a critic called Bathurst the "Best Comedy Newcomer of 1993".
The show was punctuated by fantasy sequences in which his character performed his thoughts as a stand-up routine in a small club. In the commentary and the interview on the DVD, Bathurst says that he was told that they would be re-shot after filming everything else, an idea abandoned because of the expense. He has an idea of re-filming the sequences 'now', as his older self, to give them a more retrospective feeling. He has also said that he believes Mark was too "designery" and wishes that he had "roughened him up a bit". The role is his favourite of his whole career; he has described it as "the most enjoyable job I will ever do" and considers several episodes of the series to be "timeless, beautifully constructed farces which will endure". Bathurst is often recognised for his appearance in this series, mentioning that "Drunks stop me on public transport and tell me details of the plot of their favourite episode". As punishment for arriving late for the series one press launch at the Café Royal in Regent Street, London, writer Steven Moffat pledged to write an episode in which Mark is naked throughout. To a large extent, this vow is realised in the second series.
Between 1991 and 1995, Bathurst also appeared on television in No Job for a Lady, The House of Eliott and The Detectives and on stage in The Choice, George Bernard Shaw's Getting Married at Chichester with Dorothy Tutin and Gogol's The Nose adapted by Alastair Beaton, which played in Nottingham and Bucharest. He also filmed a role in The Wind in the Willows (Terry Jones, 1996) as St John Weasel.
Wider recognition
In 1996, while appearing in The Rover at the Salisbury Playhouse, Bathurst got an audition for the Granada Television comedy pilot Cold Feet. He arrived for the audition "bearded and shaggy", on account of his role in the play, and did not expect to win the role of upper-middle class management consultant David Marsden. The role in the pilot was only minor and created at the last minute to support characters played by James Nesbitt and Helen Baxendale; the only character note in the script about David related to his high salary. Bathurst identified the character as merely a "post-Thatcherite whipping boy".
Bathurst reprised the role in the Cold Feet series, which ran for five years from 1998 to 2003. He described the character of David as an "emotional cripple", originally with little depth. The third series features an affair between David and a political activist played by Yasmin Bannerman. Bathurst appreciated the opportunity to bring some depth to a previously one-dimensional character, but was more impressed with the storylines that came out of the affair, rather than the affair itself: "It was the deception, the guilt and the recrimination rather than the actual affair, which was neither interesting nor remarkable". Like other cast members, Bathurst was able to suggest storylines as the series went on; one episode features David celebrating his fortieth birthday and Bathurst suggested the character could get a Harley-Davidson motorbike. Granada paid for him to take motorcycle lessons and a test. On the day before taking his test, the filming of a scene where David takes off on his new bike was scheduled. Bathurst "wobbled, missed the camera and crashed into the pavement", leading director Simon Delaney to exclaim it was the funniest thing he had ever seen. In another episode, David buys a racehorse – ostensibly as a birthday present for his wife – in a plot born out of Bathurst's own love of horseracing. The role made him more widely recognisable and he often received prospective scripts that were "obvious rewrites of the character". He turned them down, preferring to play a "good person", which would be more interesting from a dramatic point of view.
Between 1998 and 2003, he made television appearances in Goodbye, Mr Steadman (2001), starring opposite Caroline Quentin as a shy and unassuming teacher who has been declared dead after one of his pupils erases all computer records relating to him and in the adaptation of White Teeth (2002). On stage, in 1998 he appeared in Michael Frayn's Alarms and Excursions and in 1999 in Hedda Gabler, which was his last theatre role for several years. In the Daily Telegraph, Charles Spencer described his role as Tesman as a "weird casting choice" but called his acting "a brave stab". In 2001, Bathurst appeared in the music video for Westlife's Comic Relief single "Uptown Girl".
In 2002, straight after finishing Cold Feet, Bathurst went straight into filming My Dad's the Prime Minister, a series in which he portrays fictional British prime minister Michael Philips. The first series was broadcast in a Sunday afternoon CBBC slot in 2003. He watched debates in the House of Commons to prepare for the role but did not base his portrayal on Tony Blair. In 2003, he returned to theatre for the first time in four years to play Vershinin in The Three Sisters, opposite Kristin Scott Thomas and Eric Sykes. He had not seen The Three Sisters before starring in it. Director Michael Blakemore advised him to turn this to his advantage, as he would not feel he had to live up to previous portrayals. After its run concluded, a special edition of The Three Sisters was filmed with the same cast for television broadcast on BBC Four. In 2005, the second series of My Dad's the Prime Minister was broadcast, now moved to a Friday night time slot to take advantage of the adult humour. The same year, he starred in the ITV thriller The Stepfather playing Christopher Veazey, a man whose daughter goes missing. Bathurst was pleased that this white-collar worker had an emotional side, in comparison to David Marsden, whom he used as a yardstick when accepting those sorts of roles. Also in 2005, he played Mr Sesseman in an adaptation of Heidi and Dottore Massimo in The Thief Lord.
2006–present
In 2006, he played Mark Thatcher in Coup!, a dramatisation of the attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea. He also starred as Adrien opposite Nicholas Tennant in the UK premiere of Members Only at the Trafalgar Studios. He accepted the part because it was "funny, plausible, plausibly absurd and cruel" and he liked that it was a translation from an original French play. He enjoyed working on it, telling What's on Stage: "Nick is a really good actor and really good to work with in that you can have completely frank discussions about tiny issues and it's totally ego-free. We're all just discussing the point and not playing games with each other. It does make the working practice easier. If there's only two of you in a play, you are equally responsible – there's nobody else to blame if it goes wrong. So its a greater risk and there's no hiding". At the end of the year, he appeared opposite Richard Wilson in Whipping it Up, a play about whips in a fictional David Cameron government. To research his role, he watched more Commons debates. In 2006, Bathurst also appeared in an episode of Agatha Christie's Poirot 2005 where he played Gilbert Entwhistle in After the Funeral.
After a season at the Bush Theatre at the end of 2006, Whipping it Up transferred to the New Ambassadors Theatre from March to June 2007. The tour coincided with his appearance as the titular character in Alex, based on the comic in The Daily Telegraph. The play ran at the Arts Theatre between October and November 2007 and featured Bathurst interacting with other characters projected onto a screen behind him. He was attracted to the role because of the "duplicity and guile" Alex uses to get himself out of tight situations. The role won him a nomination for Best Solo Performance at the What's on Stage Awards. He reprised the role in an international tour from September to November 2008, playing in Melbourne, Sydney, Hong Kong, Singapore and Dubai. As Alex he presented a ten-part series on Classic FM, which won a Gold Award at the Sony Radio Academy Awards in 2012. He now performs Alex as a corporate after-dinner entertainment. 2007 also saw Bathurst perform as linguist Charles in the first series of the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Hut 33. He reprised the role for two more series in 2008 and 2009.
In 2009, he made his third and final appearance as art dealer James Garrett in My Family. He also played the role of Mr Weston in the BBC costume drama Emma, which was broadcast in October 2009 on BBC One. He previously played Weston in a two-part adaptation of Emma for BBC Radio 4 in 2000. Between January and April 2010, Bathurst starred as Garry Essendine in a national touring revival of Noël Coward's Present Laughter. He had not seen Present Laughter before, though had seen several Coward plays in his 20s and did not imitate Coward's speech patterns while performing. Present Laughter was the first time Bathurst had appeared in a Coward play and he was cast in another, Blithe Spirit, later in the year, as Charles Condomine. The play toured theatres around southern England in 2010 and early 2011 before beginning a three-month run at the Apollo Theatre in London.
On television in 2010, Bathurst starred as Percy Hamleigh in the German-Canadian miniseries The Pillars of the Earth and had a recurring role as widower Sir Anthony Strallan in the period drama Downton Abbey. In 2011 he starred as John Le Mesurier in the Hattie Jacques biopic Hattie, and joined the cast of the long-running ITV drama Wild at Heart.
He also has a recurring role in the comedy series Toast of London.
In 2014 he appeared in the Midsomer Murders “The Flying Club” as Perry Darnley. Bathurst is to star as Andy in the upcoming Sky1 television film television film adaptation of the M. C. Beaton novel Agatha Raisin: The Quiche of Death as Andy Cummings-Browne (2014).
In September 2016, Bathurst reprised his role of David Marsden in Cold Feet.
In 2019 Bathurst portrayed Sergeant Wilson in Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes, a recreation of three missing episodes of the BBC comedy Dad's Army. And portrayed Jeffrey Bernard in Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell at the Coach and Horses in Greek Street, Soho. Bathurst said he jumped at the opportunity: "It’s so obviously a good idea, and appealingly odd. It brings Jeffrey Bernard’s journalism on to the stage, his own version of himself, not necessarily how others saw him." He added: "It’s a brilliantly funny, sour and surprisingly moving manifesto for the right of people to destroy their liver and wallet in any way they choose."
Personal life
Bathurst met artist Victoria Threlfall through mutual friends and they married in 1985. They have four daughters: Matilda, Clemency, Oriel and Honor.
Filmography
Robert Bathurst filmography
Radio
Richard Barton: General Practitioner! (1997)
Bathurst portrayed Professor Charles Gardner – the ultra-conservative snob and don who rejected Archie from Oxford for not knowing how to use a fish knife at the dinner table – in Hut 33 for BBC Radio 4.
The Golden Age (2012) 3 episodes. Written by Arthur Mathews
Written works
Bathurst, Robert (4 December 2001). "Yes, Cold Feet beat Trollope, but at what cost?". The Daily Telegraph: p. 17.
Bathurst, Robert (25 October 2008). "Alex tour: Getting Brezhnev to smile would have been easier". The Daily Telegraph: p. 26 (Review section)
Bathurst, Robert (7 March 2009). "It's their loss (but our pain)". The Independent
References
External links
Robert Bathurst at the British Film Institute
1957 births
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Robert Guy
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Living people
People educated at Worth School
Actors from Accra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Bathurst |
is a Japanese mixed martial artist currently competing in the Featherweight division of Shooto. A professional MMA competitor since 2003, he has also competed for DREAM, and Vale Tudo Japan.
Biography
On May 12, 2006, Inoue defeated Antonio Carvalho by TKO in the first round to become the Shooto World Lightweight (143 lbs.) champion which he would go on to lose in his first title defense against Akitoshi Tamura on May 18, 2007. On November 8, 2007, he defeated Katsuya Toida to become the Pacific Rim Lightweight Champion.
Inoue would eventually win back the Shooto World Championon November 29, 2008 after defeating Hideki Kadowaki by unanimous decision at Shooto's Tradition 4 show. He successfully defended his title against Rumina Sato, before losing it to Hatsu Hioki at Shooto – The Way of Shooto 3: Like a Tiger, Like a Dragon.
Championships and accomplishments
MMAFighting
2006 Featherweight Fighter of the Year
Shooto
Shooto Lightweight Championship (Two times)
One Successful Title Defense
Shooto Pacific Rim Lightweight Championship (One time)
2004 Shooto Lightweight Rookie Tournament Winner
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Win
| align=center|1–0
| Hayate Usui
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Shooter's Dream 2
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|2–0
| Masanori Sugatani
| TKO (cut)
| Shooto: Who is Young Leader!
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|3:04
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|3–0
| Yohei Suzuki
| TKO (punches)
| Shooto: 3/22 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|2:40
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|4–0
| Keisuke Yamada
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: 7/16 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|5–0
| Hayate Usui
| KO (punch)
| Shooto: Wanna Shooto 2004
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|4:58
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|6–0
| Jin Kazeta
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Shooto: 3/11 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|4:17
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| xLoss
| align=center|6–1
| Antonio Carvalho
| Decision (majority)
| Shooto: Alive Road
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|7–1
| Akitoshi Tamura
| Decision (majority)
| Shooto 2005: 11/6 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|8–1
| Makoto Ishikawa
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: The Victory of the Truth
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|9–1
| Antonio Carvalho
| TKO (punches)
| Shooto: The Devilock
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|3:06
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|10–1
| Cole Miller
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto 2006: 7/21 in Korakuen Hall
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|11–1
| Navid Yousefi
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Shooto: Champion Carnival
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|4:35
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|12–1
| Hiroyuki Abe
| KO (punch)
| Shooto: Back To Our Roots 1
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|4:05
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| xLoss
| align=center|12–2
| Akitoshi Tamura
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Back To Our Roots 3
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|13–2
| Marc Duncan
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Shooto: Back To Our Roots 4
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|3:16
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|14–2
| Katsuya Toida
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Back To Our Roots 6
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
| Won Shooto Pacific Rim Lightweight Championship.
|-
| xLoss
| align=center|14–3
| Savant Young
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Shooto Tradition 1
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|15–3
| Hideki Kadowaki
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: Shooto Tradition 4
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|16–3
| Rumina Sato
| TKO (punches)
| Shooto: Shooto Tradition Final
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|4:41
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|17–3
| Alexandre Franca Nogueira
| TKO (punches)
| Vale Tudo Japan 2009
|
| align=center|4
| align=center|2:58
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|18–3
| Gerald Lovato
| Submission (armbar)
| Shooto: The Way of Shooto 1: Like a Tiger, Like a Dragon
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|4:11
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center|18–4
| Hatsu Hioki
| Decision (split)
| Shooto: The Way of Shooto 3: Like a Tiger, Like a Dragon
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center|18–5
| Kazuyuki Miyata
| Decision (unanimous)
| DREAM 16
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|5:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|19–5
| Taiki Tsuchiya
| TKO (punches)
| Shooto: Shooto Tradition 2011
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|4:27
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|20–5
| Koichiro Matsumoto
| TKO (punches)
| DREAM: Fight for Japan!
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|6:51
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|21–5
| Caol Uno
| KO (head kick)
| DREAM 17
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|4:17
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–6
| Hiroyuki Takaya
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight For Japan: Genki Desu Ka Omisoka 2011
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–7
| Kenji Osawa
| Decision (unanimous)
| Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 1st
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|Bantamweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–8
| Yusuke Yachi
| Decision (unanimous)
| Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 3rd
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|Return to Featherweight.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–9
| Rob Lisita
| Submission (bulldog choke)
| Rebel Fighting Championship 1: Into the Lion's Den
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:19
| Kallang, Singapore
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–10
| Isao Kobayashi
| Decision (unanimous)
| Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 6th
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–10
| Fumiya Sasaki
| Decision (unanimous)
| Mobstyles 15th Anniversary: Fight & Mosh
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–10
| Yojiro Uchimura
| TKO (punches)
| Vale Tudo Japan - VTJ 8th
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:17
| Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 23–11
| Yutaka Saito
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto - Professional Shooto 5/13
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–11
| Mitsuhiro Toma
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto - Professional Shooto 9/23
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 24–12
| Mikuru Asakura
| TKO (flying knee and punches)
| Rizin - Heisei's Last Yarennoka!
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|2:39
| Saitama, Japan
|
Kickboxing record
|-
|
|Win
| Hiroki Shishido
|Shooto the Shoot 2011
|Tokyo, Japan
|Decision (majority)
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|3:00
|1-0
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Featherweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing shootboxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Japanese male kickboxers
Welterweight kickboxers
Japanese male judoka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi%20Inoue%20%28mixed%20martial%20artist%29 |
Ross Aaron Malinger (born July 7, 1984) is an American former actor and automobile salesperson. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks, and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Alley co-starred in the 1995 television film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's "Shiksa appeal", in the Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now".
Life and career
Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative. He also has a brother and sister, Ashley Malinger and Tyler Cole Malinger, who are also actors. He earned an Associate degree after graduating from Moorpark College.
Malinger appeared with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death.
He provided the original voice of T.J. on the animated series Recess. Due to his voice breaking, he did not reprise the role in the next seasons and was replaced by Andrew Lawrence. He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five.
He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike, part of the "Riley Gang" in Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot.
He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice, which lasted two seasons, 1993 to 1994.
He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright, a troubled teenager after his parents' separation. He appeared in an episode of Without a Trace in 2006 as Jason McMurphy.
Malinger has since retired from acting, and has worked at a series of car dealerships in the Greater Los Angeles area.
Filmography
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990) - Elliott Brody
Kindergarten Cop (1990) - Harvey
Who's the Boss (1990–1991) - Travis, Wild Kid #1, Rory
Eve of Destruction (1991) - Timmy Arnold
Late for Dinner (1991) - Little Donald Freeman
Roseanne (1991) - Sammy Miller
Davis Rules (1991) -
In Sickness and in Health (1992) - Michael
Sleepless in Seattle (1993) - Jonah Baldwin
Good Advice (1993–1994) - Michael DeRuzza
Bye Bye Love (1995) - Ben
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman (1994–1995) - Steven Myers
Sudden Death (1995) - Tyler McCord
Peter and the Wolf (1995) - Peter (voice)
Maybe This Time (1996) - Nicky
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco (1996) - Spike (voice)
Touched by an Angel (1996, 2001) - Jesse Bell, Nick Albright
Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher (1996–1997) - Tyler Hale
Little Bigfoot (1997) - Payton
Toothless (1997) - Bobby Jameson
Seinfeld (1997) - Adam Lippman
Suddenly Susan (1997) - Doug Naughton Jr.
Adventures in Odyssey: In Harm's Way (1997) - Additional voices
Recess (1997–1998) - T.J. Detweiler (voice)
The Simple Life (1998) - Will
The Animated Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1998) - Tom Sawyer (voice)
Club Vampire (1998) - Max
Party of Five (1998) - Jamie Burke
Frog and Wombat (1998) - Steve Johnson
Family Law (1999) - Henry
Personally Yours (2000) - Derek
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street (2001) - T.J. Detweiler (voice)
Recess: All Growed Down (2003) - Older T.J. Detweiler (voice)
Without a Trace (2006) - Jason McMurphy
References
External links
1984 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male voice actors
Living people
Male actors from California
People from Redwood City, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Malinger |
Stony Clove Notch is a narrow pass, roughly 2,220 feet (677 m) in elevation located in the Town of Hunter in Greene County, New York, deep in the Catskill Mountains. It is traversed by New York State Route 214, although in the past the Ulster and Delaware Railroad went through it as well.
The notch divides Hunter and Plateau mountains. There is just enough room for the road, and the steep, soaring slopes of both mountains are some of the Catskills' most striking scenery, with landslides and rocky cliffs visible. It sits at one end of the range of mountains known as the Devil's Path, and early visitors found it a terrifying place to visit.
Today it is a popular destination not only for tourists in the region but for outdoor recreationists as well. One of the Catskills' major hiking trails crosses the road near the notch, and ice climbers and snowboarders have lately been attracted to the cliffs and slopes in winter.
History
Natural origins
Stony Clove Notch was created during the end of the last Ice Age, when meltwater that had accumulated in what is now the Schoharie headlands to the north of the notch gradually began eroding its way through the gap between the mountains, eventually becoming the Stony Clove Creek.
Human use
When the first Europeans were taken through the notch, it was narrow enough that not only was travel through it possible only on foot, those travelers had to go through in single file. As painter and writer Charles Lanman said in the 1840s:
Catskill historian Alf Evers suggests that those interested in getting an idea of what Stony Clove Notch was like before the construction of the roads visit nearby Diamond Notch, where it is still possible to put one foot on Southwest Hunter Mountain and another on West Kill Mountain.
A few years later, at great expense, the route through the notch was widened to allow enough room for a single wagon by Charles Edwards, a local tanner. Later excavations allowed the Stony Clove and Catskill Mountain Railroad to build a narrow gauge rail line through the gap. It was later upgraded to standard gauge and used until 1940, with a flagstop Stony Clove Notch Railroad Station located nearby. The railbed remains visible in the woods to the east almost all the way to the height of land.
The Stoney Clove Turnpike was a private company that incorporated in 1873 to upgrade and improve the existing wagon road. It eventually became today's Route 214.
Geography
The notch divides the Schoharie and Esopus subwatersheds of the Hudson River basin.
The approach from the Schoharie to the north, where the two mountains can be seen from 214's junction with Route 23A, is characterized by a steady upward climb after the creek has been crossed, the two mountains seeming more and more immense until they just about swallow the road. Evers recommends coming this way when thunderstorms are brewing to the south if one wishes to understand attitudes such as Lanman's. "Lightning and thunder will be tossed back and forth from one mountain to the other," he writes. "And it will not be hard for a man with a normal amount of imagination to put himself in the place of his ancestors and see the Stony Clove transformed into the very gates of Hell."
From the south, via Phoenicia, the approach up Stony Clove has less drama, since Hunter and Plateau are not visible until the notch is considerably closer. However, it offers much sylvan scenery, winding along Stony Clove Creek as it gradually gets higher and higher. Finally, at the Devil's Tombstone public campground it straightens out and the notch becomes apparent as it sweeps by Notch Pond and up to the height of land.
Environment
The notch is noteworthy as one of the few locations in the Catskills where boreal forest occurs below 3,000 feet (914 m) in elevation. Forest fires in 1893 which destroyed 3,000 acres (12 km2) around the notch, mostly on the Plateau side, and the steep terrain have left depleted, thin soils where balsam fir and red spruce can be seen along the west (Hunter) side of the road from the pond up into the notch. Scrubby paper birch, also common to boreal forests, is the dominant deciduous species on the Plateau side.
Most of the lands around the notch are protected areas of the Catskill Park portion of New York's Forest Preserve. The Plateau lands are the western end of the Indian Head Wilderness Area; Hunter's are currently classified a step lower, as the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest, though a pending update to the Catskill State Land Master Plan would combine it with other properties to classify it, too, as wilderness.
Recreation
A medium-sized parking lot sits next to Notch Pond (known in the early days as Lake Stygian) just below the notch, right where the popular Devil's Path hiking trail crosses the road (the only road crossing in its entire 24.2-mile (39 km) length). Most are bound for one of the three High Peaks in the area: Plateau, Hunter and Southwest Hunter. Potable water is available for hikers and people using the day-use facilities from several pumps next to the parking lot.
The climb up Plateau offers the best chance to appreciate just how stark the notch is. After crossing the old railbed, the trail begins a steady ascent of 1,400 vertical feet (427 m) to the popular Orchard Point lookout, which offers a view across the notch to all the nearby peaks plus West Kill Mountain beyond Southwest Hunter. From there it is two miles (3.2 km) across the aptly named Plateau to the mountain's actual summit.
To the west, the ascent is not so severe, although there are some steep sections, most famously near a ledge lower down on the trail called the Devil's Portal. There are no views, although there is a nice level section traversing along the back of Hunter to the Devil's Acre Lean-to, where the Hunter Mountain Trail leads to the top of the Catskills' second-highest peak. The Acre is also the beginning of the sometimes-difficult bushwhack to Southwest Hunter.
Currently, the Long Path long-distance trail joins the Devil's Path here for the trip up Plateau after a two-mile (3 km) roadwalk. Future plans will relocate it into the deep forest, far from the highway.
In winter, ice climbers can also be found here seeking thrills on the cliffs on the Plateau side via a short hike; climbing is not otherwise done much in the Catskills due to the loose sedimentary rock of the region. Snowboarders have also found the slope offers challenging wilderness runs.
Hunters have also come in-season, although the topography can make the area fatally dangerous. In fall 2000 a local high school teacher was found dead after having fallen off one of the cliffs on the Hunter side during a hunt.
References
External links
Town of Hunter Government Website and Area Information
Mountain passes of New York (state)
Climbing areas of the United States
Catskill Park
Landforms of Greene County, New York
Tourist attractions in Greene County, New York
Wind gaps of New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony%20Clove%20Notch |
French Africa includes all the historic holdings of France on the African continent.
Françafrique
French North Africa
Egypt (1798-1801)
French Algeria (1830–1962)
Protectorate of Tunisia (1881–1956)
Protectorate in Morocco (1912–1956)
Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames (1943–1951)
French West Africa
Ivory Coast (1843–1960)
Dahomey or French Dahomey (now Benin) (1883–1960)
Independent of Dahomey, under French protectorate in 1889
Porto-Novo (protectorate) (1863–1865, 1882)
Cotonou (protectorate) (1868)
French Sudan (now Mali) (1883–1960)
Senegambia and Niger (1902–1904)
Guinea or French Guinea (1891–1958)
Mauritania (1902–1960)
Adrar emirate (protectorate) (1909)
The Taganit confederation's emirate (protectorate) (1905)
Brakna confederation's emirate (protectorate)
Emirate of Trarza (protectorate) (1902)
Niger (1890–1960)
Sultanate of Damagaram (Zinder) (protectorate) (1899)
Senegal (1677–1960)
French Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) (1896–1960)
French Togoland (1918–1960) (formerly a German colony, mandate became a French colony) (now Togo)
Nigeria
The Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo (territory under a lease of 30 years) (1900–1927)
The Emirate of Muri (Northeast of Nigeria) (1892–1893)
Gambia
Albreda (1681–1857)
Kunta Kinteh Island (1695–1697, 1702)
French Equatorial Africa
Chad (1900–1960)
Oubangui-Chari (currently Central African Republic) (1905–1960)
Dar al Kuti (protectorate) (1897) (in 1912 its sultanate was suppressed by the French)
Sultanate of Bangassou (protectorate) (1894)
Present-day The Republic of Congo, then French Congo (1875–1960)
Gabon (1839–1960)
French Cameroon (91% of current Cameroon) (1918–1960) (formerly a German colony, Mandate, Protectorate then French Colony)
São Tomé and Príncipe (1709)
East Africa and Indian Ocean
Madagascar (1896–1960)
Kingdom of Imerina (protectorate) (1896)
Isle de France (1715–1810) (now Mauritius)
Djibouti (French Somaliland) (the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas) (French Somalia) (1862–1977)
French Egypt (1798–1801, 1858–1882, 1956)
Mayotte (1841–present)
Seychelles (1756–1810)
Chagos Archipelago (1721–1745, 1768–1814)
The Scattered Islands (Banc du Geyser, Bassas da India, Europa Island, Juan de Nova Island, Glorioso Islands, Tromelin Island)
Comoros (1866–1975)
Réunion (1710–present)
See also
French colonial empire
History of Africa
Overseas France
Scramble for Africa
Troupes coloniales – French colonial forces
References
Further reading
Langley, Michael. "Bizerta to the Bight: The French in Africa." History Today. (Oct 1972), pp 733–739. covers 1798 to 1900.
Hutton, Patrick H. ed. Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940 (2 vol 1986)
Northcutt, Wayne, ed. Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946– 1991 (1992)
Singh, Gurjit. "France in Africa: Trying a youthful look, Gateway House, 21 October 2021" online; Available at SSRN
Policies and colonies
Aldrich, Robert. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion (1996)
Baumgart, Winfried. Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880–1914 (1982)
Betts, Raymond. Tricouleur: The French Overseas Empire (1978), 174pp
Betts, Raymond. Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890–1914 (2005) excerpt and text search
Clayton, Anthony. The Wars of French Decolonization (1995)
Cogneau, Denis, et al. "Taxation in Africa from Colonial Times to Present Evidence from former French colonies 1900-2018." (2021): online
Conklin, Alice L. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (1997) online
Evans, Martin. "From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since Napoleon." in Martin S. Alexander, ed., French History since Napoleon (1999) pp: 391–415.
Gamble, Harry. Contesting French West Africa: Battles over Schools and the Colonial Order, 1900–1950 (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). 378 pp. online review
Jennings, Eric T. Imperial Heights: Dalat and the Making and Undoing of French Indochina (2010).
Lawrence, Adria. Imperial rule and the politics of nationalism: anti-colonial protest in the French empire (Cambridge UP, 2013).
.
Klein, Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
Manning, Patrick. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa 1880-1995 (Cambridge UP, 1998).
Neres, Philip. French-speaking West Africa: From Colonial Status to Independence (1962)
Priestley, Herbert Ingram. France overseas: a study of modern imperialism (1938) 464pp.
Quinn, Frederick. The French Overseas Empire (2000)
.
Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires (Edinburgh UP, 2008), excerpt also entire text online
Priestley, Herbert Ingram. (1938) France overseas;: A study of modern imperialism 463pp; encyclopedic coverage as of late 1930s
Roberts, Stephen H. History of French Colonial Policy (1870-1925) (2 vol 1929) vol 1 online also vol 2 online; Comprehensive scholarly history
.
Strother, Christian. "Waging War on Mosquitoes: Scientific Research and the Formation of Mosquito Brigades in French West Africa, 1899–1920." Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences (2016): jrw005.
Thomas, Martin. The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society (2007) covers 1919–1939
Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. French West Africa (Stanford UP, 1958).
Wesseling, H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans. Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914 (Praeger, 1996.)
Wesseling, H.L. The European Colonial Empires: 1815–1919 (Routledge, 2015).
Decolonization
Betts, Raymond F. Decolonization (2nd ed. 2004)
Betts, Raymond F. France and Decolonisation, 1900–1960 (1991)
Chafer, Tony. The end of empire in French West Africa: France's successful decolonization (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2002).
Chamberlain, Muriel E. ed. Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2014)
Clayton, Anthony. The wars of French decolonization (Routledge, 2014).
Cooper, Frederick. "French Africa, 1947–48: Reform, Violence, and Uncertainty in a Colonial Situation." Critical Inquiry (2014) 40#4 pp: 466–478. in JSTOR
Ikeda, Ryo. The Imperialism of French Decolonisation: French Policy and the Anglo-American Response in Tunisia and Morocco (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015)
Jansen, Jan C. & Jürgen Osterhammel. Decolonization: A Short History (Princeton UP, 2017). online
Jones, Max, et al. "Decolonising imperial heroes: Britain and France." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42#5 (2014): 787–825.
Lawrence, Adria K. Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire (Cambridge UP, 2013) online reviews
McDougall, James. "The Impossible Republic: The Reconquest of Algeria and the Decolonization of France, 1945–1962," The Journal of Modern History 89#4 (December 2017) pp 772–811 excerpt
Rothermund, Dietmar. Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013 (2015) excerpt; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
Rothermund, Dietmar. The Routledge companion to decolonization (Routledge, 2006), comprehensive global coverage; 365pp
Shepard, Todd. The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France (2006)
Simpson, Alfred William Brian. Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention (Oxford University Press, 2004).
Smith, Tony. "A comparative study of French and British decolonization." Comparative Studies in Society and History (1978) 20#1 pp: 70–102. online
Smith, Tony. "The French Colonial Consensus and People's War, 1946–58." Journal of Contemporary History (1974): 217–247. in JSTOR
Thomas, Martin, Bob Moore, and Lawrence J. Butler. Crises of Empire: Decolonization and Europe's imperial states (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015)
Von Albertini, Rudolf. Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919–1960 (Doubleday, 1971), scholarly analysis of French policies, pp 265–469..
Images and impact on France
Andrew, Christopher M., and Alexander Sydney Kanya-Forstner. "France, Africa, and the First World War." Journal of African History 19.1 (1978): 11–23.
. online
Andrew, C. M., and A. S. Kanya-Forstner. "The French 'Colonial Party': Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885-1914." Historical Journal 14#1 (1971): 99–128. online.
August, Thomas G. The Selling of the Empire: British and French Imperialist Propaganda, 1890–1940 (1985)
Chafer, Tony, and Amanda Sackur. Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France (2002)
.
Conkin, Alice L. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930 (1997) online
Dobie, Madeleine. Trading Places: Colonization & Slavery in 18th-Century French Culture (2010)
.
Rosenblum, Mort. Mission to Civilize: The French Way (1986) online review
Rothermund, Dietmar. Memories of Post-Imperial Nations: The Aftermath of Decolonization, 1945–2013 (2015) excerpt; Compares the impact on Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy and Japan
Singer, Barnett, and John Langdon. Cultured Force: Makers and Defenders of the French Colonial Empire (2008)
Thomas, Martin, ed. The French Colonial Mind, Volume 1: Mental Maps of Empire and Colonial Encounters (France Overseas: Studies in Empire and D) (2012); The French Colonial Mind, Volume 2: Violence, Military Encounters, and Colonialism (2012)
Historiography and memoir
Bennington, Alice. "Writing Empire? The Reception of Post-Colonial Studies in France." Historical Journal (2016) 59#4: 1157–1186. abstract
.
Lawrence, Adria K. Imperial Rule and the Politics of Nationalism: Anti-Colonial Protest in the French Empire (Cambridge UP, 2013) online reviews
History of Africa
Former French colonies
French colonial empire
French colonisation in Africa
List
French possessions
possessions and colonies
possessions and colonies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Africa |
Émile-Félix Gautier or Gauthier (19 October 1864 – 16 January 1940) was a French geographer.
Gautier was born in Clermont-Ferrand. His studies focused on northern Africa, especially Algeria, the Sahara desert and the territories of French Africa. He also conducted research in the French colony of Madagascar. He died, aged 75, in Pontivy (Saint-Pierre-de-Quiberon).
During his career, he taught classes at the École supérieure des lettres in Algiers, and was also a director of education in Madagascar. In 1922 he became a member of the Académie des sciences d'outre-mer.
Works
Madagascar : essai de géographie physique (1902) – Madagascar, essay of physical geography.
Études d’ethnographie saharienne, l’Anthropologie XVIII, 1907 – Studies of Saharan ethnography.
L’Algérie et la métropole, 1920 – Algeria and the metropolis.
Les Territoires du Sud. Description géographique, Gouvernement Général de l’Algérie, 1922 – The territories of the south, a geographical description.
Le Sahara (1923: translated as "Sahara, the Great Desert" by Dorothy Ford Mayhew, 1935).
L’Islamisation de l’Afrique du Nord. Les siècles obscurs du Moghreb, 1927 – Islamization of North Africa. Dark Ages of the Magreb.
Un Siècle de colonisation (1930) – A century of colonization.
Le Monument de Tin Hinan (Annales de l’Académie des sciences coloniales) t. VII, 1934 (with Maurice Reygasse).
L'Afrique blanche (1939) – White Africa.
Missions au Sahara (with René Chudeau)
References
External links
Bibliography (PDF, in French)
1864 births
1940 deaths
French geographers
French ethnographers
Scientists from Clermont-Ferrand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile-F%C3%A9lix%20Gautier |
Meltdown may refer to:
Science and technology
Nuclear meltdown, a severe nuclear reactor accident
Meltdown (security vulnerability), affecting computer processors
Mutational meltdown, in population genetics
Arts and entertainment
Music
Meltdown (festival) in London
Meltdown Records, a Slovakian record label
Albums
Meltdown (Ash album) or the title song, 2004
Meltdown (GrimSkunk album), 1996
Meltdown (Icehouse album), 2002
Meltdown (Massacre album), 2001
Meltdown (Steve Taylor album) or the title song, 1984
Meltdown (Vinnie Moore album) or the title song, 1991
Meltdown (EP), by Pitbull, 2013
Meltdown: Live in Mexico City, by King Crimson, or the title song, 2018
Meltdown, by John Taylor, 1999
Meltdown!, by Justin Roberts, 2006
Songs
"Meltdown" (Love and Death song), 2013
"Meltdown" (Niall Horan song), 2023
"Meltdown" (Stromae song), 2014
"Meltdown" (Travis Scott Song), 2023
"Meltdown", by Motionless in White from Scoring the End of the World, 2022
"Meltdown", by AC/DC from Stiff Upper Lip, 2000
"Meltdown!", by the Aquabats from Charge!!, 2005
"Meltdown", by Live from The Distance to Here, 1999
"Meltdown", by Loverboy from Keep It Up, 1983
"Meltdown", by Quartz, 1989
"Meltdown", from the film soundtrack album Requiem for a Dream, 2000
Publications
Meltdown (Clearfield and Tilcsik book), 2018 on system failures
Meltdown (Woods book), 2009, on the 2008 financial crisis
Meltdown (Image Comics), a comic book mini-series
Meltdown: The End of the Age of Greed, a 2009 book by Paul Mason
Tabitha Smith, a Marvel Comics character, codename Meltdown
Film
High Risk (1995 film), also known as Meltdown, a Hong Kong film starring Jet Li
Meltdown (2004 film), a US film starring Bruce Greenwood
Ice Age: The Meltdown, a 2006 animated film
Meltdown: Days of Destruction, a 2006 US film starring Casper Van Dien
Television
"Meltdown" (Farscape episode)
"Meltdown" (JAG), an episode of JAG and the second part of the backdoor pilot of NCIS
"Meltdown" (Red Dwarf), a television episode
"Meltdown" (The Batman), a television episode
Meltdown, a character in the 2007-2009 Transformers: Animated series
The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail, a stand-up comedy television series that aired on Comedy Central
Video games
Meltdown (1986 video game), an action-adventure game for the Amstrad CPC
Meltdown (Atari 7800), a light gun shooter video game
Cinder (Killer Instinct), a character originally named Meltdown in the fighting game series
Meltdown, a game by Jagex
Meltdown, a (status) magic attack in Final Fantasy VIII
Meltdown, an in-game movie in Grand Theft Auto V
Geometry Dash Meltdown, developed by RobTopGames and published in 2015
Other uses
Tantrum, an emotional outburst
Autistic meltdown, a stress reaction
Meltdown (bar chain), a French bar chain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown |
Crosland Moor is a district of the town of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.
Location
It begins 1 mile (1.6 km) to the south west of Huddersfield town centre. Crosland Moor begins at the junction of the Manchester Road A62 and Blackmoorfoot Road the main thoroughfare. The area rises up the hillside to overlook the areas of Milnsbridge and Golcar in the Colne Valley. The name is derived from the local landowners the Crosland family, who owned much of the area in 15th and 16th centuries. Their home Crosland Lodge, and business holdings at Crosland Moor Mill were situated in the area.
The Walpole and Balmoral Avenue housing estates are also a part of Crosland Moor. The area (including Crosland Hill and Beaumont Park) is bordered by Lockwood, Netherton, Linthwaite, Milnsbridge, Paddock and Thornton Lodge.
Political
The electoral ward of Crosland Moor and Netherton, in the Colne Valley constituency. The area of Crosland Moor includes Beaumont Park, Crosland Hill and Walpole and has a population of 9,085 according to the 2001 census. The ward was renamed Crosland Moor and Netherton in time for the 2011 Census. Its population at the Census was 18,723.
St Luke's Hospital
The former St. Luke's Hospital was situated alongside Blackmoorfoot Road. It was originally a workhouse for the poor and needy of the area in the 19th century. This ended up being a hospital that included the headquarters for the Calderdale & Huddersfield NHS Trust, a psychiatric unit and also other services such as physiotherapy. The hospital closed in December 2010 and over time, all the buildings on that site have been demolished and the site has been fenced off. However, in 2015 a plan to regenerate the hospital site with up to 200 homes, a retail unit and a small neighbourhood centre have been approved by councillors.
Education
Moor End Academy (formally Moor End Technology College) is Crosland Moor's secondary school based on Dryclough Road near Beaumont Park, the secondary school is very big and is probably the most popular school for children and teenagers who live in Crosland Moor Oak Primary School is also on Dryclough Road. Beaumont Primary Academy is a new school based near the same grounds of Moor end.
Beaumont Park
At the end of Dryclough Road, Beaumont Park, Huddersfield's first park, begins. Opened in 1883, the park mainly consists of woodland and is on a hillside that looks over the Holme Valley and the Lockwood railway viaduct. It is currently being restored to its former glory by the Friends of Beaumont Park. Housing around the park is some of the most expensive in Huddersfield.
William Horsfall and the Luddites
Along Blackmoorfoot Road beyond the junction with Dryclough Road was the spot where in April 1812 mill owner William Horsfall was shot and killed by the Luddites George Mellor, William Thorpe, Thomas Smith and Benjamin Walker. They objected to the introduction of machinery at Horsfall's mill in Marsden. Walker turned informer, and the other three were hanged. A side street where the incident occurred was named after Horsfall (William Horsfall Street).
Airfield
Just off Blackmoorfoot Road beyond the Crosland Heath Golf Course is the Crosland Moor airfield which was established by the David Brown Engineering Works based in Lockwood. Even further up the road is Huddersfield's Observatory which is situated high over the town for good views of the sky at night.
Before the airfield is the Wellfield quarry where Crosland Hill Sandstone comes from. According to the Building Research Establishment it is a durable stone not affected by acid rain or air pollution.
See also
Listed buildings in Crosland Moor and Netherton
References
External links
Crosland genealogy at Genealogy.com
Crosland Hill Sandstone bre test results
Beaumont Park on the Creative Portal website
Picture of Huddersfield Observatory from a triangulationpost - Geograph.org
Murder of William Horsfall newspaper report of 1812 - RootsWeb
Areas of Huddersfield
Colne Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosland%20Moor |
Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi (; born May 19, 1954) is an Iranian novelist and editor.
Life
Modarres-Sadeghi was born in Isfahan and moved to Tehran in 1972. While he was studying in the College of Literature and Foreign Languages in Tehran, he began to work as a journalist in a few dailies and literary magazines, writing reports, reviews and weekly columns. His first short story appeared in a literary monthly, Roudaki, in 1973. His first collection of stories, Children Don't Play Anymore, was published in 1977. His first novel, A Play, was published in 1980. The publication of this first novel coincided with the outbreak of Iran–Iraq War and was neglected by audience and critics.
Modarres-Sadeghi's second novel, Gavkhooni (The River's End), published in 1983, was acclaimed as an avant-garde literary masterpiece a few years after its publication. It was translated into English in 1996, and was awarded a prize as one of the best novels of post-revolution era in 1998. A movie based on the novel, directed by Behrooz Afkhami, and produced by Ali Moallem, was made in 2003. It was shown in the Cannes International Film Festival, May 2004, in Directors' Fortnight section, and later in the 2004 Vancouver International Film Festival and a few other international film festivals in Asia.
Modarres-Sadeghi has published six collections of short stories and seventeen novels. His latest novel, Behesht o Douzakh, was published in 2016.
Short stories
1977 Bacheha Bazi Nemikonand (The Kids Are Not Playing)
1985 Ghesmate Digaran (The Others' Lot and Other Stories)
1991 Twelve Stories
1998 Kenare Darya, Morakhasi va Azadi (The Seaside, The Leave and The Release)
2002 Antarafe Khiaban (The Other Side of the Street)
2007 Vaghaye'e Ettefaghyyeh (Something Happened)Novels
1980 A Play1983 Gavkhooni1989 Safare Kasra (Kasra's Journey)1989 Balone Mahta (Mahta's Balloon)1990 Nakoja-Abad (Nowhere-ville)1991 Kalleye Asb (The Horse's Head)1993 Sharike Jorm (The Accomplice)1997 Arze Hal (A Petition)1999 Shah Kelid (The Master Key)2001 Man Ta Sobh Bidaram (I’m Staying Up till Dawn)2005 Abo o Khak (Homeland)2008 Bijan o Manijeh2009 Toope Shabaneh (The Nightly Gun)2014 Khaterate Ordibehesht (The Reminiscences of May)2014 Rouznameh Nevis (The Journalist)2015 Kafe'ee Kenare Aab (A Café on the Beach)2016 Behesht o Douzakh (Paradiso and Inferno)Edited
1994 Tabari's Commentary on the Qur'an
1994 Discourses of Mowlana Jalaloddin Rumi
1994 Discourses of Shamsoddin Muhammad Tabrizi
1994 A History of Sistan
1995 A Persian Translation of the Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq
1996 The Book of the Marvels
1996 Eight Mystic Treatises by Shihaboddin Yahya Suhrawardi
1998 Baihaqi's History
2000 The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan (a new edition of Mirza Habib's Persian translation of James Morier's novel)
2002 Atiq's Commentary on the Qur'an2002 Sadegh Hedayat, the Short Story Writer (a selection of Hedayat's short stories)Translation
1992 Lottery, Chekhov and Other Stories (seven short stories by Shirley Jackson, Anne Tyler, Ann Beattie, John Updike, Raymond Carver, Tobias Wolff & Kazuo Ishiguro)Translated into English
The Marsh [Gavkhooni] (1996) translated from the Persian by Afkham Darbandi. Introduction by Dick Davis. Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California
Horse’s Head (2011)Horse's Head: A Novel'' by Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi (2011)
Translated into Turkish
At Kafasi [The Horse's Head], Cafer Modarres Sadiqi. Farscadan Ceviren Siyaves Azeri. Avesta Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2001.
Ben Sabaha Kadar Uyanigim, Cafer Modarres Sadeghi. Ceviren: Maral Jefroudi. Metis Yayincilik Ltd., 2007.
References
External links
Caroun.com: Biographical sketch
1954 births
Living people
Iranian male novelists
Iranian novelists
Iranian male short story writers
Writers from Isfahan
Iranian editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far%20Modarres-Sadeghi |
The Cathedral of Saint James (, , , or Saint Jacob's Armenian Cathedral) is a 12th-century Armenian church in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem, near the quarter's entry Zion Gate. The cathedral is dedicated to two of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus: James, son of Zebedee (James the Greater) and James the brother of Jesus (James the Just). It is located near the Church of the Holy Archangels.
It is the principal church of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, also known as the Armenian Patriarchate of Saint James.
In 1162, it was described as complete by John of Würzburg which Nurith Kenaan-Kedar uses to argue that it was built during the reign of Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem.
Ornamentation
The ceiling is decorated hanging ceramic eggs made in Kütahya. More ceramics from Kütahya appear in the form of tiles in the Chapel of Etchmiadzin. Originally destined for a 1719 attempt to repair the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, they ended up in the Cathedral of Saint James after the plan fell through.
Gallery
See also
List of Armenian Patriarchs of Jerusalem
Hethum II, King of Armenia
References
Bibliography
Armenian Patriarchate: official website
Further reading
(Pringle, 2007, pp. 168-182)
External links
The website of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 12th century
Armenian Apostolic cathedrals in Israel
Armenian Apostolic cathedrals in the State of Palestine
Armenian Apostolic churches in Jerusalem
Cathedrals in Jerusalem
Church buildings with domes
Tombs of apostles
Cathedrals in the State of Palestine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral%20of%20Saint%20James%2C%20Jerusalem |
The Caribbean Meteorological Organisation is an institution of the Caribbean Community. It had its headquarters in Port of Spain in Trinidad and Tobago, and is one of the eldest institutions of the Caribbean.
In 1951 the British Caribbean Meteorological Service was established to promote and co-ordinate regional activities in the fields of meteorology and allied sciences, to provide support and advice to governments in dealing with issues of an international nature affecting weather and climate and to represent the regional meteorological community's interests at the international level. With the dissolution of the West Indies Federation in 1962, the Caribbean Meteorological Service (CMS) was formed in 1963. In 1973, the CMS became the Caribbean Meteorological Organisation (CMO) following the independence of several member states.
In 1967 the CMO founded the research institute Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH), that as well forms a part of the Caribbean Community.
References
Institutions of the Caribbean Community
Port of Spain
Governmental meteorological agencies in North America
Scientific organisations based in Trinidad and Tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean%20Meteorological%20Organisation |
The white-cheeked honeyeater (Phylidonyris niger) inhabits the east coast and the south-west corner of Australia. It has a large white patch on its cheek, brown eyes, and a yellow panel on its wing.
Taxonomy
The white-cheeked honeyeater was described by Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1811.
Two subspecies are recognised: Phylidonyris niger niger in eastern Australia; and P. n. gouldii (Schlegel, 1872) in southwest Western Australia. The latter subspecies has a narrower white cheek-patch, slightly more black on the breast, and different vocalizations, which in future may lead to its classification as a separate species.
The generic name Phylidonyris combines the term Phylidon or Philedon, used by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1817 for the friarbirds (now placed in the genus Philemon), with Cinnyris (Cuvier, 1816) for the sunbirds; the specific epithet derives from Latin niger 'black'.
Description
The white-cheeked honeyeater is a medium-sized black and white honeyeater, with a long, sturdy bill that curves downwards. It has large bright-yellow tail and wing panels, with a large conspicuous white cheek-patch on a mainly black head. The eye is dark brown and it has a long, tapering, white brow-line. Young birds have a yellow gape and brow and the plumage is dusky or dull brownish. It is gregarious, active and noisy with swift, erratic flight.
It is in length; males weigh and females .
Similar species
The New Holland honeyeater, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, is very similar in size, shape and appearance, but can be distinguished by its white eye. Other black and white honeyeaters are much smaller, including the crescent (P. pyrrhoptera), tawny-crowned (Gliciphila melanops) and white-fronted honeyeaters (Purnella albifrons). Although very similar in appearance, there is not much competition between white-cheeked and New Holland honeyeaters, as they choose different perching sites and have different nesting seasons.
Distribution and habitat
The white-cheeked honeyeater is endemic to eastern and south-western Australia. It ranges from east of the Great Divide in Queensland through coastal New South Wales, becoming scattered south to Jervis Bay. It also occurs in south-western Western Australia and from Israelite Bay, east of Esperance, to the Murchison River in Kalbarri National Park.
The white-cheeked honeyeater is usually found in moist heathlands, as well as around paperbark swamps and wetlands, and in forests or woodlands with a heath understory. Occurring in both temperate and subtropical zones, they are found in parks, gardens and flowering street trees throughout their range. Not afraid of humans and adapting easily to settlement activity, they are sometimes killed by cats.
Behaviour
Mostly resident or sedentary, with some seasonal movement at edge of range.
Vocalization
The white-cheeked honeyeater has a distinctive yapping call "chwikup, chwikup"; a melodious "chippy-choo, chippy-choo" and a higher, repeated lilting "twee-ee-twee-ee" call given in display song-flight during the breeding season.
Feeding
White-cheeked honeyeaters feed mainly on nectar from the flowers of Banksia, eucalypt, Grevillea, bottlebrush, heath, Darwinia (in southwest Western Australia), Calothamnus and Dryandra species. They also glean insects on bark or sally and hover for them in the air. They often feed busily and noisily in small groups and may feed beside New Holland honeyeaters.
Breeding
White-cheeked honeyeaters pair monogamously for the breeding season, which can be at any time of year coincident with nectar availability, though peaking from August to November and March to May. Males defend breeding territories that can be held for several years. Males aggressively attack other birds of their own and other species during the breeding season, but not familiar birds such as their own mates, relatives and resident neighbours. There is not much competition between white-cheeked and New Holland honeyeaters, as they choose different perching sites and have different nesting seasons. The female builds a cup-shaped nest from twigs, strips of bark, and other plant materials, bound with spider web, and lined with plant down and pieces of flowers. The nest is placed low in forked branches of trees or shrubs, often close to the ground, but well-concealed in dense foliage or in grass below shrubs and ferns. A clutch of 2 or 3 eggs, each measuring , is laid. The eggs are whitish buff to pink, splotched with chestnut-red and slate-grey towards the large end. The female incubates the eggs for 15 days. Both parents feed the nestlings for 15 days, then continue feeding the young for several weeks after fledging.
Conservation status
The white-cheeked honeyeater is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List.
Gallery
References
white-cheeked honeyeater
Endemic birds of Australia
Birds of Western Australia
Birds of Queensland
Birds of New South Wales
white-cheeked honeyeater
white-cheeked honeyeater
Articles containing video clips | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-cheeked%20honeyeater |
Sitaramayya, Sitaramaiah, Seetharamaiah or Sita Ramayya (Telugu: సీతారామయ్య) is an Indian given name. Notable persons with that name include:
Seetharamaiah, the main character in the 1991 Telugu film Seetharamaiah Gari Manavaralu
Siddaramaiah (born 1948), Karnataka politician
Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya, Indian independence activist and political leader of Andhra Pradesh
Kondapalli Seetharamaiah, communist leader from Andhra Pradesh
M. V. Seetharamiah, a Kannada scholar and writer
V. Seetharamaiah - Kannada Poet, Writer, Editor and Teacher at University of Mysore
Indian masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitaramayya |
Soo Bahk Do (수박도) is a martial art founded and taught by Kwan Jang Nim Hwang Kee, his successor Hwang Hyun Chul, known as H.C. Hwang, and instructors who are certified by member organizations of the World Moo Duk Kwan, Inc. This martial art was originally the ancient martial art of Korea. Hwang Kee created Moo Duk Kwan with influence from "Soo Bahk Do."
History
In 1945, Kwang Jang Nim Hwang Kee (1914- 2002) founded the Moo Duk Kwan. During world war 2, Japan occupied Korea, preventing Hwang Kee from opening his studio. After Korea was liberated, he seized his opportunity to open a studio and begin training students. He studied ancient Korean textbooks that described an art called Soo Bahk, the oldest Korean martial art known at the time.
In late 1950s, the five kwans (Other popular Korean martial arts) began the unification process that would lead to creation of Taekwondo and the Korea Taekwondo Association. At first, Hwang Kee and his Moo Duk Kwan agreed to be part of the unification. However, Kee would reverse and withdraw Moo Duk Kwan from the process in 1958. Hwang Kee wished to keep Soo Bahk Do away from becoming a sport or for military use, and instead stay about personal growth. On June 30, 1960, Hwang Kee changed the name Moo Duk Kwan's martial art from Tang Soo Do to Soo Bahk Do. After he passed at age 87, the art was taken over by his son Hwang Hyun Chul.
However, this led to divisions within Moo Duk Kwan, with certain former students continuing to teach Tang Soo Do at their schools and in 1965, a faction of students led by Hong Chong Soo joined the unification effort of the kwans. Regardless, Hwang Kee, Moo Duk Kwan and Soo Bahk Do persisted.
Features
Soo Bahk Do is notable for its use of strong, deep stances as in Shotokan Karate, while also emphasizing a very active use of the hip to help generate force in each movement performed. It is known for its vast array of kicks, a hallmark of Korean martial arts.
Additionally, its pyong-an (Pinan) utilize many direct, linear forms similar to Shotokan Karate Kata, while the individual blocks, strikes, and techniques themselves often utilize the more circular constructions of other Korean martial arts, as influenced by Northern Chinese martial arts styles throughout history.
Ranks
Soo Bahk Do uses a traditional belt ranking system for Korean Martial Arts:
White (10th to 9th geup rank)
Orange (8th to 7th geup)
Green (6th to 4th geup)
Red (3rd to 1st geup)
Midnight Blue (1st to 3rd dan rank)
Midnight Blue with Central Red stripe (4th dan and above)
Note that for some Dojang, a grading system using a Yellow belt prior to orange belt may be employed, especially for the younger practitioners.
After a participant earns their Cho Dan, (First degree midnight blue), they receive a Don Bon number. This is an ID number used across the globe in Soo Bahk Do. A practitioner holds onto their Dan Bon even after they stop training, and it marks them in the timeline of Soo Bahk Do. As of 2019 50,000 Dan Bon numbers had been issued.
Instructors
Soo Bahk do has three different levels of instructors. The first is Jo Kyo, meaning assistant instructor. To become a Jo Kyo, a practitioner must be at least a 1st gup and study for at minimum 90 days. They are required to complete a written test and spend a certain number of hours assisting with classes. Leading activities such as warm ups, new material, and assisting students of all ranks is a major part of the work hours needed. The second level of certification is Kyo Sa. To become a Kyo Sa, a practitioner must be at least a 2nd Dan and over 18 years of age. They are required to study for at least one year, teach classes to students of all ranks, and complete a written test. The 3rd level of certification is Sa Bom. To become a Sa Bom, a practitioner must be at least 21 years old and be a 4th dan. They must study for two years completing both written work and tests as well as teaching in their local Dojang and passing a teaching test at a Ko Dan Ja Shim Sa ( Rank testing for practitioners 4th dan and above). A practitioner with a Kyo Sa or Sa Bom certification is able to open their own Dojang and approve rank tests for gup member.
See also
Moo Duk Kwan
Tang Soo Do
Notes
References
External links
U.S. Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
U.K. Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
Philippine Soo Bahk Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation
Korean martial arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soo%20Bahk%20Do |
Adelinia grandis, previously known as Cynoglossum grande, is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known as Pacific hound's tongue. It is the only species in the genus Adelinia.
The genus name of Adelinia is in honour of Adeline Etta Cohen (b. 2014), daughter of the American botanist and author of the plant, James I.Cohen.
Pacific hound's tongue is native to western North America from British Columbia to California, where it grows in shady areas in woodland and chaparral. On the forest floor of California oak woodlands typical plant associates are Calochortus luteus, Delphinium variegatum and Calochortus amabilis. It is a perennial herb producing an erect stem 30 to 90 centimeters tall from a taproot. The leaves are mostly located around the base of the plant, each with an oval blade up to 15 centimeters long held on a petiole. The inflorescence is a panicle of flowers on individual pedicels. Each five-lobed flower is bright to deep blue with white appendages at the center. It is 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide. The fruit is an array of four slightly bristly nutlets.
Uses
Native Americans made a preparation of the roots to treat burns and stomach aches.
References
C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Gold Nuggets: Calochortus luteus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
Jepson Manual. 1993. Cynoglossum grande
Larry Ulrich. 2002. Wildflowers of Henry W. Coe State Park
External links
UC Photo gallery − Cynoglossum grande
Boraginaceae
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Plants described in 1830
Monotypic asterid genera
Boraginaceae genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelinia |
Poulnabrone dolmen (Poll na Brón in Irish, meaning "Hole of Sorrow") is a large dolmen (or cromlech, a type of single-chamber portal tomb) located in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland. Situated on one of the most desolate and highest points of the region, it comprises three standing portal stones supporting a heavy horizontal capstone, and dates to the Neolithic period, with estimates to between 4200 BC and 2900 BC. Although not the largest, it is the best known of the approximately 172 dolmens in Ireland.
It was constructed on a karst landscape formed from limestone laid down around 350 million years ago. The dolmen was built by Neolithic farmers, who chose the location either for ritual, as a territorial marker, or as a collective burial site. What remains today is only the "stone skeleton" of the original monument; originally it would have been covered with soil, and its flagstone capped by a cairn.
When the site was excavated in 1986 and again in 1988, around 33 human remains, including those of adults, children (and the remains of a much later Bronze Age infant) were found buried underneath it. Also discovered were various stone and bone objects that would have been placed with the dead at the time of interment. The human remains and objects are estimated to have been buried intermittently during the 600 year period between 3800 and 3200 BC.
Name
Poulnabrone is an English phonetic transcription of Irish Poll na Brón. Brón is the genitive case of Irish word bró, meaning quern, so the name means "Hole (or Pool) of the Quernstone". It is sometimes translated as "Hole of Sorrows" (Poll na mBrón).
Origin and purpose
Poulnabrone dolmen is located on low circular mound measuring c. in diameter. The site is east of the Poulanine and Glensleade valleys, beyond which are the rocky Baur and Poulnabrucky hills. From about north-east of the site the land rises into rough and uneven rocky terraces. The location would have been difficult of access at the time it was built, and it was probably used as a center for ritual into the Bronze Age.
The monument may have served also as a territorial marker in the Neolithic landscape, in a position visible from all around and close to the important north–south route from Ballyvaughan Bay south to the region where Kilnaboy village now stands. It is possible that the local settlers erected the dolmen to delimit the northern border of their territory, and later used for burials for successive generations.
Unusually for an Irish dolmen, but typical of those found in County Claire, the capstone slopes upward towards the west.
Description
Poulnabrone dolmen consists of a slab-like tabular capstone (or table-stone) supported by two pillar stones on either side which create a chamber that tapers eastwards. Two portal stones at its lower end mark the tomb's entrance.
The trapezoidal capstone is in length, between (min) and (max) wide, and is thick. It is supported by two pairs of stones stones on the north and south sides; a number of others have fallen over the millennia. The capstone and north and south pillars form a chamber which is long, and tapers eastwards due to the relative height of the supporting stones. These side stones are fixed directly on the limestone bedrock, and thus would have been no higher during the Neolithic period.
The portal stones are positioned at either side of the lower side of the capstone, marking the tomb's entrance. A threshold stone (or sill) stone lies transverse on an east–west crevice in front of them.
The cairn extends an average of from the chamber.
Radiocarbon dating indicates that the tomb was probably in use as a burial site between 3,800 and 3,200 BC. The findings are now at the Clare Museum, Ennis, loaned from the National Museum of Ireland.
Poulnabrone is the largest Irish portal tomb after Brownshill Dolmen in County Carlow.
Excavations
A crack at the based of the eastern portal stone was noticed during a survey in the 1950s. By the early 1980s it had grown to the extent that it was thought likely to destabilise the tomb. Two phases of conservation were undertaken in 1986 and 1988, and were overseen by Ann Lynch, Senior Archaeologist at the National Monuments Service.
At the time of the first excavation, the dolmen was on private land. In order for it to be carried out, it was taken into the guardianship of the Irish state in 1986. The 1986 excavation focused on the chamber and cairn. The priority was to raise the capstone so as to relieve pressure on the damaged portal. This was achieved by the constructing of a pyramidal wooden scaffolding which protected the archaeologists working underneath the capstone, and gave leverage to raise the capstone enough so that they could work on the portal stone and fully excavate the chamber.
During the excavations, the remains of around 33 people were found buried within the chamber. In addition, items such as pottery, a stone axe, jewelry made from bone and quartz crystals, and weapons were found buried found in various locations.
Human remains
From a total of some 6,000 bone fragments, the remains of a minimum of 28, but more likely around 36 people, were found buried within the monument. Although it was usually difficult—or impossible—to distinguish the remains of each individual, Lynch estimates that at least 17 were adolescent or younger, while there was roughly an equal amount of males and females. 4,169 bones are identifiable to specific human bones types, while a further 486 are loose teeth. All but one of the identified adults were under the age of 30. They lived between 3800 and 3200 BC, and can be assumed to have been members of successive generations of a Neolithic specific community.
In most cases, the pathology and physical condition of the remains indicated lives spent in hard physical labour, and a life-span that ended before the age of 30. Only one individual seems to have survived past 40 years. Wear on the chest and chest vertebra of some individuals indicate the carrying of heavy loads on the head and back. Many of the bones showed signs of arthritis in the upper body, and the children's teeth showed evidence of illness and malnutrition. Dental pathology, including the wearing of the upper front teeth, indicates that they had a relatively abrasive and mostly plant based diet, with limited consumption of animal protein.
The remains of two of the bodies contain signs of violent injuries. The left parietal lobe of a young or middle-adult male's skull contains an oval depressed lesion sustained from the impact of small blunt object. Because of position of the wound towards the top of the head, it is more likely the result of a projectile rather than a fall; possibly from a sling shot. The wound seems to have fully healed with no signs of infection. The right hip bone of another individual contains the tip of a triangular stone projectile, which seems to have been shot from behind. Although the wound itself would not have been fatal, because it did not heal it is assumed that the person incurred other fatal injuries during the same incident.
Some bodies had been left elsewhere to decompose—likely in a protected location, as none show any signs of animal teeth marks. As some show scorch marks, they may have been ritually burned beforehand.
Sometime between c. 1750 and 1420 BC (corresponding with the Irish Bronze Age), an infant was buried just outside the entrance.
Pottery and artifacts
The majority of the pottery was discovered within the main chamber, with smaller finds in the portico and cairn. All of the pieces are badly disintegrated and very small; according to archaeologist Anne Brindley, they consist of "crumbs or fragments", and it is not possible to determine how may original objects they come from. Although few of the remnants have distinguishing characteristics, some of the pottery fragments have been identified as within the early Western Neolithic tradition (c. 3750–3600 BC), largely based on the type of paste, and a few pieces with partially intact rims or decorations.
Tourism and preservation
The site is relatively unblemished, despite being a popular tourist attraction.
A large car park was opened in 2007 by the Clare County Council to deal with traffic problems caused by cars or coaches parking in the narrow road, guided by a 2005 estimate that put the number of annual visitors at 200,000. In 2007, tension arose when Lynch requested that visitor facilities should be reduced in order to preserve "the spiritual quality of the landscape surrounding the tomb."
References
Notes
Sources
Brindley, Anna. The Prehistoric Pottery. In: Lynch, Ann, "Poulnabrone: An Early Neolithic Portal Dolmen in Ireland". Dublin: Archaeological Monograph Series 9, 2014
Carthy, Hugh. Burren Archaeology. Cork: The Collins Press, 2011.
Cunningham, George. Burren Journey. Shannonside Mid Western Regional Tourism Organisation, 1978. ASIN: B000GUBTOK
De Valera, Ruaidhri. Survey of the Megalithic Tombs of Ireland: County Clare. Dublin: The Stationary Office, 1961.
Grant, Christine. "Heritage Guide No. 49: The Burren in prehistory". Archaeology Ireland, June 2010.
Jones, Carleton. "The Burren and the Aran Islands - Exploring the Archaeology". Cork: Collins Press, 2004.
Lynch, Ann. 'Poulnabrone, a tomb for the ancestors' (video lecture). Burrenbeo Trust, 9 March 2022
Lynch, Ann. Poulnabrone: An Early Neolithic Portal Tomb in Ireland. Dublin: Wordwell Books, 2014.
Lynch, Ann. "Poulnabrone: A Stone in Time". Archaeology Ireland, Volume 2, No. 3, 1988.
Sheridan, Alison. "Reviewed Work: 'Poulnabrone: An Early Neolithic Portal Tomb in Ireland' by Ann Lynch". Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Third Series, volume 75, 2019–20.
Tesorieri, Mara. "Bioarchaeology, in Poulnabrone: An Early Neolithic Portal Tomb in Ireland. By Ann Lynch. In: The Human Remains, 2014
Weir, Anthony. Early Ireland: A Field Guide. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1980.
External links
Poulnabrone dolmen at Clare County Library
The History of Poulnabrone at the Irish Archaeology website
Archaeological sites in County Clare
Dolmens in Ireland
National Monuments in County Clare
Tombs in the Republic of Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulnabrone%20dolmen |
Harold Van Buren Magonigle (1867–1935) was an American architect, artist, and author best known for his memorials. He achieved his greatest success as a designer of monuments, but his artistic practices included sculpture, painting, writing, and graphic design.
Biography
Harold Van Buren Magonigle was born in Bergen Heights, New Jersey on October 17, 1867. He worked for Calvert Vaux, Rotch & Tilden, Schickel and Ditmars and McKim Mead & White before opening his own practice in 1903. He was the designer of the McKinley Memorial Mausoleum in Canton, Ohio and the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri both commissions won through competitions. He designed the Core Mausoleum (1910–1915) at Elmwood Cemetery.
Magonigle and sculptor Attilio Piccirilli collaborated as architect and artist on two familiar monuments in New York City: the Monument to the USS Maine in Columbus Circle, and on the Fireman's Memorial on Riverside Drive and West 100th Street. He also designed the setting for Albert Weinert's Stevens T. Mason Monument in Detroit, Michigan, and for Robert Atken's Burritt Memorial in New Britain, Connecticut.
Magonigle's wife, Edith, whom he married on April 24, 1900, was a muralist who collaborated with her husband on a number of his projects.
He died in Vergennes, Vermont on August 29, 1935.
Magonigle's papers are held by the New York Public Library and by the Drawings and Archives Department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University.
References
External links
Typescript: Biography and competition design for Canberra, Australia, Cornell University Library
Photograph of Magonigle, c. 1930, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
Harold Van Buren Magonigle architectural drawings and papers, circa 1894-1944, (bulk circa 1894-1930), held by the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University
1867 births
1935 deaths
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects
Architects from New Jersey
National Sculpture Society members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Van%20Buren%20Magonigle |
James T. Hong () is a Taiwanese-American filmmaker and artist whose works tend to focus on philosophical topics and figures, controversial race and class issues, and historical conflicts in Asia.
Works
His films and videos include Behold the Asian: How One Becomes What One Is, Condor: A Film from California, The Form of the Good, Taipei 101: A Travelogue of Symptoms, The Spear of Destiny, Suprematist Kapital, and The Denazification of MH about Martin Heidegger, which is analyzed in the journal Film-Philosophy.
Hong produced the award-winning documentary 731: Two Versions of Hell about Japan's Unit 731 in 2007, which was followed by Lessons of the Blood in 2010.
His 2012 film The Turner Film Diaries is based on the infamous, racist American novel, The Turner Diaries.
He has written for e-flux journal and has been featured in various contemporary art biennials.
In 2016 he released the documentary Terra Nullius or: How to Be a Nationalist, which focuses on disputed territory in the East China Sea.
References
External links
http://taiwandocs.tfi.org.tw/en/film_detail/11726
http://artforum.com/words/id=63513
http://www.uniondocs.org/james-t-hong-an-antidote/
http://www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de/en/gast.php?id=1094
http://www.filmakers.com/index.php?a=filmDetail&filmID=1578
http://www.sfbg.com/39/33/cover_james_t_hong.html
https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2016/02_programm_2016/02_Filmdatenblatt_2016_201603082.php#tab=filmStills
http://www.ubu.com/film/hong.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20121019212543/http://pots.tw/node/11086
American experimental filmmakers
American film directors of Chinese descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20T.%20Hong |
The Rat Pack is a 1998 American HBO made-for-television drama film about the Rat Pack. The movie stars Ray Liotta as Frank Sinatra, Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin, Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis, Jr., and Angus Macfadyen as Peter Lawford. Despite his membership in the Pack, Joey Bishop (played by Bobby Slayton) is given minimal screen time, while John F. Kennedy (played by William L. Petersen), depicted as an on-and-off friend of Sinatra's, is given a more central role.
Also featured in supporting roles are Željko Ivanek as Bobby Kennedy, Veronica Cartwright as Rocky Cooper (wife of Gary Cooper), Deborah Kara Unger as Ava Gardner, Megan Dodds as May Britt, Dan O'Herlihy as Joseph Kennedy, Robert Miranda as Sam Giancana, John Diehl as Joe DiMaggio and Barbara Niven as Marilyn Monroe.
Don Cheadle won a Golden Globe for his performance as Sammy Davis Jr. The Rat Pack won three Emmy awards and earned several more nominations, including acting ones for Cheadle and Mantegna.
Plot
The main icon Frank Sinatra discusses the movie's main narrative beginning during high points in the solo careers of the Rat Pack: Dean Martin was doing well without the help of the Rat Pack posy Jerry Lewis; Sinatra's career never dwindled and was actually doing better than ever during this moment; Sammy Davis Jr., is recovering not only his career, but his health after a car crash in which he lost an eyeball, and standup comic Joey Bishop is attempting to get his foot in the door by doing opening comedy acts. The Pack merges into one whole unite with actor Peter Lawford, who has been ostracized since being caught in the public eye with Sinatra's ex-wife, Ava Gardner.
Lawford has married Patricia Kennedy. Abandoning a notion to seduce Pat for his own amusement, Sinatra becomes more interested in her brother John F. Kennedy's political goals. He sincerely believes Jack Kennedy would be a great president, but he also feels having a close connection in the White House could majorly benefit his own public image. Sinatra arranges for the entire Pack to perform at a JFK campaign fund-raiser. Sinatra also knows Kennedy's infatuation with the opposite sex and introduces him to Marilyn Monroe, who begins seeing Kennedy behind the back of her husband, baseball star Joe DiMaggio.
Kennedy's pompous father, Joseph P. Kennedy, feels Sinatra's mob ties might hurt Jack's chances of defeating Richard Nixon in the election. He insists that Sinatra help the campaign from behind the scenes only; hypocritically, he also asks Sinatra to use those same mob ties to pursue West Virginia unions' support Kennedy's way. They go on to combine their stage acts for joint performances. They even parlay their friendship into a movie collaboration, Ocean's 11, working and playing together at the same time.
Davis is sometimes secretly hurt by the racist jokes of their stage act, especially after his girlfriend, actress May Britt, insinuates that the rest of the Pack is laughing at him, not with him. Davis has a more serious brush with racism when he and Britt announce their engagement, which results in a mixed-marriage protest in front of Davis's hotel. Davis day-dreams about scaring the protesters away with a song and dance routine in which he wields a gun. But he concedes the possible political repercussions of an interracial marriage. He postpones the wedding to avoid hurting Sinatra, who had agreed to serve as best man. In the White House, President Kennedy seeks to renew his friendship with Sinatra. The two go sailing and plan for Kennedy to stay at Sinatra's Palm Springs residence during an upcoming West Coast presidential trip. Thrilled by the idea, Sinatra returns home and arranges for a guest compound to be built for Kennedy and his entourage.
However, the FBI finds a potential mafia link to the White House through a woman, Judy Campbell, who shared phone calls, and possibly affairs, with both Kennedy and mob boss Sam "Momo" Giancana after being introduced by Sinatra to each. Kennedy's brother, attorney general Robert F. Kennedy, insists that the President cancel his stay at Sinatra's house and cut off all ties to the entertainer. This enrages Sinatra, who had sunk a lot of money and time into the renovation and had been at least partially responsible for Kennedy's being elected president. Sinatra takes out his wrath on Lawford, who as Kennedy's brother-in-law was Sinatra's direct link to the White House. Lawford finds himself repeatedly serving as a messenger between Sinatra and the Kennedys, including JFK's secret dalliances with Monroe, and he is sick of it. Lawford dreads delivering the news of Kennedy's decision to cancel his visit to Sinatra's house and stay instead with Bing Crosby, a Republican. A furious Sinatra physically throws Lawford out of his home and vows never to forgive him. The movie depicts this incident as the beginning of the end of the Rat Pack's influence in both politics and entertainment.
Cast
Ray Liotta as Frank Sinatra
Michael Dees as his singing voice
Joe Mantegna as Dean Martin
Warren Wiebe as his singing voice
Don Cheadle as Sammy Davis Jr.
Gunnar Madsen as his singing voice
Angus Macfadyen as Peter Lawford
Bobby Slayton as Joey Bishop
William L. Petersen as John F. Kennedy
Željko Ivanek as Robert F. Kennedy
Dan O'Herlihy as Joseph Kennedy
Deborah Kara Unger as Ava Gardner
John Diehl as Joe DiMaggio
Megan Dodds as May Britt
Veronica Cartwright as Rocky Cooper
Barbara Niven as Marilyn Monroe
Michelle Grace as Judy Campbell
Craig Richard Nelson as Lewis Milestone
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 57% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "While it evokes its time period with a keen sense of swagger, The Rat Pack is troubled by uneven lead performances and fairly routine biopic trappings."
Awards and nominations
See also
Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy
Notes
References
External links
1998 television films
1998 films
Films about Frank Sinatra
Films directed by Rob Cohen
Films set in California
HBO Films films
Original Film films
Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy
Cultural depictions of Robert F. Kennedy
Cultural depictions of Frank Sinatra
Cultural depictions of Marilyn Monroe
Cultural depictions of Joe DiMaggio
Cultural depictions of Sammy Davis Jr.
Cultural depictions of Sam Giancana
Films set in the 1960s
1990s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rat%20Pack%20%28film%29 |
Kościerzyna railway station is a railway station serving the town of Kościerzyna, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Nowa Wieś Wielka–Gdynia Port railway, Chojnice–Kościerzyna railway. The train services are operated by Polregio.
History
The first line built from Pszczółki in the period of 1884 - 1885 reached Kościerzyna in 1885. Five years later, a line from Kościerzyna to Lipusz and Bytów opened. In 1901 another line reached the station (from Kartuzy and in 1928, a part of the Coal Line.
The station also used to lie on the Kościerzyna–Gołubie Kaszubskie railway until its closure in 1930 and Pszczółki–Kościerzyna railway. The station used to be known as Berent (Westpreußen) under German occupation between 1885-1920 and 1939–1945.
Heritage museum
Kościerzyna is famous for its Skansen Parowozownia Kościerzyna railway museum, located near the station, exhibiting many examples of Polish locomotives.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Port Lotniczy (Airport) — Gdańsk Wrzeszcz — Gdynia Główna
Pomorska Kolej Metropolitalna services (R) Kościerzyna — Gdańsk Osowa — Gdynia Główna
Regional services (R) Chojnice - Brusy - Lipusz - Koscierzyna
References
Kościerzyna article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 6 March 2006
External links
Articles on Skansen Museum (PL)
Photos of Skansen Museum
Steam Museum (PL)
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kościerzyna County
Railway stations in Poland opened in 1885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bcierzyna%20railway%20station |
Pind Ranjha is a small village located in Sargodha District, located 30 kilometers from Kot Momin M2 motorway interchange.
References
Populated places in Sargodha District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pind%20Ranjha |
Major General Mubdar Hatim al-Dulaimi () (January 2, 1951 – March 6, 2006) was an Iraqi army officer. While serving as the commander of all Iraqi Army forces in Baghdad, he was shot and killed by a sniper as he drove through western Baghdad, according to police sources.
As the commander of the 6th Division, among the first and biggest of Iraq's new army divisions formed by U.S. forces as part of their plans for eventual withdrawal, Dulaimi was among the most prominent officers in Iraq's security forces.
His troops were on the front line of efforts for the two weeks before his death to prevent further sectarian bloodshed in the wake of the Al Askari Mosque bombing. Iraqi leaders were concerned that further violence between Iraq's minority Sunnis and majority Shia Muslims could spark civil war.
References
External links
Iraqi generals
1951 births
2006 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubdar%20Hatim%20al-Dulaimi |
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