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The iPLEDGE program is a program by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for managing the risk of isotretinoin (also known as Accutane), a prescription medication used for the treatment of acne. Patients, their doctors and their pharmacists are required by the FDA to register and use the iPLEDGE web site in order to receive, prescribe or dispense isotretinoin.
Isotretinoin carries a high risk of causing severe birth defects if taken during pregnancy (see Teratogenicity of isotretinoin) and the goals of the iPLEDGE REMS (risk evaluation and mitigation strategy) program are to prevent fetal exposure to isotretinoin and to inform prescribers, pharmacists, and patients about isotretinoin's serious risks and safe-use conditions.
The program was designed by the Isotretinoin Product Manufacturers Group (IPMG) and its chosen vendor, Covance, under the direction of the FDA and went live on March 1, 2006.
The program has not significantly reduced exposure of pregnant people to the drug in comparison to the previous SMART program, and has been criticized for being overly complicated and difficult for prescribers, pharmacists and patients to navigate successfully.
Process
Once a doctor decides a patient is a candidate for isotretinoin, they will counsel the patient to ensure they understand the drug and the potential side effects. Once the patient signs the necessary paperwork, their doctor will give them a patient ID number, ID card, and program educational materials. After a patient has been registered in iPLEDGE by their doctor, they receive their password in the mail within 5–10 business days.
iPLEDGE originally classified patients as females of child-bearing potential (FCBPs), females not of child-bearing potential (FnCBPs), or males. Effective December 13, 2021 iPLEDGE switched to gender neutral categories: patients who can get pregnant and patients who cannot get pregnant.
Patients who can get pregnant are required to pick and use two birth control methods (abstinence included), and must take doctor-administered pregnancy tests in two consecutive months. After the second (confirmatory) negative pregnancy test, the patient must also take an online comprehension test to ensure they understand the requirements of the Program. Once those two items are complete, the patient is authorized to receive drug at an authorized pharmacy. From the date of the second (confirmatory) negative pregnancy test, a patient who can get pregnant has seven days to pick up their prescription. They must see their doctor and take a pregnancy test in each subsequent month in order to get another prescription for the next 30 days.
Patients who cannot get pregnant must see their doctor every month, but don't have to take the pregnancy or comprehension tests. They have 30 days from the date of their office visit to pick up their prescriptions. After that point they have to see their doctor for another 30-day prescription.
Before dispensing isotretinoin, the pharmacist must check the iPLEDGE Program website to ensure the patient is authorized to receive the drug. Isotretinoin may only be dispensed at authorized US pharmacies that are registered with the iPLEDGE Program, and FDA has taken action against Canadian and internet pharmacies which dispense isotretinoin outside of the iPLEDGE Program.
The typical course of isotretinoin treatment will last 4–5 months, and is generally considered to be an option when nothing else has worked.
Background and history
Some dermatologists have praised isotretinoin for its ability to treat severe acne, with current research calling it "a drug of choice" with "immense promise … in reducing dermal irritation and increasing the therapeutic performance, thus resulting in an efficacious and patient-compliant formulation". However, there have also been many reports and studies criticizing the negative side effects of isotretinoin have been published over the years.
The iPLEDGE Program was instituted as a replacement for the failed SMART program (System to Manage Accutane Related Teratogenicity). Instituted in April 2002, SMART aimed to eliminate isotretinoin-induced birth defects by preventing exposure to the drug during pregnancy. The program mandated two consecutive negative pregnancy tests, birth defect risk counseling and a pledge to use two forms of contraception when engaging in intercourse for all people assigned female at birth of childbearing age seeking an isotretinoin prescription. A voluntary registration program called The Accutane Survey was also established. However, no effort was made to verify the compliance of doctors and pharmacists, only a small percentage of people registered in the survey, and isotretinoin's reputation as an acne wonder drug continued to fuel demand for new prescriptions, an increasing number of which were being written and dispensed for relatively minor cases of acne vulgaris without proper screening, supervision or evidence that less risky medications had first been attempted.
Failure of the previous system
In 2003, a first-year review of SMART compliance conducted by the pharmaceutical industry revealed that the number of pregnant people prescribed isotretinoin actually increased by hundreds of documented cases over the previous year, before the program was instituted. Of these cases, the majority underwent abortions—either spontaneous or elective—with a handful of children reported to be born with typical isotretinoin-induced birth defects. When surveyed, many pregnant people reported that their physicians had attempted to downplay the risks of isotretinoin or violated the standards in other ways, such as failing to inform them of the need to use two forms of birth control or allowing them to substitute a single, less-accurate urine pregnancy test conducted in the doctor's office for the two laboratory-conducted blood pregnancy tests mandated by SMART. The FDA also concluded that, considering the voluntary nature of the reporting program and lack of mandatory record-keeping, the actual number of pregnant people affected was likely far higher than the reported number.
Mandatory reporting and verification
The report led to SMART being dismissed as "a total failure", with the FDA quickly moving to halt the downward slide with a stricter mandatory registry system to document and verify all isotretinoin prescriptions written or dispensed in the United States. This was a feature originally included in the plan for SMART recommended by the original FDA advisory panel and wholeheartedly endorsed by the pharmaceutical manufacturers, but removed due to concerns that political opposition from lobbying groups would delay the program's implementation. Although eventually resolved, the older concerns proved valid in 2003 when the launch of iPLEDGE was held up for three years while objections from women's rights, patient's rights, physician's rights and pro-choice lobbyists were debated in committee.
The iPLEDGE program was put into place a group formed by the companies that manufactured the drug at the time – Roche, Mylan, Barr, and Ranbaxy – called the Isotretinoin Products Manufacturing Group (IPMG); they are responsible for iPLEDGE and they hired Covance to manage it. The program launched on March 1, 2006, at the beginning of the annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology.
In the U.S., around 2000 people became pregnant while taking the drug between 1982 and 2000, with most pregnancies ending in abortion or miscarriage. About 160 babies with birth defects were born. In 2011, after the FDA put the more strict iPLEDGE program in place, 155 pregnancies occurred among 129,544 patients taking isotrentinoin (0.12%) who have the capacity to become pregnant.
Criticisms
Criticisms of the iPLEDGE program include the following:
Difficulty of compliance
When the Program launched in March 2006, there were many complaints about how difficult it was to use the system. Launch and pre-launch difficulties were common with the system jointly built by the drug manufacturers with the assistance of Covance, Inc, and approved by the FDA. Glitches with the website and long hold times were rampant at the time, and became a focus of physician and patient ire. Physicians have continued to be concerned that this very effective drug is made difficult to obtain due to a relatively small proportion of potential birth defects.
Though prescriber and pharmacy populations have become more familiar with the requirements of the iPLEDGE Program over the years, and some of the initial issues with the system have subsided, the nature of the restrictive distribution program continues to cause inconvenience, added expenses, and interruptions in the course of treatment. For example, if there is a problem with the data a patient or prescriber enters, the patient may be locked out of the system, unable to obtain the drug, for that 30-day cycle. Additionally, if a patient who can become pregnant misses their 7-day prescription pick-up window, the patient must return to the prescriber for another pregnancy test before being able to get the drug again. This return visit to the doctor, of course, can be inconvenient and costly. To minimize the number of necessary visits to the doctor, a patient would want to schedule their appointment near the end of a 30-day period, but then must pick up the medicine quickly to avoid being blocked out of the system and running out of the medication. In 2008, dermatologist Robert Greenburg said "For a program to be so inflexible that it doesn't take into consideration the holiday or a patient's extenuating circumstances is such an impediment. It happens often that the 30-day window runs into the weekend when offices are closed. This [iPLEDGE] isn't the way things are done in the real world." "Why is iPLEDGE so complicated? Clearly, it's for political reasons," said Greenberg, citing political opposition to abortion and his impression that morality has guided the policy development more than medical science and evidence of effectiveness.
Privacy intrusion
Some patients feel that the requirements to take monthly pregnancy tests and enter information about contraceptive choices constitute an unreasonable intrusion, and feel that's too high a price to pay to gain access to this drug. Additionally, maintenance of a pregnancy registry is part of the Program, though participation in the registry is voluntary for those patients who might have become pregnant.
Requirements of the program also mandate, per FDA requirements, monthly pregnancy tests for patients who may become pregnant.
The website does include a privacy statement, which discusses what information is collected, how it is used, and where questions can be directed.
Required participation of patients who cannot become pregnant
The iPLEDGE Program requires all patients to participate whether they can become pregnant or not, and this has been a subject of criticism over the course of the program's lifetime.
Program administrators say all patients must participate as they are concerned about the potential sharing of medication with people who can become pregnant. Dermatologist Ned Ryan said "They [the FDA and drug manufacturers] want a wide net, understandably. But this is completely over the top."
Though they must be part of the iPLEDGE Program, requirements for patients who cannot become pregnant are more lenient than requirements for patients who can become pregnant. Patients who cannot become pregnant do not need to take either pregnancy or comprehension tests on a monthly basis, and their prescription window is 30 days from the date of the office visit, rather than seven days as it is with patients who can become pregnant.
Economic burden on patients who can become pregnant
A study of 71 female patients who received isotretinoin treatment from 2010 to 2020 at Children's National Hospital found that iPledge requirements unjustifiably increased the cost of treatment for patients with the potential to become pregnant, especially when windows were missed requiring additional follow up medical appointments and repeated laboratory pregnancy tests. The financial cost is a significant burden that, along with other iPledge imposed barriers, leads to more patients discontinuing treatment before completion.
Disproportionate impact on minorities and lower socioeconomic status groups
A 2019 study of patients at two academic institutions in Boston, Massachusetts demonstrated differences in delayed starting, interruption, and early termination of isotretinoin treatment course across race. Non-white patients were more likely than white patients to experience medication interruptions and early terminations and were more likely to achieve sub-optimal doses of isotretinoin. The most common cited reasons for delays were logistics associated with the iPLEDGE system, including computer issues, missed pick-up windows, and missed/delayed appointments/tests.
Misgendering of transgender patients
Some transgender men taking testosterone treatments develop acne as a side effect which can be successfully treated with isotretinoin.
Since trans men who have the reproductive organs they were born with have the potential to become pregnant whether they are on testosterone or not, under the previous patient classification model the iPLEDGE program required that transgender patients register based on their gender assigned at birth. This meant that the iPLEDGE program required trans men be misgendered as female in order to gain access to isotrenoin in the United States. A proposed solution was for iPLEDGE to make their classifications of patients gender neutral; instead focusing on the potential to become pregnant. Effective December 13, 2021 iPLEDGE adopted gender neutral patient categorizations as recommended by The American Academy of Dermatology.
Criticisms of the iPLEDGE website and phone system
Some criticisms of the iPLEDGE website include that the website does not clearly identify who administers the site, despite being a mandatory program that requires the submission of private information about medical patients. The terms of use and legal disclaimer section of the site do not clearly identify the legal entity running the program or describe how the private information of the patients is secured. The terms of use for the site is phrased as a contract between "you" and "the sponsors of the Site" (which it defines as synonymous with "iPLEDGE"), without clearly saying who "the sponsors of the Site" includes.
The program was mandated by the FDA despite criticism from practicing medical doctors that its cumbersome nature and strict deadlines can make the drug unavailable to deserving patients. In practice, the website has presented many problems to physicians; once information is entered, it can be difficult or impossible to change or correct it. If there is an error, the patient can be locked out for 30 days without being able to receive the medication. Problems are common and take days to correct. Technical assistance by phone is available via a toll free number, but trying to correct problems using the phone system can be difficult and time-consuming. Cathy Boeck, a past president of the Dermatology Nurses Association, said "Nurses are having the same frustrations as doctors regarding difficulties of getting the drug to patients and patients' complaints. It has a huge impact on resources if someone is waiting on hold with iPLEDGE and is also taking calls from patients who are upset and frustrated. That’s what we’ve heard from members."
Although the goal of the program is to prevent pregnancies of women who take the drug, male patients must also participate in anti-pregnancy restrictions, primarily due to fears that male isotretinoin users might share their prescriptions with females without their physicians' knowledge. There has been no link to birth defects from Accutane associated with males using the drug, though male sexual dysfunction has been suggested by one study. As this has not been conclusively proven, this is not acknowledged as a side effect in the official literature accompanying the medication.
As of December 13, 2021, IPLEDGE launched a nationwide update to their system against the AAD's recommendations, the AAD claimed this change would slow down a patient's ability to receive their prescription. The phone system on launch day was completely suspended providing no available support to users trying to navigate a new system that is full of bugs. There has since been long hours of waiting on the phone to get support and when connected with someone are told they received word "not to give out any information. If there are questions you should call the number on the letter sent out or email the original sender that distributed the information." Neither of these had worked at the time. IPLEDGE and the FDA have been heavily under fire in the dermatologic community due to these changes. The AAD issued a statement claiming the IPLEDGE issues are unacceptable and states, "Over the last several weeks we have repeatedly warned the FDA and Syneos that the proposed changes did not reflect clinical practice and would impede patient care; and we asked for a halt to the program until our concerns could be addressed. We were told “no,” with the explanation that suspending the iPLEDGE program would not, from FDA’s perspective, provide the safeguards that are necessary to prevent embryofetal exposure."
References
External links
ipledgeprogram.com The official iPledge program web site.
REMS document
FDA press release about the program
Information from the CDC CDC and the March of Dimes Isotretinoin and other retinoids during pregnancy
Medscape Medical News, Dermatologists Frustrated With Problematic iPledge Program, AAD 64th Annual Meeting. Focus session, March 6, 2006
AAD's 12/13/2021 statement
Pharmaceuticals policy
Pharmacy in the United States
Isotretinoin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPLEDGE%20program |
Shuvosaurus (meaning "Shuvo's lizard") is a genus of beaked reptile from the Late Triassic of western Texas. Despite looking superficially similar to a theropod dinosaur, it is actually more closely related to crocodilians.
Discovery and classification
Shuvosaurus was described by Sankar Chatterjee in 1993 after it was discovered by his son Shuvo in the early 1990s. It was initially interpreted as a Triassic member of the Cretaceous dinosaur family Ornithomimidae because it had toothless jaws. Like the avian placement of Protoavis, the ornithomimosaur placement of Shuvosaurus was greeted with scepticism by others, and in their 1995 monograph on Late Triassic tetrapods from the American Southwest, Robert Long and Philip Murry considered Shuvosaurus to be possibly the same species as their new taxon Chatterjeea, which was based on 10 postcranial skeletons that had been previously referred to the rauisuchid Postosuchus by Chatterjee (1985), noting that the Shuvosaurus and the Chatterjeea material didn't overlap in terms of available material. For his part, Rauhut (1997, 2000, 2003) agreed with Long and Murry (1995) in questioning the ornithomimosaur placement of Shuvosaurus but classified it as a basal theropod.
In the early 2000s, Sterling Nesbitt and Mark Norell prepared previously unopened jackets of an archosaur from the Whitaker Quarry at Ghost Ranch, which they named Effigia in 2006. This discovery showed that Shuvosaurus is more closely related to crocodilians, and that similarities between this animal and ornithomimids result from convergent evolution, while demonstrated that the taxon Chatterjeea was synonymous with Shuvosaurus.
References
Poposauroids
Late Triassic archosaurs of North America
Chinle fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1993
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuvosaurus |
Mary Muehlen Maring (born July 27, 1951) was a justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court. Mary Muehlen Maring was born and raised in Devils Lake, North Dakota. She graduated with B.A. degree in Political Science and German from Moorhead State University in 1972 and in 1975 a juris doctor degree from the University of North Dakota School of Law. She was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1996 and retired in 2013.
Career
1975-1976 - law clerk for the Honorable Bruce C. Stone, Hennepin County District Court, Minneapolis, Minnesota
1976-1996 - entered private practice of law and practiced law in North Dakota and Minnesota
1996 - appointed by Governor Ed Schafer to the North Dakota Supreme Court
1998 - re-elected to a ten-year term
2008 - re-elected to a ten-year term
2013 - retired
External links
Mary Muehlen Maring biography
North Dakota Supreme Court website
Justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court
University of North Dakota alumni
1951 births
Living people
20th-century American women judges
20th-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
21st-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Muehlen%20Maring |
Luc Malo (born November 2, 1973) is a Canadian politician, who was a Member of Parliament for the riding of Verchères—Les Patriotes from 2006 to 2011. He ran as a member of the Bloc Québécois in the 2006 federal election and won with approximately 57% of the vote. As a member of the Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet, he was the Bloc's critic for the Minister of Sport.
Malo was born in Contrecoeur, Quebec, and graduated with a Master of Business Administration degree from the Université de Sherbrooke. From 1996 until 2001, he was an attaché and chief of staff for Stéphane Bergeron, the Member of Parliament (MP) for Verchères—Les Patriotes, then called Verchères. In 2003 and 2004, he continued to serve as an attaché, becoming a research associate for the riding's Member of Parliament in 2005. He presently works as an advisor and business development consultant.
Malo has stated that Hockey Canada never should have hired hockey player Shane Doan because of an alleged slur he made toward French Canadians.
Electoral record (partial)
References
External links
1973 births
Bloc Québécois MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
People from Varennes, Quebec
Université de Sherbrooke alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%20Malo |
Big Bang: The most important scientific discovery of all time and why you need to know about it is a book written by Simon Singh and published in 2004 by Fourth Estate.
Big Bang chronicles the history and development of the Big Bang model of the universe, from the ancient Greek scientists who first measured the distance to the sun to the 20th century detection of the cosmic radiation still echoing the dawn of time.
The book discusses how different theories of the universe evolved, along with a personal look at the people involved.
Before Big Bang theories
The book takes up how the inaccuracies of the theories of Copernicus and Galileo lead them to be dismissed. Copernicus and Galileo used false arguments to persuade people that the Earth went in circles around the Sun, and that the Sun was the center of the universe. Both these statements were alien to the public at the time, and are still alien to a modern public. Only the finally mathematically correct interpretation of Johannes Kepler made the theories accepted, within a single generation. As Singh points out, the old generation must die before a new theory can be accepted.
The Big Bang theory evolves
In parallel to the evolution of the Big Bang theory, the book tells the personal stories of the people who played a part in advancing it, both by hypothesis and by experiment. These include Albert Einstein, for his General Relativity, Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman for first discovering that this theory led to an expanding universe, Georges Lemaître who concluded independently of Friedman discovered an expanding universe, and then that the theory must lead to an initial event of creation, which is the Big Bang theory we know today, Edwin Hubble for observing that the universe expanded, thereby confirming Friedman and Lemaître, George Gamow, Ralph Asher Alpher, Robert Herman, Martin Ryle, Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, among many others.
Another theme of the book is the scientific method itself: how serendipity, curiosity, theory and observation come together to expand our understanding of the world.
One of the most interesting points in the book is how Einstein initially dismissed the theory out of hand. Such was his authority in the scientific community that none dared oppose him, thereby stifling research in this area for many years. However, when Hubble confirmed the theory, Einstein was quick to endorse both Lemaître and his theories.
Reception
William Grimes of The New York Times praised Singh's ability to retain the reader's entertainment and comprehension even whilst explaining difficult scientific concepts, through use of diagrams, writing and illustrations. He wrote that, "[m]ore than the history of a single theory, [Big Bang] is an argument for the scientific method and for the illuminating power of human reason."
References
External links
"Big Bang" web page at Simon Singh's site
Big Bang at GoogleBooks
2004 non-fiction books
Astronomy books
Books by Simon Singh
Popular physics books
English-language books
Cosmology books
Fourth Estate books
Books about the history of physics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Bang%20%28Singh%20book%29 |
Bernice Manochehrian (born 1930) is the former President of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee.
Biography
Manocherian is a member of AIPAC's National Board of Directors and project manager for the Whitehall Development Corporation.
Personal life
She was married to Eskander Manochehrian, managing partner of Manocherian Brothers, a New York-based real-estate development and management firm, and a vice president of the Rent Stabilization Association of New York. They had four children: sons, Jeffrey (born 1952) and Donald (born 1958), and daughters Cynthia (born 1962) and Dr. Darel Manocherian Benaim. Her husband died in 1999. Her son Jeffrey Manocherian is president of Manocherian Brothers and is married to Cynthia Moses, daughter of Community Housing Improvement Program founder and real estate developer William A. Moses. Her brother-in-law is real estate developer Fraydun Manocherian.
References
American Israel Public Affairs Committee
20th-century American Jews
Living people
Manocherian family
1930 births
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice%20Manocherian |
Camille-Ernest Labrousse (; 16 March 1895, in Barbezieux, Charente – 24 May 1988, in Paris) was a French historian specializing in social and economic history.
Biography
Labrousse established a historical model centered on three nodes—economic, social and cultural—inventing the quantitative history sometimes now called "cliometrics". Eschewing biographies and the narrative accounts of individual witnesses, which have provided the backbone of traditional historiography, he applied statistical methods and influenced a whole generation. Fernand Braudel said that if it were not for Labrousse, "historians would never have set to work as willingly as they did on the study of wages and prices". Labrousse's prominence was also a result of his post at the Sorbonne, where he supervised a generation of French post-doctoral thèses and his organizational skills from the 1950s onwards in leading team research efforts that were models of the historian's craft.
His first great work was his Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au XVIIIe siècle ("Sketch of the movement of prices and revenues in France during the 18th century", 1932), the result of his law dissertation under the direction of Albert Aftalion. It synthesizes several data series on prices of food and manufactures, on incomes, including the inflationary rise in land rents, and on lagging wages over the course of the century, as part of the interplay between economic trends and class frictions that led ultimately to revolution.
Labrousse's own work concentrated on eighteenth and nineteenth-century France, but his constant concern for working methods that could be expanded beyond his subjects at hand to inspect other parts of the early modern world and the world that was transformed by the Industrial Revolution, is exemplified in the range of studies in the hommage of his pupils and their pupils that was edited by Braudel and others, Conjoncture économique, structures sociales (Paris 1974). The "Labrousse model" of the subsistence crisis in the preindustrial grain-and-textiles economy of France and its effect in precipitating the French Revolution, detailed in the second of his two magisterial works, La Crise de l’économie française (1943), which Fernand Braudel called "the greatest work of history to have appeared in France in the course of the last twenty-five years." has especially wide application, though his paradigm has been adjusted by subsequent studies that have reintroduced complexities.
Major works
Esquisse du mouvement des prix et des revenus en France au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vols. (Paris:Dalloz) 1932.
La Crise de l’économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au début de la Révolution (Paris:PUF) 1943, which gained him a chair at the Sorbonne. It was introduced to an English-speaking audience by Shepard B. Clough in a review article "The Crisis in French Economy at the Beginning of the Revolution", The Journal of Economic History (1946) pp 191–96.
Histoire économique et sociale de la France, 3 vols. (Paris:PUF) 1970-79.
Notes
References
ADPF, "Histoire et historiens en France depuis 1945" (in French)
Further reading
1895 births
1988 deaths
People from Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire
French anarchists
French Section of the Workers' International politicians
French Communist Party politicians
Unified Socialist Party (France) politicians
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French historians
Economic historians
20th-century French male writers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Labrousse |
The Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA) is a state government agency that regulates workplace safety and health in the U.S. state of Michigan. Michigan OSHA is an agency within the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs and operates under a formal state-plan agreement with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
MIOSHA is responsible for assuring safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women in Michigan. The agency administers the MIOSH Act, Act 154 of 1974, as amended. Safe and healthy work environments are achieved through a combination of enforcement, outreach, and collaborative partnerships. The agency also licenses asbestos contractors and certifies asbestos workers. The agency administers the MIOSHA program through an organization composed of the Construction Safety and Health Division, the General Industry Safety and Health Division, the Consultation Education and Training Division, the MIOSHA Appeals Division, the Management and Technical Services Division, and program administration.
MIOSHA applies to all public and private sector places of employment in the state, with the exception of federal employees, the United States Postal Service, domestic employment, maritime, and mining, which are subject to the federal OSHA jurisdiction.
History
The Michigan Legislature created the modern Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Act, Public Act 154 of 1974, in order to better prevent workplace injuries, illnesses and fatalities in Michigan by: setting and enforcing occupational safety and health standards; promoting safety and health training and education; and working with partners to develop innovative programs to prevent workplace hazards. P.A. 154 went into effect for private sector employers on January 1, 1975 and for public sector employers on July 1, 1975.
The MIOSH Act established the General Industry Safety Standards Commission, the Construction Safety Standards Commission, and the Occupational Health Commission. The commissions are responsible for developing standards in consultation with advisory committees whose members represent the major interests affected by the proposed standard. The standards are intended to protect the health and safety of Michigan's employees.
MIOSHA was administered by the Michigan Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Division and the Michigan Department of Labor, Bureau of Safety and Regulation until 1996 when Governor John Engler issued Executive Order 1996-1 which transferred occupational health responsibilities to the Bureau of Safety and Regulation.
In September 2003, Governor Jennifer M. Granholm signed Executive Order 2003-14 creating the Department of Labor and Economic Growth. The department was created by renaming the Department of Consumer and Industry Services and merging many Department of Career Development functions into the new department along with several other key programs from other departments.
On December 8, 2003, the MIOSHA program reorganized its operational structure by creating the Management & Technical Services Division and combining enforcement divisions. The General Industry Safety Division, Construction Safety Division and the Occupational Health Division became the General Industry Safety & Health Division and the Construction Safety and Health Division. The MIOSHA Information Division became the Management Information Systems Section and the MIOSHA Standards Division became the MIOSHA Standards Section. Both are administered by the Management & Technical Services Division. The Employee Discrimination Division became the Employee Discrimination Section and is administered by the General Industry Safety and Health Division. The asbestos program is administered by the Construction Safety and Health Division. In addition, the program name changed from the Bureau of Safety and Regulation to the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA).
On December 28, 2008, Governor Jennifer M. Granholm signed Executive Order 2008-20 creating the Department of Energy, Labor & Economic Growth. The department was created by renaming the Department of Labor and Economic Growth and ensuring efficient administration and effectiveness of government.
Effective April 24, 2011, Governor Rick Snyder signed Executive Order 2011-4 creating the Department of Licensing & Regulatory Affairs. The department was created by renaming the Department of Energy, Labor & Economic Growth and reorganizing functions among state departments to ensure efficient administration. Included in this executive order, the Wage & Hour Division joined the Michigan Occupational Safety & Health Administration (MIOSHA).
Programs and Services
Enforcement Programs
MIOSHA has two enforcement divisions: the General Industry Safety and Health Division and the Construction Safety and Health Division.
The General Industry Safety and Health Division conducts safety and health inspections and investigations in all places of employment within the state of Michigan except those operations and activities covered by the Construction Safety and Health Division. This includes both private employers and all levels of public sector employers except facilities of the federal government. The division responds to complaints from employees or their representatives, investigates accidents including fatalities and catastrophes, and responds to referrals of unsafe conditions from other government agencies. In addition, the division conducts unannounced inspections at facilities throughout the state in accordance with current priority inspection guidelines. Citations, some with proposed penalties, may be issued to employers as a result of these inspections or investigations. Extensive tracking is done to ensure that the employers make the appropriate corrections to ensure the safety and health of their employees.
The Construction Safety and Health Division primarily conducts inspections to enforce occupational safety and health standards in the construction industry, and oversees licensing of asbestos abatement contractors and accreditation of asbestos workers. Enforcement of standards includes: inspection and hazard identification, issuance of citations for violations, and penalty assessment, if any. Types of inspections include: accidents (fatal and non-fatal), employee complaints, general scheduled, referrals, and follow-up. The division enforces safety and health standards in construction workplaces defined in the MIOSH Act as work activity designated in major groups 15, 16, and 17, of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual or code 23 of the North American Industry Classification System. All construction types are inspected including projects such as: road and bridge projects; sewer, water, gas, and electric utility lines; power plants; waste and water treatment plants; high rise construction; factory and other building additions; communication and power transmission towers; and single family homes.
Voluntary and Cooperative Programs
MIOSHA's Consultation Education and Training Division educates employers and employees in safety and health awareness.
Informal Conferences and Appeals
The MIOSHA Appeals Division provides employers, employees and the agency with services for resolution of contested MIOSHA cases. The MIOSH Act provides for a two-step appeal process for employers and/or employees to appeal any citations issued by the enforcement divisions. If the citations cannot be resolved through the informal conference process utilized by the enforcement divisions, the case is transmitted to the Appeals Division where pre-hearings and/or formal hearings are conducted.
Other MIOSHA Divisions & Services
The Management and Technical Services Division is responsible for a variety of services to MIOSHA staff and clients. Its staff prepare and administer most of the grants and contracts related to the federal programs that MIOSHA supports and monitor budget activity. The program areas include:
The Laboratory and Equipment Services Section includes an industrial hygiene laboratory, which is accredited by the American Industrial Hygiene Association, for analysis of air and material samples for occupational exposure to air and physical contaminants. This section also includes an instrument calibration and maintenance program for providing field instrumentation to MIOSHA industrial hygienists and safety officers to assess exposure to chemical and physical hazards in the workplace.
The Management Information Systems Section is responsible for compilation of injury and illness data, provides information to MIOSHA clients about recordkeeping requirements, prepares statistical information and reports to programs about enforcement activities, monitors data related to MIOSHA strategic planning activities, and provides computer and software support to other MIOSHA programs.
The MIOSHA Standards Section) provides services for the promulgation of Michigan occupational safety and health standards and rules. It coordinates the activities of three commissions (the Construction Safety Standards Commission, the General Industry Safety Standards Commission, and the Occupational Health Standards Commission) and related advisory committees, and also conducts other activities, such as public hearings to receive comments on draft standards.
The Freedom of Information Section coordinates and prepares most of the responses from MIOSHA for requests for information under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act. It also supports MIOSHA staff with information for depositions and subpoenas.
The Consultation Education and Training Grants Administrator manages the a grant program. The grants supplement MIOSHA activities by providing competitive grants to nonprofit organizations to provide training and education in emerging safety and health issues, to address particularly dangerous occupations, and to extend MIOSHA's impact through "train-the-trainer" projects and for difficult to reach target groups.
The Wage & Hour Division administers and enforces wage protection laws in Michigan (the Payment of Wages and Fringe Benefits Act, the Minimum Wage Act, the Youth Employment Standards Act, and the Prevailing Wages on State Projects Act).
See also
OSHA
Occupational safety and health
Occupational fatality
Oregon OSHA
References
Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Safety organizations
Occupational safety and health organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Occupational%20Safety%20and%20Health%20Administration |
Renchinlkhümbe () is a sum of Khövsgöl Province in Mongolia. The area is about , of which are pasture and 35% are forest. In 2000, the sum had 4284 inhabitants, mainly Darkhad. The sum center, officially named Zöölön (), is north of Mörön and from Ulaanbaatar.
History
The Renchinlkhümbe sum was founded, together with the whole Khövsgöl aimag, in 1931. In 1933, it had about 1,800 inhabitants in 544 households, and about 32,000 heads of livestock. The local Altan Tal (Golden Steppe) negdel was founded in 1956. The Zöölöngiin Khüree monastery (est. in 1750) had been located near what is now the sum center since 1771. Renchinlkhümbe was named after Jambyn Lkhümbe a member of the Presidium (or Politburo) of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) from 1930 to 1933
Climate
Renchinlkhümbe has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwc) with cool summers and bitterly cold winters. The average minimum temperature in January is , and temperatures as low as have been recorded. Most precipitation falls in the summer as rain, with some snow in the adjacent months of May and September. Winters are very dry. With an average temperature of Renchinlkhümbe lies in the continuous permafrost zone.
Economy
In 2004, there were roughly 95,000 heads of livestock, among them 34,000 sheep, 30,000 goats, 21,000 cattle and yaks, 9,200 horses, and 170 camels.
Miscellaneous
The area forms part of the Darkhad valley (Darkhadyn Khotgor) and is considered remote and relatively inaccessible even for Mongolian standards. The local Darkhad are known for their practice of Shamanism. Erdeniin Bat-Üül worked as teacher in Renchinlkhümbe for several years.
Literature
M.Nyamaa, Khövsgöl aimgiin lavlakh toli, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 121f
References
Districts of Khövsgöl Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renchinlkh%C3%BCmbe |
Marvin Watson Jr. (born March 19, 1976), better known by his stage name Messy Marv, is an American rapper who began his career in the Fillmore District of San Francisco, California.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.siccness.net/wp/cash-lord-mess-california-live-presents-the-second-round-on-me-cash-lords-tour|title=Cash Lord Mess 'The Second Round On Me Cash Lords Tour|website=Siccness.net|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-26}}</ref> Messy was also known as a collaborator in the rap group Kaalman's Krew.
Career
Messy Marv released his first rap album, Messy Situationz, in 1996, when he was in 10th grade. Explosive Mode, his 1998 collaboration album with San Quinn, sold more than 50,000 copies.
In 2005, Messy Marv started his own record label, Scalen LLC, and released a barrage of albums in 2004-2006. During the Hyphy movement, his songs "Get on My Hype" and "So Hood" received frequent radio airplay.
On November 2, 2007, Messy Marv was released from jail after serving twelve months on weapons charges. Before, during and following his jail sentence, he released several albums which made the charts: Cake & Ice Cream 2, released in 2009 and peaked on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart at #39 and on the Rap Albums chart at #12, and Blow: Blocks and Boat Docks, a collaboration album with Berner released in 2010 which peaked at #48 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
In the spring of 2012, Messy Marv released the mixtape, Da Frank Lucas Dat Neva Wore Da Mink Coat and the single, "You Gotta Pay Me". In 2013, he announced the release of his newest LP "Playboy Gangsta" under his new moniker "Lil Paper'd Up Mess", and released 3 singles as promotionals for the album: "We Killas", "Beautiful Kalifornia", & "A Girlfriend Ain't What I Need". Marv confirmed via Twitter a release date of July 23, 2013 for the LP. Early in 2014 with a guest feature on single "World Wide Mob" alongside Montana Montana Montana, Joe Blow, Ap.9, and Fed X
On July 3, 2018, Messy Marv and San Quinn released a 12 song compilation titled Joc Nation (Well Connected).
On December 3, 2018, Messy Marv aka Cashlord Mess signed to Mozzy Records.
Personal life
As a teenager, Messy Marv dropped out of high school because of family problems. Rapper San Quinn and his mother took Messy Marv in when his living situation was unstable. As his music became more popular, Messy Marv struggled with substance abuse and addiction.
In recent years, Messy Marv has been in and out of prison. He was arrested again in 2019 for robbery, among other charges.
Feuds
Messy Marv has feuded with a number of other rappers over the years.
Obie Trice
In 2005, Messy Marv was involved in a feud with G-Unit, which escalated when Obie Trice, a member of Shady Records, said in a radio interview on KMEL: "in San Francisco I have to cover my ass."
Following this, Guce and Messy Marv released a diss track, "50 Explanations", on the album Pill Music: The Rico Act, Vol. 1. 50 Cent and Sha Money XL then exchanged words over the phone with Guce's camp.
Guce stated afterwards, "it's over with, and it never kicked off".
San Quinn
On September 22, 2008, Messy Marv initiated a feud with his cousin San Quinn, by calling him a snitch. On December 11, Quinn told HipHopDX that he "loves" Messy Marv despite the diss tracks that they have both exchanged. In a 2010 interview with WordofSouth, he stated the reason for the beef was because he was "talking too much", but that they are attempting to squash the feud.
Spider Loc
On April 19, 2007, rapper Spider Loc released a diss track towards Marv, and Game called "Ova Killa" featuring Papa Smurf.
Mistah F.A.B.
In 2009, Messy Marv mocked rapper Mistah F.A.B.'s chain getting stolen repeatedly. This led to diss tracks being exchanged between the rappers, including F.A.B. sending one entitled "Okay" where he impersonates Watson Jr.
Too $hort
In 2011, Messy Marv began speaking negatively about Too $hort. Messy Marv released a diss track called "Class of 84 (Fuck Too $hort)", and further criticized $hort during an interview with AllHipHop. $hort made a diss track called "Where You At" in response.
Philthy Rich
On September 25, 2013, Philthy Rich released a track entitled "Swear to God" featuring Kurt Diggler, where he dissed Messy Marv and other Bay Area rappers Kafani & DB Tha General. On October 15 of the same year, Philthy Rich released a freestyle diss track about Marv over the beat of Drake's "Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2". The next day, under his alias "Lil Paper'd Up Mess", Marv responded with the diss track "I'm Right Here", originally with plans to follow up with a full album entitled Philthy Rich Is A Bitch. The same day, October 16, Philthy released a diss record entitled Messy Marv Is A Fake Blood''. Years later, Philthy Rich discussed the feud in a 2022 interview.
Discography
References
External links
Messy Marv at MySpace
Scalen LLC
Living people
Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Hip hop musicians from San Francisco
1976 births
MNRK Music Group artists
West Coast hip hop musicians
Gangsta rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messy%20Marv |
This is a list of air bases of the Pakistan Air Force. There are a total of 40 air bases, which are classified into two categories: flying bases and non-flying bases. Flying bases are operational bases from which aircraft operate during peacetime and wartime; whereas non-flying bases conduct either training, administration, maintenance, or mission support.
Flying Bases (Major Operational Bases)
Flying Base (Forward Operational Bases)
Non-flying bases
See also
air base
List of countries with overseas military bases
References
External links
Air Bases of PAF at fas.org
PAF Falcons - Battle Lines of the PAF
Pakistan
Bases
Air Force Bases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pakistan%20Air%20Force%20bases |
Lieutenant General Sir Jeremiah Mateparae (born 14 November 1954) is a former New Zealand soldier who served as the 20th governor-general of New Zealand between 2011 and 2016, the second Māori person to hold the office, after Sir Paul Reeves. A former officer in the New Zealand Army, he was the chief of the Defence Force from 2006 to 2011, and then served as the director of the New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau for five months in 2011. Following his term as governor-general, Mateparae was the high commissioner of New Zealand to the United Kingdom between 2017 and 2020.
Early life
Mateparae was born on 14 November 1954 to the Andrews family in Wanganui. He was given to his mother's brother, a Mateparae, to be raised in the Māori customary adoption known as whāngai. His birth father and his adoptive father were both ministers in the Rātana Church. He is descended from the Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Kahungunu tribes and also has links to Tūhoe and tribes in the upper Whanganui. He was raised in the Whanganui suburb of Castlecliff and attended Castlecliff Primary School, Rutherford Intermediate School and Wanganui High School.
Military career
Mateparae enlisted as a private in the Regular Force of the New Zealand Army in June 1972. In December 1976, he graduated from the Officer Cadet School, Portsea in Australia. He served in both battalions of the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment and in the New Zealand Special Air Service. He was a platoon commander in Singapore in 1979.
Mateparae had two operational postings to peace support missions, one 12-month tour of duty with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization as the Chief Observer in Southern Lebanon from May 1994 to May 1995, and commanding the combined-force Peace Monitoring Group on Bougainville during Operation Belisi in 1998. On 24 December 1999, he was promoted to brigadier, in the post of Land Component Commander, Joint Forces New Zealand. From December 1999 to July 2001, he was the Joint Commander for New Zealand forces attached to the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor.
In February 2002, Mateparae was promoted to major general and became the Chief of General Staff. The title was changed in mid-2002 to Chief of Army. On 1 May 2006 he was promoted to lieutenant general and took up appointment as the Chief of Defence Force, New Zealand's senior uniformed military appointment, which he held until 24 January 2011.
On 26 August 2010, Prime Minister John Key announced the appointment of Mateparae as Director of the Government Communications Security Bureau. Mateparae was appointed for a five-year term commencing on 7 February 2011 but stepped down from the role on 1 July 2011.
Governor-General of New Zealand
On 8 March 2011, Prime Minister John Key announced the recommendation of Mateparae as the next Governor-General of New Zealand. The Queen of New Zealand made the appointment later that day. On 31 August 2011 he was sworn in as the governor-general for a five-year term.
On 20 May 2011, Mateparae was appointed an Additional Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit and as an Additional Companion of the Queen's Service Order. He became Chancellor and Principal Knight Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit and Principal Companion of the Queen's Service Order upon taking office as governor-general, making him "His Excellency Lieutenant General The Right Honourable Sir Jeremiah Mateparae GNZM QSO".
During the 2019 Operation Burnham inquiry Mateparae admitted to providing inaccurate information to Parliament.
On 14 November 2012 Mateparae hosted a party for the 64th birthday of Charles, Prince of Wales who was visiting New Zealand, and for 64 New Zealanders, all of whom shared the same birthday of 14 November.
In April 2013 Mateparae travelled to Afghanistan to mark the end of New Zealand Defence Force's deployment there. In June 2014, he attended the 70th anniversary commemorations of D Day in Normandy with Queen Elizabeth II, other heads of government and world leaders, taking a number of New Zealand veterans with him.
Mateparae expanded on a tradition started by his predecessor, Sir Anand Satyanand in 2012, releasing the Governor-General's New Year Message on video for the first time.
High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
On 16 December 2016, it was announced that Mateparae would be New Zealand's next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, replacing Sir Lockwood Smith in early 2017.
Personal life
Mateparae has three children with his first wife, Raewynne, who died in 1990, and two with his second wife, Janine.
Medals and awards
Mateparae has a Master of Arts with First Class Honours degree in International Relations and Strategic Studies from the University of Waikato, and received a Distinguished Alumni Award from Waikato in 2008. He is a Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Management.
Mateparae was appointed an Additional Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 1999 New Year Honours, for his service in Bougainville. In May 2011 the Singapore government awarded him the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang (Tentera) – Distinguished Service Order (Military). In June 2011 he was awarded Knight of Justice of the Order of St John in regards to him becoming Prior of the Order of St John in New Zealand.
Honorary degrees
Honorary degrees
Dates of rank
Arms
References
External links
New Zealand Governor General official website
NZDF biography
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1954 births
Companions of the Queen's Service Order
Governors-General of New Zealand
High commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
Knights Grand Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Living people
Chiefs of Defence Force (New Zealand)
Graduates of the Officer Cadet School, Portsea
New Zealand generals
New Zealand Māori public servants
New Zealand Māori soldiers
Ngāti Tūwharetoa people
Ngāti Kahungunu people
Ngāi Tūhoe people
People educated at Wanganui High School
People from Whanganui
Recipients of the Darjah Utama Bakti Cemerlang (Tentera)
University of Waikato alumni
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Mateparae |
Siamosaurus (meaning "Siam lizard") is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived in what is now known as China and Thailand during the Early Cretaceous period (Barremian to Aptian) and is the first reported spinosaurid from Asia. It is confidently known only from tooth fossils; the first were found in the Sao Khua Formation, with more teeth later recovered from the younger Khok Kruat Formation. The only species Siamosaurus suteethorni, whose name honours Thai palaeontologist Varavudh Suteethorn, was formally described in 1986. In 2009, four teeth from China previously attributed to a pliosaur—under the species "Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis—were identified as those of a spinosaurid, possibly Siamosaurus. It is yet to be determined if two partial spinosaurid skeletons from Thailand and an isolated tooth from Japan also belong to Siamosaurus.
Since it is based only on teeth, Siamosaurus body size is uncertain, though it has been estimated at between in length. The holotype tooth is long. Siamosauruss teeth were straight, oval to circular in cross-section, and lined with distinct lengthwise grooves. Its teeth had wrinkled enamel, similar to teeth from the related genus Baryonyx. As a spinosaur it would have had a long, low snout and robust forelimbs, and one possible skeleton indicates the presence of a tall sail running down its back, another typical trait of this theropod family. Siamosaurus is considered by some palaeontologists to be a dubious name, with some arguing that its teeth are hard to differentiate from those of other Early Cretaceous spinosaurids, and others that it may not be a dinosaur at all. Based on dental traits, Siamosaurus and "S." fusuiensis have been placed in the subfamily Spinosaurinae.
Like in all spinosaurids, Siamosaurus teeth were conical, with reduced or absent serrations. This made them suitable for impaling rather than tearing flesh, a trait typically seen in largely piscivorous (fish-eating) animals. Spinosaurids are also known to have consumed pterosaurs and small dinosaurs, and there is fossil evidence of Siamosaurus itself feeding on sauropod dinosaurs, either via scavenging or active hunting. Siamosaurus role as a partially piscivorous predator may have reduced the prominence of some contemporaneous crocodilians competing for the same food sources. Isotope analysis of the teeth of Siamosaurus and other spinosaurids indicates semiaquatic habits. Siamosaurus lived in a semi-arid habitat of floodplains and meandering rivers, where it coexisted with other dinosaurs, as well as pterosaurs, fishes, turtles, crocodyliforms, and other aquatic animals.
History of discovery
The Sao Khua Formation, where the first Siamosaurus fossils were discovered, is part of the Khorat Group. The formation is dated to the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, 129.4 to 125 million years ago. In 1983, French palaeontologist Éric Buffetaut and his Thai colleague Rucha Ingavat described a set of fossil teeth recovered from the Phu Pratu Teema locality of the Sao Khua Formation, in the Phu Wiang area of Khon Kaen Province. They did not conclude as to what animal they originated from, their opinion being that the specimens belonged "either to an unusual theropod dinosaur or to some unknown crocodilian". In 1986, a reassessment of the remains by the same authors attributed them to a new genus and species of spinosaurid theropod, which they named Siamosaurus suteethorni. The generic name alludes to the ancient name of Thailand, "Siam", and is combined with the Ancient Greek word (), meaning "lizard" or "reptile". The specific name honours Thai geologist and palaeontologist Varavudh Suteethorn, and his contributions to vertebrate palaeontology discoveries in Thailand.
The best-preserved specimen from the teeth described, designated DMR TF 2043a, was chosen as the holotype of Siamosaurus. The paratypes comprise eight other well-preserved teeth catalogued as DMR TF 2043b to i. The original fossils are currently housed in the palaeontological collection of the Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok. Siamosaurus teeth are common in the Sao Khua Formation, and further isolated specimens were found later throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Sculptures of the animal have been erected in various places across northeastern Thailand, including Si Wiang Dinosaur Park, the Siam Paragon shopping mall in Bangkok, the Phu Wiang Dinosaur Museum, and the Sirindhorn Museum. S. suteethorni was also illustrated on Thai postage stamps released in 1997, along with fellow Thai dinosaurs Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae, Siamotyrannus isanensis, and Psittacosaurus sattayaraki.
Thailand's Khok Kruat Formation is dated to the Aptian age (between 125 and 113 million years ago), younger than the Sao Khua Formation. The Khok Kruat Formation has provided many spinosaurid teeth, including ones from Siamosaurus and closely allied forms. Given the varied size and morphology of the teeth found, the presence of multiple spinosaur taxa in the region is likely. Nearly 60 fossil teeth were recovered from the formation during fieldwork by Thai-French palaeontological teams between 2003 and 2008, including specimens from the Sam Ran, Khok Pha Suam, and Lam Pao Dam localities. Eight of these teeth were described in detail by Kamonrak and colleagues in 2019, and classified into two main morphotypes: the Khok Kruat morphotype, which is found only in the Khok Kruat Formation, and the Siamosaurus morphotype, which includes forms widely recovered from both the Sao Khua and Khok Kruat Formations.
Siamosaurus is the first reported spinosaurid dinosaur from Asia, and subsequently to its naming, material resembling or possibly belonging to the genus has been found across the continent. In 1975, Chinese palaeontologist Hou Lian-Hai and colleagues described five teeth as a new species of the pliosauroid Sinopliosaurus, which they named S. fusuiensis, the specific name is in reference to Fusui County in Guangxi, China, from which the fossils were collected. Four of these teeth—one was not found in the museum collection—were reassigned by Buffetaut and colleagues in 2008 to a spinosaurid theropod and referred to as "Sinopliosaurus" fusuiensis. The researchers deemed it as "closely related to, if not identical with", S. suteethorni. In 2019, "S." fusuiensis was referred to by Thai palaeontologist Wongko Kamonrak and colleagues as Siamosaurus sp. (of uncertain species). Later in 2019, Thai palaeontologist Adun Samathi and colleagues considered the teeth as belonging to an indeterminate spinosaurid. The specimens were retrieved from China's Early Cretaceous Xinlong Formation, in which spinosaurid teeth are frequently reported, though most of them are hard to differentiate from those of Japan or Thailand without more complete fossil material, such as a skull. Buffetaut and Suteethorn suggested that the Xinlong Formation could be geologically related to the Sao Khua or Khok Kruat Formation, since similar types of fossils have been recovered in all three regions.
In 1994, an isolated tooth (specimen GMNH-PV-999) was found by a fossil prospector in the Sebayashi Formation, Japan. The tooth was believed, until 2003, to belong to a marine reptile, when Japanese palaeontologist Yoshikazu Hasegawa and colleagues assigned it to ?Siamosaurus sp. The tooth came from rocks dated to the Barremian, similar in age to sediments that Siamosaurus teeth have been recovered from in Thailand. In 2015, a more incomplete tooth was recovered from the same formation by two local children. Kept under the specimen number KDC-PV-0003, the tooth was assigned to an indeterminate spinosaurid in 2017 by Japanese palaeontologist Kubota Katsuhiro and colleagues. Further spinosaurid teeth from unnamed and indeterminate forms have been discovered in central China and Malaysia.
In 2004, excavation began on a partial skeleton from an outcrop of the Khok Kruat Formation near the city of Khon Kaen. The specimen (SM-KK 14) consists of cervical (neck) and dorsal (back) vertebrae, a high neural spine (upwards-extending process from top of vertebra), pelvis (hip) fragments, a possible metacarpal (long bone of the hand), and a chevron from the tail. The cervical vertebrae and pelvic region resemble those of the European spinosaur Baryonyx walkeri, and the neural spine is elongated, similarly to those of other spinosaurids. A Siamosaurus tooth found nearby indicates the skeleton may belong to this genus, though this could also represent evidence of scavenging. The skeleton, as well as two well-preserved teeth—SM2016-1-147 and SM2016-1-165, also attributed to Siamosaurus—are currently stored in the vertebrate fossil collection of the Sirindhorn Museum, Kalasin Province. In 2019, a series of spinosaurid caudal (tail) vertebrae possibly belonging to S. suteethorni were recovered from the Sao Khua Formation, and described in a dissertation by Samathi. The fossils (SM-PW9B-11 to 17, SM-PW9B, SM-PW9A-unnumbered, SM-PW9-unnumbered, and SM 2017-1-176) were designated by Samathi as "Phuwiang spinosaurid B", and bear similarities to the possible spinosaurid Camarillasaurus and a Baryonyx specimen discovered in Portugal.
Description
In 2004, American dinosaur researcher Don Lessem estimated Siamosaurus at long. In 2005, British author Sussana Davidson and colleagues gave a lower estimate of in length and weighing . In a 2016 popular book, authors Rubén Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi estimated it at approximately long, tall at the hips, and weighing . However, reliable calculations on the weight and body size of fragmentary dinosaurs like Siamosaurus are hindered by the lack of good material, such as a skull or postcranial skeleton, and thus estimates are only tentative. "Phuwiang spinosaurid B" was calculated as approximately long by Samathi in 2019. As a spinosaurid, Siamosaurus would have had low, narrow, and elongated jaws; well-built forelimbs; relatively short hindlimbs; and elongated neural spines on the vertebrae forming a sail on its back.
Type specimens
Fossil theropod teeth are typically identified by attributes such as the proportions, size, and curvature of the crown, as well as the presence and/or shape of the denticles (serrations). The holotype of S. suteethorni (specimen DMR TF 2043a) is in total length, with the crown being long, and wide at its base. It is among the larger teeth discovered by Buffetaut and Ingavat. One much smaller specimen (DMR TF 2043b) measures in length. According to the authors, this dramatic size range suggests the teeth are from individuals of different ages. Among theropods, this may also indicate size variation along the tooth row in the jaws, which is observed to have been prevalent in spinosaurids.
The holotype tooth is relatively straight, with only minor front to back curvature. It is oval in cross-section while other specimens are nearly circular in this aspect. Unlike in most theropods, the carinae (cutting edges) of Siamosaurus teeth lack well-defined serrations, though unworn teeth do exhibit very fine denticles. Some teeth (including the holotype) have a wave-like double recurvature when viewed from the front or back, which Buffetaut and Ingavat compared to that seen in carnosaur teeth from the same formation and one Deinonychus tooth described by John Ostrom in 1969. The S. suteethorni holotype is symmetrically concave front to back, and bears 15 flutes (lengthwise grooves) on its lingual (inward facing) and labial (outward facing) surfaces. These flutes run from the base of the crown before stopping from the rounded tooth tip. A region of the holotype where the enamel (outer layer of the teeth) has weathered away reveals that these flutes extend down to the dentin (second layer of the teeth). The enamel also has a granular (finely wrinkled) texture, as seen in teeth from the spinosaurid Baryonyx. Some of the root is preserved in the holotype and, as in all theropods, there is a large pocket for the tooth pulp, which would have housed blood vessels and nerves.
Khok Kruat teeth
Of the two Khok Kruat Formation tooth morphotypes assigned by Kamonrak and colleagues in 2019, morphotype I, the Khok Kruat morphotype, is on average in total length, of which the crown takes up , with a wide base. They are oval in cross-section, have well-defined carinae, and a smooth enamel surface, which becomes wrinkled at the base of the crown. They bear fine, sharply defined flutes, of which there are about 21 to 32 on each side. Morphotype II, the Siamosaurus morphotype, is on average long, with a tall crown that is wide at the base. They are also oval in cross-section and have distinct carinae, but unlike the Khok Kruat morphotype, the entire length of the crown has wrinkled enamel, and the flutes are coarser and fewer in number, with 11 to 16 on each side. The Siamosaurus morphotype also shares with S. suteethorni, GMNH-PV-999, and IVPP V 4793 a wrinkled enamel surface and between 12 and 15 flutes on each side.
Possible material
Teeth
The first Sebayashi Formation specimen (GMNH-PV-999) is an isolated tooth crown with a partially intact root. It is not known in which jaw the tooth was positioned or which surface faced the inside or outside of the mouth. The tooth's front and back carinae are well-defined, though the former is not well-preserved. Besides having a broader, wide base and being slightly smaller at in length, GMNH-PV-999 has a very similar morphology to the S. suteethorni holotype. Features shared between the two specimens include: a straight and only slightly compressed shape; a somewhat oval cross-section; no serrations on the carinae (possibly due to bad preservation); and flutes on the crown surface, the Japanese specimen having 12 on each side. The teeth also share a crown surface with numerous small granular structures oriented parallel to their lengths. Because of these resemblances, Hasegawa and colleagues regarded GMNH-PV-999 as nearly identical to the S. suteethorni holotype tooth. The blood grooves (tiny furrows in the gaps between each denticle) of GMNH-PV-999 have an oblique orientation of 45 degrees, as in Baryonyx and KDC-PV-0003, the second Sebayashi formation tooth, which consists of a slightly recurved crown fragment with an almost circular cross-section. It has better preservation of small details than the former specimens, such as visible, though poorly defined serrations, with two to three denticles per mm (0.039 in). Like GMNH-PV-999, it has a granular texture and at least 12 flutes on its surface, not all of which stretch to the crown's full length.
Out of the four teeth attributed to "S." fusuiensis, specimen IVPP V 4793 is the most intact, although still somewhat deformed. The crown, which is missing its tip, is long and wide at the base. The tooth is straight, only slightly recurved, and has an oval cross-section. The front and rear carinae are distinct, though their serrations have been heavily eroded, similar to those of KDC-PV-0003. Like the Thai and Japanese teeth, the "S." fusuiensis specimens bear developed flutes and a granular surface. As in both Sebayashi Formation teeth, there are 12 flutes on each face of the "S." fusuiensis teeth. Like in KDC-PV-0003, these flutes vary in length. Buffetaut and colleagues found the "S." fusuiensis teeth most similar to those of Siamosaurus, given their identical crown shape, fluting, and granular enamel.
Postcrania
Though no skeletal elements were associated with the original Siamosaurus teeth, the Khok Kruat skeleton, SM-KK 14, may be attributable to the genus. The cervical vertebrae of SM-KK 14 had elongated centra (vertebral bodies) with articulating surfaces that were not offset, as well as prominent epipophyses (processes to which neck muscles attached) and strong ligament scars. All of these characteristics were also present in Baryonyx. The cervicals also became longer towards the front of the neck and—based on comparison with Baryonyx—may represent the fourth, sixth, seventh, and tenth vertebrae. The dorsal vertebrae had enlarged infraprezygapophyseal fossae—depressions under the prezygapophyses, which connect adjacent vertebrae—and their neural spines were elongated similarly to those of other spinosaurids, indicating the presence of a sail on the animal's back; like in the Asian spinosaurid Ichthyovenator. One of the neural spines of SM-KK 14 measured at least in height. The chevron lacked a process on its front end, as in other spinosaurids. Viewed distally (towards the centre of attachment), the lower end of the pubis had an L-shape, similar to that of Ichthyovenator and the African Suchomimus. Also as in Ichthyovenator, the hind rim of the pubis had a notch-like obturator foramen. However, in SM-KK 14 the front of the pubis was concave and the chevrons were curved backwards, in contrast to the straight condition these bones had in Ichthyovenator.
Classification
In 1986, Buffetaut and Ingavat classified Siamosaurus as a theropod because of the straight, tall crown and double sideways recurvature of its teeth. At the time, Siamosauruss particular combination of dental characteristics, especially the longitudinal fluting and lack of serrations, had not been observed in other theropods. The authors noted similarities in Siamosauruss teeth to those of ceratosaurian tooth crowns, some of which also have longitudinal flutes. However, this identification was ruled out, since ceratosaur teeth are more narrow and blade-like in cross-section, bear far fewer dental flutes, and have distinct serrations. Buffetaut and Suteethorn concluded that the closest taxon in dentition to Siamosaurus was Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from Egypt, whose fragmentary fossils had been destroyed during World War II. Like Siamosaurus, this African taxon had straight and unserrated conical teeth. Though Spinosaurus lacked the developed flutes seen in Siamosaurus, Buffetaut and Ingavat noted that both smooth and fluted spinosaur teeth had been reported from Africa. Therefore, they tentatively placed Siamosaurus in the family Spinosauridae, based on the close similarities in dentition to S. aegyptiacus.
Many palaeontologists later questioned Buffetaut and Ingavat's identification of Siamosaurus, given that spinosaurid teeth, including many from Asia, have often been mistaken for those of aquatic reptiles like crocodilians, plesiosaurs, and ichthyosaurs. In view of this, the German palaeontologist Hans-Dieter Sues and colleagues in 2002 asserted that there is not enough material to confidently identify Siamosaurus as a dinosaur. In 2004, American palaeontologist Thomas Holtz and colleagues considered it a dubious name, stating that the teeth might instead belong to a contemporaneous fish such as a saurodontid or an ichthyodectid teleost. The same year, American palaeontologist David Weishampel and colleagues considered Siamosaurus an indeterminate theropod. In 2012, an analysis by American palaeontologist Matthew Carrano and colleagues agreed with the possibility of confusion with other reptiles, and regarded the genus as a possible indeterminate spinosaurid. They noted that oftentimes, isolated teeth are an unstable foundation for naming new theropod taxa, and most species based on them turn out to be invalid. This problem is especially common with spinosaurids, given that skull and skeletal fossils from the group are rare.
Authors such as Buffetaut and Ingavat in 1986, and Hasegawa and colleagues in 2003, have noted that since crocodilian teeth are usually more strongly recurved than spinosaur teeth, they can be distinguished from each other. Crocodilians also lack the lateral double recurvature of Siamosauruss tooth crowns, which, based on their shape, were vertically inserted into the jaw, whereas long-snouted crocodilian teeth are usually angled outwards from the mouth. Though Siamosaurus and plesiosaur teeth are similar in overall shape, Buffetaut and Ingavat pointed out that plesiosaur teeth were significantly more recurved. Other researchers also noted that compared to plesiosaurs, Asian spinosaurid teeth also have coarser and more numerous flutes that extend almost the whole length of the crown. In 2008, Buffetaut and colleagues stated that the "S." fusuiensis teeth bear carinae on the plane of the crown's curvature, a condition not observed in plesiosaur teeth. The discovery of the Khok Kruat skeleton and of baryonychine teeth with dental flutes similar to those of Siamosaurus, were also brought up by the researchers as further evidence of Siamosauruss spinosaurid classification. Later discoveries revealed that largely straight tooth crowns with flutes and a lack or reduction of serrations were unique characteristics of spinosaurid teeth.
In 2014, Italian palaeontologist Federico Fanti and colleagues considered the various spinosaurid teeth from East Asia, including those of S. suteethorni, as identical to those of Spinosaurus. In 2017, Brazilian palaeontologists Marcos Sales and Cesar Schultz suggested that the various Asian teeth might eventually be attributed to Ichthyovenator-like forms. The researchers accepted Siamosaurus as a spinosaurid, but stated that its teeth and those of "S." fusuiensis are too similar to those of other Early Cretaceous spinosaurids to erect new taxa unequivocally; and thus considered both taxa as dubious. Carrano and colleagues noted that the Khok Kruat skeleton may provide answers to their identification. Authors such as Milner and colleagues in 2007, Bertin Tor in 2010, Holtz in 2011, and Kamonrak and colleagues in 2019 regarded the Khok Kruat skeleton as first definitive evidence of spinosaurs in Asia. In 2012, French palaeontologist Ronan Allain and colleagues described a partial skeleton from the Grès supérieurs Formation of Laos, and used it to name the new spinosaurid genus and species Ichthyovenator laosensis. They considered it the first definitive evidence of spinosaurids in Asia, in light of the debated identity of Siamosaurus and "S." fusuiensis. In a 2014 abstract, Allain announced that further Ichthyovenator material, including three teeth, had been excavated. Typically of spinosaurines, Ichthyovenators teeth bore straight and unserrated crowns, though no comparison was made to the other Asian teeth.
The taxonomic and phylogenetic affinities of the Spinosauridae are subject to active research and debate, given that in comparison to other theropod groups, many of the family's taxa are based on poor fossil material. Traditionally, the group is split into the subfamilies Spinosaurinae (unserrated, straight teeth with well marked flutes and more circular cross-sections) and Baryonychinae (finely serrated, somewhat recurved teeth with weaker flutes and a more oval cross-section). Since spinosaurines were, on average, larger animals than baryonychines, their teeth were also generally larger. The morphological variation seen in spinosaurid teeth, however, has shown that the aforementioned characteristics are not always consistent within the subfamilies. Likewise, the Khok Kruat skeleton shares mixed characteristics between Baryonyx and Spinosaurus, and its precise phylogenetic placement is uncertain pending a description of the material. The possibility that Baryonychinae is a paraphyletic (unnatural) grouping has been suggested by researchers such as Sales and Schultz, on the basis that genera such as Irritator and Angaturama (the two are possible synonyms) may represent intermediate forms between baryonychines and spinosaurines. As it is definitively known only from teeth, Siamosauruss exact position within the Spinosauridae is difficult to determine. In 2004, Brazilian palaeontologists Elaine Machado and Alexander Kellner suggested it as a possible spinosaurine, given its lack of dental serrations. Likewise in 2010, British palaeontologist David Hone and colleagues placed Siamosaurus and "S." fusuiensis in the Spinosaurinae. British palaeontologist Thomas Arden and colleagues identified Siamosaurus as a basal (early diverging or "primitive") member of this subfamily in 2019; their cladogram can be seen below:
Later in 2019, the Khok Kruat Formation teeth were also referred to the Spinosaurinae by Kamonrak and colleagues, on the basis that both the Khok Kruat and Siamosaurus morphotypes lack characteristics seen in baryonychines, such as long and slender roots, 0–10 flutes on each side, no well defined carinae, a sculptured surface of the crown base, and 45 degree orientation of the blood grooves. But they share with spinosaurines a sub-circular to oval cross-section, fluted tooth crowns, well defined front and rear carinae, distinct striations on the crown, varying denticle size, and a wrinkled surface of the crown base. The authors also noted that unlike spinosaurines such as Irritator and Spinosaurus, Asian spinosaurines usually have more laterally compressed tooth crowns, and wrinkles across more of the enamel surface. In 2020, a paper by British palaeontologist Robert Smyth and colleagues considered S. suteethorni a dubious name and attributed its teeth to an indeterminate spinosaurine, given the uncertainties of classifying spinosaurid teeth at the genus or species level, as well as the degree of heterodonty (variation within the tooth row) that spinosaurines apparently exhibited. Due to new discoveries and research on spinosaurid teeth since Siamosaurus was named in 1986, a reassessment of the genus' validity is currently being prepared by Buffetaut.
Palaeobiology
Diet and feeding
Buffetaut and Ingavat suggested in 1986 that Siamosaurus probably led a heavily piscivorous (fish-eating) lifestyle, since its dentition—like those of other spinosaurids—had a highly specialised morphology better suited for piercing rather than tearing flesh, due to the long, straight conical tooth crowns with reduced or absent serrations. The authors noted that this dental morphology is also seen in other piscivorous predators like plesiosaurs and long-snouted crocodilians. Such a dietary preference had been suggested for Baryonyx the same year by British palaeontologists Angela Milner and Alan Charig, and was later confirmed in 1997 with the discovery of acid-etched fish scales inside the body cavity of its holotype skeleton. The elongate, interlocking jaws of spinosaurids also had snout tips that fanned out into a rosette-like shape—a trait also observed in highly piscivorous crocodilians such as gharials—which made them well-adapted to catching and feeding on fish. Fossil evidence has shown that besides aquatic prey, spinosaurids also consumed other dinosaurs and pterosaurs. In the Sao Khua Formation, localities such as Wat Sakawan have yielded sauropod remains in association with tooth crowns from Siamosaurus, documenting either predation or scavenging on part of the latter.
In 2006, Thai biologist Komsorn Lauprasert examined fossils collected from the Phu Kradung, Sao Khua, and Khok Kruat Formations. In this study, the teeth of Siamosaurus and a Moroccan spinosaurid were compared to those of crocodilians using scanning electron microscopy. Lauprasert found that spinosaurids and crocodilians may have employed similar feeding tactics and been under comparable mechanical constraints, based on resemblances in the microstructure of their tooth enamel. Therefore, Lauprasert suggested that Siamosaurus—as a piscivorous predator—could have replaced the ecological niche of contemporaneous long-snouted crocodilians. He noted that this likely occurred in correlation with the rising aridity of the Sao Khua and Khok Kruat Formations during the Early Cretaceous, since Siamosaurus had better mobility in a dry environment than crocodilians did. This might explain the absence of long-snouted crocodilian fossils from that time and place. Goniopholidid crocodilians were prevalent, however, and since this group had broader, shorter snouts and thus more varied diets, Lauprasert suggested that this would have kept them from competing with Siamosaurus. A similar scenario was proposed for spinosaurids by Hone and colleagues in 2010, who also noted that compared to large crocodilians and obligate aquatic predators, they could more easily travel from one body of water to another in search of prey.
Aquatic habits
In 2008, French palaeontologist Romain Amiot and colleagues compared the oxygen isotope ratios of remains from theropod and sauropod dinosaurs, crocodilians, turtles, and freshwater fish recovered from eight localities in northeastern Thailand. The study revealed that Siamosaurus teeth had isotope ratios closer to those of crocodilians and freshwater turtles than other theropods, and so it may have had semiaquatic habits similar to these animals, spending much of its daily life near or in water. Discrepancies between the ratios of sauropods, Siamosaurus, and other theropods also indicate these dinosaurs drank from different sources, whether river, pond, or plant water. In 2010, Amiot and colleagues published another oxygen isotope study on turtle, crocodilian, spinosaurid, other theropod remains, this time including fossils from Thailand, China, England, Brazil, Tunisia, and Morocco. The analysis showed that Thai spinosaurid teeth tended to have the largest difference from the ratios of other, more terrestrial theropods, while those of Spinosaurus from Tunisia and Morocco tended to have the least difference, despite the advanced piscivorous adaptations in the skull observed for this genus. The authors suggested that piscivory and semiaquatic habits may explain how spinosaurids coexisted with other large theropods. By feeding on different prey items and occupying a distinct ecological role, a phenomenon that is known as niche partitioning, the different types of theropods would have been out of direct competition. Further lines of evidence have since demonstrated that spinosaurids, especially those within the Spinosaurinae, developed strong adaptations for aquatic environments, such as dense limb bones for buoyancy control; reduction of the pelvic girdle; and elongated neural spines on the tail, likely used for underwater propulsion.
Palaeoenvironment and palaeobiogeography
Of all the Mesozoic formations in northeastern Thailand, the Sao Khua is the most abundant and diverse in vertebrate fossil discoveries. The Khorat Group yields fossil taxa only of continental origin, with no definitive evidence for marine fossils or sedimentary structures found so far. In 1963, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi of Hokkaido University reported ichthyosaur and plesiosaur teeth from the Sao Khua Formation, but these have now been identified as belonging to Siamosaurus and a crocodilian respectively. The sediments of the Sao Khua Formation, which comprise red clays, mudstones, sandstones, siltstones, and conglomerate rocks, record a fluvial environment dominated by lakes, floodplains, and meandering low-energy rivers. This is consistent with the types of vertebrate fauna present in the formation, which comprise only terrestrial or freshwater animals.
Besides Siamosaurus, there were theropod dinosaurs like the metriacanthosaurid Siamotyrannus isanensis, the ornithomimosaur Kinnareemimus khonkaenensis, the megaraptoran Phuwiangvenator yaemniyomi, the basal coelurosaur Vayuraptor nongbualamphuensis, a compsognathid theropod, and indeterminate birds. Theropod eggs with embryos have also been recovered from the formation. There were also sauropods like the titanosauriform Phuwiangosaurus sirindhornae, mamenchisaurids, and indeterminate forms. Sauropod remains are some of the most abundant in the Sao Khua and Khok Kruat Formations. No ornithischian (or "bird-hipped") dinosaur fossils have been found in the Sao Khua Formation, possibly suggesting that they were uncommon compared to saurischian (or "lizard-hipped") dinosaurs. The faunal assemblage also included indeterminate pterosaurs; carettochelyid, adocid, and softshell turtles; hybodont sharks like hybodontids, ptychodontids, and lonchidiids; pycnodontiform fish; ray-finned fishes such as sinamiids and semionotids; and the goniopholidid crocodyliforms Sunosuchus phuwiangensis, Siamosuchus phuphokensis, and Theriosuchus grandinaris. The Sao Khua and Khok Kruat Formations had a more semi-arid climate than the older, more humid Phu Kradung Formation, dated to the Berriasian.
The Khok Kruat Formation is composed mostly of sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones, and shales. Similar to the Sao Khua Formation, the deposition of these sediments occurred in an arid to semi-arid floodplain environment of slow-moving, meandering rivers. This ecosystem included pterosaurs, sinamiid fish; carettochelyid and acocid turtles; ptychodontid, hybodontid, and thaiodontid sharks; and the crocodyliform Khoratosuchus jintasakuli, as well as goniopholidids. Besides Siamosaurus, the dinosaur fauna of the Khok Kruat Formation included the carcharodontosaurid Siamraptor suwati; iguanodontians like Sirindhorna khoratensis, Ratchasimasaurus suranaerae, and Siamodon nimngami; a titanosauriform sauropod similar to Phuwiangosaurus; an indeterminate ceratopsian; and various indeterminate theropods. The formation is probably equivalent to the Grès supérieurs Formation of Laos, since animals like spinosaurids, sauropods, and derived ("advanced") iguanodontians have also been found there.
In 2007, Milner and colleagues suggested that spinosaurids and iguanodontians may have spread from western to eastern Laurasia—the northern supercontinent at the time—during the Aptian, based on their distribution and presence in the Khok Kruat Formation. American palaeontologist Stephen Brusatte and colleagues noted in 2010 that the discovery of spinosaurids in Asia, a family previously known only from Europe, Africa, and South America, suggests a faunal interchange between Laurasia and Gondwana (in the south) during the early Late Cretaceous. Though it may also be possible that spinosaurids already had a cosmopolitan distribution before the Middle Cretaceous, preceding the breakup of Laurasia from Gondwana. However, the authors noted that more evidence is needed to test this hypothesis. In 2012, Allain and colleagues suggested such a global distribution may have occurred earlier across Pangaea before the Late Jurassic, even if Asia became separated from the supercontinent first. In 2019, Spanish palaeontologist Elisabete Malafaia and colleagues also indicated a complex biogeographical pattern for spinosaurs during the Early Cretaceous, based on anatomical similarities between Ichthyovenator and the European genus Vallibonavenatrix.
References
External links
Spinosaurids
Barremian genera
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Cretaceous Thailand
Fossils of Thailand
Fossil taxa described in 1986
Taxa named by Éric Buffetaut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamosaurus |
Roman Grzegorz Ogaza (17 November 1952 – 5 March 2006) was a Polish football player.
Life and work
Roman Ogaza was born 17 November in Katowice. He was a striker. His first club was Górnik Lędziny (1965–1968 and after fusion GKS Tychy), next clubs: Górnik Zabrze (1968–1970), Szombierki Bytom (1970–1975 and 1978–1983), French teams: RC Lens (1983–1984) and Olympique Alès (1984–1986), US Forbach (1987–1991) and SG Marienau (1991) and Belgian Royal Francs Borains (1986).
He clinched Polish championship with Szombierki Bytom in 1980. His debut with the Poland national team was in Port-au-Prince on 13 April 1974 against Haiti. Ogaza's last appearance with the national team was against Portugal on 23 February 1981. Ogaza played 21 matches for the Poland national team, scoring 6 goals. With many great players to choose from, Kazimierz Górski did not pick Ogaza for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany, but 2 years later, Ogaza was a member of the Poland Olympic team which brought home silver from Montreal in 1976
Roman Ogaza died in Forbach, near Metz, in March 2006, at the age of 53.
References
External links
Footballers from Katowice
1952 births
2006 deaths
Polish men's footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Poland
Olympic silver medalists for Poland
GKS Tychy players
Górnik Zabrze players
RC Lens players
Olympique Alès players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Olympic medalists in football
Szombierki Bytom players
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Men's association football forwards
Polish expatriate sportspeople in France
Francs Borains players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Ogaza |
Robert Hollway (January 29, 1926 – March 13, 1999) was an American football player and coach. He played college football for the University of Michigan and was a member of Michigan's undefeated 1947 and 1948 teams. He thereafter served as an assistant at the University of Maine (1951-1952), Eastern Michigan University (1953), Michigan (1954-1965) before joining the NFL with the Minnesota Vikings (1967-1970, 1978–1986), as the head coach of the National Football League (NFL)'s St. Louis Cardinals (1971-1972), and assistant coaching stints with the Detroit Lions (1973-1974), San Francisco 49ers (1975), and Seattle Seahawks (1976-1977).
College career
Born and raised in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Hollway attended the University of Michigan, playing at the end position for the Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1947 to 1949.
After graduating in 1950, Hollway entered the coaching ranks the following year as an assistant at the University of Maine. After two seasons, he returned to the state of Michigan as both an assistant football and head basketball coach at Eastern Michigan University in 1953. From 1954 to 1965, he was an assistant football coach at the University of Michigan.
NFL career
On January 22, 1966, Hollway announced he was resigning to enter private business, but that time away, which included doing radio commentary on Wolverine games, lasted only one season before he came back as defensive line coach of the National Football League's Minnesota Vikings under new head coach Bud Grant. During his first season with the team, he helped shape a group of linemen who became known as the "Purple People Eaters," including two future Hall of Famers in Carl Eller and rookie Alan Page. Over the next three years, Hollway was promoted to defensive coordinator.
Four years of success, including an appearance in Super Bowl IV, raised Hollway's profile and led to his hiring as head coach of the Cardinals on February 12, 1971. However, the team was unable to beat out either the Dallas Cowboys or the resurgent Washington Redskins over the next two seasons, with Hollway paying the price with his dismissal on December 18, 1972, one day after the end of the 1972 NFL season. The Cardinals finished 4-9-1 in both of Hollway's seasons with the Cardinals, as the team suffered through numerous injuries and inconsistent play at quarterback, as Hollway shuffled between Jim Hart, Pete Beathard and Gary Cuozzo with little success, despite the presence of fleet wide receiver John Gilliam (who was traded to Minnesota in 1972) and future Pro Football Hall of Fame tight end Jackie Smith.
In February 1973, Hollway was hired a Detroit Lions' assistant coach under Don McCafferty. However, McCafferty died suddenly during the team's 1974 training camp, and Hollway resigned as the lions secondary coach in January 1975. In 1975, Hollway became the defensive backs coach for the San Francisco 49ers. In January 1976, after 49ers head coach Dick Nolan was replaced, Hollway became defensive backfield coach with the expansion Seattle Seahawks, where he reunited with former Viking assistant Jack Patera, the expansion team's first head coach.
In April 1978, Hollway resigned to again serve as defensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings, but became involved in controversy when the Seahawks claimed the Vikings had tampered with him while still under contract.
Following the retirement of Grant at the conclusion of the 1983 NFL season, Hollway was demoted by Les Steckel to quality control assistant, serving primarily as a personnel director and scout.
Hollway died in 1999 at the age of 73.
Hollway's son Michael retired in 2011 after serving as the head football coach at Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio for 25 years. His son Bruce was a managing partner for John Hancock Financial Network in Maple Grove, Minnesota. Bruce died in 2020.
References
1926 births
1999 deaths
Players of American football from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Michigan Wolverines football players
Maine Black Bears football coaches
Eastern Michigan Eagles football coaches
Eastern Michigan Eagles men's basketball coaches
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Minnesota Vikings coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) coaches
Detroit Lions coaches
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Coaches of American football from Michigan
St. Louis Cardinals (football) head coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Hollway |
The General Medical Council (GMC) is a public body that maintains the official register of medical practitioners within the United Kingdom. Its chief responsibility is to "protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public" by controlling entry to the register, and suspending or removing members when necessary. It also sets the standards for medical schools in the UK. Membership of the register confers substantial privileges under Part VI of the Medical Act 1983. It is a criminal offence to make a false claim of membership. The GMC is supported by fees paid by its members, and it became a registered charity in 2001.
History
The Medical Act 1858 established the General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom as a statutory body. Initially its members were elected by the members of the profession, and enjoyed widespread confidence from the profession.
Purpose
All the GMC's functions derive from a statutory requirement for the establishment and maintenance of a register, which is the definitive list of doctors as provisionally or fully "registered medical practitioners", within the public sector in Britain. The GMC controls entry to the List of Registered Medical Practitioners ("the medical register"). The Medical Act 1983 (amended) notes that, "The main objective of the General Council in exercising their functions is to protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public."
Secondly, the GMC regulates and sets the standards for medical schools in the UK, and liaises with other nations' medical and university regulatory bodies over medical schools overseas, leading to some qualifications being mutually recognised. Since 2010, it has also regulated postgraduate medical education.
Thirdly, the GMC is responsible for a licensing and revalidation system for all practising doctors in the UK, separate from the registration system, on 3 December 2012.
Activities and powers
Due to the principle of autonomy and law of consent there is no legislative restriction on who can treat patients or provide medical or health-related services. In other words, it is not a criminal offence to provide what would be considered medical assistance or treatment to another person – and not just in an emergency. This is in contrast with the position in respect of animals, where it is a criminal offence under the Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 for someone who is not a registered veterinary surgeon (or in certain more limited circumstances a registered veterinary nurse) to provide treatment (save in an emergency) to an animal they do not own.
Parliament, since the enactment of the 1858 Act, has conferred on the GMC powers to grant various legal benefits and responsibilities to those medical practitioners who are registered with the GMC - a public body and association, as described, of the Medical Act 1983, by Mr Justice Burnett in British Medical Association v General Medical Council.
Through which, by an Order in the Privy Council, the GMC describes "The main objective of the General Council in exercising their functions is to protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public".
The GMC is funded by annual fees required from those wishing to remain registered and fees for examinations. Fees for registration have risen significantly in the last few years: 2007 fees = £290, 2008 fees = £390, 2009 fees = £410, 2010 fees = £420, 2011 fees = £420, with a 50% discount for doctors earning under £32,000.
In 2011, following the Command Paper "Enabling Excellence-Autonomy and Accountability for Healthcare Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers", registration fees were reduced by the GMC in accordance with the Government's strategy for reforming and simplifying the system for regulating healthcare workers in the UK and social workers and social care workers in England and requiring that "[A]t a time of pay restraint in both the public and private sectors, the burden of fees on individual registrants needs to be minimised."
Registering doctors in the UK
Registration with the GMC confers a number of privileges and duties. GMC registration may be either provisional or full. Provisional registration is granted to those who have completed medical school and enter their first year (F1) of medical training; this may be converted into full registration upon satisfactory completion of the first year of postgraduate training. In the past, a third type of registration ("limited registration") was granted to doctors who had graduated outside the UK and who had completed the Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board examination but who were yet to complete a period of work in the UK. Limited registration was abolished on 19 October 2007 and now international medical graduates can apply for provisional or full registration depending on their level of experience – they still have to meet the GMC's requirement for knowledge and skills and for English language.
The GMC administers the Professional and Linguistic Assessment Board test (PLAB), which has to be sat by non-European Union overseas doctors before they may practise medicine in the UK as a registered doctor.
A registered practitioner found to have committed some offences can be removed from ("struck off") the Medical Register.
Licensing and revalidating doctors in the UK
The GMC is now empowered to license and regularly revalidate the practice of doctors in the UK. When the licensing scheme was introduced in 2009, 13,500 (6.1%) of registered doctors chose not to be licensed. Unlicensed but registered doctors are likely to be non-practising lecturers, managers, or practising overseas, or retired. Whereas all registered doctors in the UK were offered a one-off automatic practise licence in November 2009, since December 2012 no licence will be automatically revalidated, but will be subject to a revalidation process every five years. No doctor may now be registered for the first time without also being issued a licence to practice, although a licensed doctor may give up their licence if they choose. No unlicensed but registered doctor in the UK is subject to revalidation. However, unlicensed but registered doctors in the UK are still subject to fitness-to-practice proceedings, and required to follow the GMC's good medical practice guidance.
Setting standards of good medical practice
The GMC sets standards of professional and ethical conduct that doctors in the UK are required to follow. The main guidance that the GMC provides for doctors is called Good Medical Practice. This outlines the standard of professional conduct that the public expects from its doctors and provides principles that underpin the GMC's fitness-to-practise decisions. Originally written in 1995, a revised edition came into force in November 2006, and another with effect from 22 April 2013. The content of Good Medical Practice has been rearranged into four domains of duties. Their most significant change is the replacement of a duty to, "Act without delay if you have good reason to believe that you or a colleague may be putting patients at risk," to a new duty to, "Take prompt action if you think that patient safety, dignity or comfort is being compromised". Alongside the guidance booklet are a range of explanatory guidelines, including a new one about the use of social media. The GMC also provides additional guidance for doctors on specific ethical topics, such as treating patients under the age of 18, end-of-life care, and conflicts of interest.
Medical education
The GMC regulates medical education and training in the United Kingdom. It runs 'quality assurance' programmes for UK medical schools and postgraduate deaneries to ensure that the necessary standards and outcomes are achieved.
In February 2008 the then Secretary of State for Health, Alan Johnson, agreed with recommendations of the Tooke Report which advised that the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board should be assimilated into the GMC. Whilst recognising the achievements made by PMETB, Professor John Tooke concluded that regulation needed to be combined into one body; that there should be one organisation that looked after what he called 'the continuum of medical education', from the moment someone chooses a career in medicine until the point that they retire. The merger, which took effect on 1 April 2010, was welcomed by both PMETB and the GMC.
Misconduct and fitness to practise
A registered medical practitioner may be referred to the GMC if there are doubts about their fitness to practise. The GMC is concerned with ensuring that doctors are safe to practise. Its role is not, for example, to fine doctors or to compensate patients following problems (compensation might be addressed through a medical malpractice lawsuit). The outcomes of hearings are made available on the GMC website.
Historically the handling of concerns had two streams: one regarding health, the other about conduct or ability, but these streams have been merged, into a single fitness-to-practice process. The GMC has powers to issue advice or warnings to doctors, accept undertakings from them, or refer them to a fitness-to-practise panel. The GMC's fitness-to-practise panels can accept undertakings from a doctor, issue warnings, impose conditions on a doctor's practice, suspend a doctor, or remove them from the medical register (when they are said to be 'struck off').
It has been repeatedly established that the GMC's fitness of practice disproportionately affects non-white doctors. Black and ethnic minority doctors are complained about more, investigated more frequently, issued the most severe punishment more frequently, and are least represented in all aspects of governance in the GMC.
On the 18th of June 2021 the GMC, for the first time in its history was found guilty of racial discrimination against a non white doctor by a UK court. A ruling from Reading employment tribunal found that the GMC had discriminated against Dr Karim a consultant urologist based on his race by continuing an investigation into him when it did not investigate the same allegation against a white doctor. The tribunal heard Dr Karim was an internationally renowned urologist of mixed black African and European descent who had been a whistle blower in a case about surgeons performing operations without appropriate training. Following the GMC investigation, Dr Karim attended a fitness-to-practice hearing in 2018, after which he was cleared of any wrongdoing. After the hearing, Dr Karim said: "Right from the outset, the GMC saw me as a guilty black doctor and withheld evidence that could have proven my innocence.
Dr Karim described being wrongly accused of bullying was “pretty devastating”. He said: “You feel as though everything has collapsed and is falling apart. When you’ve done nothing, you realise people can be so vindictive. I was discriminated against by the GMC and I had clear-cut evidence that I was innocent but they withheld evidence during my fitness-to-practice tribunal in 2018. It is a landmark victory and the first time it has ever been done against the GMC. They basically look at your name and where you are from and they decide the case beforehand based on that — it is pretty shocking, to be honest. My background was the only difference between me and the guy who was let off and he was my main comparison throughout this whole case. He was white and I have a Muslim name and I’m mixed race. Unfortunately, with the NHS, there is an undercurrent of hidden racism and, sadly, it is rife throughout the system, right up to the regulator".
Emergency driving
Gaining registration with the GMC (whether provisional or full) also allows the registrant to fit and utilise green flashing lights to their car. Such lights can be used when attending a medical emergency to alert other road users to their presence and intentions. They can also make a doctor's car more visible if they have stopped at an accident scene. They do not confer exemptions to road traffic legislations.
Reform
Since 2001, the GMC's fitness-to-practise decisions have been subject to review by the Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence (CHRE), which may vary sentences.
The GMC is also accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom through the Health Select Committee. In its first report on the GMC, the Committee described the GMC as "a high-performing medical regulator", but called for some changes to fitness-to-practice rules and practices, including allowing the GMC the right to appeal sentences of its panels.
In the 2000s, the GMC implemented wide-ranging reforms of its organisation and procedures. In part, such moves followed the Shipman killings. They followed a direction set by the UK government in its white paper, Trust, Assurance and Safety. In 2001, freemasonry was added to the register of interests of council members that the GMC published. One of the key changes was to reduce the size of the Council itself, and changing its composition to an equal number of medical and lay members, rather than the majority being doctors. Legislation passed in December 2002 allowed changes in the composition of the Council from the following year, with the number of members reducing from 104 to 35, increasing the proportion of lay members.
In July 2011, the GMC accepted further changes that would separate its presentation of fitness-to-practise cases from their adjudication, which would become the responsibility of a new body, the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service. The GMC had previously been criticised for combining these two roles in a single organization.
A forthcoming reform to medical registration is the introduction of revalidation of doctors, more similar to the periodic process common in American states, in which the professional is expected to prove his or her professional development and skills. Revalidation is scheduled to start in 2012.
On 16 February 2011, the Secretary of State for Health, Andrew Lansley, made a Written Ministerial Statement in the Justice section entitled 'Health Care Workers, Social Workers and Social Care Workers' in which he said:
Within the Command Paper:-
Sir Liam Donaldson, a former chief medical officer had recently told the Mid Staffordshire Foundation Trust public inquiry that he had been involved in discussions about the Nursing and Midwifery Council merging with the General Medical Council, but proponents had "backed off" from the idea and the Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence was created instead to share best practice. Sir Liam said the CHRE had been "reasonably successful" but it would be "worth looking at the possibility of a merger" between the GMC and NMC.
Criticism
Self-regulation and handling of complaints
Concern has resulted from several studies that suggest that the GMC's handling of complaints appears to differ depending on race or overseas qualifications, but it has been argued that this might be due to indirect factors.
However a ruling on the 18th of June 2021 by a UK court for the first time found the GMC guilty of racial discrimination in its disciplinary procedures.
The mortality and morbidity among doctors going through GMC procedures has attracted attention. In 2003/4 between 4 and 5% of doctors undergoing fitness to practice scrutiny died. In response to a request for information in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act 2000, the GMC revealed that 68 doctors had died recently whilst undergoing a fitness to practice investigation,
In an internal report, "Doctors Who Commit Suicide While Under GMC Fitness to Practise Investigation", the GMC identified 114 doctors, with a median age of 45, who had died during the previous nine years, and had an open and disclosed GMC case at the time of death, and in which 28 had committed (24) or attempted (4) suicide and recommended 'emotional resilience' training for doctors.
In a warning on "over-regulation" Dr Clare Gerada, a former chair of the Royal College of General Practitioners, commented:
Following the suicide of Professor John E Davies from Guy's Hospital, London, HM Senior Coroner for the area wrote to Niall Dickson with her Regulation 28: Report to Prevent Future Deaths:
Academics at King's College London researched the effects of increased regulatory transparency on the medical profession and found significant unintended consequences. As doctors reacted anxiously to regulation and media headlines, they practised more defensively.
Charitable status
The GMC was registered as a charity with the Charity Commission of England and Wales on 9 November 2001. The Commissioners having considered the court and the Commission's jurisdiction to consider an organisation's status, which had previously been considered by the courts, in issues of charitable status.
Charities do not normally have to pay income tax or corporation tax, capital gains tax or stamp duty. Following the granting of charitable status the GMC obtained tax relief backdated to 1 April 1994. Charities pay no more than 20% of normal business rates on the buildings they use and occupy. The GMC received confirmation of 80% business rates relief effective from April 1995.
the accounts submitted by the GMC to the Charity Commission showed an income of £97 million, spending of £101m with reserves of £68m.
Shipman inquiry
The GMC was most heavily criticised by Dame Janet Smith as part of her inquiry into the issues arising from the case of Dr Harold Shipman. "Expediency," says Dame Janet, "replaced principle." Dame Janet maintained that the GMC failed to deal properly with Fitness to Practise (FTP) cases, particularly involving established and respected doctors.
In response to the Shipman report, Sir Liam Donaldson, the then Chief Medical Officer, published a report titled Good doctors, safer patients, which appeared in 2006. Donaldson echoed concerns about GMC FTP procedures and other functions of the Council. In his view, complaints were dealt with in a haphazard manner, the GMC caused distress to doctors over trivial complaints while tolerating poor practice in other cases. He accused the Council of being "secretive, tolerant of sub-standard practice and dominated by the professional interest, rather than that of the patient". Former President of the General Medical Council, Sir Donald Irvine, called for the current Council to be disbanded and re-formed with new members.
Penny Mellor
In July 2010 the GMC was severely criticized in an open letter in the British Medical Journal by Professionals Against Child Abuse for the decision to include Penny Mellor on the GMC's Expert Group on Child Protection. According to the letter, Penny Mellor had been convicted and imprisoned for conspiring to abduct a child, and had led protracted hostile campaigns including false allegations against doctors and other professionals involved in child protection cases. She had also campaigned against Sir Roy Meadow and Professor David Southall, who were erased from the medical register by the GMC but subsequently re-instated after court rulings. Penny Mellor subsequently resigned from the Expert Group.
John Walker-Smith
In March 2012, the High Court of England and Wales overturned a 2010 decision by the GMC to strike pediatric gastroenterologist John Walker-Smith off the medical register for serious professional misconduct. In his ruling, the presiding judge criticized what he said were the GMC's "inadequate and superficial reasoning and, in a number of instances, a wrong conclusion," and stated, "It would be a misfortune if this were to happen again."
Junior doctors contract
Controversy arose in July 2016 when the General Medical Council announced it would be appointing Charlie Massey as its new CEO. Massey had been an adviser to health secretary Jeremy Hunt on the controversial Junior doctors contract, which had led to several days of industrial action by doctors over concerns about feasibility and patient safety. Many doctors felt this reflected a clear conflict of interest and signed a petition to the medical council for transparency in its appointment process. The medical council issued a response claiming that they were still an independent body. Massey had also signally failed to distinguish himself in front of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.
Officers
The Council is composed of six medical professionals and six lay members. All members are appointed by the Privy Council. The current Chair is Dame Carrie MacEwen who has served since May 2022. The current chief executive and registrar is Charlie Massey.
Christine Murrell was the first woman elected to the GMC in 1933, however she died before she could take her seat. In 1950, Hilda Lloyd became the first female member of the Council.
Other regulators of healthcare professionals
The Professional Standards Authority for Health and Social Care (PSA), is an independent body accountable to the UK Parliament, with the remit to promote the health and well-being of patients and the public in the regulation of health professionals. But the PSA does not have legal power to investigate complaints about regulators. It advises the four UK government health departments on issues relating to the regulation of health professionals; scrutinising and overseeing the work of the nine regulatory bodies:-
Health and Care Professions Council (regulates other health professions in the UK)
Nursing and Midwifery Council (regulates nurses and midwives)
General Optical Council
General Dental Council
General Chiropractic Council
General Osteopathic Council
General Pharmaceutical Council
Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland
General Medical Council
In response to the Government's recent proposals the Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence has made a call for ideas in their December 2011 paper 'Cost effectiveness and efficiency in health professional regulation' for 'right-touch regulation' described as being
References
Further reading
MacAlister, D. Introductory Address on the General Medical Council (lecture, 2 October 1906)
External links
1858 establishments in the United Kingdom
Education regulation in the United Kingdom
Higher education organisations based in the United Kingdom
Higher education regulation
Medical and health regulators
Medical regulation in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the London Borough of Camden
Organizations established in 1858
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Regulators of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Medical%20Council |
Concho may refer to:
Places in the United States
Concho, Arizona
Concho Lake
Concho, Oklahoma
Concho County, Texas
Concho, West Virginia
Concho Valley, a region in West Texas
Fort Concho, in San Angelo, Texas
Rivers
Concho River, a tributary of the Colorado River in Texas
North Concho River
South Concho River
Other uses
Concho Resources Inc., a Texas oil exploration company
Concho (ornament), a typically oval silver ornament found in Native American art
Concho language, an extinct Uto-Aztecan language
Rachel Concho (born 1936), a Native American artist and potter
See also
Concha (disambiguation)
Rio Conchos, in Mexico
, a United States Navy oiler, originally intended as USS Concho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concho |
The Croatian Defence Forces ( or HOS) were the paramilitary arm of the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) from 1991 to 1992, during the first stages of the Yugoslav wars. During the Croatian War of Independence, the HOS organised several early companies and participated in Croatia's defence. At the peak of the war in Croatia, the HOS was several battalions in size. The first HOS units were headed by Ante Paradžik, a HSP member who was killed by Croatian police in September 1991. After the November 1991 general mobilisation in Croatia and the January 1992 cease-fire, the HOS was absorbed by the Croatian Army.
The HOS units in Bosnia and Herzegovina consisted of Croats, Bosniaks and foreign volunteers led by Blaž Kraljević. On 9 August 1992, Kraljević and eight staff members were assassinated by Croatian Defence Council (HVO) soldiers under the command of Mladen Naletilić. The HOS was disbanded shortly afterwards, and absorbed by the HVO and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of the Croat-Bosniak War. The last HOS unit was dissolved on 5 April 1993 in central Bosnia.
History
Croatia
Origin
The Croatian Party of Rights was reestablished in Croatia on 26 February 1990, with Dobroslav Paraga president and Ante Paradžik vice-president. The Croatian civilian population began arming itself, and on 21 December 1990 the Serbs of Croatia rose up; soon, the Yugoslav People's Army combined with the insurgent Serbs and the Croatian Party of Rights considered forming its own military wing.
Although the first HOS squad was established in January, the HOS was officially founded on 25 June 1991 by Dobroslav Paraga, Ante Paradžik, Alija Šiljak and other leaders of the HSP. Soon after the establishment of the HOS general staff, Paradžik became its chief. The general staff was at Starčević Center, the HSP headquarters in Zagreb. At first, the HOS was poorly armed and its soldiers used their own weapons. However, they performed well in conflicts with Serb forces and attracted the attention of Croatian public. The HSP received donations from the Croatian diaspora and HSP branches in Australia and Canada, enabling them to buy weapons and increase their membership. Not every HSP member supported a military wing, and secretary Krešimir Pavelić left the party in protest.
Many HOS recruits came from the diaspora: Bosnia and Herzegovina and overseas. In addition, HOS attracted trained soldiers from abroad.
The HOS used the roman salute and wore black uniforms; its headquarters featured portraits of Ustaše leaders and its units were named after Ustaša generals. Their outward association with WWII-era fascists prompted worries to the Croatian government who feared their image would damage Croatia's international reputation. By early 1992 they were disbanded and recruited into the regular Croatian Army.
Battles
At the beginning of the Croatian War of Independence, the HOS consisted of about 6,000 soldiers. Although they were members of the Croatian National Guard (ZNG), they obeyed orders from HOS officers. Because of an unwritten rule that HOS members could only be members of the HSP, the HOS was considered a party paramilitary organisation. The HOS and the ZNG were involved in the Battle of the Barracks and other minor battles in Croatia. The HOS increased in popularity within the HSP, and soon the HOS were in nearly every town where the HSP was active. On 10 September 1991, Paraga and Paradžik organised a demonstration of an HOS company for 10,000 spectators in Jelačić Square. Shortly after the demonstration, the company was involved in the Battle of Vukovar under Robert Šilić.
At this time, HOS units were founded in Dalmatia. Until May 1991, Dalmatian HOS units were company-sized. In an agreement between Paraga and the Slovene Minister of Defence Janez Janša, the units were sent to Slovenia for training. By October 1991 the unit had grown to battalion size; it was called the 9th Battalion (the Rafael "Knight" Boban Battalion) and was commanded by Jozo Radanović, president of the HSP branch in Split. This unit became one of the most popular Croatian units; in early December 1991, Radanović was promoted to colonel in the HOS.
Paradžik was shot at a police checkpoint near Zagreb on 21 September 1991, in what was described by the authorities as an accident. On 23 November the Croatian government began a general mobilisation, and most HOS militiamen joined Croatian Army units. Shortly after the cease-fire in January 1992, the HOS ceased operations in Croatia.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Croatian Defence Forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina had its headquarters in Ljubuški and mostly operated in the southern area of the country. Their commander was Blaž Kraljević. In the beginning of the Bosnian War they fought against the Serb forces together with the HVO and ARBiH. The strength of HOS forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at up to 5000 members armed with infantry weapons. They included many Bosnian Muslims in their ranks and advocated a confederation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, frequently using the slogan "Croatia to the Drina, Bosnia to the Adriatic". The HOS participated in breaking the JNA-VRS siege of Mostar in June 1992, when the HV and HVO forces pushed the Serb forces towards eastern Herzegovina.
Relations between the HVO and HOS eventually worsened, though HOS did not function integrally throughout the country. In the area of Novi Travnik it was closer to the HVO, while in the Mostar area there were increasingly tense relations between the HOS and the HVO. On 9 August Kraljević was killed in unclear circumstances at a police checkpoint in the village of Kruševo, by HVO soldiers under the command of Mladen Naletilić. On 23 August 1992 HVO and HOS leaders in Herzegovina agreed to incorporate the HOS into the HVO. The remaining HOS forces were later recognised by the Sarajevo government as part of the ARBiH. The HOS forces in central Bosnia merged with the HVO in April 1993. Most of the Bosniaks that were members of the HOS joined the Muslim Armed Forces (MOS).
Symbols
The HOS had a black flag with its emblem in the centre: a circle of triple wattle containing a chequered shield (with white first square) over a four-sided blue-and-white triple-wattle symbol; above, the inscription "HOS"; below, "HSP, Za dom spremni", which was the Ustaše salute during WW2, in the Independent State of Croatia.
HOS symbols have become a contentious issue in recent years as the popularity of its flag with the Za Dom Spremni slogan has grown with right-wing fans at sporting events and HOS veterans continue to use HOS and Ustasha insignia at public events.
Units
Gallery
See also
Blaž Kraljević
Croatian Party of Rights
Footnotes
References
Croatian nationalist organizations
Military units and formations of the Croatian War of Independence
Military units and formations of the Bosnian War
Anti-communist organizations
Military units and formations established in 1991
Military units and formations disestablished in 1993
Military wings of fascist parties
1991 establishments in Croatia
1991 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Paramilitary organizations based in Croatia
Paramilitary organizations in the Yugoslav Wars
Far-right politics in Croatia
Croatian irredentism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20Defence%20Forces |
Sinocoelurus (meaning "Chinese hollow tail", in reference to location and to relate the new genus to the North American Coelurus) is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Oxfordian-?Tithonian-age Upper Jurassic Kyangyan Series of Sichuan, China. It is an obscure tooth taxon.
History
In 1942, the Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian (in older references his name is given as C. C. Young) named this genus from IVP AS V232-234, a group of four isolated partial teeth found near Weiyuan, Guangyuan, Sichuan Basin. He described them as "long, slender, moderately curved and compressed; ridged anterior and posterior sides with no trace of serrations; enamel very thin". He considered the genus to be "coelurosaurian", which at that time meant a small theropod. The most distinctive characteristic of these teeth was their lack of serrations.
Because of the small amount of material, Sinocoelurus has attracted little attention since its description, outside of reviews. It is usually considered a nomen dubium of either coelurosaurian\coelurid affinities (if the source predates the acceptance of Coelurosauria as a wastebasket taxon as traditionally used), or uncertain theropod affinities (if published after this). The most recent review classifies it as Tetanurae incertae sedis and dubious, while Wu et al. (2009) presume it belongs to a plesiosaur; either way, Sinocoelurus was a reptile.
Paleobiology
As a small theropod, Sinocoelurus would have been an agile, bipedal carnivore.
References
Prehistoric theropods
Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Nomina dubia
Fossil taxa described in 1942
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Paleontology in Sichuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinocoelurus |
Clárence Williams Acuña Donoso (born February 8, 1975 in Rancagua) is a Chilean former professional football player. He played as a midfielder.
Club career
Chilean league
He started his career at Chilean club O'Higgins, whom he began playing for in 1994 at the age of nineteen. He played at O'Higgins until 1996, scoring eight goals in eighty-one games.
He then caught the eye of professional club Universidad de Chile. They signed him, and he played ninety games for them between 1997 and 1999, again scoring eight goals.
Newcastle United
After impressive domestic and international performances, Acuña was attracting attention from many big clubs. He eventually signed for Newcastle United, after manager Bobby Robson beat off competition from Manchester United and Parma to clinch Acuña's signature, earning him a £900,000 move to Newcastle United in October 2000, after receiving a work permit.
He made his debut for Newcastle on Saturday 28 October 2000 in a 1-0 away defeat to West Ham United. Two months later he scored his first goal for the club and the winner in the 2-1 victory against Leeds United. The goal was later voted "Goal of the Week" by the BBC. He was at Newcastle for four seasons, playing forty-six league games (including eleven as substitute), scoring six times. His contract was terminated by mutual consent in October 2003 so he could return home to care for his mother.
International career
His performances in the Copa Banco Estado attracted the attention of the national team and he was given his first international cap in 1995. Acuña managed to keep up his good form and was included in the Chile World Cup squad for the 1998 event held in France. Here, he impressed players and pundits alike and helped his country to the last 16 stage of the tournament, where they bowed out in a 4-1 defeat to favourites Brazil. Acuña was seen as one of the breakthrough players of the tournament and he also had his first experience of playing in Europe, which would prove not to be his last.
A year later he was involved in another international tournament. This time his services were required in the Copa América. He started four games as Chile reached the semi-finals but were knocked out 5-3 on penalties against Uruguay after a 1-1 draw. They also lost the third place playoff 2-1 against Mexico four days later.
Managerial career
Following his retirement as footballer, Acuña joined O'Higgins as sports advisory and, later, technical manager.
From 2015 to 2016, he worked as technical manager of Coquimbo Unido.
From 2016 to 2018, he and his fellow Pedro Reyes worked as assistant coaches of José Luis Sierra in Al-Ittihad and Shabab Al-Ahli.
In 2019, he joined CONMEBOL as head of technical development of the program Evolución Conmebol.
Honours
Club
Universidad de Chile
Primera División de Chile (2): 1999, 2000
Copa Chile (2): 1998, 2000
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Rancagua
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
1995 Copa América players
1997 Copa América players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1999 Copa América players
2004 Copa América players
Chilean Primera División players
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Club Universidad de Chile footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
Unión Española footballers
Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers
Deportes La Serena footballers
Premier League players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Rosario Central footballers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in England
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Men's association football midfielders
Doping cases in association football
Chilean football managers
Chilean expatriate football managers
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Acu%C3%B1a |
Sinosaurus (meaning "Chinese lizard") is an extinct genus of theropod dinosaur which lived during the Early Jurassic Period. It was a bipedal carnivore approximately in length and in body mass. Fossils of the animal were found at the Lufeng Formation, in the Yunnan Province of China.
Discovery and naming
The composite term Sinosaurus comes from Sinae, the Latin word for the Chinese, and the Greek word () meaning "lizard"; thus "Chinese lizard". The specific name, triassicus, refers to the Triassic, the period that the fossils were originally thought to date from. Sinosaurus was described and named by Chung Chien Young, who is known as the 'Father of Chinese Vertebrate Paleontology', in 1940.
The holotype, IVPP V34, was found in the Lower Lufeng Formation, and consists of two maxillary (upper jaw) fragments, four maxillary teeth, and a lower jaw fragment with three teeth. The teeth are laterally compressed, and feature fine serrations both at their anterior and posterior edges. The teeth are also variable in size and are curved backwards. This material is too fragmentary to determine the length and weight of this dinosaur. Over the years, other fossils were referred to Sinosaurus, some of which were material that was shown to belong to two sauropodomorphs. The fossils include postcrania, with a sacrum with three preserved sacral vertebrae. The material assigned to "Sinosaurus postcrania" includes a mix of plateosaurid and melanorosaurid elements. All the material from the Red Beds block has now been reassigned to Jingshanosaurus.
KMV 8701 was originally discovered in 1987. The specimen was identified as a new species, and was named Dilophosaurus sinensis. Then in 1994, during a field expedition, a more complete specimen was found, and was assigned to the same species. In 2003, Dong Zhiming studied the material of Sinosaurus triassicus, finding it to be quite similar to Dilophosaurus sinensis. As Sinosaurus was named earlier, "Dilophosaurus" sinensis became its junior synonym. In 2013, a study by Currie et al., confirmed that D. sinensis was the same animal as S. triassicus On the other hand, Wang et al. (2017) stated that it needs to be further investigated whether D. sinensis is indeed a junior synonym of S. triassicus, and noted that the two species are different at least in the anatomy of the premaxilla. The authors tentatively assigned D. sinensis to the genus Sinosaurus, but retained it as a species distinct from Sinosaurus triassicus. Specimen KMV 8701 consists of a skull (measuring 525 mm), and is nearly complete. Dong claimed that animal was about long. It has been assigned now to Sinosaurus, but the specimen still lacks sufficient description and preparation.
Over the years, paleontologists referred additional specimens to D. sinensis which are now assigned to Sinosaurus. Dong (2003) referred specimen LDM-LCA10 which consists of a skull and an incomplete skeleton. In 2012, Xing referred two individuals, ZLJ0003 which consists of a partial skull and an incomplete skeleton, and ZLJT01 which is a juvenile individual that consists of a premaxillary fragment, an incomplete maxilla, a maxillary fragment, a lacrimal, both frontals, both parietals, an incomplete braincase, an incomplete dentary, an atlantal intercentrum, two dorsal rib fragments, and a partial proximal caudal neural arch, to Sinosaurus.
In 2012, a new specimen of Sinosaurus was described, and was found to represent a new species.
The species Shuangbaisaurus anlongbaoensis, discovered and named in 2017, has also been considered a synonym of Sinosaurus triassicus.
Description
Sinosaurus was a relatively large theropod during the Early Jurassic, reaching in length and in body mass. According to Carrano et al. (2012) D. sinensis, now considered to be at least congeneric with Sinosaurus triassicus, can be distinguished based on the fact that a vertical groove is present on the lateral premaxilla adjacent to contact with the maxilla.
Sinosaurus is the only "dilophosaurid" known from a complete braincase. Cryolophosaurus, Dilophosaurus, Zupaysaurus and Coelophysis kayentakatae are all known from partial braincases. Two partial braincases were found before 2012, and are probably mostly complete, except that large sections are obscured by sediments. In 2011, an exceptionally well-preserved braincase was found, only missing the frontal bones and orbitosphenoid. A complete skull with a preserved mandible and 11 cervical vertebrae was described for Sinosaurus in 2023, after it was discovered near the locality where the holotype was found. The specimen also suggests three autapomorphies are unique to this theropod, all regarding crest development and the various fenestrae of the skull.
Classification
Originally thought to be a coelophysoid related to Dilophosaurus and Cryolophosaurus, Oliver Rauhut in 2003 showed Sinosaurus to be a more advanced theropod, related to Cryolophosaurus and "Dilophosaurus" sinensis. In 2013, in an unpublished work, Carano agreed that Sinosaurus is a theropod. Sinosaurus has been considered a nomen dubium in a few works, although now that "Dilophosaurus" sinensis is referred to it, it is considered valid.
Dilophosaurus sinensis was shown to be a junior synonym of Sinosaurus in 2003. It is possibly closer to the Antarctic theropod Cryolophosaurus, based on the fact that the anterior end of the jugal does not participate in the internal antorbital fenestra and that the maxillary tooth row is completely in front of the eye socket. D. sinensis was exhibited in 1998 at Dinofest in Philadelphia. Although the skull of D. sinensis sports large nasolacrimal crests superficially like those reconstructed in D. wetherilli, features elsewhere in the skeleton suggest it is closer to tetanuran theropods. Rauhut (2003) regarded D. sinensis as a basal tetanuran most closely related to Sinosaurus and Cryolophosaurus. Lamanna et al. (1998b) examined the material ascribed to D. sinensis and found it to be synonymous with Sinosaurus triassicus. This cladistic finding was confirmed in 2003 by Dong.
The Lufeng Dinosaurian Museum discovered a new specimen of Sinosaurus (ZLJT01) in 2007 from the Lufeng Basin. It consists of an incomplete skull and other postcranial fragments. Phylogenetic analysis of this specimen, demonstrates that Sinosaurus is a more derived theropod, and is not the most basal dilophosaurid, as held by Smith et al. A cladogram was identified by Christophe Hendrickx and Octávio Mateus. It placed Sinosaurus and Cryolophosaurus in a polytomy at the base of Tetanurae.
Recent studies placed Sinosaurus outside the Ceratosauria+Tetanurae clade, while Wang et al. (2016) considered it the basalmost ceratosaur.
Paleobiology
Crest function
Sinosaurus and Dilophosaurus both possess dual crests. However, it was found that the crests could not be used in combat.
Feeding
The skull of Sinosaurus has a deep notch between the premaxilla and maxilla. Dong (2003) proposed that the notch was used to house jaw muscles, giving Sinosaurus a powerful bite. Based on the estimated power of its jaws, Sinosaurus might have either been a carnivore or a scavenger. Dong suspected that the premaxilla was covered in a narrow, hooked beak, that was used to rip open skin and abdominal flesh. He also thought that the crest would have been used to hold open the abdominal cavity while feeding. Dong studied the feet of Sinosaurus as well, finding a resemblance with the feet of modern vultures. The feet of Sinosaurus were probably adapted to help it feed on large-bodied animals, such as prosauropods.
Paleopathology
A study by Xing et al. (2013) examined the effect of the traumatic loss of teeth on the dental alveolus (the socket in the jaw where the roots of teeth are held) in dinosaurs. Sinosaurus is the first dinosaur where remodeling of the alveolus in the jaw was observed. The authors concluded that this finding "contributes to mounting evidence suggesting theropods were highly resilient to a broad spectrum of traumas and diseases." The dental alveolus found on Sinosaurus is the first documented dental pathology found on a dinosaur.
Paleoecology
Provenance and occurrence
The type specimen of Sinosaurus triassicus IVPP V34 was recovered in the Zhangjiawa Member of the Lufeng Formation, in Yunnan, China. These remains were discovered at the Dark Red Beds that were deposited during the Sinemurian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 196-183 million years ago. Several other discoveries referred to Sinosaurus were made in the Zhangjiawa Member: specimens IVPP V97 (postcrania), IVPP V36 (teeth), IVPP 37 (teeth), IVPP V88 (ilium), IVPP V35 (teeth and postcranial bones), IVPP V100 and IVPP V48 (teeth and postcranial bones) discovered in 1938 by M. Bien & C.C. Young, FMNH CUP 2001–2003 discovered by E. Oehler and Hu. Specimens FMNH CUP 2097, FMNH CUP 2098, FMNH CUP 2004, FMNH CUP 2005 were discovered in 1948 by M. Bien & C.C. Young at Zhangjiawa Member, as well. Sinosaurus sp. fossils have been found in the Zhenzhuchong Formation, and were previously thought to be a poposaur, although they might have only been from the equivalent Lufeng Formation.
Specimen IVPP V504, referred to Sinosaurus, a maxilla with four teeth, was collected by Lee in the 1940s, in the Dull Purplish Beds of Shawan Member of the Lufeng Formation, that were deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 201-199 million years ago. Several other discoveries were made in the Shawan Member: parts of two skeletons attributed to Sinosaurus were discovered by Sou in 1956, specimen IVPP V279 (tooth) was discovered by C.C. Young in 1938, in dark red clayish sandstone, and specimen IVPP V381 (several teeth) was discovered by C.C. Young, in blue mudstone. The D. sinensis remains, KMV 8701, a nearly complete skeleton, now referred to Sinosaurus, were recovered in the Shawan Member of Lufeng Formation. This material was discovered in 1987 in the Dull Purplish Beds that were deposited during the Hettangian stage of the Early Jurassic, approximately 201-199 million years ago.
Fauna and habitat
In the Lufeng Formation, Sinosaurus shared its paleoenvironment with therapsids like Morganucodon, Oligokyphus, and Bienotherium; archosaurs like Pachysuchus; diapsids like Strigosuchus; crocodylomorphs like Platyognathus and Microchampsa; the early mammal Hadrocodium; and other early reptiles. Contemporary dinosaurs include indeterminate sauropods; the early thyreophorans Bienosaurus lufengensis and Tatisaurus oehleri; the supposed chimeric ornithopod "Dianchungosaurus lufengensis"; the prosauropods Gyposaurus sinensis, Lufengosaurus huenei, L. magnus, Jingshanosaurus xinwaiensis, Kunmingosaurus wudingensis, Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis, Yunnanosaurus huangi, "Y." robustus, and an unnamed taxon; and the theropods Lukousaurus, Eshanosaurus, and Coelophysis sp.
Changpeipus footprints have been found in the Lufeng Formation. In 2009, a study led by Li-Da Xing found that footprints from the Lufeng Formation were unique among ichnogenera, and named the footprints Changpeipus pareschequier. The study hypothesized that they were produced by a coelophysoid; there are many possible trackmakers, however, including both Sinosaurus and Coelophysis sp.
References
Early Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Prehistoric neotheropods
Fossil taxa described in 1940
Taxa named by Yang Zhongjian
Paleontology in Yunnan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosaurus |
Lehigh Valley College was a college owned by Career Education Corporation, a for-profit educational company. The college was located near Allentown, Pennsylvania, in Center Valley and offered associate degree programs in a variety of vocational areas, including criminal justice, graphic design and accounting.
History
Lehigh Valley College, formerly known as Allentown Business School, was founded in 1869 as primarily a secretarial school. Since opening, it expanded and moved four times to accommodate a larger student body and greater selection of programs. The school operated under at least five owners. Career Education Corporation bought it in 1995 and added programs, doubled enrollment and raised tuition.
In July 2003 it moved to a campus in Center Valley, Pennsylvania with of facility space which included 40 classrooms, 2 art studios, a photo/video studio, 4 Mac labs, 5 PC labs, library, and wireless internet.
In November 2006, Career Education Corporation announced plans to sell several of its schools including Lehigh Valley College.
On March 20, 2009, the Board of Trustees of Penn State University approved the purchase of the property for $12 million. The purchase did not affect a state attorney general probe into the Lehigh Valley College school.
Programs
Similar to other CEC owned institutions, Lehigh Valley College offered associate degree programs in Criminal Justice; Fashion Merchandising; Graphic Design; Health Information Technology; Internet Technologies; Management/Marketing; Massage Therapy; Medical Assisting; Network Support; and Visual Communications. No new students were accepted after February, 2008, although students enrolled at that time were allowed to complete their programs.
Controversy
The Pennsylvania Attorney General's Office demanded records from the school covering its financial aid policies, recruitment practices and student complaints in July 2005 in connection with a probe of the school by its consumer protection division.
In August 2005, the Allentown Morning Call newspaper published the results of its investigation of Lehigh Valley College, which cited several alleged issues with the school including misleading and aggressive admission tactics, comparably high tuition costs, minimal transferability of credits, deceptive job placement statistics, inadequate job placement assistance, and weak quality of instruction.
In 2008, Lehigh Valley College reached a settlement with then-Pennsylvania Attorney General Tom Corbett for $200,000. This followed a 2-year investigation into the school's practices and communications related to student loans, job placement and the ability to transfer credits.
References
External links
Lehigh Valley College Official Web Site
Universities and colleges established in 1869
Universities and colleges in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Defunct private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania
Graphic design schools in the United States
Former for-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Buildings and structures in Allentown, Pennsylvania
1869 establishments in Pennsylvania
Career Education Corporation
Educational institutions disestablished in 2009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh%20Valley%20College |
Carol Ronning Kapsner (born November 25, 1947) is a former Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court. Carol Ronning Kapsner was born and raised in Bismarck, North Dakota. She graduated with B.A. degree in English literature from College of St. Catherine, studied 17th-century English literature at Oxford University, received a Master of Arts degree in English literature from Indiana University, and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Colorado School of Law in Boulder, Colorado, in 1977. She was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1998. She retired from active service on July 31, 2017.
Career
1977 - started the law firm of Kapsner and Kapsner
1980 - served as president of the Burleigh County Bar Association.
1988-1996 - appointed by the Bar Association to serve on the Judicial Conference
1998 - appointed by Governor Ed Schafer to fill vacancy created by Justice Herbert L. Meschke
2000 - elected to a full 10-year term
References
External links
Carol Ronning Kapsner biography
North Dakota Supreme Court website
Living people
1947 births
Indiana University alumni
Justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court
Politicians from Bismarck, North Dakota
St. Catherine University alumni
University of Colorado alumni
20th-century American women judges
20th-century American judges
21st-century American women judges
21st-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Ronning%20Kapsner |
Seven Kingdoms () is a real-time strategy (RTS) video game developed by Trevor Chan of Enlight Software. The game enables players to compete against up to six other kingdoms allowing players to conquer opponents by defeating them in war (with troops or machines), capturing their buildings with spies, or offering opponents money for their kingdom. The Seven Kingdoms series went on to include a sequel, Seven Kingdoms II: The Fryhtan Wars. In 2007, Enlight released a further title in the Seven Kingdoms series, .
Gameplay
Seven Kingdoms made departures from the traditional real-time strategy model of "gather resources, build a base and army, and attack" set by other RTS games. The economic model bears more resemblance to a turn-based strategy game than to the traditional "build-workers, and harvest-resources" system in games such as Command & Conquer, StarCraft, and Age of Empires.
The game features an espionage system that allows players to train and control spies individually, who each have a spying skill that increases over time. The player is responsible for catching potential spies in their own kingdom. Inns built within the game allow players to hire mercenaries of various occupations, skill levels, and races. Skilled spies of enemy races are essential to a well-conducted espionage program, and players can bolster their forces by grabbing a skilled fighter or give one's own factories, mines, and towers of science a boost by hiring a highly skilled professional. For instance, having a skilled Persian general can make capturing and keeping a Persian village much easier.
The diplomacy system is akin to a turn-based game, allowing players to offer proposals to another party which they are able to either accept or reject. Each kingdom has a reputation and suffers a penalty for declaring war on a kingdom with a high reputation - making a player's people more likely to rebel and more susceptible to bribery. Diplomatic actions include making war, proposing an alliance or friendship treaty, buying food, exchanging technologies, offering tribute/aid, and forging trade agreements. A ranking system allows all players to gauge the relative military and economic strengths of their allies and enemies, making alliances against the stronger players a natural option.
The original game allows players to choose from seven different cultures to command: Japanese, Chinese, Mayans, Persians, Vikings, Greeks, and Normans. Each culture has its own weapons and fighting styles, and can summon its own "greater being", each with different powers.
Fryhtans are fictional beasts that hoard treasure and hold "scrolls of power", objects that enable players to summon greater beings. They are quite powerful and may attack human kingdoms.
Interactive Magic later released a free patch that added three new cultures - the Egyptians, the Mughals and the Zulus - and a new war machine, called the Unicorn. The game was re-released on June 8, 1998, under the name Seven Kingdoms: Ancient Adversaries with this patch included.
Reception
Sales
Commercially, Seven Kingdoms was overshadowed at launch by competing real-time strategy titles such as Age of Empires, Total Annihilation and Dark Reign. Writing for CNET Gamecenter, Allen Rausch reported that the game was "buried" by the large number of releases in its genre at the time. The game was particularly dwarfed by Age of Empires, according to T. Liam McDonald of PC Gamer US, who placed part of the blame for Seven Kingdoms sales on its "indifferent ad campaign and weak graphics." However, both Rausch and McDonald noted that Seven Kingdoms had attracted a dedicated fan following by 1999, at which point Rausch wrote that it had sold "fairly well". In the United States, the game sold roughly 35,000 units by November 1999, according to PC Data. Global sales of Seven Kingdoms, its expansion pack and its sequel surpassed 200,000 units by 2000.
Seven Kingdoms
The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings (though almost all of them belong to its sequel rather than the original).
Seven Kingdoms was the finalist for GameSpot's 1997 "Best Strategy Game" award, which ultimately went to Total Annihilation. The editors wrote, "Even in light of fierce competition from this year's other top-notch strategy releases, Seven Kingdoms stands tall as an inventive, enjoyable product destined to be remembered." However, it won the publication's "Best Game No One Played" award.
In a 1999 retrospective, Computer Games Strategy Plus named Seven Kingdoms as a runner-up for its "10 Essential Real-time Strategy Games" list. The magazine's Steve Bauman wrote, "Its combat is nothing to write home about, but few RTS games have a better build-up phase, with a slick visual representation of trade and economy."
Ancient Adversaries
The Ancient Adversaries expansion pack received "favorable" reviews according to GameRankings.
See also
List of strategy video games
References
Seven Kingdoms II Strategy Guide, M. Knight, Prima Games,
External links
Official Website (archive 2009)
Enlight Software - (archive 2008)
1997 video games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Enlight Software games
Free software that uses SDL
Linux games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in China
Video games scored by Bjørn Lynne
Windows games
IEntertainment Network games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Kingdoms%20%28video%20game%29 |
Stephanie Julianne von Hohenlohe (born Stephany Julienne Richter; 16 September 1891 – 13 June 1972) was an Austrian princess by her marriage to the diplomat Prince Friedrich Franz von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, a member of the noble Hohenlohe family. She was born a commoner, allegedly of Jewish family background.
A Hungarian national, she relocated to London after her divorce from the prince, where she is suspected of having acted as a spy for Germany during the 1930s. She developed close connections among the Nazi hierarchy, including Adolf Hitler. She also developed other influential relationships, including with Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, and promoted British support for Germany while living in London from 1932. The British, French and Americans all suspected her of being a spy for the German Government. During the 1930s, she was awarded the Golden Party Badge for her services.
Fleeing from Britain to San Francisco in 1939 after war was declared, she was put under surveillance by the US government. After the attack on Pearl Harbor she was arrested by the FBI and interned in the United States as an enemy alien. She provided information to the Office of Strategic Services which was used in a 1943 report on the personality of Adolf Hitler. In May 1945 she was released on parole and returned to Germany, where she cultivated influential connections in post-war German society.
Early life
Stephany Julienne Richter was born in Vienna, Austria, to Ludmilla Kuranda (said to be Jewish) and Johann Sebastian Richter, purported to be a dentist or minor lawyer. She was named after Crown Princess Stephanie of Austria-Hungary. (Note: A 2004 biography by Martha Schad says that Richter was the illegitimate daughter of two Jewish parents.) In 1906, Stephany Richter was enrolled in the ballet school of the Vienna Court Opera. As a young woman, she used her beauty, charm and sophistication to gain an entrée to Vienna's high society.
In her early twenties, Richter had an affair with the married Archduke Franz Salvator, Prince of Tuscany. He was the son-in-law of Emperor Franz Joseph I through his marriage to Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria.
Pregnant with Franz Salvator's child, she persuaded Friedrich Franz von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1879–1958), a German prince of the Hohenlohe family, that the baby was his. They married in London on 12 May 1914, giving her the title of "princess", which she used the rest of her life. Her son was born in Vienna on 5 December 1914, and named Franz Josef. (According to an FBI memo of October 1941, the Hohenlohe family had some doubts about whether the child was theirs, but acknowledged him.) His full name was Franz Josef Rudolf Hans Weriand Max Stefan Anton von Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst.
Interwar period
Princess Stephanie and her husband were divorced in 1920. Later that year in Budapest, he married Hungarian Countess Emanuela Batthyány von Német-Ujvár, in Budapest on 6 December 1920. They did not have any children. They would escape to Brazil in the closing days of World War II.
After the divorce, Princess Stephanie's surname was zu Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, as was Austrian custom. Over the years, she always represented herself as a Hohenlohe princess. She lived in Paris until the government forced her out on suspicion of being a spy. She moved to London in 1932, settling at the exclusive Dorchester Hotel in Mayfair, London.
Meanwhile, she had developed friendships and sometimes intimate relationships with powerful and influential men, including Harold Sidney Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere, a newspaper tycoon who owned the influential Daily Mail and Daily Mirror in London, and Joachim von Ribbentrop, who served as the German Ambassador to Britain in the 1930s. She also cultivated relationships with other influential Nazi Party members. As a princess, she socialized with the British elite, connections that the Nazis believed could be valuable for their new government after they came to power in 1933.
Her close friends included Margot Asquith, the widow of the former prime minister H. H. Asquith, Lady Ethel Snowden, the wife of a former Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Lady Londonderry and her husband Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry. According to The Daily Telegraph, Stephanie's "connections earned her the admiration of Hitler, Himmler and Von Ribbentrop."
After Hitler gained power in Germany in 1933, MI6 circulated a report stating that the French secret service had discovered documents in the princess's flat in Paris that ordered her to persuade Lord Rothermere to campaign for the return to Germany of territory ceded to Poland at the end of First World War. She was to receive £300,000 (the equivalent of £13 million today) if she succeeded.
Princess Stephanie received financial support from Rothermere, an early admirer of Hitler, and in the early 1930s, he advocated an alliance with Germany. In the 1930s, he paid Princess Stephanie an annual retainer of £5,000 (the equivalent of £200,000 today) to promote Germany and to develop support for it among her influential connections. He also hoped that she would introduce him to Nazi inner circles.
As war approached, Rothermere pushed for British rearmament, their association deteriorated and Rothermere stopped paying her. Princess Stephanie took him to court, alleging in a lawsuit that he had promised the retainer for life. She lost the case.
During visits to Germany, she had become closely acquainted with members of the Nazi hierarchy, including Adolf Hitler, who called her his "dear princess". She developed a close friendship with Hermann Göring, and Heinrich Himmler declared her an "honorary Aryan". In a 1938 MI6 report, British intelligence said of her, "She is frequently summoned by the Führer who appreciates her intelligence and good advice. She is perhaps the only woman who can exercise any influence on him".(That was part of a release of MI6 records in 2005 under a declassification of documents.)
In 1937 she arranged for Lord Halifax to travel to Germany and meet Göring.
In 1937 Princess Stephanie began an affair with Fritz Wiedemann, a personal aide to Hitler. When Wiedemann was appointed to the post of German Consul-General in San Francisco, she joined him in the United States in late 1937 and stayed for a time, returning to Europe the following year.
In 1938, the Nazis confiscated the property of Austrian Jews, including the Leopoldskron castle in Salzburg, which had been owned by theatre director Max Reinhardt. It was there that she received and entertained Walter Runciman, the author of the Runciman Report, which argued for handing Sudetenland over to Germany. He is reported to have spent several delightful days there. Some reported that Göring gave Princess Stephanie the property; other sources say that she leased it or was charged by Göring with developing the estate as a guest house for prominent artists and to serve as a reception facility to Hitler's Berghof home.
She managed to get close to Hitler despite her Jewish origin. On June 10, 1938, he decorated her with the NSDAP's gold medal of honor.
Second World War
Princess Stephanie returned to Britain in 1939, but after war was declared later that year, she left the country for fear of being arrested as a German spy. She travelled to the United States, returning to her former lover Fritz Wiedemann, then German Consul in San Francisco. On her arrival, the United States government placed her under security surveillance by the FBI.
In March 1941, she was detained for several days by US immigration authorities. She made up to Major Lemuel B. Schofield, the Director of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service in Washington, DC. He put her up in the Raleigh Hotel, where he also lived, and the two carried on an affair that lasted several months. She then lived with her mother and son in Alexandria, Virginia.
In October 1941, the FBI prepared a memo describing her as "extremely intelligent, dangerous and clever," and claiming that as a spy, she was "worse than ten thousand men". Summarizing what was known about her, it recommended that her deportation not be further delayed and noted that the British and the French, in addition to the United States intelligence community, suspected her of being a spy for Germany. She continued to stay in the US.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the formal entry of the US into World War II, the FBI arrested Princess Stephanie, interning her at a facility in Philadelphia and later at a Texas camp for enemy aliens. On January 10, 1942, the enemy alien hearing board in Philadelphia recommended to Attorney General Biddle that she be interned for the duration of the war, based on an interview the previous month.
She was interviewed by personnel of the new Office of Strategic Services (OSS). She was paroled in May 1945.
It was not until 2005 that British intelligence MI6 and the US FBI declassified and released some of the documents from those years and that they became available to researchers. American files show that during her interrogation by the OSS, she provided insights into the character of Hitler, which were used by Henry A. Murray, Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, and psychoanalyst Dr. Walter C. Langer, in preparing the 1943 OSS report entitled Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler.
Later life
In the postwar era, Princess Stephanie returned to Germany, where she established new, influential connections. She worked with media executives such as Henri Nannen of Stern news magazine and Axel Springer, the owner of the Axel Springer AG publishing company. For the latter, she secured interviews with US Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.
She died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1972 and is buried there.
See also
Edith von Coler — similar agent of influence for Germany
Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
Waldenburg (disambiguation)
References
Further reading
Bořivoj Čelovský, Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Herbig, 1988 (first published in Czech as Ta ženská von Hohenlohe)
Robert H. Jackson, That Man, An Insider's Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Oxford University Press, 2003
Martha Schad, Hitler's Spy Princess: The Extraordinary Life of Princess Stephanie Von Hohenlohe, (translated by Angus McGeoch). Haynes, 2004. (first published in German as Hitlers Spionin: das Leben der Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Heyne, München 2002, )
Jim Wilson, Nazi Princess: Hitler, Lord Rothermere and Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, The History Press, 2011
"October 28, 1941 Memorandum on Stephanie von Hohenlohe for U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt" from ?, Safe files, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, hosted at Marist University
1891 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Austrian women
Austrian people of Jewish descent
Austrian prisoners and detainees
Nobility from Vienna
Women in World War II
Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany
Princesses by marriage
People interned during World War II
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20von%20Hohenlohe |
Big Mutha Truckers is an open world racing video game developed by British studio Eutechnyx and released in 2002. Set in fictional Hick County, the game revolves around completing trips between cities, delivering goods, and competing in races while at the helm of a semi truck. The game is available on GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Microsoft Windows. It met with middling critical and commercial reception, due to repetitive gameplay, dated graphics, and lackluster sound. The game uses Steppenwolf's "Born to Be Wild" as its theme song. The sequel is Big Mutha Truckers 2. A different game of the same name was developed by Italian company Raylight Studios and released for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS.
The game's plot revolves around one of four available characters and their quest to inherit the family business. With plans to retire from the family business, Ma' Jackson challenges her four children, Cletus, Earl, Rawkus, and Bobbie-Sue, to a "Trial by Truckin". She gives each sibling 60 days in which to make deliveries to various cities in Hick State County, with the company going to the sibling with the most money in the end.
Gameplay
Big Mutha Truckers is primarily an open world racing game, in the same vein as 18 Wheeler: American Pro Trucker. Players spend the majority of their time on the road, navigating the highways between the game's six cities: Salt Sea City, Capital City, Greenback, Skeeter's Creek, Smokestack Heights, and Big Mutha Truckin' Incorporated. The player will earn most of their money through trade, shipping goods from cell phones to beer, with additional opportunities from mini-games and challenge races.
Every city features three locations: a garage, a bar, and a store. The garage allowed players to repair damage, refuel, switch trailers to carry different kinds of cargo, buy upgrades to improve their rig, or design custom logos for their truck. In the bar the player can find tips on where to buy and sell certain cargo, and a loan shark. The store allows the player to buy and sell goods, with prices varying by town. When visiting Big Mutha Truckin' Incorporated, the bar and store are replaced by visits to Ma Jackson.
On the road, the player can earn extra money by smashing other vehicles. This money can be multiplied through combos, or by hitting a vehicle with the trailer. If the player earns a high enough combo, he can make reward icons appear on the road. When collected, these icons can refuel the truck, repair damage, or offer a cash bonus. Law enforcement and biker gangs are both present in the game, and cause trouble for the player if they attack them by mistake. Any cop will pursue and capture a player, while bikers will attempt to shoot up the trailer, or even detach it from the truck. In either case, it is a significant blow to the player's cash. Every cop can be avoided with skillful driving, and bikers can be shaken away from the truck.
Occasionally, the player will be asked to accomplish a side-mission when they visit a bar. These point-to-point races are good for cash if the player can complete them.
Reception
Big Mutha Truckers received a mixed reception. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 66.41% and 62 out of 100 for the PlayStation 2 version; 65.36% and 63 out of 100 for the GameCube version; 65.35% and 59 out of 100 for the Xbox version; 56% and 48 out of 100 for the DS version; 55.80% and 61 out of 100 for the PC version; and 50% for the Game Boy Advance version.
GameSpot critic Alex Navarro gave the game a 6.2 out of 10 rating, noting that while it "earnestly tries to be a fun game", flaws in the presentation and a lack of varied gameplay lead to a game that "as a full-on purchase ... just doesn't measure up". Similar complaints about the game's commerce model came from Andy Mahood of GameSpy, who wrote that "no matter how much you dress it up ... this lather-rinse-repeat cycle can turn stale after only a few hours of play".
References
External links
2002 video games
Eutechnyx games
Game Boy Advance games
GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
Trade simulation games
Truck racing video games
Windows games
Xbox games
THQ games
Video games developed in Italy
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Nevada
Video games set in the Las Vegas Valley
Destination Software games
Empire Interactive games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Mutha%20Truckers |
Who Pays the Ferryman? is a television series produced by the BBC in 1977. The title of the series refers to the ancient religious belief and mythology of Charon, the ferryman to Hades. In ancient times, it was custom to place coins in or on the mouth of the deceased before cremation so that the deceased could pay the ferryman to go to Hades.
The eight episodes were written by Michael J. Bird. He used his knowledge of Crete, where the series is based, incorporating local history and folklore. Helped by stunning scenery, the serial became a success when transmitted on BBC One in 1977.
Premise
A former soldier returns to Crete, to take stock after his boatbuilding business is bought out, thirty years after he had fought alongside the local resistance (andartes) during the Second World War. He finds the ghosts of the past waiting for him there, and those who would do him ill. The shadows of his past interrupt and threaten his present happiness.
Plot
After suffering personal and professional misfortunes, boat designer Alan Haldane (Jack Hedley) decides to take a trip to Crete after 30 years away. Now a widower and having sold his business, Haldane wishes to find new meaning and rediscover the sense of belonging just as he had experienced during World War II. Back then, Haldane fought with the Andartes against the occupying German army; his skill and determination earned him the honorary name of "Leandros", and his exploits subsequently slipped into local legend. He had also enjoyed an affair with co-partisan Melina Matakis, from whom he temporarily parted when repatriation took place. Once back in England, his letters to Melina went unanswered; hence, this temporary parting became permanent.
Now at a loose end, Haldane is met by many, a mainly positive welcome, many remembering the exploits of the one they called "Leandros." On reaching the area where he was based with Melina, a local homeowner, Annika, approaches. As glances are exchanged, this pretty and successful businesswoman and Haldane unconsciously form an immediate rapport. Annika had divorced her husband—an action in opposition to the values of Crete—however, this strong woman and Haldane get on so easily and both recognise a need for each other that grows ever stronger each time their paths cross, which in time will become understandably frequent.
Haldane, at last, manages to meet up with his Greek 'brother' from whom he was almost inseparable during the war, a lawyer named Babis Spiridakis. Haldane is pleased to see Babis, but the latter merely acknowledges Leandros' presence after an admittedly long time apart. But they talk and as facts are eased out into the open, both men are in for a few surprises. It turns out both Melina and Haldane wrote letters to each other, which neither received. Haldane discovers Melina died four years ago. That might have been that, but Babis goes on to explain that Melina was pregnant with his child, a daughter, who with her husband runs a tavern. They have now gone on to bear him what is his grandchild. The magical bond between Haldane and Annika gets immediately complicated when Babis tells Haldane that Annika is actually the sister of Melina, therefore his daughter's aunt.
Leandros is determined to get to know his daughter and grandchild without any of them knowing. And he can never tell Annika, with whom he is falling deeply in love because what he knows would tear everyone's world apart. In addition, those who still hold age-old vendettas plot against Leandros, such as Annika's matriarchal mother, Katerina. The stage is set for a Greek tragedy, in which all parts were cast many years earlier, to play right out to the bitter end.
Filming
The serial's location sequences were shot in and around Elounda. The serial's theme tune, composed by Yannis Markopoulos, reached the UK singles chart in late 1977 and early 1978.
Credits
Main cast
Jack Hedley as Alan Haldane
Betty Arvaniti as Annika Zeferis
Stefan Gryff as The Major
Neil McCarthy as Babis Spiridakis
Takis Emmanuel as Matheos Noukakis
Patience Collier as Katerina Matakis
Nikos Verlekis as Nikos Vassilakis
Maria Sokali as Elena Vassilakis
Alexis Sergis as Alexis Vassilakis
Crew
Series created and written by Michael J. Bird
Produced and directed by William Slater
Designs by Myles Lang
Theme music composed by Yannis Markopoulos
Episodes
Availability
The series was available on DVD in the Netherlands (Wie betaalt de veerman?) some time before the UK release in 2012.
External links
Michael J. Bird tribute website
BBC television dramas
1970s British drama television series
1977 British television series debuts
1977 British television series endings
1977 in Greece
Lasithi
Films set in Crete
Films shot in Greece
Films shot in Crete
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20Pays%20the%20Ferryman%3F |
Adelaide Helen Grant Sinclair, (January 16, 1900 – November 20, 1982) was a Canadian public servant. She was the second Chairman of the UNICEF Executive Board from 1951 to 1952, and from 1957 to 1967, she was the deputy executive director for programs of UNICEF, and one of the highest ranking women at the United Nations.
Born in Toronto, Ontario, the daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Overton Macdonald, she attended Havergal College and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from University College, University of Toronto in 1922 and a Master of Arts in 1925. She was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta at the University of Toronto. She did post-graduate work at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1929 and the University of Berlin in 1929. She lectured in economics and political science at the University of Toronto.
In 1930 she married Donald Black Sinclair, a Toronto lawyer, who died in 1938. The couple had no children.
During World War II, she was the Director and temporary Commander of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service (WRCNS). She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the New Year Honours 1945 for her "untiring zeal and outstanding ability, tact and judgement in organizing the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service into a most efficient and well-disciplined unit".
From 1946 to 1957, she was the executive assistant to the Deputy Minister of National Health and Welfare and Canadian representative to UNICEF. From 1957 until her retirement in 1967, she was the Deputy Director of UNICEF.
In 1967, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. She received an honorary degree from the University of British Columbia in 1968.
References
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Officers of the Order of Canada
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Chairmen and Presidents of UNICEF
University of Toronto alumni
1900 births
1982 deaths
Military personnel from Toronto
Canadian women civil servants
Canadian female military personnel
Royal Canadian Navy officers
Canadian women diplomats
Canadian officials of the United Nations
20th-century Canadian women
Canadian expatriates in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Sinclair |
Pontiac Correctional Center, established in June 1871, is an Illinois Department of Corrections maximum security prison (Level 1) for adult males in Pontiac, Illinois. The prison also has a medium security unit that houses medium to minimum security inmates and is classified as Level 3. Until the 2011 abolition of the death penalty in Illinois, the prison housed male death row inmates, but had no execution chamber. Inmates were executed at the Tamms Correctional Center. Although the capacity of the prison is 2172, it has an average daily population of approximately 2000 inmates.
In May 2008, Governor Rod Blagojevich proposed to shut down the Pontiac facility, with a phase-out plan to take place from January through February 2009. The inmate population would be transferred to the Thomson facility, a newly built maximum security prison, which is also equipped to house segregated inmates. Illinois has since sold Thomson to the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Pontiac facility is one of the largest employers in the Livingston County community. Blagojevich's successor, Pat Quinn, cancelled plans to close Pontiac Correctional Center in March 2009 after taking office.
History to 1931
The prison was operated as a boys' reform school from 1872 to 1893. It was formally established as the State Reformatory for youths after that. Among its early detainees was Charles Hair, a Cherokee convicted at age 12 of intent to assault an officer, as he was picked up in an armed raid by law offices in November 1892 raid at the fort of Ned Christie, also Cherokee. Christie had been declared an outlaw after being wrongly accused of killing a federal marshal in 1887, and was killed in the raid. Hair was held in Illinois for three years.
When the prison was expanded to house an adult population, the buildings of the former reform school were used as the administrative offices. Two cell houses were constructed. One was a 4-tier cell house holding 296 cells, each of which measured 8'3" x 7' x 8'. The other was 5 tiers, housing 500 cells measuring 8'x 5'x 8'. The cells had iron bars in the front and contained a cot or spring bed, a stool and locker.
In 1929, there were 1,405 inmates and 57 guards, making the ratio approximately 1 guard to 25 inmates. In 1931, an additional cell house with 440 cells on 5 tiers was built. In this cell house, two men were assigned to each 8'x10'x8' cell, sharing a bunk bed, a cabinet, a desk, and outlet for a radio. With the new cell houses, the prison population grew to 2,504 inmates with 150 guards, or approximately 1 guard per 17 inmates. The prison housed 2,504 inmates (1,959 white, 535 black, 10 other).
Rules and regulations
The inmates were allowed to smoke in their cells at specified times. Relatives were allowed to visit once a month on any day except Saturday afternoons, Sundays, and holidays. Twice a month, inmates were allowed to write letters: one to a friend and one to a parent. A married prisoner was permitted to write every week. The inmates could buy tobacco, candy and toiletries weekly and could receive newspapers and magazines from the publisher.
Punishments
The loss of prisoner privileges for periods of 10 to 30 days was the most common type of punishment. Inmates were put in certain confinement cells with nothing but a slice of bread to eat every morning for 3 to 8 days, for worse violations.
In the 21st century, inmates are disciplined in many forms for known violations of laws or rules of the institution or department, for which they receive tickets. They may be restricted in yard time, from using audio visual items, or from purchasing items at the commissary. Inmates may also be put on a 72-hour property restrictions, confined to their cells, for instances such as having unauthorized materials or contraband, or assaulting staff or other inmates.
Allegations of a "three-man team" being assembled by an officer at PCC, to punish, abuse and cover-up abuse of inmates was reported in 2022 by Criminal.
Riots
On April 23, 1973, a brawl broke out at Pontiac involving 100 inmates using homemade knives, cleaning utensils, and metal trays as weapons in the mess hall. By the time guards fired tear gas to suppress the violence, two inmates had been stabbed and killed. According to Time Magazine, this fight had been sparked by competition among members of rival Chicago gangs who were imprisoned.
On July 22, 1978, a riot erupted that involved more than 1,000 inmates and resulted in one of the deadliest riots in Illinois prison history. The riot began around 9:45 in the morning, when 600 prisoners were returning to the cell house on the north end of the prison from the recreational yard. Armed with shanks, prisoners attacked officers inside the cell house. According to investigators, prison gangs directed the attack to challenge Warden Thaddeus Pinkney. Soon the local and state police arrived and fired eight rounds of tear gas into the prison yard. Prisoners set buildings on fire, causing other prisoners to get involved. After many hours, the troops got all inmates back into their cells. Lieutenant William Thomas and two correctional officers, Robert Conkle and Stanley Cole, were killed; three correctional officers, Danny Dill, Dale Walker and Sharon Pachet, were injured.
The warden put a "deadlock" system into effect until October 16, 1978. Prisoners were not allowed to leave their cells for any reason. Their meals were brought to them; all recreational time and work assignments were cancelled. The prisoners were not allowed to shower until October. Family visits were banned until October 14, and they were not allowed to make phone calls to their families until September 30. The officials of the prison began a renewed search of prisoners for weapons on October 2 and ended October 13.
The prisoners filed a complaint in the district court on August 31 stating the "deadlock" was longer than was needed to restore order and was having adverse effects on the prisoners' mental and physical health. The district judge decided to wait until after the "shakedown" of weapons search to make any decisions. After the shakedown, on November 3, the court ordered Pontiac Correctional Center to restore the family visitation hours and phone privileges as they were before the riot, as well as the meals, exercise and work times. The court also required the prison to provide two hours of yard recreation a week to the prisoners.
Because of this riot, the prison instituted a policy of moving only a few inmates at a time in a line. As 1997, prisoners in the maximum security unit are kept in their cell 24 hours a day, with exception of days when they are allowed limited time for yard recreation, use of the law library, showers, and visits.
By 2008, a general population of prisoners had been reintroduced to Pontiac Correctional Center. Inmates who are not in segregation status are given more time out of their cells, including social time on rec yards, in the gym, and at dining times. Protective custody and inmates from the medium-security unit may obtain jobs within the prison, ranging from cellhouse porter to lawn care or vehicle maintenance. In addition, inmates of all confinement statuses may participate in mental health and medical "groups". Church services are held at the center, and the protective custody unit has its own inmate choir.
Recent assaults
In January 2013, an officer working in the Protective Custody unit of Pontiac CC was attacked and severely injured by an inmate; the officer was hospitalized. The inmate was convicted on charges of aggravated battery and sentenced to 20 years in state prison. This sentence is running concurrent to the 85-year sentence which the inmate had earlier received for armed robbery and murder in Cook County.
In March 2015, officers received a tip that an inmate in the North Cellhouse had a homemade weapon in his cell and had threatened to use it against staff. The prison's Tactical Team was mobilized after the inmate refused to comply with orders to put on restraints for a cell search. When the team entered the cell and attempted to restrain the inmate, he stabbed 3 officers multiple times on the hands, arms, and legs. The officers were treated at an outside hospital for non-life-threatening injuries.
In the summer of 2016, an officer was escorting an inmate to a new cell in the East Cellhouse. The inmate had just been released from segregation status to general population. When the officer went to key open the cell door to let the inmate in, the inmate attacked him, punching him in the face. Tower officers alerted other staff, who subdued the inmate. The officer was transported to a local hospital and treated for his injuries.
On August 21, 2016, an inmate punched a correctional lieutenant, starting a fight that involved six employees and five inmates. It resulted in four correctional officers (2 male, 2 female) and two lieutenants (1 female, 1 male) being treated for injuries, including possible concussions. According to Joe Lewis, a correctional officer and union official at the Pontiac facility, other inmate violence against employees was occurring. He said that the prison administration was ignoring policies to keep workers safe, or substituting ineffective practices.
Illinois Department of Corrections spokeswoman Nicole Wilson disputed Lewis's statement, saying,"The events that led to this incident do not appear to be the result of a lack of policy or a breakdown in existing policies but rather a failure to follow workplace safety procedures already in place, DOC's investigation will include why procedures weren't followed and how future incidents can be prevented."Both the staff and AFSCME (employees' union) denied that employees had violated any procedure. The IDOC and the Governors office had not identified the policy that was violated. As of January 2017, the last of the injured staff members returned to work. The inmates involved were successful in getting in-house department discipline dismissed. The Livingston County State's attorney is pursuing criminal charges against the inmates involved. Those inmates will begin arrangements in March 2017.
On February 12, 2017, less than 16 hours after the assault noted above, an inmate stabbed an officer in the side of the head/temple area in Property. The institution had been placed on a level 4 lockdown following the previous night's incident. Staff had been ordered to continue some normal movement, which included moving inmates to and from the property building to prepare for transfers. When the general population inmates were packing out, one inmate took the opportunity to stab an officer in the side of the head. The injured officer along with his lieutenant and two other officers managed to subdue the inmate while an emergency code was called. Responding staff removed both the inmate and the injured officer from the area. The officer was treated and released from a local hospital. Following this incident, the facility was placed on a Level One Lockdown.
Proposed prison closing
In May 2008 the governor of Illinois, Rod Blagojevich, announced his intention to close Pontiac CC by February 2009 and to move about half the inmates to a prison in Thomson, Illinois. Many residents of Pontiac opposed the plan, fearing "570 jobs in this central Illinois town would be lost." The prison is the second-largest employer in Livingston County. Citizens gathered together to hold rallies seeking the support of the governor. On September 15 a joint meeting in Chicago and Springfield was held on the issue, for voting by the Commission on Government Forecasting and Accountability. At this meeting 9 of 12 people voted to keep the prison open. While Governor Blagojevich would have made the final decision, he would have taken this vote into consideration.
On September 16 employees of Pontiac Correctional Center filed a lawsuit stating "the state does not have a right to close the facility because it has budgeted money to run the prison through June 2009." Further, they said that "Gov. Rod Blagojevich and the Illinois Department of Corrections cannot close the prison because funding was provided in the 2008-09 budget, which was passed by the Illinois General Assembly and signed into law by Blagojevich." On September 17, an independent commission of state lawmakers rejected closing the prison, despite the claims by the Department of Corrections that such action would save money in the next year's budget. Pat Quinn, lieutenant governor of Illinois since 2003, assumed the governorship in January 2009 after Blagojevich was impeached for corruption charges. (He was later convicted and imprisoned.) On March 12, 2009, Governor Quinn cancelled plans to close Pontiac Correctional Center.
In 2020, Governor JB Pritzker proposed the closure of the prison. Plans were finalized in early 2022, allowing the prison to remain open, while permanently closing the medium-security unit.
Units
Medium-Security Unit
This unit, commonly referred to as "the farm," was once a working farm that cultivated crops and raised livestock to produce much of the food consumed by the prison. This unit is classified as Level 3 and houses offenders that are medium- to minimum-security inmates. Unit population as of 1/1/2021 was 327.
Maximum-Security Unit
This unit is classified as Level 1. It contains offenders who need to be segregated and are limited in their privileges.
The maximum security unit also houses maximum-security inmates in General Population status, and high-aggression protective-custody inmates. Population as of January 2021 was 738.
North Condemned/Administrative Detention
Until the abolition of the death penalty in Illinois in 2011, this unit housed death row inmates. This unit has been renamed as North Administrative Detention. It now houses inmates who are believed to be gang chiefs and too much of security risks to be housed in the general population.
North Segregation
This unit is the state's main Segregation housing unit for high-aggression inmates who have broken facility rules. Such violations include assaulting staff or inmates, possessing contraband, escape attempts, etc.
East Cell House
This unit holds many different classifications of inmates, including Segregation Release, and Protective Custody.
South Protective Custody Unit
The state's primary Protective Custody Unit. Some of these inmates are former death row offenders. The unit houses between 300-400 inmates.
South Mental Health Unit
This unit provides psychiatric and psychological mental health services for offenders who are sentenced to be within the correctional system for a longer period of time and have a segregated status. These offenders are diagnosed as chronically mentally ill; diagnoses of the inmates have included schizophrenia, psychotic, and bipolar or major affective disorder. Population as of January 2021 is 66.
West Cell House
This unit is general population
Notable inmates
Andrew Suh - Fatally shot his sister's boyfriend.
William Balfour - murdered the mother, brother, and nephew of entertainer Jennifer Hudson.
Drew Peterson - police sergeant and convicted murderer
Frank Collin - leader of the National Socialist Party of America, convicted of child molestation
Timothy Krajcir - convicted American serial killer
Larry Eyler - American serial killer and abductor
John David Norman - pedophile, sex offender and sex trafficker
Richard Holman - American serial killer. His older accomplice, Girvies Davis, was executed in 1995. Holman avoided execution since he was a month shy of 18.
References
External links
Pontiac Correctional Center - Illinois Department of Corrections
2002 Audit
Prisons in Illinois
Capital punishment in Illinois
Pontiac, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Livingston County, Illinois
1871 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac%20Correctional%20Center |
The 1 October 1938 Commemorative Medal (), commonly known as the Sudetenland Medal was a decoration of Nazi Germany awarded during the interwar period, and the second in a series of Occupation Medals.
Description
Instituted on 18 October 1938, the medal was awarded to participants in the occupations of Sudetenland in October 1938 and Czechoslovakia in March 1939.
The medal was awarded to all German State officials and members of the German Wehrmacht and SS who entered the Sudetenland on 18 October 1938, and to Sudeten Nazis who had worked for union with Germany. Later a special bar for attachment to the ribbon was introduced for participation in the occupation of the remnants of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939, and to others who rendered valuable support. Last awarded on 31 December 1940, a total of 1,162,617 medals and 134,563 bars were bestowed.
The wearing of Nazi era awards was banned in 1945. The Sudetenland medal was not among those awards reauthorized for official wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957.
Design
The medal was circular and similar in appearance as the Anschluss Medal, the reverse only differed in the date. It was designed by Professor Richard Klein. On the obverse a man holding the Nazi flag stands on a podium bearing the eagle emblem of the Third Reich. He assists a second man onto the podium, whose right arm bears a broken shackle. This symbolizes the joining of the area to the Reich. On the reverse is the inscription date "1. Oktober 1938" (1 October 1938). The date is surrounded with the words "Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer" (One People, One Nation, One Leader).
The medal was die-struck and high in detail, with a bronze finish. It was suspended from a striped black, red, black ribbon and white outer stripes, the colors of the Sudetenland.
Prague Castle Bar
For those who had participated in both the annexation of the Sudetenland and the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on 15 March 1939, a bronze Castle Bar (), was approved on 1 May 1939. This bar featured the Prague Castle on the obverse with two triangular prongs in the back, which held it on the ribbon of the prior awarded Sudetenland medal. The bar, like the medal, was die-struck and high in detail, with a bronze finish.
See also
Anschluss Medal
Memel Medal
Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany
References
Notes
Bibliography
Awards established in 1938
Orders, decorations, and medals of Nazi Germany
Sudetenland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland%20Medal |
Spondylosoma (meaning "vertebra body") is a genus of avemetatarsalian archosaur belonging to the clade Aphanosauria from the late Ladinian-age Middle Triassic Lower Santa Maria Formation in Paleorrota Geopark, Brazil.
History
Friedrich von Huene based the genus on a fragmentary postcranial skeleton held at the University of Tübingen. This skeleton includes two teeth, two cervical vertebrae, four dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, scapulae, part of a humerus, part of a femur, and part of a pubis. At the time, he thought it was a prosauropod.
With the discovery of the basal dinosaur Staurikosaurus, Spondylosoma drew attention as a possible relative. Authors went back and forth on the question, considering it either as a basal dinosaur, or as a "thecodont" or other basal archosaur. In 2000, Peter Galton noted that it lacks dinosaurian characteristics and was probably a rauisuchian more closely related to rauisuchids, whereas in 2004 Max Langer disputed this and included Spondylosoma as a possible basal dinosaur similar to the herrerasaurs (but did not firmly rule out rauisuchian affinities). In his 2009 thesis on archosaur evolution, Sterling Nesbitt placed Spondylosoma at Archosauria incertae sedis, noting that the characters used by Galton to tentatively place the genus in Rauisuchidae are also found in Aetosauria, and that the holotype lacks characters to place it in either Pseudosuchia or Ornithodira.
The redescription of Teleocrater revealed numerous similarities between Spondylosoma and a few other Triassic taxa leading to their referral to a new clade of archosaurs, Aphanosauria, which is the sister to Ornithodira within Avemetatarsalia.
References
Middle Triassic archosaurs
Middle Triassic reptiles of South America
Ladinian genera
Triassic Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Santa Maria Formation
Paleontology in Rio Grande do Sul
Fossil taxa described in 1942
Prehistoric avemetatarsalians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylosoma |
Todor Kableshkov (Bulgarian: Тодор Каблешков) (13 January 1851 – 16 June 1876) was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary and one of the leaders of the April Uprising.
Born in Koprivshtitsa in a wealthy family, he studied in his hometown and then in Plovdiv between 1864 and 1867 and founded the Zora enlightenment society in 1867. He continued his education in Galatasaray High School in Istanbul, but was forced to return to Koprivshtitsa because of illness. He worked in Edirne as a telegraph operator in 1873 and was then a station master near Pazardzhik, where he engaged in cultural and educational activities.
Kableshkov returned to Koprvishtitsa in the beginning of 1876 and committed himself to revolutionary work. He was assigned the head of the local revolutionary committee in Koprishtitsa and deputy-apostle of the Panagyurishte revolutionary district. He was the first to proclaim the April Uprising on 20 April 1876 and is the author of the famous Bloody Letter to the Panagyurishte revolutionary district. Kableshkov was the head of the military council in Koprivshtitsa and led a cheta (band, detachment) together with Panayot Volov, with which he went round the nearby villages.
After the uprising was suppressed by the Ottoman authorities, Kableshkov fled in the interior of Stara Planina with a small group. He was captured near Troyan and was afterwards tortured in the Lovech and Veliko Tarnovo prisons. Todor Kableshkov eventually committed suicide in the Gabrovo police office at the age of 25.
Todor Kableshkov is remembered as one of the most courageous Bulgarian revolutionaries especially considering the young age at which he entered the revolutionary movement. His home house in Koprivshtitsa is now turned into a museum and a monument was built on the place he decided to start the rebellion.
References
1851 births
1876 deaths
People from Koprivshtitsa
Revolutionaries from the Ottoman Empire
April Uprising of 1876
Galatasaray High School alumni
Bulgarians from the Ottoman Empire
1870s suicides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todor%20Kableshkov |
Kawaimina is a syllabic abbreviation used to refer to four languages or dialects of East Timor:
Kairui, Midiki, Waimaha, and Naueti,
spoken by one or two thousand speakers each. It is a name used by linguists discussing the languages, not the speakers themselves. The first three, which may be co-dialects, are spoken in adjacent areas in the western part of Baucau District, along the north coast. Naueti is used on the south coast of eastern Viqueque District, surrounded by speakers of Makasae and Makalero. Some Midiki speakers near Ossu refer to their language as Osomoko.
Geoffrey Hull classifies these as dialects and groups them into a single Kawaimina language, while Ethnologue groups the varieties into three distinct languages.
Except perhaps for Naueti, the Kawaimina languages are members of the Timor–Babar family of Austronesian languages. While structurally the languages are Malayo-Polynesian, their vocabulary, particularly that of Naueti, derives mostly from Papuan languages. In this they are similar to Makasae and Habun; none of these languages are easy to classify as either Austronesian or Papuan. The languages are noted for both archaisms and unusual innovations, including vowel harmony and aspirated and glottalized consonants in their sound-systems.
References
External links
The Waimaha language of East Timor
Ethnologue page for Kairui-Midiki
Ethnologue page for Nauete
Ethnologue page for Waimaha
Survey of the languages of East Timor
Languages of East Timor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaimina%20languages |
LINC ("Logic and Information Network Compiler") is a fourth-generation programming language, used mostly on Unisys computer systems.
Background
LINC was originally developed as a short-cut (or template) by two programmers to reproduce and automate the production of computer applications for different companies, that had similar requirements and specifications. The requirements were similar, because the companies followed a common, generic, business model.
That is, these businesses dealt with "commodities", or "parts", or "suppliers", or "customers" (named "components" in LINC terminology). These were "manufactured", or "assembled", or "purchased", or "sold" (actions termed "events" in LINC terminology).
These components and events were the "interface specifications" or "ispecs" and contained the database definitions, screen designs, and business rules of the application system.
LIRC (Logic and Information Report Compiler) was part of LINC and was developed to allow the programmer to produce reports (e.g. "purchase orders", "invoices", "credit notes", "consignment notes", "bills of sale"). The information in these reports were accessed by using various user-defined views of these components and events called "profiles".
Because reports run as a separate task (as a separate thread of execution) they could also be written to run as a background process; that is, it could put itself to sleep for a period of time or until woken, to perform some processing, then put itself to sleep again.
Part of the reason for the introduction of this new terminology was to make the system easier for programmers. It isolated them from a lot of the underlying technology. (Similarly, different names were intentionally used for control structures: DO.WHEN rather than IF or LOOP, and LOOK.UP or DETERMINE rather than READ, with the OPEN and CLOSE statements generated automatically.)
What allowed LINC to make programmers much more efficient and the application systems they produced easier to read and maintain, and differentiated it from being simply yet another third generation high level language, was LINC's assumption, use of, and total reliance on all of the facilities available, and packaged, with the Burroughs computer for which it was written: operating system, job control language, COBOL programming language, database management system, network definition, user terminal, etc. (See also "history" below.)
From version 11, its character changed. Where LINC (and LIRC) specifications had previously been held in source-code files, they were now held in a database (designed and developed using the LINC 4GL) and subject to rigorous automatic validation. The new LINC-based system in which specifications were stored was named LINC interactive or LINC Development Environment (LDE).
Extensive reliance on terminal "screen painting" (i.e. "mocking"-up a CRT data-entry screen) was used to assist system definition. e.g. to define a components database attributes (name, length, alpha(numeric), validation rules, etc., and for defining report layouts).
In the early 1990s, a new PC-based tool for developing LINC specifications was released, the LINC Development Assistant (LDA). LDA was written in a mixture of Smalltalk and C++ rather than the LINC 4GL (the latter of which was not intended to run on a personal computer). From version 17, it was intended that all development be done with LDA.
Now LINC is known as Unisys Enterprise Application Environment (EAE) and can generate COBOL code for Burroughs & Sperry mainframes, Microsoft Windows, and various Unix and Linux platforms. It will also generate GUI front-end clients in
Java
Visual Basic 6 clients
Active Server Pages
Web services for Microsoft IIS
ASP.NET
VB.NET
in addition to compiling generated code and deploying databases to correspond with the specification. Databases supported include Burroughs DMSII, Sperry RDMS, Oracle database and Microsoft SQL Server.Recent Update:Unisys is replacing EAE with Unisys Agile Business Suite' (AB Suite). The LDL language is promoted to LDL+, with new object-oriented features. The Development environment makes use of the Microsoft Visual Studio IDE. The Model Driven approach is extended with a UML based Class Diagram integrated with all the source code of the solution, in such a way that a round trip update is achieved. Changes in the Business Rules can result in changes in the UML representation and vice versa.
AB Suite 4.0 makes use of Visual Studio 2012 and integrates with Team Foundation Server 2012.
AB Suite generates to either a .NET environment or a ClearPath MCP environment.
With AB Suite a developer has to write less code than in a traditional C# or Java environment.
History
LINC was originally developed by two New Zealand computer programmers (Gil Simpson and Peter Hoskins) while working in Saudi Arabia in the early 1980s. It was first developed exclusively for operation with a single model of Burroughs computer system comprising a totally integrated system of:
B1000 hardware,
MCP operating system,
COBOL application programming language,
WFL job control language,
DMS II database management system,
NDL Network Definition Language
MT983/ET1100 CRT (user terminal),
etc.
The LINC system created 3rd GL COBOL (application), DMSII (database definition), NDLII (network description), and WFL (job control) source code. The job control statements were themselves subsequently run to compile the other elements and create an integrated system of database, applications, and user terminal network.
Burroughs purchased rights to sell the product in 1982, while product development was retained by the original inventors. An early requirement was to extend the product for use with the Burroughs mid-range and large scale computing platforms.
After Burroughs merged with Sperry Corporation to form Unisys, the language was extended to be used on Sperry's UNIVAC 1100/2200 series machines also.
Subsequently a New Zealand development centre was set up in Christchurch by Gil Simpson to develop the product. Ownership was later on transferred to Unisys and the product and mainframe computer centre resources transitioned to Unisys ACUS, the "Australian Centre for Unisys Software" in Sydney Australia.
Gil Simpsons Christchurch team went on to create the Jade language/database that could import and run LINC code on commodity hardware.
LINC itself is (was) supported on the following platforms:
ClearPath A-Series
ClearPath 2200
Unix SUN Solaris
Unix IBM RS6000
Unix HP9000
Unix Sequent
Unixware
Windows Server
Development work was by ACUS Unisys, but was transitioned from ACUS to an Indian outsourcing operation in early 2008. Eventually, the product was sold to over clients worldwide.
Strengths
It provides an intuitive and easy-to-understand interface to the Burroughs DMS and COBOL programming.
As it has been modernised to support different platforms, it facilitates migration between platforms and databases.
By confining a specification in a database, the entire design can be kept in a single design and development environment.
Once generated, the code is absolutely consistent with its design specification.
A client interface is always consistent with a system generated at the same time.
The system's database access code is always consistent with the system's database tables.
Weaknesses
Principally, LINC fails to compete against myriad turnkey systems readily available from many other sources (especially IBM). The cost of purchasing and customising an existing product (e.g. the Hogan retail banking system) is perceived as less expensive/risk than using LINC to create, from scratch, an entire business system with all its rules.
Other weaknesses arise mostly from its dependence and basis on Burroughs DMS and COBOL, which differ greatly from other computing platforms.
People entering the industry or from a Unix / Windows background may struggle to adjust to this different paradigm.
Functionality can be limited by the need to support multiple platforms. You can't use optimal Oracle structures or queries if the mainframe platforms don't support them.
References
External links
Information Exchange Group, provider of utilities for assisting development with LINC, http://www.ieg-inc.com/
Fourth-generation programming languages
Burroughs mainframe computers
Mainframe computer software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINC%204GL |
Stegopelta (meaning "roofed shield") is a genus of struthiosaurin nodosaurid dinosaur. It is based on a partial skeleton from the latest Albian-earliest Cenomanian-age Lower and Upper Cretaceous Belle Fourche Member of the Frontier Formation of Fremont County, Wyoming, USA.
History
In 1905, Samuel Wendell Williston described FMNH UR88, a partial armored dinosaur skeleton consisting of a maxilla fragment, seven cervical and two dorsal vertebrae, part of a sacrum and both ilia, caudal vertebrae, parts of the scapulae, both humeral heads, portions of an ulna and both radii, a metacarpal, partial tibia, metatarsal, and armor including a shoulder spine and neck ring. The specimen was in poor condition, as it had eroded from a slope and been walked on by cattle. Ankylosaurians being very poorly known, Williston compared his new genus to Stegosaurus, and the armor to that of Glyptodon; like that mammal, Stegopelta had a fused section of armor (in its case over the pelvis). Roy Lee Moodie redescribed it in 1910, and considered it to be close to, if not the same as, Ankylosaurus.
The genus fell into obscurity. Walter Coombs synonymized it with the more famous but equally poorly known Nodosaurus in his 1978 redescription of the Ankylosauria. It was reinstated as a valid genus by Ken Carpenter and James Kirkland (1998), who recognized it as having distinct vertebral and armor characteristics. Tracy Ford took this farther in 2000, assigning it to a new subfamily in Ankylosauridae based on armor characteristics, which he called Stegopeltinae. Also included was Glyptodontopelta. This has not been generally accepted, but most recent reviews have accepted Stegopelta as a distinct genus with uncertain affinities.
Paleobiology
Because it is so poorly known, at this point all that can be said about the habits and life of Stegopelta is that it was a slow quadrupedal herbivore that fed low to the ground and relied on its armor for defense.
Its armor included a fused region over the sacrum, and shoulder spines that may have been split, as seen in Edmontonia.
See also
Timeline of ankylosaur research
References
External links
Article about the discovery of Stegopelta landerensis on DinosaurusBlog (in Czech)
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Nodosaurids
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1905
Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
Paleontology in Wyoming
Campanian genus extinctions
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegopelta |
Arizona Proposition 107 was a proposed same-sex marriage ban, put before voters by ballot initiative in the 2006 general election. If passed, it would have prohibited the state of Arizona from recognizing same-sex marriages or civil unions. The state already had a statute defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman and prohibiting the recognition of same-sex marriages performed elsewhere.
This proposed amendment to the Arizona Constitution failed, with 48.2% voting in favor and 51.8% opposed, making Arizona the first U.S. state to defeat a state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage. Several states approved similar measures between 1998 and 2006.
The proposition was backed by the Protect Marriage Arizona coalition, which included the Center for Arizona Policy and United Families Arizona. The proposition was primarily opposed by the Arizona Together coalition, which included the Arizona Human Rights Fund and the Human Rights Campaign.
Voters approved a more limited constitutional amendment which banned same-sex marriage but not state-recognized civil unions or domestic partnerships, 2008 Arizona Proposition 102, in 2008 with 56% of the vote.
Official title and text
An Initiative Measure
Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of Arizona; amending the Constitution of Arizona; by adding Article XXX; relating to the protection of marriage
To preserve and protect marriage in this state, only a union between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage by this state or its political subdivisions and no legal status for unmarried persons shall be created or recognized by this state or its political subdivisions that is similar to that of marriage.
Electoral results
Statewide
By county
See also
List of Arizona Ballot Propositions
2008 Arizona Proposition 102
LGBT rights in Arizona
References
External links
Proposition Text at AZ Secretary of State site (including arguments for and against the measure)
Protect Marriage Arizona (Yes On Prop 107)
Arizona Together (No On Prop 107)
The Center for Arizona Policy
The Human Rights Campaign
The Money Behind the 2006 Marriage Amendments – National Institute on Money in State Politics
2006 Arizona elections
2006 ballot measures
Arizona ballot measures
2006 in LGBT history
LGBT in Arizona
Initiatives in the United States
Same-sex marriage ballot measures in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Arizona%20Proposition%20107 |
Mallory O'Brien may refer to:
Mallory O'Brien, a fictional character in TV show The West Wing
Mal O'Brien, CrossFit athlete | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory%20O%27Brien |
William Leonard Langer (March 16, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American historian, intelligence analyst and policy advisor.
He served as chairman of the history department at Harvard University. He was on leave during World War II as head of the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services. He was a specialist on the diplomacy of the periods 1840–1900 and World War II. He edited many books, including a series on European history, a large-scale reference book, and a university textbook.
Early life
Born in South Boston, Massachusetts, he was the second of three sons of recent German immigrants, Charles Rudolph and Johanna Rockenbach. His elder brother, Rudolf Ernest Langer, became a mathematician and his younger brother, Walter Charles Langer, a psychoanalyst.
When William was only three, his father died unexpectedly, leaving the family in difficult circumstances. Nevertheless, his mother, who supported the family by working as a dressmaker, made education a priority for her children.
Education and career
After studying at the Boston Latin School, Langer attended Harvard University.
Langer was fluent in German, and taught German at Worcester Academy while furthering his own education with courses on international relations at Clark University.
His job and education were interrupted by military service World War I. After the war, he returned to his studies and obtained his Ph.D. in 1923. In 1921 he married Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth) who became a noted philosopher. They had two sons together before divorcing in 1942.
He taught modern European history at Clark University for four years before accepting an assistant professorship at Harvard. In 1936 Langer became the first to hold the Archibald Coolidge chair.
Langer was remembered at Harvard especially for his History 132 course on modern European history, History 157 on the Ottoman Empire, and the graduate seminars held at his home. He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.
With the help of other scholars during the 1930s, Langer completely revised the Epitome of History by German Scholar Karl Ploetz. Langer's massive work was published in 1940 under the title An Encyclopedia of World History. Its fifth edition (1972) is the last to be edited by Langer. Peter N. Stearns and thirty other prominent historians edited the sixth edition, published in 2001. Stearns paid tribute to Langer's great achievement in the introduction to the new edition.
In 1932 as an associate professor Langer was chosen by Harpers as editor for their series on modern Europe. He wrote the volume covering 1832-1852, "Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism." Originally in hardcover, the series was republished in the 1960s in paperback as "The Rise of Modern Europe."
Later career
In 1957, Langer urged historians to expand their insights with techniques from modern psychology.
War service
Langer was an enlisted man in the United States Army Chemical Service in World War I, and saw combat in a chemical weapons unit on the Western Front in France. He described the experience in a book he wrote with another man in his company.
During World War II, Langer served in the new Office of Strategic Services (OSS) as deputy chief and later chief of the Research and Analysis Branch until the end of the war. In correspondence he was identified as OSS 117, a codename which entered French popular culture in 1949 for an unrelated iconic fictional character of books and film. He was special assistant for intelligence analysis to U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes. In 1950 Langer organized the office of National Estimates in the newly established Central Intelligence Agency.
After war
After the war, Langer returned to academia, but from 1961 to 1977 he served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board.
Honors
William Langer was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman in July 1946 in recognition of his wartime service. He was also awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1954. Postwar, both Harvard and Yale University awarded Langer LL.D. degrees as did the University of Hamburg in 1955. Among his many involvements, Langer served as president of the American Historical Association for 1957. Langer received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965.
Selected bibliography
revised as: Gas and Flame in World War I (1965) online
An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. © 1972, 1968, 1952, 1948, & 1940. 1948 edition online
The Franco-Russian Alliance 1890–1894 (1929) online
European Alliances and Alignments 1871–1890 (1931) (second edition with supplementary bibliographies, Vintage, 1950). online
The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902 (1935) (two volumes) online review ; online copy
Our Vichy Gamble (1947)
The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940 (1952) with S. Everett Gleason online
The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 (1953) with S. Everett Gleason
Conyers Read, 1881–1959: Scholar, Teacher, Public Servant (M. and V. Dean, 1963)
Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852 (1969) online
In and out of the ivory tower (1977), autobiography online
References
Sources
In and Out of the Ivory Tower: The Autobiography of William L. Langer (Neele Watson Academic Publications, 1977)
1896 births
1977 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American Unitarians
United States Army personnel of World War I
Clark University alumni
Clark University faculty
American people of German descent
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University Department of History faculty
Harvard University faculty
Writers from Boston
Presidents of the American Historical Association
People of the Office of Strategic Services
Historians of American foreign relations
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
The Fletcher School at Tufts University faculty
University of Chicago faculty
Yale University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Medal for Merit recipients
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Boston Latin School alumni
Historians from Massachusetts
Harvard Extension School faculty
Bancroft Prize winners
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20L.%20Langer |
The Men Who Make the Music was the first home video released by the American new wave band Devo. Finished in 1979, the film was set to be the first Video LP under the title "DevoVision" (advertised in the inner sleeve of the "Duty Now for the Future" LP), but was shelved by Time Life due to concerns about its anti-music industry content. It was released in 1981. A DVD of this film was announced in 2000, due to be released by Rhino Records, but this never came to pass. In January 2014, Michael Pilmer, webmaster of the official Devo website, indicated a DVD release by MVD later in the year. The DVD was released the following August, including a bonus feature of Devo's 1996 reunion show at the Sundance Film Festival.
A concert film of Devo on their 1979 tour of Japan was also titled The Men Who Make the Music, filmed at Nippon Budokan. The performance of "Red Eye" from this show is also on the official The Men Who Make the Music release.
Synopsis
The Men Who Make the Music combines concert footage from Devo's 1978 tour with music videos and interstitials featuring a vague story about Devo's rocky relationship with "Big Entertainment". The majority of this story line is contained in a long segment called "Roll Out the Barrel" or "Rod Rooter's Big Ream"/"Rod's Big Reamer". This particular segment was shown as an intermission during Devo's 1979 tour and audio recordings appear on bootlegs from this tour. Part of this film also appears on The Complete Truth About Devolution. The other interstitials involve General Boy (Robert Mothersbaugh, Sr.) discussing Devo's influence on the world and their philosophy. Members of Devo also make speeches during these interstitials.
Track listing
Jocko Homo (Music video, taken from The Truth About De-Evolution)
Titles
General Boy Segment 1
Wiggly World (Live)
General Boy Segment 2
The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprize (Music video)
Roll Out the Barrel (AKA "Rod Rooter's Big Reamer")
Praying Hands (Live)
General Boy Segment 3
Uncontrollable Urge (Live)
(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction (Music video)
General Boy Segment 4
Jocko Homo (Live, partial performance)
Secret Agent Man (Music video, taken from The Truth About De-Evolution)
Smart Patrol/Mr. DNA (Live)
Come Back Jonee (Music Video)
General Boy Segment 5
Red Eye (Live)
Credits
Devo Corporate Anthem
References
External links
Devo Live Guide - Comprehensive guide to Devo's live performances.
Devo video albums
1981 video albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Men%20Who%20Make%20the%20Music |
Stegosaurides (meaning "Stegosaurus-shaped") is a genus of herbivorous thyreophoran (perhaps ankylosaurid or possibly stegosaurian) dinosaur. It lived during the Cretaceous. Its fossils were found in the Xinminbao Group near Heishan in Gansu Province in China. These fossils consist of fragmentary material, including dermal spine elements. The genus is occasionally misspelled as "Stegosauroides".
Discovery and species
In 1930, Anders Birger Bohlin during the Swedish-Chinese expedition of Sven Hedin excavated fossils at Hui-Hui-Pu, between the Heishan en Ku’an-t’ai-shan mountain ranges, near Xinminbao, in the west of Gansu. These included two vertebrae of about eleven centimetres in length and a dermal spine base.
The type species is Stegosaurides excavatus, formally described by Bohlin in 1953. The generic name combines Stegosaurus with the Greek ~eides, "-shaped", in reference to the presumed similarity with the vertebrae of Stegosaurus. The specific name means "hollowed out" in Latin and refers to two large depressions, one each on either side of the spine base. It is currently considered a nomen dubium as the material is so limited.
Phylogeny
Bohlin placed Stegosaurides in the Stegosauria. However, later authors often presumed it represented a member of the Ankylosauria, in an indeterminate position. The fossils resemble vertebrae of both groups in having strongly elevated diapophyses, but are more ankylosaur-like in that the neural arch is moderately tall. Uncertainty over the precise age of the Xinminbao Group adds to the difficulty of determining the affinities. Usually it is given as Early Cretaceous when both stegosaurs and ankylosaurs were present, but sometimes as Late Cretaceous when stegosaurs were probably extinct.
See also
Timeline of ankylosaur research
Notes
Ankylosaurs
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1953
Taxa named by Birger Bohlin
Paleontology in Gansu
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegosaurides |
Bow Valley College is a Canadian public, board-governed college located in Calgary, Alberta, operating as a comprehensive community institution under the Post-Secondary Learning Act of Alberta. The branch campuses are: Airdrie, Banff, Cochrane, Okotoks, and Strathmore. Bow Valley College is a member of the Alberta Rural Development Network and Colleges and Institutes Canada.
Calgary and region’s only Comprehensive Community College — with 14,000 full- and part-time students, Bow Valley College helps Open Doors – Open Minds to in-demand jobs in Calgary, Alberta, and Canada. Bow Valley College graduates contribute to the digital economy, careers in business, TV & film production, and serve on the frontlines of healthcare and social services. Bow Valley College invests in three applied research pillars: educational technology, social innovation, and health.
Programs
The college offers academic programs in a variety of areas including career training, university transfer courses, adult upgrading, and English language learning. The college is divided into specialized schools:
Centre for Entertainment Arts offers training in Visual Effects, 3D Animation and Modeling, Video Game Development, Film Production, Art Foundations, and Entertainment Arts Production Management. Students work with industry professionals throughout this program.
Chiu School of Business offers training in business and health administration.
Continuing Learning administers the college's professional development ("continuing education") programming and open studies courses.
Regional Stewardship offers programming at campuses located in Airdrie, Cochrane, and Okotoks where learners may access services such as classrooms, advising, and invigilation.
School of Community Studies provides programs in social services, education and early learning, justice, and community services.
School of Foundational Learning provides adult high school upgrading, basic literacy programs, and workplace training.
School of Global Access is the college's hub for English language learning, services and programs for newcomers to Canada, and inter-cultural learning.
School of Health and Wellness offers studies towards careers as a healthcare aide, nurse, pharmacy technician, and more.
School of Technology offers education in information technology and design.
History
It was founded as the Alberta Vocational Centre in 1965. Since 1972, it has been located on 3rd Street and 6th Avenue Southeast in Calgary and continues to expand its footprint between downtown Calgary and the city's East Village.
In 1998, the college transitioned from a government-administered model to an autonomous, board-governed public college and adopted the name Bow Valley College to reflect the region (the Bow Valley) which the college serves.
Facilities
In May 2013, the college unveiled its new South Campus building on 6th Avenue Southeast. The South Campus building hosts the Calgary operations of Athabasca University, Olds College Fashion Institute, and the University of Lethbridge.
Beyond downtown Calgary, the college operates smaller campuses in the communities of Airdrie, Banff, Cochrane, Okotoks, and Strathmore, and offers academic and career education on a number of the region's Indigenous nations.
Scholarships
There are more than 300 awards and bursaries available for students through Bow Valley College. Bow Valley College is committed to ensuring that all students are able to access the life-changing possibilities of an education free from financial stress and pressures. Many generous donors make an impact on the lives of students and help them reach their goals.
See also
Education in Alberta
List of universities and colleges in Alberta
Higher education in Alberta
Canadian government scientific research organizations
Canadian university scientific research organizations
Canadian industrial research and development organizations
References
External links
Bow Valley College Website
Bow Valley College Scholarships and Bursaries page
Universities and colleges in Calgary
Colleges in Alberta
Universities and colleges established in 1965
Vocational education in Canada
1965 establishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow%20Valley%20College |
Stenopelix (meaning "narrow pelvis") is a genus of small marginocephalian dinosaur, possibly a basal ceratopsian, from the Early Cretaceous of Germany. It lived in the late Berriasian Stage of the Cretaceous period, approximately 140 myr ago. The genus is based on a partial skeleton lacking the skull, and its classification is based on characteristics of the hips.
Discovery and species
In 1855, in a sandstone quarry near Bückeburg on the Harrl, a fossil was found of a small dinosaur. Most of its bones were in a poor condition and removed on preparation, leaving two sets of hollow impressions on the plate and counterplate. The two plates do not overlap completely. The hollows, serving as a natural mold, have since been used to produce several casts in gypsum and latex to facilitate the study of the specimen. It was originally part of the collection of Max Ballerstedt preserved in the Bückeburg Gymnasium Adolfinum but was in 1976 moved to the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen where it now resides in the collection of the Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Universität Göttingen.
In 1857, based on this fossil, Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer named the type species Stenopelix valdensis. The generic name is derived from Greek stenos, "narrow", and pelyx, "pelvis". The specific name refers to the Wealden Formation. The holotype, GZG 741/2 (earlier GPI 741-1, 2), found in the Obernkirchen Sandstein Formation, consists of the impressions of an almost complete skeleton, lacking the skull and the neck.
Description
Stenopelix was a small herbivorous animal, reaching in length and in body mass. The preserved rump and tail have a combined length of just 97 centimetres; the femur is fourteen centimetres long. The species can be distinguished by several details of the pelvis. The shaft part of the ilium uniformly tapers ending in a rounded point. The shaft of the ischium is thickest in the middle and there shows a distinctive kink.
Classification
The classification of Stenopelix is controversial and has ever been problematic because of the lacking skull. Prior to the 1960s, it was often assigned to some ornithopod group. In 1974 Teresa Maryańska suggested it to be a pachycephalosaur, one of the oldest known, due to the apparent exclusion of the pubis from the acetabulum, and the presence of strong caudal ribs. Peter Galton in 1982 showed that the "pubis" was actually part of the acetabulum, and the so-called "caudal ribs" were sacral ribs. The curvature of the ischium and absence of an obturator foramen were not characteristics seen in other pachycephalosaurs. Galton concluded Stenopelix to be ceratopian.
However, exact cladistic analyses by Paul Sereno have resulted in a position in the Pachycephalosauria. But paleontologists Richard J. Butler and Robert M. Sullivan nonetheless view the species as being Marginocephalia incertae sedis, rejecting the presumed synapomorphies with the Pachycephalosauria as incorrect identifications or lacking cogency because of a possible presence in ceratopsian groups. In 2011, a cladistic analysis performed by Butler et al. showed that Stenopelix is a basal member of the Ceratopsia, and its sister taxon is Yinlong. In 2020, Yu et al. classified Stenopelix as a chaoyangsaurid with Yinlong, Chaoyangsaurus, Xuanhuaceratops, Hualianceratops.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
References
External links
Ceratopsians
Early Cretaceous ceratopsians
Berriasian genera
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous Germany
Fossils of Germany
Fossil taxa described in 1857
Taxa named by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer
Ornithischian genera
Ornithischians of Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenopelix |
Sclavonia may refer to:
Sclavonia, archaic English (via Latin) designation for the region of Slavonia, now part of Croatia
Sclavonia, archaic English (via Latin) designation for the region of Scalovia, in former Prussia
Occasionally, parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Upper Hungary), inhabited by Slovaks
In general, a common Latin designation for various regions inhabited by Sclavoni (Slavs)
See also
Sclavi (disambiguation)
Sclavia (disambiguation)
Slavia (disambiguation)
Slavija (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavonia |
Mar Gewargis III (; born Warda Daniel Sliwa, ) served as the 121st Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East. On 18 September 2015, the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East elected Mar Gewargis Sliwa to succeed the late Mar Dinkha IV as the head of the Church. On 27 September 2015, he was formally consecrated and enthroned as Catholicos-Patriarch.
Early life
Warda Daniel Sliwa was born on 23 November 1941, in Habbaniya, Iraq, to Daniel and Mariam Sliwa. In 1964, he matriculated from the School of Education, a federated college of the University of Baghdad. Following this, he taught English in various schools in Iraq for the next thirteen years.
During a visit to the United States he was called by the Catholicos-Patriarch, Mar Dinkha IV, to serve the Assyrian Church of the East in the ordained ministry. After training in the rites and theology of the Church, he was ordained to the diaconate on 13 April 1980, and on 8 June 1980 he was ordained to the priesthood. Warda Daniel Sliwa continued to serve and train within the Church, until he was nominated by Catholicos-Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV and the hierarchy of the Assyrian Church of the East to assume the rank of Metropolitan for Baghdad and all Iraq. Thus, he would eventually succeed the Metropolitan Mar Yosip Khnanisho, who had died in 1977.
On Pentecost Sunday, 7 June 1981, Rev. Sliwa was consecrated as Metropolitan of Baghdad and all Iraq by Mar Dinkha IV, with the assistance of Mar Aprim Khamis, in the Cathedral Church of St. George, Chicago. The new Metropolitan was given the ecclesiastical name Mar Gewargis III.
Episcopal career
During Gewargis's metropolitanship he established the archdiocesan minor seminary in Baghdad, which produced numerous priests and deacons for Iraq. Some of the students were sent to Europe for doctoral studies in theology.
In 1994, after the fall of the USSR, Metropolitan Gewargis began a mission to the Assyrians in the Russian Federation, establishing a number of mission parishes. In that year, a permanent priest was assigned for the newly established parish of St. Mary in Moscow. The newly built church, in honour of St. Mary, was then consecrated. The number of deacons and priests for the Assyrian Church of the East in Russia increased.
In 1998 he travelled to China and made contact with the Christian communities there. He visited some of the ancient relics of the Assyrian Church of the East, which have been present in China since the establishment of missions to China in the early history of the Church of the East. Gewargis also made historical visits to the regions of Mardin and Hakkâri, now in southern Turkey, where there are many relics of the Assyrian Church of the East dating back to the early history of the Church.
Metropolitan Gewargis established a library within the Metropolitan's residence, which now houses hundreds of ancient manuscripts. While in Baghdad, he established the Metropolitan's Press, and had a number of liturgical books and other volumes of a catechetical nature printed for worldwide use. In 2009 he established the Urhai (Edessa) private elementary school in Baghdad.
Gewargis has been active in ecumenical forums and fraternal exchange between the Assyrian Church of the East, and other eastern churches and ecclesiastical organisations, in particular with the Middle East Council of Churches (MECC) and the Council of the Heads of Churches in Baghdad.
Election and consecration as Catholicos-Patriarch
Between 16–18 September 2015, the Council of Prelates of the Assyrian Church of the East met in a Synod in the Cathedral Church of St. John the Baptist in Erbil, Iraq. On 18 September 2015, the Prelates elected Mar Gewargis Sliwa as the 121st Catholicos-Patriarch of the Holy See of Seleucia-Ctesiphon. On 27 September 2015 he was consecrated and enthroned as Catholicos-Patriarch in the Church, with Mar Aprem Mooken, Metropolitan of Malabar and India, and Mar Meelis Zaia, Metropolitan of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon presiding. Mar Gewargis Sliwa formally assumed the ecclesiastical name Mar Gewargis III.
On 6 September 2021, Mar Gewargis III formally stepped down as Catholicos-Patriarch during an Extraordinary Session of the Holy Synod of the Assyrian Church of the East, leaving the Patriarchal See vacant. On 8 September 2021, the Holy Synod elected Mar Awa III Royel, Bishop of California and Secretary of the Holy Synod, to succeed Mar Gewargis III as Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East.
References
External links
Official biography of His Holiness, Mar Gewargis III
Catholicos Patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Living people
1941 births
University of Baghdad alumni
People from Al Anbar Governorate
Iraqi Assyrian people
Iraqi Christians
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewargis%20III |
Stephanosaurus (meaning "crown lizard") is a dubious genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur with a complicated taxonomic history.
In 1902, Lawrence Lambe named a new set of hadrosaurid limb material and other bones (originally GSC 419) from Alberta as Trachodon marginatus. Paleontologists began finding better remains of hadrosaurids from the same rocks in the 1910s, in what is now known as the late Campanian-age (Upper Cretaceous) Dinosaur Park Formation.
Lambe assigned two new skulls to T. marginatus, and based on the new information, coined the genus Stephanosaurus for the species in 1914. Lambe retained the original species marginatus, so the type specimen of Stephanosaurus was the original, scrappy limb bones and crushed skull fragments, not the two new skulls.
However, the limb bones and skull fragments could not be reliably said to come from the same animal as the complete skulls, or differentiated from other hadrosaurs. Because there was very little to associate the complete skulls with the scrappy earlier marginatus material, in 1923 William Parks proposed a new genus and species for the skulls, with both generic and specific names honoring Lambe: Lambeosaurus lambei (type specimen NMC 2869, originally GSC 2869). Stephanosaurinae, a group which Lambe named in 1920, was also renamed Lambeosaurinae.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
Hadrosaurs
Nomina dubia
Paleontology in Alberta
Campanian genera
Ornithischian genera
it:Stephanosaurus
Fossil taxa described in 1914
Dinosaur Park fauna
Late Cretaceous ornithopods
Ornithopods of North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanosaurus |
The BB&T Classic, originally the Franklin National Bank Classic, was a Washington, D.C.-based college basketball event held annually from 1995 to 2017. It raised funds for the Children's Charities Foundation, a fund-raising organization that financially supports Washington, D.C.-area charities, and was staged on or around the first weekend in December. Its name changed in 1999 after BB&T acquired Franklin National Bank that year. Played as a tournament with championship and consolation games from 1995 to 2004, the BB&T Classic was a non-tournament showcase event from 2005 to 2017. A decreasing ability to attract marquee teams and declining fan interest and television coverage led to its demise the 2017 edition.
Founding
Former ambassador and vice-presidential press secretary Peter Teeley and Washington, D.C.-area sportswriter and author John Feinstein organized the Classic in 1995, hoping to raise US$500,000 for the Children's Charities Foundation in the Classic's first year. Abe Pollin, owner of USAir Arena in Landover, Maryland, agreed to host the Classic there, with an initial commitment of three years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the BB&T Classic was a legitimate tournament with national attention that attracted powerhouse teams.
Venue
The BB&T Classic originally took place at USAir Arena, later known as USAirways Arena, in Landover, Maryland. After the MCI Center, later known as the Verizon Center and then as Capital One Arena, opened in downtown Washington, D.C., in 1997, the Classic moved there. The event remained there for the rest of its existence.
Format
Tournament, 1995–2004
Originally, the event lasted two days and featured four teams, highlighted by local mainstays Maryland and George Washington, accompanied by two nationally recognized programs. The first day consisted of a doubleheader pitting each of the local teams against one of the national teams. The following afternoon, a championship game was held between the two opening-round winners. A consolation game between the two teams who lost in the opening round also took place.
Showcase event, 2005–2017
In 2005, the BB&T Classics format was altered due to a declining ability to attract nationally renowned programs, partly because under National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules participating teams had to give up two home games in their schedule in order to participate in the tournament. The Classic transformed in 2005 from a tournament into a tripleheader showcase played as a single-evening weeknight event. In 2008 and 2009, it was played as a doubleheader. It returned to the tripleheader format in 2010, but from 2011 through 2014 it was a doubleheader. In 2015, the format again changed, with the Classic consisting of a single game. In 2016 and 2017, the Classic returned to a doubleheader format.
Television coverage
In its early years, the event was broadcast both nationally on ABC and locally on Washington, D.C.'s WDCA. After the Classic changed from a tournament to a showcase event, broadcast television interest in covering it waned, and coverage migrated to cable television. The 2005 and 2006 editions were shown on Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic; in later years MASN televised the BB&T Classic. In 2014, Fox Sports 1 and ESPN3 each carried one game. CBS Sports Network televised the lone game played in 2015. In both 2016 and 2017 Fox Sports 1 televised the Georgetown game, while CBS Sports Network carried the George Washington game in 2016 and MASN televised it in 2017.
Demise
In 2006, the NCAA changed its scheduling rules, allowing colleges to play up to four games in an "exempt" tournament (an in-season tournament whose games counted as only one game in a team′s 27-game schedule) every season, rather than in only two "exempt" tournaments every four years. This made "exempt" tournaments far more popular for major college basketball programs and led to a proliferation of such tournaments. "Non-exempt" events like the BB&T Classic had difficulty attracting major teams in the new scheduling environment because participating schools not only had to give up a home game (and the revenue it generated) to take part in the Classic, but also could not play as many games overall as they could if they played in an exempt tournament. By 2011, with few marquee teams participating, attendance had dwindled dramatically at the Classic, raising doubts about its ability to survive.
The hope of Feinstein and others that the BB&T Classic would serve as showcase for competition among major Washington, D.C.-area college basketball programs was never realized, partly due to cool relations between the local teams and Feinstein's own public criticism of Georgetown for not taking part. The only area team other than George Washington and Maryland to take part in a BB&T Classic tournament was George Mason in 2004 (the tournament format's final year); after that, the Patriots made four showcase-event appearances between 2005 and 2013 before their participation came to and end. Navy made four showcase appearances, all between 2005 and 2010, while American played only in two showcase years and Howard in only one. The closest the BB&T Classic ever came to fulfilling Feinstein's vision of showcasing Washington-area teams was in 2005, the first showcase year, when an all-local lineup of American, George Mason, George Washington, Howard, Maryland, and Navy took part.
Interest in play by the tournament's two stalwarts, Maryland and George Washington, eventually waned. Maryland played in the first 19 BB&T Classic events, but made its last appearance in 2013 – Maryland head coach Mark Turgeon citing a lack of national television coverage, ever-shrinking crowds, and the loss of a home game as reasons for his team to end its relationship with the Classic – leaving George Washington as the only team to play in all 20 BB&T Classics through 2014. By 2014, Feinstein's association with the Classic had come to an end, and with him no longer involved relations between the Classic and Georgetown warmed; that year Georgetown made its first appearance, allowing the Classic to continue to field two major local teams, and the Hoyas took part in the final four editions of the BB&T Classic. However, George Washington did not participate in 2015, leaving Georgetown as the only local participant in what turned out to be a single-game version of the Classic that year. George Washington returned to the Classic in 2016 but then announced that 2017 was its final year of participation.
The final edition of the BB&T Classic took place on December 3, 2017, with a doubleheader in which George Washington defeated Temple and Georgetown beat Coppin State at Capital One Arena before a crowd of only 6,335 for the two games combined. The Classic was quietly discontinued, with little apparent notice of its demise by the press or fans. During its 23-season run, it raised over US$10 million for the Children's Charities Foundation.
Yearly champions, runners-up, and MVPs
Results by school
Brackets
* – Denotes overtime period
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2006
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2007
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2008
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2009
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2010
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2011
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2012
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2013
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2014
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2015
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2016
Showcase Format – No Tournament
2017
Showcase Format – No Tournament
References
External links
Official site
Recurring sporting events established in 1995
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2017
College men's basketball competitions in the United States
College basketball competitions
George Washington Revolutionaries basketball
Georgetown Hoyas basketball
Men
1995 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2017 disestablishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB%26T%20Classic |
Cynan Garwyn was king of Powys in the north-east and east of Wales, who flourished in the second half of the 6th century. Little reliable information exists which can be used to reconstruct the background and career of the historical figure. Available materials include early Welsh poetry, genealogies and hagiography, which are often late and of uncertain value.
Putative biography
He is thought to have been a son of his predecessor Brochwel Ysgithrog and the father of Selyf Sarffgadau, who may have succeeded him. Later Welsh genealogies trace his lineage to Cadell Ddyrnllug. His epithet Garwyn, possibly Carwyn, has been explained as meaning either "of the White Thigh" or "of the White Chariot". Cynan may be the same person as Aurelius Caninus, one of the Welsh tyrants who are fiercely criticised by the mid-6th-century cleric Gildas in his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, but there is also a possibility that the latter refers to Cynin ap Millo, a relative of Cynan's.
Cynan is the addressee of a poem ascribed to Taliesin, Trawsganu Kynan Garwyn Mab Brochfael, which, though first attested in the fourteenth-century Book of Taliesin, might actually date back to the sixth century. Here he is presented as a warlord who led many successful campaigns throughout Wales: on the River Wye, against the men of Gwent, on Anglesey, and in Dyfed (where his opponent in Dyfed may have been Aergul Lawhir ap Tryffin), Brycheiniog and Cornwall. Unlike his son, he is never described as having faced the English in battle.
The saints' lives highlight a more peaceful side to Cynan's reign, but as these works are late and were written to demonstrate the powers of the saints, rather little credence can be given to them. In Lifris' Life of St Cadog, abbot of Llancarfan (written c. 1100), Cynan Garwyn intends to undertake a raid against Glamorgan, whose king is so terrified that he asks the clergy of the saint's house to intercede for him. The clerics travel to Cynan and when they are halted at the River Neath, one of them climbs up a tree to approach the king from up high. The tree bends in such a way that it forms a bridge to the opposite bank of the river and having so witnessed the saint's miraculous powers, Cynan is dissuaded from his violent plans and proclaims peace on all the land. Cynan is here described as a king of Rheinwg, which may be a geographical territory named after Rhain ap Cadwgan in Dyfed, in/near Brycheiniog, or on the border between modern-day Herefordshire and Brecknockshire, most likely in one or both of the former two. In the Welsh life of St Beuno, Cynan is credited for granting land at Gwyddelwern (in Edeirnion) to the saint.
Other sons beside Selyf Sarffgadau include Eiludd, who is sometimes mistaken for Selyf, and unreliable sources add Maredudd and Dinogad to the list. Some genealogies record that he married Gwenwynwyn 'of the Scots'. It is sometimes argued that he died with his son at the Battle of Chester in around 613 but any precise description would be based more on the desire to create a myth of the foundation of a dynasty or legend of Powysian glory than on available evidence.
References
Further reading
Primary sources
Winterbottom, Michael (ed. and tr.). Gildas: The ruin of Britain, and other works. 1978.
Williams, Ifor, Sir (tr. J. E. Caerwyn Williams). The Poems of Taliesin. Mediaeval and Modern Welsh Series 3. Dublin: DIAS, 1968. Originally published in Welsh as Canu Taliesin. Cardiff, 1960.
Bromwich, R. (ed. and tr.). Trioedd ynys Prydein: the Welsh triads. 2nd edition. 1978.
Bartrum, P.C. (ed.). Early Welsh genealogical tracts. 1966.
Wade-Evans, A.W. Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1944.
Secondary sources
Kari Maund (2000) The Welsh Kings: The Medieval Rulers of Wales (Tempus)
John Edward Lloyd (1911) A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.)
Kirby, D.P. "The bards and the Welsh border." In Mercian studies, ed. A. Dornier. 1977. pp. 31–42.
External links
6th-century births
Monarchs of Powys
House of Gwertherion
6th-century Welsh monarchs
Year of death unknown
Taliesin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynan%20Garwyn |
Mar Narsai D'Baz (; May 17, 1940 – February 14, 2010) was the Metropolitan of Lebanon, Syria and all Europe in the Assyrian Church of the East. Born on May 17, 1940, to Rev. Elias De Baz in the village of Tel-Rumman Foqani in Syria. Ordained Bishop of Lebanon at Beirut on July 18, 1968. Elevated to the rank of Metropolitan at London on October 17, 1976. He died on February 14, 2010, in Scottsdale, Arizona, and his last rites were given at Mar Gewargis Cathedral and buried in Chicago, Illinois.
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod
References
1940 births
2010 deaths
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Eastern Christianity in Lebanon
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Syrian emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%20Narsai%20D%27Baz |
Vesly () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. It has a population of approximately 600 people. (651 in 2009 study)
It is located on the Cotentin Peninsula, about 6 km from the sea, 44 km south of Cherbourg and 83 km west of Caen.
In 1972 the commune of Gerville-la-Forêt was consolidated into Vesly as an associated commune.
Notable people
Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville - historian, naturalist and archaeologist, born in Gerville-la-Forêt
See also
Communes of the Manche department
References
Communes of Manche | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesly%2C%20Manche |
Mar Aprim Khamis is the Assyrian Church of the East Bishop of the Western United States. Mar Aprim Khamis was ordained as a Bishop (along with Mar Daniel Yakob) on 2 March 1973 as Bishop for Basra. He left the diocese in the same year and transferred to become Bishop of the United States and Canada. Since 1994, Mar Aprim has been serving as Bishop for the Diocese of Western United States, with his See in Phoenix, Arizona.
Diocese of Western United States
Parishes
Mar Patros (St. Peter) Cathedral - Glendale, Arizona
Mart Mariam (St. Mary) Parish - Tarzana, California
Mar Yosip (Yosip Khnanisho) Parish - Gilbert, Arizona
Mar Benyamin Shimun Parish - Las Vegas, Nevada
Mar Gewargis Mission - New Hall, California
Mar Paulus (St. Paul) Parish - Anaheim, California
Mar Rabban Hormizd Parish - Spring Valley, California
Mar Yacoub Mission - Carrolton, Texas
References
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod
Aprim Khamis
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
People from Phoenix, Arizona
20th-century American clergy
21st-century American bishops | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprim%20Khamis |
WLDR-FM 101.9 Traverse City, Michigan is a radio station owned by broadcaster Roy Henderson, who is WLDR's third owner in its 53-year history.
History
WLDR-FM signed on in 1966 by Rod Maxson, a well-known businessman in Traverse City along with Robert L. Greaige who was the one with the knowledge of the radio business. Maxson was the owner of Grand Traverse Auto, the city's Ford dealership. With the exception of the nine years in which they played country, WLDR carried some sort of adult contemporary format for its first 38 years, and today. The station's call letters stood for "Long Distance Radio", suitable since they broadcast at 100 kW.
In 1972, Maxson sold a majority of WLDR to one of his salesmen, Don Wiitala, who owned the station for more than 30 years. Wiitala was a beloved broadcaster known for giving the station a home-spun image. WLDR was a station that has many aspects of many full-service stations; the station, although licensed to broadcast 24 hours, signed on in the morning and signed off at night, aired local high school sporting events, had a "tradio" show – Wiitala even sold his old house on the show – and played music Wiitala found suitable for his audience.
Maxson also sold a minority of WLDR to his son, Dave Maxson, who served as the station's news director until he decided to work for the Reynolds-Jonkhoff Funeral Home. He remains with WLDR to this day though he sold his stake in the station years ago. Rod died in 2005.
Throughout the 1970s, WLDR was coined "Stereo 102". Some say that Wiitala was frugal in the way he ran WLDR; he would go to the local Giantway (a now-defunct grocery/retail outlet with a chain of stores in central and northern Michigan) in Traverse City (now Tom's Food Market and Dunham Sports Outfitters) and buy 45s cheap off the rack. The same tactics were employed in the purchase of LPs. Only obscure record labels would suffice along with artists from a bygone era. The syndicated John Doremus show aired four hours each day. Northern Michigan's first call-in talk show, "Listen to the Mrs." aired weekday afternoons.
In the 1980s, WLDR changed its name to "Sunny 102" to update the station's image.
Throughout the 1990s, WLDR was part of a dying breed: one-station owners. Also, in the age of 24-hour formats, the station signed on at 5 a.m. and signed off at 1 a.m. Although the station promoted a 'family-friendly' image, the station would play a few alternative rock artists, such as Red Hot Chili Peppers and U2. However, the station was losing a lot of listeners to Trish MacDonald-Garber's WLXT/Lite 96. Starting in the late 1990s, Wiitala, who was in his sixties, was taking offers for WLDR. In 2000, he sold WLDR to Roy Henderson and his Fort Bend Broadcasting Group, who maintained WLDR's AC format, but changed the station's named from Sunny 102 to Sunny 101.9.
Before he sold WLDR to Henderson, Wiitala allowed WLDR to remain on the air 24 hours, thanks to a new automated hard drive system. The station also started airing the syndicated Delilah show.
When Henderson purchased WLDR, he also purchased several other stations, such as WOUF 92.1 (Beulah), which simulcasts WLDR-FM, WBNZ 99.3 (Frankfort) and WCUZ 100.1 (Bear Lake) with the intention to move the stations closer to Traverse City and boost their power. The move would also allow Henderson to develop new formats for northern Michigan radio, like he did in Texas with his popular "Texas Rebel Radio" format. Because of objections from other broadcasters, many of the moves never happened, although WOUF has moved to 92.3 and boosted power to 50 kW.
Changes in 2000: Acquisition of WLDR-AM
In 2000, Henderson also purchased what is now WLDR-AM 1210 in Kingsley. The station was part of a massive overhaul in the Michigan AM dial when Bell Broadcasting increased the power of its WCHB 1200 in Detroit. In order to do so, it purchased two AMs in the Saginaw area: WKNX 1210 Saginaw (signed on in 1947) and WXOX 1250 Bay City (which had been dark since 1993) and moved WKNX to 1250 (now WJMK) and moved 1210 AM to Kingsley in 1997. However, Bell moved the station's aging transmitter to a toxic waste dump near Kingsley, creating transmission troubles. Bell wanted to sell 1210, now with the call letters WJZZ, because it did not want to broadcast in a smaller market out of its footprint. WJZZ had a full-time automated jazz format, but when Bell sold to Radio One, it decided to keep WJZZ off the air as much as possible with a few short-lived stints as urban oldies. Radio One sold WJZZ to Henderson who renamed the station WLDR-AM for a mere $225,000, despite the fact that it now was the most-powerful AM station in the daytime at 50 kW.
In 2001, Henderson gave 1210 a permanent format as talk from the Michigan Talk Radio Network. For a while, he changed the station's call letters to WWJR after a Sheboygan, Wisconsin station gave them up in December 2001 during a rebrand to WHBZ, which gave the station similar calls to Detroit's WWJ and WJR. The call sign was later changed back to WLDR-AM.
In 2004, Henderson changed WLDR-AM from talk to satellite-fed "Country Classics" from Waitt Radio Networks, identifying as "Real Country 1210" (not to be confused with ABC Radio's satellite-delivered format also called "Real Country"). A year later, in 2005, he changed WLDR-FM to country.
WOUF and WCUZ soon began to simulcast each other with an automated "traditional" country format called "The Wolf". It was similar to Texas Rebel Radio, playing everything from Waylon and Willie to some of the most popular alt-country artists of today. "The Wolf" has since disappeared. WOUF (now broadcasting with 50,000 watts at 92.3) and sister station WBNZ 99.3 FM in Frankfort swapped frequencies in July 2009, with WOUF retaining the "Wolf" name on 99.3 but shifting to a rock format while WBNZ's AC format moved to 92.3 as "EZ Rock 92.3." At last report, WCUZ was simulcasting 99.3 WOUF.
Henderson traded WLDR-AM to Stone Communications in exchange for WWKK-AM 750 in Petoskey, Michigan. AM 1210 is now WJNL and simulcasts with Stone Communications' 1110 WJML. WWKK took on the WLDR call letters and dropped its talk format to simulcast WLDR-FM. The station has since changed calls to WARD but continues simulcasting WLDR-FM. Much of WLDR-FM's programming was delivered via satellite using Waitt Radio Networks' "Country Today" format. Sunny Country was also the Traverse City area affiliate for University of Michigan sports and Traverse City Beach Bums baseball.
On October 22, 2014, WLDR-FM, WARD and WBNZ changed to AC, as 101.9 The Bay. However, shortly after the station's re-launch, a frozen water pipe burst in the station's studios and offices, causing the stations to fall silent for two weeks. Station management submitted an STA to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to state that WCUZ, WBNZ and WOUF were to remain silent until repairs were made.
LMA with Blarney Stone
On October 1, 2018, Henderson entered a local marketing agreement with Grayling-based Blarney Stone Broadcasting. Along with the new agreement came a rebranding, with the station dropping The Bay branding and rebranded as 101.9 WLDR.
Under the LMA with Blarney Stone, Henderson's WOUF in Beulah began simulcasting WQON in Grayling. WOUF's call letters were subsequently changed to WQAN. Meanwhile, WBNZ in Frankfort flipped to a sports talk simulcast of Blarney Stone's WGRY-FM in Roscommon branded as Up North Sports Radio.
In mid-October 2019 WLDR went silent (off the air).
HD Radio
In 2008, WLDR-FM became the first northern Michigan radio station to broadcast in HD Radio. As of August 2013, WLDR's HD Radio channel lineup was:
WLDR-HD1: simulcast of analog programming with slight delay
WLDR-HD2: Smooth Jazz as "The Vineyard" (airing the "Smooth Jazz Network" programming from Broadcast Architecture)
WLDR-HD3: Good Time Oldies
WLDR-HD4: simulcast of WQON 100.3
Previous logo
(WLDR-FM's logo under previous country format)
References
Sources
Michiguide.com - WLDR-FM History
External links
LDR-FM
Radio stations established in 1966
1966 establishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLDR-FM |
Mar Aprem Natniel, is the Assyrian Church of the East Bishop of Syria.
See also
Assyrian Church of the East's Holy Synod
References
Aprem Natniel
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprem%20Natniel |
Shearwater Pottery is a small family-owned pottery in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, United States founded in 1928 by Peter Anderson (1901-1984), with the support of his parents, George Walter Anderson and Annette McConnell Anderson. From the 1920s through the present day, the pottery has produced art pottery, utilitarian ware, figurines, decorative tiles and other ceramic objects. Two of its most important designers were Walter Inglis Anderson (1903-1965) and his brother James McConnell Anderson (1907-1998). Although Shearwater was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the workshop was rebuilt and restored by Jason Stebly. Pottery continues to be thrown by Peter's son James Anderson and the latter's son Peter Wade Anderson, and decorated by Patricia Anderson Findeisen, Christopher Inglis Stebly, Adele Anderson Lawton and others. Michael Anderson heads the Shearwater Annex, and Marjorie Anderson Ashley is business manager.
Notes
See also
George E. Ohr, the "Mad Potter of Biloxi"
Walter Anderson Museum of Art in Ocean Springs
External sources
Christopher Maurer, Dreaming in Clay on the Coast of Mississippi: Love and Art at Shearwater (Doubleday, 2001) Second edition, University Press of Mississippi, 2010.
C. Maurer & M.E. Iglesias Research Collection on Walter Anderson and Shearwater Pottery at Special Collections, University of Mississippi
Dod Stewart, Shearwater Pottery (privately printed, 2006)
Shearwater Pottery
Dreaming in Clay
Art of James McConnell Anderson
Ogden Museum of Southern Art exhibition notes on Walter Inglis Anderson
Ocean Springs Archives by Ray L. Bellande
American art pottery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearwater%20Pottery |
Welsh settlement in the Americas was the result of several individual initiatives to found distinctively Welsh settlements in the New World. It can be seen as part of the more general British colonization of the Americas.
The Madoc legend
A story popularized in the 16th century claimed that the first European to see America was the Welsh prince Madoc in 1170. A son of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Gwynedd, he had supposedly fled his country during a succession crisis with a troop of colonists and sailed west. He eventually landed near the Mississippi River and founded a colony, which later mingled with the Native Americans. In the late 16th century the legend was used by writers such as John Dee to support English claims to North America. The legend was revived in the 18th century with tales of Welsh-speaking Native Americans, but most modern scholars consider it to have no basis in fact.
North America
There was extensive Welsh emigration to the United States and Canada, but only a few attempts to set up separate Welsh colonies. Sir William Vaughan sent Welsh colonists to Renews, Newfoundland in 1617 to establish a permanent colony, which eventually failed. Vaughan made further attempts to establish a colony at Trepassey which he called Cambriol and this eventually transformed into the Province of Avalon, under Lord Baltimore and dedicated "in imitation of Old Avalon in Somersetshire wherein Glassenbury stands, the first fruits of Christianity in Britain as the other was in that party of America."
Pennsylvania
Many Quakers from Wales emigrated to Pennsylvania in the 17th century with a promise from William Penn that they would be allowed to set up a Welsh colony there. The Welsh Tract was to have been a separate county whose local government would use the Welsh language, since many of the settlers spoke no English. The promise however was not kept and by the 1690s the land had already been partitioned into different counties, and the Tract never gained self-government.
In the late 18th century, a Welsh colony named Cambria was established by Morgan John Rhys in what is now Cambria County, Pennsylvania.
Later, between 1856 and 1867, there was an attempt by Samuel Roberts to establish a Welsh colony at Brynffynnon, Tennessee. Meanwhile, Michael D. Jones developed plans to establish colonies in Wisconsin, Oregon, and in British Columbia, but these were not realized.
Idaho
Malad Valley was settled in the 1860s by Welsh pioneers who brought their Welsh traditions with them. One important tradition was an annual eisteddfod, patterned after the music and poetry contests held in Wales for over 900 years.
Malad Valley's eisteddfod was an annual cultural arts event held in Malad and Samaria on alternating years. Judges came from Salt Lake City to choose the best vocal and instrumental numbers and recitations. The eisteddfod was an all-day event with people coming from all over Oneida County. The custom continued until 1916 and World War I.
Tennessee
Following the American Civil War, 104 Welsh immigrant families moved from Pennsylvania to East Tennessee. These Welsh families settled in an area now known as Mechanicsville, and part of the city of Knoxville. These families were recruited by the brothers Joseph and David Richards to work in a rolling mill then co-owned by John H. Jones.
The Richards brothers co-founded the Knoxville Iron Works beside the L&N Railroad, later to be used as the site for the World's Fair 1982. Of the original buildings of the Iron Works where Welsh immigrants worked at, only the structure housing the restaurant 'The Foundry' remains. In 1982 World's Fair the building was known as the Strohause.
Having first met at donated space at the Second Presbyterian Church, the immigrant Welsh built their own Congregational Church with the Reverend Thomas Thomas serving as the first pastor in 1870. However, by 1899 the church property was sold.
The Welsh immigrant families became successful and established other businesses in Knoxville, which included a company that built coal cars, several slate roofing companies, a marble company, and several furniture companies. By 1930 many Welsh dispersed into other sections of the city and neighboring counties such as Sevier County. Today, more than 250 families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry directly to these original immigrants. The Welsh tradition in Knoxville is remembered with Welsh descendants celebrating St. David's Day.
Ohio
Jackson and Gallia counties in Ohio were settled by Welsh immigrants in the 19th century, many from the Ceredigion area of West Wales.
New York
In 1795 Welsh immigrants settled in the village of Remsen, New York where their families flourished as dairy farmers. Numerous stone houses and barns in the region attest to the Welsh heritage. Oneida County and Utica, New York became the cultural center of the Welsh-American community in the 19th century. Suffering from poor harvests in 1789 and 1802 and dreaming of land ownership, the initial settlement of five Welsh families soon attracted other agricultural migrants, settling Steuben, Utica and Remsen townships. The first Welsh settlers arrived in the 1790s. Numerous Welsh immigrants settled in the town of Freedom and surrounding townships in Cattaraugus County in southwestern New York during the 19th century.
In 1848, The lexicorapher John Russell Bartlett noted that Oneida COunty had a number of Welsh language newspapers and magazines, as well as Welsh churches. Indeed Bartlett noted in his Dictionary of Americanisms that "one may travel for miles (across Oneida County) and hear nothing but the Welsh language". By 1855, there were four thousand Welshmen in Oneida.
With the Civil War, many of the New York Welshmen began moving west, especially to Michigan and Wisconsin. They operated small farms and clung to their historic traditions. The church was the center of Welsh community life, and a vigorous Welsh-speaking press kept ethnic consciousness strong. Strongly Republican, the Welsh gradually assimilated into the larger society without totally abandoning their own ethnic cultural patterns. The Welsh language still being spoken in the area well into the 1970s.
South America
In 1852 Thomas Benbow Phillips of Tregaron established a settlement of about 100 Welsh people in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. Many of these colonists later moved to the more successful colony in Argentina as part of Y Wladfa ("The Colony").
The best known of the Welsh colonies, the colony in the Chubut Valley of Patagonia known as Y Wladfa Gymreig ("The Welsh Colony"), was established in 1865 when 153 settlers landed at what is now Puerto Madryn. Shortly before this, the colonists had reached an agreement with Argentina's minister of the interior, Guillermo Rawson, that the colony would be recognized as one of the states of Argentina when its population reached 20,000. However this pledge was not ratified by the Argentinian Congress, out of fear that the British government would use the presence of the settlers as an excuse to seize Patagonia.
See also
Welsh Americans
References
John Davies. A History of Wales. London: Penguin Books.
External links
Project-Hiraeth – Documents the stories of the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina through film, text and illustration.
European colonization of the Americas
History of Wales
Welsh Canadian
Welsh-American history
Welsh diaspora | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20settlement%20in%20the%20Americas |
Friedelind Wagner (29 March 1918 – 8 May 1991) was the elder daughter of German opera composer Siegfried Wagner and his English wife, Winifred Williams and the granddaughter of the composer Richard Wagner. She was also the great-granddaughter of the composer Franz Liszt.
Born in Bayreuth, she was known by the nickname "Die Maus" or "Mausi". Along with other members of her family, from early in life Friedelind Wagner was involved with the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. In 1936, Friedelind Wagner began work as an assistant to Heinz Tietjen but her outspoken criticism of close family friend Adolf Hitler — her mother, the English-born Winifred Williams, was a fanatical admirer of Hitler — and the policies of the Third Reich led to her leaving Germany in 1939. She lived for a short time in Switzerland before emigrating first to England, where she was interned on the Isle of Man from 27 May 1940 till 15 February 1941. Later she began writing anti-Nazi columns for the Daily Sketch newspaper.
With the help of Arturo Toscanini, in 1941 Friedelind Wagner moved to the United States where she became involved with radio broadcasts of anti-Nazi propaganda and became an American citizen. She also helped Professor Henry A. Murray, Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic plus psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer and other experts to create a 1943 report for the OSS designated as the Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler. With writer Page Cooper, in 1945 Friedelind Wagner wrote her memoirs "Heritage of Fire." Published in English in New York City by Harper & brothers, it was released in London in 1948 as "The Royal Family of Bayreuth."
In 1953, Friedelind Wagner eventually returned to work at the Bayreuth Festival, occupying the top floor of the gardener’s cottage at Haus Wahnfried, the Wagner home, that became later a museum. At Bayreuth, she directed master classes for young singers, conductors and directors. In 1976, she was part of the team that made the documentary film "Wagner:The Making of the Ring" which was filmed during the creation of the Pierre Boulez/Patrice Chéreau Ring. The Times wrote: "This (Boulez/Chéreau) Ring is the most important single event in the democratization of opera and will put opera back at the center of all the arts, where it belongs."
As her student, American conductor Michael Tilson Thomas was a Musical Assistant and Assistant Conductor at the Bayreuth Festival.
In her latter years Friedelind Wagner made her home in Lucerne, Switzerland. Never married, she died in a hospital in Herdecke, Germany, in 1991.
See also
Wagner family tree
References
External links
Jean Stein files on Rudolf Von Oertzen and Friedelind Wagner, 1951-1959 Music Division, The New York Public Library.
1918 births
1991 deaths
People from Bayreuth
German opera directors
Female opera directors
Friedelind
German people of French descent
German people of Hungarian descent
German people of English descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedelind%20Wagner |
Stereocephalus is a genus of rove beetles from South America described by Félix Lynch Arribálzaga in 1884. Species occur in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Venezuela.
Description
Stereocephalus beetles range from long, and are reddish brown in color.
Species
References
Staphylinidae genera
Beetles of South America
Paederinae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocephalus |
Fokas may refer to:
Places
Nikiforos Fokas, a former municipality in Crete
People with the surname
Manuel Fokas Greek Painter 1400-1460s
Michael Fokas Greek Painter 1473-1504
Athanassios S. Fokas, mathematician
Nikos Fokas, poet, essayist and translator
See Also
Focas (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokas |
Mausumi Dikpati is a scientist at the High Altitude Observatory operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research.
Career
In March 2006, she predicted the strength and timing of the next solar cycle based on simulations of the astrophysics of the solar interior. During 2006-2007 Mausumi Dikpati issued three predictions for solar cycle 24 -- (i) a delayed onset of solar cycle 24 which would start in late 2008 instead of 2006, (ii) a strong solar cycle 24 whose peak would be 30%-50% stronger than the previous cycle ('Cycle 23'), and (iii) the solar cycle in southern hemisphere would be stronger than that in the northern hemisphere of the Sun. Two of these three predictions, (i) and (iii) came true. Her research paper explaining the cause of delayed onset of solar cycle 24 was one of the top 100 discoveries in the Discover Magazine. Currently she is improving her solar dynamo model by building a more accurate dynamo-based solar cycle prediction tool which can assimilate solar magnetic fields and flow data in ways used in oceanic and atmospheric predictions.
References
External links
Dikpati's home page at NCAR
Living people
Women scientists from West Bengal
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausumi%20Dikpati |
Wayne Quinn (born 19 November 1976) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-back.
Club career
Sheffield United
Quinn started his career at Sheffield United, breaking into their first team in 1997.
Newcastle United
In 2001 Quinn was loaned to Newcastle United, who later purchased him for £800,000. After a difficult time at the club, scoring once against Lokeren in the Intertoto Cup, he was loaned back out to Sheffield United, and then West Ham United before being released on a free transfer in 2004.
Non-league
After Quinn left West Ham United at the age of 28, he did not signed for another professional club. It was reported in the Plymouth Evening Herald that Quinn was offered a trial by English Championship club Plymouth Argyle but declined the opportunity, preferring to play amateur football in Cornwall because of a bad injury which led to surgery.
Quinn played for and managed Penzance along with Gary Marks, and in April 2012 he transferred to Falmouth Town, making his first appearance at centre back in a 1–1 draw at home to Elburton Villa.
He was appointed player-manager of South Western Premier League Division One West club Mousehole in 2013.
Quinn left Mousehole in 2016 after stepping down from his first team coach role.
International career
Quinn played for England's Under 21 team. He also played for England B in 1998, a result which was a 4–1 England win.
References
Living people
1976 births
English people of Cornish descent
Sportspeople from Truro
English men's footballers
Footballers from Cornwall
Men's association football defenders
England men's B international footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Premier League players
English Football League players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Penzance A.F.C. players
Falmouth Town A.F.C. players
Mousehole A.F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Quinn |
The Man Who Fell to Earth is a 1976 British science fantasy drama film directed by Nicolas Roeg and adapted by Paul Mayersberg. Based on Walter Tevis's 1963 novel of the same name, the film follows an extraterrestrial (Thomas Jerome Newton) who crash lands on Earth seeking a way to ship water to his planet, which is suffering from a severe drought, but finds himself at the mercy of human vices and corruption. It stars David Bowie, Candy Clark, Buck Henry, and Rip Torn. It was produced by Michael Deeley and Barry Spikings. The same novel was later adapted as a television film in 1987. A 2022 television series with the same name serves as a continuation of the film 45 years later, including featuring Newton as a character and showing archival footage from the film.
The Man Who Fell to Earth retains a cult following for its use of surreal imagery and Bowie's first starring film role as the alien Thomas Jerome Newton. It is considered an important work of science fiction cinema and one of the best films of Roeg's career.
Plot
Thomas Jerome Newton is a humanoid alien who travels to Earth from a distant planet. Landing in New Mexico, he appears as an Englishman. Newton has arrived on Earth on a mission to take water back to his home planet, which is experiencing a catastrophic drought. Newton swiftly uses the advanced technology of his home planet to patent many inventions on Earth. He acquires tremendous wealth as the head of an Arizona technology-based conglomerate, World Enterprises Corporation, aided by leading patent attorney Oliver Farnsworth. This wealth is needed to construct a space vehicle with the intention of shipping water back to his home planet.
While revisiting New Mexico, Newton meets Mary-Lou, a lonely young woman from Oklahoma who works an array of part-time jobs in a small town hotel to support herself. Mary-Lou introduces Newton to many customs of Earth, including churchgoing, alcohol, and sex. She and Newton move into a house together which he has built close to where he first landed in New Mexico.
Dr. Nathan Bryce, a former college professor who slept with his students, has landed a job as a fuel technician with World Enterprises and slowly becomes Newton's confidant. Bryce senses Newton's alienness and arranges a meeting with Newton at his home where he has hidden a special X-ray camera. When he takes a picture of Newton with the camera, it reveals Newton's alien physiology. Newton's appetite for alcohol and television (he is capable of watching multiple televisions at once) becomes crippling, and he and Mary-Lou fight. Realizing that Bryce has learnt his secret, Newton reveals his alien form to Mary-Lou. She is unable to accept his true form, so she flees in panic and horror.
Newton completes the spaceship and attempts to take it on its maiden voyage amid intense press exposure. However, just before his scheduled take-off, he is seized and detained, apparently by the government and a rival company. His business partner Farnsworth is murdered. The government, which had been monitoring Newton via his driver, holds Newton captive in a locked luxury apartment, constructed deep within a hotel. During his captivity, they keep him sedated with alcohol (to which he has become addicted) and continuously subject him to rigorous medical tests, cutting into his human disguise. One examination, involving X-rays, causes the contact lenses he wears as part of his human disguise to permanently affix themselves to his eyes.
Toward the end of Newton's years of captivity, he is visited again by Mary-Lou. She is much older, and her appearance has been ravaged by alcohol and time. They have mock-violent, playful sex that involves firing a gun with blanks, and afterwards occupy their time drinking and playing table tennis. Mary-Lou declares that she no longer loves him, and he replies that he does not love her either. Eventually Newton discovers that his "prison", now derelict, is unlocked, and he leaves.
Unable to return home, a despondent and alcoholic Newton creates a recording with alien messages, which he hopes will be broadcast via radio to his home planet. Bryce, who has since married Mary-Lou, buys a copy of the album and meets Newton at a restaurant. Newton is still rich and young-looking despite the passage of many years. However, he has also fallen into depression and continues to suffer from alcoholism. Seated on the restaurant's outdoor patio, Newton inquires about Mary-Lou, before collapsing in a drunken stupor on the chair.
Cast
Production
Paramount Pictures had distributed Roeg's previous film, Don't Look Now (1973), and agreed to pay $1.5 million for the US rights. Michael Deeley used this guarantee to raise finance to make the film. Roeg originally considered casting author Michael Crichton and actor Peter O'Toole in the role of Newton before Bowie.
Filming
Filming began on 6 July 1975. The film was primarily shot in New Mexico, with filming locations in Albuquerque, White Sands, Artesia and Fenton Lake. The film's production had been scheduled to last eleven weeks, and throughout that time, the film crew ran into a variety of obstacles: Bowie was sidelined for a few days after drinking bad milk; film cameras jammed up; and for one scene shot in the desert, the movie crew had to contend with a group of Hells Angels who were camping nearby.
Bowie, who was using cocaine during the movie's production, was in a fragile state of mind when filming was underway, going so far as to state in 1983 that "I'm so pleased I made that [film], but I didn't really know what was being made at all" and that "My one snapshot memory of that film is not having to act. Just being me was perfectly adequate for the role. I wasn't of this earth at that particular time." He said of his performance:
Candy Clark, Bowie's co-star, remembers things differently: "David vowed to Nic, 'No drug use'," says Clark and he was a man of his word, "clear as a bell, focused, friendly and professional and leading the team. You can see it clearly because of (DP) Tony Richmond's brilliant cinematography. Look at David: his skin is luminescent. He's gorgeous, angelic, heavenly. He was absolutely perfect as the man from another planet." She added that Roeg had hired "an entirely British crew with him to New Mexico and I remember David was very happy about that." Roeg also cast Bowie's bodyguard, Tony Mascia, as his character's onscreen chauffeur.
Bowie and Roeg had a good relationship on set. Bowie recalled in 1992 that "we got on rather well. I think I was fulfilling what he needed from me for that role. I wasn't disrupting ... I wasn't disrupted. In fact, I was very eager to please. And amazingly enough, I was able to carry out everything I was asked to do. I was quite willing to stay up as long as anybody."
Bowie brought a personal library with him; "I took 400 books down to that film shoot. I was dead scared of leaving them in New York because I was knocking around with some pretty dodgy people and I didn't want any of them nicking my books. Too many dealers, running in and out of my place."
Music
Although Bowie was originally approached to provide the music, contractual wrangles during production caused him to withdraw from this aspect of the project. Nonetheless, Bowie would go on to use stills from the film for the covers of two of his albums, Station to Station (1976) and Low (1977). The music used in the film was coordinated by John Phillips, former leader of the pop group The Mamas & the Papas, with personal contributions from Phillips and Japanese percussionist-composer Stomu Yamash'ta as well as some stock music. Phillips called in former Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor to assist with developing ideas for the soundtrack. The music was recorded at CTS Lansdowne Recording Studios in London, England.
Due to a creative and contractual dispute between Roeg and the studio, no official soundtrack was released for the film, even though the 1976 Pan Books paperback edition of the novel (released to tie in with the film) states on the back cover that the soundtrack is available on RCA Records. The soundtrack, derived from recently rediscovered masters, was eventually released on CD and LP in 2016 to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the film's premiere. The music by Yamash'ta had already appeared on his own albums, as noted below.
Music crew
Musical Directors: John Phillips, Derek Wadsworth
Piano/Keyboards: Pete Kelly, John Taylor
Guitars: Mick Taylor, Ricky Hitchcock, Richard Morcombe, Jim Sullivan
Pedal Steel Guitar: B. J. Cole
Bass: Steve Cook
Drums: Henry Spinetti
Percussion: Frank Ricotti
Music as listed on end credits
Composed and recorded by Stomu Yamashta:
"Poker Dice" (from Floating Music)
"33⅓" (from Raindog)
"Mandala" (from the Soundtrack from Man from the East)
"Wind Words" (from Freedom is Frightening)
"One Way" (from Floating Music)
"Memory of Hiroshima" (from the Soundtrack from Man from the East)
Performed by John Phillips:
"Boys from the South"
"Rhumba Boogie"
"Bluegrass Breakdown"
"Hello Mary-Lou" (featuring Mick Taylor)
Other music:
"Blueberry Hill" – Louis Armstrong
"Enfantillages Pittoresques" composed by Erik Satie, performed by Frank Glazer
"A Fool Such As I" – Hank Snow
"Make the World Go Away" – Jim Reeves
"Try to Remember" – The Kingston Trio
"Blue Bayou" – Roy Orbison
"Silent Night" – Robert Farnon
"True Love" – Bing Crosby
"Love Is Coming Back" – Genevieve Waite
"Stardust" – Artie Shaw
"Planets Suite, Op. 32: Mars, Bringer of War & Venus, Bringer of Peace"composed by Gustav Holst and performed by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra
For the scenes in which Newton's thoughts drift back to his alien home, Phillips and Roeg enlisted Desmond Briscoe to craft simple electronic atmospheres that were then combined with whale songs, to eerie effect.
Release
According to Michael Deeley, when Barry Diller of Paramount saw the finished film he refused to pay for it, claiming it was different from the film the studio wanted. British Lion sued Paramount and received a small settlement. The film obtained a small release in the United States through Cinema V in exchange for $850,000 and due to foreign sales the film's budget was just recouped.
The British Board of Film Censors passed the film uncut for adult UK audiences with an X rating.
It was announced in the summer of 2016 that the film was in the process of being digitally remastered to 4K quality for its 40th anniversary (which was reported to have begun before Bowie's death). This remastered version premiered at BFI Southbank before being released in cinemas across the UK on 9 September of that year. The film's 2011 and 2016 re-releases grossed $100,072 domestically and $73,148 internationally.
Reception
Critical response
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film stars of four; while he complimented parts of the film and the directing, he was dismissive of the plot, writing in his review that the film is "so preposterous and posturing, so filled with gaps of logic and continuity, that if it weren't so solemn there'd be the temptation to laugh aloud." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that it "may leave you punch drunk, knocked out by its visuals to the point of missing what a simple story it is." Richard Eder of The New York Times praised the film, writing, "There are quite a few science-fiction movies scheduled to come out in the next year or so. We shall be lucky if even one or two are as absorbing and as beautiful as The Man Who Fell to Earth."
Robert Hawkins, reviewing for Variety, praised Roeg's direction and felt the film was "stunning stuff throughout, and Bowie's choice as the ethereal visitor is inspired...Candy Clark, as his naive but loving mate, confirms the winning ways that won her an Oscar nomination in American Graffiti. Her intimate scenes with Bowie, especially the introductory ones, are among pic's highlights." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times described Bowie as "perfect casting" but thought the film was "a muddle," and suspected it was because he reviewed a version trimmed by 20 minutes for its U.S. run: "That would do a lot to explain why the movie proceeds from the provocatively cryptic to the merely incomprehensible." In a retrospective review, Kim Newman of Empire gave the movie five stars out of five, describing the film as "consistently disorientating and beguilingly beautiful."
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film has an 80% approval rating based on 67 reviews with an average rating of 7.80/10. The critics' consensus states: "Filled with stunning imagery, The Man Who Fell to Earth is a calm, meditative film that profoundly explores our culture's values and desires." On Metacritic, the film has achieved a weighted average rating of 81 out of 100 from 9 critic reviews, citing "universal acclaim".
Legacy
Since its original 1976 release, The Man Who Fell to Earth has achieved cult status. This status has been echoed by critics, especially as it was a popular hit with midnight movie audiences years after it was released. Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out believed that the cult classic status, which he described as a "vaguely demeaning term", does the film a disservice. He labeled the film as "the most intellectually provocative genre film of the 1970s." When re-released in 2011, Ebert gave the film three stars, stating that readers should "consider this just a quiet protest vote against the way projects this ambitious are no longer possible in the mainstream movie industry." The movie has been applauded for its experimental approach and compared to more recent sci-fi films such as Under the Skin. Rolling Stone ranked it second on its 50 best sci-fi movies of the 1970s, Timeout ranked it 35th on its 100 best sci-fi movies, it is 61st on the Online Film Critics Society list of "greatest science fiction films of all time". Empire placed it 42nd on its list of 100 best British films. British Film Institute included it on its list of "50 late night classics", demonstrating its popularity as a midnight movie.
Bowie's role in the film led to his casting as Nikola Tesla in The Prestige, with director Christopher Nolan stating "Tesla was this other-worldly, ahead-of-his-time figure, and at some point it occurred to me he was the original Man Who Fell to Earth. As someone who was the biggest Bowie fan in the world, once I made that connection, he seemed to be the only actor capable of playing the part." It also led to Bowie being cast by Jack Hofsiss in the play The Elephant Man - "The piece of work he did that was most helpful in making the decision was The Man Who Fell To Earth, in which I thought he was wonderful, and in which the character he played had an isolation similar to the Elephant Man's".
Accolades
In popular culture
Iron Maiden's founder Steve Harris used the font in the film poster to come up with the band's iconic name design.
In Philip K. Dick's science fiction novel VALIS, fictionalised versions of Dick and K. W. Jeter become obsessed with Valis, a film starring musician Eric Lampton. Dick based the novel's story on his and Jeter's real obsession with The Man Who Fell to Earth; Lampton is a fictionalised stand-in for Bowie.
The music video to Guns N' Roses's 1987 "Welcome to the Jungle" was partially based on The Man Who Fell to Earth.
The music video to Scott Weiland's 1998 song "Barbarella" uses themes from The Man Who Fell to Earth.
Dr. Manhattan's apartment and Ozymandias' Antarctic retreat in the 2009 film Watchmen were mainly based on the set of The Man Who Fell to Earth.
The 2009 song "ATX" by Alberta Cross is based on Bowie's character in The Man Who Fell to Earth.
Michael Fassbender has said he used Bowie's performance as an inspiration for the android David in Ridley Scott's 2012 science fiction film Prometheus.
In Bret Easton Ellis's 2010 novel Imperial Bedrooms, the main character mentions that he is involved with writing the script for a remake of The Man Who Fell to Earth.
The musical Lazarus, which premiered off-Broadway in 2015, with music and lyrics by David Bowie and book by Enda Walsh, is based on the novel and the film. While the music video for the 2013 Bowie song "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)" references the film with a picture of alien Bowie, as he appears in the film, on a magazine.
The title of the Doctor Who episode "The Woman Who Fell to Earth" is a reference to the book and film.
A character by the name Thomas Jerome Newton appears in the TV series Fringe, as does David Robert Jones, which is David Bowie's birth name.
References
External links
The Man Who Fell to Earth at the British Film Institute
The Man Who Fell to Earth: Loving the Alien an essay by Graham Fuller at the Criterion Collection
Brows Held High's take on the 1976 classic
1976 films
1976 drama films
1970s avant-garde and experimental films
1970s dystopian films
1970s English-language films
1970s science fiction drama films
British avant-garde and experimental films
British Lion Films films
British science fiction drama films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films directed by Nicolas Roeg
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in New Mexico
Films with screenplays by Paul Mayersberg
1970s British films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20Who%20Fell%20to%20Earth |
The Association of Independent Creative Editors, or AICE, was an international organization of 120 editorial companies representing over 600 editors throughout the United States and Toronto. AICE had chapters in Chicago, Texas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, and Toronto. In 2018, AICE merged with the Association of Independent Commercial Producers. At the time of its merger with the AICP, editors who belonged to AICE were responsible, according to its website, for editing over 85% of all network television commercials shown in the U.S. and Canada.
See also
Re-cut trailers
References
Television organizations in the United States
External links
AICE Official Website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Independent%20Creative%20Editors |
In particle physics, NMSSM is an acronym for Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model.
It is a supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model that adds an additional singlet chiral superfield to the MSSM and can be used to dynamically generate the term, solving the -problem. Articles about the NMSSM are available for review.
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model does not explain why the parameter in the superpotential term is at the electroweak scale. The idea behind the Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model is to promote the term to a gauge singlet, chiral superfield . Note that the scalar superpartner of the singlino is denoted by and the spin-1/2 singlino superpartner by in the following. The superpotential for the NMSSM is given by
where gives the Yukawa couplings for the Standard Model fermions. Since the superpotential has a mass dimension of 3, the couplings and are dimensionless; hence the -problem of the MSSM is solved in the NMSSM, the superpotential of the NMSSM being scale-invariant. The role of the term is to generate an effective term. This is done with the scalar component of the singlet getting a vacuum-expectation value of ; that is, we have
Without the term the superpotential would have a U(1)' symmetry, so-called Peccei–Quinn symmetry; see Peccei–Quinn theory. This additional symmetry would alter the phenomenology completely. The role of the term is to break this U(1)' symmetry. The term is introduced trilinearly such that is dimensionless. However, there remains a discrete symmetry, which is moreover broken spontaneously. In principle this leads to the domain wall problem. Introducing additional but suppressed terms, the symmetry can be broken without changing phenomenology at the electroweak scale.
It is assumed that the domain wall problem is circumvented in this way without any modifications except far beyond the electroweak scale.
Other models have been proposed which solve the -problem of the MSSM. One idea is to keep the term in the superpotential and take the U(1)' symmetry into account. Assuming this symmetry to be local, an additional, gauge boson is predicted in this model, called the UMSSM.
Phenomenology
Due to the additional singlet , the NMSSM alters in general the phenomenology of both the Higgs sector and the neutralino sector compared with the MSSM.
Higgs phenomenology
In the Standard Model we have one physical Higgs boson. In the MSSM we encounter five physical Higgs bosons. Due to the additional singlet in the NMSSM we have two more Higgs bosons; that is, in total seven physical Higgs bosons. Its Higgs sector is therefore much richer than that of the MSSM. In particular, the Higgs potential is in general no longer invariant under CP transformations; see CP violation. Typically, the Higgs bosons in the NMSSM are denoted in an order with increasing masses; that is, by , with the lightest Higgs boson. In the special case of a CP-conserving Higgs potential we have three CP even Higgs bosons, , two CP odd ones, , and a pair of charged Higgs bosons, . In the MSSM, the lightest Higgs boson is always Standard Model-like, and therefore its production and decays are roughly known. In the NMSSM, the lightest Higgs can be very light (even of the order of 1 GeV), and thus may have escaped detection so far. In addition, in the CP-conserving case, the lightest CP even Higgs boson turns out to have an enhanced lower bound compared with the MSSM. This is one of the reasons why the NMSSM has been the focus of much attention in recent years.
Neutralino phenomenology
The spin-1/2 singlino gives a fifth neutralino, compared with the four neutralinos of the MSSM. The singlino does not couple with any gauge bosons, gauginos (the superpartners of the gauge bosons), leptons, sleptons (the superpartners of the leptons), quarks or squarks (the superpartners of the quarks). Suppose that a supersymmetric partner particle is produced at a collider, for instance at the LHC, the singlino is omitted in cascade decays and therefore escapes detection. However, if the singlino is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), all supersymmetric partner particles eventually decay into the singlino. Due to R parity conservation this LSP is stable. In this way the singlino could be detected via missing transverse energy in a detector.
References
Physics beyond the Standard Model
Supersymmetric quantum field theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-to-Minimal%20Supersymmetric%20Standard%20Model |
Castlemitchell GFC is a Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in County Kildare, Ireland who reached senior status in the 1950s and again in the 1990s from a small catchment area, and is home club of 1998 All Ireland finalist Christy Byrne. It is also the home club Tadhg Fennin who still plays for the men's senior team, a 2000 Leinster Championship winner with Kildare also scoring a goal in the final that day against Dublin.
History
The area west of Athy has had organized football since the foundation of the GAA. RIC records from 1890 show that Foxhill club had 50 members with officers listed as Lewis Higgins, Laurence Cullen and Thomas Malone. Joe Bermingham and Jim Connor founded Castlemitchell club in 1939 and were nicknamed the "sanpits". They purchased their own field in 1999, located about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) northeast of Castlemitchell village.
Gaelic football
Castlemitchell played in a replayed Junior final in 1943. They were promoted in 1945, contested the intermediate final of 1952 and won the championship in 1953. They won a junior championship in 1983 and an intermediate championship in 1992. Christy Byrne featured on the 1998 Kildare All Ireland team.
Honours
Kildare Junior Football Championship Winners: (2) 1983, 2015. Finalist: (1) 2014
Kildare Dowling Cup (2) 2011, 2012
Kildare Senior Football Reserve D Championship (1) 2010
Kildare Intermediate Football Championship (2) 1953, 1992
Kildare Senior Football League Division 2: (1) 1975
Kildare Senior Football Championship Semi-finalists 1959.
Bibliography
Kildare GAA: A Centenary History, by Eoghan Corry, CLG Chill Dara, 1984, hb pb
Kildare GAA yearbook, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 2000- in sequence especially the Millennium yearbook of 2000
Soaring Sliothars: Centenary of Kildare Camogie 1904-2004 by Joan O'Flynn Kildare County Camogie Board.
External links
Official Castlemitchell GFC website
Gaelic games clubs in County Kildare
Gaelic football clubs in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlemitchell%20GAA |
William C. Holman Correctional Facility is an Alabama Department of Corrections prison located in Atmore, Alabama. The facility is along Alabama State Highway 21, north of Atmore in southern Alabama.
The facility was originally built to house 581 inmates. Holman held as many as one thousand prisoners. It has 632 general population beds, 200 single cells, and 170 death row cells, for a capacity of 1002 maximum through minimum-custody inmates, including a large contingent of life without parole inmates. The death chamber is located at Holman, where all state executions are conducted. Holman also operates two major correctional industries within the facility's perimeter: a license plate plant and a sewing factory.
Holman Correctional Facility was the subject of a documentary on MSNBC entitled Lockup: Holman Extended Stay (2006). The warden at Holman Correctional Facility at the time was Grantt Culliver, who served from 2002 from 2009. The current warden is Terry Raybon.
In 2016 the prison had the reputation of being the most violent in the country, due to overcrowding and understaffing. That year the Department of Justice initiated an investigation at the prison into conditions for both prisoners and officers.
History
Opened during December 1969, Holman originally had a basic capacity for 520 medium-custody inmates, including a death row cellblock with a capacity of 20. It was constructed for $5,000,000 during the administration of Governor Lurleen Wallace and Alabama Department of Corrections Commissioner James T. Hagan. The prisoners of the old Kilby Prison were moved to Holman Prison. It was named in honor of a former warden, William C. Holman.
Due in part to legislative rules creating long-term penalties for drug crimes, the prison population at Holman and other facilities began to climb in the 1970s. On Friday August 29, 1975, two U.S. federal district court judges, William Brevard Hand and Frank M. Johnson Jr., ordered Alabama authorities to stop sending any more prisoners to Holman, Fountain Correctional Facility, Draper Correctional Facility, and the Medical and Diagnostic Center, due to overcrowding; the four prisons, designed to hold 2,212 prisoners, were holding about 3,800.
Since Holman opened, it gained a reputation for being the most violent prison in Alabama, a situation exacerbated by the years of overcrowding. In 1974 an employee was killed by an inmate with a knife. In 1985 a large riot occurred in which 22 men were taken hostage.
Staff and prisoners said that after Grantt Culliver became the warden in 2002, violence decreased. This was covered in the documentary Lockup: Holman Correctional Facility (2006), which MSNBC produced. Hillary Heath, the inside producer of Lockup, said that it is difficult for reputations to die down, so Holman still has a reputation for violence.
The city of Atmore annexed the land in the prison in 2008. The Alabama DOC asked for the city to annex the land.
By 2016 violence had increased again. The 2016 U.S. prison strike started here at Holman correctional facility and spread to more than 10 states.The prison strike wanted to increase wages for prison labor and improve conditions across prisons in the United States.
Riots broke out in protest against conditions in March 2016. In the first riot fires were set in a prison dorm; both the warden and a prison guard sustained stab wounds. An individual recorded portions of the riot on a cell phone and posted the recordings to social media sites.
On September 1, 2016, Correctional Officer Kenneth Bettis died from a stab wound while performing his duties overseeing prisoners in the dining hall of the prison. Later that month, a group of corrections officers went on strike over safety concerns and overcrowding. Prisoners refer to the facility as a "slaughterhouse," as stabbings are a routine occurrence.
In late January 2020, the state announced most of the site would be closed due to severe deterioration of underground utilities that served the prison. Most inmates were moved from Holman to other facilities. However, death row and the execution chamber were to remain at Holman.
In July, 2020, Department of Corrections Commissioner Jefferson Dunn provided an update to state legislators on the status of the state prison system. He stated that the current number of inmates being housed at Holman was 314 following the closure of much of the facility and relocation of many inmates.
Operations
The Gulf Coast area, where Holman is located, often has temperatures of and high humidity during summer. The prison administration has not installed air conditioning, so the prison has hundreds of industrial fans used for moving the air in an attempt to provide cooling. The hottest areas in the prison are the kitchen facilities.
Staff shortages are made worse by absenteeism. On some days, as few as nine guards are on duty, leaving guards in only two of the six towers on the perimeter. Annual staff turnover is reported to be 60 percent. As a result of a hiring freeze in 2014, mandatory overtime was commonly required for the guards.
In December 2018, press reports indicated the facility had only 72 of the 195 guards needed for routine operations without officers on overtime.
Demographics
The prison has a capacity of over 800 prisoners. The state's death row has a capacity of fifty-six but in early 2017 held almost two hundred men.
Prisoner life
Hillary Heath, the inside producer of Lockup, said that when she asked prisoners to describe Holman, they used names like "The Slaughterhouse", "Slaughter Pen of the South", and "House of Pain", which referred to the frequent stabbings and violent attacks committed among the prisoners. The names "The Bottom" and "The Pit" refer to the prison's location in southern Alabama. One inmate said that, within the state, "you can't get any lower than this."
Heath reported that Holman inmates made "julep," a homegrown whiskey, using water, sugar, and yeast. She described julep as a brown liquid with dark floating chunks, resembling raw sewage. She said its odor "was not as vile as I imagined", and it smelled like sourdough bread and prunes.
Prisoners who commit indecent exposure violate rule #38, thus indecent exposure is referred to by inmates as "doing a '38. Violating rule 38 of ADOC policy requires an inmate to attend sex addiction courses.
Notable prisoners
Death row (does not include prisoners who were sent to Holman only for their executions):
Henry Francis Hays – Convicted of the murder of Michael Donald – Alabama Institutional Serial #Z443 – Executed on June 6, 1997.
Anthony Ray Hinton – Released after 30 years on death row for a crime he did not commit.
Shonelle Jackson – Convicted of murder during the commission of a robbery.
Joe Nathan James Jr. – Convicted of a 1994 murder – Executed on July 28, 2022.
Courtney Lockhart – Convicted of the murder of Lauren Burk.
Walter McMillian – Released after 6 years on death row for a crime he did not commit.
Walter Leroy Moody – Convicted of the murder of Robert Smith Vance – Alabama Institutional Serial #00Z613 – Executed on April 19, 2018. At age 83, he is the oldest Alabama death row inmate to be executed since that State reinstated the death penalty in 1976.
Devin Moore – Killed two police officers and a dispatcher at a police station after being arrested on suspicion of stealing a car.
Matthew Reeves – Convicted of murder in 1998 – Executed on January 27, 2022; executed despite having intellectual disabilities.
Daniel Lee Siebert – Alabama Institutional Serial #00Z475 – Died from cancer while in custody in 2008, he was known for challenging protocol.
Thomas Warren Whisenhant – Serial killer who was convicted of murder in 1977 – Executed on May 27, 2010; at the time of his execution he was Alabama's longest serving death row inmate.
Nathaniel Woods – Convicted of murder in 2005 – Executed on March 5, 2020; controversial execution due to widespread skepticism about the legitimacy of his guilty verdict.
Robert Bryant Melson – Convicted for the murders of three fast food employees during a robbery in 1994. Executed on June 8, 2017.
Non-death row:
Bobby Frank Cherry – One of the Klan perpetrators of the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, which killed four African-American girls. He was convicted of the murders in 2002. On October 13, 2004, Cherry was transferred from Holman Prison to Atmore Community Hospital in Atmore. Cherry died while in hospital custody on November 18, 2004.
Bobby Ray Gilbert AKA "Snake" – Featured in three parts of MSNBC's documentary Lockup, (2006), filmed inside Holman prison.
James Emery Paster – Was serving three life sentences at the prison for various robbery offenses in 1982. He was later extradited to Texas to stand trial for murder and was executed there in 1989.
See also
Capital punishment in Alabama
References
External links
Holman Correctional Facility (Alabama Department of Corrections)
1969 establishments in Alabama
Prisons in Alabama
Buildings and structures in Escambia County, Alabama
Capital punishment in Alabama
State government buildings in Alabama
Execution sites in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holman%20Correctional%20Facility |
Montfort Secondary School (MSS) is a Catholic school in Hougang, Singapore. Founded in 1916, it is a government-aided secondary education all-boys school. It is one of the seven institutions governed by St Gabriel's Foundation.
History
Holy Innocents' English School (1916-1958)
Montfort Secondary School was founded in 1916 as the Holy Innocents' English School, next to Nativity Church in Upper Serangoon Road, by the parish priest of Serangoon, Father Laurent. At the request of the Inspector of Schools, Father H. Duvelle, the successor of Father Laurent, organized an English class and a Chinese class on the floors of the two-storey building between the church and the school canteen. Mr Lee Ah Kow was engaged to run the classes which lasted for three years.
In March 1920, Father E. Becheras, the parish priest restarted the school with a class of 30 pupils under the charge of Mr Monterio. In the following year, another class was added. From 1922-1936, Mr P A D'Costa was recruited to be the Principal of Holy Innocents English School and the school grew. A block of five classrooms along Upper Serangooon Road was completed in 1927. In 1929, three additional classrooms along Holy Innocents Lane were added.
In 1932, another floor was added to the second block. In 1936, Mgr A Devals, the Bishop of Singapore and Malaya invited the brother of St Gabriel to run the Parish School. Brother Gerard Majella came from Bangkok to become the first Brother Director of the school. Brothers Adolphus and John de Breboeuf came in December 1936. This was also the year the school produced its first School Certificate class. Brother Gerard Majella was succeeded in 1938 by Brother Louis Gonzaga.
The Second World War Japanese occupation of Singapore interrupted the curriculum of the school. Immediately after the war, Brother Louis Gonzaga returned from Bahau, Johor to reopen the school. He extended the block along Upper Serangoon Road by adding another floor. The new extension was opened by the Sultan of Johore. In 1949, Brother Louis Gonzaga started an afternoon school—-Holy Innocents' Afternoon School—-under the charge of Brother Basil. In 1955 Brother Noel became the Director of the Holy Innocents'. He set up a committee on 3 April 1955 to raise funds to further extend the school. Within three years, the extension was completed.
Montfort School (1959-1992)
In 1959, Holy Innocents’ English School was renamed Montfort School in honour of St Louis Marie Grignion de Montfort, the founder of the religious institute, Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel, because of the confusion which resulted due to three other schools in Singapore using the name Holy Innocents', namely Holy Innocents' Boys School, Holy Innocents' High School, and Holy Innocents' English School.
By the 1960s, Montfort School was synonymous with quality education provided by the Brothers of St Gabriel in the Upper Serangoon District.
In 1974, the full school split into Montfort Secondary and Montfort Junior.
In 1984, a decision was made by the Old Montfortian Association (OMA), led by its president, Lim Boon Heng, to relocate Montfort Junior and Secondary Schools to make them comparable to the newer Government Schools. A Building Fund Committee was formed to raise the funds to finance the building project, the cost of which amounted to $24 million. Capital grant from the Government was $18.5 million, and the schools had to raise $5.5 million. Piling began in August 1989 at the new site at Hougang Avenue 8, immediately after a ground-breaking ceremony which was officiated by Mgr Gregory Yong, on 12 August 1989. The main building works of the two schools started in March 1990 and took about 21 months to complete.
Progress as Montfort Secondary School
On 2 January 1992, the two schools, Montfort Junior and Montfort Secondary, started functioning at their new premises as separate institutions. In 1997, the school underwent repairs and redecoration.
At the end of 2009, Montfort Secondary School underwent major redevelopment works which was under the Programme for Rebuilding and Improving Existing Schools (PRIME). The school was opened on 2 January 2012 and Montfort Secondary School returned to its Hougang location.
Montfort celebrated its 90th anniversary in 2006 with a 90 km run to its former location and a thanksgiving mass conducted by the Archbishop of Singapore, Nicholas Chia, a former pupil of the school. The mass was held in Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the church at the old location of the school.
In 2017, Montfort had a centennial mass in Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a part of its celebrations for its 100th anniversary.
Identity and culture
School crest
The top-left quadrant has the letters A.M. for "Ave Maria", and a lily. The bottom-right quadrant has the letters D+S with a cross. D.S. is the abbreviation for Dieu Seul ("God Alone" in French). On the top-right quadrant there is a sailboat at sea. On the bottom-left quadrant there is a star and a man in the boat. The crest is adorned with green olive branches, derived from Ancient Greece, to symbolize peace and prosperity. It carries the Latin motto "Labor Omnia Vincit" ("Labour conquers all things").
Affiliations
Montfort Secondary School is affiliated to Catholic Junior College. Graduating students may opt to move on to Catholic Junior College with affiliation favours. Affiliation favours improves net L1R5 aggregate score by removing 2 points, the junior college has to be selected as 1st or 1st and 2nd choice school.
Academic information
Being a government-aided secondary school, Montfort Secondary School offers three academic streams: the four-year Express course, and the five-year Normal Course, comprising Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) academic tracks.
O Level Express course
The Express course is a nationwide four-year programme that leads up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination.
Academic subjects
The examinable academic subjects for Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level offered by Montfort Secondary School for upper secondary level (via. streaming in secondary 2 level), as of 2017, are listed below.
Notes:
Subjects indicated with ' * ' are mandatory.
All students in Singapore are required to undertake a Mother Tongue Language as an examinable subject, as indicated by ' ^ '.
"SPA" in Pure Science subjects refers to the incorporation of School-based Science Practical Assessment, which 20% of the subject result in the national examination are determined by school-based practical examinations, supervised by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board. The SPA Assessment has been replaced by one Practical Assessment in the 2018 O Levels.
Normal Course
The Normal Course is a nationwide 4-year programme leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination, which runs either the Normal (Academic) curriculum or Normal (Technical) curriculum, abbreviated as N(A) and N(T) respectively.
Normal (Academic) Course
In the Normal (Academic) course, students offer 5-8 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Compulsory subjects include:
English Language
Mother Tongue Language
Mathematics
Combined Humanities
A 5th year leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examination is available to N(A) students who perform well in their Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. Students can move from one course to another based on their performance and the assessment of the school principal and teachers.
Students who perform exceptionally well are given opportunity to take O level Mathematics and/or Mother Tongue in Secondary 4
Normal (Technical) Course
The Normal (Technical) course prepares students for a technical-vocational education at the Institute of Technical Education. Students will offer 5-7 subjects in the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level examination. The curriculum is tailored towards strengthening students’ proficiency in English and Mathematics. Students take English Language, Mathematics, Basic Mother Tongue and Computer Applications as compulsory subjects.
Notable alumni
Montfort Secondary School has a significant Catholic population and it has produced numerous Catholic priests.
Lim Boon Heng: former cabinet minister from 1980 to 2011
Lee Boon Yang: former cabinet minister from 1984 to 2011
Nicholas Chia: archbishop emeritus of Singapore
William Goh: Archbishop of Singapore and first Singaporean Cardinal
Lim Tean: politician
Loh Kean Hean: national badminton player
Suhaimi Yusof: actor, television presenter and comedian
Desmond Ng: actor, singer, presenter and businessman
Ng Kok Song: Singapore Investment Manager, former CIO of the GIC from 2007 to 2013, and candidate for the 2023 Singapore Presidential Election
Wang Weiliang: Singaporean actor
See also
Catholic education in Singapore
Secondary schools in Singapore
References
External links
Secondary schools in Singapore
Catholic schools in Singapore
Brothers of Christian Instruction of St Gabriel schools
Montfort Secondary School alumni
Educational institutions established in 1916
Schools in Hougang
1916 establishments in British Malaya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort%20Secondary%20School |
The Aphrodite Inheritance is a BBC television series broadcast in 1979.
The eight-part serial, written by Michael J. Bird, followed his previous successful Mediterranean-set series The Lotus Eaters and Who Pays the Ferryman?. Whereas the two previous productions had been set and filmed in Crete, the action (and location filming) in The Aphrodite Inheritance took place in Cyprus.
The series starred Peter McEnery as a man visiting Cyprus to investigate the death of his brother and subsequently being drawn into a strange conspiracy, with the narrative twists of the serial employing various supernatural and mythological motifs. Other major cast members included Alexandra Bastedo, Brian Blessed, Paul Maxwell and Stefan Gryff.
Credits
Main cast
Peter McEnery as David Collier
Alexandra Bastedo as Helene
Stefan Gryff as Charalambos
Paul Maxwell as Eugene Hellman
Brian Blessed as Basileos
Godfrey James as Inspector Dimas
Tony Doyle as Martin Preece
William Wilde as Eric Morrison
Ray Jewers as Olsen
Karl Held as Travis
Crew
Series Created & Written by: Michael J. Bird
Produced by: Andrew Osborn
Directed by: Terence Williams (eps. 1-4) & Viktors Ritelis (eps. 5-8)
Designed by: Jon Pusey
Theme music composed by: George Kotsonis
Episodes
References
External links
Michael J. Bird Tribute Site
Review, pictures and clips from the show
*
Aphrodite Inheritance, The
Aphrodite
Aphrodite
English-language television shows
1970s British drama television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Aphrodite%20Inheritance |
We're All Devo! is the second home video release by American new wave band Devo. Released on VHS, LaserDisc, CED, and Betamax in 1984, We're All Devo! is a collection of Devo music videos from 1976 to 1983.
Synopsis
Like The Men Who Make the Music (1979), We're All Devo! has a storyline to tie the videos together. In it, the character of Rod Rooter (Michael W Schwartz) is reviewing Devo's music videos for Big Entertainment. Much to his chagrin, his daughter Donut Rooter (Laraine Newman) is a fan of the band. Donut discovers the videos after asking her father for money to get an abortion (though this is not explicitly stated). Two excerpts from the storyline were included in The Complete Truth About De-Evolution (1993) LaserDisc and DVD (both out of sequence) but the rest is exclusive to this release. "Theme from Doctor Detroit" was also not included, and was unique to this title until the MVD DVD of The Complete Truth About De-Evolution.
Track listing
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
"The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprise"
"Whip It"
"Girl U Want"
"Freedom Of Choice"
"Beautiful World"
"Peek-a-Boo!"
"That's Good"
"Theme from Doctor Detroit"
"Through Being Cool"
"Love Without Anger"
"It Takes a Worried Man" (from the film Human Highway)
Credits (video outtakes with the E-Z Listening version of "Whip It")
"Jocko Homo" (Bonus)
Devo video albums
1984 video albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27re%20All%20Devo |
Yevgeny Yevgenyevich Lanceray (; – 13 September 1946), also often spelled Eugene Lansere, was a Russian graphic artist, painter, sculptor, mosaicist, and illustrator, associated stylistically with Mir iskusstva ("World of Art").
Early life and education
Lanceray was born in Pavlovsk, Russia, a suburb of Saint Petersburg. He came from a prominent Russian artistic family of French origin. His father, Eugeny Alexandrovich Lanceray, was a sculptor. His grandfather Nicholas Benois, and his uncle Leon Benois, were celebrated architects. Another uncle, Alexandre Benois, was a respected artist, art critic, historian and preservationist. His great-grandfather was Venetian-born Russian composer Catterino Cavos. Lanceray's siblings were also heirs to this artistic tradition. His sister, Zinaida Serebriakova, was a painter, while his brother Nikolay was an architect. His cousin, Nadia Benois, was mother of Peter Ustinov.
His father Eugene Lanceray, who was also an artist, died early, aged forty; when the boy was eleven years old. However, his father's example, memories of everything that was connected with his life and work affected the formation of the personality of the future artist. Already a mature and experienced master, Eugene Lanceray noted that “his search for the right everyday gesture, interest in the ethnographic characterization of characters”, and, finally, “attraction to the Caucasus” were received from his father “as a heredity” characteristic of his work.
The artist spent his childhood in Ukraine, in a small estate of his father Neskuchnoe. After the death of Eugene Lanceray, the artist's father, mother moved with her children to St. Petersburg, to his father's house, known in art circles as “the house of Benois near Nikola Morskoy” ().
Lanceray took his first lessons at the Drawing School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts in St. Petersburg from 1892 to 1896. under Jan Ciągliński and Ernst Friedrich von Liphart. He then traveled to Paris, where he continued his studies at the Académie Colarossi and Académie Julian between 1896 and 1899.
Career before the revolution
After returning from France to Russia, Lanceray joined Mir iskusstva, an influential Russian art movement inspired by an artistic journal of the same name, founded in 1899, in Saint Petersburg. Other prominent members of Mir iskusstva''' included Lanceray's uncle Alexandre Benois, Konstantin Somov, Walter Nouvel, Léon Bakst, and Dmitry Filosofov.
Like other members of Mir iskusstva, he was fascinated with the "sparkling dust" of Rococo art, and often turned to the 18th-century Russian history and art for inspiration.Pushkarev, Sergei. "The Emergence of Modern Russia, 1801-1917", p. 327. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1963.
Eugene Lanceray was younger than the masters of Mir iskusstva and initially acted as their student. His creative method and aesthetic views evolved under the influence and guidance of Benois, although, by some aspects of his talent, Lanceray may have exceeded his teacher. His first significant works in the field of easel painting and graphics were created in the late 1890 - early 1900s. The main creative interests of the artist were turned at that time to the "historical", mainly architectural landscape.
Lanceray's most celebrated mural painting is located at the ceiling of Moscow Kazansky railway station (1933-1934). Besides its place and its scale, the distinctive feature of this work is that it was made using tempera paint, so beloved by the artist. But he worked with various media, and the area of his activity included not only mural art but also fine art, graphics, illustration and theatrical scenery. For the first time, Lanceray took to the work in the theater in early 1900s, paying tribute to the passion for theater painting, which was characteristic of almost all the representatives of the older generation of the Mir iskusstva group.
Life after the revolution
Lanceray was the only prominent member of Mir iskusstva to remain in Russia after the Revolution of 1917. Being a representative of traditional painting (not avant-garde movement) and the bourgeoisie, he was not in great demand with the new Soviet government for a long time. Even his sister found the revolutionary milieu alien to her art and, in 1924, she fled to Paris.
Lanceray himself hated the new Soviet regime that he had to exist in after 1917. It referred to his own understanding of the historical way of Russia and the massive oppressions towards his relatives and close friends (some of them immigrated and some of them were killed). In February 1932 he left a note in his diaries: ‘There is incredible impoverishment. Of course, this is the government’s goal to bring everyone and everything to poverty, since it is easier to manage the poor and the hungry’.
Lanceray left Saint Petersburg in 1917, and spent three years living in Dagestan, where he became infatuated with Oriental themes. His interest increased during journeys made in the early 1920s to Japan and Ankara, Turkey. In 1920, he moved to Tiflis, Georgia. During his stay in Georgia, he lectured at the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (1922–1934) and illustrated the Caucasian novellas of Leo Tolstoy. Amongst his students was Apollon Kutateladze.
Lanceray left Georgia in 1934, settling in Moscow, where he became engaged in the decoration of the Moscow Kazansky railway station and the Hotel Moskva. During the same period, Lanceray also worked as a theatrical designer.
Three years before his death, he was honored with the Stalin Prize, and in 1945 he was awarded the title of People's Artist of the RSFSR. He died in Moscow at the age of 71.
Moscow Kazansky Railway Station
One of the most well-known works of Lanceray is the mural of Kazanskiy Railway Station (1932-1934 and 1944-1946).
Schusev, the famous Russian architect and a frequent character of Lanceray's diaries, was responsible for the whole process from the very beginning. In 1916, Schusev, Benois, Serebryakova, Lanceray were hired to plan the decorations and paintings for the Kazanskiy railway station, but the revolution broke off the plans.
1932 was the year when the state reform of architecture was carried out in the USSR, and ‘Stalinist’ architecture with its monumental style became canonical. Lanceray, an experienced monumental painter with conservative views, was invited from Tbilisi to Moscow to continue working at The Central Railway Station decorations. He was in charge of the restaurant located inside. In the 1932-1934 paintings, Lanceray tried to show specific features of every painted region. For instance, Murmansk displays a busy crew ship, while Crimea is depicted by a smiling Tatar woman against the background of a clear sky, exotic trees and a working carpenter.
In the thirties, he managed to complete such murals as Moscow Construction, Murmansk, Crimea, and others. In January 1934, after gluing the first canvas to the plafond Lanceray writes: "A turning, formidable day: today they glued the first picture, Crimea. Of course, I am shocked by the effect. It is small, puny, completely not picturesque, completely not monumental. <..> At this distance, there is no other volumetric effect <..> That's when you learn the experience and mastery of Byzantium!"Because of the irregular construction of the building, high ceilings and unpredictable light, the artist faced difficulties to make the painting bright and noticeable. Besides its place and its scale, a distinctive feature of this work is that it was made using tempera paint. The artist also preferred to paint on a canvas that would then be attached to the ceiling. But, while Lanceray was disappointed with his inappropriate use of technique, the Committee members were not really satisfied with the subject of Lanceray's paintings.
Later, they would say that his projects were missing a “deep socialist” idea in his projects and would blame him for using too many abstract symbols and allegories.
Lanceray kept working on these monumental paintings after the war finished. After his death, other artists had to finish the work according to the sketches he left.
Nowadays the decorated plafond of Kazanskiy railway station looks very contrast. Heavy soviet paintings of predominantly brown shades seem lost among pompous gilded stucco molding.
Today this part of the building is used as a superior lounge, where people who buy business class tickets can wait for their departure. On every New Year's Eve, there is a constructed stage where children's performances are shown and music concerts are played.
Mural artworks in Kharkiv
In 1932, Lanceray completed two of his monumental works at the Zheleznodorozhnik Palace of Culture (now "the Central House of Culture and Technology of the South Railway") in Kharkiv. One of them is called Partisans of the Caucasus salute the Red Army and the other one Meeting of Komsomol members with the peasants of Crimea''.
Over time, the paintings deteriorated and were often hidden behind a cloth. In connection with the Euro-2012, they were restored. These two murals are the only monumental works of Eugene Lanceray preserved in Ukraine and the only examples of murals of the 1930s that exist in Kharkiv. Although there were a lot of wall paintings in Kharkiv in the pre-war period, almost all of them either died during the war or disappeared during repairs, or were deliberately destroyed.
After the adoption of the Law of Decommunization in Ukraine in 2015, these murals painted by Lanceray in Kharkiv were at risk of destruction. A public discussion was held on the conservation of them. Since the work could not be visually construed as direct communist propaganda, officials asked the state to give it the status of cultural heritage.
If approved, these artworks of Lanceray would be the first examples of monumental painting, which the Ukrainian state will protect.
See also
List of Russian artists
Kasli iron sculpture
References
External links
Biography
The Grove Dictionary of Art
1875 births
1946 deaths
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
20th-century Russian painters
Illustrators from the Russian Empire
Painters from Saint Petersburg
People from Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg
Academic staff of the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts
Académie Colarossi alumni
Académie Julian alumni
Members of the Imperial Academy of Arts
People's Artists of the RSFSR (visual arts)
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Benois family
Socialist realist artists
Russian people of French descent
Russian illustrators
Russian landscape painters
Russian male painters
Russian muralists
Russian portrait painters
Soviet illustrators
Soviet painters
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Lanceray |
DOCB may refer to:
Dictionary of Canadian Biography
Dinghy Optimist Class Belgium, the official representation of the Optimist_dinghy Sailors in Belgium.
Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau of the Irish police
Dr. Obote College Boroboro, a school in Uganda
.docb, a Microsoft Word file extension | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCB |
Captive Women is a 1952 American black-and-white post-apocalyptic science-fiction film. It stars Robert Clarke and Margaret Field. The film has a running time of 64 minutes. It deals with the effects of a nuclear war and how life would be afterwards.
In the United Kingdom the film is known as 3000 A.D., the film's original title.
Plot
The film opens with war footage from World War III ending with a nuclear attack.
Long after the nuclear war, the last human survivors are divided into three tribes. Robert (Clarke) and Ruth (Field) are about to be married in the ruins of a post-apocalyptic New York City during a brief interlude in ongoing hostilities between their tribe (the Norms) and the rival tribe (the Mutates). The Mutates try to adhere to the tenets of the Christian Bible, but it is rejected by the Norms.
However, raiders from a third tribe, the Upriver People, attack through the Hudson River Tunnel and capture Ruth and several other women because they desperately need fertile females. The warring tribes must put aside their differences to rescue the women, a joint effort that unfolds quite quickly in the short film.
Ultimately, the Upriver People are defeated and are trapped in the tunnel as it is flooded. The women are recovered, and there are improved prospects for more peaceful relations among the tribes as the film concludes.
Cast
Robert Clarke as Robert
Margaret Field as Ruth
Gloria Saunders as Catherine
Ron Randell as Riddon
William Schallert as Carver
Production
Jack Pollexfen and Aubrey Wisberg had a deal to make three films at RKO: Captive Women, Sword of Venus and Port Sinister. Albert Zugsmith became involved as an associate producer, taking 25% against Pollexfen and Wisberg's 75%.
Pollexfen later said "our main problem in Captive Women was that we were battling Zugsmith too much to pay attention to the production". He says also that Howard Hughes, who then owned RKO, insisted the film be directed by Stewart Gilmore, who had been one of Hughes' leading editors, including on The Outlaw.
Filming started 9 July 1951. Robert Clarke recalled that Gilmore:
He was lost. Completely. The poor man had tremendous problems; there were too many people in the cast, too many actors with no dialogue in the scenes ,
and the fact that they had over-extended themselves for special effects...The whole film was ineffectual. Pollexfen and Wisberg were trying to make a better picture— sometimes, Hollywood thinks that if you spend more money, you make a better picture. Well, this is one instance where that didn’t happen. Gilmore was in over his head — he didn’t know directing, and l don’t think he ever did another picture because he got a bad taste in his mouth from this one.
William Schallert recalls that the film was rewritten during the shoot and actors had to constantly learn new parts.
Pollexfen says the budget was around $85,000 of which he and his partner received a fee of $15,000 and Zugsmith was paid $2,500.
At one stage the film was known as 3000 AD. Another original title was found 1,000 Years from Now, but RKO wanted a more sensational title.
The ruins of New York are briefly shown in matte paintings by Block. In 1956, it was re-released by the name 1000 Years from Now.
It was one of three films Albert Zugsmith made for RKO. It was Ron Randell's first science fiction film.
Reception
Variety found the movie's plot to be plodding, with most of the good ideas left off screen, but the camera work was good, as was Ron Randall's acting.
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction found the movie of some importance as perhaps the first science fiction film to consider what the world might become some time after a nuclear war. TV Guide found that the movie was often inane and silly but that the halfway-decent visual effects helped the shaky film.
References
External links
Captive Women at BFI
Captive Women at TCMDB
Captive Women at Letterbox DVD
1952 films
1950s science fiction films
Films about nuclear war and weapons
American science fiction films
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 31st century
American post-apocalyptic films
American black-and-white films
RKO Pictures films
Films produced by Aubrey Wisberg
Films about World War III
Films with screenplays by Aubrey Wisberg
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive%20Women |
Daniel John Crothers (born January 3, 1957) is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court.
Early life
Crothers was born in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1957. Crothers was raised in West Fargo, American Samoa, and Albuquerque, New Mexico. After graduating from Eldorado High School, he earned a bachelor's degree from the University of North Dakota in 1979 and a Juris Doctor from the University of North Dakota School of Law in 1982.
Career
In 1982 and 1983, Crothers served as a law clerk for Ramon Lopez of the New Mexico Court of Appeals. He also operated a private legal practice in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Fargo, North Dakota. In 2005, then-Governor John Hoeven appointed Crothers to the North Dakota Supreme Court. He was elected to an unexpired four-year term in 2008 and re-elected to a ten-year term in 2012. In 2022, Crothers was re-elected, pledging that the term would be his last.
Crothers was president of the State Bar Association of North Dakota from 2001 to 2002. He is also a member of North Dakota's Committee on Judiciary Standards and chairs the North Dakota Court Services Administration Committee. He is a member of the ABA Center for Professional Responsibility Policy Implementation Committee. Crothers was formerly chair of the ABA Standing Committee on Client Protection.
References
External links
Daniel John Crothers biography
North Dakota Supreme Court website
Justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court
University of North Dakota alumni
Politicians from Fargo, North Dakota
Politicians from Santa Fe, New Mexico
1957 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
Lawyers from Fargo, North Dakota
Lawyers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
New Mexico lawyers
People from West Fargo, North Dakota
People from Cass County, North Dakota
Eldorado High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20J.%20Crothers |
The Derby Dilly was a name given to a group of dissident Whigs who split from the main party under the leadership of Edward, Lord Stanley on the issue of the reorganisation of the Church of Ireland in 1834. Stanley and three others resigned from the cabinet of Lord Grey on this particular issue but other factors included their fear that the Whigs were appeasing their radical and Irish allies with further reforms.
The group's name 'Derby Dilly' is a reference to Stanley being the heir of the Earl of Derby.
Formation
In 1830 Lord Grey had formed a government that had achieved political success by passing the Reform Act 1832 and abolishing slavery in the British Empire. However, it was an unstable coalition composed of Whigs, Canningites, Radicals, Irish Repealers and Tory mavericks. It had achieved a crushing electoral victory in 1832 against a demoralised Tory party but then quickly fell factional fighting. Lord John Russell wanted to extend the cause of reform to other areas of governance but others like Lord Stanley feared the growth of radicalism and in particular the influence of the Irish Repealers led by Daniel O'Connell. In May 1834, the pressure became too great and Stanley, with Earl of Ripon, Sir James Graham and The Duke of Richmond resigned from the cabinet on the issue of proposed changes to the structure and finances of the Church of Ireland.
Preferring to call themselves 'Moderate Whigs' or just 'Moderates', Stanley and his immediate cohorts including Graham and Francis Burdett, at first, remained on the government benches in the House of Commons. They were at first known unofficially as the 'Stanleyites', as they seemed more of an old-style parliamentary faction that was familiar in British politics from the 18th and early 19th centuries. However, the group soon received a new name from its political opponents to which they are now best remembered: 'The Derby Dilly'.
It was an allusion to a type of stagecoach called the 'Derby Dilly' (short for 'Diligence') and referred to Stanley's hereditary family title 'Earl of Derby'. Remembering Stanley's remark that when he had left the cabinet that it had led to an 'upsetting of the ministerial coach', the Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell labelled the group the 'Derby Dilly', with a clever reference to the lines of a poem by George Canning and others, 'The Loves of the Triangles'. It had been a work of parody, actually attacking the works of Erasmus Darwin (grandfather of Charles Darwin) and had the lines 'Still down thy steep, romantic Ashbourne, glides The Derby dilly carrying six insides'.
Failure to create a centre grouping
The idea of an erratic coach, with Stanley driving the horses, was quickly picked up by others, and the name stuck to the group. He already had a reputation as the 'Prince Rupert of Debate', a man who could lead his followers into an attack but was unable to rally them afterward. As a result, it was difficult to estimate the number of MPs who were actually part of the 'Dilly'. It is possible that they then numbered up to 70, but they lacked a core set of political beliefs or attitudes. Many of them still remained uncertain whether to go back to the Whigs, join the Tories or attempt to create a third political force. Some political observers wondered if the 'Dilly' (or at least those identified solidly with Stanley) really numbered only half a dozen MPs at most.
Despite his growing estrangement from the Whigs, Stanley remained on good terms with his former party leader, Earl Grey. In November 1834, following the resignation of The Viscount Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel invited Stanley (now Lord Stanley) and others in the 'Dilly' to join his minority Tory government. Stanley declined but made it obvious that he was finding himself in general agreement with Peel's attempt to form an administration.
In December 1834, Stanley decided that he needed to at least define a set of ideas to distinguish his group from the other parties and factions in the House of Commons. In a speech at Glasgow University that was subsequently dubbed 'The Knowsley Creed', after the Stanley family's ancestral home Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, Stanley gave the student audience an outline of his political beliefs.
Besides affirming his staunch support of the established church and opposition to 'destructive reform', Stanley still signalled his political belief that it was not possible to reverse the Reform Act of 1832 or undertake a purely reactionary domestic agenda.
'The machine must move forward for good or evil – for it cannot be stopped; like the fire it may purify, if properly kindled by a skilful hand, but if it should be impetuously and recklessly accelerated, destruction and overwhelming wreck must be the inevitable consequences'.
However, Stanley had been pre-empted by Peel three days earlier, on 8 December 1834. Peel had then issued an election address to his constituent, later dubbed the Tamworth Manifesto, which covered much of the same political and religious ground as Stanley's speech. Now usually known as a founding political ideology for what was to become the Conservative Party, it too said that Peel's party would support reform to correct 'abuses' if necessary and marked a contrast to the earlier old Toryism that had appeared to be opposed to all change. It also meant that in practice, the 'Derby Dilly' with its 'Knowsley Creed' and the Conservatives' 'Tamworth Manifesto' were largely equivalent, described by some as 'two sides of the same coin'.
Merger with Conservative Party
Though they made electoral gains in the 1835 General Election, Peel's government
remained a minority in the House of Commons. For the Derby Dilly, the election saw its members briefly attempt to forward their own candidates for election but apparently, there were no recruits to their diminishing band. However, surprisingly, Stanley thought he still had at least 86 supporters in January 1835 and described his band to a supporter as a 'corps de reserve', which King William IV could call upon 'in case of accidents' (to form a government if the monarch had enough of the Tory-Conservatives and Whig-Radical blocs). Though Stanley may have had in mind King George III's example of appointing William Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister in 1783, in the end, it was his 'reserve' that crumbled away, and those who were left by March 1835 (between 30 and 40) were still unable to agree even to vote the same way on a given debate.
By now, Lord Stanley was clearly leaning towards the Conservative Party. Any remote possibility of returning to the Whigs was scuttled by the Lichfield House Compact by which the Irish Repealers, Whigs and Radicals agreed to vote out Peel's government. That soon happened and left the 'Derby Dilly' nowhere else to go but to support Peel. When Peel resigned as Prime Minister in April 1835, the King invited not Stanley but Melbourne and the Whigs to form a new government, and Stanley received no invitation to rejoin the Whig fold.
For a brief period, as a measure of the looseness of political labels at the time, there was talk of a 'Liberal and Conservative Party' combining Stanley, Graham, Peel and even Lord Grey, but it came to nothing. Instead, there was a steady drift of MPs from the old pro-reform coalition to the Conservatives: some who had originally joined Stanley's group and others who went over independently. One estimate puts that number at least 50 MPs switching political allegiance between 1835 and 1841.
For Stanley (now Lord Stanley) and the remaining 'Derby Dilly' supporters (about 20 MPs in by 1837), there was now a staged progression across to the Conservatives. That is best illustrated by Stanley's own movement across the political spectrum. In 1836, he resigned from the Whig-supporting 'Brooks's Club', officially because his old political enemy Daniel O'Connell had become a member, and by the next elections, in 1837, the remaining Stanleyites were reliant on Conservative support to get back into parliament. In November 1837 Stanley and Graham joined other Conservative MPs at a meeting prior to the opening of the new Parliament and in December, they had officially joined them and sat with Peel on the Opposition Front Bench. Lord Stanley finally sealed his new Conservative identity by becoming a member of the Tory 'Holy of Holies', the Conservative supporting Carlton Club.
The remaining 'Derby Dilly' MPs were soon absorbed into the main Conservative Party. They included Lord George Bentinck, who was later better known for his alliance with Benjamin Disraeli in the 1840s against Peel on the issue of repealing the Corn Laws. Despite their Whig origins, Stanley, Bentinck and the former Radical Disraeli would ironically go on to break with Peel and take two thirds of his former party with them to recreate a new Conservative Party.
References
Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (Fontana 1985)
J Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (Yale University Press; New Ed edition 1996)
Charles Greville, A journal of the reigns of King George IV and King William IV, Volume 2 (1875).
John O’Connell, Recollections and experiences during a parliamentary career from 1833 to 1848'' (1849) Original from Oxford University
1834 establishments in the United Kingdom
1838 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1834
Organizations established in 1838
Whig factions
History of the Conservative Party (UK)
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby%20Dilly |
Andrius Gedgaudas (born 18 September 1978) is a Lithuanian former professional football midfielder.
In 2004 received best player award of the Lithuanian top division A Lyga while playing for FBK Kaunas.
External links
1978 births
Sportspeople from Kaunas
Living people
Lithuanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Lithuania men's international footballers
FK Žalgiris players
FK Atlantas players
FK Kareda Kaunas players
Widzew Łódź players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
Spartak Yerevan FC players
FBK Kaunas footballers
FC Tom Tomsk players
Shamakhi FK players
FK Banga Gargždai players
TSV Rain am Lech players
FK Tauras Tauragė players
FK Klaipėdos Granitas players
A Lyga players
Ekstraklasa players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Armenian Premier League players
Russian Premier League players
Azerbaijan Premier League players
Bayernliga players
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Armenia
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Armenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
FC Metalurh-2 Donetsk players
FK Šilutė players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrius%20Gedgaudas |
Wafa Sultan (; born June 14, 1958) is a Syrian-American medical doctor, writer, and critic of Islam.
Early life and career
Sultan was born into a modest middle class Alawite family in Baniyas, Syria.
Although Sultan wanted to be a writer, and would have preferred to study Arabic literature, she studied at the medical faculty at the University of Aleppo due to pressure from her family. She says that she was shocked into secularism by the 1979 atrocities committed by Islamic extremists of the Muslim Brotherhood against innocent Syrians. She states that while she was a medical student, she witnessed the machine-gun assassination of her professor, Yusef al Yusef, an ophthalmologist from the university who was renowned outside Syria. "They shot hundreds of bullets into him, shouting, 'Allahu Akbar!' " she said. "At that point, I lost my trust in their god and began to question all our teachings. It was the turning point of my life, and it has led me to this present point. I had to leave. I had to look for another god." She worked for four years as a psychiatrist in a hospital.
She, her teacher husband, and children emigrated to the United States in 1989, where she moved to Los Angeles, California, and became a naturalized citizen. Initially she had to work as a cashier in a gas station and behind the counter in a pizza parlor, but she found her treatment in these jobs better than as a medical professional in Syria. From the time of her arrival she began to contribute articles to Arabic publications in the United States and published three books in Arabic.
Sultan became notable after the September 11, 2001 attacks for her participation in Middle East political debates, with the publication of Arabic essays that were circulated widely and for television appearances on Al Jazeera and CNN in 2005.
On February 21, 2006, she took part in Al Jazeera's weekly forty-five-minute discussion program The Opposite Direction. She spoke from Los Angeles, arguing with host Faisal al-Qassem and with Ibrahim Al-Khouli, a professor at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), about Samuel P. Huntington's Clash of Civilizations theory. A six-minute composite video of her remarks was subtitled and widely circulated by MEMRI on blogs and through e-mail; The New York Times estimated that it has been seen at least one million times. In this video she criticised women's situation in Muslim countries, Muslims for treating non-Muslims differently and for not recognizing the accomplishments of Jews and other members of non-Muslim society while still benefiting from using their wealth and technology. The video became YouTube's most discussed video. The full transcript of the debate, which was made public later, also raised many online discussions.
Following her participation in founding of the Former Muslims United on October 13, 2009, Sultan released her first book in English, A God Who Hates: The Courageous Woman Who Inflamed the Muslim World Speaks Out Against the Evils of Islam. In her book Sultan relates her life story and personal relationship with Islam. She attempts to address the history of Islam from a psychological perspective, and examine the political ideology of the religion's modern form.
In October 2010 Sultan was called as an expert witness to give testimony at the Geert Wilders trial. Wilders is a Dutch politician who was charged with hate speech for his anti-Islamic statements and subsequently acquitted. At the trial Sultan confirmed that she had met Wilders several times in 2009, had seen his film Fitna, and in general agreed with his views about Islam.
Political views
Sultan describes her thesis as witnessing "a battle between modernity and barbarism which Islam will lose". It has brought her telephone threats, but also praise from reformers. Her comments, especially a pointed criticism that "no Jew has blown himself up in a German restaurant", brought her an invitation to Jerusalem by the American Jewish Congress.
Sultan believes that "The trouble with Islam is deeply rooted in its teachings. Islam is not only a religion. Islam [is] also a political ideology that preaches violence and applies its agenda by force." In a discussion with Ahmad bin Muhammad, she said: "It was these teachings that distorted this terrorist and killed his humanity".
In her book A God Who Hates, Sultan writes that "No one can be a true Muslim and a true American simultaneously". Sultan argues that initially, US must help its Muslim citizens give up Islam and embrace Christianity "[W]e first have to help them see their ogre clearly and show them how to exchange their God who hates for one who loves".
Recognitions
In 2006 Wafa Sultan was named in Time Magazine in a list of one hundred influential people in the world "whose power, talent or moral example is transforming the world." Time stated that "Sultan's influence flows from her willingness to express openly critical views on Islamic extremism that are widely shared but rarely aired by other Muslims." In 2006, she has received the Freethought Heroine Award from the Freedom from Religion Foundation
Religious sentiment
In the same Time interview, Sultan described herself as a cultural Muslim who does not adhere to Islam, yet remains associated with the faith through her birth, rather than belief; "I even don't believe in Islam, but I am a Muslim." Sultan is a board member of Stop Islamization of Nations (S.I.O.N.), an organization founded by Pamela Geller, Robert Spencer and Anders Gravers Pedersen.
References
Book
External links
Wafa Sultan's articles at Al-Hewaar Al-Mutamaddin
by Wafa Sultan -Who Should We Believe? June 12, 2009 at Hudson New York
Heroes & Pioneers; Wafa Sultan Time 100: The People Who Shape Our World
"Dr. Wafa Sultan: A Lost Opportunity"
"Meet Islam's Ann Coulter" Rabbi Stephen Julius Stein
1958 births
Living people
American former Muslims
American psychiatrists
Former Muslim critics of Islam
People from Damascus
People from Los Angeles
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Syrian former Muslims
Syrian psychiatrists
Syrian writers
University of Aleppo alumni
21st-century American writers
21st-century American women writers
American women psychiatrists
American critics of Islam
Counter-jihad activists
Syrian opposition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafa%20Sultan |
Heinz Kloss (30 October 1904, in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt – 13 June 1987) was a German linguist and internationally recognised authority on linguistic minorities.
He coined the terms "Abstandsprache" and "Ausbausprache" to try to describe the differences between what is commonly called a dialect and what is commonly called a language.
Kloss was also responsible for summing up previously publicly available statistical data on the North American Jewish population. One copy was found in Hitler's library. The book was entitled Statistics, Media, and Organizations of Jewry in the United States and Canada. Hitler's personal copy of the book was obtained by Library and Archives Canada in 2018 and was restored, digitized and made available to the public in 2019. However, the text of the book had already been available online from the Deutsche Nationale Bibliothek.
There is a Heinz Kloss fonds at Library and Archives Canada. The archival reference number is R11623.
Selected works
(two volumes)
References
Further reading
1904 births
1987 deaths
People from Halle (Saale)
Linguists from Germany
People from the Province of Saxony
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
20th-century linguists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz%20Kloss |
Australian passports are travel documents issued to Australian citizens under the Australian Passports Act 2005 by the Australian Passport Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), both in Australia and overseas, which enable the passport bearer to travel internationally. Australian citizens are allowed to hold passports from other countries. Since 1988 over a million Australian passports have been issued annually, and it reached 1.4 million in 2007, and increasing towards a projected 3 million annually by 2021. As of July 2023, Australian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories, ranking the Australian passport sixth in the world in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.
Since 24 October 2005, Australia has issued only biometric passports, called ePassports, which have an embedded microchip that contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page of the passport, including a digitised photograph. As all previous passports have now expired, all Australian passports are now biometric. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport holders and ePassport holders of several other countries to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates.
As of May 2023, it was regarded as "the most expensive travel document in the world", at a cost of AUD$325 per passport.
History
Before 1901, Australia consisted of six separate British colonies. Passport usage was not common, and if required British or other national passports were used. In the 19th century, paroled convicts were issued a type of internal passport called "ticket of leave", which enabled them to move freely between the colonies. In 1901, the six colonies joined to form the Commonwealth of Australia, although Australians retained British nationality. It was only in 1912 that the first federal passport regulations were introduced, and the passports issued by the Australian government still bore the words "British Passport" on the cover until 1967. During World War I, the monitoring and identifying of those crossing international borders was regarded as critical to the security of Australia and its allies, and the War Precautions Act 1914 required all persons over 16 years of age, on leaving Australia, to possess some passport.
Australian nationality came into existence on 26 January 1949 when the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into force, and Australian passports began to distinguish between Australian citizens and other British subjects. British subjects, who were not Australian citizens, continued to be entitled to an Australian passport. The term "British subject" had a particular meaning in Australian nationality law. The term encompassed all citizens of countries included in the list contained in the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948. The list of countries was based on, but was not identical with, those countries (and their colonies) which were members of the Commonwealth from time to time. The list was amended from time to time as various former colonies became independent countries, but the list in the Act was not necessarily up-to-date as far as to constitute exactly a list of countries in the Commonwealth at any given time. This definition of "British subject" meant that, for the purposes of Australian nationality law, citizens of countries which had become republics, such as India, were classified as "British subjects". The words "British Passport" were removed from the covers of Australian passports in 1967.
In 1981, the Commonwealth, Queensland, New South Wales and Victorian governments set up the Stewart Royal Commission to inquire into various drug trafficking and related criminal activities, but which spent much of its time examining how criminals were using and abusing the passport system for criminal purposes. The Commission published its final report in 1983, making recommendations on how to prevent such abuses, most of which were acted upon by the federal government. The report's recommendations included that applicants for a passport attend a Passport Office and that mailed applications cease; that passports be issued only to citizens, so that British subjects would cease to be entitled to a passport; that birth certificates not be accepted as a sufficient proof of identity; that passports cease to be issued through travel or other agents; and that all persons who change their name, whether by choice, marriage or adoption, be required to register the change with State Registrars of births, deaths and marriages. The legal category of British subject was abolished in 1984 by the Australian Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1984, and Australian passports began to be issued exclusively to Australian citizens, though existing passports held by non-citizen British subjects continued to be valid until each expired.
In 1980, large bound book registers were replaced by a computerised processing and registration system, called the Passport Issue and Control System (PICS). Since 1984, to speed up processing of incoming and outgoing passengers and data entry, Australia has been issuing passports with machine readable lines, to ICAO Document 9303 standard. Since 24 October 2005, Australia has issued only biometric passports, called ePassports, which have an embedded RFID microchip that contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page of the passport, including a digitised photograph. Australia was only the fourth country in the world (after Malaysia, Thailand and Sweden) to introduce biometric passports. All Australian passports are now biometric, all pre-2006 passports having now expired. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport holders, and ePassport holders of several other countries, to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates to capture and save a biometric profile of passport holders as well as to compare against the immigration database and watchlist. Australia does not use fingerprinting of incoming passengers, as is done by some other countries.
Summary of passport series
In 1917, 'X' series passports issued.
In 1937, 'A' series passports issued. Passport cover included the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and the words 'British Passport Commonwealth of Australia'.
In 1949, after Australian nationality was created, passports began to distinguish between Australian citizens and other British subjects. The passports contained manually inserted photos with wet seals and raised embossed seals over the photo as security features. Two types of passport were issued:
'B' series passports – issued (within Australia only) to British subjects who were not Australian citizens.
'C' series passports – issued to Australian citizens.
In 1950, 'E' series passport replaces 'B' and 'C' series.
In 1964, 'G' series passport introduced, with the St Edward's Crown at the top of the cover, the word 'Australia' followed by the Australian Coat of Arms, and the words 'British Passport' at the bottom.
In 1967, the words 'British Passport' removed from passports but retain the Crown. The word 'Australia' appears below the Crown, followed by the Australian Coat of Arms and the word 'Passport'.
In 1975, responsibility for Australian passport functions were transferred to the Department of Foreign Affairs (since 1987, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade), from the then Department of Labor and Immigration.
Before 1983, a married woman's passport application had to be authorised by her husband.
In 1983, the department partnered with Australia Post to enable the issue of Australian passports at most Australia Post outlets.
In 1984, 'T' series passport introduced, with Crown emblem removed from cover. These were the first to have a laminate built into the document.
In 1986, single identity passports introduced, so that children could no longer be included on a parent's passport.
In 1988, 'H' and 'J' series passports issued with Bicentennial logo. And until 1988, a woman could apply for and receive a passport in her married name, before she was actually married.
In 1994, digitised colour printing of photograph and signature on the glue side of the laminate introduced.
In 1995, 'L' series passports introduced, with kangaroo motif security laminate. The personal data pages initially included a photograph and a cut out piece of paper with the holder's signature under a sheet of adhesive laminate.
From approximately 1998, the personal data page for 'L' series passports colour laser printed under a sheet of adhesive laminate.
From 27 November 2003, 'M' series passport issued, which included enhanced security features. The personal data page printed by ink-jet onto the adhesive surface of the security laminate, the laminate itself containing a holographic design.
From October 2005, 'M' series passports issued as a biometric or ePassport. Electronic passport logo printed under the passport number on the personal data page. The front cover printed in gold ink.
Since May 2009, 'N' series passports issued as a biometric or ePassport. The passport was black instead of blue and had a slight font and case change to the word 'Passport' on the front cover. The front cover printing was in silver. Additional fraud counter-measures were included including a 'Ghost Image' and 'Retro-Reflective Floating Image' on the laminated page. Each page featured images of Australia printed throughout the document making every visa page unique and more difficult to reproduce.
In late June 2014, 'P' series passports issued with innovative security features that make it even more difficult to forge. They have an Australian flag blue with gold embossed cover, printed using the same technologies as Australian banknotes. Visible security features include a new security laminate with the world's first colour floating image.
From September 2022, 'R' series passports issued incorporate works by Indigenous artists, it has a high security photo page made of layered plastic, making the passport harder to forge and less susceptible to damage. The visa pages show 17 iconic Australian landscapes in spectacular true colour.
Types of passport
The Australian Government issues passports to provide an internationally accepted attestation of their citizens' identity. To facilitate this global recognition, several types of passports are issued.
These are broadly issued in these categories:
Ordinary passport
Diplomatic passport
Official passport
Emergency passport
Certain non-passport travel documents may also be issued, with eligibility not limited to citizens:
Convention Travel Document
Certificate of Identity
Document of Identity
Provisional Travel Document
Beyond these, other documents for travel are issued in limited circumstances: ImmiCard, PLO56 (M56), Document for Travel to Australia (DFTTA). These are issued to protection or humanitarian visa holders, or persons in similar circumstances warranting their issue.
Passports and Documents of Identity are ordinarily worth 70 points in the 100 point check system, and can be used as an authoritative identity document throughout Australia. Passports issued with full validity can be used as an identity document for up to two years after their expiry.
Ordinary passport
These are the passports most commonly issued to Australian citizens. An applicant must satisfy the identity and citizenship requirements. When they are unable to meet these requirements, a Limited Validity Passport (LVP) or Document of Identity may be compassionately issued. LVPs are identical to ordinary passports, but are valid for up to 12 months.
Ordinary passports are ordinarily valid for 5 or 10 years. Children under 16 years of age are issued 5 year passports, and adults aged 75 or over may choose a 5 or 10 year validity. Other adult applicants are normally issued passports with a 10-year validity. Exceptions to this exist, such as in the case of concurrent passports.
Ordinary passports in the P series issued since June 2014 have 34 usable visa pages, with a frequent traveller variant available containing 66 visa pages. The larger variant is available only to adult applicants seeking 10 year passports, as 5 year passports already have the same number of visa pages per year of validity.
Diplomatic and official passport
These are issued to people employed by or acting on behalf of the Australian Government, and are primarily for individuals in defined categories and roles, required to represent the Australian Government overseas in an official capacity. These passports may sometimes be issued to dependents of the principal applicant, where necessary to facilitate their travel or safety.
These passports may only be issued to Australian citizens whose role or purpose of travel fits within the Ministerial Guidelines. Issuance is tightly controlled, due to the significance of formally representing an individual as acting overseas on behalf of the Australian Government.
Unlike Ordinary passports, individuals have certain legislative and contractual obligations to the Australian Government when using or holding these passports. These passports may be cancelled without notice, if used outside the relevant provisions in the Ministerial Guidelines.
Emergency passport
These are issued at overseas posts to facilitate the urgent travel of Australian citizens who meet all requirements but cannot wait three weeks for the issue of a full validity passport.
These passport do not include a passport chip as they are issued by overseas posts that do not have the capability to produce ePassports. Because they are not a biometric travel document, travel on an these passport may require a visa, even where Australian citizens can usually travel visa-free.
Australian citizens who cannot meet all requirements for an ordinary passport, but can satisfy the citizenship and identity requirements, or need to travel urgently and cannot wait for an ordinary passport. Issuance is strictly controlled, particularly where usual requirements cannot be met.
They are valid for up to 12 months, though normally they are valid for 7 months.
Special circumstance passports
In limited circumstances, Australian citizens may be issued passports outside of the usual requirements. Such passports will always be issued in one of the above categories: ordinary, official or diplomatic. Other than for an emergency passport, their appearance is identical.
Concurrent passport
A concurrent passport is an additional passport issued to an individual who already holds a valid passport of the same category (ordinary, official or diplomatic). Issuance of these is very tightly controlled, and granted to enable travel in exceptional circumstances.
Concurrent passports are most often granted when traveling (or transiting) a country that will not accept evidence of travel to certain places, or where significant delays will result in having to wait for the return of a passport following (unrelated) visa issuance. Other circumstances may be considered, requiring authorisation by more senior staff.
These passports are valid for up to 3 years, except that an emergency passport is valid for up to 12 months. The validity period will usually be limited to the duration of travel needs plus 6 months.
Limited validity passport
These are issued to Australian citizens who cannot provide full documentation, provided their identity and citizenship have been confirmed. They are issued to applicants with incomplete or inconsistent documentation, to allow them to travel in the interim. They are identical to regular passports, but with shorter validity. They are valid for up to 12 months, and available from within Australia only.
LVPs are most commonly offered to applicants with incomplete or inconsistent documentation around name or gender, such as following a name change. These applicants may hold cardinal documents, such as a birth certificate, differing from their current identity, without sufficient documentation to corroborate the difference.
On completion of a full application and satisfaction of the usual requirements, a LVP may be exchanged for an ordinary passport, free of charge.
Physical appearance
The current series Australian passport is blue, with the Australian coat of arms emblazoned in at the top of the front cover. "AUSTRALIA" is written below the coat of arms and, below it, "PASSPORT" is written. Toward the bottom of the cover the international e-passport symbol (). The standard passport contains 42 visa pages.
Identity information page
The Australian passport includes the following data:
Photo of passport holder
Type (of document, "P" for "personal")
Code of issuing state (listed as "AUS" for "Australia")
Document No.
Family name
Given names
Nationality ("Australian")
Date of birth
Sex (M, F or X)
Place of birth (only the city or town is listed, even if born outside Australia)
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Holder's signature
Authority ("Australia" if issued in Australia, or the name of the issuing diplomatic mission if issued overseas – e.g. London)
The information page ends with the machine readable zone.
Passport note
The passports contain inside the front cover a note that is addressed to the authorities of all countries and territories, identifying the bearer as a citizen of Australia and requesting that the bearer be allowed to pass and be treated according to international norms:
Passports issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (1952–2022):
Languages
The passport is printed in English. French translation is found on the identity information.
Biometric chip
The embedded chip stores the owner's digitised photograph, name, sex, date of birth, nationality, passport number, and the passport expiry date. This is the same information that appears on the printed information page of every passport. Facial recognition technology was introduced with the release of the ePassport to improve identity verification and reduce identity-related fraud.
Sex and gender diverse
Australian Government policy is to record gender and not sex. Australian travel documents allow for recording of non-binary gender, one of less than 10 countries known to do so. Replacement passports are issued for free to applicants whose details have changed in the course of gender transition.
Applicants may choose to have the "Sex" (this name being an ICAO requirement) field on their passport recorded as "M", "F", or "X". While unavailable on passports due to ICAO requirements, a "Document of Identity" may be issued with the sex field blank.
The sex recorded does not need to match that on a birth certificate or any other documents. For those without revised identity documents, who have not previously been issued a passport in the desired gender, a brief statement by a registered doctor or psychologist is sufficient. Where unable to get a letter from a doctor or psychologist, applicants are encouraged to inform the APO, so alternative arrangements can be considered.
Administrative policy of the APO and Department of Foreign Affairs aim to prevent unnecessary distress or offense. Refusal of applications from sex and gender diverse applicants, for lack of documentation or otherwise, is prohibited. Staff are required to not ask for extra information or documents, when applications are made. After lodgement, applications from sex and gender diverse applicants are required to be handled at all times by Executive Level officers with suitable sex and gender diverse training.
Features
Microprinting – for example, horizontal lines on the notice/bearer's information pages are made up of microprinted words.
In L-series passports, the first verse of Advance Australia Fair is used.
In M-series passports, the words are from Waltzing Matilda.
In N-series passports, the lines are made up of the word "Australia" repeated.
N-series passports also feature microprinted words from Clancy of the Overflow on the visa pages.
The laminate of the identity information page on M-series and later passports contains retro-reflective floating images of kangaroos.
Applications for a passport
The 100-point personal identification system applies to new applicants for an Australian passport, and an Australian passport can in turn be used as an identification document of the passport holder (worth 70 points in the 100-point check scheme).
The 100-point personal identification system does not apply to a renewal of a passport, in Australia or overseas by using the PC7 form. To be eligible for the PC7 form, your most recently issued adult passport is required, and it must be issued with a validity of at least 2 years (i.e. it is not an Emergency Passport or a limited validity document); AND
was issued in your current name, date of birth and sex; AND
has not been lost, stolen or damaged; AND
is current or expired less than three years ago.
The demanded Australian passport photo dimensions are:
– width
– height
– maximum size of the face from chin to the top of the head
Renewal
Australian citizens, aged 18 years or over who have an adult Australian passport that was valid for at least two years when issued, and was issued on or after 1 July 2000, in the current name, date of birth and sex or have a child Australian passport that was valid for at least two years when issued, and was issued on or after 1 July 2005, and that were 16 years or over at the time of issue may apply online for a renewal. If overseas, this may be done by contacting the nearest Australian diplomatic mission.
Renewals are not available for lost or stolen passports, in which case an application for a new passport must be made.
Refusal to issue passport
Under the Australian Passports Act 2005, the Minister for Foreign Affairs has the power to refuse, cancel or suspend a passport on a number of grounds including national security or health. In addition, a court can order an accused in a criminal matter, or any other person, to surrender their passport, for example, as a condition of grant of bail or otherwise.
In May 2017, the Turnbull government successfully reached a deal with Derryn Hinch's Justice Party to allow the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to revoke the passports of 20,000 convicted child sex offenders listed on Australia's national child offender register, of which about 3,200 offenders with lifetime reporting requirements were to be permanently denied the opportunity to obtain a passport and hence the ability to travel outside Australia for life. This was described as a "world-first" passport-ban policy intended to combat child sex tourism perpetuated by Australian citizens especially in developing countries.
Five Nations Passport Group
Since 2004, Australia has participated in the Five Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States to "share best practices and discuss innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices".
Visa requirements
An Australian passport does not, in itself, entitle the holder to enter another country. To enter another country, the traveller must comply with the visa and entry requirements of the other countries to be visited, which vary from country to country and may apply specifically to a particular passport type, the traveler's nationality, criminal history, or many other factors.
As of July 2023, Australian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 186 countries and territories, ranking the Australian passport sixth in the world in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index. Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranked the Australian passport fourth in the world in terms of travel freedom, with a visa-free score of 173 as of July 2023.
Foreign travel statistics
According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):
Declared area offence
It is an offence under Australian law for Australians to enter, or remain in, certain regions designated as 'declared areas'. The Government may declare an area (but not a whole country) if it considers terrorists are operating in that area. The maximum penalty is 10 years imprisonment. However, it is a defence if a person can show they entered or remained in the area for a legitimate purpose prescribed in the regulations.
, there were no active 'declared areas'.
Former declared areas were:
Mosul District, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, Declared 2 March 2015, renewed 2 March 2018, and revoked 19 December 2019.
Raqqa Governorate, Syria, Declared 4 December 2014, and revoked 29 November 2017.
See also
Aboriginal passport
List of passports
Visa requirements for Australian citizens
References
Citations
Sources
Passports - Outdated, see this one instead: Passports
Travel documents
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Archived copy
List Of Countries/Territories Whose Nationals Do Not Require Visas
External links
Australian Passport office official website
Gateway to the IATA Timatic Web database from Qantas website
smarttraveller.gov.au – travel advisories and bulletins provided by DFAT including:
United States-New Entry Requirements
Europe: Entry Requirements : Schengen Convention
Portrait of an Australian – a virtual artists' book in the form of an Australian passport created by Jonathan Tse; digitised and held by the Australian Library of Art, State Library of Queensland
Biometric passport cracked and cloned
A Passport Identifies who a Person Is
Passports by country
Passport
Identity documents of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20passport |
Syngonosaurus is an extinct genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous. It was an iguanodontian discovered in England and was first described in 1879. The type species, S. macrocercus, was described by British paleontologist Harry Seeley in 1879 and it was later synonymised with Acanthopholis, but the genus was reinstated in a 2020 study, when Syngonosaurus and Eucercosaurus were reinterpreted as basal iguanodontians.
History
In 1869 Harry Govier Seeley named several new species of Acanthopholis based on remains from the Cambridge Greensand: Acanthopholis macrocercus, based on specimens CAMSM B55570-55609; Acanthopholis platypus (CAMSM B55454-55461); and Acanthopholis stereocercus (CAMSM B55558 55569). Later, Seeley split the material of Acanthopholis stereocercus and based a new species of Anoplosaurus on part of it: Anoplosaurus major. He also described a new species, Acanthopholis eucercus, on the basis of six caudal vertebrae (CAMSM 55552-55557). In 1902 however Franz Nopcsa changed it into another species of Acanthopholis: Acanthopholis major. Nopcsa at the same time renamed Anoplosaurus curtonotus into Acanthopholis curtonotus. In 1879 Seeley named the genus Syngonosaurus based on part of the type material of A. macrocercus. In 1956 Friedrich von Huene renamed A. platypus into Macrurosaurus platypus.
In 1999 Xabier Pereda-Superbiola and Paul M. Barrett reviewed all Acanthopholis material. They concluded that all species were nomina dubia whose syntype specimens were composites of non-diagnostic ankylosaur and ornithopod remains; including Syngonosaurus. Syngonosaurus was seen as an ankylosaur in both a 2001 publication and a 2004 publication. Syngonosaurus was synonymised with Acanthopholis in 1999, but the genus was reinstated in a 2020 study, when Syngonosaurus and Eucercosaurus were reinterpreted as basal iguanodontians.
References
Ornithopods
Albian life
Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Cretaceous England
Fossils of England
Fossil taxa described in 1879
Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley
Ornithischian genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngonosaurus |
Matthew Anthony Derbyshire (born 14 April 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for club Bradford City.
He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years, and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle, Wrexham and Olympiacos, before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009. He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season, and continued with spells at Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic, Blackpool and Rotherham United. He spent four seasons in Cypriot football with Omonia followed by one season with A-League club Macarthur FC before returning to Cyprus with AEK Larnaca. He joined NorthEast United in 2022.
He won 14 caps for England at under-21 level.
Club career
Early life and career
Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood, Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C. High School in Blackburn. He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002. He scored his first goal for the club's first team as a 16-year-old, in October 2002, and by the time he left in November 2003, he had scored 26, of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League, and 18 in his last nine appearances.
Blackburn Rovers
Derbyshire joined Blackburn Rovers in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee, a club record for Great Harwood. He had previously worked in Rovers' community department, coaching young children. He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn, whom he had supported since he was a child. He progressed through the youth and reserve teams, and his performances earned him the Supporters' Young Player of the Year award for the 2004–05 season. Derbyshire made his first-team debut as a late substitute in the Premiership defeat at home to Fulham on 7 May 2005.
He joined Championship club Plymouth Argyle on 30 August 2005 on loan for the season; a few days later, manager Bobby Williamson was sacked. Derbyshire made his debut as a substitute in caretaker Jocky Scott's first match in charge, and started the next three, after which Tony Pulis was appointed manager and Derbyshire made nine more appearances but no more starts. The loan was ended early, and on the advice of Blackburn manager Mark Hughes, he began another loan, an initial month at League Two club Wrexham. He scored five goals in as many games, the loan was extended to three months, and he ended up with ten goals from 16 league matches and a new two-year contract with Blackburn.
Derbyshire opened his senior goal account for Blackburn in a 3–0 win against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup third-round victory six days later. He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January, and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City. His form continued the following week with two goals and an assist away to Luton Town in the FA Cup fourth round. He also scored against Manchester United, taking advantage of a defensive error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead, although they went on to lose the match 4–1. He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions, from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances.
In the 2007–08 season, Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season, against Middlesbrough, coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory. On 1 March 2008, he scored a 90th-minute winner against Newcastle United, and again scored a late winner, against Fulham on 20 September, finishing off a move involving Tugay, Carlos Villanueva and Roque Santa Cruz.
Olympiacos
He found starts hard to come by under new manager Paul Ince and played little after the arrival of his successor Sam Allardyce, and in late January 2009, Derbyshire joined Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 Superleague season. He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Cup match at PAOK's Toumba Stadium. In the return match, his home debut, Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time, securing progress to the semi-finals.
He made his league debut on 14 February in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 79th-minute substitute for Diogo. On 15 March, he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball after coming on for Luciano Galletti in the 81st minute, adding his second goal (and Olympiacos' fifth) just five minutes later. The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes, scoring in a 2–3 away win.
Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens. With Olympiacos 2–0 down, he was brought on at half-time; three minutes later, he scored. The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens scored what seemed to be the winning goal in stoppage time. However, with the last touch of the game, Derbyshire headed an equaliser in the sixth minute of added time, bringing the score to 3–3, after having suffered a broken nose and suspected concussion following a clash with an opponent. He stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans. Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties, and Derbyshire received the Man of the match award for his efforts. He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m.
On 21 March 2010, Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos, in a 1–0 away victory, and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer by the Greek media.
In August 2010, the team's new coach, Ernesto Valverde, told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season, so he should search for a new team.
Birmingham loan
Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season, with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time. He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić, and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale. After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham, against Blackpool, he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup. Derbyshire never established himself in the first team, and despite making five appearances in that season's League Cup competition, he was omitted from Birmingham's squad for the final, in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal. He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League.
Nottingham Forest
Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011. The fee was undisclosed. He was issued squad number eight. Upon signing, Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again. At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly, who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers. Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers. His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton.
On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short-term deal. He scored on his debut a day later, scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County. He scored again in the following game, earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United. Derbyshire's third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra. He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient, but the goal was controversial as Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a "blatant" handball offence that the referee did not see. Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club, and the spell was extended until 15 December.
In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them.
Rotherham United
Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014. Before his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club.
Omonia Nicosia
On 17 June 2016, Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire. He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round, and scored the only goal of the match. In his first league appearance, in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou, Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty. On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes, overturning a 2–0 deficit against Omonia, that gave his side a valuable league victory. He continued to score regularly, and finished the season as the league's top scorer with 24 goals, three more than his nearest rival.
On 9 August 2017, Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021.
In th first game of the 2017-18 season, on 10 September 2017, he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna. He scored 23 goals from 33 appearances over the season, which made him again the league's top scorer.
In the 2018–19 season Derbyshire made 25 league appearances but scored only twice.
On the opening day of the 2019—20 season, Derbyshire opened the scoring against Doxa Katokopias with a header.
Macarthur FC
On 4 August 2020, it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract.
AEK Larnaca
On 10 July 2021, Macarthur FC confirmed that they had agreed an undisclosed fee for Derbyshire's transfer to Cypriot top-flight club AEK Larnaca. The move was reported elsewhere as a free transfer.
NorthEast United
Derbyshire signed for NorthEast United of the Indian Super League on 2 September 2022.
Bradford City
On 30 December 2022 it was announced that Derbyshire would sign for Bradford City on 9 January 2023.
International career
Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce for a friendly against Spain on 6 February, but was forced to withdraw after he tore a thigh muscle playing for Blackburn three days before the match.
However, Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in the under-21 squad to face Italy in the opening fixture of the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March; he scored England's third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw. During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship, he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team. He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score England's second goal of the game; in his defence, Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player. He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands, scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12. On 27 March 2009, Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0, scoring two goals.
Personal life
Derbyshire's wife Melissa, née Norman, is from Ireland and they have three children.
Career statistics
Honours
Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2008–09
Greek Cup: 2008–09
Birmingham City
League Cup: 2010–11
Individual
2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match
Cypriot First Division top goalscorer: 2016–17, 2017–18
A-League PFA Team of the Season: 2020–21
References
External links
Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C. website
1986 births
Living people
People from Great Harwood
Footballers from Lancashire
English men's footballers
England men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Great Harwood Town F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
AC Omonia players
Macarthur FC players
NorthEast United FC players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Super League Greece players
Cypriot First Division players
A-League Men players
Indian Super League players
Association football coaches
Blackburn Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Expatriate men's footballers in India
English expatriate sportspeople in Greece
English expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
English expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate sportspeople in India
Bradford City A.F.C. players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Derbyshire |
Georgia State Prison was the main maximum-security facility in the US state of Georgia for the Georgia Department of Corrections. It was located in unincorporated Tattnall County. First opened in 1938, the prison housed some of the most dangerous inmates in the state's history, and it was the site of Georgia's death row until 1980.
Despite a published capacity of 1530, the facility housed approximately 1900 inmates, with a wide range of security levels from Minimum to Close. The last warden was Trevonza Bobbitt.
The historic prison building stands at 300 1st Avenue South near Reidsville, Georgia. The state's extensive farm operation, Rogers State Prison, is also nearby - about a mile away.
History
The facility was designed by Atlanta architects Tucker & Howell. The modern classic architecture included a central tower and courtyard, and frieze by Julian Harris titled Rehabilitation depicting trades and occupations. It opened in 1937. The building had been extensively renovated and expanded since.
On January 1, 1938, Georgia's death row and execution chamber relocated from the old state prison at Milledgeville, where it had been since the September 13, 1924 execution of 22-year-old Howard Hinton, to GSP. One of the prisoners executed here was Lena Baker, an African American maid from Cuthbert, Georgia, who had been wrongfully convicted of murdering her employer. Killed in March 1945, she remains the only woman electrocuted by the state.
From 1964 until 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court suspended executions. Then in June 1980 Georgia's site of execution was moved to the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification State Prison (GD&CP) near Jackson, Georgia in Butts County. A new electric chair was installed in place of the previous one, which was put on display on the upper floors of the main building.
Also on display are prison documents containing names, authorizations, and last statements of the prisoners. In the 1940s and 1950s, volunteers were offered $25 to flip the switches which would start the flow of electricity and eventually lead to the death of the prisoner. Inmates would often be doused with saltwater to improve the electrical connection and to hasten death.
Georgia State Prison was the first US prison to be accredited by the American Medical Association and the American Correctional Association.
The facility was the filming location of the film The Longest Yard, which starred Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, and James Hampton.
The prison was closed by the Georgia Department of Corrections on February 19, 2022, due to aging infrastructure and the need to safely house larger numbers of violent inmates and gang members. Prior to closure, all prisoners had been transferred to other locations.
Notable prisoners
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., with others, was arrested at an Atlanta sit-in on October 19, 1960. While the others were released, King was held regarding a previous traffic case and was transferred to the Georgia State Prison in Reidsville, Georgia on October 22, where he was a prisoner until October 29; pressure from soon-to-be president John F. Kennedy, and the entire Kennedy family, saw King released on a $2,000 bond.
Until 2007, when he was transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Tucson, GSP housed radical activist H. Rap Brown, now known as Jamil Al-Amin. Al-Amin was the chairman of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the late 1960s, and was found guilty of murder in 2000.
References
Further reading
Interview with E. B. Caldwell, Warden at GSP, 1971–1974
External links
Georgia Department Of Corrections
Georgia State Prison
State of Georgia
Prisons in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Tattnall County, Georgia
Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)
1938 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Prison |
Barry Turner Bales (born August 23, 1969) is an American musician best known as the long time bass player and harmony vocalist for Alison Krauss and Union Station. He has been in the band for around 25 years. The 2012 Grammy was awarded as a member of the Union Station band on Paper Airplane. He is also a member of The Earls of Leicester.
Career
Bales grew up in Colonial Heights, Tennessee, outside of Kingsport, Tennessee and attended Sullivan South High School. Early memories of music include listening to the records of Bill Monroe, Flatt & Scruggs, the Stanley Brothers, Bob Wills, Buck Owens and Hank Thompson from his father's extensive collection. He started experimenting with various instruments at the age of 10, starting with guitar. By age 15, Bales had found the bass and was playing regionally in various groups. Bales attended East Tennessee State University, participating in the Bluegrass, Old Time, and Country Music program, as did future Union Station members Tim Stafford and Adam Steffey.
Over the years, Bales has become one of the most in-demand session musicians in acoustic music. He has recorded and performed with such artists as Reba McEntire, Susan Ashton, Merle Haggard, Ronnie Bowman, The Cox Family, Vince Gill, Dolly Parton, Dan Tyminski, Patty Loveless amongst others.
He currently resides in Greene County, Tennessee with his wife Aliceson (née Osborn) and their young son.
References
1969 births
Living people
People from Kingsport, Tennessee
Alison Krauss & Union Station members
American country bass guitarists
East Tennessee State University alumni
Guitarists from Tennessee
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
Country musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American double-bassists
20th-century American double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Bales |
A re-cut trailer, or retrailer is a mashup video that uses footage from a movie or its original trailers to create a completely new context or one different from the original source material. The mashups are parody trailers that derive humor from misrepresenting original films: for instance, a film with a murderous plot is made to look like a comedy, or vice versa. They became popular on the Internet in 2005.
Creation
The making of retrailers became possible with the availability of consumer-level digital video editing suites. The more sophisticated of these allow the editor to separate the audio and video tracks of a clip, allowing the original score or soundtrack to be removed — these contribute most to a scene's tone—and replaced with another. By placing clips of different characters (typically closeups) together in sequence, a relation between them may be implied, regardless of where each character is actually situated within their respective movie. All that remains is to include certain conventions such as voice-over narration, titles and credits, and the familiar MPAA rating system copy (the white-on-green introductory screen).
History
The earliest identified re-cut trailer debuted in December 2003, named Kill Christ, created by an NYU film student. It mocks the films Kill Bill: Volume 1 and The Passion of the Christ. In 2005, the format started to gain popularity with Robert Ryang's re-cut of The Shining, which made the horror film appear to be a light-hearted family comedy drama about father and son bonding, adding voice-over narration and Peter Gabriel's song "Solsbury Hill" to augment the re-edited footage. Ryang had made the re-cut trailer as part of a contest for the Association of Independent Creative Editors from post-production house P.S. 260 in New York City, with his entry winning. After it was published to the Internet, it jump-started the popularity of re-cut trailers for the internet community.
Soon after the Shining retrailer took the Internet by storm, Emerson College comedy troupe Chocolate Cake City created a re-cut trailer for the Back to the Future films, portraying the films' characters in a romantic homosexual relationship akin to the one by the main characters in the film Brokeback Mountain. The retrailer primarily used clips from Back to the Future Part III, which was set in the Wild West of the 19th century. Brokeback to the Future was one of several re-cuts that emerged in late 2005 in which a homosexual relationship was suggested between two male leads. As Brokeback to the Future gained popularity in early 2006, other re-cuts were created that specifically parodied Brokeback Mountain.
In 2006, comedy troupe The Lonely Island made a Saturday Night Live Digital Short in which a trailer of Mel Gibson's upcoming film Apocalypto, a film entirely in the Yucatec Maya language, was recut and had English-language subtitles added to it based on statements made by Gibson during a well-publicized drunk driving incident of several months prior, to make it appear that the characters were saying anti-Semitic things.
With continued growth of the Internet, including the ease of mixing videos and publishing to sites like YouTube, re-mix trailers continued to gain popularity. While most were made with the intent of present a film in a different genre than intended, other trailers were made to rectify what some might see as bad marketing or approaches to movie promotion. A notable example was the fan-made re-cut of John Carter based on the Edgar Rice Burroughs character. Michael Sellers, a fan of Burroughs' work, had been disappointed by the trailers Disney had released, including the one used during Super Bowl XLVI. He and his friend Mark Linthicum spent the evening after the Super Bowl downloading available material for the film and other works to piece together a more representative trailer of the source material; this caught not only the attention of the film's director Andrew Stanton, but of major media productions that praised the trailer's quality over Disney's own efforts. In a similar vein, the web series Honest Trailers from Screen Junkies similar remixes films to create trailers that sarcastically portray what happens in the film.
See also
Video mashup
References
External links
Total Recut Online Resources for Fans and Creators of Video Recuts, Remixes & Mash-Ups
Fan films
Internet memes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-cut%20trailer |
Time is a 2006 British documentary television programme first broadcast on BBC Four. It is written and presented by Michio Kaku.
Episodes
The programme has four episodes:
"Daytime", exploring human perception of time in day-to-day life
"Lifetime", the effect of aging on human perception of time, and research into extending the human lifespan
"Earth Time", how an understanding of geological time changes the human race's perception of itself
"Cosmic Time", the current understanding of the nature of time on a cosmic scale
In one episode, a clinic evaluated what Kaku's "biological age" was. The test results said that the 58-year old Kaku was about 50 and his hands had a 30-year gap.
Reception
Calling it "a promisingly abstruse series", Thomas Sutcliffe of The Independent praised Time, writing, "You watch some programmes and the minutes stretch to hours, while others barely seem to have begun before the final credits are rolling. And some mysteriously do both, replacing the mechanical clockwork pulse of schedule time with something audaciously different." In a negative review, Caitlin Moran said in The Times that Kaku was capable of detailing what time was in fewer than three minutes. She said, "Unfortunately, however, these are post-Dr Robert Stupid Winston times, where all scientific documentaries must be unbearable, stupid and slow, with lots of stop-motion effects, scudding clouds, busy streets, waves on the shore, etc. Ironically, really, it was all quite a waste of time."
Jim Gilchrist of The Scotsman wrote, "The four programmes take us on a mind-boggling journey, from our own relationship with time through the immensities of geological time, to the outer limits of the cosmos itself and the intriguing prospect of time travel." The Heralds Ian Bell praised the series, stating, "Time was good fun. Just flew by, in fact. Along the way, Professor Michio Kaku even gave a sound scientific explanation, albeit inadvertently, for one of the problems with Gideon's Daughter: time can indeed appear to slow down."
References
External links
2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries
Time in fiction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20%28British%20TV%20programme%29 |
In 2006 the D1 Grand Prix championship, a drifting motor racing competition, comprised eight rounds held in Japan and the United States. The overall winner was Nobushige Kumakubo. There was also a D1 Street Legal competition run over seven rounds in Japan, and national competitions in Malaysia and the United Kingdom.
Changes for the 2006 season
An extra 1 point is now awarded to the driver who manages to earn a perfect score of 100.0 during a 100pt tansou (solo run) round from the judges.
Jyuri Tamashiro replaces Hatsuno Sugaya as a D1 Gal.
The D1SL debuts as a full championship season.
The two national series (D1GB, United Kingdom; and D1MY, Malaysia debuts as full-championship seasons).
Introduction of four regional D1SL series in Japan, which awards the winners a D1 License.
2006 schedules
n.b. Winning Driver are mentioned on the right
2006 D1 Grand Prix Point Series
Round 1 - March 3/4 - Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale, California, United States - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Round 2 - April 29/30 - Sports Land SUGO, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan - Ken Nomura (ER34)
Round 3 - May 13/14 - Fuji Speedway, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Round 4 - July 29/30 - Autopolis, Ōita Prefecture, Japan - Ken Nomura (ER34)
Round 5 - August 26/27 - Ebisu South Course, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan - Nobushige Kumakubo (GDB)
Round 6 - September 9/10 - Suzuka Circuit, Mie Prefecture, Japan - Hideo Hiraoka (S15)
Round 7 - October 21/22 - Fuji Speedway, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan - Masato Kawabata (S15)
Round 8 - December 15/16 - Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale, California, United States - Kazuhiro Tanaka (GDB)
2006 D1 Street Legal Series
Round 1 - February 4/5 - Sekia Hills, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan - Masao Suenaga (FD3S)
Round 2 - April 15/16 - Ebisu South Course, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan - Masao Suenaga (FD3S)
Round 3 - April 29/30 - Sports Land Sugo, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan (D1GP Week) - Toru Inose (S15)
Round 4 - May 13/14 - Fuji Speedway, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan (D1GP Week) - Hiroyuki Fukushima (PS13)
Round 5 - July 29/30 - Autopolis, Ōita Prefecture, Japan (D1GP Week) - Kazuyoshi Okamura (S15)
Round 6 - August 26/27 - Ebisu, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (D1GP Week) - Yoshinori Koguchi (JZX100)
Round 7 - November 11/12 - Sekia Hills, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan - Tetsuya Hibino (S14)
Exhibition Rounds
Exhibition RD-1 June 17/18 - Silverstone, Silverstone, Northamptonshire, UK - Yasuyuki Kazama (S15)
Exhibition RD-2 July 14/15 - Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States - Toshiki Yoshioka (AE85)
World All-Star December 17 - Irwindale Speedway, Irwindale, California, United States - Ken Nomura (ER34)
Domestic National Series
UK Series
Round 1–28 May - Rockingham Motor Speedway, Northamptonshire - Brett Castle (S14)
Round 2–17 June - Silverstone, Silverstone, Northamptonshire, - Phil Morrison (S14)
Round 3–2 July - Knockhill, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland - Damien Mulvey (PS13)
Round 4–20 August - Silverstone, Silverstone, Northamptonshire - Mark Luney (BNR32)
Round 5–3 September - Silverstone, Silverstone, Northamptonshire - Ben Broke Smith (HCR32)
Malaysia Series
Round 1–11 March - Go-Kart track, Shah Alam, Selangor - Zero Lim Kim Ling (A31)
Round 2–22 April - Danga Bay, Johor Bahru - Tengku Djan Ley (AE86)
Round 3–1 July - car park, Shah Alam, Selangor - Tengku Djan Ley (AE86)
Round 4–12 August - Batu Kawan Stadium car park, Batu Kawan, Penang - Tengku Djan Ley (AE86)
Round 5–28 October - Shah Alam, Selangor - Tengku Djan Ley (AE86)
New Zealand Driver search
Round 1–28 May - Pukekohe Park Raceway, New Zealand - Sean Falconer, Dayna Jury, Jarius Wharerau, Darren McDonald
Round 2–16 September - Powerbuilt Raceway at Ruapuna Park, New Zealand - Adam Richards, Glen Pupich, Phil Taylor, Kahu Campbell
Championship Results
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Round 7
Round 8
Final Championship Results
D1GP
Highlighted in blue - 100pt tansou (solo run) bonus
Source: D1GP Official Site 2006 Championship table
D1SL
Highlighted in blue - 100pt tansou (solo run) bonus
Source: D1GP Official Site 2006 Championship table
D1GB
D1MY
See also
D1 Grand Prix
Drifting (motorsport)
Sources
D1GP Results Database 2006
D1 Grand Prix seasons
D1 Grand Prix
2006 in Japanese motorsport | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20D1%20Grand%20Prix%20series |
Wetarese is an Austronesian language of Wetar, an island in the south Maluku, Indonesia, and of the nearby islands Liran and Atauro, the latter island separate from the mainland of East Timor, north of Dili.
Background
The four identified principal varieties of Wetarese on Wetar – Aputai, Iliʼuun, Parai and Tugun – are distinct enough that some may consider them to be different languages. Half of Wetarese speakers live on the island of Atauro in East Timor, where three closely related dialects (presumably of Iliuun) are spoken: Rahesuk (Rasua) in the center, Resuk (Hresuk) in the southeast, and Adabe (Raklungu) in the southwest. Dadua in the extreme north is a subdialect of Rahesuk, and has been reported to be intelligible with the Iliuun of Liran Island. About half the Dadua population has moved to Timor, on the coast of Manatuto district, where it has undergone influence from Galoli.
Wetarese is closely related to Galoli, spoken on the north coast of East Timor and by an immigrant community on the south coast of Wetar.
"language"
The Raklungu dialect of Atauro, or Kluun Hahan Adabe, was mistaken for a Papuan language by Antonio de Almeida (1966) and reported as "Adabe" in Wurm & Hattori (1981). Many subsequent sources propagated this error, showing a Papuan language on Atauro Island. Geoffrey Hull, director of research for the Instituto Nacional de Linguística in East Timor, describes only Wetarese being spoken on Ataúro Island, and was unable to find any evidence of a non-Austronesian language there.
Phonology
The following represents the Tugun dialect:
Consonants
may also be heard as in free variation.
is mainly heard as in word-final position or in slower speech, it is heard as elsewhere.
only occurs in word-medial positions.
Vowels
Sounds are also heard as .
Citations
References
External links
Survey of languages of East Timor
Timor–Babar languages
Languages of East Timor
Languages of the Maluku Islands | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetarese%20language |
Hyperflex may refer to:
Flexion, in anatomy
Inflection point of a curve where the tangent meets to order at least 4, in mathematics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperflex |
The Dark Side of the Sun is a television serial written by Michael J. Bird and produced by the BBC in 1983.
Plot
The Dark Side of the Sun takes place on the Greek island of Rhodes. The story combines elements of supernatural Gothic romance with the contemporary conspiracy thriller. There are themes of telepathy and hypnosis, and a secret society, descended from the Knights Templar, holding clandestine meetings on the island.
The historical back-story is linked to the suppression of the Templars, and seems also loosely inspired by the overthrow of Foulques de Villaret, 25th Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller. His former stronghold at Lindos was one of the main filming locations. The Templar conspiracy theory element in the modern plot-line shows some influences from The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, which had been published the previous year.
Critical reaction
Writing in The Guardian, television critic Nancy Banks-Smith said "I don't understand any of it". Writing in The Times, critic Dennis Hackett stated he enjoyed the scenery and special effects but was less impressed by the rest.
Main cast
Peter Egan as Raoul Lavallière
Patrick Mower as Don Tierney
Emily Richard as Anne Tierney
Betty Arvaniti as Ismini Christoyannis
Christopher Scoular as David Bascombe
Godfrey James as Harry Brennan
Michael Sheard as Colonel von Reitz
Mark Barratt as Max
Brian Attree as Simon
Crew
Series written by: Michael J. Bird
Directed by: David Askey
Produced by: Vere Lorrimer
Designed by: Alex Gourlay
Theme music composed by: Stavros Xarhakos
Episodes
Production
The serial was the last in an unofficial quartet of serials written by Bird and set in the Mediterranean. The previous three were The Lotus Eaters, Who Pays the Ferryman? and The Aphrodite Inheritance.
The program's music was composed by the Greek composer Stavros Xarchakos.
References
1983 British television series debuts
1983 British television series endings
BBC television dramas
1980s British drama television series
English-language television shows
British fantasy drama television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dark%20Side%20of%20the%20Sun%20%28TV%20serial%29 |
Moranbong or Moran Hill (literally "PeonyHill", often "PeonyPeak") forms a park located in central Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. Its summit is the location of the Pyongyang TV Tower.
There are multiple monumental structures located on Moran Hill. They include the Arch of Triumph, Kim Il-sung Stadium, and Kaeson Revolutionary Site. At the foot of the hill is the Jonsung Revolutionary Site, which conveys the "revolutionary achievements" of President Kim Il-sung and the Hungbu Revolutionary Site which is associated with the history of leader Kim Jong-il and includes trees bearing slogans written during the independence revolutionary struggle.
The area surrounding the hill is now a recreation area, including the Moranbong Theatre, the Kaeson Youth Park, an open-air theatre in the Youth Park, the Moran Restaurant, an afforestation exhibition and a small zoo. The Okryu Restaurant is also located nearby.
See also
Pyongyang Castle
Moranbong Band
Moranbong Sports Club
References
External links
Jonsung Revolutionary Site picture album at Naenara
Moran Hill
Moran Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moranbong |
Typhoon Babs, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Loleng, was a powerful typhoon that struck the Philippines days after Typhoon Zeb hit the same area. The seventh typhoon of the inactive 1998 Pacific typhoon season, Babs formed on October 14 between the Philippines and Guam. The storm moved westward initially, failing to intensify initially due to the outflow from Typhoon Zeb to the northwest. Babs slowed and briefly turned to the south before advancing to the northwest, whereupon it rapidly intensified into a strong typhoon. On October 20, the official Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated peak 10‑minute winds of , while the unofficial Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated peak 1‑minute winds of , making Babs an unofficial super typhoon. The storm struck the Philippine island of Catanduanes at that intensity and weakened slightly before hitting Luzon. Babs turned northward once in the South China Sea, later weakening due to unfavorable conditions and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 27 in the Taiwan Strait.
Damage was heaviest where Babs first made landfall along the Philippine island of Catanduanes. Torrential rainfall rose waters by along a river, which inundated houses up to their roofs. Heavy rainfall affected much of Luzon and the northern Philippines, causing widespread flooding and landslides that isolated towns. Strong winds, peaking at in Virac, Catanduanes, left widespread areas without power. There was also heavy crop damage, with 222,882 tonnes of rice destroyed. Babs damaged or destroyed 403,623 houses in the Philippines, with overall damage estimated at ₱6.787 billion (Philippine peso, $159 million United States dollars); the typhoon also killed 303 people. Later, the storm's high waves injured surfers in Hong Kong. Heavy rainfall affected Fujian, causing ¥280 million (Chinese yuan, US$58 million) in damage and five deaths. Torrential rainfall in Taiwan, reaching in Yilan City, flooded towns and caused landslides; there were three deaths on the island. The remnants later affected the Japanese island of Okinawa with rainfall and high waves.
Meteorological history
A tropical disturbance developed east-southeast of Guam on October 11, just four days after Typhoon Zeb originated in the same area. The American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert on October 12, indicating development was imminent. However, the system did not develop into a tropical depression until 06:00 UTC on October 14, based on analysis from the Japan Meteorological Agency – the official warning center for the western Pacific Ocean. Three hours later, the JTWC began tracking the system as Tropical Depression 20W. At that time, the storm had moved south of Guam and was passing north of Palau.
The nascent depression moved generally westward toward the Philippines. Initially, development was hindered by the outflow from Typhoon Zeb, which had struck Luzon and was moving northward. However, the depression was able to intensify into a tropical storm on October 15, at which time the JTWC named it Babs. Later that day, the storm reached 1‑minute winds of , and it entered the area of responsibility of PAGASA – the Philippine weather agency – which gave it the local name Loleng. On October 17, a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the northeast weakened the subtropical ridge, causing Babs to slow and drift to the south; the same trough restricted outflow, causing the circulation to become exposed from the convection. The trough weakened and the shear decreased on October 18, allowing the storm to restrengthen.
On October 19, a ship in the proximity of Babs reported 10‑minute winds of , indicating that the storm was intensifying. At 00:00 UTC that day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to typhoon status, and the JMA followed suit 18 hours later. Babs rapidly intensified subsequently as it developed a well-defined eye in diameter. At 12:00 UTC on October 20, the JMA assessed that the typhoon reached peak 10‑minute winds of , while the JTWC estimated peak 1‑minute winds of , making Babs an unofficial super typhoon. The gale-force winds extended northeast from the center, while the strongest winds extended from the eye. Around the time of peak intensity, Babs made landfall on the Philippine island of Catanduanes, where a weather station recorded a minimum barometric pressure of in Virac. However, the official lowest pressure from the JMA was .
The winds decreased slightly as Babs moved across Catanduanes, although it soon moved over open waters into Lamon Bay, where it struck Polillo Island. According to the JTWC, Babs had weakened to winds of on October 22 before quickly re-intensifying to winds of as it approached Luzon. At 18:00 UTC on October 22, Babs made landfall on Luzon about south of Baler, or south of where Zeb struck only eight days prior. The typhoon weakened further while crossing central Luzon, and it passed about north of Metro Manila before emerging into the South China Sea on October 23. By that time, the JMA had downgraded Babs to a tropical storm, although the agency soon re-upgraded the storm to typhoon status. For several days, Babs remained at the same intensity, sporting an eye with a wide area of gale-force winds. A trough gradually steered the storm toward the north, weakening the ridge. The same trough caused an increase in wind shear that led to Babs weakening. The storm reached its westernmost point on October 25 – about southeast of Hong Kong. Turning northeastward into the Taiwan Strait, even stronger wind shear caused Babs to fall apart, and the storm weakened into a tropical depression just off the southeast coast of China. On October 27, the JMA declared Babs as extratropical. The remnants accelerated to the northeast, passing south of Kyushu before dissipating on October 30.
Preparations
Shortly after Babs entered the PAGASA area of responsibility, government workers began closely tracking the storm and warned residents to be prepared. PAGASA issued a Public Storm Warning Signal #4 for Catanduanes, with lower warnings issued throughout Luzon and the Visayas. Metro Manila was placed under Public Storm Warning Signal #3 on October 22. In Catanduanes, evacuees utilized public schools as an emergency shelter, although many rode out the storm in their homes. The storm halted ferry service throughout the region, stranding thousands. Many residents in Samar slept in buses and cars for two days due to the cancellations. Bus service to the region was also halted. The stock and currency exchanges were closed during the storm. Officials advised residents in Metro Manila to remain indoors; government buildings and schools were closed, while Ninoy Aquino International Airport halted all domestic flights. In addition, 14 international flights were canceled. Manila South Harbor also kept all boats at port. Across the Philippines, Babs forced about 400,000 people to leave their houses. Many families waited to evacuate until the onslaught of the strongest winds, resulting in additional casualties.
The Hong Kong Observatory issued a warning signal #3 due to the storm's threat to the territory on October 24. Beaches closed during the storms, and fishing boats were forced to remain at port. Several airports in Taiwan were closed. Two Russian ships were forced to ride out the storm in Xiamen.
Impact
Philippines
When Babs moved over Catanduanes, the weather station at Virac recorded wind gusts of . In Daet, Camarines Norte, near the typhoon's final Philippine landfall, sustained winds reached , with gusts to . Farther north in Luzon, Babs produced gusts of in Baler, Aurora. The typhoon also dropped torrential rainfall that caused flooding and landslides. On Mount Pinatubo, the rains resulted in a high landslide consisting of volcanic material, although nearby rivers at flood stage contained it. Workers at the Ambuklao and Binga dams had to release waters after the storm, which flooded rice fields and fish ponds along the Agno River. Elsewhere, heightened rivers in Camarines Sur flooded 24 towns. Five towns in Rizal province were flooded along a lake, including about 70% of the city of Angono. Flooding also affected portions of Manila.
Just like Typhoon Zeb days earlier, Babs was very destructive to the Philippines, mostly throughout Luzon and into the Visayas. On Catanduanes where it first struck, several hours of torrential rainfall in the hills caused the Bato River to rise , which reached as high as the houses' roofs in some areas. Most houses lost their roofs and many had damage to walls, with furniture and other property drenched. About 80% of the buildings in the city of Virac were destroyed, and winds were strong enough to knock air conditioners out of windows. There was an island-wide power outage after high seas washed away a power generating barge. On Masbate, a landslide collapsed the entrance of a gold mining cave, with 14 of the 25 member crew rescued. High waves destroyed 125 homes in Catbalogan on Samar Island, while three fishermen required rescue.
Along its path through the Philippines, the high winds caused widespread power outages for several days. Many roads and highways were flooded for days or blocked by landslides, and several bridges were wrecked. In the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, the storm knocked over many coconut trees, and flooding damaged about of rice fields in Nueva Ecija. Nationwide, the storm destroyed 222,882 tonnes of rice. Agriculture damage was estimated at ₱2.3 billion (Philippine pesos, $54 million United States dollars). Overall, Babs destroyed 96,581 houses and damaged another 307,042, leaving about 130,000 people homeless. There were 303 deaths in the country with another 751 injured, mostly in the Bicol Region. This included 71 deaths on Catanduanes and 41 in Camarines Sur. Most of the deaths were related to landslides, flooding, electrocutions, snakebites, and cleanup accidents. On Catanduanes, residents dug mass graves due to the high number of fatalities. Total damage was estimated at ₱6.787 billion (PHP, US$159 million), which as of 2011 was the 9th costliest typhoon in the Philippines and the 5th costliest at the time.
Elsewhere
Due to the interaction between the monsoon and the storm, Babs produced gusty winds across Hong Kong, with a peak gust of recorded at two locations. The mountainous peak of Tate's Cairn recorded the highest sustained wind of . The winds were strong enough to knock down trees and damage scaffolding. Beaches were closed during the storm's passage, and boats rode out the storm at port. Precipitation from the typhoon fell over three days, reaching . Five surfers required rescues amid high seas, with a peak storm surge of . There were 14 injuries related to Babs in the territory.
The dissipating remnants of Babs interacted with the winter monsoon to drop heavy rainfall on Taiwan, particularly in the northern and eastern portions of the island. Yilan City recorded over three days, and Hualien City recorded . One station recorded of rainfall in 24 hours. This led to flooding in eastern Taiwan, reaching waist-deep heights in some locations, which forced hundreds to leave their home. The rains also caused landslides that isolated villages, and a swollen Keelung River cut off two towns east of Taipei. The storm killed three people on the island, including a fishermen swept away by high waves, and a couple buried under a landslide.
Across the Taiwan Strait, Babs killed five people and injured three others in the Chinese province of Fujian. In Zhangzhou, the storm damaged or destroyed 124 boats. Heavy rainfall destroyed 1,461 homes or greenhouses, with damage estimated at ¥280 million (Chinese yuan, US$58 million). Damage was concentrated in Fujian, with little effects reported in neighboring Jiangxi or Guangdong. The remnants also brought rainfall to southern Japan, including Okinawa, where precipitation reached in Yonagunijima. The same station recorded winds of . High waves flooded a portion of Route 58 on Okinawa, damaging three vehicles and flooding 28 buildings. The storm also caused one landslide on the island.
Aftermath
A few days after Babs struck the Philippines, then-Philippine president Joseph Estrada declared four provinces as a state of calamity and ordered the release of ₱200 million (PHP) in emergency funds. Estrada later released an additional ₱50 million (PHP) specifically for Catanduanes, as well as ₱10,000 sent to the family of each storm fatality. The Philippine Navy sent rubber boats to Bato, Catanduanes to help with relief there. The president ordered agencies to work together to respond to the disaster and for his Trade Secretary to watch for price gouging. However, food prices tripled following Babs and Zeb, especially after roads were blocked from agriculture areas, and ferries from unaffected areas were unable to travel due to the storm.
After Babs passed the hardest hit areas, workers were initially unable to distribute food and medicine due to ferry service being halted. Many provinces and islands were isolated after the storm, necessitating helicopter travel to be reached by national aid workers. The Department of Public Works and Highways worked quickly to clear the landslides and reopen closed roads. The country's National Food Authority provided about 73,000 sacks of rice to storm victims, and the country planned to import 300,000 tonnes of rice to overcome the lost crops. The Philippine Red Cross deployed search and rescue teams, as well as distributing food and coffee to 35,500 people. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement launched a global request for assistance worth about $2.2 million to help 240,000 people.
See also
Typhoon Rammasun (2014)
Typhoon Megi (2010)
Typhoon Haima (2016)
References
External links
JMA General Information of Typhoon Babs (9811) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data (Graphics) of Typhoon Babs (9811)
JMA Best Track Data (Text)
JTWC Best Track Data of Super Typhoon 20W (Babs)
20W.BABS from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
1998 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons
Retired Philippine typhoon names
1998 disasters in the Philippines
Typhoons in the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon%20Babs%20%281998%29 |
The Complete Truth About De-Evolution was the third home video release by new wave band Devo. It is a collection of Devo's music videos from 1976 to 1990. It was released on LaserDisc in 1993 by Voyager and on DVD by Rhino Records in 2003. MVD released a new version of the disc in 2014.
Synopsis
The Complete Truth About De-Evolution contains almost all of Devo's music video output from 1976 to 1990. The DVD does not include two notable music videos: the first is "Theme from Doctor Detroit," the theme to the movie Doctor Detroit; the second is the Jimi Hendrix cover "R U Experienced?," which was removed due to protests from the Hendrix estate. The films are presented in roughly chronological order and are interspersed with clips from a promotional film Devo made with Pioneer in the 1980s to promote the LaserDisc format. The DVD also includes many bonus features such as a commentary track by band members Mark Mothersbaugh and Gerald Casale, an interview with Chuck Statler (who directed many of Devo's videos), live footage from early Devo performances, photo galleries and more. None of the live material from "The Men Who Make The Music" is included, nor is most of the storyline from "We're All Devo!"
Film title
It is important to differentiate The Complete Truth About De-Evolution from The Truth About De-Evolution. The Truth About De-Evolution was a short film made by Devo in 1976 which included the videos for "Jocko Homo" and "Secret Agent Man". The Complete Truth About De-Evolution is the 1993 compilation of promotional videos.
Track listing
Track order from the LaserDisc and Rhino DVD releases.
Logos and Titles
Devo Corporate Anthem (1979)
In The Beginning Was The End: The Truth About De-Evolution (1976)
(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction (1978)
A word about LaserDiscs
Come Back Jonee (1978)
The Day My Baby Gave Me A Surprise (1979)
It Takes A Worried Man (From the film Human Highway; opens with footage from Devo's home video release We're All Devo featuring Rod Rooter and his daughter, Donut) (1979)
Whip It (1980)
Girl U Want (1980)
Freedom of Choice (1980)
Another word about LaserDiscs
Through Being Cool (1981)
Love Without Anger (1981)
Beautiful World (1981)
Time Out for Fun (1982)
Peek-a-Boo! (1982)
That's Good (1982)
More about LaserDiscs
R U Experienced? (Does not appear on Rhino DVD) (1984)
The final word about LaserDiscs
Disco Dancer (1988)
Post Post-Modern Man (1990)
Post Post-Modern Man (Rocky Schenck remix) (1990)
Credits
Mongoloid (Bonus feature on Rhino DVD) (1977)
The track listing on the MVD release omits the Pioneer LaserDisc interstitials (reassigning them to one bonus segment), but restores "Theme from Doctor Detroit" (playing between "That's Good" and "Disco Dancer"). Track order is otherwise the same.
Bonus material
Exclusive to the MVD DVD release is a lengthy roster of bonus material. Featured are the We're All Devo Big Entertainment segments featuring Rod Rooter, Donut, and Dr. Byrthfood and several minutes of live footage from the band's early, pre-Warner shows. Also present are written-word accounts from Casale and Mothersbaugh of the band's experiences with record labels and the recording of their first album, including photographs in automatic and manual slideshows. Promotions for The Men Who Make the Music and Devo Live 1980 DVDs are featured here also. "R U Experienced?" appears to be in the list, but it is simply the first few seconds of the video before the music starts, followed by a test card directing viewers to look for the full video online.
The DVD retains the commentary track from the LaserDisc release, however, as "Theme from Doctor Detroit" was not present on LaserDisc, there is no commentary for that track (a fact conveyed to the viewer by a speech synthesizer).
Rhino Records DVD controversy
The Rhino Records DVD released in 2000 received much criticism from fans of the band. First, because of the aforementioned omission of the video for "R U Experienced?." A comment on the back cover of the DVD addresses this: "DEVO regrets that 'R U Experienced?' is not included in the program. The current executors of the Jimi Hendrix estate were determined to prove to us the old adage - 'To seek permission is to seek denial'." Other criticisms focused on the relatively poor mastering job. For example, Rhino simply recorded the gallery segments from the LaserDisc without making them seekable galleries. Similarly, each video's title screen was simply copied from the original LaserDisc, which means many of the chapter numbers listed on the title screens bear no relation to their chapter numbers on the DVD. Furthermore, there had been many delays in the DVD's release. However, the Rhino DVD does include the rare "Mongoloid," video by Bruce Conner.
References
External links
Devo video albums
1993 video albums
1993 compilation albums
Music video compilation albums
LaserDisc releases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Complete%20Truth%20About%20De-Evolution |
Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds is an action beat 'em up video game and the fourth of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer franchise, and the only multiplatform game. It was the first to allow players to control characters other than Buffy Summers and feature a fully developed multiplayer mode.
Plot
In this game Buffy discovers that Ethan Rayne is at the center of a great struggle with the First, literally the first incarnation of evil the world has ever known. She and the gang must face an undead army of vampires, zombies, and demons to keep these nefarious villains from casting the world into permanent darkness. The plot involves different alternate realities bleeding into Buffy's own reality, leading to the reappearance of deceased enemies and the appearance of evil versions of allies. With the help of Sid the Dummy and Ethan's ancestor Cassandra Rayne, Buffy and her friends defeat the First in its own dimension and, though it can never be killed, they disperse it across multiple realities for centuries.
Setting
The story is set during the television series' fifth season. Due to certain plot points mentioned and character styles, the game takes place some time after Forever (since Joyce's grave is seen), but before Tough Love (since Tara has not been driven insane by Glory), presumably in between Intervention and Tough Love (since Spike is on more-or-less friendly terms with the Scooby Gang). Oddly, Dawn Summers is nowhere to be seen and is not even mentioned. The game also includes many references to previous episodes of both Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel, including Faith being in jail and Giles' days as Ripper. The game extends an idea from a previous game: that of bringing back dead characters (the Master returned in a previous game), by bringing back Sid the Dummy, Kakistos, Adam and Anya's former demon self, Anyanka.
Gameplay
As well as the single-player story mode, the game features several different multiplayer games. These are:
"Survival" - player-on-player combat;
"Bunny Catcher" - players compete to collect rabbits;
"Slayer Challenge" - a single player must defeat as many enemies as possible (additional players can take control of the enemies);
"Domination" - players must compete to control magical pentagrams for as long as possible.
At first, only one map (Zoo) and four characters (Buffy, Spike, Willow, Xander) are available. More maps (Cemetery, Initiative Hanger, Quarry) and characters (Male Vampire, Female Vampire, Zombie Skeleton, Tara, Zombie Demon, Zombie Devil, Bat Beast, Materani, Sid, Psycho Patient, S&M Slave, S&M Mistress, Faith, Kakistos, Zombie Soldier, Chainz, Abominator, Zombie Gorilla, Chris (Mutant Enemy), Joss Whedon) become unlocked as one plays through the main, single-player game and finds secret areas.
"DVD-style" extras can be unlocked by finding certain secret areas during the single-player game. These include interviews, behind-the-scenes footage and also the Chaos Bleeds tie-in comic book.
Tie-ins
A comic book prequel was published by Dark Horse. Its story, centering on Buffy, Willow, Xander, and Spike dealing with alternate reality versions of deceased Gorch family members, was set just before the game (the comic's blurb confirms that it is set in season five) and established the idea that the walls between realities were dissolving and the realities were 'bleeding' into each other. The comic was also available in the game itself as an unlockable special feature. Additionally, the comic was reprinted as part of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2005 Annual in Britain.
Like the game, the comic was written by Christopher Golden and Tom Sniegoski and featured art by veteran Buffy the Vampire Slayer comic book artist Cliff Richards as well as cover art by J. Scott Campbell.
There was also a novelization published by Pocket Books. The author, James A. Moore, used the storyline originally developed by Christopher Golden for the game.
Reception
The GameCube version received "generally favorable reviews", while the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the Xbox version was ported on December 25, 2003, Famitsu gave it a score of one seven, two sixes, and one five for a total of 24 out of 40.
In a positive review, GameSpot reviewer Alex Navarro praised the music, atmosphere, story, and realistic combat of the game, although he criticized the "dated" visuals, repetitive puzzles, and described the multi-player mode as "not executed well". In a final statement, Navarro said that "Chaos Bleeds is an excellent, well-put-together action adventure game that most fans of the genre should be able to enjoy and any Buffy the Vampire Slayer fan will love."
Chaos Bleeds is generally regarded as an inferior sequel to the 2002 Xbox-exclusive game, with GameCell UK stating that "There are other games out there that do what this does better; one ironic thing is that the first Buffy game is one of them. The Xbox Buffy seemed to play much more smoothly and faster, had 5.1 sounds and did not have so many combat glitches and iffy collision detections." Xbox World Australia mentioned that "It manages to improve slightly on most aspects of the original game and makes for a more accessible and less frustrating experience, barring some minor bungles in the graphical department and the over-simplistic combat. Even if the multiplayer mode is disappointingly shallow, the great single-player portion that allows you to play as no less than six different characters makes up for it in a big way."
References
Notes
External links
2003 video games
Action games
Beat 'em ups
Eurocom games
Fox Interactive games
GameCube games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
Video games about witchcraft
Video games based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games about parallel universes
Video games set in California
Video games set in the 2000s
Vivendi Games games
Xbox games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer%3A%20Chaos%20Bleeds |
Aidas Preikšaitis (born 15 July 1970) is a Lithuanian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Preikšaitis was born in Akmenė. He represented FK Žalgiris Vilnius from 1989 to 1997. His former teams include 1. FC Union Berlin, Kickers Emden, KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski Wisla Plock S.S.A. 1947, Swit Nowy Dwor Mazowiecki.
He played 6 games and scored 1 goal in the UEFA Intertoto Cup 1997 for FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow.
International career
Preikšaitis made 48 appearances for the Lithuania national football team from 1992 to 2006.
Honours
Žalgiris
Lithuanian A Lyga: 1991, 1992
Lithuania
Baltic Cup: 1992
References
External links
Aidas Preiksaitis at immerunioner.de
1970 births
Living people
People from Akmenė
Men's association football midfielders
Soviet men's footballers
Lithuanian men's footballers
Lithuania men's international footballers
Lithuanian expatriate men's footballers
FK Žalgiris players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
GKS Katowice players
Stomil Olsztyn S.A. players
1. FC Union Berlin players
KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski players
Kickers Emden players
Wisła Płock players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Lithuanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aidas%20Preik%C5%A1aitis |
Halictus rubicundus, the orange-legged furrow bee, is a species of sweat bee found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. H. rubicundus entered North America from the Old World during one of two main invasions of Halictus subgenera. These invasions likely occurred via the Bering land bridge at times of low sea level during the Pleistocene epoch.
The species exhibits different social behaviors depending on climate: it is a solitary species in high elevations or latitudes where the season is short, but eusocial in other areas. Often, solitary and eusocial colonies appear simultaneously in the same population. These sweat bees are extensively studied for their variability in social behavior, which has become a model for social plasticity. This variability has contributed to an understanding of evolution of social behavior.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Halictus rubicundus is a species of Hymenoptera in the bee family Halictidae, more commonly known as sweat bees. This common name comes from their frequent attraction to perspiration. This species exhibits polymorphic social behavior that varies with environmental conditions, and other species of the family Halictidae are thought to have similar variability in sociality.
Description and identification
Many members of the family Halictidae are metallic in appearance but Halictus rubicundus are not metallic. Females are about 1 cm in body length and brown in color, with fine white bands across the apices of the abdominal segments, and rusty-orange legs. The males are more slender, with longer antennae and yellow markings on the face and legs; they can be distinguished from males of similar species by the absence of an apical hair band on the terminal abdominal segment. In social populations, females of the first brood, mostly workers, can be recognized because they are typically slightly smaller than the foundresses.
Distribution and habitat
H. rubicundus has one of the widest natural distributions of any bee species, occurring throughout the temperate regions of the Holarctic region. It is believed that differences in climate across this vast range actually contribute to variation in their social behavior. Those living in more northern geographic locations or higher elevations are often more solitary in behavior than those in southern areas or lower elevations. This difference is widely studied, as it provides insight into the evolutionary transition from solitary to social behavior. Nests are haplometrotic, meaning that they are founded by single females. Social populations typically are found in warmer regions, such as Kansas, while solitary populations nest in cooler regions, such as Colorado, Scotland and Alaska. In intermediate regions, such as New York and southern Ontario, both social and solitary behavior can be found in different nests of the same population. The strictly solitary phenotype is expressed as a response to colder environments because the active season is not long enough to produce two broods.
Nesting
Both solitary and eusocial types of the species typically excavate nest burrows in southward facing slopes in isolated areas, consisting of sand or soil. This slope maximizes the heat absorption from the sun, making the nest warmer. The nests with a favorable slope were thought to increase foraging efficiency of adults and development of larvae with a stable thermal environment.
Stones or areas of vegetation are usually found near nest entrances, likely because of the heating properties of these objects. For each offspring, a females constructs a small underground chamber (a "brood cell"), into which she deposits several loads of pollen mixed with nectar, which is then formed into a ball; a single egg is laid upon this pollen mass, and then the brood cell is sealed. The female repeats the process with other brood cells, going progressively deeper into the soil. A higher temperature increases the rate at which the larvae develop to maturity, as thermal regulation is important for the development of both the eggs and the larvae.
The nests can be up to 120 mm deep, and are constructed in a wide range of soil types. Because social nests produce more offspring than solitary nests, social nests will burrow further into the ground, as the second brood of the social population will extend the burrows downward. Females typically nest in dense aggregations, likely because the nesting females are relatives and demonstrate philopatric behavior.
Soil hardness
The nests are typically burrowed into the ground in loam soil. Halictus rubicundus has a high tolerance for soil hardness. Soil hardness affects the density of nesting. Females prefer to nest in softer ground as they spend less energy and time excavating the nest. Unlike the similar species Lasioglossum zephyrus that build nests in very close proximity to each other, this species prefers less dense aggregations. Foundresses will choose to build their nests in patches of softer ground until they reach the critical nearest-neighbor distance of about 50 mm, at which point the close spacing poses a high risk of the nests collapsing. At this point, further foundresses would be forced to build their nests in harder soils where the nests could be built closer together without compromising nest architecture. Foundresses may test the hardness of the soil by biting into the surface or performing a short test dig.
Temperature
Nest temperature determines egg development and foraging active time of females. As long as temperatures do not reach lethal thresholds, developmental rates of offspring will increase with temperature. Higher temperatures will also increase the thoracic temperature and allow females to fly more rapidly. With increased speed in flight, females are allowed more time for foraging, mating, and excavating nests.
Most nests of H. rubicundus are south facing and sloped because of this desire for increased temperature in nesting sites. Based on the distribution of this species, facing the south maximizes the period of time sunlight is shining directly on the nest. Sloping substrates increase the surface area of the nest and allow for higher absorption of sunlight. In order to test the temperature of the substrate, females often spend several seconds basking at various points on the ground while searching for nesting sites.
Soil water content
The water content of the substrate in which foundresses build the nest is important, as waterlogging must be avoided by using well-drained soils, which provides another advantage to building in sloping ground. However, there must be an adequate moisture level to prevent desiccation of the brood cells. Soil samples taken near the nests of H. rubicundus demonstrate a relatively high humidity.
Parasites
Halictus rubicundus nests are attacked by kleptoparasitic bees (e.g., Sphecodes), as well as flies (Bombyliidae, Anthomyiidae). Although it would seem as though nesting in dense groups would draw attention to aggregations and increase mortality by parasitism, such is not observed to be the case; because the sweat bees nest densely, it is assumed that there is a large dilution effect that proportionally decreases mortality rates by parasites.
Colony cycle and demographics
H. rubicundus’s annual colony cycle is dependent both on hibernation and mating schedules. After hibernation during the winter, female foundresses who mated the previous cycle emerge in the spring. They each create their own nests in late spring, where they rear a single brood. Females are more likely to build nests where there is a warmer surface temperature, as this indicates a warmer interior of the nest for the offspring to develop more quickly. The foundress gynes will continue to forage for 3–5 weeks, after which they will stop constructing and provisioning brood cells. The brood cells are left inactive for 1–2 weeks before the emergence of the first brood. The first brood typically emerges in June, and most females from the first brood will stay with their natal nest and act as foraging workers, provisioning for a second brood, on which the foundresses will resume laying eggs.
Some females (the gynes) from the first brood, and all of the females from the second brood, will mate, disperse, and enter hibernation for the winter, and the colony cycle begins again the following spring.
Sociality effects on colony cycle
The annual cycle differs slightly for eusocial and solitary populations, in terms of the number and sex ratios of offspring born in the broods. For example, in solitary populations, the first brood comprises 40% females, who all mate and enter hibernation. However, in eusocial populations, the emergence from hibernation occurs one or two months earlier, and results in a brood with mostly or exclusively worker females, with the female bias being greater the earlier nesting begins. Nesting for solitary populations begins in late May or June. The absence of a brood of female workers defines this nest type as solitary, so solitary populations produce only one reproductive brood that is provisioned by a gyne. The emergence of this brood is at approximately the same time as the emergence of the second or third brood in the social colony cycle. Upon emergence, the offspring mate and then females enter hibernation away from the nesting site. As in social colonies, the males and nest foundresses die at the end of the season.
Sex ratio variation
In social populations where there are two or more broods in one season, there are different sex ratios for each brood., and even variation between years, depending upon temperature (warmer years lead to increased male bias). The first brood will typically contain 75–100% females, most of which become workers, to help the mother produce a second brood. The final brood is slightly male-biased, typically with a sex ratio of about 60% males, and the females of the second brood are all gynes. The peak of male production strongly corresponds with photoperiod, such that eggs laid on or near the summer solstice are almost all male. In solitary populations, nesting begins later and only one brood is produced. The brood has a sex ratio made up of 60% males, similar to that of the final brood in social populations. This brood is also produced at about the same time that the final brood is produced in social populations so that the colony cycle ends at about the same time regardless of where the population lives.
Body size
Temperature affects not only the sex ratio, but also the size of offspring in the first brood of Halictus rubicundus, with warmer temperatures strongly correlated with larger offspring; there are various hypotheses that offer explanations as to why such is the case:
At optimum temperatures, the maximum offspring size will be produced. Smaller sizes will be the result of both higher and lower temperatures based on differing stresses. So varying conditions around one optimum temperature will lead to different offspring sizes. This hypothesis is not supported by existing data.
Low temperatures may reduce flowering, or reduce bees' ability to forage during the day, and therefore effect the rate of cell provisioning. If the rate of provisioning is lower, females may lay eggs on pollen masses before the mass reaches an optimal size. This hypothesis is supported by existing data.
An offspring's size is not correlated with the size of their mother; foundress females that are smaller than the population average produce offspring that are larger than they are, and foundress females that are above the population average produce offspring that are smaller than they are. Once a nest contains workers, the size of offspring ceases to correlate with temperature, and instead correlates very strongly with the number of workers foraging for pollen, with the largest offspring (both males and females) being produced in nests with the greatest numbers of foragers.
Behavior
Halictus rubicundus is widely studied for their variability in behavior depending on geographic location, and with changes in temperature. Those at low elevations are known to exhibit eusocial behavior, while those at high elevations and latitudes are known to be solitary.
Dominance hierarchy
There is a caste system in H. rubicundus. The nest-founding females recruit their early-emerging daughters as workers, but later-emerging offspring mate prior to dispersal and hibernation. These behavioral categories are not thought to be genetically predetermined, but determined instead by mating behaviors and social factors in the first few days of adulthood. In this hierarchy, there is a foundress, which is a gyne that is always mated and starts her own colony after hibernation each cycle. She is considered the foundress queen if she is the one that established the nest, and recruits her daughters to act as workers. A gyne is any female that enters diapause, with the potential to become a nest foundress the following season. Below that is a non-gyne, which is a female who stays in an existing colony and may or may not reproduce. Within these non-gynes, there are some that are considered replacement queens, if they take the place of a dead foundress queen in the colony, but the majority are workers, who forage and maintain the colony. Replacement queens and workers appear to produce mostly male eggs, when they reproduce. Neither replacement queens nor workers enter hibernation, and die at the end of the season.
Division of labor
In eusocial colonies, there is a division of labor similar to that in other eusocial bees. In these colonies in New York, the first brood is primarily worker females, which in turn help the foundress rear her second brood, and a number of gynes and males. The second brood in New York yields only gynes and males, which breed to repeat the cycle. In Kansas, the first brood is exclusively worker females, and it is not until the second brood that gynes and males begin to appear, while the third brood is exclusively gynes and males. However, in non-eusocial nests within the New York populations, or at high elevation in Colorado, the brood contains only males and gynes. The cooperative breeding behavior of worker bees in eusocial colonies benefits the fitness of the foundress queen. However, in solitary nests, the offspring do not serve as workers and do not help the mother establish a second brood, but rather go off to try to establish nests of their own the following season.
There is no evidence for predetermined morphological or physiological differences in caste for H. rubicundus. The differentiation into different castes is based on behavior. Females that do not mate immediately after emergence become workers or replacement queens while the others become gynes. The factor that may dictate whether a female mates is the relative abundance of males to newly emerged females; there is a higher percentage of gynes relative to non-gynes when males are relatively more abundant. This has population-level consequences in that during seasons where males are more abundant, a smaller proportion of nests contain eusocial colonies, and the average number of workers per nest is lower.
Mating behavior
Like most bee species, mating in H. rubicundus occurs on the ground or vegetation in and around the nest aggregation. Males may hover around their natal nest and wait to encounter females that are entering or leaving a surrounding nest. Gynes are those females that leave the nest site after mating and enter a dormant state (diapause), and restart the cycle the following spring, while worker females, if they mate, remain in the natal nest.
In this species, there are foundress gynes and non-gynes (who can be replacement queens or workers). The gynes and non-gynes are distinct groups, as gynes mate, do not work, and enter diapause (to become foundresses), while non-gynes work and do not diapause. There is evidence that male abundance may be the factor triggering this distinction early in life; if there is an abundance of males, a virgin female is more likely to encounter males and mate early shortly after emergence, and make a caste switch into being a gyne. If she is left unmated for two or three days, however, she will likely stay a non-gyne, even if she mates later on; no female who began acting as a worker (pollen-collecting behavior, typically starting within two or three days after emergence) was ever found to return the following season. Halictus rubicundus is the first bee species documented to have mixed broods containing both gynes and non-gynes, and it was previously thought that non-gynes and gynes were always produced in separate broods.
Sex ratio effects on sociality
Male abundance appears to have a major effect on deciding the social behavior within a population; the best predictor for a female's fate (future foundress gyne versus worker non-gyne) is the relative male abundance in proportion to virgin females on the first day a given virgin female emerges as an adult (i.e., if there are 10 males and 10 virgin females on one day, each female has a 50% chance of becoming a gyne, but if the following day there are 15 males and only 5 virgin females, then 75% of those females will become gynes). Warmer temperatures during the first brood provisioning phase in the spring leads to a higher ratio of male to female offspring, and a significantly lower proportion of females are recruited as workers, reducing the overall level of sociality expressed in that population, ranging from above 75% in some years to below 45% in others, in the same location. Sex ratio is also affected by photoperiod at the time of egg production, with eggs laid on or near the summer solstice being almost exclusively male, so the earlier the season starts, the more female-biased the early brood phase will be, as in Kansas, where there are no males produced at all in the first brood, and there are three broods annually.
Nest-site fidelity
Nest-site fidelity may be due to one of three reasons, or a combination:
Philopatry is the tendency for adult bees to excavate a nest near their natal nest; in H. rubicundus, females returning from overwintering sites typically excavate burrows within 30 cm of the location of their natal nest. Returning to the vicinity of the natal nest is beneficial because the site must have been successful enough to produce adults for one year. This prevents H. rubicundus from taking the risk of settling in a poor location for brood rearing.
Habitat learning describes the process through which females recognize characteristics of the site from which she emerged and chooses to nest in similar conditions. Although this is different from philopatry in that she will not purposely choose to be near her previous nest and will make selections based on environmental cues, the nest the female chooses may still be near her original nest when the number of favorable nest sites is limited.
Social facilitation may influence the nesting location chosen by a female because the benefits of nesting close to other bees may outweigh the costs of finding a new location with a suitable substrate.
In H. rubicundus, females fly back, after 10 months in diapause at remote locations, to within centimeters of the nest they emerged from, even though the nesting area used by the population is many square meters, suggesting the first of these mechanisms is of primary importance (i.e., within the nesting area as a whole, only a model of strict philopatry predicts a non-random distribution of females within that larger area, and the observed distribution is extremely non-random).
Gregarious nesting
Dense nesting tendencies of H. rubicundus are most likely due to the following three factors:
There is a limited amount of suitable substrate in which the bees can build their nests, so they must build many nests packed tightly together without compromising the structural integrity of the nest.
As mentioned earlier, philopatry is an important factor in maintaining an aggregation. The search for a new nesting site requires a lot of resources, so females will likely limit their dispersal and stay near their natal nest sites.
Hymenopteran and dipteran species may attack the ground nests of H. rubicundus. Although it would seem that aggregation of nests would increase mortality due to parasitism (as the sites would be more conspicuous), it is likely that there is a dilution effect that reduces mortality by parasitism.
Pheromone recognition
Halictid bees have a gland known as the Dufour’s gland that extends throughout the abdomen. It is found primarily in female Hymenoptera. The Dufour’s gland, which is associated with the sting structure, secretes fluids that are important for socioecological functioning. In H. rubicundus, the Dufour’s gland produces pheromones that may aid females in recognizing brood cells as well as other individuals in the nest.
Kin selection
Genetic relatedness within colonies
Following standard models, it is assumed that worker bees who help their mother raise the following brood are in a position to benefit from the effects of kin selection. Females within the first brood therefore that stays in the colony, and are directly genetically related to their mother by half, are able to help to raise a second brood containing sisters, which are also (due to haplodipoidy) related to them by half.
Genetic relatedness among colonies of different behaviors
There is evidence for greater genetic relatedness between two colonies with similar behavioral patterns (either eusocial or solitary), than between those of closer geographic distance but different social behaviors. This does not necessarily mean that social behavior is governed by certain genes, but it could be linked to certain genetic lineages that are more suited for certain environments. Empirical data from within a single population, however, indicates that females who do not remain as workers in their mother's nest are not more likely to have daughters that similarly depart. Although there is only limited research to date on the correlation between genetics, the environment, and social behavior, there is ample evidence that there are links between these three factors. The differences between the populations of H. rubicundus exhibiting solitary behavior, and those exhibiting eusocial behavior could be the result of environmental control of sociality, rather than having a purely genetic explanation.
Costs and benefits of sociality
In environments with short breeding seasons, sociality is not expected because there is no benefit to acting as a worker in the absence of an opportunity to produce another brood that season, and no potential for kinship selection benefits. Populations in environments that allow for multiple broods exhibit eusocial behavior, and there are potential benefits to worker behavior in eusocial colonies, as workers are related to the foundress (their mother) and the brood (their sisters, in particular). Under theories of inclusive fitness, it is potentially beneficial for workers to help their mother produce a second brood if that brood is primarily female. However, H. rubicundus does not show female bias in the second brood, with values only ranging to a maximum of 40% female. Furthermore, the one study providing empirical data for H. rubicundus shows that a typical worker contributes to the production of 0.9 sisters and 0.8 brothers, far below the threshold for inclusive fitness effects to favor helping, but above the threshold at which their mother benefits directly; as such, this species provides evidence that kin selection effects would not apply to this species, and instead suggests that mothers manipulate some of their daughters into acting as workers because of direct gains to maternal fitness, even though these manipulated daughters have lower fitness than they could have had if they had been gynes.
References
External links
rubicundus
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects described in 1791
Taxa named by Johann Ludwig Christ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halictus%20rubicundus |
Moon moth is a general term describing imagos (winged adults) of several Saturniinae species, having as a distinctive trait large round or near-round spots on the forewings and hindwings - hence "moon".
Moths of the subfamily Saturniinae
Actias, a genus native to Asia and America, includes North America Luna moth (Actias luna)
Argema, a genus native to Africa, includes Comet moth (Argema mittrei)
Copiopteryx, a genus native to Mexico, Central America and South America
Eudaemonia (moth), a genus native to Sub-Saharan Africa
Graellsia isabellae (Spanish moon moth), a species native to Europe
"The Moon Moth" is a science fiction short story by Jack Vance
Animal common name disambiguation pages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon%20moth |
The Romanian Footballer of the Year (), also known as the Nicolae Dobrin Trophy (), is an annual association football award given by the Gazeta Sporturilor newspaper to the Romanian player adjudged to have been the best during a calendar year. The current holder is Nicolae Stanciu, who won the award for his performances in 2022 representing Wuhan Three Towns.
It has been presented since 1966 and is currently named after Nicolae Dobrin, the first recipient of the award and one of Romania's most notable footballers. Gheorghe Hagi, the joint leading goalscorer of the national team alongside Adrian Mutu, has received the trophy a record of seven times.
Other annual honours handed out by Gazeta Sporturilor include the Foreign Player of the Year in Romania and the Romania Coach of the Year awards.
Winners
Breakdown of winners
By number of wins
By club
See also
Gazeta Sporturilor Foreign Player of the Year in Romania
Gazeta Sporturilor Romania Coach of the Year
Gazeta Sporturilor Monthly Football Awards
References
External links
Gazeta Sporturilor official website
Romanian Footballer of the Year at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Romanian football trophies and awards
Awards established in 1966
1966 establishments in Romania
Annual events in Romania
Association football player non-biographical articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20Footballer%20of%20the%20Year%20%28Gazeta%20Sporturilor%29 |
Babić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бабић) is a Croatian, Bosniak and Serbian family name. It is the 3rd most frequent surname in Croatia and is derived from the common Slavic word for grandmother or old woman: baba.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, the frequency of the surname Babić was highest in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1: 298), followed by Croatia (1: 394), Serbia (1: 470), Montenegro (1: 715) and Slovenia (1: 801).
People
Notable people with the surname include:
Alen Babić (born 1990), Croatian boxer
Andrej Babić, Croatian songwriter
Anto Babić (1899-1974), Bosnian historian
Bekim Babić (born 1975), Bosnian-Herzegovinian cross-country skier
Branko Babić (born 1950), Serbian football manager and former player
Dejan Babić (born 1989), Serbian footballer
Dragan Babić (1937–2013), Serbian journalist
Draginja Babić (1886-1915), Serbian doctor
Dragutin Babić (1897-1945), Croatian footballer
Dušan Babić (born 1986), Bosnian middle-distance runner
Franjo Babić (1908–1945), Croatian writer and journalist
Golub Babić (1824-1910), Bosnian Serb guerilla chief
Gregory Victor Babic (born 1963), Australian author
Filip Babić (born 1995), Serbian footballer
Ilija Babić (born 2002), Serbian footballer
Ivan Babić (1904–1982), Croatian soldier
Ivan Babić (born 1981), Serbian footballer
Ivan Babić (born 1984), Croatian footballer
Krunoslav Babić (1875–1953), Croatian zoologist
Lavra Babič (born 1987), Slovenian freestyle swimmer
Ljubo Babić (1890–1974), Croatian painter
Ljubomir Babić a.k.a. Ksaver Šandor Gjalski (1854–1935), Croatian writer
Luka Babić (born 1991), Croatian basketball player
Luka Babić (born 1994), Montenegrin volleyball player
Mario Babić (born 1992), Croatian footballer
Mark Babic (born 1973), Australian footballer
Marko Babić (1965–2007), Croatian army officer
Marko Babić (born 1981), Croatian footballer
Matija Babić (born 1978), Croatian Internet journalist
Matko Babić (born 1998), Croatian footballer
Mijo Babić (1903-1941), Croatian fascist soldier
Milan Babić (born 1955), Serbian footballer
Milan Babić (1956–2006), Serbian leader
Milenko Babić (born 1947), Serbian politician
Milica Babić-Jovanović (1909-1968), Serbian costume designer
Miloš Babić (1904-1968), Yugoslav artist
Miloš Babić (born 1968), former Serbian basketball player
Miloš Babić (born 1981), Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer
Nikola Babić (1905-1974), Croatian footballer
Rašo Babić (born 1977), Serbian footballer
Safet Babic (born 1981), German politician of Bosnian descent
Saša Babić (born 1989), Croatian futsal player
Sava Babić (1934–2012), Serbian writer
Silvija Mrakovčić, née Babić, Croatian long jumper and triple jumper
Siniša Babić (born 1991), Serbian footballer
Snežana Babić (born 1967), Serbian singer and actress
Srđan Babić (born 1996), Serbian footballer
Staša Babić, Serbian archaeologist
Stjepan Babić (1925–2021), Croatian linguist
Stjepan Babić (born 1988), Croatian footballer
Toma Babić (c 1680–1750), Croatian writer and Franciscan priest
Vanja Babić (born 1981), Serbian taekwondo player
Vladica Babić (born 1995), Montenegrin tennis player
Vlado Babić (born 1960), Serbian politician
Valentin Babić (born 1981), Croatian footballer
Zdenko Babić (born 1960), Croatian basketball player
Željko Babić (born 1972), Croatian handball coach and former player
Zeljko Babic a.k.a. Sean Babic (born 1976), former Australian footballer
Zoran Babić (born 1971), Serbian politician
See also
Babich
Babits
References
Surnames of Bosnian origin
Surnames of Croatian origin
Surnames of Serbian origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi%C4%87 |
Tsetserleg , also romanized as Cecerleg (, ; "park" or "garden") is the capital of Arkhangai Aimag (province) in Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Khangai Mountains, southwest of Ulaanbaatar. It has a population of 16,553 (2000 census, with Erdenebulgan sum rural territories population was 18,519), 16,618 (2003 est.), 16,300 (2006 est.).
Tsetserleg is geographically located in the Bulgan sum in the south of the aimag. It is not to be confused with Tsetserleg sum in the north. In 1992 Tsetserleg was designated as Erdenebulgan sum, which has an area of .
History
Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre. It was once the seat of a monastery (Zayiin Gegeen Monastery), built by the First Khalkh Zaya Pandita, Luvsanperenlei (1642–1715) (who should not be confused with Zaya Pandita Namkhaijantsan (1599–1662)). It consisted of the main Guden Süm, the Right, or Summer Semchin Temple, and the Left, or Winter Semchin Temple, all built in the early 1680s. The sixth Zaya Pandita, Jambatseren, was killed by the Communists in 1932, and the main Guden temple was turned into a museum. There is a seventh Zaya Pandita, but he mostly lives in Ulan Bator and visits only occasionally.
Facilities
Tsetserleg has an airport, with regular connections from and to Ulan Bator, a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an agricultural college. The main industry is food processing.
Famous people
Bat-Erdenyn Batbayar (Baabar), historian
Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj
Gelegjamtsyn Ösökhbayar, wrestler
Maidarjavyn Ganzorig, cosmonaut and scientist
Climate
Tsetserleg has a dry-winter subarctic climate (Dwc). It is part of a microclimate which experiences cooler summers and warmer winters than the rest of Mongolia. Wind speed is also relatively calm on average. In the coldest month of winter, January, it is often the warmest place in the country and temperatures rarely plummet below -30 °C, often hovering at around -15 °C to -25 °C during nighttime and 5 °C to -15 °C during daytime. In January 2014 and 2015 the coldest temperature was -26 °C (each during a short cold snap) while average minimum temperature was -16 °C which was 12 degrees warmer than the Ulaanbaatar average minimum of -28.5 °C (January 2014 and 2015) and identical to the Hohhot average minimum of -16 °C (January 2014 and 2015). The average maximum temperature in January 2015 was 0 °C or the same as Hohhot while overall average January temperature was -9 °C again the same as Hohhot. The warmest temperature of the 10 days above 0 °C in January 2015 was 7 °C which was warmer than Hohhot in which the warmest of the 8 days above 0 °C in January 2015 was 6 °C. Dalanzadgad and Arvaikheer, two other 'mild' cities of Mongolia, experienced identical temperatures although average minimum was marginally warmer at -15 °C each while Dalanzadgad's warmest January day was marginally warmer at 8 °C. Tsetserleg belongs to USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 5.
Sister cities
References
Don Croner's World Wide Wanders: Tsetserleg
"Tsetserleg" Encyclopædia Britannica
Mongolia City Development Strategies for Secondary Cities
Aimag centers
Arkhangai Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetserleg%20%28city%29 |
Edward William Nolan (born 5 August 1988) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a full-back or centre-back.
During his career Nolan played for Blackburn Rovers, Stockport County, Hartlepool United, Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Scunthorpe United,York City, Blackpool, Crewe Alexandra, Motherwell and Waterford.
Nolan has played internationally for the Republic of Ireland 12 times at under-21, once at B level and 3 times at senior level, all 3 coming in 2009.
Club career
Blackburn Rovers
Born in Waterford, County Waterford, Nolan started his career with English club Blackburn Rovers in their youth team. He signed a professional contract on 12 September 2005. He made his first-team debut in the UEFA Cup tie against AS Nancy on 13 December 2006, coming on as a substitute for Andy Todd. Despite being a promising footballer who could get first-team football at Blackburn Rovers in the future, Nolan never made another Blackburn Rovers appearance again.
On 19 March 2007 he signed a one-month loan with Stockport County. Nolan made his Stockport County debut, in a 2–1 loss against Bristol Rovers on 20 March 2007. Nolan went on to make four appearances for Stockport County.
On 22 November 2007, Nolan joined Hartlepool United on loan. Nolan made his Hartlepool United debut on 24 November 2007, in a 2–1 loss against Gillingham. After making eleven appearances, Nolan then returned to Ewood Park following a two-month loan spell with Hartlepool.
Preston North End
On 6 October 2008 he joined Preston North End on a three-month loan deal. Nolan made his Preston North End debut three days later, in a 1–0 win over Doncaster Rovers.
Nolan then signed a permanent three-and-a-half-year contract on 2 January 2009. Nolan's first appearance after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 3 January 2009, coming on as a substitute for Callum Davidson. He has made 23 appearances in total (3 as a substitute) mainly filling in at left back as cover for Callum Davidson.
In 2009–10 season, Nolan continued to be used in the left-back position in Davidson's absent until Nolan's form was bad. As a result, Nolan joined Sheffield Wednesday on loan until the end of the season, where he's reunited with Alan Irvine. After appearing on the bench against Ipswich Town. Nolan made his Sheffield Wednesday debut on 27 February 2010, in a 5–0 loss against Reading. Nolan then scored his first Sheffield Wednesday goal on 24 March 2010, in a 2–1 win against Watford. Nolan had become regular football throughout the season, but couldn't help Sheffield Wednesday survive in the Championship, as they were relegated to League One.
After his loan spell with Sheffield Wednesday came to an end, Nolan was told by Manager Darren Ferguson that he no longer have a future at Preston North End by placing him on the transfer list. Irvine tried to sign Nolan on a permanent basis, but it was unsuccessful, due to the club's financial situation at the time.
Scunthorpe United
On 7 July 2010, he joined Championship's rival Scunthorpe United on an initial six-month loan with a view to a permanent deal.
He made his debut for Scunthorpe in a 2–1 win over Reading on 7 August 2010. The deal was made permanent on 6 January 2011, until the end of the season, for an undisclosed fee. Though the club was relegated to League One, Nolan went on to make thirty-eight appearances in all competitions despite missing out ten matches, mostly on the bench, competing against Cliff Byrne over a right-back position and loss of form towards the end of the season. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Nolan signed a contract with the club.
The 2011–12 season saw Nolan started well, playing as a left back and then scored his first Scunthorpe United goal, in a 2–1 win over Stevenage on 1 October 2011. His impressive display in defense and attack in recent matches was praised by Manager Alan Knill. Soon, Nolan injured his calf while walking up stairs and only missing one match, Nolan made his return to the match against Milton Keynes Dons on 22 October 2011. Nolan soon missed six matches for months, having been not included in the starting line-up before being recalled to the first team, playing in an unfamiliar defensive midfield role against Preston North End and Yeovil Town. Nolan made thirty-five appearances in all competitions and scoring once in all competitions. At the end of the 2011–12 season, Nolan was released by the club in May 2012.
After being released by Scunthorpe United and failed to find a new club, Nolan returned to the club to train with the squad in effort to regain his fitness, though contract was ruled out, stated by Manager Brian Laws. However, Laws was keen to sign Nolan. Eventually, on 8 February 2013, Scunthorpe United re-signed Nolan, until the end of the season, on non-contract terms. Nolan's first appearance for Scunthorpe United since returning came against Yeovil Town on 16 February 2013, coming on as a substitute for Callum Kennedy in the 83rd minute, in a 3–0 loss against Yeovil Town. Nolan then went on to make twelve appearances for the club and taking over the right-back position after Callum Kennedy missed out for the rest of the season. Despite the club was relegated to League Two, his successful return for the club earned him a new contract with the club.
In 2013–14 season, Nolan featured in the first team regularly, playing at right back, left back and central midfield. But unfortunately, Nolan was injured during a 2–2 draw against Burton Albion in the 21st minute and had to be substituted as a result. After a scan, it was announced that Nolan was out of action for six weeks. After announcing his return, Nolan made his return on 23 November 2013, coming on as a substitute for Deon Burton in the 86th minute, in a 2–1 loss against Portsmouth. After making his return, Nolan went on to make forty appearances in all competitions to help the club to promotion into League One as League Two runners-up. Nolan also signed a one-year contract extension with the club.
In 2014–15 season, Nolan started four out of six matches in the first six matches before suffering a neck injury and then hamstring injury. Having just recovered from a hamstring injury, Nolan made his return, playing 90 minutes, in the first round of FA Cup, in a 2–0 win over Forest Green Rovers. Just after making his return, Nolan, however, suffered ankle injury that kept him out for four to six weeks. After featuring three matches in early-January, Nolan missed nine matches due to being on the bench and failed to feature on the matchday squad. After being featured against Barnsley on 24 February 2015, Nolan had not being featured throughout the season and at the end of the 2014–15 season, Nolan was among many players to be released by the club (which was also the second time Nolan was released).
York City
On 6 July 2015, Nolan signed a one-year contract with League Two club York City. He left the club by mutual consent on 25 January 2016.
Blackpool
On 3 August 2016, Nolan signed for newly relegated League Two club Blackpool on a one-year contract. He was released at the end of the 2016–17 season.
Crewe Alexandra
Nolan signed for League Two club Crewe Alexandra on 3 July 2017 on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year based on appearances. After making 30 appearances, the contract extension was triggered in March 2018. Nolan scored his first Crewe goal in an FA Cup tie against Blackburn Rovers at Crewe on 7 December 2017. His first league goal came when he headed the winner in a 2–1 victory over Colchester United at Gresty Road on 26 January 2019. The following month, he signed a two-year deal to stay at Crewe until the summer of 2021.
On 1 February 2021, Nolan joined Scottish Premiership club Motherwell on loan for the remainder of the season. On 13 May 2021, Crewe announced that Nolan was being released.
Waterford
On 9 July 2021, Nolan signed for his hometown club Waterford in the League of Ireland Premier Division. He made a total of 18 appearances in all competitions over the season as they were relegated to the League of Ireland First Division. His final appearance in football came on 11 August 2023 in a 2–2 draw with Galway United, as he announced his retirement from professional football 5 days later.
International career
He has been capped for the Republic of Ireland at all levels and he also captained the under-21 team. He has also played in a B team match against Nottingham Forest.
On 7 February 2009, he received his first call-up to the senior team to play Georgia on 11 February 2009. Nolan finally made his Republic of Ireland debut on 29 May 2009, in a 1–1 draw against Nigeria.
Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Scunthorpe United
Football League Two runner-up: 2013–14
Blackpool
EFL League Two play-offs: 2017
Individual
Crewe Alexandra Player of the Season: 2017–18
Crewe Alexandra Players' Player of the Season: 2017–18
References
External links
Profile at the Crewe Alexandra F.C. website
1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Waterford (city)
Association footballers from County Waterford
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's B international footballers
Republic of Ireland men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
English Football League players
Republic of Ireland expatriate men's association footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Waterford F.C. players
League of Ireland players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Nolan |
The Crater-class cargo ship were converted EC2-S-C1 type, Liberty cargo ships, constructed by the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) for use by the US Navy during World War II. The designation 'EC2-S-C1': 'EC' for Emergency Cargo, '2' for a ship between long (Load Waterline Length), 'S' for steam engines, and 'C1' for design C1.
The class was named for the lead ship of its type, , with most ships in the class being named for astronomical bodies. Its 65 hulls were among the largest US Navy cargo ship classes.
The ships were propelled by a reciprocating steam engine using a single screw with a power of shaft.
Notable incidents
USS Aludra (AK-72) Lost in action from Japanese torpedo on 23 June 1943 south of Makira island.
USS Deimos (AK-78) Damaged by torpedo, 23 June 1943, then abandoned and scuttled south of Makira island.
References
External links
AK — Cargo Ships—Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1940–1945.
Auxiliary ship classes of the United States Navy
Crater class cargo ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater-class%20cargo%20ship |
Michael Francis Lynch (born 1950) is an Australian arts administrator.
Biography
Lynch was General Manager of the Sydney Theatre Company 1989–94. He was then General Manager of the Australia Council, the Federal Government's arts funding and advisory body, 1994–98. In 1998 he became director of the Sydney Opera House, and from 2002 to 2009 he was chief executive of the South Bank Centre in London.
Lynch has overseen the successful rehabilitation of the Royal Festival Hall, which was re-opened in October 2007 by The Queen (King George VI having opened the original building in 1951).
In March 2009, Lynch was appointed a director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is also a member of the Board of Film Victoria.
On 27 May 2011, Lynch was appointed as CEO of West Kowloon Cultural District Authority by the Hong Kong Government.
Honours
Lynch was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List of 2001 for services to arts administration (principally as General Manager of the Australia Council) and in 2008 he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Birthday Honours. In the Queen's Birthday Honours List of 2017, Lynch was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO).
References
Australian arts administrators
Arts managers
Culture in London
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian expatriates in Hong Kong
1950 births
Helpmann Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Lynch%20%28arts%20administrator%29 |
Obed Nicholls (1885–1962) was an artist in copper repousse in the art nouveau style of Newlyn in Cornwall.
He was born without the use of his legs and used a wheelchair in his parents' house. John Drew Mackenzie, founder of the Newlyn Industrial Class, arranged for him to attend evening classes until he became sufficiently skilled to work at home on his own production. He is now regarded as one of the finest of the Newlyn workers.
See also
Newlyn Copper
References
1885 births
1962 deaths
Arts and Crafts movement artists
People from Newlyn
Artists from Cornwall
Art Nouveau designers
20th-century English artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obed%20Nicholls |
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