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Ymir is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery #97 (October 1963). Ymir is based on the frost giant of the same name from Norse mythology. Ymir is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Thor.
Publication history
Ymir debuted in Journey into Mystery #97 (October 1963), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He appeared in the 2019 Giant-Man series.
Fictional character biography
The character Ymir first appears in Journey into Mystery, and considers all other forms of life — with the exception of his kin the Frost Giants of Niffelheim — to be aberrations that must be destroyed. He was among the first Asgardian creatures to be created and spawned the Asgardian gods. The next story depicts an early battle with and subsequent imprisonment by being lured into a trap and imprisoned in a ring of magical fire by Odin, King of the Norse gods while attempting to bring eternal winter to Asgard with the other giants.
Ymir is mentioned in Savage Tales in a story set in the prehistoric Hyborian Age. Barbarian hero Conan encounters his daughter, Atali, and slays two of her brutish brothers.
Ymir reappears in a two-part storyline in Avengers and Doctor Strange being summoned to Earth with the fire demon Surtur by a cult called the Sons of Satannish. The pair are defeated and banished when the heroes trick the two into fighting one another due to Strange. Ymir and Surtur reappear in Thor, and invade the realm of Asgard. Both characters, however, are defeated when God of Thunder Thor uses the Odinpower to banish the pair to the other-dimensional Sea of Eternal Night. Ymir reappears in the publication Marvel Super-Heroes, and with the Frost and Storm Giants launches attack on Asgard. On this occasion the character and his allies are stopped by Thor and his half-brother, Vidar.
Ymir appears in an issue of the limited series X-Men: First Class, which is set during the early days of the modern Marvel universe. The original X-Men encounter a group called the "Sons of the Vanir" who summon Ymir to Earth. After a brief battle, Thor uses his mystic hammer Mjolnir to return Ymir to Niffelheim.
Ymir makes another return in the pages of A+X. He has fashioned a version of the Casket Of Ancient Winters and plans to freeze the world. Thor confronts him with the X-Men Bobby Drake, AKA Iceman. Bobby is powered up by this new Casket and is the deciding force in Ymir's defeat.
Powers and abilities
Ymir is a large frost giant over 1,000 feet (300 m) tall with physical attributes far greater than most others. He possesses superhuman strength and durability. He is able to project intense and deadly cold. Ymir can regenerate from as little as an ice particle. He is also considered to be immortal. Additionally, he wields an enormous icicle that functions as a club for destruction or battle.
Reception
Critical response
Marc Buxton of Den of Geek included Ymir in their "Thor 4: The Marvel Villains We Want to See" list, writing, "Ymir is one of Kirby’s most grandiose creations, a walking, angry glacier fueled by hatred of the Asgardians. The final battle between Frost Giants and Asgard is just an epic waiting to be told, and Ymir could be Thor’s greatest challenge if this conflict comes to fruition."
Impact
Philip Etemesi of Screen Rant asserted, "It's largely through him that the concept of regeneration is popularized in the Golden Era of comic books. The villain gets killed many times during battles with Asgardians only for his body to regenerate."
Other versions
Free Comic Book Day
An alternate version of Ymir appears in Free Comic Book Day 2009 Avengers.
In other media
Television
Ymir appears in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode "The Vengeance of Loki," voiced by John Stephenson.
Ymir appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "The Fall of Asgard," voiced by Rick D. Wasserman.
Ymir appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Hulks on Ice." He is awakened from his ice volcano prison on Earth by Laufey as part of the Frost Giants' plot to bring an endless winter to Earth. Ymir then attacks Thor and the Hulks as they work to defeat Ymir. When Skaar tried to repeatedly stab Ymir, he froze Skaar who was caught by A-Bomb before he can hit the ground. Thor tells Hulk that they will have to find Ymir's weak spot. Skaar's sword was left in Ymir as the Hulk's act as they attack the weak spot. Before Ymir can hit A-Bomb, She-Hulk gets both of them out of the way. Thor comes up with a plan where he and Hulk attack Red Hulk enough to heat him up and throws him towards Ymir which cracks up Ymir. Thor then fires his lightning which shatters Ymir as Laufey retreats back to Jotunheim.
Ymir appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Contest of Champions" Pt. 2. After Spider-Man, Captain America, Red Hulk, and Iron Fist remove Sandman from the game of "Capture the Flag," Grandmaster pairs Ymir and Blastaar against the heroes. Ymir managed to freeze Captain America removing him from the game before Red Hulk could thaw him. After Red Hulk, Blastaar, and Iron Fist are removed from the game, Spider-Man was left to fight Ymir after claiming the flag. Spider-Man managed to defeat Ymir by using an electrical wire on him.
Ymir appears in Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight!, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. He collaborates with Loki to steal the powers of Santa Claus.
Video games
Ymir appears as a non-playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Paul Eiding.
Ymir appears as a non-playable character in Thor: God of Thunder, voiced by Mitch Lewis.
Ymir appears as a non-playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
Ymir appears in the "Marvel Pinball: Vengeance and Virtue" table in Pinball FX 2, voiced by Travis Willingham.
Ymir appears as a non-playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
Ymir appears in as a non-playable character Thor: The Dark World - The Official Game, voiced by Tyler Bunch.
Ymir appears as a non-playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
References
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1963
Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities
Fictional giants
Marvel Comics characters with immortality
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics giants
Marvel Comics supervillains
Thor (Marvel Comics)
Ymir
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir%20%28Marvel%20Comics%29
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In computer science, Ukkonen's algorithm is a linear-time, online algorithm for constructing suffix trees, proposed by Esko Ukkonen in 1995. The algorithm begins with an implicit suffix tree containing the first character of the string. Then it steps through the string, adding successive characters until the tree is complete. This order addition of characters gives Ukkonen's algorithm its "on-line" property. The original algorithm presented by Peter Weiner proceeded backward from the last character to the first one from the shortest to the longest suffix. A simpler algorithm was found by Edward M. McCreight, going from the longest to the shortest suffix.
Implicit suffix tree
While generating suffix tree using Ukkonen's algorithm, we will see implicit suffix tree in intermediate steps depending on characters in string S. In implicit suffix trees, there will be no edge with $ (or any other termination character) label and no internal node with only one edge going out of it.
High level description of Ukkonen's algorithm
Ukkonen's algorithm constructs an implicit suffix tree T for each prefix S[1...i] of S (S being the string of length n). It first builds T using 1 character, then T using 2 character, then T using 3 character, ..., T using the n character. You can find the following characteristics in a suffix tree that uses Ukkonen's algorithm:
Implicit suffix tree T is built on top of implicit suffix tree T .
At any given time, Ukkonen's algorithm builds the suffix tree for the characters seen so far and so it has on-line property, allowing the algorithm to have an execution time of O(n).
Ukkonen's algorithm is divided into n phases (one phase for each character in the string with length n).
Each phase i+1 is further divided into i+1 extensions, one for each of the i+1 suffixes of S[1...i+1].
Suffix extension is all about adding the next character into the suffix tree built so far. In extension j of phase i+1, algorithm finds the end of S[j...i] (which is already in the tree due to previous phase i) and then it extends S[j...i] to be sure the suffix S[j...i+1] is in the tree. There are three extension rules:
If the path from the root labelled S[j...i] ends at a leaf edge (i.e., S[i] is last character on leaf edge), then character S[i+1] is just added to the end of the label on that leaf edge.
if the path from the root labelled S[j...i] ends at a non-leaf edge (i.e., there are more characters after S[i] on path) and next character is not S[i+1], then a new leaf edge with label S[i+1] and number j is created starting from character S[i+1]. A new internal node will also be created if S[1...i] ends inside (in between) a non-leaf edge.
If the path from the root labelled S[j..i] ends at a non-leaf edge (i.e., there are more characters after S[i] on path) and next character is S[i+1] (already in tree), do nothing.
One important point to note is that from a given node (root or internal), there will be one and only one edge starting from one character. There will not be more than one edge going out of any node starting with the same character.
Run time
The naive implementation for generating a suffix tree going forward requires or even time complexity in big O notation, where is the length of the string. By exploiting a number of algorithmic techniques, Ukkonen reduced this to (linear) time, for constant-size alphabets, and in general, matching the runtime performance of the earlier two algorithms.
Ukkonen's algorithm example
To better illustrate how a suffix tree using Ukkonen's algorithm is constructed, we can use the following example:
S=xabxac
Start with an empty root node.
Construct T for S[1] by adding the first character of the string. Rule 2 applies, which creates a new leaf node.
Construct T for S[1...2] by adding suffixes of xa (xa and a). Rule 1 applies, which extends the path label in existing leaf edge. Rule 2 applies, which creates a new leaf node.
Construct T for S[1...3] by adding suffixes of xab (xab, ab and b). Rule 1 applies, which extends the path label in existing leaf edge. Rule 2 applies, which creates a new leaf node.
Construct T for S[1...4] by adding suffixes of xabx (xabx, abx, bx and x). Rule 1 applies, which extends the path label in existing leaf edge. Rule 3 applies, do nothing.
Constructs T for S[1...5] by adding suffixes of xabxa (xabxa, abxa, bxa, xa and a). Rule 1 applies, which extends the path label in existing leaf edge. Rule 3 applies, do nothing.
Constructs T for S[1...6] by adding suffixes of xabxac (xabxac, abxac, bxac, xac, ac and c). Rule 1 applies, which extends the path label in existing leaf edge. Rule 2 applies, which creates a new leaf node (in this case, three new leaf edges and two new internal nodes are created).
References
External links
Detailed explanation in plain English
Fast String Searching With Suffix Trees Mark Nelson's tutorial. Has an implementation example written with C++.
Implementation in C with detailed explanation
Lecture slides by Guy Blelloch
Ukkonen's homepage
Text-Indexing project (Ukkonen's linear-time construction of suffix trees)
Implementation in C Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6
Bioinformatics algorithms
Algorithms on strings
Substring indices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukkonen%27s%20algorithm
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Castelrosso may refer to:
the Italian name for the Greek island and municipality of Kastellorizo;
Castelrosso, a hamlet of Chivasso, Italy;
Castelrosso cheese, an Italian cheese.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelrosso
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Operation Wallpaper (aka Operation Weldmesh) was a military operation by the South African Defence Force (SADF) during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War.
SADF and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) forces defeated a coalition of Cuban and People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) troops, fighting on behalf of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), in September 1985 around Mavinga. The SADF victory later helped UNITA militants defeat the MPLA troops in the Battle of Lomba River I.
Background
In mid 1985, the Angolan government formulated an offensive called Operation Congresso II. Led by Soviet and Cuban military advisors the plan called for a simultaneous attack on Cazombo in the east and Mavinga in the south-east and to take one or both objectives by 3 September. The objective of the operation was to split UNITA forces, forcing them to fight on two fronts and therefore weakening their defensive capability. The potential loss of Mavinga by UNITA could give FAPLA the opportunity to stage a further attack on UNITA's capital at Jamba. The South Africans believed that if Mavinga was taken, FAPLA would move its air defence network southwards, threatening the South African Air Force (SAAF) ability to protect Jamba from Angolan air attack, making it susceptible to ground attack and opening southern Angola to increased SWAPO activity into Namibia.
The offensive started at the end of July, with UNITA initiating spoiling attacks against the FAPLA columns as they moved towards their objectives. By the beginning of September, FAPLA had reached the outskirts of UNITA's defensive positions around the towns of Cazombo and Mavinga. The SADF involvement would take two parts: Operation Wallpaper involved the airborne movement of UNITA troops from Cazombo to Mavinga while Operation Weldmesh concerned the defense of UNITA around Mavinga.
Order of battle
South African forces
32 Battalion
Three rifle companies
81mm mortar group
Machine gun section
Assault Pioneer section
Three reconnaissance teams
Headquarters
Two SA-9 teams
MRL troop
61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion held in reserve in Namibia
UNITA forces
2,400 men
including 250 men defending Mavinga
Angolan forces
7th Brigade
8th Brigade
13th Brigade
25th Brigade
Battle
The Angolan brigades left Cuito Cuanavale on 15 August, with the 8th and 13th following the main road to Mavinga via the town of Cunjamba and the 7th and 25th moving southwards following the Cunzumbia and Cuzizi rivers and having reached the Lomba river, flanking left and followed that river to an area north of Mavinga. Operation Wallpaper came into being on 7 September when the South African Defence Force (SADF) 32 Battalion was given the go ahead to move to Mavinga. The troops of 32 Battalion and additional attachments were dressed in UNITA uniforms and flown to Mavinga by the SAAF. All additional equipment was driven across the border to Mavinga. 61 Mechanised Infantry Battalion was placed in reserve. UNITA had deployed 2,400 men to defend the positions around Mavinga, with 250 men to defend the town and airfield itself. The Angolan forces were now 50 km north west of Mavinga.
By 8 September the South African equipment had arrived and by 11 September the SADF units were in position to support UNITA and attack the FAPLA brigades. On the early morning of 12 September the SADF Valkiri multiple rocket launchers began to strike the FAPLA 8 and 13 Brigades which had stopped to resupply. The MRL attack ended at daybreak with the Angolan Air Force searching for their positions during daylight hours, but the MRL attack failed to slow the Angolan brigades and they resumed their advance. By 15 September, all four brigades met south of the Lomba River, 30 km north west of Mavinga. UNITA and the SADF units had failed to slow or stop the advance. Meanwhile, far to the north, UNITA had to retreat south from Cazombo on the 19 September as FAPLA took the town. Over a number of nights, the SAAF evacuated at least a 1000 UNITA soldiers from that region, flying them and their equipment into Mavinga. Having learnt from SADF reconnaissance units around the Cuito Cuanavale airfield that the Angolan brigades were being supplied by helicopter, SAAF Atlas Impalas were sent to intercept these Mil Mi-17 and Mil Mi-25 helicopters when alerted to their movements by those reconnaissance units. Eventually the Angolans lost 10 helicopters and started using smaller Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs to resupply their forces. Ten Soviet advisors were also killed as they landed at Cuito Cuanavale after being intercepted by a SAAF Dassault Mirage F1.
By 2 October, the Angolan brigades were 10 km from Mavinga but had suffered heavy losses from UNITA attacks and the SADF MRLs. At this point FAPLA morale was low and with the evacuation of the Russian advisors the Angolan forces were beginning to desert. Over two days of air attacks by SAAF Impala and Mirage aircraft, ground bombardments from the MRLs and with reduced supply and unit fighting ability, the Angolan brigades were ordered to retreat westwards and then to head for Cuito Cuanavale. By 4 October, 32 Battalion units began to withdraw.
Vital air support
The SAAF played a very important role in logistical support to the SADF Forces and UNITA against a coalition of Cuban and FAPLA troops moving in on Mavinga. The SAAF flew 310 night flying hours transporting mainly the Valkiri Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and their 127 mm rockets, ammunition and food; and performing Casualty Evacuation (Casevac) of wounded personnel. SAAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Transall C-160 and Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft were used.
Aftermath
It was realised by the South Africans at the end of the operation that it would be impossible for UNITA forces to stop a combined Angolan and Cuban force and that Mavinga would have fallen had it not been for the assistance of the SADF. The Angolan forces back in their base, began to rebuild while waiting for the rainy season to end and resume Operation Congresso II. The South African's suffered one soldier accidentally killed, while 500 UNITA soldiers died and 1500 wounded with other sources claiming dead and wounded to be as high as 2500. Angolan casualty figures range from 1589 to 2500 to as high as 4719 soldiers killed. Soviet casualties are listed as 10 dead and 9 wounded, while the Cubans lost 56 men and 60 wounded.
References
Further reading
Conflicts in 1985
Military history of Angola
Cross-border operations of South Africa
Battles and operations of the South African Border War
Military operations of the Angolan Civil War
1985 in Angola
1985 in South Africa
September 1985 events in Africa
October 1985 events in Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Wallpaper
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Theodore M. Davis (May 7, 1838 – February 23, 1915) was an American lawyer and businessman. He is best known for his excavations in Egypt's Valley of the Kings between 1902 and 1913.
Biography
Theodore Montgomery Davis was born in Springfield, New York on May 7, 1838. He settled in Iowa City, where he qualified as a lawyer, later moving to Washington DC, then to New York City. After becoming wealthy in a career in the law and business, he moved to Newport, Rhode Island in 1882 where he built a mansion known as "The Reef" (later "The Bells") on Ocean Avenue, on property which is now Brenton Point State Park.
Although married, Davis had a live-in mistress, Emma Andrews, from 1887 until his death. Andrews was the cousin of his wife Annie.
He spent his winters in Europe and on digs in Egypt (from 1900). In the winter of 1915 he did not go to Egypt for health reasons and instead rented the Florida home of William Jennings Bryan, then Secretary of State. He died there on February 23, 1915 aged 76, leaving the Davis Madonna and his private collection of Egyptian artifacts to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Excavations
Starting in 1902, Davis acted as private sponsor for the Egyptian Antiquities Service's excavations in the Valley of the Kings. Due to the success of this first season, which included the discovery of KV45 (tomb of Userhet) and a box containing leather loincloths from above KV36 (tomb of Maiherpri), this sponsorship was renewed each year until 1905. During this period excavations were conducted in his name by the inspector-general of antiquities for Upper Egypt (Howard Carter from 1902 to 1904, and James E. Quibell for the 1904-1905 season).
In 1905 Arthur Weigall, as new inspector-general, persuaded Davis to sign a new concession for work in the Valley of the Kings and to employ his own archaeologist. Under these new conditions excavations were conducted by Edward R. Ayrton (1905-1908), E. Harold Jones (1908-1911) and Harry Burton (1912–1914). By 1913, Davis was convinced that either KV54, the Tutankhamun embalming cache, or KV57, Horemheb's tomb, were in fact the tomb of King Tutankhamun. In the 1912 site report, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou, which was about the finds from the 1908 season, he stated “I fear the Valley of the Tombs is now exhausted.” The concession then passed on to Lord Carnarvon. Although excavation commenced during the 1914–1915 season, the concession was not formally signed until 1915.
The excavations carried out under Davis's sponsorship are among the most important ever undertaken in the Valley of the Kings: in the course of 12 years about 30 tombs were discovered and/or cleared in his name, the best known among them are KV46 (tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu), KV55 (the Amarna cache), KV57 (tomb of Horemheb) and KV54 (Tutankhamun embalming cache). Most of the objects discovered went to Cairo Museum, where they were displayed in a gallery named ‘Salle Theodore Davis’, with further items presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and other American museums. He also published seven volumes laying out his finds.
With Carter's discovery of KV62, Tutankhamun's tomb, in 1922, Davis's opinion that the "valley had been exhausted" was proved wrong. Burton later recalled that when Davis terminated his last excavation in the valley, out of fear of undercutting nearby tombs and pathways, he was only two metres away from discovering the entrance to KV62.
In Luxor, fellow Rhode Islander Charles Wilbour introduced Davis to antiquities dealer Muhammad Mohassib on their first trip up the Nile in 1890. Wilbour had bought from Mohassib for years, and he became a trusted dealer for Davis. Many people bought a number of important pieces from him over the years.
List of discoveries and excavations
The KV designation indicates a tomb in the Valley of the Kings.
1902: KV45
1903: KV20, KV43, KV60
1905: KV2, KV19, KV22, KV46, KV47, KV53
1906: KV48, KV49, KV50, KV51, KV52
1907: KV10, KV54, KV55
1908: KV56, KV57
1909: KV58
1910: KV61
1912: KV3
1913: KV7
In popular culture
Davis was portrayed by William Hope in the 2005 BBC docudrama Egypt.
Davis was portrayed by Anthony Higgins in the 2016 miniseries Tutankhamun.
Davis and the tomb of Queen Tiyi also feature prominently in The Ape Who Guards the Balance by Elizabeth Peters, where he is portrayed as a clumsy dilettante more interested in discovering tombs than excavating them and protecting the contents.
Bibliography
The Tomb of Thoutmosis IV (1904)
The Tomb of Hatshopsitu (1906)
The Tomb of Iouiya and Touiyou: Notes on Iouiya and Touiyou, description of the objects found in the tomb, and illustrations of the objects (1907)
The Tomb of Siphtah (1908)
The Tomb of Queen Tîyi (1910)
The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatankhamanou (1912)
References
Further reading
External links
The Theban Mapping Project
The Millionaire and the Mummies
1838 births
1915 deaths
American Egyptologists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American archaeologists
People from Springfield, New York
American expatriates in Egypt
19th-century American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20M.%20Davis
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Jean-Christophe Simond (born 29 April 1960 in Les Contamines-Montjoie) is a French figure skater and coach. He is a two-time European silver medalist and an eight-time French national champion. During his competitive career, he was well known for his excellent school figures. He coached 2007 World Champion Brian Joubert between 2006 and March 2009.
Competitive highlights
References
French male single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for France
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
French figure skating coaches
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Haute-Savoie
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe%20Simond
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The Saigon Times is a Vietnamese media organization with two Vietnamese- and two English-language publications. Its flagship publication is Thoi Bao Kinh Te Saigon, the most widely-read weekly economics and business news magazine in Vietnamese. It also publishes Saigon Times Daily, one of the two major daily newspapers in English (the other being the daily Vietnam News, published by the Vietnam News Agency).
External links
Saigon Times official site
Newspapers published in Vietnam
Vietnamese-language newspapers
English-language newspapers published in Asia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon%20Times
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Operation Alpha Centauri was a South African military operation during the Angolan Civil War and South African Border War to halt an offensive launched by the People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) towards Angola's Cuando Cubango Province. Its objective was to prevent FAPLA forces from reaching Jamba, a strategic town which functioned as the de facto headquarters of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and its armed wing.
Background
This aim of this operation was to stop a People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) advance on the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) "capital" of Jamba. Operation Alpha Centauri was developed out of a cancelled plan that had been modified to become Operation Southern Cross that occurred during July 1986. Operation Southern Cross was not successful and therefore Operation Alpha Centauri called for a ground assault during August 1986 on the FAPLA town and airbase at Cuito Cuanavale. Originally the plan called for a night attack by 32 Battalion and UNITA troops supported by artillery but the South African government decided that the attack would be carried out by UNITA and 32 Battalion would protect the SADF support troops and artillery.
Order of battle
South African forces
32 Battalion
Four rifle companies
Support company (mortar, anti-aircraft, anti-tank and assault pioneer platoons)
120mm mortar platoon (61 Mechanised Battalion)
Valkiri MRL troop
G5 155mm artillery (Quebec Battery from 4 South African Infantry Battalion)
Ratel 90 anti-tank squadron
Ystervark anti-aircraft platoon + one BRDM SA-9 system
UNITA forces
Two battalions (1500 men)
Angolan forces
13th Brigade
25th Brigade
The SADF troops assigned to the operation began their training for the assault on Cuito Cuanavale. Meanwhile supplies were being moved up to Mavinga, establishing on 15 July a logistics base for the operation. G5 artillery was then attached to the 32 Battalion and by the end of July the SAAF begun flying in the anti-aircraft systems directly into Mavinga.
On the 29 July, the South African government made the decision that UNITA would carry out the assault on Cuito and not 32 Battalion who would again be relegated to escort and protection duties of the SADF support troops and artillery. The plan now called for UNITA to first attack the 25th Brigade east of the town and river, drawing the tanks out of the town, then capturing the bridge over the river to the town. A day later, another UNITA brigade would attack the 13th Brigade in and around the town from the south.
By the 4 August the SADF units begun position themselves around Cuito Cuanavale. SADF operation headquarters was moved to 28 km east of Cuito, the artillery and two 32 Battalion companies 60 km east and further units in between the two. 32 Battalion reconnaissance units were based even closer, 4 km from the town and an engineer team was building a bridge just 7 km south of the town's easterly bridge.
The G5 and MRL assault began at last light on 9 August 1986, about 17h10 with the 2 artillery batteries in close proximity of each other.
It was time for dinner, and the first shots were fired after most of the Brigade at Cuito Cuanavale went into the mess for supper.
The first counter fire took out 2 of the G5 battery vehicles, including their Fire Control Post vehicle, damaging so that it couldn't be used.
They were forced to use one Fire Control Post for both Charlie and Delta Troops.
By 23h00 the back of the opposition was broken.
Heavy fire was brought down upon the enemy in the first five hours resulting in large scale destruction.
The G5s fired little during daytime, only when observation posts gave the OK.
The G5 battery, aka Quebec Battery, didn't move for the first three days.
It took the battery of G5s three days to break the offensive.
Unita troops were left at Cuito Cuanavale, to keep control, and the battery of G5s and MRLs were already retreating, when they had to turn around and go back and await further orders, as Unita were chased out of Cuito Cuanavale by re-enforcements of Cuban and FAPLA forces.
The operation now included bombarding an ammo depot and a closeby airstrip so that the artillery batteries had a better chance to get out of Angola.
By the 13 August, UNITA was still not ready but the SADF begun to move its troops closer to the town. The SADF HQ was now 4 km from the town, the G5 artillery moved in 30 km south east and the MRLs even closer at 14 km. The artillery bombardment would begin the operation on the early evening of the 14 August, but it did not.
Now the SADF commanders were becoming nervous and threatened to withdraw their troops as the Angolan air-force increased its day flights trying to establish the whereabouts of the South African troops.
The bombardment finally began in the early evening of 15 August.
The UNITA brigade succeeded in briefly capturing the town of Cuito Cuanavale but during a counter-attack by FAPLA, and the failure of the second UNITA brigade to attack from the south, the UNITA forces were driven from the town. The bridge to the east of the town was then blown up.
It was later established that UNITA had not succeeded in entering the airbase and the destruction of the airbase infrastructure was due to the SADF artillery and MRLs. By the 17 August, 32 Battalion began to withdraw back to Mavinga.
Vital artillery support
The G5 howitzer was used operationally for the first time by the SADF on 9 August 1986 during Operation Alpha Centauri by Quebec Battery (a battery consists of eight guns) of Middelburg. At that time Quebec Battery was stationed in South West Africa at 32 Battalion's Buffalo base. They were called up and dealt into 32 Battalion especially for Operation Alpha Centauri. The G5 battery was employed in conjunction with one battery of multiple rocket launchers (MRL). The operation was an artillery attack against Cuban and FAPLA formations concentrating in Cuito Cuanavale for their 1986 offensive against UNITA. The 25th Cuban-FAPLA Brigade was situated east of Cuito Cuanavale near Tumpo. The 13th Brigade was situated in Cuito Cuanavale and the 8th Brigade operated between Menongue and Cuito Cuanavale, the former being a large logistics depot. Convoys regularly travelled from Menongue to supply Cuito Cuanavale.
In the weeks before the first assault, the 8 G5s were flown in darkness from Rundu to Mavinga (15°47'36 S 20°21'49 E) over two nights by South African Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, whilst the remainder of the battery including the gun-tractors drove the distance. The heavy guns were difficult to drag through the sandy terrain and this avoided a significant part of the journey from the border to the target area.
The G5 assault began at last light, about 17h10. It was time for dinner and the first shots were fired after most of the Brigade at Cuito Cuanavale went into the mess for supper. By 23h00, the back of the opposition was broken. Heavy fire was brought down upon the enemy in the first five hours resulting in large scale destruction. The G5s fired little during daytime and only when observation posts gave the OK.
The G5 battery, aka Quebec Battery, didn't move for the first three days, while they were shooting. This was a first for any artillery movement. Normally, after the guns fired, they would pack up and move, to avoid counter-fire.
It took the battery of G5s three days to break the offensive. Unita was left at Cuito Cuanavale, to keep control, and the battery of G5s were already retreating, when they had to turn around and go back, as Unita were chased out of Cuito Cuanavale by Cuban and FAPLA reinforcements. The battery of G5s then started another full-scale attack, taking out the reinforcements as well. The battery of G5s then blew up a landing strip the Angolans used as an attack platform for their Migs, and an ammo-base, which exploded for hours, and burned for two to three days.
This destroyed the 1986 Cuban and FAPLA offensive against UNITA and showed the tremendous destructive force that lay within one battery of G5s. Owing to the long range and the accuracy with which the G5 could fire and the effect of the ammunition, authority was forced upon the enemy.
The battery of G-5s became known as the Ghost Battery, because they couldn't be found by the opposition. As a result of the daylight activities of the MiG-23 jet fighters employed by the Cubans, artillery fire missions could only be executed at night. As it was the first time that the G5s were used operationally, there was great cause for concern that the MiGs would spot them. The spotter planes flew over the G5 battery every day, but it must have looked like a dummy shelter. The MiGs were continuously in the air trying to locate the G5s and bombed the surrounding area at random in the hope of hitting the artillery.
The closest the bombs ever got to the battery of G5s was to hit the shelter the G5s stayed at for three days, only two hours after the G5s were moved to a new shelter. The battery of G5s struggled for weeks to retreat out of Angola, because of Migs and enemy spotter planes being in the air all the time.
This operation proved to the SADF that survival was possible despite an unfavourable air situation. As a result of the enemy's air superiority, great attention was given to passive defensive measures such as camouflage, track discipline and the concealment of movement.
Special techniques of concealment were practised beforehand which prevented the enemy from detecting the artillery. Before the operation was undertaken, these techniques of concealment were also tested under conditions similar to those that the artillery would experience during the operation. Another factor in favour of the artillery was the unprofessional manner in which the enemy employed its air force. The MiG fighters mostly flew at very high altitudes, making observation very difficult for the pilots. The apparent reason for this was to avoid being shot down by UNITA's Stinger anti-aircraft missiles. In addition, owing to the dryness of the season, the many bush fires in the area created a lot of dust and smoke in the air. During this operation, approximately 2 500 multiple rocket launcher projectiles and approximately 4 500 G5 projectiles were used.
Aftermath
The SADF artillery and MRLs had succeeded in destroying most of the airbase's radar installations, its anti-aircraft installations and most of the fuel and ammunition depots. UNITA succeeded in destroying Angolan aircraft and tanks. As would be seen in later battles, the SADF realised that UNITA was not capable of launching conventional attacks against FAPLA and the Cuban forces and would not be able to stop a combined offensive. This SADF operation had slowed down the Angolan, Cuban and Soviet troops' planned offensive against UNITA, but they would again regroup around the major towns close to Cuito and rearm for future operations.
See also
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale
References
Further reading
Alpha Centauri, Operation
Alpha Centauri, Operation
Alpha Centauri
Alpha Centauri
Conflicts in 1986
August 1986 events in Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Alpha%20Centauri
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The Wolfsegg Iron, also known as the Salzburg Cube, is a small cuboid mass of iron that was found buried in Tertiary lignite in Wolfsegg am Hausruck, Austria, in 1885. It weighs 785 grams (1 lb 12 oz) and measures (2¾" x 2¾" x 1¾"). Four of its sides are roughly flat, while the two remaining sides (opposite each other) are convex. A fairly deep groove is incised all the way around the object, about mid-way up its height.
The Wolfsegg Iron became notable when it was claimed to be an out-of-place artifact: a worked iron cube found buried in a 20-million-year-old coal seam. It was originally identified by scientists as being of meteoric origin, a suggestion later ruled out by analysis. It seems most likely that it is a piece of cast iron used as ballast in mining machinery, deposited during mining efforts before it was found apparently within the seam.
History
Early descriptions of the object appeared in contemporary editions of the scientific journals Nature and L'Astronomie, the object identified by scientists as being a fossil meteorite. It was reported that the object was discovered when a workman at the Braun iron foundry in Schöndorf, Austria, was breaking up a block of lignite that had been mined at Wolfsegg. In 1886, mining engineer Adolf Gurlt reported on the object to the Natural History Society of Bonn, noting that the object was coated with a thin layer of rust, was made of iron, and had a specific gravity of 7.75.
A plaster cast was made of the object shortly before the end of the 19th century, as the original had suffered from being handled, and had had samples cut from it by researchers.
Analysis
The object was analysed in 1966–1967 by the Vienna Naturhistorisches Museum using electron beam micro-analysis, which found no traces of nickel, chromium or cobalt in the iron, suggesting that it was not of meteoric origin, while the lack of sulfur indicated that it is not a pyrite. Because of its low magnesium content, Dr. Gero Kurat of the museum and Dr. Rudolf Grill of the Federal Geological Office in Vienna thought that it might be cast iron, Grill suggesting that similar rough lumps had been used as ballast in early mining machinery.
The cast is currently kept in the Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen in Linz, Austria, where the original object was also exhibited from 1950 to 1958, while the original cuboid is held by the Heimathaus Museum of Vöcklabruck, Austria.
Out-of-place artifact
The Wolfsegg Iron is claimed by some as an out-of-place artifact (OOPArt), and it is often stated as a fact in paranormal literature that it disappeared without trace in 1910, from the Salzburg Museum. In fact, as mentioned, it is at the Heimathaus Museum in Vöcklabruck, Austria, which is where the photo was taken. It has also erroneously been described as "a perfectly machined steel cube".
Notes
Forteana
Upper Austria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfsegg%20Iron
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The Queen of Spades () is a 1960 film adaptation of Tchaikovsky's opera The Queen of Spades, based on the 1834 Aleksandr Pushkin short story of the same name, and directed by Roman Tikhomirov.
The film, set in the 1820s, follows a man named Hermann, who has just returned from army service to Moscow. At the beginning of the film, he is in love with the beautiful young Liza - who is engaged to another - but soon he becomes fatally obsessed with learning the secret to a winning card combination from Liza's grandmother, the Countess.
The operatic parts were performed by Zurab Andzhaparidze, Tamara Milashkina, and Yevgeny Kibkalo.
For this film Oleg Strizhenov received the Aleksandr Pushkin's Big Gold Medal and the prize of the Russian Musical Fund of Irina Arkhipova "for the brilliant realization of the figure of Hermann in the film Queen of Spades".
Cast
Hermann - Oleg Strizhenov
Lisa - Olga Krasina
Countess - Yelena Polevitskaya
Count Tomsky - Vadim Medvedev
Yeletsky - Valentin Kulik
External links
See also
The Queen of Spades (opera)
The Queen of Spades (1916 film)
The Queen of Spades (1970 film)
The Queen of Spades (1982 film)
1960 films
1960 in the Soviet Union
Soviet musical drama films
Soviet opera films
1960s Russian-language films
Films based on The Queen of Spades
Lenfilm films
Films set in the 1820s
Films about gambling
1960s ghost films
1960s musical drama films
1960 drama films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen%20of%20Spades%20%281960%20film%29
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The Hall of the Divine Child was a boarding school in Monroe, Michigan serving kindergarten through eighth grades. It was built in 1918 and closed in 1980; the building turned into the "Norman Towers". It was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.
History
In 1915, Bishop John Samuel Foley asked the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary to construct a boys boarding school. Construction began that year, but World War I delayed the opening until 1918. The school opened in January of that year with 26 pupils. Attendees were primarily boarding students, but some day students attended.
Originally the school also housed grade 1-6 girls attending St Mary's Academy (now St. Mary Catholic Central High School). In 1932, the girls were moved to a new facility, and Hall of the Divine Child began offering high school classes. In 1936, the school became a military academy, and a regulation drill uniform was adopted in 1938. In 1941, with a waiting list to enter, the high school curriculum was dropped and the school returned to K-8 classes. Enrollment peaked in the mid-1950s at about 350 students. However, in the following years, enrollment declined and operational costs increased. The school closed in 1980.
In the early 1980s, the sisters sold the building to a limited partnership, which converted it to an apartment complex for older adults known as "Norman Towers." However, the sisters repossessed the building in the late 1990s, and resold it in 2005. As of 2017, a developer plans to renovate the structure.
Description
The Hall of the Divine Child is a four-and-a-half-story, red brick, institutional building with limestone trim. The facade is dominated by a central castellated tower, which has battlements and turrets.
References
Monroe, Michigan
Schools in Monroe County, Michigan
Educational institutions established in 1918
Educational institutions disestablished in 1980
Defunct United States military academies
Defunct schools in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Michigan
1918 establishments in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%20of%20the%20Divine%20Child
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Divine Child High School, commonly known as Divine Child (DC), is a private, Roman Catholic, college-preparatory, parochical high school in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. Divine Child is a highly ranked private high school in Michigan, scoring in the top 15 percent of private schools in the State. Notably, it is the seventh-largest private high school, and the largest co-educational Catholic high school in the State.
The school is located on a 20-acre campus that includes a new athletic complex and fitness center, which was financed through an ongoing capital campaign that has raised five million in capital to date.
Overview
Divine Child High School is a highly rated, Catholic, college-preparatory high school located in Dearborn, Michigan. Divine Child is ranked among the top 15% of private high schools in the State of Michigan as of the 2021–2022 school year. It is the State's largest Catholic co-ed high school, enrolling near 900 students from 55 different zip codes; minority enrollment at the school is 18.6 percent, and the student-teacher ratio is 12:1.
Divine Child Catholic Schools together have nearly 1,500 students enrolled K-12, making it the second largest private school community in the State, after Cranbrook Schools in Bloomfield Hills, MI which has 1,673 students, and more than Detroit Country Day School in Franklin, MI which has 1,457 students.
The school follows an all school uniform policy, with boys wearing khaki slacks and an Oxford shirt and tie, and girls may either wear a kilt or slacks, along with a button-up shirt, with both wearing blazers. As of 2022, Divine Child Catholic Schools had an estimated financial endowment of twelve million dollars.
History
Divine Child High School was founded in September 1958 by Monsignor Herbert Weier. Initially, it consisted of 84 freshmen, two Bernardine Sisters of St. Francis, and an athletic department. The Class of 1962, the first graduating class, consisted of 69 students. The original building consisted of of space including ten classrooms, two science labs, a small library, a typing and office machines room, and a study hall room. Since then, eleven additions have significantly increased the size and facilities of the school.
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 884 students enrolled at Divine Child in 2018 was:
Native American/Alaskan - 1.0%; Asian/Pacific islanders - 4.8%; Black - 2.3%; Hispanic - 4.3%; White - 81.4%; Multiracial - 6.2%
Academics
Divine Child offers 20 honors and 19 Advanced Placement courses that can be taken for college credit that include: American Government, American History, Art History, Calculus AB, Chemistry, Computer Science, Computer Science Principles, English Language & Composition, English Literature & Composition, Environmental Science, Spanish, Latin, Music Theory, Physics 1, Physics 2, Statistics, World History, Seminar, and Research. The average ACT score for the school is 28 and has an average SAT score of 1250.
The school also offers an Instructional Support Program (ISP) that provides academic support to students with specific learning differences at tiered levels of intervention, which is unique among private schools.
Admissions and Tuition
DC accepts students from all faiths and backgrounds. Admission to DC is based on a student's academic performance, standardized test scores, and letters of recommendation. DC also requires all applicants to complete a personal interview.
For the academic year 2023-24, the tuition rates at the school are as follows: The in-parish tuition rate is $9,300 per student, while the out-of-parish tuition rate is $10,800 per student. Additionally, if a family has three children attending the school concurrently, the tuition rate for the third child is discounted by 50%.
Bands
The school has four bands which are present: marching band, pep band, symphonic band, and jazz band.
Athletics
The Divine Child Falcons are members of the Catholic High School League, and has the largest athletic program in the league with over fifty teams. Divine Child is ranked among the top five percent of high schools in the United States for athletics. The school colors are red and grey. The following MHSAA sanctioned sports are offered:
Baseball (boys)
State champions - 1992, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010
Basketball (girls and boys)
Boys state champions - 1973, 1977
Girls state champions - 1986, 1989, 1993, 1994, 2011
Bowling (girls and boys)
Boys State Champions 2021
Competitive cheer (girls)
Cross country (girls and boys)
Football (boys)
State championships - 1975, 1985
Golf (girls and boys)
Ice hockey (boys)
State champions - 2002
Lacrosse (girls and boys)
Soccer (girls and boys)
Softball (girls)
State champions - 1975
Swimming and diving (girls)
Tennis (girls and boys)
Track and field (girls and boys)
Girls state champions - 2010, 2012, 2013
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)
Notable Individuals
Ryan Anderson, MLB pitcher
Mike Cervenak, MLB player
Jeff Chadwick, NFL receiver
Bob LaPointe, American College football head coach.
Gary Danielson, NFL quarterback
Tom Dohring, NFL lineman
James Finn Garner, New York Times bestselling author and satirist, author of Politically Correct Bedtime Stories
Dan Gheesling, American reality television personality, YouTube personality. Big Brother 10 winner, Big Brother 14 runner-up; first contestant to appear in the Final 2 twice
Eric Haase, MLB catcher
Jim Herrmann, NFL assistant football coach
Aidan Hutchinson, Michigan football, NFL player for the Detroit Lions
Jordan Oesterle, NHL defenseman
Laurie Pohutsky, Speaker pro tempore of the Michigan House of Representatives
Lauren Plawecki, Member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the 11th district
Chris Rusin, MLB pitcher
Pat Shurmur, NFL head coach
Erin E. Stead, Author, illustrator of children's books, winner of the Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished American picture book for children, A Sick Day for Amos McGee
Ron Vanderlinden, linebackers coach at Air Force Academy; head football coach at the University of Maryland.
Brian Zahra, Associate Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court.
Bill McCartney, college football coach and founder of Promise Keepers, coached basketball and football at Divine Child early in his career
References
External links
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit
Educational institutions established in 1958
Buildings with sculpture by Corrado Parducci
Catholic secondary schools in Michigan
Education in Dearborn, Michigan
Schools in Wayne County, Michigan
1958 establishments in Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine%20Child%20High%20School
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ISWC may refer to:
International Semantic Web Conference
International Symposium on Wearable Computers
International Standard Musical Work Code
International Speed Windsurfing Class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISWC
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Éric Millot (12 December 1968) is a French former competitive figure skater. He is the 1993 European bronze medalist, the 1995–96 Champions Series Final bronze medalist, and a four-time (1990–93) French national champion. He represented France at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, where he placed 15th, and at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, where he placed 7th. He is also the first skater to land a triple loop-triple loop combination in competition. With wife Valerie and young daughter, the Millot family moved to California (Palm Springs and then San Diego) in the late 1990s. While in San Diego, Millot skated with Sea World summer nights skating show and coached at local rinks. His son was born in 2006. In 2013, Millot relocated to the Toyota Sports Center in El Segundo, California to coach alongside Frank Carroll.
Competitive highlights
GP: Champions Series (Grand Prix)
References
Olympic figure skaters for France
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
French male single skaters
1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Reims
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
French emigrants to the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric%20Millot
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Kristine L. Holzer (born March 21, 1974) is an American Olympic speed skater.
Diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) when she was 13 years old, Holzer originally took up rowing at Gonzaga University because the sport was low-impact. Despite her difficult past, Holzer excelled at rowing and upon graduation moved to Augusta, Georgia to train with the United States Sculling squad under the watchful eye of Coach Igor Grinko. Holzer remained in Augusta for two summers, where due to the combination of her small stature, almost frightening work ethic, and surprising speed on the water, she earned the nickname "Pocket Rocket." Kristine's rowing career peaked at the 1998 United States Senior National Team Trials, where she finished second in the women's double sculls. After being snubbed for a spot as a spare in the 1998 World Rowing Championships, Kristine decided to take up speedskating at the age of 24 (despite having only skated once in her life).
After narrowly missing a spot on the 2002 Winter Olympic squad, Holzer skated at the 2006 Winter Olympics and finished in 27th place in the 3000 meters.
References
US Speedskating profile
External links
NBC Olympics
Kristine's U.S. Olympic Team bio
Sports-Reference.com bio
Living people
1974 births
American female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the United States
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canadian people of German descent
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Gonzaga University alumni
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine%20Holzer
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Armoured Carrier, Wheeled, Indian Pattern (ACV-IP), known also as Indian Pattern Carrier or other similar names, was an armoured car produced in India during the Second World War. It was typically armed with a Bren light machine gun. Those produced by Tata Locomotives were called "Tatanagars" after the location of the works. 4,655 were produced, used by Indian units in the Far East and Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre, typically in divisional reconnaissance regiments.
History
At the outbreak of the Second World War, the United Kingdom was unable to meet the needs of the Commonwealth for armoured fighting vehicles. It led many Commonwealth countries to develop their own vehicles. As production of heavy armoured vehicles, such as tanks, required advanced industry which those countries lacked, most of the developed fighting vehicles were armoured cars, often based on imported chassis.
In India a series of armoured vehicles was developed, known as Armoured Carrier, Wheeled, Indian Pattern or ACV-IP. These vehicles used Ford or GMC CMP truck chassis imported from Canada. Armoured hulls were constructed mainly by the Indian Railways. The armament typically consisted of Bren light machine gun, in some variants mounted in a small turret and Boys anti-tank rifle. The No. 19 radio set was carried. The vehicle was in production from 1940 until 1944, 4,655 being built.
The ACV-IP was used by Indian units in the Far East and Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre, typically in divisional reconnaissance regiments, as reconnaissance vehicle, personnel carrier, AA weapons carrier or Forward Observation Officer vehicle.
Variants
Mk I — initial version, based on Ford model 1940 truck chassis with motor in front, fitted with a Marmon-Herrington all wheel drive kit.
Mk II — Ford CO11QRF chassis (all wheel drive, motor in the rear, right hand drive).
Mk IIA — modified armoured hull.
Mk IIB — thicker armour.
Mk IIC — Ford C191QRF chassis, armoured roof and small turret for Bren MG.
Mk III — similar to Mk IIC, with slightly modified hull. 276 units built.
Mk IV — Ford C291QR chassis, open hull.
Notes
References
George Forty - World War Two Armoured Fighting Vehicles and Self-Propelled Artillery, Osprey Publishing 1996, .
I. Moschanskiy - Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939-1945 part 2, Modelist-Konstruktor, Bronekollektsiya 1999-02 (И. Мощанский - Бронетанковая техника Великобритании 1939-1945 часть 2, Моделист-Конструктор, Бронеколлекция 1999–02).
External links
ACV-IP at Flames of War
Indian Armor at TANKS!
ACV-IP at Wargaming.net
ACV-IP at ww2drawings.jexiste.fr
Military history of India during World War II
World War II armoured cars
Armoured fighting vehicles of India
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured%20Carrier%20Wheeled%20Indian%20Pattern
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The traditional districts of Denmark differ from the country's administrative country subdivisions nowadays, as their existence and extent are usually not defined by law. The Danes will often refer to their traditional districts if asked where they come from, rather than the administrative unit which has been changed several times (last in 2007).
Some of these districts are nationally known, others more locally. Some of them may vary in their delimitations, while others are based on ancient hundreds and syssels with fixed borders. Dialect, folklore and local identity will or would often vary from one traditional district to another.
The lands of Denmark were the three major parts of the country until the 17th century.
Scanian Provinces
Scania (now Swedish)
Halland (now Swedish)
Blekinge (now Swedish)
Bornholm
Øerne ('The Islands')
Zealand
Hornsherred
Odsherred
North Zealand
Stevns
Møn
Lolland-Falster or Smålandene
Lolland
Falster
Funen
South Funen Archipelago
Langeland
Tåsinge
Ærø
Jutland
South Jutland
Vestslesvig
Als
Sundeved
Tørninglen
Angel (now German)
Svans (now German)
North Frisia (now German)
East Jutland
Kronjylland
Djursland
Bjerreherred
West Jutland
Hardsyssel
Fjends
Northwest Jutland
Thy
Mors
Salling
North Jutland
Himmerland
Hanherred
Vendsyssel
See also
Districts of Norway
Provinces of Sweden
Subdivisions of the Nordic countries
Administrative divisions of Denmark
Vernacular geography
Former subdivisions of Denmark
Former states and territories of Denmark
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20districts%20of%20Denmark
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Fairy Bridge may refer to:
Fairy Bridge (Isle of Man), one of two locations on the Isle of Man in the British Isles
Fairy Bridge (Isle of Skye), a storied stone bridge near Dunvegan in Scotland
Xianren Bridge () in China, the world's largest natural arch
no:Fairy Bridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy%20Bridge
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Charles Frederic Moberly Bell (2 April 1847, Alexandria – 5 April 1911, London) was a British journalist and newspaper editor during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Early life
Charles Frederic Moberly Bell was born in Alexandria. His mother was Hester Louisa née David, and his father was a merchant.
Both his parents died while Moberly Bell was still a child. He was sent to England to live with relatives and be educated there. He returned to his birthplace in 1865 and worked briefly for the same company as his father had, Peel & Co.
Journalism and The Times
Moberly Bell then found free-lance work with The Times. In 1875, he became its official correspondent in Egypt, and achieved fame with his coverage of the Urabi Revolt of 1882. He founded The Egyptian Gazette in 1880.
During the bombardment of Alexandria in July 1882, he was a guest alongside rival journalist Frederic Villiers on board HMS Condor when its commander Lord Charles Beresford attacked Fort Marabut.
In 1890, Bell was invited by the owner of The Times, Arthur Fraser Walter, to help run the financially shaky paper, considered highly respected but stolid and boring. As managing director, Bell revitalized the title, greatly increasing its staff of foreign correspondents. In 1902, Bell created Literature, a forerunner of The Times Literary Supplement, and in 1910, followed that supplement or spin-off with The Times Educational Supplement. In 1908, Bell helped to engineer its sale to Alfred Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe. Bell remained with the paper until his death in 1911.
Encyclopædia Britannica
According to Herman Kogan, Bell's single most notable accomplishment was his deal with American Horace Everett Hooper to reprint and sell the Encyclopædia Britannica under the sponsorship of The Times. Beginning in 1898, Hooper and his advertising executive Henry Haxton introduced aggressive marketing methods (full-page advertisements and direct marketing) to sell a reprint of the Britannica's 9th edition, which was justly famous for its scholarship but by then out of date. Building on the newspaper's solid reputation, Hooper managed to sell over 20,000 sets of the 9th edition and over 70,000 sets of its supplement, the 10th edition. The profit on the 10th edition was in excess of £600,000, and the royalties paid to the paper made it profitable for the first time in years. In 1908, Hooper's legal battle with his business partner Walter Montgomery Jackson caused The Times to cancel its contract to sponsor the 11th edition.
Writing
Bell wrote three books: Khedives and Pashas (1884), Egyptian Finance (1887), and From Pharaoh to Fellah (1888), illustrated by George Montbard and engraved by Charles Barbant.
Personal life
In 1875 Moberly Bell married Ethel Chataway; the couple had two sons and four daughters.
Moberly Bell's biography was written by his daughter Enid. The Life and Letters of C. F. Moberly Bell was published in 1927, 16 years after his death.
References
External links
British reporters and correspondents
British newspaper editors
The Times people
Encyclopædia Britannica
1847 births
1911 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Frederic%20Moberly%20Bell
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Louis Joseph Chimango (born 19 October 1943) was a long-time cabinet minister in Late Hastings Kamuzu Banda's cabinet from 1978 to 1994. He had trained as a lawyer and later on as a barrister from Grays Inn in London. He later taught at the law school at Chancellor College in Zomba, a constituent of the University of Malawi, from 1970, before being nominated for politics in 1978. He left the law school when he was the dean of the Faculty of Law. During Late Kamuzu Banda's time he held a number of cabinet portfolios including those of Minister of Finance (1980-1981 and 1987-1994), Health, Local Government, and Education, among others. After Late Kamuzu's defeat in the 1993 referendum he maintained his seat in Parliament and was later elected Speaker of the National Assembly of Malawi from June 2005-June 2009. A member of the Malawi Congress Party, he represented the Lilongwe Mpenu Nkhoma constituency, a seat which he lost during the 1999 Late Bingu wa Mutharika's regime. He was also a member of the Pan-African Parliament.
He is married to Jane Chimango, a senior lecturer at Kamuzu College of Nursing. He has four children and several grandchildren. He has since retired from active politics and is considered to be running his personal businesses. He is known to have orchestrated a number of national activities including spearheading the current constitution between 1995 and 1997. He was the favourite to pick up the mantle after John Tembo had left the presidency of the Malawi Congress Party. He is considered amongst the cleanest politicians to have come out of the Kamuzu's era of dirty crocodile politics.
In May 2008 Chimango was asked to resign his post due to lack of confidence from opposition legislators for his open bias towards government.
See also
List of current members of the National Assembly of Malawi
References
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi
Living people
Finance ministers of Malawi
Speakers of the National Assembly (Malawi)
Malawi Congress Party politicians
1943 births
University of Malawi alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Chimango
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Smak (; trans. The end time) was a Serbian and Yugoslav band from Kragujevac. The group reached the peak of popularity in the 1970s when it was one of the most notable acts of the former Yugoslav rock scene. The band's leader, guitarist Radomir Mihailović, nicknamed Točak ("The Wheel"), is considered one of the most influential guitarists on the former Yugoslav rock scene.
Formed in 1971 by the guitarist Radomir "Točak" Mihajlović and drummer Slobodan "Kepa" Stojanović, the band did not get a stable lineup until 1975 by which time bassist Zoran Milanović, vocalist Boris Aranđelović and keyboard player Laza Ristovski became the band's official members. However, after recording their eponymous debut album, Ristovski left and the remaining quartet recorded their subsequent albums with various keyboardists before disbanding in 1981.
After brief reunions between 1986 and 1992, the two founding members, Mihajlović and Stojanović, reestablished the band with younger musicians — vocalist Dejan "Najda" Najdanović, the second drummer Dejan "Kepa Jr." Stojanović, second guitarist Milan "Mikica" Milosavljević and bassist Vlada Samardžić. During the late 1990, the latter was replaced by the bassist Slobodan "Sale" Marković who performed with the band until 2002 when Smak disbanded once again. The remaining members from the last lineup, with the new bassist Miloš Petrović reunited in 2010, and in 2012 the default lineup of the band made a one-off reunion.
History
Formation and early career (1971–1975)
Two ambitious twenty-year-old budding musicians—guitarist Radomir "Točak" Mihailović and drummer
—met up in Stojanović's hometown Kraljevo on 23 April 1971 with a view of starting a band together. They had earlier been put in touch with one another through Predrag "Biska" Albić, Mihailović's childhood friend who had served the mandatory Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) service with Stojanović. Throughout their army stint together in Mostar, Albić kept telling Stojanović about Mihailović's exceptional guitar-playing skills and passion for rock'n'roll, eventually arranging for the two to meet. Following the introductory meeting in Kraljevo, the two musicians returned to their lives as Stojanović had already been set to go on a tour with his family orchestra—an engagement he envisioned as an opportunity to earn enough money for a new drum kit—while Mihailović went back to his hometown Čačak.
Upon getting back home, Mihailović got introduced to Zoran Milanović (bass guitar) and Slobodan "Koma" Kominac (vocals), both from Kragujevac, who asked him to join their upstart progressive rock band Gentry, an offer he accepted on condition that Stojanović become the band's drummer. During November 1971, the four met up in Kraljevo in order to officially form a band and, having been kicked out of Stojanović's family home by his grandmother who didn't appreciate the sight of four young men with long hair in her house, they went to a local restaurant and then to a nearby park where they wrote their first song, later named "Bluz u parku" ("Blues in the Park") in memory of the event.
In December 1971, the lineup was completed with the arrival of Miša Nikolić on organ. Still largely a cover band at this point, the group played youth dance halls with covers of Santana, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, and Jimi Hendrix. Soon after, the members decided to change the band's name. Influenced by Smak sveta (The End of the World), a Hair-inspired musical being prepared locally at the Kragujevac Theatre in dedication to the schoolchildren killed during the Kragujevac massacre, they agreed on Smak (Endtime) as their new name while the play eventually never got staged. New name Smak occasionally got referred to in jest as S.M.A.K., a supposed acronym for Samostalni Muzički Ansambl Kragujevac (Independent Musical Ensemble Kragujevac). During this period, the band members spent time writing their own material, including 22 instrumental songs — from "Biska 2" to "Biska 23", written by Mihailović as a dedication to his friend Predrag "Biska" Albić (who was 22 at the time), featuring the defined band's sound as a combination of progressive rock with jazz and blues influences.
The fact that the band's improvisations turned dances into rock concerts was the reason why their performances were becoming less popular, which eventually led vocalist Kominac to leave the band, being replaced by Slobodan "Johan" Jovanović, Mihailović's friend from Čačak. However, since the performances were the source of income for the band members, they all agreed to reunite with Kominac and go to Dubrovnik where they would perform mostly blues repertoire for two and a half months during the summer of 1972. During their stay in Dubrovnik, the band opened for Time, which had borrowed their equipment for the performance. After the Dubrovnik performances the band took a break until March 1973 when, with the new vocalist Milorad "Kimi" Petrović, Stojanović's former bandmate from the band Bluz Projekcija, Stojanović, Mihailović and Milanović decided to perform at the Požarevac Gitarijada Festival (not to be confused with Zaječar Gitarijada Festival). There, in April 1973, the band shared the first place with the local band Dijamanti, which organized the festival.
With yet another return of Kominac to the band, Smak continued performing in Kragujevac clubs, as well as making a successful appearance at the Pop Music Festival in Sanad. This lineup recorded the song "Biska II blues", which appeared on the PGP RTB various artists compilation Leteća diskoteka (Flying Discothèque), compiled by Zoran Modli in 1977. In October 1973, the musically inexperienced high tenor vocalist Boris Aranđelović, who had just returned from Australia, joined the band after auditioning with a successful performance of Deep Purple's "Child in Time". After Aranđelović's arrival, during the early 1974, the band started recording their debut single and were interested in bringing an organist into the band, offering the place to Time member Tihomir "Pop" Asanović, who turned down the offer due to his plans to form his Jugoslovenska Pop Selekcija. Eventually, the band released their debut single "Živim ja" (I'm Livin'), originally entitled "Biska 13", with "Biska 16" as the B-side, in March 1974 through PGP-RTB. "Živim ja" featured the flutist Sreten Tasić "Tasa", at the time member of the band Oliver, who by chance turned up at the studio during the recording session. During the late 1974, "Živim ja" was selected as the hit single of the year on the Veče uz radio (An Evening With the Radio) Radio Belgrade show.
Smak performed in Belgrade for the first time on November 10, 1974, during the Veče uz radio anniversary concert, alongside Bijelo Dugme, Pop Mašina and other notable bands of the time. Several days later, the band performed at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology, the first time with a guest keyboard player Laza Ristovski, a former Bezimeni and Boki Milošević Orchestra member. Ristovski officially became a member in January 1975, soon after which, Smak performed with the Hungarian band Omega in the Dom Sindikata Hall. In February of the same year, the band performed at the Rock Evening of Opatija Festival, and afterwards in Zagreb at the Kongres rock majstora (The Rock Masters Congress) concert held as the summit of the best Yugoslav guitar players. Unlike the expectation that Mihajlović would be declared the best guitarist of the event, the judges decided that the best four guitarists were Bata Kostić of YU grupa, Vedran Božić of Time, Josip Boček formerly of Korni Grupa, and Goran Bregović of Bijelo Dugme, all of whom, unlike Mihailović, were signed to Jugoton, the event's principal organizer. Shortly after, on March 16, 1975, Smak opened for the Deep Purple concert in Belgrade, performing three of their numbers: "Put od balona" (Road Made of Balloons), "Šumadijski blues" (Šumadijan Blues) and "Ulazak u harem" (Entry into the Harem).
After the performance at the Od glave do pete (From Head to Heels) television show where the band performed the instrumental "Ulazak u harem", originally composed by Točak's teacher, Dragoljub "Jarak" Jaraković but rearranged by Točak, owing to positive reactions, they decided to record the track as their follow-up single. In April 1975, the band signed the Ljubljana ZKP RTLJ and released the single "Ulazak u harem" with the track "Epitaf" ("Epitaph") as the B-side. However, after being offered the contract by the Zagreb Suzy Records to release the single through their label, the band signed yet another contract, releasing "Ulazak u harem" with the song "Sto ptica" ("A Hundred Birds") as the B-side, which resulted in the two labels simultaneously releasing the same single. The release of the singles became the first major music controversy in the history of Yugoslav music. Eventually the band chose to remain with the ZKP RTLJ label and were offered to record their debut album for the label. The following month, the band went on a Bosnian and Croatian tour with Bijelo Dugme and the East German band Puhdys, and had several live appearances with the Hungarian band Sirius and Austrian band Gypsy Love, followed by them headlining the Zagreb BOOM Festival.
Commercial success (1975–1978)
Smak's eponymous debut album, Smak (Endtime), was released in 1975 and featured five tracks: the A-side featured "Perle" (Beads), "Mračni mol" (The Dark Minor), "Blues u parku" (Blues in the Park) and the shortened "Biska 2", whereas the B-side featured the twenty-minute long instrumental "Put od balona" ("The Road Made of Balloons"), originally entitled "Biska 20". Despite its length, the latter track was recorded in a single take and was inspired by the Korni Grupa symphonic rock tracks such as "Prvo svetlo u kući broj 4" (First Light in the House Number 4) and "Jedna žena" (A Woman). The album featured the lyrics mostly written by Mihajlović, but shortly after, the band asked the services of the poet Mirko Glišić from Kragujevac for the same occupation, with whom they collaborated on their subsequent releases. The album received mixed to favorable critics, but nevertheless went silver, being sold in about twenty thousand copies. The album had also increased the cult status of Mihajlović's guitar playing, which was confirmed on their three-week tour of East Germany.
In April 1976 the band released the double 7" EP Satelit (Satellite), featuring the title track which became an instant hit, and had a cover which in its inner side had a satellite jumping out of the sleeves. The promotion of the EP was also organized in an unusual manner: the Ljubljana's ZKP RTLJ record label invited about twenty journalists to a DC10 flight from Belgrade to New York City during which the band performed an improvised session on the plane. They stayed in New York City for a week, recording a promotional video for "Satelit", a documentary about their visit, and performed in a club for expatriates from Banat. Upon their return from the United States, Mihajlović released his debut solo album R. M. Točak, and the band had a mini-tour of Yugoslavia during the Autumn of 1976. In October the band released the single with songs "Ljudi nije fer" (People, It's Not Fair!) with the B-side "El dumo", and as a part of the single promotion, a one-hour documentary about the band's stay in New York was screened. The following month, Laza Ristovski left Smak to join Bijelo Dugme, at the time Smak's rivals, being replaced by the organist Miki Petkovski from the band Breg (the embryonic Leb i Sol), a cello music academy graduate in the class of professor André Navarra.
During the early 1977, the band, Ristovski's departure and Mihailović's illness started preparing material for the following album, with Petkovski also bringing his cello to the rehearsals, and the written material was recorded in London at the Morgan Studios. Crna dama (Black Lady), produced by Martin Levan, featured the lyrics written by Mirko Glišić and the music by Mihajlović, with the exception for "Tegoba" (Ailment), written by Petkovski, in which he presented his sympathies for jazz rock. The musical style ranged from the hard rock influenced title track, ballads "Stvar ljubavi" (A Matter of Love) and "Plava pesma" (Blue Song), featuring the London Harmonium string quartet, folk rock "Daire" (Tambourine), the progressive "'Alo", featuring Aranđelović's scat singing combined with Mihajlović's solo parts, and "Domaći zadatak" (Homework), featuring complex solos on drums, bass guitar and keyboards, which was directly dedicated to Bijelo Dugme. The album had a luxurious cover designed by Dragan S. Stefanović, featuring a new band logo which became one of the band's trademarks.
The album went gold and received mostly positive critics, although Glišić's lyrics received mostly negative reactions, being described as banal and ineffective. PGP RTB had also made a great investment in the album promotion, with the appropriate coverage in the media, thus the songs "Crna dama", "Daire" and "Plava pesma" became nationwide hits. On September 8, 1977, the band embarked on a large promotional tour, playing the opening show in Belgrade, performing in the sold out Pionir hall, and later at the BOOM festival in Novi Sad. In Zagreb, the band promoted the album in a streetcar which circled the city and after the Zagreb performance, in front of eleven thousand people, the representatives of the Frankfurt-based record label Bellaphon Records were introduced to the band. The band signed a five-year contract for eight albums, after which Mihajlović and Aranđelović traveled to London in order to record the tracks for the English language version of Crna dama for the European and American markets. Black Lady, featuring an alternate album cover, in the Melody Maker was reviewed as "a bad copy of Taste and Deep Purple", however, it received a positive review in Guitar Player. In the annual poll the readers of the Džuboks magazine selected Smak as the best band in 1977 and the band got the best album, cover, single, guitarist, bassist and drummer.
In January 1978, during the Midem music industry trade fair in Cannes, the Black Lady rights were bought by the American Fantasy Records and the Spanish branch of RCA Records. However, the atmosphere within the band had become tense, mostly owing to the fact that the successful Crna dama tour had eventually ended up in the band being twenty million dinars (approximately fifty thousand dollars) in debt after the tour. In such atmosphere they had several unsuccessful live performances, including the half-empty Belgrade Pionir hall concert in the spring of 1978. The band had also performed at a Polish international rock music festival in Poznań. At the time, the PGP RTS label bought the MCI 24-channel studio equipment on which, with the help of the personnel from Morgan studio, the band recorded the maxi single Smak Super 45, featuring "Nevidljive terazije" (The Invisible Scales) and "Hitopadeza" (Hitopadesha), the latter featuring Stojanović simultaneously playing two rhythms. During that period Petkovski recorded a solo album Ko zna (Who Knows), on which on one side of the LP performed Smak members and Leb i Sol members on the other. Soon after Petkovski left due to his military service, being replaced by Tibor Levay, the member of the RTV Novi Sad Orchestra.
Decline and crisis (1978–1981)
In a tense atmosphere, the band started writing new material, often clashing with Mihailović who did not react to the band's objections to his lyrical works. Nevertheless, the band traveled to England and in Chipping Norton near Oxford, in a local castle, the band installed their studio and started recording their third studio album. Despite frequent arguments, they recorded the progressive rock album Stranice našeg vremena (Pages of our Time), produced by the band themselves with the producer Barry Hammond, and featured the music and part of the lyrics written by Mihailović. The rest of the song lyrics were written by the Kragujevac poet Zoran Petrović, but did not receive positive reactions from the critics. Beside the new "Ponoćni lovac (Biska 18)" (Midnight Hunter (Biska 18)), "Tendži-tandži", "Nebo je samo drum bez dna" (Sky is Just a Bottomless Road), the album featured a rerecorded version of "Ulazak u harem". The album was released by Bellaphon for the international marked and PGP RTB released a licensed Serbian language version of the album. The English language version of the album, entitled Dab in the Middle, named after the suggestion by the guest percussionist on the album, David Moss.
After the album release, Levay left the band, soon to be followed by Mihailović, dissatisfied with the band's objections to his lyrics writing as well as objections to the usage of Moss' lyrics on Dab in the Middle. Smak continued performing, having several performances with the former Mirni Ljudi guitarist Srđan Miodragović, and former Time members Dado Topić and Chris Nichols. During the late 1978, Stojanović got the call to join September, fronted by Tihomir "Pop" Asanović, but declined due to his ambitions to continue working with Smak. At the beginning of 1979, Mihajlović returned to the band, and Laza Ristovski with him, disappointed with the situation in Bijelo Dugme and the failure of his album Stižemo (Here We Come), recorded with his Bijelo Dugme bandmate Ipe Ivandić. With the guest appearance by Dado Topić, the band released the EP Na Balkanu (On The Balkans), featuring the title track and "Gore dole" ("Up and Down"), with the lyrics written by Marina Tucaković. At the time, the band ended their contract with Bellaphon who were dissatisfied with the Smak album sales, with the band being dissatisfied with the album promotion. Another reason was the court case between Moss, who protected the rights to the usage of Dab in the Middle, and Bellaphon, eventually ending in the label paying ten thousand dollars for royalties.
The band continued collaborating with Dado Topić who produced the album Rok cirkus (Rock Circus), released in early 1980, featuring a more commercial hard rock sound, but met with severe criticism due to flaccid song lyrics, written by Marina Tucaković and Marko Glišić, especially the lyrics for the song "La Kukarača" (La Cucharacha). The album however had shown a reminiscence of their previous works in the instrumental "Instrumental Baby", and the songs "Hirošima" ("Hiroshima") and "Ogledalo" (The Mirror). The only song to become a hit from the album was the song "Profesor" ("Professor"). Influenced by the Rolling Stones' Rock 'n' Roll Circus, the band wanted to promote the album on a tour with performances in a circus tent. For that reason, in April 1980, the band traveled to Slovenia in order to sign a contract with the Slovenian Vargas circus company, however, their tent had been damaged after a heavy snowfall. In expecting another tent to arrive, the band had heard the news of the death of president Josip Broz Tito, after which the album was left almost without any promotion. Furthermore, the popularity of punk and new wave music in Yugoslavia had also influenced the commercial failure of the album.
At the beginning of 1981, Mihailović with Smak members decided to record a solo album, however, during the album recording process, they were uncertain whether it should be Točak's solo album or yet another Smak record. Eventually, it was decided that the album should be Mihailović's solo work, mostly owing to the fact that during the writing process his brother had died which made an influence on the atmosphere of the album and a part of the material recorded as a dedication to his brother. Another reason was the absence of Aranđelović whom did not participate the album recording due to his illness and thus the three non-instrumental tracks on the album featured the vocals of Dado Topić, in the song "Zašto ne volim sneg" ("Why I Dislike the Snow"), recorded in a single first take, and Zoran "Hoze" Živanović, in the songs "Južni voz" ("Southern Train") and "Nebeski splav" ("Sky Raft"). Beside the material written by Mihajlović, the album featured a cover version of the Macedonian folk song "Zajdi, zajdi" ("Set, Set (Oh, Sun)"), originally composed by Aleksandar Sarijveski. Eventually, Zašto ne volim sneg (Why I Dislike the Snow) was released as a Smak album after the PGP RTB persuaded the band to abolish the idea of a solo record. The album was released in five thousand copies only and quickly sold out in less than a month.
Breakup and aftermath (1981–1986)
By the time Zašto ne volim sneg got released, the frequent arguments among the band members precipitated their decision to disband following one final show in Belgrade. In June 1981, they held a farewell concert at the Red Star basketball court within the Kalemegdan fortress in front of six thousand fans, with a guest appearance by Dado Topić who joined the band on stage to perform "Na Balkanu". The concert was originally delayed due to heavy rainfall, partially damaging the equipment. Afterwards, there were issues with the show's promoters who reneged on the terms of the agreement regarding payment for the show, leading to band members only receiving about a fifth of the previously agreed payment. The suddenly reduced financial windfall from the final show led to the band's decision to embark on a farewell tour in order to recoup the lost income despite being on unfriendly terms and originally not intending on performing past the Kalemegdan performance. The farewell tour ended in September 1981 and the members went their separate ways.
Soon after the breakup, Stojanović and Mihajlović, together with Dado Topić on bass and lead vocals, made an agreement to form a band called Tito, an idea the three had as far back as 1973, however, due to Mihajlović disliking the concept of not recording new material and relying on their old repertoire, the band never got off the ground. In early 1982, Mihajlović and Stojanović, this time with bassist Lola Andrejić, decided to form an instrumental music trio, continuing with the style first explored on Zašto ne volim sneg, however, after a misunderstanding between Stojanović and Andrejić, the former left the band.
During 1982, Mihajlović released a single "Mantilja" (Mantilla), with "Specijalka" (A Special) as the B-side, and with Andrejić and Moss who often performed live with him, he recorded maxi single "Marš na Drinu" ("March on the River Drina"), a cover of the World War I song. He had also opened a school for guitar players in Kragujevac and Belgrade, through which an abundance of students had passed over the years. During 1982, with his former Smak bandmates, Boris Aranđelović recorded his debut solo album Iz profila (Profile View), after which he moved to London where he minimized his musical career. Stojanović formed the band Cveće (Flowers) in October 1982, with Chris Nichols (keyboards), Miodrag Babalj (vocals), Srećko Maksimović (guitar) and Branko Pavlović "Stenli" (bass), but by the time their debut album Polenov prah (Pollen Powder) was released in 1983, they had already disbanded. Stojanović then performed in Belgrade's Hotel Mažestik, in clubs in Germany and the Soviet Union and participated in the recording sessions of Toma Zdravković's singles "Ej, Branka, Branka" ("Hey, Branka, Branka") and "Kiša je padala" ("The Rain was Falling"). Ristovski joined the Alvin Lee Band, performing on a tour of Yugoslavia and Hungary, and released five solo albums, before returning to Bijelo Dugme in 1985, remaining until their breakup in 1989.
Reunions and hiatuses (1986–1992)
In mid-October 1986, the mainstay Smak members reunited in the lineup Mihajlović, Stojanović, Aranđelović and Milanović, but without Ristovski who refused to participate in the reunion. The four started rehearsing at the University of Kragujevac campus, and during the rehearsals a young keyboard player Milan Đurđević often attended the rehearsals, however, due to being Mihajlović's reserved towards him, he invited Chris Nichols to record the keyboard parts. The comeback album Smak 86., also featuring Miša Komnenić and Vlada Nikodijević on guest keyboards, but the album was not well received by the critics. The album featured Mihajlović as the album producer, music and lyrics author, even lead vocalist in the song "Kornjačina koža" ("Turtle Skin"). The band members themselves, with the exception of Mihajlović were also dissatisfied with the record: Aranđelović was not satisfied with some of the lyrics and Stojanović was not content with the usage of rhythm machines on certain tracks. After the album release, the band embarked on a tour with Milan Đurđević on keyboards, but without much promotion. After a short tour, the band went on an indefinite hiatus.
In 1987, Mihailović founded his R.M. Točak band, featuring Lola Andrejić and David Moss, with whom he appeared on the Legende YU Rocka (The Legends of YU Rock) concert, organized on May 22, 1987, by the Zagreb Radio 101 at the Dom Sportova, and the recording of the instrumental "Because" appeared on the various artists double live album Legende YU Rocka, released by Jugoton during the same year. Stojanović founded his school of drummers and started performing folk music in both Yugoslavia and abroad. During the time of Smak's inactivity Mihailović, Stojanović and Milanović remained in contact, and in 1988, without much rehearsing, they decided to perform at the traditional Kragujevac Midnight concert, with Milan Đurđević on keyboards, who was at the time serving the army, and the vocalist Milan Šćepović "Šćepa". After having a successful performance in Kragujevac, despite the rumors of reformation, the members devoted to their own careers once again. However, the same lineup had reunited once again in 1990, once again performing at the Kragujevac Midnight concert.
The following year, the band reunited, this time with Aranđelović on vocals, once again at the same concert, and featured a guest appearance by Pera "Džo" Miladinović on harmonica. The same lineup with Ristovski on keyboards performed at the Kragujevac Midnight concert, after which, the band had their first live appearance after six years in Belgrade. The band held two performances in Sava Centar, the first of which was recorded for the live album OdLIVEno (LIVEquefied), on compact cassette only. Beside their own songs, the album featured cover version of blues songs "Cross Road Blues" and "Tobacco Road", and Serbian traditional song "Ukor" ("Blame"). The band had also released a compilation album Smak: Retrospektiva (Smak: A Retrospective) and re-released the album Dab in the Middle as The Pages of Our Time. After the Belgrade performances, the band had a meeting in Kragujevac, where they decided to continue working and started planning a comeback album. Nevertheless, Aranđelović went to Amsterdam where he stayed longer than the intended two months and Milanović and Ristovski did not appear at the band rehearsals, thus the lineup did not make a full-time comeback.
TEK and reformation (1993–2002)
Having realized that there would not be a default lineup reformation, Mihailović and Stojanović nevertheless continued rehearsing together, playing instrumental music with Mihailović's student Milan "Mikica" Milosavljević, a former Alahambra member, who, despite being a solo guitarist, took up playing bass out of the respect for the two musicians. During one of the rehearsals, having heard Stojanović and his 19-year-old son playing drums simultaneously with his father, Mihajlović suggested that Dejan Stojanović "Kepa Jr." should join the three as the second drummer. At the time, in 1993, Mihajlović got the offer to score the film Vizantijsko plavo (Byzantine Blue), directed by Dragan Marinković, which he recorded Stojanović senior and junior on drums and Milosavljević on bass, signed as the band TEK. The soundtrack album, recorded at the Laza Ristovski's studio, featured guest appearances by Ristovski (keyboards), Zoran Milanović (bass), Marija Mihajlović (vocals), Miroslav Savić (keyboards) and Nenad Petrović (saxophone). Beside his own compositions, the album featured several cover versions of folk motifs, including the 1981 version of "Zajdi, zajdi" and the song "Ukor", as well as the compositions by Miroslav Savić and Dragan Stefanović. Mihajlović eventually got the Crystal Prism award for the album.
After the album release, TEK started a promotional tour, performing instrumental music mainly in clubs, however, on the audience request, they included Smak material, but in instrumental versions with the audience filling the vacant vocalist spot. This was the reason why Stojanović suggested Mihailović to return to a classic rock lineup with a vocalist, and in the meantime, Milosavljević switched to guitar, thus the band were to look for a new vocalist and bassist. At first the band considered the Osvajači vocalist Zvonko Pantović "Čipi", due to a similar vocal style with Aranđelović's, but eventually the new vocalist became Dejan Najdanović "Najda", a former Kramer vocalist, after a successful vocal interpretation of the Free song "All Right Now". On the recommendation of a friend, the new bassist became Vlada Samardžić, a young jazz fusion musician from Novi Sad, who performed with Vasil Hadžimanov. The VANS production company, which released the Vizantijsko plavo soundtrack, wanted to start a collaboration with the band in releasing new material, suggesting them to continue using the name Smak.
Having completed the lineup, and having an album's worth material, Radomir "Točak" Mihailović (guitar), Slobodan "Kepa" Stojanović (drums), Dejan "Kepa Jr." Stojanović (drums), Milan "Mikica" Milosavljević (guitar), Dejan "Najda" Najdanović (vocals) and Vlada Samardžić (bass guitar) entered the studio and recorded the Smak's seventh studio album Bioskop Fox (Fox Cinema), produced by Mihailović and released jointly by VANS, Komuna and PGP RTS in 1995. The entire material, consisting of fourteen tracks, was written by Mihajlović, with the exception for a part of the lyrics, written by Zoran Amar, Predrag Drčelić "Skaki" of Trula Koalicija, Jovan Nikolić and Nikola Mihajlović. In order to promote the album, the band had recorded a promotional video for the song "Lisica" ("Fox"), dedicated to Jimi Hendrix, in a professional film studio in Košutnjak, as well as two promotional videos, for the songs "Organizam bluz" (Organism Blues) and "Miris nje" (The Smell of Her), in Novi Sad. Despite the adequate media promotion, Mihajlović was not satisfied with VANS, partially owing to their inexperience with the music business due to being a film company, thus the band ended the collaboration with the company.
After the album release, the band started tour rehearsals in Kragujevac and had their first live appearance with the new lineup in Čačak on September 9, 1995, followed by performances in Kragujevac, however they were facing the problem of a small number of people attending their shows. At the time, the band got an invitation to go on a tour of Canada but despite everything being set for their arrival, Mihajlović changed his mind and the tour was canceled. After the tour cancellation, the bassist Vlada Samardžić, disappointed with the fact, decided to leave the band and dedicated himself to his studies at the Berklee College of Music. Mihailović suggested Lola Anderjić as his replacement, but after Stojanović's refusal, the new bassist became Slobodan Marković "Sale" from Kragujevac. The new lineup continued performing live, including the performance at the Belgrade Sava Centar, which was broadcast on national television, with the performances featuring drum solos on two drums consisting of three sections, the first being unison drum playing, the second with individual improvisations and the third with the Latin-American rhythms under the influence of Steve Gadd's playing style.
During 1996, the RTV Slovenia released a compilation album The Best of Smak, and the following year, in the spring of 1997, the band had a tour of Slovenia. The success of the tour resulted in the plans for another tour which was canceled due to the problems with the management in Slovenia. After the tour, the band had reduced their live activities, performing mainly free concerts at town squares, including the concert in Kragujevac on which all the former members, with the exception of Miki Petkovski, appeared as guests. In May of the same year, in the Kragujevac Šumadija cinema hall, the band made an experiment with performing an entire concert without audience and the recording of the concert was released on the double live album Live Without Audience, featuring live versions of twenty two tracks from the band's entire career. A promotional video for the song was recorded for the song "Ljudi nije fer" which received an adequate media coverage. The following year, in 1998, in a book edited by Duško Antonić and Danilo Štrbac YU 100: Najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best Albums of Yugoslav Rock and Pop Music), Crna dama appeared on the 40th and Smak on the 63rd place.
In 1999, the band started working on a new studio album, for which Mihajlović and Stojanović decided that it should feature poly-rhythmic drums and scat singing. Nevertheless, Stojanović suggested that beside scat singing, several tracks should feature lyrics, which Mihajlović refused, and thus Stojanović made a decision not to play on the album. Mihajlović then hired Igor Malešević, at the time the member of Vasil Hadžimanov Band, but after not being satisfied with the rehearsals he was fired and Stojanović recorded the drums for all of the fourteen tracks on the album, which was entirely recorded in 72 hours. Egregor, released by PGP RTS, produced by Mihajlović and Saša Habić, featured only one song with lyrics and on the rest Najdanović was featured on scat singing. The song "5. maj" ("May 5") was dedicated to Led Zeppelin and the theme "SOS" featured a sample of Josip Broz Tito's speech from 1948, older generation folk singers Vuka Šeherović and Mijat Mijatović, and an anonymous Radio Belgrade speak at the time of the World War II occupation of Yugoslavia. The album received mixed critics and did not receive an adequate promotion due to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia during the same year.
During 1999, Boris Aranđelović recorded a solo album Milion godina (A Million Years) as Boris i Dinosaurusi on which the music was written by former YU grupa guitarist Bata Kostić, Jimmy Barnes and R.M. Točak, the lyrics by Marina Tucaković and Ranko Slijepčević, and the recordings featured Kostić, Ristovski, Kepa Stojanović, Zoran Milanović, Pera Joe and Neverne Bebe guitarist Saša Ranđelović "Ranđa". On March 3, 2000, the band performed at the Kragujevac Le Cinema hall and the recording of the concert was released in 2002 by Active Time as Live – klub Le Cinema (Live – Le Cinema Club) in 2002. The same label released the recording of the TEK concert in Niš recorded in 1994, on the live album Niš 1994. In 2001, the compilation album Istorija (History) was released by PGP RTS, featuring songs from all the periods of Smak's career and the previously unreleased song "Blues od vina", which was recorded on the 1974 Veče uz radio anniversary concert. The following year, the band disbanded. A compilation album featuring a part of the material from Live Without Audience was released as Antologija! (Anthology!) in 2005, and in autumn of the following year, the PGP RTS released a remastered edition of the album Crna dama.
Reunion (2010–2015)
In 2010, the lineup of Radomir "Točak" Mihailović (guitar), Dejan "Najda" Najdanović (vocals), Slobodan "Kepa" Stojanović (drums), Milan "Mikica" Milosavljević (guitar), Dejan "Kepa Junior" Stojanović (drums) with the new band member Miloš "Šomi" Petrović (bass) reunited and started writing new material. The former bass player Vlada Samardžić did not participate the reunion, but expressed the support of the new lineup. From summer until autumn of the same year, the band had recorded four tracks, "Delfin" (The Dolphin), an instrumental version of the song "Cigansko srce" (Gypsy Heart), originally released on the album Rock cirkus, "Ispiranje" (Ablution) and "Rapsodija o lepom" ("A Rhapsody on Beauty"), which were premiered on the band's official YouTube channel. However, further reunion plans had been interrupted by Slobodan Stojanović's spinal cord surgery. The recorded tracks, along with the bonus video versions of the material, were released in December 2012 on the EP Delfin (The Dolphin) by the Serbian record label One Records. The same label also rereleased in compact disc format the 1992 live album OdLIVEno, previously available on compact cassette only, and released Radomir Mihajlović's solo album Tonsko ukrašavanje (A Tonal Ornamentation).
On December 29, 2012, Smak reunited in the default lineup – Radomir Mihajlović (guitar), Boris Aranđelović (vocals), Zoran Milanović (bass guitar) and Slobodan Stojanović (drums) – for a concert in Kombank Arena. The concert also featured members of the current Smak lineup – Dejan Najdanović (vocals), Milan Milosavljević (guitar), Miloš Petrović (bass guitar) and Dejan Stojanović (drums) – as well as Dejan Zdraevski on keyboards. The reunion of the band's default lineup saw large media coverage and the concert featured about 18,000 spectators. On June 27, 2013, the band, in both the default and current lineup, performed at Kragujevac Arsenal Fest. It was the band's first concert in Kragujevac since 1997. In 2014, the band rerecorded their 1978 song "Nebo je samo drum bez dna" ("The Sky Is Only a Bottomless Road") and released it on their official YouTube channel.
On June 20, 2015, the band, once again in both default and current lineup, held a concert in Belgrade Ušće park, in front of about 20,000 spectators. The concert featured the bands Oktava, Rare and Epilog as the opening bands and Dado Topić as guest.
The concert at Ušće park was Aranđelović's last performance with the band. He died on August 27 of the same year in Rotterdam, after long illness. He was 67.
New reunion (2022–present)
On May 6, 2022, Smak reunited again with a new singer, Jovan Pantić Panta, whose voice tone is very similar to Aranđelović's. They held a concert in Kragujevac at the City Hall.
On September 9, 2022, Smak held a concert in Čačak.
Legacy
In 2017, the band was awarded the silver medal for Merit by the President of Serbia Tomislav Nikolić for their contribution to Serbian culture.
Smak songs have been covered by a plethora of acts and the notable cover versions include: The girl group Aska medley which consisted of passages from "Satelit", "Crna dama", "Nevidljive terazije", "Halo", "Tendži Tandži", "Daire" and "Gore dole" on their 1982 album Disco Rock. The song "Daire" was covered in 1994 by the band Neverne Bebe on their album Neverne Bebe I, their version featuring a passage from "Zajdi, zajdi"; the band covered the song once again on their 2004 album Neverne Bebe IV – Dvoje – The Best Of . Osvajači covered the song "Ljudi nije fer" on their 1994 unplugged concert. The song "Crna dama" was covered in 2000 by singer Viktorija on her album Nostalgija (Nostalgia). In 2011, the band Čipi i Industrija, featuring the original Osvajači members, covered the song "Na Balkanu", with former Generacija 5 vocalist Đorđe David on guest vocals, released on the album Na Balkanu. On his 2012 album Štrajk mozga (Brain Strike), the rapper Edo Maajka sampled the riff of "Biska 2", from the Live Without Audience album, in the song "Diši" ("Breathe"). The following year, "Biska 2" was covered by the Milan Petrović Quartet on their instrumental cover album Favorites.
The albums and songs by Smak were featured on several all-time greatest lists of former Yugoslav rock. The book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music), published in 1998, features two Smak albums: Crna dama (ranked No. 40) and Smak (ranked No. 63). On the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav album, published by Croatian edition of Rolling Stone in 2015, Crna dama was ranked No. 92. The Rock Express Top 100 Yugoslav Rock Songs of All Times list, published in 2000, featured seven songs by Smak: "Crna dama" (polled No.5), "Ulazak u harem" (polled No.12), "Daire" (polled No.23), "Blues u parku" (polled No.47), "Šumadijski blues" (polled No.65), "Zajdi, zajdi" (polled No.82) and "Satelit" (polled No.94). In 2006, "Plava pesma" was polled No.61 on the B92 Top 100 Domestic Songs list. In 2011, "Daire" was polled, by the listeners of Radio 202, one of 60 greatest songs released by PGP-RTB/PGP-RTS.
Members
Former members
Radomir "Točak" Mihailović – guitar (1971–1981, 1986–1992, 1994–2002, 2010–2015)
– drums, percussion (1971–1981, 1986–1992, 1994–2002, 2010–2015)
– bass guitar (1971–1981, 1986–1992, 2012, 2013, 2015)
– vocals (1973–1981, 1986–1987, 1989–1992, 2012, 2013, 2015)
– guitar (1994–2002, 2010–2015)
– drums, percussion (1994–2002, 2010–2015)
– vocals (1994–2002, 2010–2015)
Dejan Zdravevski – keyboards (2012–2015)
Filip Milanović – bass guitar (2015)
Miša Nikolić – keyboards (1971–1972)
Lola Andrijić – bass guitar (1980–1990)
Slobodan "Koma" Kominac – vocals (1971–1972, 1973)
Slobodan "Johan" Jovanović – vocals (1972)
Milorad "Kimi" Petrović – vocals (1973)
Laza Ristovski – keyboards (1974–1976, 1979–1981, 1992)
– keyboards (1976–1978, 1979)
Tibor Levay – keyboards (1978)
David Moss – percussion (1978)
– keyboards (1986–1990)
Milan Šćepović – vocals (1988, 1990)
– bass guitar (1994–1997)
– bass guitar (1997–2002)
– bass guitar (2010–2013)
Discography
Serbian language albums
Smak (1975)
Crna dama (1977)
Stranice našeg vremena (1978)
Rock cirkus (1980)
Zašto ne volim sneg (1981)
Smak 86. (1986)
Bioskop Fox (1995)
Egregor (1999)
English language albums
Black Lady (1978)
Dab in the Middle (1978)
References
Notes
External links
Biska 2 - Smak (1975)
Blues in the Park - Smak (1975)
Black Lady – Smak (1977)
Entrance to Harem – Smak (1978)
Smak – Black Lady (1978) at Rock On Vinyl (2010)
The end Time in the New World (1976)
Smak (Al Jazeera Balkans Documentary – 2015)
Smak at Myspace
Smak at YouTube
Smak at Discogs
Smak at Rateyourmusic
Smak at Last.fm
Smak at B92.fm
Smak at Progarchives
Serbian rock music groups
Serbian progressive rock groups
Serbian jazz-rock groups
Serbian hard rock musical groups
Serbian folk rock groups
Yugoslav rock music groups
Yugoslav progressive rock groups
Yugoslav jazz-rock groups
Yugoslav hard rock musical groups
Blues rock groups
Musical groups from Kragujevac
Musical groups established in 1971
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smak
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Rodwell Thomas Changara Munyenyembe (1 January 1936 – 27 June 2005) was a Malawian politician who served twice as Speaker of the National Assembly, from 1994 to 1999 and again from 2004 until his death. He also twice served as a cabinet minister, in the governments of Hastings Banda and Bakili Muluzi. He worked as a teacher prior to entering politics.
Early life
Munyenyembe was born in Nthalire, a village in the Chitipa District of the Northern Region. He studied at a teachers' college in Domasi, and received his qualification in 1960, subsequently working as a primary school teacher. Munyenyembe later undertook further training in England in order to become a teacher of the deaf, receiving a certificate in deaf education from Manchester Metropolitan University in 1966 and a certificate in audiometry from the University of London in 1967.
Politics
Munyenyembe was elected to the National Assembly in 1971, representing the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). He entered cabinet just a few years later, becoming Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the government of Hastings Banda. In August 1973, his previous title was abolished and he was instead made Minister for Community Development and Social Welfare. In February 1974, Munyenyembe also replaced John Msonthi as Minister for Education, taking charge of two ministries for a few weeks until his earlier portfolio was transferred to Dominic Kainja Nthara. Within his party, he became a member of the MCP's national executive committee in May 1974, and was also made deputy chairman of the party for the Northern Region. However, he had a falling out with Hastings Banda a few years later, and in July 1977 was removed both from cabinet and from the MCP committee. Once his first stint in politics was over, Munyenyembe moved to Rumphi and took up tobacco farming. He eventually became chairman of the Tobacco Association of Malawi.
At the 1994 general election, Munyenyembe re-entered the National Assembly as a candidate of the Alliance for Democracy (AFORD), standing in the Chitipa South constituency. The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the United Democratic Front (UDF) winning the majority of seats and AFORD holding the balance of power. In negotiations to form a new government, it was agreed that Munyenyembe would take on the speakership. He held the position until his defeat at the 1999 election, where he stood as a UDF-backed independent. Despite losing his seat in the National Assembly, Munyenyembe remained involved in politics, with President Bakili Muluzi appointed him to the position of Minister of State for Presidential Affairs. He was made Minister for Defence a few months later. At the 2004 general election, at which Muluzi left office, Munyenyembe was re-elected to parliament, standing for the UDF in Chitipa North. He was subsequently also re-elected to the speakership.
Death
In June 2005, Munyenyembe had a severe stroke in the speaker's chair while officiating on a motion to impeach President Bingu wa Mutharika. He was carried out of the chamber unconscious, and subsequently flown to South Africa to receive medical treatment. He died at Milpark Hospital, Johannesburg, a few days later, from a heart attack.
References
1936 births
2005 deaths
Alliance for Democracy (Malawi) politicians
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Alumni of the University of London
Educators of the deaf
Malawi Congress Party politicians
Malawian schoolteachers
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi
People from Chitipa District
Speakers of the National Assembly (Malawi)
United Democratic Front (Malawi) politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Malawi)
Government ministers of Malawi
20th-century Malawian educators
21st-century Malawian educators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodwell%20Munyenyembe
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A light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is a sensor that uses light (e.g. LEDs) to select what will be measured. Light can activate carriers in semiconductors.
History
An example is the pH-sensitive LAPS (range pH4 to pH10) that uses LEDs in combination with (semi-conducting) silicon and pH-sensitive Ta2O5 (SiO2; Si3N4) insulator. The LAPS has several advantages over other types of chemical sensors. The sensor surface is completely flat, no structures, wiring or passivation are required. At the same time, the "light-addressability" of the LAPS makes it possible to obtain a spatially resolved map of the distribution of the ion concentration in the specimen. The spatial resolution of the LAPS is an important factor and is determined by the beam size and the lateral diffusion of photocarries in the semiconductor substrate. By illuminating parts of the semiconductor surface, electron-hole pairs are generated and a photocurrent flows. The LAPS is a semiconductor based chemical sensor with an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) structure. Under a fixed bias voltage, the AC (kHz range) photocurrent signal varies depending on the solution. A two-dimensional mapping of the surface from the LAPS is possible by using a scanning laser beam.
Optoelectronics
Sensors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-addressable%20potentiometric%20sensor
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Lovenes Gondwe is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi.
References
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovenes%20Gondwe
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Steven Smart Jampa Malamba is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi.
References
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Malawi
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Malamba
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Robert Anthony Kelly (born 21 December 1964) is a former English footballer and manager who is currently a first team coach at Preston North End in the Championship.
He is best known for his spell as manager of Leicester City, as well as being assistant manager at several clubs, he has also been a caretaker manager at Preston North End, Sheffield Wednesday, Nottingham Forest and West Bromwich Albion.
Playing career
Kelly began his career at Leicester City, making his debut as a 19-year-old in a home game against Sunderland at the end of the 1983/84 season. He also had a brief loan spell at Tranmere Rovers. After making 18 starts for the Foxes (plus nine substitute appearances) and scoring one goal, he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1986.
As a youngster, he also received a call up to represent Ireland at youth level.
Coaching career
In 1989, Kelly was forced to retire aged just 24 after sustaining a back injury, and initially took the job of youth team coach at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He then trained as a journalist at the Wolverhampton Express & Star, before returning to football again, first back in the Wolverhampton Wanderers coaching set-up. He then moved to Watford as youth team coach, Blackburn Rovers as Academy Director, and then Leicester City.
Leicester City manager
After the sacking of Leicester manager Craig Levein, following 18 months in charge, Kelly stepped up from his assistant manager role to take control on a caretaker basis.
In his first ten games in charge his team took 21 points from a possible 30, steering the side up the Championship table and away from the threat of relegation to League One. He was awarded the Championship Manager of the Month award for March 2006. This followed wins over relegation rivals Hull City and Millwall, as well as victory against Luton Town and a creditable draw against Premiership-bound Reading. In recognition of his achievements, on 14 April 2006 he signed a one-year rolling contract, confirming his status as manager.
On 11 April 2007 Kelly was sacked due to a poor run of results, his final game being a 3–0 defeat away to Plymouth Argyle. He was replaced by Nigel Worthington until the end of the season.
Preston North End
In May 2007 he joined Preston North End as part of the club's coaching staff. After the sacking of manager Paul Simpson. The club appointed Alan Irvine as the Club's new manager on 20 November 2007, with Kelly his assistant. In the season 2008/2009, Preston with Irvine and Kelly reached the Championship Play-Off's. Narrowly missing out on a place in the final, losing 2-1 on aggregate to Sheffield United.
Kelly acted as caretaker manager following the departure of Alan Irvine in December 2009, a 7–0 FA Cup win over Colchester being his only game in charge. He left the club following the appointment of Darren Ferguson as manager.
Sheffield Wednesday
Kelly re-united with Alan Irvine at Sheffield Wednesday, once more as assistant manager. After Irvine left the Owls in February 2011, Kelly also departed after Gary Megson was appointed as manager and made changes to the coaching staff.
Nottingham Forest
Kelly joined Nottingham Forest as assistant manager to Steve McClaren's backroom team in the summer of 2011, with Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink the club's First Team Coach. When McClaren resigned on 2 October after a dispute with the club's board, Steve Cotterill was appointed the club's new manager on 14 October with Kelly remaining as Forest's assistant manager.
He was placed 'temporarily in charge of first team affairs' during the pre season of the 2012/13 campaign after the sacking of Steve Cotterill by the club's new owners. Following the subsequent appointment of Sean O'Driscoll, Kelly again reverted to the role of assistant manager.
He remained assistant manager when O'Driscoll was in turn sacked in December 2012 and replaced by Alex McLeish, only to find himself as caretaker manager yet again just six weeks later when McLeish resigned. Billy Davies was announced as the club's new manager on 7 February, though it was also announced that Kelly would remain in his role at the club.
West Brom
During the summer of 2014, Alan Irvine was appointed the manager of West Brom, again hiring Kelly as his assistant manager. On 29 December 2014, Kelly took over the team alongside coaches Keith Downing and Dean Kiely after Irvine's dismissal. on 1 January 2015, they drew 1–1 away at West Ham United. and then recorded a 7–0 victory against Gateshead in the FA Cup on 3 January 2015, following the appointment of Tony Pulis as Head Coach.
On 5 January, Kelly, Kiely and Downing all departed the club, with Pulis wanting to reshape his own backroom team.
Return to assistant
On 3 June 2015, he was appointed as Assistant Head Coach to Uwe Rosler at Leeds United. In December 2015, Kelly agreed to become first team coach and link up again with Alan Irvine alongside Paul Lambert at Blackburn Rovers. After they successfully guided the club to Championship safety, all three coaches left Rovers in the summer of 2016 before the start of the following season.
Kelly once again joined up with Rösler at Fleetwood Town in 2016 and left in the summer of 2018. Kelly was appointed assistant manager to Ryan Lowe at Football League Two side Bury on 10 July 2018, as the club targeted an immediate return to League One.
On 1 January 2019 Kelly was announced as assistant coach to Rösler at Sweden's Malmö FF. On 7 February 2020 he followed Rösler to Fortuna Düsseldorf.
Barrow
On 4 September 2020 Kelly was appointed as assistant manager to David Dunn at League Two side Barrow. Following the sacking of Dunn on 13 December, he was appointed as caretaker manager, leading the club to victories over Cheltenham Town and Port Vale. With the appointment of new manager Michael Jolley, he returned to his role as assistant manager for Barrow's game with Tranmere Rovers on 29 December.
On 21 February 2021, Barrow parted company with Jolley and Kelly was once again named as caretaker manager, this time until the end of the season. During his second stint as caretaker manager, he presided over an upturn of form and on 27 April, with two matches remaining, Barrow secured their Football League status for the following season with a 2–0 win at Forest Green Rovers. He turned down the job on a permanent basis and on 26 May he left the club.
Wigan Athletic
On 25 June 2021, Kelly joined Wigan Athletic as assistant manager.
Return to Preston North End
On 18 July 2023, Kelly joined Preston North End as a first team coach, returning to the club and reuniting with manager Ryan Lowe, who he worked with previously at Bury.
References
External links
Official club profile
1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Leicester City F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
English football managers
Leicester City F.C. managers
Preston North End F.C. managers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. managers
Nottingham Forest F.C. managers
West Bromwich Albion F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
British people of Irish descent
Men's association football midfielders
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Leeds United F.C. non-playing staff
Blackburn Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Fleetwood Town F.C. non-playing staff
Bury F.C. non-playing staff
Malmö FF non-playing staff
Barrow A.F.C. non-playing staff
Barrow A.F.C. managers
Allsvenskan managers
Wigan Athletic F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Kelly
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The is a double-edged blade, with another curved blade attached near the hilt at a 45–60 degree angle. This is attached to approximately of rope, chain, or hair which then ends in a large metal ring. Likely used by ninja of the Iga province, it is thought to be a forerunner to the later more widely known kusarigama (sickle and chain). Ninja were often recruited from the class of rural peasantry who resided on remote farmland, and the tool's resemblance to farming equipment and high versatility in combat gave it many benefits in stealth combat.
The kyoketsu-shoge has a wide range of uses. The blade could be used for pulling slashes as well as thrusting stabs. The chain or cord, sometimes made from human hair or horsehair for strength and resiliency, could be used for climbing, ensnaring an enemy, binding an enemy and many such other uses. The long range of the weapon combined a cutting tool along with the capability to strike or entangle an enemy at what the user perceived to be a "safe" distance out of the way. When skilled with this weapon it could be used to entangle a sword and rip it from the opponents hands rendering him harmless. The kyoketsu-shoge cord and ring was sometimes used to wrap around an enemy's legs and trip them.
Typically the round ring was flat rather than round in cross section to provide a firmer grip and a more sturdy frame, as the ring was also used for strikes and deflective blows in use. This tool was also used as a climbing aid, and it could be thrown and lodged in corners.
In popular culture
In the cartoon show G.I. Joe: Renegades, a modified chain version was used by Jinx and Storm Shadow during “The Return of the Arashikage, Parts 1 and 2”
In the movie Ninja Assassin, a modified chain version of this weapon is used as Raizo's main weapon.
In the movie Game of Death II, Lee Chen-kwok (李振國) / Bobby Lo (盧博比) uses one to cross a laser beam floor.
In the first season of Netflix series Daredevil, the blade is used with great skill by the Japanese warrior Nobu.
In the manga Spirit Circle, Fone uses this weapon to attack Stona.
See also
List of martial arts weapons
References
External links
Interactive page The first Internet article written about the kyoketsu-shoge.
Blade weapons
Chain and rope throwing weapons
Ninjutsu artefacts
Weapons of Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoketsu-shoge
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Food City may refer to:
Food stores
Food City (K-VA-T), an American supermarket chain with stores located in Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Virginia
Food City, an Arizona ethnic/specialty food store chain acquired by Bashas' in 1993, previously known as Southwest Supermarkets
Food City (Canada), a Canadian supermarket chain formerly operated by the Oshawa Group, which has been taken over by Sobeys
Davis Food City, a chain of supermarkets in Houston, Texas
Motorsports
Food City 500, a NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at Bristol Motor Speedway
Food City 300, a NASCAR Xfinity Series stock car race held at Bristol Motor Speedway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20City
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East Barming is a village in the civil parish of Barming in the Maidstone District of Kent, England. The village is located on the A26 road out of Maidstone, three miles (4.8 km) from the town centre, and is virtually part of its built-up area.
In the Domesday Book there are two villages mentioned: West Barming and East Barming. The former had a parish church, closed in the 16th century. Its ecclesiastic parish is now part of Nettlestead parish. The parish church of East Barming is dedicated to St Margaret, and is of Norman origin.
Hall Place, one of the many residences of the Culpeper family, lies to the north of the village.
See also
Barming
Barming Heath
External links
Hall Place and East Barming
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Barming
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Kunstreligion is a term used around the turn of the nineteenth century to refer to Art-as-religion, specifically music, but also used to refer to any art that was sacralized.
References
Visual arts theory
Philosophy of music
Concepts in aesthetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstreligion
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Lydia Katjita (born 15 October 1953 in Omatjete, Erongo Region, Namibia) is a former member of the National Assembly of Namibia and the Pan-African Parliament.
Biography
Lydia Katjita was born 15 October 1953 in Omatjete in the Erongo Region of central Namibia. In 1989, she received a Higher Primary Education Certificate (HPEC) from the University of Namibia. She acquired a B.A. from the University of South Africa in 1996 and enrolled in the Master of Educational Management and Administration program at the University of Namibia the next year.
From 1980 to the start of her national political career in 1999, Katjita was a teacher. During this time, she held multiple other positions, including head of department for Sciences, Mathematics, English, and Afrikaans at the Ministry of Education in Grootfontein (1993–1999), member of the school board and management committee at Kalenga English Primary School (1993–1999), treasurer of the Evangelical Lutheran church in Grootfontein (1994–recent), chairperson of the Grootfontein Town Council (1995–1996), part-time teacher at the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL) in Grootfontein (1995–1999), and assistant researcher at the University of Namibia (1997).
Political career
Katjita became a member of the third National Assembly of Namibia in 2000 (representing SWAPO) and remained in office until after the November 2004 Namibian parliamentary election. She focused especially on legislation affecting rural areas and was a member of the standing committees on Human Resources and Gender Development and on Privileges and Reports of the Ombudsperson. In 2002, she was appointed chairman of a parliamentary sub-committee to accept nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize in Namibia. Katjita was also a member of the Namibia branch of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Pan-African Parliament, where she was on the Justice and Human Rights Committee and the Pan-African Parliamentary Women Caucus. In July 2005, she was appointed secretary for administration and finance of the Pan African Women’s organization.
References
External links
Parliament of Namibia
Members of the 3rd National Assembly of the Republic of Namibia, 1999-2004
Pan-African Parliament
1953 births
Living people
People from Erongo Region
SWAPO politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
University of Namibia alumni
21st-century Namibian women politicians
21st-century Namibian politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Women members of the Pan-African Parliament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia%20Katjita
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The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved APG II in 2003, APG III system in 2009 and APG IV system in 2016.
History
The original APG system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistic analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes. Although based on molecular evidence only, its constituent groups prove to be supported by other evidence as well, for example pollen morphology supports the split between the eudicots and the rest of the former dicotyledons.
The system is rather controversial in its decisions at the family level, splitting a number of long-established families and submerging some other families. It also is unusual in not using botanical names above the level of order, that is, an order is the highest rank that will have a formal botanical name in this system. Higher groups are defined only as clades, with names such as monocots, eudicots, rosids, asterids.
The APG system was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, in 2009 by a next revision, the APG III system, and then in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.
Groups
The main groups in the system (all unranked clades) are:
angiosperms :
monocots
commelinoids
eudicots
core eudicots
rosids
eurosids I
eurosids II
asterids
euasterids I
euasterids II
Representation in color
The APG system recognises 462 families and 40 orders: these are assigned as follows. In the beginning of each listing some families or orders that are not placed in a further clade:
clade angiosperms
family Amborellaceae
family Austrobaileyaceae
family Canellaceae
family Chloranthaceae
family Hydnoraceae
family Illiciaceae
family Nymphaeaceae [+ family Cabombaceae]
family Rafflesiaceae
family Schisandraceae
family Trimeniaceae
family Winteraceae
order Ceratophyllales
family Ceratophyllaceae
order Laurales
family Atherospermataceae
family Calycanthaceae
family Gomortegaceae
family Hernandiaceae
family Lauraceae
family Monimiaceae
family Siparunaceae
order Magnoliales
family Annonaceae
family Degeneriaceae
family Eupomatiaceae
family Himantandraceae
family Magnoliaceae
family Myristicaceae
order Piperales
family Aristolochiaceae
family Lactoridaceae
family Piperaceae
family Saururaceae
clade monocots
family Corsiaceae
family Japonoliriaceae
family Nartheciaceae
family Petrosaviaceae
family Triuridaceae
order Acorales
family Acoraceae
order Alismatales
family Alismataceae
family Aponogetonaceae
family Araceae
family Butomaceae
family Cymodoceaceae
family Hydrocharitaceae
family Juncaginaceae
family Limnocharitaceae
family Posidoniaceae
family Potamogetonaceae
family Ruppiaceae
family Scheuchzeriaceae
family Tofieldiaceae
family Zosteraceae
order Asparagales
family Agapanthaceae
family Agavaceae
family Alliaceae
family Amaryllidaceae
family Anemarrhenaceae
family Anthericaceae
family Aphyllanthaceae
family Asparagaceae
family Asphodelaceae
family Asteliaceae
family Behniaceae
family Blandfordiaceae
family Boryaceae
family Convallariaceae
family Doryanthaceae
family Hemerocallidaceae
family Herreriaceae
family Hesperocallidaceae
family Hyacinthaceae
family Hypoxidaceae
family Iridaceae
family Ixioliriaceae
family Lanariaceae
family Laxmanniaceae
family Orchidaceae
family Tecophilaeaceae
family Themidaceae
family Xanthorrhoeaceae
family Xeronemataceae
order Dioscoreales
family Burmanniaceae
family Dioscoreaceae
family Taccaceae
family Thismiaceae
family Trichopodaceae
order Liliales
family Alstroemeriaceae
family Campynemataceae
family Colchicaceae
family Liliaceae
family Luzuriagaceae
family Melanthiaceae
family Philesiaceae
family Ripogonaceae
family Smilacaceae
order Pandanales
family Cyclanthaceae
family Pandanaceae
family Stemonaceae
family Velloziaceae
clade commelinoids
family Abolbodaceae
family Bromeliaceae
family Dasypogonaceae
family Hanguanaceae
family Mayacaceae
family Rapateaceae
order Arecales
family Arecaceae
order Commelinales
family Commelinaceae
family Haemodoraceae
family Philydraceae
family Pontederiaceae
order Poales
family Anarthriaceae
family Centrolepidaceae
family Cyperaceae
family Ecdeiocoleaceae
family Eriocaulaceae
family Flagellariaceae
family Hydatellaceae
family Joinvilleaceae
family Juncaceae
family Poaceae
family Prioniaceae
family Restionaceae
family Sparganiaceae
family Thurniaceae
family Typhaceae
family Xyridaceae
order Zingiberales
family Cannaceae
family Costaceae
family Heliconiaceae
family Lowiaceae
family Marantaceae
family Musaceae
family Strelitziaceae
family Zingiberaceae
clade eudicots
family Buxaceae
family Didymelaceae
family Sabiaceae
family Trochodendraceae [+ family Tetracentraceae]
order Proteales
family Nelumbonaceae
family Platanaceae
family Proteaceae
order Ranunculales
family Berberidaceae
family Circaeasteraceae [+ family Kingdoniaceae]
family Eupteleaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Papaveraceae [+ family Fumariaceae and family Pteridophyllaceae]
family Ranunculaceae
clade core eudicots
family Aextoxicaceae
family Berberidopsidaceae
family Dilleniaceae
family Gunneraceae
family Myrothamnaceae
family Vitaceae
order Caryophyllales
family Achatocarpaceae
family Aizoaceae
family Amaranthaceae
family Ancistrocladaceae
family Asteropeiaceae
family Basellaceae
family Cactaceae
family Caryophyllaceae
family Didiereaceae
family Dioncophyllaceae
family Droseraceae
family Drosophyllaceae
family Frankeniaceae
family Molluginaceae
family Nepenthaceae
family Nyctaginaceae
family Physenaceae
family Phytolaccaceae
family Plumbaginaceae
family Polygonaceae
family Portulacaceae
family Rhabdodendraceae
family Sarcobataceae
family Simmondsiaceae
family Stegnospermataceae
family Tamaricaceae
order Santalales
family Olacaceae
family Opiliaceae
family Loranthaceae
family Misodendraceae
family Santalaceae
order Saxifragales
family Altingiaceae
family Cercidiphyllaceae
family Crassulaceae
family Daphniphyllaceae
family Grossulariaceae
family Haloragaceae
family Hamamelidaceae
family Iteaceae
family Paeoniaceae
family Penthoraceae
family Pterostemonaceae
family Saxifragaceae
family Tetracarpaeaceae
clade rosids
family Aphloiaceae
family Crossosomataceae
family Ixerbaceae
family Krameriaceae
family Picramniaceae
family Podostemaceae
family Stachyuraceae
family Staphyleaceae
family Tristichaceae
family Zygophyllaceae
order Geraniales
family Francoaceae
family Geraniaceae [+ family Hypseocharitaceae]
family Greyiaceae
family Ledocarpaceae
family Melianthaceae
family Vivianiaceae
clade eurosids I
family Celastraceae
family Huaceae
family Parnassiaceae [+ family Lepuropetalaceae]
family Stackhousiaceae
order Cucurbitales
family Anisophylleaceae
family Begoniaceae
family Coriariaceae
family Corynocarpaceae
family Cucurbitaceae
family Datiscaceae
family Tetramelaceae
order Fabales
family Fabaceae
family Polygalaceae
family Quillajaceae
family Surianaceae
order Fagales
family Betulaceae
family Casuarinaceae
family Fagaceae
family Juglandaceae
family Myricaceae
family Nothofagaceae
family Rhoipteleaceae
family Ticodendraceae
order Malpighiales
family Achariaceae
family Balanopaceae
family Caryocaraceae
family Chrysobalanaceae
family Clusiaceae
family Dichapetalaceae
family Erythroxylaceae
family Euphorbiaceae
family Euphroniaceae
family Flacourtiaceae
family Goupiaceae
family Hugoniaceae
family Humiriaceae
family Irvingiaceae
family Ixonanthaceae
family Lacistemaceae
family Linaceae
family Malesherbiaceae
family Malpighiaceae
family Medusagynaceae
family Ochnaceae
family Pandaceae
family Passifloraceae
family Putranjivaceae
family Quiinaceae
family Rhizophoraceae
family Salicaceae
family Scyphostegiaceae
family Trigoniaceae
family Turneraceae
family Violaceae
order Oxalidales
family Cephalotaceae
family Connaraceae
family Cunoniaceae
family Elaeocarpaceae
family Oxalidaceae
family Tremandraceae
order Rosales
family Barbeyaceae
family Cannabaceae
family Cecropiaceae
family Celtidaceae
family Dirachmaceae
family Elaeagnaceae
family Moraceae
family Rhamnaceae
family Rosaceae
family Ulmaceae
family Urticaceae
clade eurosids II
family Tapisciaceae
order Brassicales
family Akaniaceae [+ family Bretschneideraceae]
family Bataceae
family Brassicaceae
family Caricaceae
family Emblingiaceae
family Gyrostemonaceae
family Koeberliniaceae
family Limnanthaceae
family Moringaceae
family Pentadiplandraceae
family Resedaceae
family Salvadoraceae
family Setchellanthaceae
family Tovariaceae
family Tropaeolaceae
order Malvales
family Bixaceae [+ family Diegodendraceae]
family Cistaceae
family Cochlospermaceae
family Dipterocarpaceae
family Malvaceae
family Muntingiaceae
family Neuradaceae
family Sarcolaenaceae
family Sphaerosepalaceae
family Thymelaeaceae
order Myrtales
family Alzateaceae
family Combretaceae
family Crypteroniaceae
family Heteropyxidaceae
family Lythraceae
family Melastomataceae
family Memecylaceae
family Myrtaceae
family Oliniaceae
family Onagraceae
family Penaeaceae
family Psiloxylaceae
family Rhynchocalycaceae
family Vochysiaceae
order Sapindales
family Anacardiaceae
family Biebersteiniaceae
family Burseraceae
family Kirkiaceae
family Meliaceae
family Nitrariaceae [+ family Peganaceae]
family Rutaceae
family Sapindaceae
family Simaroubaceae
clade asterids
order Cornales
family Cornaceae [+ family Nyssaceae]
family Grubbiaceae
family Hydrangeaceae
family Hydrostachyaceae
family Loasaceae
order Ericales
family Actinidiaceae
family Balsaminaceae
family Clethraceae
family Cyrillaceae
family Diapensiaceae
family Ebenaceae
family Ericaceae
family Fouquieriaceae
family Halesiaceae
family Lecythidaceae
family Marcgraviaceae
family Myrsinaceae
family Pellicieraceae
family Polemoniaceae
family Primulaceae
family Roridulaceae
family Sapotaceae
family Sarraceniaceae
family Styracaceae
family Symplocaceae
family Ternstroemiaceae
family Tetrameristaceae
family Theaceae
family Theophrastaceae
clade euasterids I
family Boraginaceae
family Plocospermataceae
family Vahliaceae
order Garryales
family Aucubaceae
family Eucommiaceae
family Garryaceae
family Oncothecaceae
order Gentianales
family Apocynaceae
family Gelsemiaceae
family Gentianaceae
family Loganiaceae
family Rubiaceae
order Lamiales
family Acanthaceae
family Avicenniaceae
family Bignoniaceae
family Buddlejaceae
family Byblidaceae
family Cyclocheilaceae
family Gesneriaceae
family Lamiaceae
family Lentibulariaceae
family Myoporaceae
family Oleaceae
family Orobanchaceae
family Paulowniaceae
family Pedaliaceae [+ family Martyniaceae]
family Phrymaceae
family Plantaginaceae
family Schlegeliaceae
family Scrophulariaceae
family Stilbaceae
family Tetrachondraceae
family Verbenaceae
order Solanales
family Convolvulaceae
family Hydroleaceae
family Montiniaceae
family Solanaceae
family Sphenocleaceae
clade euasterids II
family Adoxaceae
family Bruniaceae
family Carlemanniaceae
family Columelliaceae [+ family Desfontainiaceae]
family Eremosynaceae
family Escalloniaceae
family Icacinaceae
family Polyosmaceae
family Sphenostemonaceae
family Tribelaceae
order Apiales
family Apiaceae
family Araliaceae
family Aralidiaceae
family Griseliniaceae
family Melanophyllaceae
family Pittosporaceae
family Torricelliaceae
order Aquifoliales
family Aquifoliaceae
family Helwingiaceae
family Phyllonomaceae
order Asterales
family Alseuosmiaceae
family Argophyllaceae
family Asteraceae
family Calyceraceae
family Campanulaceae [+ family Lobeliaceae]
family Carpodetaceae
family Donatiaceae
family Goodeniaceae
family Menyanthaceae
family Pentaphragmataceae
family Phellinaceae
family Rousseaceae
family Stylidiaceae
order Dipsacales
family Caprifoliaceae
family Diervillaceae
family Dipsacaceae
family Linnaeaceae
family Morinaceae
family Valerianaceae
Note: "+ ..." = optional seggregrate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.
Families of uncertain position
family Balanophoraceae
family Bonnetiaceae
family Cardiopteridaceae
family Ctenolophonaceae
family Cynomoriaceae
family Cytinaceae
family Dipentodontaceae
family Elatinaceae
family Geissolomataceae
family Hoplestigmataceae
family Kaliphoraceae
family Lepidobotryaceae
family Lissocarpaceae
family Lophopyxidaceae
family Medusandraceae
family Metteniusaceae
family Mitrastemonaceae
family Paracryphiaceae
family Pentaphylacaceae
family Peridiscaceae
family Plagiopteraceae
family Pottingeriaceae
family Sladeniaceae
family Strasburgeriaceae
family Tepuianthaceae
See also
APG II system
APG III system
APG IV system
References
(Available online: (PDF))
External links
Comparison with other systems at CSDL, Texas
APG on the Hamburg server
APG 01
1998 in science
1998 introductions
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG%20system
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Tsudao Immanuel Gurirab (born 2 January 1961) is a Namibian politician. A member of Congress of Democrats (CoD), Gurirab was previously a member of the ruling South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) until he alongside Ben Ulenga, Ignatius Shixwameni and others left SWAPO to form CoD in 1999. He was also a member of the Pan-African Parliament and the only non-SWAPO member selected from Namibia. In 2007, Gurirab was elected chairperson of the party.
Education
Gurirab went into exile with SWAPO and earned a diploma from the United Nations Institute for Namibia in Lusaka, Zambia in 1982, B.A. in economics from the University of Sussex in 1984 and a M.A. in Development Studies from the University of Manchester in 1986. In 2002, Gurirab earned a M.A. in Public Policy and Administration from the University of Namibia/Institute of Social Sciences in The Hague, Netherlands.
Political career
Gurirab joined the SWAPO Department of Economic Affairs as a researcher in Luanda, Angola from 1987 to 1988. Following the end of the Namibian War of Independence, Gurirab worked on the editorial board of the SWAPO newspaper Namibia Today as well as on the party's election team in 1989. From independence in 1990 until 1995, the Usakos native was the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Trade and Industry when Ben Amathila was Minister. He left politics in 1995 and worked as a private economist. Gurirab joined some prominent SWAPO figures and joined CoD in 1999. In the 1999 election, the new party earned 7 out of 72 seats, tying it with the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) for second most seats in the National Assembly of Namibia and a seat for Gurirab. Gurirab maintained that seat in the 2004 election as number three on CoD's electoral list for the Assembly, despite a net loss of two seats for CoD. Gurirab was not re-elected in the 2009 general election, as only CoD leader Ben Ulenga was re-elected.
Business
Gurirab, an economist by training, is the director of Tulajo Financial Holdings, a financial services company. He also owns 17,118 preference shares and 25,033 ordinary shares in First National Bank Holdings.
References
1961 births
Living people
People from Usakos
Damara people
SWAPO politicians
Congress of Democrats politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Alumni of the University of Manchester
University of Namibia alumni
Namibian exiles
Namibian expatriates in Angola
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsudao%20Gurirab
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The Green Room Awards are peer awards which recognise excellence in Cabaret, Dance, Theatre Companies, Independent Theatre, Musical Theatre, Contemporary and Experimental Performance and Opera in Melbourne.
The awards were started in 1982 when Blair Edgar and Steven Tandy formed the Green Room Awards Association. The inaugural awards ceremony was held in 1984 at the Melbourne Concert Hall. The association today is composed of members of Melbourne's performing arts community, including journalists, performers, writers, directors, choreographers, academics, theatre technicians and administrators.
The current patron of the association is Dr Liz Jones AO. Former patrons include Uncle Jack Charles, Rachel Griffiths and David Atkins. Previous winners include Dale Ferguson, David Hersey, Stephen Baynes, Greg Horsman, Eddie Perfect, Laurie Cadevida, Stephen Daldry, Genevieve Lemon, Michael Dameski, Julian Gavin, and Steve Mouzakis.
As at April 2023, the President of the Association is Anton Berezin, Vice President Dean Drieberg, Secretary Weng Yi Wong and Treasurer Emily Harvey.
The 2023 Ceremony, the Association's 40th, took place at Melbourne's Capitol Theatre to a sell-out audience on May 29, 2023.
Award categories
As of 2013, award categories include:
Theatre (companies)
Production
Direction
Female actor
Male actor
Ensemble
Set/costume
Lighting
Sound/composition
Writing/adaptation
Theatre (independent)
Production
Direction
Performers (2 awards)
Ensemble
Design
Lighting design
Sound/composition
Writing
Music theatre
Production
Direction
Choreography
Musical direction
Female actor in a leading role
Male actor in a leading role
Female actor in a featured role
Male actor in a featured role
Ensemble
Design – Lighting and/or sound
Design – Set and/or costume
Opera
Production
Conductor
Direction
Principal female
Principal male
Supporting female
Supporting male
Design
Dance
Concept and realisation
Male dancer
Female dancer
Ensemble
Design
Sound and music
Cabaret
Production
Artiste
Musical direction
Writing
Direction
Alternative and hybrid performance
Production
Named awards
Several named awards can be given:
Lifetime Achievement Award
made to a person whose outstanding work has had a significant impact in Melbourne.
Outstanding Technical Achievement Award
for technical contributions behind the scenes.
Best New Writing Award
for an exceptional new script or production.
Betty Pounder Award for Original Choreography
in memory of choreographer Betty Pounder whose work encompassed all dance genres and their inclusion in plays and opera, is given for choreographic work in any area.
Recipients
Recipients of the Production award in each category include the following, with the year relating to the year of the award ceremony:
Theatre companies
1987: Away (Playbox)
1988: A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (Melbourne Theatre Company)
1989: The First Born Trilogy (Melbourne Theatre Company)
1990: Dreams In An Empty City (Melbourne Theatre Company)
1991: In Angel Gear (Performing Arts Projects)
1992: The Dybbuk (Gilgul Theatre)
1993: Sex Diary of an Infidel (Playbox)
1994: Angels in America (Melbourne Theatre Company)
1995: Angels in America Part 2 (Perestroika) (Melbourne Theatre Company)
2000-2004: n/a
2005: Twelve Angry Men (Adrian Bohm Presents/Arts Projects Australia)
2006:
2007: Harvest (Red Stitch Actors Theatre)
2008: The Tell-Tale Heart (Malthouse Theatre / Melbourne International Arts Festival)
2009: The Season at Sarsaparilla (Sydney Theatre Company / Melbourne Theatre Company)
2010: When the Rain Stops Falling (Brink Productions/Melbourne Theatre Company in association with Melbourne International Arts Festival)
2011: Thyestes (Malthouse Theatre / The Hayloft Project)
2012: Ganesh Versus the Third Reich (Back to Back Theatre / Malthouse Theatre / Melbourne Festival)
2013: Top Girls (Melbourne Theatre Company)
2014: The Bloody Chamber (Malthouse Theatre)
2015: Henry V (Bell Shakespeare)
2016: I Am a Miracle (Malthouse Theatre)
2017: Miss Julie (Melbourne Theatre Company)
2018: The Season (Tasmania Performs)
2019: The Bleeding Tree (Griffin Theatre Company presented by Arts Centre Melbourne)
2020: Barbara and the Camp Dogs (Belvoir in association with Vicki Gordon Music Productions presented by Malthouse Theatre)
2021: n/a
2022: Iphigenia in Splott (Red Stitch)
2023: The Picture of Dorian Gray (Sydney Theatre Company presented by Michael Cassel Group)
Independent theatre
1997: Verona (Magpie Theatre)
1998: Sunrise Boulevard (Rod Quantock presented by Token Productions)
1999: Who’s Afraid of the Working Class (Melbourne Workers Theatre at Trades Hall)
2000: The Terms and Grammar of Creation (Sue Gore & Bill Garner)
2001: A Large Attendance in the Antechamber (Brian Lipson/Wendy Lasica and Associates)
2002: My Brother the Fish (Dan Scollay)
2003: The Grand Feeling (Paradigm Productions)
2004: The Black Swan of Trespass
2005: The Candy Butchers; The Eistedfodd
2006: The Laramie Project
2007: For Samuel Beckett (The Eleventh Hour Theatre)
2008: Holiday (Ranters Theatre)
2009: Oedipus, A Poetic Requiem (Inspired By Ted Hughes) (Liminal Theatre, Mary Sitarenos)
2010: Alice in Wonderland (Four Larks Theatre)
2011: Us (Grit Theatre / The Function Room)
2012: Save for Crying (doubletap / La Mama)
2013: Persona (Fraught Outfit and Theatre Works)
2014: The Sovereign Wife (Sisters Grimm/NEON)
2015: The Trouble With Harry (MKA, Darebin Arts Speakeasy and Melbourne Festival)
2016: SHIT (Dee & Cornelius as part of Neon Festival for Independent Theatre)
2017: Blood on the Dance Floor (Ilbijerri Theatre Company and Jacob Boehme)
2018: Song For A Weary Throat (Rawcus in association with Theatre Works)
2019: Apokalypsis (The Substation in association with Next Wave)
2020: Mr Burns: A Post-Electric Play (Lightning Jar Theatre in association with fortyfivedownstairs)
2021: 落叶归根 (Luò yè guīgēn) Getting Home (Cheryl Ho & Rachel Lee as part of Melbourne Fringe)
2022: Kerosene (Jack Dixon-Gunn in association with Theatre Works) and The Gospel According to Jesus Queen of Heaven (Ben Anderson Presents in association with Theatre Works) [in-person]; Juniper Wilde: Wilde Night In (The Social Validation Club as part of Melbourne Fringe) [digital]
2023: Gene Tree: Listen. Now. Again (St. Martins in association with Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria) and Paradise Lost (Bloomshed in association with Darebin Arts Speakeasy)
Music theatre
1987: Guys and Dolls (Adelaide Festival Centre Trust)
1988: Cats (Cameron Mackintosh and the Really Useful Company)
1989: My Fair Lady (Victoria State Opera)
1990: Anything Goes (Hayden Attractions, Victoria State Opera & Bill Armstrong)
1991: Les Miserables (Cameron Mackintosh)
1992: The Phantom of the Opera (Cameron Mackintosh, Really Useful Productions)
1993: The King and I (Victorian Arts Centre/Victoria State Opera/Gordon Frost/Adelaide Festival Centre Trust)
1994: Hot Shoe Shuffle (David Atkins Enterprises)
1995: West Side Story (Victoria State Opera, International Management Group)
2000: The Boy From Oz (Ben Gannon and Robert Fox)
2001-2007: n/a
2008: Priscilla Queen of the Desert The Musical
2009: Billy Elliot The Musical (Universal Pictures Stage Entertainment, Working Title Films, Old Vic Productions)
2010: Jersey Boys (Dodger Theatricals, Newtheatricals, Dainty Consolidated Entertainment and Michael Watt)
2011: Mary Poppins
2012: n/a
2013: Chess (The Production Company)
2014: n/a
2015: Once (Barbara Broccoli, John N. Hart Jr, Patrick Milling Smith, Frederick Zollo, Brian Carmody, Michael G. Wilson, Orin Wolf, John Frost, New York Theatre Workshop, Melbourne Theatre Company)
2016: Strictly Ballroom (Global Creatures and Bazmark)
2017: Matilda the Musical (The Royal Shakespeare Company and Louise Withers, Michael Coppel and Michael Watt)
2018: Aladdin The Musical (Disney Theatrical Productions)
2019: Beautiful: The Carole King Musical (Michael Cassel Group)
2020: Come From Away (Junkyard Dog Productions and Rodney Rigby)
2021: n/a
2022: The Wedding Singer (David Venn Enterprises)
2023: Moulin Rouge! The Musical (Carmen Pavlovic, Gerry & Val Ryan, Bill Damaschke and Global Creatures) and Fun Home (Melbourne Theatre Company)
Opera
1987: Madam Butterfly (Victoria State Opera)
1988: Turandot (Victoria State Opera)
1989: L'incoronazione di Poppea (Australian Opera)
1990: The Turn of the Screw (Australian Opera)
1991: Faust (Victoria State Opera)
1992: Elektra (Victoria State Opera/Melbourne International Festival of the Arts)
1993: The Tales of Hoffmann (Victoria State Opera)
1994: Hansel and Gretel (Australian Opera)
1995: A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Australian Opera)
2000: Billy Budd (Opera Australia)
2001: Capriccio (Opera Australia)
2002: Batavia (Opera Australia)
2003: Sweeney Todd (Opera Australia)
2004: Lulu (Opera Australia)
2005: Manon (Opera Australia)
2006: The Love for Three Oranges (Opera Australia)
2007: The Hive (ChamberMade Opera)
2008: Rusalka (Opera Australia)
2009: Arabella (Opera Australia); The Coronation of Poppea (Victorian Opera)
2010: Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (Opera Australia)
2011: La Sonnambula (Opera Australia)
2012: Of Mice and Men (Opera Australia)
2013: Salome (Opera Australia)
2014: Nixon in China (Victorian Opera)
2015: Eugene Onegin (Opera Australia)
2016: Le nozze di Figaro (Opera Australia)
2017: The Ring Cycle (Opera Australia)
2018: King Roger (Opera Australia)
2019: Die Meistersinger (Opera Australia)
2020: Il Viaggio a Reims (Opera Australia)
2021: n/a
2022: Das Rheingold (Melbourne Opera)
2023: IPHIS (Lyric Opera and Theatre Works)
Cabaret
2000: Saucy Cantina (Moira Finucane and Jackie Smith)
2001: Jacques Brel Is Alive & Well & Living In Paris (Mark Jones, Susan-ann Walker, Sean Murphy, Anne Wood)
2002: Cabaret Tingel Tangel (The Soubrettes)
2003: Terra Paradiso
2004: Comedy Is Still Not Pretty
2005: The Burlesque Hour
2006:
2007: Tim Minchin (Tim Minchin)
2008: Meow Meow Beyond Beyond Glamour: The Remix (Meow Meow)
2009: Die Roten Punkte – Super Musikant
2010: Songs from the 86 Tram – The Bedroom Philosopher (City of Melbourne and Nan & Pop Records)
2011: Yana Alana and tha Paranas in Concert (Gasworks & Arts Victoria in association with Melbourne Workers Theatre and Yana Alana and tha Paranas)
2012: Little Match Girl (Malthouse Theatre in association with Meow Meow Revolution)
2013: Nasty! – Spanky (Candice McQueen)
2014: Between The Cracks (Yana Alana)
2015: Eurosmash (Die Roten Punkte)
2016: Briefs
2017: Hot Brown Honey (Darebin Arts Speakeasy and Briefs Factory)
2018: Yummy (Yummy, Melba Spiegeltent as part of Melbourne International Comedy Festival)
2019: Reuben Kaye (Reuben Kaye)
2020: Boobs (Selina Jenkins as part of Melbourne Fringe)
2021: Lousical the Musical (Lou Wall as part of Melbourne Fringe)
2022: Reuben Kaye: The Butch is Back (Pietagogetter as part of Melbourne International Comedy Festival)
2023: BROAD (Geraldine Quinn as part of Melbourne International Comedy Festival)
Dance
1987: After Venice (Sydney Dance Company)
1988: The Shining (Sydney Dance Company)
1989: Vast (Australian Bicentennial Authority)
1990: Onegin (The Australian Ballet)
1991: The Leaves Are Falling (The Australian Ballet)
1992: Gemini (The Australian Ballet); No Strings Attached (DanceWorks)
1993: Nutcracker (The Australian Ballet)
1994: Nuti / Kikimora (Meryl Tankard Australian Dance Theatre)
1995: Divergence (The Australian Ballet)
2002: Tivoli (Sydney Dance Company & The Australian Ballet)
2003: Swan Lake (The Australian Ballet); Walkabout (Bangarra Dance Theatre)
2019: Overture (Arts House and Jo Lloyd)
2020: plenty serious Talk Talk (Vicki Van Hout in association with Arts House and Yirramboi Festival)
2021: n/a
2022: I am Maggie (Jonathan Homsey as part of Arts Centre Melbourne Take Over for Melbourne Fringe 2020)
Contemporary and experimental performance
2017: Complete Smut Art Auction (Punctum)
2018: We All Know What’s Happening (Samara Hersch & Lara Thoms)
2019: Crackers n Dip with Chase n Toey (Carly Sheppard & Josh Twee presented by Arts House)
2020: Daddy (Joel Bray presented by Arts House and Yirramboi Festival); Diaspora (A Chamber Made work by Robin Fox and Collaborators in association with Melbourne International Arts Festival and The Substation); Those Who Rock (Joseph O'Farrell presented by Arts Centre Melbourne)
2021: n/a
Lifetime Achievement Award
Recipients include (year added where found):
John Sumner (1985)
Dame Peggy van Praagh
Irene Mitchell
Betty Pounder, choreographer, arts administrator
Edna Edgley (1989)
Dame Joan Hammond (1988)
Ray Powell (ballet) helped found the Australian Ballet
John McCallum (1990)
Noel Pelly (1992)
John Truscott (1993)
Alfred Ruskin (1994)
Anne Fraser (designer) (1995)
Patricia Kennedy (1996)
Dame Margaret Scott (1998) first director of the Australian Ballet School, founded 1964
See also
Performing arts of Australia
References
External links
</ref>
Awards established in 1982
Australian theatre awards
Performing arts in Melbourne
1982 establishments in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Room%20Awards
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Karlous Marx Shinohamba (born February 3, 1965) is a Namibian politician, affiliated to the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) party. He became a member of the National Council for Ohangwena Region in November 2001. He is a member of the Pan-African Parliament.
References
1965 births
Living people
People from Ohangwena Region
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
SWAPO politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlous%20Marx%20Shinohamba
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The Act of Tilsit () was an act, signed in Tilsit by 24 members of the National Council of Lithuania Minor () on November 30, 1918. Signatories demanded unification of Lithuania Minor and Lithuania Proper into a single Lithuanian state. This would mean detaching the northern areas of East Prussia, inhabited by Prussian Lithuanians, from the German Empire.
The part of East Prussia north of Neman River, the Memel Territory up to the city of Memel (Klaipėda), was detached by Polish efforts by the Treaty of Versailles and placed under the supervision of the League of Nations. The rest of East Prussia, located south of the Neman River, including the town of Tilsit, where the act was signed, remained within Germany.
The Act was not signed by the main pro-Lithuanian oriented Prussian Lithuanian leaders Wilhelm Storost and Wilhelm Gaigalat. The latter was elected as chairman of the Prussian Lithuanian Council, but refused to take the position. He was replaced by general secretary Erdmonas Simonaitis. The act was widely published in the Republic of Lithuania only rather than in Lithuania Minor. It, among other facts, suggest the act primarily being a "show" document, intended to widely present an opinion of the National Council of Lithuania Minor.
Eventually, the Act of Tilsit became an important propaganda tool during the staged Klaipėda Revolt of 1923, after which Memel Territory (Klaipėda Region) was annexed by Lithuania. In March 1939, Lithuania was forced to cede Klaipėda Region to Nazi Germany. Some of the signatories of the Tilsit Act were later persecuted by the Nazis for treason, and Simonaitis was sent to a Nazi concentration camp but survived.
References
Further reading
A.A. Gliožaitis "Tilžės akto reikšmė" ("Voruta", 1998, 1999 No 43-47)
Algis A. Regis, "Tilžės aktas" ("Lietuvių dienos", No 1 (361), 1986)
Petras Cidzikas "Tilžės aktas - vilties aktas" ("Voruta", No 23 (521), 2002)
Romualdas Ozolas "Tilžės aktas: alternatyvos ir imperatyvai" ("Donelaičio žemė", No 1-2, 2004)
1918 in Lithuania
Politics of Prussia
Tilsit
Lithuania Minor
November 1918 events
1918 documents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%20of%20Tilsit
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Ella Ndatega Kamanya (9 November 1961 – 31 July 2005) was a Namibian politician and businesswoman. She joined the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in exile in 1978 and survived the Battle of Cassinga during the conflict with the South African Army.
Kamaya was appointed to the National Assembly of Namibia in 2003, replacing Hage Geingob. In March 2004, she was appointed to the Pan-African Parliament.
Early life
Kamanya was born on 9 November 1961 in Onangalo, Uukwaluudhi Kingdom, Ovamboland. Her father was a prominent local politician and businessperson. She grew up in a devout Christian family.
Career
In 1978, she joined SWAPO in exile, and shortly after arriving in Cassinga, Angola, the encampment where she and other Namibian exiles and refugees were based was raided by the South African Defence Force. She was captured during the May 1978 Battle of Cassinga, returned to South-West Africa, and subsequently incarcerated in Oshakati.
A businesswoman by profession, Kamanya ran movie theaters in Ongwediva and Ondangwa before joining the National Assembly. She requested to be buried in northern Namibia.
Controversy
In March 2004, Kamanya faced criticism for alleged graft in deals related to Black Economic Empowerment transactions and the San community of Namibia. She denied the allegations and died in July 2005.
References
1961 births
2005 deaths
People from Omusati Region
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Women members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Namibian women in business
Namibian businesspeople
SWAPO politicians
Namibian expatriates in Angola
Prisoners and detainees of South Africa
Namibian people imprisoned abroad
Namibian exiles
Women members of the Pan-African Parliament
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Kamanya
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Ben Amathila (born 1 October 1938 in Walvis Bay) is a retired Namibian politician. Amathila served in the government of Namibia with SWAPO from independence in 1990 until his retirement in April 2007.
From 1990 to 1993 he served as Minister of Trade and Industry. In 1993 he was moved against his will to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and served as minister until 2000. In 2000, president Sam Nujoma dismissed him from his cabinet post. He retained his seat in the National Assembly until his resignation in 2007, citing concerns with his party. Internationally, Amathila is a member of the Pan-African Parliament.
Amathila was re-elected to the SWAPO Central Committee at the party's August 2002 congress, placing eighth with 369 votes, and he was again elected to the Central Committee at SWAPO's November 2007 congress.
Namibian War of Independence
Amathila began working towards Namibian independence in 1959 with the forerunner to SWAPO, the Ovamboland People's Organization. He helped mobilizing support for SWAPO from 1959 until going into exile in 1966. He then was instrumental in organizing SWAPO's consultative congress at Tanga, Tanzania in 1969. Shortly afterwards, Amathila became SWAPO's representative in Scandinavia then the movement's Secretary for Economics in Lusaka than Luanda.
Personal life
Amathila was educated in Okahandja then Tsumeb. He is married to the first Black Namibian female physician and fellow politician, Libertina Amathila. He is the owner of a farm near Omaruru, where he plans to spend his retirement.
References
1938 births
Living people
People from Walvis Bay
Ovambo people
SWAPO politicians
Trade and industry ministers of Namibia
Information ministers of Namibia
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
Augustineum Secondary School alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Amathila
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The Earth Liberation Front (ELF) has taken a variety of criminal actions since 1992. Actions were rarely publicised prior to 1996 and are therefore difficult to find.
1997
March 11, 1997, Sandy, Utah: A series of pipe bombs and one firebomb claimed jointly by the ALF and the ELF destroys four trucks and leveled the offices of the Agricultural Fur Breeders Co-Op, causing about $1 million in damage.
March 14, 1997, near Eugene, Oregon: Tree spiking at Robinson-Scott timber harvest site in the McKenzie River watershed, Willamette National Forest . Joint ALF / ELF claim.
March 18, 1997, Davis, California: The "Bay Area Cell of the Earth X ALF" takes credit for setting fire to the University of California, Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine facility, which was still under construction.
July 21, 1997, Redmond, Oregon : Arson attack on the Cavel West meat packing plant. The plant was in the business of slaughtering horses and then shipping the meat to Europe to be sold there. Estimated cost over $1 million. The plant was never rebuilt. Joint ALF / ELF claim.
November 29, 1997, Burns, Oregon: Fire at the Bureau of Land Management Wild Horse Corrals destroys a horse barn, chutes, pens and equipment, and 400 horses are released. ELF and ALF claim joint responsibility. Damages: $474,000.
1998
June 2, 1998, Olympia, Washington: The U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal Damage Control building and another U.S. Department of Agriculture wildlife station, miles apart, go up in flames on the same morning. The Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front take joint responsibility for both actions. Damages: $1.9 million.
June 28, 1998, Boston, Massachusetts: ELF defaces the Mexican Consulate in Boston with red paint in support of the indigenous Zapatista Army of National Liberation uprising in the Mexican state of Chiapas. ELF paints blood-red hand prints on the walls, spills pools of red paint on the ground, and paints "VIVA E.Z.L.N."
July 3, 1998, Middleton, Wisconsin: Break-in and release of 171 mink and ferrets from United Vaccines laboratory during a daylight raid. Holes are cut in the fence and 310 ferrets and mink are released. Equipment and windows are also destroyed. The slogan 'Independence Day for Fur Farm Prisoners' is painted at the United Vaccines laboratory during the daylight raid. Joint ALF / ELF claim.
October 10, 1998, Rock Springs, Wyoming: Saboteurs cut the locks off horse pens at a BLM corral, freeing about 40-100 wild horses. Failed incendiaries are found next to a pickup truck and a building. The ELF and the ALF take joint responsibility.
October 19, 1998, Vail, Colorado: The ELF claims responsibility for burning five buildings and four chair lifts at the Vail Mountain ski resort in Vail, Colorado, causing in excess of $12 million in damages. The action came only five days after a court had ruled that Vail could proceed with its planned Category III expansion into the Two Elks Roadless Area, despite the objections of local environmentalists. In a communiqué, ELF claims that the fires were set on behalf of the lynx. "If there is any critical lynx habitat in the state, this is it!"
October 26, 1998, Powers, Michigan: About 5,000 mink are released from the Pipkorn farm in the Upper Peninsula. Damages: $100,000.
December 26, 1998, Medford, Oregon : Fire ravages the headquarters of U.S. Forest Industries. An ELF communiqué issued weeks later says the strike was payback to the company for razing forests and killing wild animals for profit. Damages: $700,000.
1999
August 7, 1999, Escanaba, Michigan: Two fishing boats are set ablaze in the driveway of a veterinarian who once worked as a mink rancher. A garage door is tagged with graffiti high: "FUR IS MURDER. E.L.F." The ELF later claims in an Internet posting it targeted the veterinarian after finding a "Fur is Enough" sign outside his home. Damages: $15,000.
December 25, 1999, Monmouth, Oregon: Fire destroys the main office of the Boise Cascade logging company costing over $1 million. ELF claim responsibility in a communiqué.
December 31, 1999, East Lansing, Michigan: Arson of the offices of Catherine Ives, Room 324, Agriculture Hall at Michigan State University. The offices were doused with gasoline and set afire. ELF says the fire was set in response to the work being done to force developing nations in Asia, Latin America and Africa to switch from natural crop plants to genetically engineered sweet potatoes, corn, bananas and pineapples. USAID was the major funder of the research and promotional work being done through Michigan State University. ELF spokesmen claimed Monsanto had been a major contributor to funding the program, however the only funding from Monsanto Corp. was a one-time sum of $2,000 to send five African students to a conference on biotechnology. According to local newspapers, the fire caused over $1 million in damage.
2000
January 23, 2000, Bloomington, Indiana: Arson destroys a partially built luxury home. Investigators found a message spray-painted in black on a sign near the house: "No Sprawl ELF." The ELF later issues a communiqué saying it torched the home because it was in the Lake Monroe Watershed, which provides drinking water to the city of Bloomington. Damages: $200,000.
February 9, 2000, Saint Paul, Minnesota: University of Minnesota, ELF Crop Destruction, $1,000+ in damages.
March 24, 2000, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Highway 55 reroute, $500,000 in damages done to construction equipment.
April 30, 2000, Bloomington, Indiana: At least six pieces of logging and heavy construction equipment are sabotaged and a trailer full of wood chips is set ablaze at a road construction site just outside the city. A communiqué from the Earth Liberation Front states its plan was to punish those developing wooded areas around Bloomington, which "have turned what was once forested land into parking lots, luxury houses for rich scum and expanded roads." Damages: $75,000.
July 20, 2000, Rhinelander, Wisconsin: Vandals hack down thousands of experimental trees, mostly poplars, and spray-paint vehicles at a U.S. Forest Service research station. The ELF claims the attack was against bioengineering, although researchers say the trees were naturally bred (not bioengineered) to grow faster and resist diseases. Damages: $1 million.
September 9, 2000, Bloomington, Indiana: Fire erupts at the headquarters of the Monroe County Republican Party Committee headquarters. Investigators say a flammable liquid was poured on the building and ignited. The arson was a reminder, according to the ELF communiqué, that the ELF would not sit quietly as politicians pushed for plans to extend Interstate 69. Damages: $1,500.
October 18, 2000, Shoals, Indiana: Vandals find four pieces of heavy logging equipment in the Martin State Forest and cut hoses, slash seats, destroy gauges and pour sand in the engines, fuel tanks and radiators. They leave spray-painted graffiti including, "Earth Raper," "Go Cut in Hell," and "ELF." Damages: $55,000.
November 27, 2000, Niwot, Colorado: Arson hits one of the first luxury homes going up in a new subdivision. The ELF later sends a note, made of letters clipped from magazines, to the Boulder Weekly newspaper: "Viva la revolution! The Boulder ELF burned the Legend Ridge mansion on Nov. 27th." The underground group explains in a follow-up communiqué that the arson was driven by defeat of a statewide ballot measure to control growth. Damages: $2.5 million.
December 9, 2000, Middle Island, New York: Fire erupts in a Long Island condominium under construction. The ELF claims responsibility, saying the homes were "future dens of the wealthy elite." The group, announcing "an unbounded war on urban sprawl," claims it checked for occupants—human and animal—in 16 condos before setting incendiaries in them. Damages: $200,000.
December 19, 2000, Miller Place, New York : A Long Island house under construction goes up in flames. "Building homes for the wealthy should not even be a priority," the ELF writes in its communiqué. "Forests, farms and wetlands are being replaced with a sea of houses, green chemical lawns, blacktop and roadkill." Damages: $50,000.
December 29, 2000, Mount Sinai, New York : Three Long Island luxury homes under construction are set ablaze, and a fourth is spray-painted with graffiti: "If you build it we will burn it." The ELF issues a communiqué saying: "Recently, hundreds of houses have been built over much of Mount Sinai's picturesque landscape and developers now plan to build a further 189 luxury houses over the farms and forests adjacent to Island Estates...This hopefully provided a firm message that we will not tolerate the destruction of our island." Damages: $160,000.
2001
May 21, 2001, Seattle, Washington: ELF sets off a firebomb that caused $7 million in damages at the University of Washington's Center for Urban Horticulture. Lacey Phillabaum and Jennifer Kolar pleaded guilty to the attack in 2006. Bill Rodgers, who was "considered to be one of the top organizers of the ELF and a hands-on participant who allegedly help set the fire bombs inside the UW horticulture center," later commits suicide in an Arizona jail. Justin Solondz, who allegedly helped assemble the fire bombs and joined Rodgers in setting them is now a fugitive. Briana Waters, a student at The Evergreen State College at the time of the bombing, was convicted in 2008 and sentenced to six years in prison.
2002
January 26, 2002, St. Paul, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Microbial and Plant Genomics Research Center soil testing lab and construction trailer burned down, construction equipment, including a bulldozer damaged, $630,000 damages. Claimed by ELF.
January 29, 2002, Fairfield, Maine: ELF announced they had sabotaged a "Biotech Park" in a communiqué that read:
February 12, 2002, Washington D.C.: FBI testimony before the House Ecoterror Hearing.
Domestic terrorism is the unlawful use, or threatened use, of violence by a group or individual based and operating entirely within the United States (or its territories) without foreign direction, committed against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives...During the past several years, special interest extremism, as characterized by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), has emerged as a serious terrorist threat. The FBI estimates that the ALF/ELF have committed more than 600 criminal acts in the United States since 1996, resulting in damages in excess of 43 million dollars.
March 24, 2002, Erie, Pennsylvania: Hundreds of trees spiked in Wintergreen Gorge, crane, generators and pumps torched, other equipment monkey wrenched, $500,000 damages Claimed by ELF.
May 12, 2002, Harbor Creek, Pennsylvania: 200 mink released from Mindek mink farm Claimed by ALF and ELF.
August 11, 2002, Irvine, Pennsylvania: A device, containing gasoline, was thrown onto the roof of the Northeast Research Station in the Allegheny National Forest. The ensuing fire caused nearly $700,000 in damages. An e-mail from ELF's office said:
While innocent life will never be harmed in any action we undertake, where it is necessary, we will no longer hesitate to pick up the gun to implement justice, and provide the needed protection for our planet that decades of legal battles, pleading protest, and economic sabotage have failed so drastically to achieve.
and that
all other US Forest Services administration and research facilities, as well as all Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) buildings nationwide should now be considered likely targets.
September 2002, Harbor Creek, Pennsylvania: more than 50 mink released Mindek mink farm Claimed by ALF and ELF.
September 28, 2002, Richmond, Virginia: 25 windows etched at 1 Burger King and 13 windows etched at each of 2 McDonald's Claimed by ELF.
November 1, 2002, Richmond, Virginia: Vandals who left messages crediting ELF damaged SUVs in several incidents recently. Twenty-five SUVs on the lot of a Ford dealer were permanently defaced with a glass-etching cream. A week later, SUVs parked near homes were severely damaged with an ax or hatchet. Vandalism and attempted arson have also been reported recently at highway and home construction sites in the area.
December 28, 2002, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: ELF activists attacked a housing development, severely damaging construction vehicles and the model home on the property.
2003
January 1, 2003, Girard, Pennsylvania: Jugs of gasoline were set under three vehicles at Bob Ferrando Ford Lincoln Mercury and set ablaze. Two pickup trucks, one Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) and a car were destroyed causing $90,000 in damages. Steve Dartnell of Fairview Pennsylvania claimed responsibility for the attack.
January 20, 2003, Seattle, Washington: Arson at a McDonald's caused $5000 worth of damage. In September, 2005, Christopher W. McIntosh of Maple Shade, NJ, admitted he set the fire by pouring several gallons of gasoline on the roof on behalf of ALF-ELF. In an anonymous phone call he said:
[t]here was an E-L-F-A-L-F hit at McDonald's across from the Space Needle. There will be more. ... As long as Mother Earth is pillaged, raped, destroyed. As long as McDonald's keeps hurting our furry brothers, there will be more.
He was sentenced to eight years in prison.
March 21, 2003, Superior Township, Michigan: Two luxury homes set on fire in a Superior Township housing development in an action against urban sprawl. Claimed by the ELF. Damages estimated at $400,000.
March 28, 2003, Montgomery, Alabama: Five government vehicles were vandalized and one truck was set on fire at a Naval Recruitment Headquarters in Montgomery, Alabama. The ELF claimed responsibility for the attacks both in a communiqué and by spray-painting their initials at the scene. Messages that read, "Stop the War," "Stop killing" and "Leave Iraq" were also found along with the ELF initials.
April 8, 2003, Santa Cruz, California: The ELF claims responsibility for vandalizing 65 SUVs, including about twenty private vehicles as well forty at the North Bay Ford and Lincoln Mercury car dealership. Messages are spray-painted on the vehicles denouncing the war in Iraq.
April 15, 2003, Santa Cruz, California: ELF activists attack 15 SUVs with bright orange paint, and in an ELF press release, complain that the local paper did not cover the story.
June 3, 2003, Chico, California: ELF claims the attempted arson of a new home. The fire burns through a PVC pipe holding water, dousing the flames so the damage was minimal, about $100. "Save our bio-region ELF" is painted on the sidewalk.
June 4, 2003, Macomb County, Michigan: ELF sets fire to two luxury homes in a Macomb County housing development in an action against urban sprawl. "ELF" and "Stop sprawl" are spray painted on nearby construction equipment. Damages estimated at $700,000.
June 5, 2003, Chico, California: An arson attempt is made at a shopping center under construction. Workers find remnants of several small fires, and ELF spray-painted on the door of a work truck at the site. The FBI explores connections with arson attempts at two McDonald's in March, and SUVs in May, in Chico.
June 14, 2003, Santa Cruz, California: Environmental activists scratch the slogan ELF into ten new SUVs, causing $15,000 worth of damage.
July 2, 2003, South Windsor, Connecticut: Signs of the Earth Liberation Front, "ELF" and "no sprawl," are spray-painted on a newly completed. An unidentified man called police and said the graffiti was done by an ELF activist.
August 1, 2003, San Diego, California: A 206-unit condominium being built is burnt down causing damage in excess of $50 million. A banner at the scene reads "If you build it, we will burn it," signed, "The E.L.F.s are mad."
August 22, 2003, West Covina, California: The ELF attacks several car dealerships in east suburban Los Angeles, burning down a warehouse and vandalizing several cars, with such phrases as "I love pollution" written on the cars. All told, more 125 SUVs and Hummers, which were targeted due to their lower than average fuel efficiency, are damaged or destroyed causing $2.3 million in damages.
August 29, 2003, Fairbanks, Alaska: ELF spray-paints concrete walls and construction equipment at a Wal-Mart construction site.
September 4, 2003, Santa Fe, New Mexico: ELF action against SUV dealer in New Mexico - SUVS spray-painted with messages naming the seven deadly sins. 1/3 of the dealership's stock was marked, leaving thousands of dollars in damages.
September 12, 2003: Federal agents arrest Pomona, California resident Joshua Thomas Connole in connection with the August 22nd 2003 Los Angeles area arsons. He was soon released due to lack of evidence. The FBI later awards Connole $100,000 and agrees to give him an apology after he files a lawsuit against the agency.
September 19, 2003, San Diego, California: ELF action against urban sprawl at three separate construction sites in the upscale Carmel Valley neighborhood of San Diego, causing an estimated $1 million in damages. Four unfinished houses were destroyed, two others were damaged and a condominium under construction sustained minor damage. A banner at the site of the first fires read, "Development = destruction. Stop raping nature. The ELFs are mad."
September 22, 2003, Martiny, Michigan: The ELF claims responsibility for planting plastic bottles containing flammable liquid at an Ice Mountain Spring Water Company (a subsidiary of Nestle) pumping station. The devices are apparently intended to start a fire at the premises but are discovered by maintenance workers before they are set ablaze. In a written statement, the ELF stated:
We will no longer stand idly be while corporations profit at the expense of all others. To this end, we have taken action against one of the pumping stations that Perrier uses to steal water… Clean water is one of the most fundamental necessities and no one can be allowed to privatize it, commodify it, and try and sell it back to us.
Two months later a judge orders the company to halt pumping water from the wells. Nestle had been removing 200 gallons of water from the ground per minute and was lowering the water table.
October 6, 2003, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: Construction equipment belonging to the US Forest has electrical wires cut, tires cut and windows broken by ELF.
October (mid), 2003; Portland, Maine: The Acadian Green Brigade of the ELF slashes the tires of 8 Boise Cascade delivery trucks and two trailers, glued locks and painted slogans across the building's main entrance.
October 24, 2003, Martinsville, Indiana: ELF activists sabotage a Wal-Mart construction site. Survey stakes are removed, and walls and machinery spray-painted. Over a dozen pieces of heavy machinery and vehicles are vandalized, with slashed tires, cut fuel hoses, and sand poured in fuel tanks.
2004
January 22, 2004, Fayetteville, Arkansas: Five Hummer SUVs are vandalized. The letters ELF are spray-painted on the vehicles, tires are slashed and windows broken.
February 7, 2004, Charlottesville, Virginia: The ELF sets fire to a bulldozer and causes damage to other equipment that is parked off Route 29. This site is to be developed into a retail, commercial and residential community. On their website, the ELF writes that the site was "targeted as part of the ELF's ongoing actions against large-scale developments going up at the expense of what little green space is left in North America." A banner left on the site read "Your construction = long term destruction - ELF" The action causes over $30,000 in damages.
February 17, 2004, North Lima, Ohio: Vandals break windows in a construction trailer, spray a fire extinguisher and scratch the initials "ELF" on the side of a piece of construction equipment at the construction site of a new showroom for a fireworks company.
April 20, 2004, Snohomish, Washington: Two homes are destroyed and attempts are made to burn two others at a housing development. A note found at the site of one of the fires is signed "ELF" and reportedly contains statements condemning suburban developments. As well, bottles of flammable liquid are found at two different housing development sites in the area. The action causes an estimated $1 million in damages.
July 30, 2004, Charlotte, North Carolina: Activists vandalize a fleet of utility trucks owned by Utiliquest, a utility contractor. All the trucks are marked with "ELF" and all have their tires slashed.
August 3, 2004, Spokane, Washington: A fire heavily damages one $55,000 Hummer SUV and nearly burns two others at the George Gee Hummer dealership. One H2 Hummer has its windows broken and is spray painted with messages that oppose the Iraq war and President Bush. An e-mail sent to local media outlets claims credit for the Eastern Washington Chapter of the Earth Liberation Front.
December 27, 2004, Lincoln, California: Incendiary devises are located in three houses under construction at the Verdera Models construction site on Flores Court in the Twelve Bridges development. Graffiti is discovered on another house under construction in the same development. The graffiti found at the scene includes notations such as "Enjoy the world as is - as long as you can", "U will pay", "Evasion", "4 Q" and "Leave". This house also sustains broken windows. The letters "ELF" are printed in the cul-de-sac where these homes are located. Across the street from this house a tractor is vandalized with the notation "Disarm or die".
2005
January 12, 2005, Auburn, California: Five un-ignited incendiary devices are discovered in a commercial building under construction that, upon completion, were to be rented as doctor's offices. A letter claiming responsibility for "the actions taken in Placer County (CA)" is received by several media outlets. The return address on the letter indicates it was from "Emma Goldman." Emma Goldman is a major figure in the history of anarchism.
February 7, 2005, Sutter Creek, California: The ELF sets fire to the new Pinewoods apartment complex, about east of Sacramento. Sutter Creek Chief of Police Robert Duke says "there were seven individual fires and some kind of incendiary device with very, very crude triggering mechanisms." graffiti found near the fire reads: "We will win -- ELF."
March 6, 2005, Fair Oaks, California: Three vehicles – two full-size pickup trucks and a Ford Expedition – are spray-painted with the initials "ELF," and their rear license plates are painted over. A total of at least seven SUVs are vandalized in the Sacramento area during the week.
April 13, 2005, Sammamish, Washington: ELF partially burns down one of two buildings it targeted in a King County, Washington development. David Ammon, a developer whose property was burned, had planned on constructing two more homes in the area. Police discover an incendiary device which had failed to ignite in a second house nearby along with a sheet condemning the rape of the Earth, clearing of trees, and claiming responsibility on behalf of ELF. It reads, "Where are all the trees? Burn, rapist, burn. E.L.F" The homes targeted are new ones located in a golf course subdivision.
May 17, 2005, Fair Oaks, California: Several SUVs and trucks are spray-painted with "ELF" and "polluter", and many also have their tires slashed. A short distance away, the words "bomb the White House" are found spray-painted on a real estate sign. FBI, Secret Service, and a joint terrorism task force are investigating, and trying to find out if the two attacks are related.
July 27, 2005 Whatcom County, Washington: Arsonists damage two homes under construction. The first causes $100,000 in damages. The second, a few days later, completely destroys another home being built in the area. ELF has taken credit for other arsons in the area earlier in the year that police are investigating.
September 11, 2005, West Old Town, Maine: The ELF vandalizes at least a dozen large machines at the West Old Town Landfill. The machines had their ignitions ripped out, or superglue poured into them, tires were slashed, two buildings and many vehicles were spray painted, and the fuel in the equipments' tanks may have been tampered with. Officials say the damage will cost tens of thousands of dollars to repair.
October 3, 2005, Bozeman, Montana: U.S. - A construction site owned by the Kenyon Noble lumber company is vandalized by the Earth Liberation Front causing about $3000 in damage.
November 19, 2005, Hagerstown, Maryland: ELF claims responsibility for setting four fires in newly constructed unoccupied homes built by the McLean, Virginia Ryan Homes in the Hager's Crossing subdivision. One building is burned to the ground but the other three sustain less serious damage. The developer estimated the damage at more than $300,000.
Credit for the arson is claimed via an e-mail originating from the e-mail address tree_beard1234@yahoo.com. Treebeard is the name of a giant shepherd, one of a race called the Ents, in J.R.R. Tolkien's cult fantasy novel "The Two Towers." The message reads:
Last night we, the Earth Liberation Front, put the torch to a development of Ryan Homes in Hagerstown, Maryland (off Route 40, behind the Wal-Mart). We did so to strike at the bottom line of this country's most notorious serial land rapist...We warn all developers that the people of the Earth are prepared to defend what remains of the wild and the green...We encourage all who watch with sadness while developers sell out the future of us and our children to join us in resisting them in any and every possible way...The Ents are going to war.
November 25, 2005, Bothell, Washington: Two pieces of construction equipment are destroyed by fire, causing more than $100,000 in damage.
November 29, 2005, Bothell, Washington: One piece of construction equipment is destroyed by fire.
December 14, 2005, Kenmore, Washington: Two pieces of excavation equipment are burned overnight at a housing development, causing around $180,000 in damage. Apparently this is the second fire at this construction site since November. The earlier fire caused $50,000 in damage.
December 16, 2005, Valley Springs, California: A window is broken and the letters E-L-F were spray-painted on the garage door of a partially constructed home. There is considerable opposition to new development and the required re-zoning in rural Calaveras County, where Valley Springs is located.
2006
January 17, 2006, Camano Island, Washington: ELF burns down a nearly completed , $3 million, trophy house. Investigators say that someone spray-painted a threatening message on a pink bedsheet and draped it across the front gate.
January 31, 2006, Guelph, Ontario, Canada: A fire destroys a partially constructed home. ELF claims credit for the blaze a few days later, in an email in which the group explains that the fire had been "A STRIKE AGAINST DEVELOPERS, FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY" and that it was done "in the memory of William C. Rodgers 'Avalon'."
March 11, 2006, Salem, Oregon: Three newly constructed upscale homes are vandalized with pro-environmental slogans which read: "Quit building ant farms," "E.L.F.," "Rent is theft," "Viva E.L.F." and "Don't kill my air." Additionally, a window is broken. According to authorities, this is the second time within the past two years that ELF vandals struck in this neighborhood.
June 27, 2006, Guelph, Ontario, Canada: A fire destroys a partially constructed home at 75 Summit Ridge, in view of the old Eastview Road landfill site. It caused about $200,000 of damage. ELF claims credit for the blaze a few days latter in an email which includes anti-development slogans.
2008
March 3, 2008, Street of Dreams, Washington: ELF is the primary suspect for the intentional destruction, by using explosive devices, set fire to four multimillion-dollar homes from the 2007 Seattle Street of Dreams in Woodinville, Washington, costing $7 million in damage. Authorities describe the act as "domestic terrorism" after finding the initials of the Earth Liberation Front spray-painted in red letters, mocking claims that the homes were environmentally friendly: "Built Green? Nope black! McMansions in RCDs r not green. ELF."
Tuesday the 25th to Friday the 28th of November, Mexico City, Mexico: a group calling itself eco-anarquista por el ataque directo (Eco-anarchist cell for direct attack) claimed responsibility for a number of recent actions, including: half a dozen Molotov cocktails thrown at tren férreo (metro rail) in Mexico City, Incendiary sabotage against Telmex, a Molotov cocktail thrown at a Banamex ATM. These attacks were claimed to have taken place "as a form of 'protest' against the construction of a new rail line (line 12), in Mexico City (D.F.) and Mexico State; already because of its construction many trees were cut down, entire families evicted and land expropriated with large hectares of green areas subsequently deforested."
2009
January 29, Mexico City, Mexico: The Frente de Liberación de la Tierra (ELF) claimed responsibility for setting a fire within the College of Sciences and Humanities at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) along with setting fire to and destroying a construction crane. this was in response to the university building upon an ecological reserve.
March 22, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: Frente de Liberación de la Tierra (ELF) set fire to construction equipment and broke windows of a local bank.
September 4, Everett, Washington: The ELF claims responsibility for the destruction of two broadcasting towers used by the local radio station KRKO.
See also
Timeline of Animal Liberation Front actions
ELF and ALF cooperation
References
External links
Partial list of ELF Direct actions 1996-2003. Do or Die journal
List and analysis of ELF actions in earth liberation movement magazine, Resistance
Earth Liberation Front
Animal Liberation Front
Earth Liberation Front Actions
Earth Liberation Front
Eco-terrorism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Earth%20Liberation%20Front%20actions
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The Bemidji Curling Club is a curling club located in the city of Bemidji, Minnesota. It is notable for its long line of champions in many competitions, including men's and women's rinks which represented the United States in the 2005 World Curling Championship and the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Pete Fenson skipped the men's rink, which won the Olympic bronze medal, the first-ever medal in curling for the U.S. Cassandra Johnson skipped the women's rink, which lost to Sweden in the final match of the 2005 World Women's Curling Championship. Another of the club's members, Scott Baird, played as an alternate on the Olympic men's rink.
The club features a general viewing area on the first floor and another viewing area upstairs with a bar. There is also a kitchen area that is used for when bonspiels and tournaments provide food for the participants. Locker rooms are also provided for men and women. The lockers can be rented by member of the club. There is a store within the club that sells curling equipment. There are six sheets, but often when national championships are being hosted one of the end sheets is used as a viewing area with bleachers. The building also holds a skating rink on the opposite side, separate from the curling club.
History
Near the end of the Great Depression and in the midst of the economic recovery of the New Deal, the Bemidji Curling Club was organized. During the Winter Carnival of 1932, the Hibbing Curling Club put on a demonstration of the sport which not officially organized in Bemidji until a Sunday afternoon meeting at the Tourist Information Building on January 13, 1935.
The first club was located at the Farmer's Market, now the site of the Cenex parking lot located between Second and Third Streets on America Avenue. Henry Krebs donated slabs for enclosing the one sheet of ice and a warming room at one end of the building. The first rocks were purchased from the Chisholm Curling Club at a reduced price. Other rocks were secured through the efforts of Frank Markus as he traveled throughout the area. Rocks could be purchased for about $10 a pair. During these early years, rocks were owned by many of the curlers who made their rocks available to those who did not have their own.
Committees were established and the first draws consisted of fourteen rinks which began their play on January 20, 1935. By February 1935, a total of 16 rinks were formed. There were weekly events which culminated in playing for the Grand Aggregate or the best percentage of wins for the season. Rinks were invited to participate in the Merriam Medal Event in Duluth in 1935. This event was considered to be the State Championship for Minnesota curlers.
During the summer of 1935 a Sports Arena project was approved as one of the first WPA projects for Bemidji. The Arena consisted of a skating and hockey area along with the Curling Club. Curling Club members sold $10 memberships in order to pay for the curling part of the building which was paid in full with the final payment of $500 in January 1936. The arena was located on the old high school property at 7th and America where it remained until 1967.
The first Paul Bunyan Bonspiel was held in January 1937, with 48 entries from around Minnesota and Canada. The John Brodin rink of Eveleth won over the Sam Carroll rink of Hibbing.
During the 1939 season, high school curling was organized with the help of C.W. Vandersluis and H.M. Robbins. Chauncey Prange was the coach. Bemidji won the Minnesota School Boys’ Championship in 1964, ’65, and ’66. Dan Haluptzok skipped the team all three years. Other members were Jon Quistgaard, Bob Fenson, Terry Jackson, Steve Berg, Tom Fenson, and John Doran. After the Minnesota High School League sanctioned curling as a letter sport in 1968, Bemidji teams were runners-up on four occasions until the sport was dropped by the MHSL in 1977.
On January 4, 1949, the roof of the skating side of the arena collapsed from the snow. The skating side had been used to make five extra sheets of ice to accommodate the Paul Bunyan Bonspiel which now had to limit the play from 12-end games to 10-end games.
Women began curling during the two-term presidency of Floyd Hirt (1949–51), and a women's curling club was chartered during the 1951-52 season. The women have sponsored a bonspiel since 1962-63, which became known as the Norma Olson Bonspiel during the 1974-75 season.
In the late 1950s, the club purchased the first matched rocks and installed artificial ice. A few years later, two more sheets were added to the original four sheets.
In 1967, the government bought the property to build Northland Apartments. The club received a sum of money which was supplemented by member donations of $50 to $100 in order to construct the new and present club.
In 1979, due to lack of space and the need for kitchen facilities, a structural addition was made to the club. The addition included the kitchen with serving area and men's and women's locker rooms and some storage area on the lower level. Some remodeling was also done to the existing club.
National and international accomplishments for Bemidji curlers include:
· In 1979, the Scott Baird rink won the fourth state championship for Bemidji and went on to capture the national title. They participated in the Silver Broom in Switzerland where they finished fifth. The rink included Dan Haluptzok, Mark Haluptzok, and Bob Fenson.
- The same Baird rink advanced to the semifinals of a national playdown for the 1988 Olympics. Rich Reierson, Pete Fenson, Steve Fogelson and Pet Lapp also qualified for the playdown.
- In mixed competition, the Mark Haluptzok rink including Liz Johnson, Tim Johnson and Mary Jo Roufs won the 1980 and 1982 national championships.
- In 1989, the team of Mark Haluptzok, Dan Haluptzok, Pete Fenson and Bob Fenson competed in the European Challenge for the right to represent the US in Switzerland. They finished second to Steve Brown of Wisconsin in an extra-end playoff game.
- In junior curling, women's team of Kari Liapis, Stacey Liapis, Heidi Rollheiser and Bobbie Breyen placed second in the 1989 national championships and won the 1990 event. They went on to world junior championships, finishing sixth. The junior men's team of Eric Fenson, Shawn Rojeski, Kevin Bergstrom and Ted McCann claimed the national title both in 1991 and 1992. Also in 1992, the junior women's team team of Erika Brown, Kari Liapis, Stacey Liapis, Bobbie Breyen and Debbie Henry claim the national crown, while Andy Borland, Liz Johnson, Tim Johnson and Jean Borland captured the national mixed championship.
- In 1993, Bemidji teams won the US junior women's title (a repeat for Brown's rink) and the US men's championship (Scott Baird, Pete Fenson, Mark Haluptzok and Tim Johnson). The Baird rink defended the title in 1994, when Bemidji also won a national mixed championship (Andy Borland, Liz Johnson, Tim Johnson and Jean Borland). The next year, Risa O’Connell, Missi O’Connell, Natalie Simenson and Alison Naylor won the US junior women's title.
Past National Championships hosted by the club include the 1980 men's nationals, the 1984 mixed nationals and the 1991 junior men's and women's Nationals. The club sponsored the men's and women's national championship in 1996 – the City of Bemidji's centennial year.
External links
Bemidji Curling Club official web site
Curling clubs in the United States
1935 establishments in Minnesota
Bemidji, Minnesota
Curling in Minnesota
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemidji%20Curling%20Club
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Over and Out is a combination of the Procedure words OVER and OUT.
Albums
Over and Out (Tar album)
Over and Out (Rick Parfitt album)
Songs
"Over and Out", by Foo Fighters from their album In Your Honor
"Over and Out", by Pantera from their 1988 album Power Metal
"Over and Out", by We Are Scientists from their 2002 album Safety, Fun, and Learning (In That Order)
"Over and Out", by Alkaline Trio from their 2008 album Agony & Irony
"Over and Out", by Newton Faulkner from the 2008 album Rebuilt by Humans
"Over and Out", by Westlife from the 2011 album Greatest Hits
"Over & Out", by Lucyfire from their 2001 album This Dollar Saved My Life at Whitehorse
"Over & Out", by Nuno Bettencourt from his album Mourning Widows
"Over and Out", by 5 Seconds of Summer, the B-side to their single "She's Kinda Hot"
"Over and Out", by Nine Inch Nails from the 2018 album Bad Witch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%20and%20Out
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Mathnawi ( mathnawī) or masnavi ( Mas̲navī) is a kind of poem written in rhyming couplets, or more specifically "a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines". Most mathnawī poems follow a meter of eleven, or occasionally ten, syllables, but had no limit in their length. Typical mathnawi poems consist of an indefinite number of couplets, with the rhyme scheme aa/bb/cc.
Mathnawī poems have been written in Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish and Urdu cultures. Certain Persian mat̲h̲nawī poems, such as Rumi's Masnavi-e Ma’navi, have had a special religious significance in Sufism. Other influential writings include the poems of Ghazali and ibn Arabi. Mathnawi's are closely tied to Islamic theology, philosophy, and legends, and cannot be understood properly without knowledge about it. Contrarily to Western poetry, Mathnawis do not serve as mere literary entertainment, but might be regarded as a source for the religion's metaphysics.
Arabic maṯnawī
Arabic mathnawi poetry, also known as muzdawidj (, literally "doubled," referring to the internal rhyme scheme of the lines), emerged and was popularized during the Abbasid era. Unlike the older poetic styles in Arabic, mathnawi verses are not monorhymes. Instead, they include an internal rhyme scheme within each bayt with an extensive use of alliteration and follow a specific meter. Arabic mathnawi (or muzdawidj) poetry is very similar to the Persian, Urdu, and Turkish equivalents, though with one major difference: most muzdawidj poems follow an aaa/bbb/ccc pattern, while the other mathnawi poems follow an aa/bb/cc pattern.
Persian masnawī
In Persian masnawī (), the poems strictly adhere to a meter of 11 syllables, occasionally ten. While the length of a masnawī is not prescribed and is therefore unlimited, most of the better known masnawī are within a range of 2,000–9,000 bayts (verses). The first known masnawī poem was written in the Sāmānid period (4th/10th century). Despite certain dates indicating a possibility otherwise, modern scholars believe it is a continuation of an Iranian verse form, not of its Arabic counterpart (there is some debate in view of the fact that the word masnawī is derived from Arabic, but most scholars believe that the Persians coined the word themselves).
Masnawī are usually associated with the didactic and romantic genres, but are not limited to them. There is a great variety among Persian masnawī, but there are several conventions that can help a reader recognize a masnawī poem. Most masnawī have a distinction between the introductory and body paragraphs (although it is not always easy to determine where that is), praise of the one God and prayers, a eulogy of the Prophet, reflections on the value of poetry, and occasionally a description of an object as a significant symbol.
Certain Persian masnawī have had a special religious significance in Sufism, such as Rumi's Masnavi-i Ma’nawi, which consists of 6 books/25,000 verses and which has been used in prayer among many Sufi's, such as the Whirling Dervishes. While some Islamic legalists find the practice unconscionable, the Sufi scholar and jurist Abu Hamid al-Ghazali supported the use of poetry as worship.
In the 21st century, Ahmad Niktalab has been one of the expert poets of Persian masnawi.
Turkish maṯnawī
Turkish mathnawi began developing in the 8th/14th century. Persian mathnawi influenced Turkish authors as many Turkish mathnawī were, at first, creative translations and adaptations of Persian mathnawī. The oldest known Turkish mathnawī is a didactic poem called Kutadgu Bilig.
Turkish mathnawī are strongly driven by their plot, and are usually categorized into three genres—mutaḳārib (heroic), ramal (religio-didactic), and hazadj (romantic). Some mat̲h̲nawī were written with an understanding that the audience would appreciate the importance of the subject of the poem, but some were also written purely for entertainment purposes.
Mat̲h̲nawī remained prominent in Turkish literature until the end of the Ottoman Empire, when it began to transform into more conversational and rhetorical literature. Few Turkish mat̲h̲nawī have been translated into another modern language.
Urdu masnawī
Urdu masnawī are usually divided into three categories- early, middle, and late.
Early Urdu masnawī began in the 11th/17th century. In the beginning of this period, many masnawī were religious in nature, but then grew to include romantic, heroic, and even secular stories. Early Urdu masnawī were influenced by Dakkanī literature, as well as Persian mat̲h̲nawī. Because of this influence, many early Urdu masnawī were translations of Persian masnawī, although there are some original early Urdu masnawīs.
Middle Urdu masnawī became prominent in the 12th/18th century, when Urdu literature broke away from the Dakkanī tradition. In the 12th/18th century, romantic masnawī became very popular. Another new convention that appeared in middle Urdu masnawī was authors using their own personal experiences as a subject for their poem.
Modern Urdu masnawī began in the 13th/19th century, during a time of literary reform. Masnawī as a whole became much shorter, and the traditional meters stopped being observed. These masnawī deal more with everyday subjects, as well as providing a medium for children's poetry. A well-known masnavi-writer in Urdu in recent times was Allama Dr. Syed Ali Imam Zaidi "Gauhar Lucknavi" (great-grandson of Mir Baber Ali Anees).
See also
Diwan (poetry)
References
Literature
Arabic and Central Asian poetics
Pakistani poetics
Iranian inventions
Arabic poetry forms
Literary genres
Mathnawi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathnawi
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The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It was a revision of the first APG system, published in 1998, and was superseded in 2009 by a further revision, the APG III system.
History
APG II was published as:
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141(4): 399-436. (Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF) doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x)
Each of the APG systems represents the broad consensus of a number of systematic botanists, united in the APG, working at several institutions worldwide.
The APG II system recognized 45 orders, five more than the APG system. The new orders were Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Gunnerales, Celastrales, and Crossosomatales, all of which were families unplaced as to order, although contained in supra-ordinal clades, in the APG system. APG II recognized 457 families, five fewer than the APG system. Thirty-nine of the APG II families were not placed in any order, but 36 of the 39 were placed in a supra-ordinal clade within the angiosperms. Fifty-five of the families came to be known as "bracketed families". They were optional segregates of families that could be circumscribed in a larger sense.
The APG II system was influential and was adopted in whole or in part (sometimes with modifications) in a number of references. It was superseded 6½ years later by the APG III system, published in October 2009.
Groups
Main groups in the system (all unranked clades between the ranks of class and order):
angiosperms :
magnoliids
monocots
commelinids
eudicots
core eudicots
rosids
eurosids I
eurosids II
asterids
euasterids I
euasterids II
Shown below is the classification in full detail, except for the fifteen genera and three families that were unplaced in APG II. The unplaced taxa were listed at the end of the appendix in a section entitled "Taxa of Uncertain Position". Under some of the clades are listed the families that were placed incertae sedis in that clade. Thirty-six families were so placed. This means that their relationship to other members of the clade is not known.
paraphyletic grade basal angiosperms
family Amborellaceae
family Chloranthaceae
family Nymphaeaceae [+ family Cabombaceae]
order Austrobaileyales
order Ceratophyllales
clade magnoliids
order Canellales
order Laurales
order Magnoliales
order Piperales
clade monocots
family Petrosaviaceae
order Acorales
order Alismatales
order Asparagales
order Dioscoreales
order Liliales
order Pandanales
clade commelinids
family Dasypogonaceae
order Arecales
order Commelinales
order Poales
order Zingiberales
clade eudicots
family Buxaceae [+ family Didymelaceae]
family Sabiaceae
family Trochodendraceae [+ family Tetracentraceae]
order Proteales
order Ranunculales
clade core eudicots
family Aextoxicaceae
family Berberidopsidaceae
family Dilleniaceae
order Gunnerales
order Caryophyllales
order Santalales
order Saxifragales
clade rosids
family Aphloiaceae
family Geissolomataceae
family Ixerbaceae
family Picramniaceae
family Strasburgeriaceae
family Vitaceae
order Crossosomatales
order Geraniales
order Myrtales
clade eurosids I
family Zygophyllaceae [+ family Krameriaceae]
family Huaceae
order Celastrales
order Cucurbitales
order Fabales
order Fagales
order Malpighiales
order Oxalidales
order Rosales
clade eurosids II
family Tapisciaceae
order Brassicales
order Malvales
order Sapindales
clade asterids
order Cornales
order Ericales
clade euasterids I
family Boraginaceae
family Icacinaceae
family Oncothecaceae
family Vahliaceae
order Garryales
order Gentianales
order Lamiales
order Solanales
clade euasterids II
family Bruniaceae
family Columelliaceae [+ family Desfontainiaceae]
family Eremosynaceae
family Escalloniaceae
family Paracryphiaceae
family Polyosmaceae
family Sphenostemonaceae
family Tribelaceae
order Apiales
order Aquifoliales
order Asterales
order Dipsacales
Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.
References
APG 02
2003 in science
2003 introductions
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG%20II%20system
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Labasa Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. The electorate covered the largest Town on the northern island of Vanua Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labasa%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29
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Chistye Prudy or Chistyye Prudy may refer to:
Clean Ponds, a pond in Moscow, Russia
Chistyye Prudy (Moscow Metro), a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line
Chistye Prudy, Kaliningrad Oblast, a rural locality (settlement) in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia
Chistye Prudy, Bashkortostan, a rural locality in Bashkortostan, Russia
"Chistye Prudy" (song), a song composed by David Tukhmanov and performed by Igor Talkov
Clean Ponds (film), a 1965 Soviet drama film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chistye%20Prudy
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is a cross-genre video game developed by TOSE and published by Atlus for the PlayStation in 1998. The game mixes elements of Japanese role-playing video games and dating sim video games.
Synopsis
Plot
The game takes place on a "steampunk" type of world. The Dark Acolytes, a mysterious organization of cyborgs and robots, is trying to find the five legendary Sacred Flames, and bring chaos to the World in the process. Meis, a womanizing "Spirit Blacksmith" with the ability to make magical weapons, finds himself chosen to find the flames before the Dark Acolytes do. However, to increase the power of his weapons, Meis must have the help of a woman, and must increase his 'intimacy level' with her by going out on dates. Along his journey, he meets a colorful cast of characters, including girls to date and allies to join his party.
Characters
Playable
Meis Triumph
The 16-year-old heir to a family of Spirit Blacksmiths, Meis learned from his father how to be a womanizer. Stubborn and lazy, Meis is forced to change his ways against his will, first when the Dark Acolytes force him to leave his comfortable home, and then when the spirits of the Ancient Blacksmiths give him the mission of finding the sacred flames. He is attracted to Sodina, but can't resist hitting on other beautiful women.
In addition to his ability to reforge weapons to increase their power and grant them magical spells or special attacks, Meis can obtain "Elemental Beasts" to use in combat, similar to the "summons" seen in the Final Fantasy games. His weapon is a sword.
Sodina Dawnfried
The younger sister of a great Spirit Blacksmith named Jyabil, Sodina is a beautiful, 15-year-old red-haired girl; however, she's also very brave. After her brother is killed by the Dark Acolytes, she decides to help Meis on his quest. She has feelings for Meis, but finds herself often enraged by his lecherous behaviour. Her weapon of choice is a dagger.
Muza Grifford
A 21-year-old knight and an old friend of Meis, he's brave but not too clever, and tends to freeze when in the presence of pretty girls. He has a very large physique. He later develops feelings for Wyna. His weapon of choice is a claymore, a huge sword that normal people would have a difficult time wielding.
Wyna Grapple
The 17-year-old daughter of the King of the Pirates, Wyna is a boisterous girl who loves fighting; she joins the party just to go on adventures. She wears a bikini as well as an eyepatch, but just for effect, she's not missing any eyes. If you pay attention during dates, you'll see that Wyna's eyepatch changes eyes from time to time. At first she's attracted to Meis because of his strength, but later returns Muza's feelings. Her weapon of choice is a large battle hammer.
Nelsha Stylus
A unique girl whose personality changes when she puts on new outfits, due to the spirits that inhabit them. Nelsha is a shy, 16-year-old nerdy-looking girl who refers to herself in the third person. She dreams of becoming a "Dress Master", a title given to the best clothes designers in the world (similar to Metalia's title of Jewel Master). Her weapon of choice is a magic sewing needle.
In addition, Nelsha can change her costumes in combat, which changes her form completely and gives her different powers.
Kyleen Nelphe
A 16-year-old green-haired female thief who tries to use the party for her own purposes, but ends up befriending and joining them. Her personality is cynical and sarcastic. She seems attracted to Soushi. Her weapon of choice is a rapier, a sword used for fencing.
Soushi Mahoroba
An 18-year-old samurai with a lot of pride, who considers himself a ladykiller as well. His most notable feature is his pink kimono (a garment not usually worn by males). He and Meis can't stand each other at first but eventually come to respect each other. His weapon is a katana called Masamune (a popular name given to katanas in RPGs, named after the blacksmith from feudal Japan).
Villains
The game's main antagonist is Medeus, The Dark Emperor. He is the ancient ruler of the Clan of Darkness. He transformed his body into a machine in order to live long enough to find the Holy Flames of the Light, which he believes will allow him to become a god. Schmidt, "The Dark Master", serves under him, along with Jeala, who serves him out of unrequited love. Below them are "The Evil Mecha Five" - five powerful cyborg servants of the Emperor, all named after machine parts or tools. Shaft, Bearing, Ratchet, Wire, and Bolt.
Meis' dates
In addition to the girls on his party, Meis can also date the following women:
Marion, a young inventor and Gadget Master with a childish personality. She lives in the giant train called Mounthand.
Palma Esterte, a priestess obsessed with cleanliness. She can be found in the huge ship called the Langoud.
Kyoka Maharoba, Soushi's sister, a shy and proper Japanese girl who detests her brother's lecherous personality (but is blind to Meis's). She can be found in the town of Boyzby.
Mil Wind, a highly intelligent girl who stalks Meis as a way to research his womanizing personality. She lives in Kant, Meis' hometown. Her name is a pun on "windmill".
Metalia, the "Jewel Master", the oldest of Meis' dates, over 200 years old as said by herself, this woman was a friend of Jyabil's and helps the heroes find the flames. Metalia can be found in the Myscatonia Library.
Gameplay
Combat
Combat in Thousand Arms is turn based, with up to three party members to be taken into battle at once. However, only the front character is actually able to physically attack the enemy. The other two characters serve in a supporting role, taunting the enemy and utilizing certain items or spells. The enemies have the same limitations. If necessary, characters can be rotated out such that one of the support characters and the lead character exchange position. Since only one character can engage in direct combat with the enemy at a time, this tends to have the overall effect of slowing down combat when compared to games which allow all or most of the party to be fully involved.
Dating simulation
The key feature in this game which distinguishes it from most other RPGs is its built-in mini-dating simulation. Thousand Arms''' dating sim features dating locations in many of its major cities and towns, and a cast of nine women. The dating aspect allows the player to pick dialogue choices. For example, one of Meis' dates asks what he thinks his best trait is during a passionate night out. The player has the choice of several responses, varying from "My eyebrows. I got them from my father." to "My hairy legs." Additionally, the dating occasionally breaks fourth wall, such as when the main character alludes to a night of sex with a female character during a date, she states that "the game isn't rated for that".
The dating aspect also has an actual in-game effect. By successfully wooing each female, her intimacy level can be slowly raised. As this level rises, it grants her the ability to imbue weapons with increasingly powerful spells and skills. This magical forging, which is possible due to Meis' training as a Spirit Blacksmith, relies on the smith having established such positive female relationships.
To date a girl, the player must visit a statue of the Goddess of Love located on each town and choose from the list of currently available girls. He must then take her to a dating spot in the town. The date itself is a conversation where the player must choose from multiple answers to the girls' questions. Getting the wrong answers might actually decrease the intimacy level or end the date early. The Intimacy Level can also be raised or lowered with gifts, and the statues also allow the playing of optional minigames (each girl has a different one.)
Forging weapons
Meis can increase the power and abilities of the weapons of any member of his party. To do this, first he must collect invisible "spirits" which are hidden in various spots. Then he must access a forge; there's usually one on each town. Finally he must select a girl and choose which of the abilities that she can provide that he will give to a particular weapon. This uses up the collected spirits. Note that in addition to spells and power boosts, the girls can also grant special powers to certain weapons.
Development
The game makes use of early CGI to provide limited 3D backgrounds. The character sprites are super deformed. More typical anime style pictures are used during conversations. Cutscenes are done in traditional animation.
The game's music was also released as a soundtrack, packaged alongside the game in some instance, or available for purchase by mail. The disc also included digital artwork, biographies, and character voice acting excerpts when explored on a personal computer. The soundtrack also contained J-pop musician Ayumi Hamasaki's fifth single Depend on You as its opening theme.
Reception
The game received favorable reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said, "Well made if breezily consequential, Thousand Arms straddles the line between being an enjoyable time-waster and a thoroughly engrossing game – either way, you can't miss." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40. Matt Van Stone of GameFan gave the game universal acclaim, over a month before it was released Stateside.
Christian Nutt of GameSpot likened it to the Sakura Taisen and Lunar series of video games, praising it for "...the combination of solid RPG questing, graphics, dialogue, dubbing, and ambiance really push this game over the edge from standard to special. Game-playing anime fans will get a big kick out of it, and it is the first real example of a decent dating simulation in the US. Any RPG fans who like amusing situations, animated (in both senses of the word) characters, and challenging gameplay will enjoy this title." Francesca Reyes of IGN said that the game "as a whole is a distinctly anime-type RPG, from its character designs to the visual style to the themes that it explores. Quirky, unique, inventive and charming, it may not be the RPG to speak to the masses, but it will definitely appeal to those immersed in the culture of import gaming and the already converted." Jason White of AllGame praised it for being "a lot of fun" and "probably one of the most unique RPG/Dating sims out there. There is a really rich story, cool animation and dating!", but conceded that there may not be the biggest audience for such a game, stating "While dating really makes this game a unique experience, it also has limited appeal to hardcore RPG fans. Unless you really want to date and figure out the whole female mystique while bashing in people's skulls, you won't enjoy this game. Too many of the things that hardcore RPG fans find fun are only available through dating and nothing else." E. Coli of GamePro said in one review, "Thousand Arms brings new elements to the genre, such as the weapon forging and the dating game, while keeping gamers busy with excellent puzzles, a huge world to explore, and tough battles galore. It will definitely make a fine addition to any RPG fan's collection." In another review, however, The Freshman called it "an RPG for someone looking for something different. If you're an anime fan, then you'll definitely want to give this game a shot. Hardcore RPGers might find that it lacks the depth they've come to expect, but others will fall in love with Thousand Arms'' charm and humor."
Notes
References
External links
1998 video games
Atlus games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Red Entertainment games
Role-playing video games
Romance video games
Tose (company) games
Video games developed in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand%20Arms
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Sushil Kumar Modi (born 5 January 1952) is an Indian politician from the Bharatiya Janata Party who is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha from Bihar. He is a former Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar as well as the Finance Minister of Bihar from 2005 to 2013 and 2017 to 2020. He is a lifelong member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. He was appointed the Chairman of the Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers for the Implementation of Goods and Service Tax in July 2011.
Early life and education
Sushil Modi was born on 5 January 1952 to Moti Lal Modi and Ratna Devi. He attended Patna Science College and graduated with B.Sc. (Hons) Botany degree in 1973. He enrolled in M.Sc. Botany Course at Patna University but left the course midway to join the social movement started by Jai Prakash Narayan.
Modi married Jessie George on 13 August 1986, a Christian Keralite hailing from Mumbai. Modi and Jessy were classmates during their research studies. During this time, they fell in love and decided to get married.
His wife is a professor in a college. The couple has two sons, Utkarsh Tathagat and Akshay Amritanshu.
He belongs to Modh community, a caste categorised as OBC in the Indian system of positive discrimination.
Early political career
Sushil Modi's political career started as a student activist at Patna University. He became the General-Secretary of Patna University Students' Union in 1973, Lalu Prasad Yadav who later came to be his biggest political rival was the President of the Union at the time. In 1974, he became a Member of Bihar Pradesh Chaatra (Student) Sangharsh Samiti which spearheaded the famous Bihar Student's Movement of 1974.
Modi was arrested five times during JP Movement and the Emergency. He was arrested during the 1974 student movement in Bihar. He challenged the constitutional validity of MISA Act in the Supreme Court of India which resulted in section 9 of the MISA Act being struck down as unconstitutional. He was booked under the MISA and various other acts from 1973 to 1977. During The Emergency, he was arrested on 30 June 1975 and remained in Jail for 19 months continuously.
He was appointed the State Secretary of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad after the Emergency. From 1977 to 1986, he held various leadership positions in the ABVP. During his tenure at ABVP he led a movement against the declaration of Urdu as the second language of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Concerned about the issue of foreign infiltration from Bangladesh in the bordering districts of Bihar he raised the issue and after Assam, a movement against foreign infiltrators was launched in Bihar under his leadership.
Political career
In 1990, he joined active politics and successfully contested from Patna Central Assembly (now known as Kumhrar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)). He was re-elected in 1995 & 2000. In 1990, he was made the Chief Whip of the BJP Bihar Legislature Party. From 1996 until 2004 he was the Leader of Opposition in the State Assembly. He filed the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Patna High Court against Lalu Prasad Yadav, which was later known as Fodder Scam. He became a member of Lok Sabha in 2004 representing the constituency of Bhagalpur.
Modi was the Minister for Parliamentary Affairs in a short-lived Nitish Kumar government in 2000. He supported the formation of the State of Jharkhand.
In 2005 Bihar election, NDA came to power and Modi was elected the leader of Bihar BJP Legislature Party. He subsequently resigned from the Lok Sabha and took over as the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar. He was given the Finance Portfolio along with a number of other departments. After NDA victory in 2010 Bihar elections, he continued to be the Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar. Modi did not contest the 2005 and 2010 Bihar Assembly elections to be able to campaign for BJP.
In 2017, Sushil Modi was the main player behind the fall of the JDU-RJD Grand Alliance government in Bihar, with his continuous tirade against RJD chief Lalu Prasad and his family for four months over his alleged benami properties and irregular financial transactions.
Sushil Kumar Modi was Nitish Kumar’s deputy CM for around 11 years and the duo is often referred to as Ram-Laxman ki jodi in the political circles of Bihar.
On 8 December 2020, he was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from Bihar to fill the vacant seat after the demise of Ram Vilas Paswan. He became the only leader from Bihar to have been a member of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, Bihar Legislative Council and Bihar Legislative Assembly.
Positions held
See also
List of finance ministers of Bihar
List of deputy chief ministers of Bihar
List of politicians from Bihar
References
External links
Deputy Chief Ministers of Bihar
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar
India MPs 2004–2009
Politicians from Patna
Members of the Bihar Legislative Council
Finance Ministers of Bihar
1952 births
Living people
Lok Sabha members from Bihar
Leaders of the Opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly
Leaders of the Opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council
Bihar MLAs 1990–1995
Bihar MLAs 1995–2000
Bihar MLAs 2000–2005
Rajya Sabha members from Bihar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushil%20Kumar%20Modi
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AJ's Fine Foods, formerly known as AJ Bayless, is a supermarket chain formerly headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. It was founded by Arthur Joseph Bayless in the 1930s.
History
The company went through a bankruptcy in the late 1980s. It was acquired by Bashas’ in 1993. Under Bashas' ownership, AJ's has positioned itself as an upscale gourmet and specialty grocery chain with each store located in affluent neighborhoods. The stores feature chef-prepared entrees, an extensive wine collection with trained cellar staff, and specialty baked goods.
Some locations in middle-class and blue-collar neighborhoods were converted to Bashas' Food City format.
References
External links
Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ%27s%20Fine%20Foods
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Mangog is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
Publication history
The character first appeared in Thor #154 (July 1968) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Fictional character biography
The character was described in his debut as being the sum total of the hatred of "a billion billion beings" – an alien race that once attempted to invade Asgard (thwarted by Odin, the ruler of Asgard and the Norse gods). Imprisoned beneath Asgard, Mangog is freed by the rock troll Ulik, in a failed bid to secure an ally against the gods. Mangog storms Asgard, intent on drawing the Odinsword from its scabbard which will end the universe. Thor battles Mangog to a standstill, until Odin dissolves the creature by breaking the spell which had created Mangog as a living prison for his entire race.
Mangog reappeared when freed by the god Loki, but was defeated when removed from the source of its power. With the aid of the traitorous magician Igron, Mangog assumes the form of an imprisoned Odin, and intends to once again draw the Odinsword. After a series of skirmishes with Thor, the creature is defeated when Thor frees Odin.
The character reappears twice in the second volume of Thor: as the servant of a clone of the Titan Thanos (destroyed by Thor) and in a desolated Asgard during Ragnarok (dispelled by Thor with the Odinforce) Mangog reappears in the Thunderstrike mini-series when accidentally summoned by a mystical generator, and is eventually defeated when cast into a distant star.
Reappearing in The Mighty Thor, Mangog decimates Asgard until he was hurled by Jane Foster (the new Thor) into the sun.
Powers and abilities
Mangog possesses the strength, stamina, durability and endurance of a "billion billion beings", and has the ability to manipulate magic for energy projection and shapeshifting.
The character appears to be indestructible, and has stated it will always exist so long as there is hatred. Mangog is also called "the Judgment of the Gods", drawing strength from every cruel act performed by the gods.
Other versions
Heroes Reborn
In an alternate reality depicted in the 2021 Heroes Reborn miniseries, the Mangog became the All-Gog: Final All-Father, Destroyer of Asgard after devouring most of the Asgardians. Following this, he went on to destroy Asgard and join the Masters of Doom. While fighting Power Princess in the present, however, she uses one of her gauntlets to badly injure him before turning him into a statue.
Marvel Fanfare
In an alternate universe, Mangog battles the Herald of Galactus, Silver Surfer.
What If?
Mangog attempts to take advantage of Odin's need for the Odinsleep but is stopped by Jane Foster, who has found Thor's hammer Mjolnir.
Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Mangog is a spirit requiring a host form and battles Thor and Spider-Man.
In other media
Television
Mangog appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "All-Father's Day", voiced by JB Blanc.
Video games
Mangog appears in the Thor: God of Thunder, voiced simultaneously by Steve Blum, Robin Atkin Downes, Mitch Lewis, Lisa Moncure, and Mari Weiss.
Mangog appears in Thor: The Dark World - The Official Game, voiced by Chris Phillips and Marc Thompson.
Board games
Mangog appears in the superhero board game HeroClix in 2017 as part of "The Mighty Thor" set of collectible miniatures.
References
External links
Mangog at marvel.wikia
Mangog at immortalthor.net
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Comics characters introduced in 1968
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters who use magic
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Thor (Marvel Comics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangog
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sort is a generic function in the C++ Standard Library for doing comparison sorting. The function originated in the Standard Template Library (STL).
The specific sorting algorithm is not mandated by the language standard and may vary across implementations, but the worst-case asymptotic complexity of the function is specified: a call to must perform no more than comparisons when applied to a range of elements.
Usage
The function is included from the header of the C++ Standard Library, and carries three arguments: . Here, is a templated type that must be a random access iterator, and and must define a sequence of values, i.e., must be reachable from by repeated application of the increment operator to . The third argument, also of a templated type, denotes a comparison predicate. This comparison predicate must define a strict weak ordering on the elements of the sequence to be sorted. The third argument is optional; if not given, the "less-than" () operator is used, which may be overloaded in C++.
This code sample sorts a given array of integers (in ascending order) and prints it out.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int array[] = { 23, 5, -10, 0, 0, 321, 1, 2, 99, 30 };
std::sort(std::begin(array), std::end(array));
for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(array); ++i) {
std::cout << array[i] << ' ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
}
The same functionality using a container, using its and methods to obtain iterators:
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
int main() {
std::vector<int> vec = { 23, 5, -10, 0, 0, 321, 1, 2, 99, 30 };
std::sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
for (size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); ++i) {
std::cout << vec[i] << ' ';
}
std::cout << '\n';
}
Genericity
is specified generically, so that it can work on any random-access container and any way of determining that an element of such a container should be placed before another element .
Although generically specified, is not easily applied to all sorting problems. A particular problem that has been the subject of some study is the following:
Let and be two arrays, where there exists some relation between the element and the element for all valid indices .
Sort while maintaining the relation with , i.e., apply the same permutation to that sorts .
Do the previous without copying the elements of and into a new array of pairs, sorting, and moving the elements back into the original arrays (which would require temporary space).
A solution to this problem was suggested by A. Williams in 2002, who implemented a custom iterator type for pairs of arrays and analyzed some of the difficulties in correctly implementing such an iterator type. Williams's solution was studied and refined by K. Åhlander.
Complexity and implementations
The C++ standard requires that a call to performs comparisons when applied to a range of elements.
In previous versions of C++, such as C++03, only average complexity was required to be . This was to allow the use of algorithms like (median-of-3) quicksort, which are fast in the average case, indeed significantly faster than other algorithms like heap sort with optimal worst-case complexity, and where the worst-case quadratic complexity rarely occurs. The introduction of hybrid algorithms such as introsort allowed both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, and thus the complexity requirements were tightened in later standards.
Different implementations use different algorithms. The GNU Standard C++ library, for example, uses a 3-part hybrid sorting algorithm: introsort is performed first (introsort itself being a hybrid of quicksort and heap sort), to a maximum depth given by 2×log2 n, where n is the number of elements, followed by an insertion sort on the result.
Other types of sorting
sort is not stable: equivalent elements that are ordered one way before sorting may be ordered differently after sorting. stable_sort ensures stability of result at expense of worse performance (in some cases), requiring only quasilinear time with exponent 2 – O(n log2 n) – if additional memory is not available, but linearithmic time O(n log n) if additional memory is available. This allows the use of in-place merge sort for in-place stable sorting and regular merge sort for stable sorting with additional memory.
Partial sorting is implemented by , which takes a range of elements and an integer , and reorders the range so that the smallest elements are in the first positions in sorted order (leaving the remaining in the remaining positions, in some unspecified order). Depending on design this may be considerably faster than complete sort. Historically, this was commonly implemented using a heap-based algorithm that takes worst-case time. A better algorithm called quickselsort is used in the Copenhagen STL implementation, bringing the complexity down to .
Selection of the nth element is implemented by nth_element, which actually implements an in-place partial sort: it correctly sorts the nth element, and also ensures that this element partitions so elements before it are less than it, and elements after it are greater than it. There is the requirement that this takes linear time on average, but there is no worst-case requirement; these requirements are exactly met by quickselect, for any choice of pivot strategy.
Some containers, among them list, provide specialised version of sort as a member function. This is because linked lists don't have random access (and therefore can't use the regular sort function); and the specialised version also preserves the values list iterators point to.
Comparison to qsort
Aside from , the C++ standard library also includes the function from the C standard library. Compared to , the templated is more type-safe since it does not require access to data items through unsafe pointers, as does. Also, accesses the comparison function using a function pointer, necessitating large numbers of repeated function calls, whereas in , comparison functions may be inlined into the custom object code generated for a template instantiation. In practice, C++ code using is often considerably faster at sorting simple data like integers than equivalent C code using .
References
External links
C++ reference for std::sort
Another C++ reference for std::sort
C++ Standard Library
Sorting algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort%20%28C%2B%2B%29
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Muzaffar Hussain Baig is an Indian politician. He was the former Deputy Chief Minister of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. On Republic Day of 2020 he received India's third highest civilian honour Padma Bhushan.
Baig was the founding member of Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party led by Mufti Mohammad Sayeed and was named as Patron of the party post-Mufti's death in 2016.
Awards
Padma Bhushan in 2020
Early life
He was born in Wahidna, a small hilly village in Baramulla district of the Kashmir valley. He received his master's degree from Harvard Law School.
Career
He started his political career in 1996 with the Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference where he held the position of Vice-Chairman.
In 2002, he fought the Legislative Assembly election with the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and won from Baramulla constituency. He was reelected in 2008. He held the position of Law Minister and Parliamentary Affairs Minister in the state cabinet for the period 2002–2006. Until 2006 he was Deputy Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
He served as Chief Spokesperson for the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party. He also worked in law firms in the United States and New Delhi in India. Baig served as Advocate General of the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1987 to 1989.
Baig was elected to the Lok Sabha in 2014 from Baramulla.
In 2020, Baig was conferred the Padma Bhushan award, the third-highest civilian honor of India.
Due to differences between him and Mehbooba Mufti, that grew after the abrogation of Article 370, It was being allegedly said that Baig joined Sajjad Lone's Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Peoples Conference disowns senior leader Muzaffar Baig. Party general secretary Imran Ansari said Baig never joined JKPC.
References
Deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
Harvard Law School alumni
Living people
20th-century Indian lawyers
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians
21st-century Indian Muslims
People from Baramulla
India MPs 2014–2019
Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir
State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir
Kashmiri people
1946 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs
Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar%20Hussain%20Baig
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Mörby centrum is a shopping mall in the municipality of Danderyd north of Stockholm. It is also the name of a station of the Stockholm Metro accessed from the shopping mall. Mörby Centrum was built in 1961 by the architects Fors & Son and has since then been expanded in several steps. It was converted into an indoor shopping mall in 1977.
See also
Mörby centrum metro station
External links
Mörby Centrum shopping mall (website in Swedish)
Shopping malls established in 1961
1961 establishments in Sweden
Shopping centres in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Stockholm County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6rby%20centrum
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Emanuele Merisi (born 10 October 1972) is an Italian former professional swimmer, specialized in backstroke, who won a bronze medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Career
Merisi was born in Treviglio, province of Bergamo (Lombardy).
He began to swim at the age of 8, becoming a member of the Italian national team in 1989. His first important medal was at the European LC Championships 1993 in Sheffield, where he won a bronze medal in his favourite race, the 200 m backstroke. He repeated the result in the European LC Championships 1995, this time as a member of the 4×200 m freestyle relay.
Merisi presented at the 1996 Summer Olympics with the best time of the year in the 200 m backstroke, 1:57.70. This is still today the Italian record. In the race, however, he was not able to repeat this outstanding result: he gained only a bronze medal after Americans Brad Bridgewater and Tripp Schwenk, both with times largely superior to that time.
A talented and long-career swimmer, captain of Italian team in his last years, Merisi took part to two more editions of Summer Olympics, including 2000, in which he was ranked again amongst the favourites in 200 m backstroke and arrived 5th. His results include two more silver (1997 and 2000) and a bronze medal (1999) at the European Championships, all in the 200 m backstroke.
Personal bests
100 m backstroke: 55.53
200 m backstroke: 1:57.70
References
RAI Profile
External links
1972 births
Living people
People from Treviglio
Italian male swimmers
Italian male backstroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Swimmers at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Universiade medalists in swimming
Goodwill Games medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Italy
Universiade silver medalists for Italy
Universiade bronze medalists for Italy
Swimmers of Centro Sportivo Carabinieri
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Sportspeople from the Province of Bergamo
20th-century Italian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele%20Merisi
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Edward Najeeb Basha Jr. (August 24, 1937 – March 26, 2013) was the Chairman & CEO of Bashas', Inc., a grocery store chain in Arizona. His father, Eddie Basha Sr., and his uncle, Ike Basha, founded Bashas' in 1932. The first store under the Bashas' banner was opened in Chandler, Arizona.
Early life and education
Basha was born in Chandler, Arizona, where his father owned a grocery business. The Bashas were originally from Lebanon, entering the United States by way of New York City. They moved from New York City to Arizona in 1910. He graduated from Chandler High School and then obtained a degree in History at Stanford University.
Career
Bashas' was founded by Eddie Basha Sr. and brother Ike Basha. Upon the death of Ike, Eddie Basha Sr. continued running Bashas'. Eddie Basha Jr. took full control of the family business upon the death of his father. Beginning in 1968, Basha expanded the small company to a nationwide chain of 160 stores.
Basha ran an unsuccessful campaign as the Democratic nominee against incumbent Arizona Governor Fife Symington in 1994. He was a supporter of many charitable and civic causes, particularly working with education and the poor in Arizona. He supported same-sex marriage during his gubernatorial campaign, years before it became an issue for contemporary society in the early 21st century.
Personal life and death
Basha was a member of the Roman Catholic Church.
He was a collector of Western American and American Indian art. In 1992 he carved out a space in the corporate offices of Bashas' (Chandler, AZ) and created an art gallery where the collection remains available for public viewing free of charge. Masterworks of the collection has been loaned to Museums across the nation such as The Autry (Los Angeles CA), The Booth Museum (Cartersville, GA), The Rockwell Museum (Corning, NY), Western Spirit: Scottsdale Museum of the West (Scottsdale, AZ), the Heard Museum (Phoenix, AZ), the Eiteljorg Museum (Indianapolis, IN) and many others. As a collector, he was more apt to acquire masterworks of contemporary artists whom he met and developed lifelong friendships with.
Basha was also a passionate and ardent supporter of education. He served consecutive terms on the Chandler Unified School District governing board, the Arizona State Board of Education, and as a member of the Arizona Board of Regents. Along with his wife, Nadine Mathis Basha, and Rhian Evans Allvin, First Things First, an early childhood (ages 0–5) statewide program passed a ballot initiative that funded the development, health and education of young children. It was a milestone achievement which Basha said would benefit the lives of millions of children throughout Arizona. Arizona was the second state to pass such a program.
In addition, Basha devoted countless hours toward the plight of the homeless and hungry, health care issues, a proponent of the arts, numerous political referendums and many other community and civic projects as well.
Basha died on March 26, 2013, and is survived by his wife Nadine Mathis Basha, and sons Eddie III, Ike, Mike, David, Josh and Jeremy.
References
1937 births
2013 deaths
American politicians of Lebanese descent
Arizona Democrats
Businesspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
People from Chandler, Arizona
Stanford University alumni
American retail chief executives
20th-century American businesspeople
Chandler High School (Arizona) alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Basha%20Jr.
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An adverbial complement is an adverbial that is required to complete the meaning of a verb, such that if it is removed, it will yield an ungrammatical sentence or an intrinsically different meaning of the verb. They stand in contrast to adverbial adjuncts, which can be removed from a sentence without altering its structure or meaning.
Adverbial complements often accompany verbs of caused motion such as put or place:
She put the cheese back.
*She put the cheese.
Now place the vase on the mantlepiece.
*Now place the vase.
However, they can occur with other types of verbs as well:
We are staying in a hotel.
*We are staying.
Theoretical approaches
Head-driven phrase structure grammar describes adverbial complements as part of the verbs' subcategorization frame, which is why they are obligatory arguments. In this theory, adverbial complements are stored in the lexicon as part of the grammatical competence relating to the verb.
An alternative description, along the lines of construction grammar is that they are parts of certain argument structure constructions – in this case the caused motion construction – which are specifically compatible with the semantics of the verb. Here, adverbial complements are stored in the grammar as part of the caused motion construction which is a sign in its own right.
Another construction-based theory combines the two arguing that certain senses of verbs co-occur so frequently with certain argument structure constructions, that the argument structures are also stored as part of the grammatical competence relating to the verb. These small argument structure constructions are called mini-constructions. So, in the case of put, in accordance with this theory, adverbial complements are both part of the argument structure construction and stored as information regarding the verb itself.
See also
Adjunct
Conjunct
Disjunct
English grammar
References
Grammar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial%20complement
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Exit is the name of a Swedish and a German anti-Nazi organisation, as well as another Swedish organisation with broader goals. The German anti-Nazi organisation was modelled on the Swedish one. All three groups aim to provide support and rehabilitation for neo-Nazis wanting to leave that subculture, as well as support for parents and those whose work brings them into contact with (usually young) people involved in Nazism.
Particular problems that Exit is designed to address are the problems of suddenly losing the support structure offered by the Nazi subculture and the high risk of violence committed by Nazis against former members: in some cases the work of Exit is reminiscent of a witness protection program.
German group
The German organisation, Exit Deutschland, was co-founded by former Neo-Nazi Ingo Hasselbach, and former police detective Bernd Wagner. Since 2004, the organization has been one of three pillars of the Democratic Culture Centre.
According to Monika Lazar, spokeswoman for the Alliance 90/The Greens parliamentary group on strategies to combat the far-right, the strategies of Exit Deutschland have been rewarded by nearly 300 former neo-Nazis leaving Neo-Nazi groups by 2008.
It is funded primarily by donations from Amadeu Antonio Foundation and Freudenberg Foundation. It is also supported through programs of the federal government, such as "Working and Living in Diversity", Xenos and "Youth for diversity, tolerance and democracy - against right-wing extremism, xenophobia and antisemitism," and by projects of the federal states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg. It was also a recipient in the years 2001 to 2005 of Stern'''s "Fighting right-wing violence support" initiative with donations.
In August 2011, Exit Deutschland prepared a trojan marketing campaign at Rock für Deutschland in Thuringia, a rock concert organized by the National Democratic Party where the organization handed out Neo-Nazi-themed free T-shirts to 250 out of 600 concertgoers. However, the T-shirts, when washed, contained a message which exhorted the recipients to break from Neo-Nazi groups and provided contact information about Exit Deutschland.
In 2020, Exit Deutschland celebrated its 20th anniversary. Bernd Wagner has criticized minister Franziska Giffey (SPD) for stopping to finance organizations such as Exit. He has opined that democracy has been moving away from real working people, and people do not feel represented by politicians. The so called "hygiene-demonstrations" might aid right wing extremists.
First Swedish group
Between 1998 and 2001, 125 Swedes were said to have left the scene out of 133 assisted by Exit – although there were some issues with claims made by the organisation, as well as accusations of improprieties relating to funds.
The Swedish group was founded by former neo-Nazi Kent Lindahl. Lindahl also wrote the book Exit: min väg bort från nazismen (Swedish for Exit: my way out of Nazism'') where he describes his time inside the neo-Nazi skinhead scene and how he got out of it.
Second Swedish group
A separate Exit group was founded in 1999 in Motala, Sweden by a local school welfare officer and a police officer. This organisation worked with the Stockholm-based Exit group until 2002. The 'Exit Motala' group differed from the main group in offering programs for immigrant young people involved in gangs, and a specific program for girls who were associated with the neo-Nazi scene. This latter program operated throughout Sweden.
In May 2004, Exit's premises in Motala was destroyed in a fire. Before this, officials of Exit had faced threats and harassment, and the fire was thought to have been raised on criminal actions.
References
Anti-fascist organisations in Germany
Neo-Nazism in Germany
Neo-Nazism in Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit%20%28group%29
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"Tales from the Vienna Woods" (, occasionally ) is a waltz by Johann Strauss II.
Composed in 1868, , Op. 325, was one of six Viennese waltzes by Johann Strauss II which featured a virtuoso part for zither. The title of Strauss' dance recalls the folk music of the inhabitants of the Vienna Woods.
Composition notes
The waltz's introduction is one of the longest he ever wrote for a waltz, 119 bars in the musical score. It starts in C major, intertwining with F major before gaining ascendancy in volume and mood, finishing with a long pause. The second part is in the key of G major, with a solo violin incorporating material which appears again in successive waltz sections. A short flute cadenza evoking birdsong comes in, and moves on to the zither solo, marked moderato. The zither part involves two sub-sections of its own; the slowish ländler tempo and its more vigorous counterpart, with the direction of vivace (quickly). If the zither is unavailable, a string quartet plays the zither themes instead. Loud orchestral chords bring the waltz back to the familiar waltz theme in F major.
Waltz sections 2A and 2B are in B-flat major, whereas waltz 3A is in E-flat major with a quick section in B-flat in waltz 3B. The entire waltz section 4 is in B-flat as well, and waltz section 5 is wholly in E-flat. Waltz 5B contains the customary climax with cymbals and is loudly played. After a brief and tense coda, waltz 1A and 2B make a reappearance. As the waltz approaches its end, the zither solo makes another appearance, reprising its earlier melody in the introduction. A crescendo in the final bars concludes with a brass flourish and snare drumroll.
Orchestration
Woodwinds
2 Flutes (Fl. 2 doubling Piccolo)
2 Oboes
2 Clarinets in C
Cl. 1 doubling in B-flat
Cl. 2 doubling E-flat clarinet
2 Bassoons
Brass
4 Horns in F
3 Trumpets in F
2 Trombones
Bass trombone
Tuba
Percussion
Timpani
Snare drum
Triangle
Bass drum
Cymbals
Strings
Zither
Harp
Violins I, II
Violas
Violoncellos
Double basses
A string ensemble (for example, four violins, two violas, and two cellos) may be substituted in the absence of a zither.
In popular culture
The Kleist Prize-winning drama Geschichten aus dem Wiener Wald (1931), by Ödön von Horváth and the live-action films Tales from the Vienna Woods (1928) and Tales from the Vienna Woods (1934) take their titles from this waltz, as does the MGM cartoon short Tales from the Vienna Woods (1934)
The waltz was also featured in a condensed version in the first segment of the 1943 Warner Bros. Merrie Melody animated short A Corny Concerto and prominently the 1987 television film Escape from Sobibor.
References
External links
Waltzes by Johann Strauss II
Vienna Woods
1868 compositions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20from%20the%20Vienna%20Woods
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Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu. Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
On this grammar page, Hindustani is written in the transcription outlined in . Being "primarily a system of transliteration from the Indian scripts, [and] based in turn upon Sanskrit" (cf. IAST), these are its salient features: subscript dots for retroflex consonants; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels; h for aspirated plosives; and tildes for nasalised vowels.
Phonology
The sounds presented in parentheses in the tables below signify they are only found in loanwords from either Persian or Sanskrit. More information about phonology of Hindustani can be read on Hindustani phonology and IPA/Hindi and Urdu.
Vowels
Hindustani natively possesses a symmetrical ten-vowel system. The vowels [ə], [ɪ], [ʊ] are always short in length, while the vowels [ɑː], [iː], [uː], [eː], [oː], [ɛː], [ɔː] are always considered long, in addition to an eleventh vowel /æː/ which is found in English loanwords.
Vowel and
occurs as a conditional allophone of (schwa) in proximity to , if and only if the is surrounded on both sides by two schwas. and is realised as separate vowel. For example, in ( – 'to say'), the is surrounded on both sides by schwa, hence both the schwas will become fronted to short , giving the pronunciation . Syncopation of phonemic middle schwa can further occur to give .
Similarly, occurs as a conditional allophone of and in proximity to , specifically when they occur in the sequence , pronounced . For example, the word ( – 'many') is pronounced .
Consonants
Hindustani has a core set of 28 consonants inherited from earlier Indo-Aryan. Supplementing these are two consonants that are internal developments in specific word-medial contexts, and seven consonants originally found in loan words, whose expression is dependent on factors such as status (class, education, etc.) and cultural register (Modern Standard Hindi vs Urdu).
Allophony of and
and are allophones in Hindustani. These are distinct phonemes in English, but both are allophones of the phoneme in Hindustani (written in Hindi or in Urdu), including loanwords of Arabic and Persian origin. More specifically, they are conditional allophones, i.e. rules apply on whether is pronounced as or depending on context. Native Hindi speakers pronounce as in ( – , 'vow') and in ( – 'food dish'), treating them as a single phoneme and without being aware of the allophonic distinctions, though these are apparent to native English speakers. The rule is that the consonant is pronounced as semivowel in onglide position, i.e. between an onset consonant and a following vowel.
Consonants and vowels are outlined in the table below. Hovering the mouse cursor over them will reveal the appropriate IPA information, while in the rest of the article hovering the mouse cursor over forms will reveal the appropriate English translation.
Morphology
Nouns
Hindustani distinguishes two genders (masculine and feminine), two noun types (count and non-count), two numbers (singular and plural), and three cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative). Nouns may be further divided into two classes based on declension, called type-I, type-II, and type-III. The basic difference between the two categories is that the former two have characteristic terminations in the nominative singular while the latter does not.
The table below displays the suffix paradigms. A hyphen symbol (for the marked type-I) denotes change from the original termination to another (for example laṛkā to laṛke in the masculine singular oblique), whereas a plus sign (for the unmarked type-II) denotes an ending which should be added (seb to sebõ in the masculine plural oblique). -Ø denotes that no suffix is added to the noun stem. The next table of noun declensions shows the above noun case paradigms in action.
Notesː
The semi-consonant -y- is added after the noun stem before adding the declension suffix in the plural declension when the noun stem ends in a vowel.
A small number of marked masculine nouns like kuā̃ display nasalization of all terminations.
Some masculine nouns (which refer to family relations) ending in -ā do not change in the nominative plural and fall in the unmarked category. i.e. pāpā "father", vālid "father", cācā "uncle", rājā "king".
Unmarked nouns ending in -ū and -ī generally shorten this to -u and -i before the oblique (and vocative) plural terminations, with the latter also inserting the semivowel y.
Many feminine Sanskrit loanwords such as bhāṣā ('language') and mātā (mother) end in -ā, therefore the ending -ā is not always a reliable indicator of noun gender.
In Urdu, many Arabic words may retain their original dual and plural markings in Urdu. i.e. vālid "father" → vālidain "parents".
The -iyā ending is also not always a reliable indicator of gender or noun type.Some words such as pahiyā ('wheel') and Persian takiyā ('pillow') are masculine type-I: ('wheels'), takiye ('pillows').Feminine loanwords such as Arabic duniyā ('world') and Sanskrit kriyā ('action') use feminine type-II endings: duniyāẽ ('worlds'), kriyāẽ ('actions').
Perso-Arabic loans ending in final unpronounced -h are handled as masculine marked nouns. Hence → . The former is the Urdu spelling, the latter the Hindi. The pronunciation is in both cases.
Adjectives
Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinables are marked, through termination, for the gender, number, case of the nouns they qualify. The set of declinable adjective terminations is similar but greatly simplified in comparison to that of noun terminations. Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ā and ī ). A number of declinables display nasalisation of all terminations. Nominative masculine singular form (-ā) is the citation form.
All adjectives can be used either attributively, predicatively, or substantively. Substantively they are declined as nouns rather than adjectives. The semblative postposition sā is used with adjectives for modifying or lightening their meaning; giving them an "-ish", "-esque", "like", or "quite" sense. e.g. nīlā "blue" → nīlā sā "bluish". Its emphasis is rather ambiguous, sometimes enhancing, sometimes toning down, the sense of the adjective.
Examples of declinable (type-I) adjectives: baṛā "big", choṭā "small", acchā "good", burā "bad", kālā "black", ṭhanḍā "cold"..
Examples of declinable (type-II) adjectives: dāyā̃ "right (direction)", bāyā̃ "left (direction)".
Examples of indeclinable adjectives: xarāb "bad", sāf "clean", bhārī "heavy", murdā "dead", sundar "beautiful", pāgal "crazy/mad", lāl "red".
Comparatives and superlatives
Comparisons are made by using the instrumental postposition se (see below) the noun takes the oblique case and the combination of "noun + postposition" gets the instrumental case, and words like aur, zyādā ("more") and kam ("less") are added for relative comparisons. The word for "more" (zyādā) is optional, while "less" (kam) is required, so that in the absence of either, "more" will be inferred.
In the absence of an object of comparison the word for "more" is now no longer optional:
Superlatives are made through comparisons with sab ("all") with the instrumental postposition se as the suffix. Comparisons using "least" are rare; it is more common to use an antonym.
In Sanskritised and Persianised registers of Hindustani, comparative and superlative adjectival forms using suffixes derived from those languages can be found.
Numerals
The numeral systems of several of the Indo-Aryan languages, including Hindustani and Nepali, are typical decimal systems, but contracted to the extent that nearly every number 1–99 is irregular. The first four, and sixth, ordinal numbers are also irregular. The suffix -vā̃ marks ordinals five and seven onwards. The ordinals decline in the same way as the declinable adjectives. The suffix -gunā (translates as "times" as in multiplying) marks the multipliers which for the first three multipliers changes the numeral root. The collective forms of numerals take the same form as the oblique plural case for masculine nouns. They are formed by adding the suffix -õ''. There are two types of adverbials. The first type is formed using the suffix -bārā but only for the numerals 2, 3, and 4 (but it's rarely used for 3 and even more rarely for 4). The second type of adverbial is constructed periphrastically using the quantifier bār meaning "times" (as in turns). The adverbial "dobārā" could be translated as "again" or "for a second time", similarly "tibārā" and "caubārā" mean "for a third time" and "for a fourth time" respectively. However, the periphrasatic adverbial constructions "do bār", "tīn bār" etc. translate as "two times", "three times" etc. respectively.
H = Hindi; U = Urdu
Postpositions
The aforementioned inflectional case system only goes so far on its own, and rather serves as that upon which is built a system of agglutinative suffixes or particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. It is their use with a noun or verb that necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case (though the bare oblique is also sometimes used adverbially), and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. There are eight such "one-word" primary case-marking postpositions.
Primary postpositions
Out of these 8 postpositions, the genitive and semblative postpositions kā & sā decline to agree with the gender, number, and case of the object it shows possession of and the object whose semblance is described.
For some verbs like bolnā (to speak/say), the speaker can use both the instrumental marker se and the accusative/dative marker ko. For example, rāhul se bolo and rāhul ko bolo both translate to the same "Say it to Rahul.". However, the nuance expressed by both are different, instrumental marker se has a softer tone to it. rāhul se bolo is more like a suggestion in form of an imperative while rāhul ko bolo is an order.
Beyond the list above, there are a large range of compound postpositions, constructed majoritarily from the genitive marker kā (in its oblique cases ke & kī) plus an adverb. When using with pronouns, these all the compound postpositions can only be used with the genitive oblique case pronouns and the genitive kī/ke must be omitted before attaching them with the genitive oblique case.
Secondary postpositions
Some compound postpositions do not have the genitive marker as their primary postposition, such as:
Tertiary postpositions
Some other compound postpositions with two secondary postpositions (called tertiary postposition) can be constructed by adding primary postpositions to some of the compound postpositions shown above.
Pronouns
Personal and non-personal pronouns
Hindustani has personal pronouns for the first and second persons, while for the third person demonstratives are used, which can be categorised deictically as proximate and non-proximate. tū, tum, and āp are the three 2P pronouns, constituting a threefold scale of sociolinguistic formality: respectively, intimate, familiar, and formal. The 2P intimate conjugations are grammatically singular while the 2P familiar and formal conjugations are grammatically plural. For the non-personal pronouns (demonstrative, relative, and interrogative) the plural forms are also the formal forms. Pronouns in Hindustani do not distinguish gender however they distinguish the nominative, oblique, and the common accusative/dative grammatical cases. The latter-most, often called a set of contracted forms, is used synonymously with the dative/accusative pronoun constructed from the oblique case by suffixing the dative/accusative postposition ko. So, for e.g., mujhe and mujhko are synonymous dative/accusative pronouns.
The 1P and 2P pronouns (except the formal 2P pronoun āp) have their own distinctive genitive forms merā, hamārā, terā, & tumhārā unlike the non-personal pronouns whose genitive forms are constructed employing the oblique case pronoun to which the genitive postposition kā is suffixed (OBL. + kā). The personal pronouns (except the formal 2P āp) colloquially can also take the genitive oblique case before primary postpositions. So, instead of mujhe or mujhko, the periphrastic construction mere ko is fairly commonly heard as a synonym to mujhe/mujhko in colloquial speech.
To construct the ergative case pronouns, the ergative postposition ne is suffixed to the nominative case forms rather than the oblique case forms for the personal pronouns, while the demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns have unique ergative oblique case forms to which ne gets suffixed. So, rather than *mujh-ne and *tujh-ne, it's maĩ-ne and tū-ne, and for the non-personal pronouns (e.g., for demonstrative plural) it's inhõ-ne and unhõ-ne. The 1P plural and the 2P familiar pronouns also have an emphatic ergative case form which respectively are hamī̃ne and tumhī̃ne which are derived using the exclusive emphatic particle hī as ham + hī + ne and tum + hī + ne. For the rest of the personal pronouns, the inclusive emphatic particle hī must come after the pronoun in ergative case and never between the pronoun and the postposition ne. So, rather than *maĩ-hī-ne, it's periphrastically constructed as maĩne hī. As for the non-personal pronouns, both ways of constructing the emphatic forms are grammatically valid. So, for e.g. the demonstrative proximal singular emphatic pronoun isīne and isne hī are synonymous. The emphatic forms for the relative pronouns are constructed periphrastically as well, but they instead use the inclusive emphatic particle bhī. So, the emphatic form of the relative singular ergative pronoun jisne is jisne bhī meaning "whoever" and not *jis-bhī-ne, which not a valid construction.
Compound postpositions must be used with the genitive oblique cases when using them with the personal pronouns (except the 2P formal āp). So, when using the compound postposition ke andar – "inside", *mujh-ke andar and *mujh andar are grammatically invalid constructions and instead it should be mere andar – "inside me". The compound postpositions that have the primary postposition kī in place of kā must have the genitive oblique case declined to the feminine gender. So, when using the postposition kī taraf – "towards", it should be merī taraf and not *mere taraf.
Note
Postpositions are treated as bound morphemes after pronouns in Hindi, but as separate words in Urdu.
The varying forms for the demonstrative nominative case pronouns constitute one of the small number of grammatical differences between Hindi and Urdu. In Hindi, yah "this" / ye "these" / vah "that" / ve "those" are considered the literary pronoun set while in Urdu, ye "this, these" / vo "that, those" is the only pronoun set.
The above section on postpositions noted that ko (the dative/accusative case) marks direct objects if definite. As "the most specific thing of all is an individual", persons (or their pronouns) nearly always take the dative case or postposition.
It is very common practice to use plural pronouns (and their accompanying conjugation) in formal situations, thus tum can be used in the second person when referring to one person. Similarly, some speakers prefer plural ham over singular maĩ. This is usually not quite the same as the "royal we"; it is rather colloquial.
Reflexive pronouns
apnā is a (genitive) reflexive pronoun: "my/your/etc. (own)". Using non-reflexive and reflexive together gives emphasis; e.g. merā apnā "my (very) own". xud, āp, and svayam are some (nominative; non-genitive) others: "my/your/etc.-self". Bases for oblique usage are usually apne (self) or apne āp (automatically). The latter alone can also mean "of one's own accord"; āpas mẽ means "among/between oneselves".
Indefinite quantifier pronouns
koī and kuch are indefinite pronouns/quantifiers. As pronouns, koī is used for animate singular ("someone") and kuch for animate plural and inanimates ("something"). As quantifiers/adjectives koī is used for singular count nouns and kuch for mass nouns and plural count nouns. koī takes the form kisī in the oblique. The form kaī is a paucal equivalent to koī, being used in the context of "several" or "a few" things. kuch can also act as an adverb, qualifying an adjective, meaning "rather". koī preceding a number takes the meaning of "about, approximately". In this usage it does not oblique to kisī.
Adverbial pronouns
Note:
The feminine plural forms are commonly used as singular respect forms and the feminine singular forms often are used interchangeably with the feminine plural forms.
The declension pattern followed is the same as how genitive pronouns and postpositions decline.
Emphatic pronouns
Emphatic pronouns of Hindustani are formed by combining the exclusive emphatic particle hī or the inclusive emphatic particle bhī (with the interrogatory and relative pronouns respectively) and the pronoun in their regular oblique and nominative case. Usually, combining the emphatic particles and the pronouns with end with the consonant -h form a new set of emphatic nominative case and emphatic oblique case pronouns. The rest of the pronouns can also be combined with the exclusive emphatic particle but they do not form true pronouns, but simply add the emphatic particle as an adposition after them. The Relative and Interrogatory pronouns can only take the inclusive emphatic particle bhī as an adposition and never the exclusive emphatic particle hī.
Adverbs
Hindustani has few underived forms. Adverbs may be derived in ways such as the following —
Simply obliquing some nouns and adjectives:
nīcā "low" → nīce "down"
sīdhā "straight" → sīdhe "straight"
dhīrā "slow" → dhīre "slowly"
saverā "morning" → savere "in the morning"
ye taraf "this direction" → is taraf "in this direction/this way"
kolkātā "Calcutta" → kolkāte "to Calcutta".
Nouns using the instrumental marker se "by, with, -ly":
zor "force" → zor se "forcefully" (lit. "with force")
dhyān "attention" → dhyān se "attentively" (lit. "with attention")
Adjectives using post-positional phrases involving "way, manner":
acchā "good" → acche se "well" (lit. "by/in a good way")
xās "special" → xās taur pe "especially" (lit. "on a special way")
Verbs in conjunctive form:
hãs "laugh" → hãske "laughingly" (lit. "having laughed")
meherbānī kar "do kindness" → meherbānī karke "kindly, please" (lit. "having done kindness")
Formative suffixes from Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic in higher registers of Hindi or Urdu
Skt. sambhava "possible" + → "possibly".
Ara. ittifāq "chance" + -an → ittifāqan "by chance", "coincidentally".
Verbs
Overview
The Hindustani verbal system is largely structured around a combination of aspect and tense/mood. Like the nominal system, the Hindustani verb involves successive layers of (inflectional) elements to the right of the lexical base.
Hindustani has 3 aspects: perfective, habitual, and progressive, each having overt morphological correlates. These are participle forms, inflecting for gender and number by way of a vowel termination, like adjectives. The perfective, though displaying a "number of irregularities and morphophonemic adjustments", is the simplest, being just the verb stem followed by the agreement vowel. The habitual forms from the imperfective participle; verb stem, plus -t-, then vowel. The continuous forms periphrastically through compounding (see below) with the perfective of rahnā "to stay".
The copula honā "to be" can be put into five grammatical moods: indicative, presumptive, subjunctive, contrafactual and, imperative. Used both in basic predicative/existential sentences and as verbal auxiliaries to aspectual forms, these constitute the basis of tense and mood.
Non-aspectual forms include the infinitive, the imperative, and the conjunctive. Mentioned morphological conditions such as the subjunctive, "presumptive", etc. are applicable to both copula roots for auxiliary usage with aspectual forms and to non-copula roots directly for often unspecified (non-aspectual) finite forms.
Finite verbal agreement is with the nominative subject, except in the transitive perfective, where it is with the direct object, with the erstwhile subject taking the ergative construction -ne (see postpositions above). The perfective aspect thus displays split ergativity.
Tabled below on the left are the paradigms for adjectival concord (A), here only slightly different from that introduced previously: the f. pl. can nasalise under certain conditions. To the right are the paradigms for personal concord (P), used by the subjunctive.
Copula in Hindustani
All the verbs in Hindustani except the verb honā (to be) are defective and cannot be conjugated into these following moods and tenses in their non-aspectual forms (or simple aspect):
present indicative
imperfect indicative
presumptive mood
present subjunctive
The verb honā (to be) serves as the copula whose conjugations are used to form the three aspectual (or compound) forms of verbs (habitual, perfective, and progressive). In the tables below all the conjugations of the copula honā (to be) are shown on the left and all the conjugations of the verb karnā (to do) (like which all other verbs have conjugations) are shown on the right.
1 the pronouns tum and āp can be used in both singular and plural sense by adding plural indicator words like sab (all) and log (people), akin to the English pronouns you and y'all.
2 the contrafactual mood serves as both the past subjunctive and the past conditional mood.
Compound tenses
Periphrastic Hindustani verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker.
Mood & aspects
Hindustani has three aspects, Habitual aspect, Perfective Aspect and the Progressive Aspect. To construct the progressive aspect and forms, Hindustani makes use of the progressive participle rahā which is derived from the verb rahnā ("to stay" or "to remain"). Unlike English and many other Indo-European languages, Hindustani does differentiate between Continuous and the Progressive aspects. So, for e.g. the sentence "maĩ śarṭ pahan rahā hū̃" will always translate as "I am (in the process) of wearing a shirt." and it can never be used to mean "I am (already) wearing a shirt.". In English, however, "I am wearing a shirt." can be used to mean both the idea of progressive action and a continuous action. To convey the continuous state of an action the perfective adjectival participle is employed. So, "I am (already) wearing a shirt." translates into Hindustani as "maĩ śarṭ pahnā huā hū̃." All the personal compound forms of the verb karnā (to do) in all three aspects and all the grammatical moods are shown in the table below:
{|
|
|-
|1 the pronouns tum and āp can be used in both singular and plural sense, akin to the English pronoun you.
|-
|2 the habitual aspect of Hindustani cannot be put into future tense.
|-
|3 the perfective aspect behaves ergatively, agreeing with the object of the sentence. However, if the object is marked with the postposition ko, the noun is placed in the third-person masculine singular. As personal object pronouns are always marked with ko, there are no personal perfective forms.
|-
|4 unlike English in which both the continuous and the progressive aspect have the same forms, the progressive aspect of Hindustani cannot convey the continuous aspect.|}
Different copulas
The habitual, progressive, and imperfect aspectual participles can be used with copulas other than honā (to be) such as rahnā (to stay), ānā (to come), jānā (to go). These copulas can be converted into their participle forms and can be conjugated to form personal compound aspectual forms. Each of the four copulas provides a unique nuance to the aspect.
Participles
The participle forms of any verb is constructed by adding suffixes to the verb root. The participle forms of the verb karnā (to do) are shown in the tables below:
Verb forms
A summary of all verb forms is given in the tables below. The sample verb is intransitive dauṛnā "to run", and the sample inflection is 3rd. masc. sg. (P = e, A = ā) where applicable.
Notes
Much of the above chart information derives from .
The future tense is formed by adding the suffix gā (~ ge ~ gī) to the subjunctive, which is a contraction of gaā (= gayā, perfective participle of jānā "to go"). The future suffix, conjunctive participle, and suffix vālā are treated as bound morphemes in written Hindi, but as separate words in written Urdu.
The present copula () seems not to follow along the lines of the regular P system of terminations; while the subjunctive copula () is thoroughly irregular. So here are all of their forms.
For the 1. subj. sg. copula and list hū̃ while lists hoū̃.
lists the formal imperative ending as -iye, while lists it as -ie but -iye after ā, o, ū.
The euphonic glide y is inserted in perfective participles between prohibited vowel clusters. It is historically the remnant of the old perfective marker. The clusters are a + ā, ā + ā, o + ā, and ī + ā, resulting in āyā, ayā, oyā, iyā. e.g. khāyā/khāye/khāyī/khāyī̃ (khā- "eat").
In addition, the combinations ī + ī and i + ī give ī. e.g. piyā/piye/pī/pī̃ (pī- "drink").
As stated, agreement in the transitive perfective is with the direct object, with the erstwhile subject taking the ergative postposition ne. If however the direct object takes the postposition ko (marking definiteness), or if no direct object is expressed, then agreement neutralises to default m. sg. -ā.
In this regard, there are a small number of verbs that while perhaps logically transitive still do not take ne and continue to agree with the subject, in the perfective. e.g. lānā "to bring", bhūlnā "to forget", milnā "to meet", etc.
Besides supplying the copulas, honā "to be" can be used aspectually: huā "happened, became"; hotā "happens, becomes, is"; ho rahā "happening, being".-ke can be used as a colloquial alternative to -kar for the conjunctive participle of any verb.
Hindustani displays a very small number of irregular forms, spelled out in the cells below. Historically, there were many more irregular forms (e.g. muā for marnā 'to die') but most have been regularised. Notably, some dialects regularise the perfective of karnā to karā and the formal imperative of kijiye to kariye.
The irregular forms are underlined in the above table.
There are two subjunctive stems for the verb honā, one being regular and the other being irregular. The regular set is the future subjunctive forms and the regular ones are the as the present subjunctive forms. honā is the only verb in Hindi to have distinct forms for the future and the present subjunctive, for all other forms there is one common subjunctive form which is used as both the present and the future subjunctive.
However, it is jā- that is used as the perfective stem in the rare instance of an intransitive verb like jānā being expressed passively, such as in a passivized imperative/subjunctive construction: ghar jāyā jāye? "Shall [we] go home?" (lit. "Shall home be gone to [by us]?").
Set of related verbs
Transitives are morphologically contrastive in Hindustani, leading to the existence of related verb sets divisible along such lines. While the derivation of such forms shows patterns, they do reach a level of variegation so as to make it somewhat difficult to outline all-encompassing rules. Furthermore, some sets may have as many as four to five distinct members; also, the meaning of certain members of given sets may be idiosyncratic.
These below are the verb forms that a verb in Hindi can have —
Intransitive
Involitional — these are actions that cannot be done intentionally.
Dative — these involitional verbs require the subject to be in the dative case.
Non-dative — these verbs require the verb to be in the nominative case.
Volitional — these are actions that can be intentionally done.
Ergative — these verbs can take in the ergative case (the subject can be in the ergative case).
Non-ergative — these verbs cannot take in the ergative case (the subject can only be in the nominative case).
Transitive
Direct — the subject themselves experiences the action but the subject and the object are not the same
Indirect — the subject imparts the action onto the object, the object is the experiencer of the action, it is usually translated into English as "to make (someone/something) verb"
Reflexive — the verb does action on the subject itself, the doer and experiencer of the action is the same subject
Causative — the subject causes the action to happen. Translationː "to cause to be verbed", the agent takes the instrumental postposition se. Thus Y se Z banvānā = "to cause Z to be made by Y" = "to cause Y to make Z" = "to have Z made by Y" = "to have Y make Z", etc.
Starting from direct transitive verb forms, the other verb stems i.e., intransitive, causative, reflexive, indirect stems are produced according to these following (not exhaustive) assorted rulesSnell & Weightman (1989ː pg. 243–244) —
Root vowel changeː
a → ā u / ū → o i / ī → e Sometimes the root vowel change accompanies the root's final consonant changeː
k → c ṭ → r̥ l → Ø Suffixation of -ā to form the indirect or reflexive formː
Root vowel changeː ū/o → u; e/ai/ā/ī → i Insertion of semivowel l between such vowel-terminating stems
Suffixation of -vā (in place of -ā where it would occur) to form the causative verb stem
Light verbs
Compound verbs, a highly visible feature of Hindi–Urdu grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus a light verb. The light verb (also called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector") loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning" to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of the compound". While almost any verb can act as a main verb, there is a limited set of productive light verbs. Shown below are prominent such light verbs, with their independent meaning first outlined, followed by their semantic contribution as auxiliaries. Finally, having to do with the manner of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner. The auxiliaries when combined with the main verb provides an aspectual sense to the main verb it modifies. Light verbs such as jānā "to go", ānā "to come", cuknā when combined with the main verb give the formed compound verb a perfective aspect, while retaining the original meaning of the main verb.
The first three light verbs in the above table are the most common of auxiliaries, and the "least marked", or "lexically nearly colourless". The nuance conveyed by an auxiliary can often be very subtle, and need not always be expressed with different words in English translation. lenā and denā, transitive verbs, occur with transitives, while intransitive jānā occurs mostly with intransitives; a compound of a transitive and jānā will be grammatically intransitive as jānā is.
Finally, having to do with the manner of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner.
Conjuncts
Another notable aspect of Hindi–Urdu grammar is that of "conjunct verbs", composed of a noun or adjective paired up with a general verbaliser, most commonly transitive karnā "to do" or intransitive honā "to be", "to happen", functioning in the place of what in English would be single unified verb. All conjunct verbs formed using karnā are transitive verbs and all conjunct verbs formed using the verb honā are intransitive verbs.
In the case of an adjective as the non-verbal element, it is often helps to think of karnā "to do" as supplementarily having the senses of "to cause to be", "to make", "to render", etc.
In the case of a noun as the non-verbal element, it is treated syntactically as the verb's (direct) object (never taking the ko marker; governing agreement in perfective and infinitival constructions), and the semantic patient (or agent: see gālī khānā below) of the conjunct verbal expression is often expressed/marked syntactically as a genitive postposition (-kā ~ ke ~ kī) of the noun.
With English it is the verb stems themselves that are used. All English loan words are used by forming compound verbs in Hindi by using either honā (intransitive) or karnā (transitive).
Passive
The passive construction is periphrastic. It is formed from the perfective participle by addition of the auxiliary jānā "to go"; i.e. likhnā "to write" → likhā jānā "to be written". The agent is marked by the instrumental postposition se. Furthermore, both intransitive and transitive verbs may be grammatically passivized to show physical/psychological incapacity, usually in negative sentences. Lastly, intransitives often have a passive sense, or convey unintentional action.
Syntax
Word order
Hindustani is a word order free language, in the sense that word order does not usually signal grammatical functions in the language. However, the unmarked word order in Hindustani is SOV. It is neither purely left- nor right-branching, and phenomena of both types can be found. The order of constituents in sentences as a whole lacks governing "hard and fast rules", and frequent deviations can be found from normative word position, describable in terms of a small number of rules, accounting for facts beyond the pale of the label of "SOV".
Subject precedes the direct object of the sentence if both the dative and the accusative case marks the objects of a sentence. Prescriptively, the relative position is fixed in order to make it unambiguous which is the direct object and which is the indirect object in the sentence as both the dative case and the accusative case is the same in Hindustani and are marked by the same postposition ko.
Attributive adjectives precede the noun they qualify by default, but can also be placed after the noun, doing that usually makes the sentence sound either more poetic or gives as stronger emphasises on the attribute that the adjective describes.
Adverbs usually can appear either before or after the verb they qualify.
Negative markers (nahī̃, na, mat) and interrogatives precede the verb by default but can also appear after it, however the position for negation can be more flexible and the negation can occur before or after the auxiliary verbs too if the sentence has an auxiliary verb. Whenever the negation comes after the verbs instead of before the verb, it always emphasises the negation. The negation can never come before a noun.
kyā ("what?") as the yes–no question marker occurs at the beginning or the end of a clause as its unmarked positions but it can be put anywhere in the sentence except before a verb, where it is instead interpreted as the interrogative meaning "what". This is frequently dropped in colloquial conversation, and instead, the last word of the question has a higher pitch.
In the example below, it is shown that all word orders make sense for simple sentences, which do not have adjectives, negations and adverbs. As a general rule, whatever information comes first in the sentence gets emphasised and the information which appears at the end of a sentence gets emphasised the least.
As long as both dative and the accusative case are not used in the sentence, the word order flexibility remains. For example, in the table below the locative and the accusative case is used in the same sentence, the word order is flexible because the markers for the locative and the accusative cases are different but in Hindustani, the marker for the accusative and the dative case are the same, which is ko for nouns and the oblique case pronouns or they have their own unique pronoun forms which are the same for dative and the accusative case.
Usage of dative/accusative noun + accusative/dative pronoun
When noun and pronoun are used together in a sentence and one is in accusative case while the other is in the dative case, there is no way to differentiate which one is which just by looking at the sentence. Usually in such cases, owing to the default word order of Hindi (which is SOV) which noun/pronoun comes earlier in the sentence becomes the subject of the sentence and what comes later becomes the object of the sentence.
Usage of dative noun + accusative noun
Nouns in Hindi are put in the dative or accusative case first having the noun in the oblique case and then by adding the postposition ko after it. However, when two nouns are used in a sentence in which one of them is in the accusative case and the other in the dative case, the sentence becomes ambiguous and stops making sense, so, to make sense of the sentence, one of the noun (which is assumed to be in the accusative case) is put into the nominative case and the other one is left as it is (in the dative case). The noun which is put into the nominative case becomes the direct object of the sentence and the other one (which is now in the Accusative case) becomes the indirect object of the sentence.
When both the nouns use the ko marker, generally, all permutations in which the nouns with the same case marker are adjacent to one another become ambiguous or convey no sense.
Removing the ko from the word sā̃p leaves it in the nominative case. Now, it acts as the direct object of the sentence and saperā becomes the indirect object of the sentence. The English translation becomes "Give the snake-charmer a snake." and when the opposite is done, the English translation of the sentence becomes "Give the snake a snake-charmer."
Usage of dative pronoun + accusative pronoun
When two pronouns are used in a sentence, all the sentences remain grammatically valid but the ambiguity of precisely telling the subject and the object of the sentence remains. However, just as we did above, converting one the pronoun into nominative case does not work for all pronouns but only for the 3rd person pronouns and doing that for any other pronoun will leave the sentence ungrammatical and without sense. The reason that this works only for the 3rd person pronoun because these are not really the "regular" 3rd person pronouns but are instead the demonstrative pronouns. Hindustani lacks the regular 3rd person pronouns and hence compensates for them by using the demonstrative pronouns.
So, the ambiguity cannot completely be removed in this case here, unless of course it is interpreted that what comes first becomes the subject of the sentence. The English translation becomes either "Give me to that/him/her/it." or "Give me that/him/her/it." depending on which pronoun appears first in the sentence.
Possession
Unlike English and many other Indo-European languages, Hindustani does not have a verb which uniquely translate to "to have" of English. Possession is reflected in Hindustani by the genitive marker kā (inflected appropriately) or the postposition ke pās ("near") and the verb honā. Possible objects of possession fall into the following four main categories in Hindustani,
Fundamental possessions: These are possessions that are of permanent nature, which one has not obtained but got naturally and cannot be owned. These include, family relations, body parts, etc.
For indicating fundamental possessions, kā appears after the subject of the possession. With personal pronouns, this requires the use of the possessive pronoun (inflected appropriately).
Non-Fundamental possessions: These are possessions that one has obtained or can be owned. These include possession of any object, living beings (including humans), etc.
For indicating non-fundamental possessions, the compound postposition ke pās (literally, "of near") is used. However, this postposition cannot ever be translated as "near", showing proximity.
Proximal possessions: These are possessions that show that someone or something has something near themselves.
For indicating proximity of the object to the subject, the double compound postposition ke pās mẽ (literally, "of near in") is used. It translates as "nearby".
Dative/Abstract possessions: These are abstract possessions such as pain, problems, issue, wanting, happiness, etc. but sometimes it can also be used to show number of children one has (gave birth to and not adopted).
For indicating dative possessions, the pronouns in their dative case or the dative postposition ko is used.
Note: The verb honā can be translated as "to be", "to have/possess", "to exist" or "to happen" depending on the context. The third person singular and plural conjugations depending on the context could also be translated as "there is" and "there are" respectively.
Note: Sometimes when talking about physical objects (including animals) both the fundamental and non-fundamental possessions are used interchangeably when the meaning conveyed in both cases does not lead to confusion. For example, mere do kutte haĩ and mere pās do kutte haĩ (both translating as, "I have two dogs.") are often used interchangeably when referring to pet dogs, with the sentence with the fundamental possession showing or having more emotional attachment. The reason these both are used interchangeably because it is a priori understood that the dogs in the context must be pet dogs. Same happens with the second example above on both the tables conveying the possession of eyes; it is understood that the eyes in the context are one's own. In the contexts where such a priori information is not immediately understood, these two types of possessions cannot be used interchangeably.
Relativisation
Rather than using relative clauses after nouns, as in English, Hindustani uses correlative clauses. In Hindustani, a correlative clause can go before or after the entire clause, the adjective, the noun, the pronoun or the verb it relativises.
Note: The relative pronoun jo can be used as both relative "what" and relative "who".
Case-marking and verb agreement
Hindustani has tripartite case-marking, which means that the subject in intransitive clauses, and the agent and the object in transitive clauses each can be marked by a distinct case form. The full set of case distinctions is however only realized in certain clause types.
In intransitive clauses, the subject is in nominative case. The verb displays agreement with the subject: depending on aspect and mood, the verb agrees in gender and number, and/or person and number.
In transitive clauses, there are three patterns:
1. Perfective clauses with animate/definite object
Fully distinctive case marking is found in perfective clauses with animate and/or definite objects. Here, the agent takes the ergative case marker ne, while the object takes the accusative case marker ko. The verb does not agree with either of the core arguments (agent and object), but is marked per default as third person masculine singular (calāyā hai).
2. Perfective clauses with inanimate/indefinite object
In perfective clauses with an indefinite object, the agent keeps the ergative case marker, but the object is in nominative case. The verb agrees with the object: the perfective form calāyī hai is marked for feminine gender, agreeing with the gender of the object gāṛī.
3. Non-perfective clauses
In all other clause types, the agent is in nominative case and triggers agreement on the verb. The object is either in nominative case or accusative case, depending on animacy/definiteness
The following table summarises the three basic case-marking and agreement types.
Differential argument marking
Hindustani, like other Indo-Aryan languages, displays differential case marking on both subjects (DSM) and objects (DOM). Diachronically, differential argument marking developed very differently for subjects and objects, but became prevalent for both in the 17th century. For subjects, it is predicate-licensed and dependent on semantics, whereas for objects it is discourse-driven.
For subjects, on top of the previously discussed split ergativity (in which perfective case verbs take the ergative ne on the subject, while other conjugations have an unmarked subject), certain modal auxiliary verbs take different case markers for their subjects.
The most notable instance of DSM is the experiencer dative subject (a type of quirky subject). Verbs indicating sensations (lagnā "to seem"), emotions (mahsūs honā "to feel"), and cognition (patā honā "to be known"), all license the dative case marker ko on their subjects. This is a cross-lingual phenomenon.
Passive subjects taking the modal auxiliary jānā 'to go', usually connoting reduced agentivity, take the instrumental se. This construction can also be used to indicate ability.
The dative ko indicates obligation or necessity. The modal honā 'to be' and paṛnā 'to fall' both take this on their subjects.
The accusative marker ko is only applied when the object is definite, similar to the distinction between the and a(n)'' in English.
Notes
See also
Urdu language
Hindi language
Hindi verbs
Hindi pronouns
Urdu alphabet
Devanagari
Devanagari transliteration
Hindustani phonology
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
(public domain e-book) Contributed by University of California libraries
ABBR1:meaning1
ABBR2:meaning2
Indo-Aryan grammars
Hindustani language
Hindi
Urdu
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Casamari Abbey is a Cistercian abbey in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy, about 10 kilometers (6 miles) east-south-east of Veroli.
The abbey, mostly from 1203-1217, is a fine and very well preserved example of early Italian Gothic architecture in the Burgundian style of early-Gothic architecture, paralleled within Italy only by that of the Abbey of Fossanova. It was declared a National Monument in 1874.
The abbey has a plan similar to the French contemporary ones, the entrance being a gate with a double arch. The interior has a garden whose central part is occupied by a cloister, of quadrangular shape, with four galleries having a semi-cylindrical ceiling.
The chapter room has nine spans and four pilaster, and is used for meetings. The church can be accessed from the cloister. It has a basilica plan with a nave and two aisles; the façade has a large external portico, while behind the altar is the choir, added in 1954 and made by Vincenzo Domenico De Donatis from Sora (1886-1969) and his sons. The windows of the church are fitted with sheets of alabaster rather than glass panels.
History
It marks the site of Cereatae, the birthplace of Caius Marius, afterwards known, as inscriptions attest, as Cereatae Marianae, having been separated perhaps by the triumvirs from the territory of Arpinum. In the early Imperial times it was an independent community.
Benedictine
A chronicle of the abbey from the 13th century dates its founding to the 9th century as a Benedictine monastery with the same name. Initially a small community with a simple church dedicated to Saints John and Paul, the buildings were expanded in the mid-11th century by its then-Abbot Giovanni. That it became a sphere of influence for the region at that time is shown by the large number of donations it was receiving and its acquisition of many chapels in the area whose revenues contributed to the maintenance of the abbey.
Cistercian
The 12th century, however, saw a period of long decline for the abbey. Due to the severe financial crises which arose in the shift to a capital-based economy, the region underwent great instability. In the religious realm, the Church was suffering from the contending rule of Antipope Anacletus II and Pope Innocent II. During this period, one of the major religious figures of the day, St Bernard of Clairvaux, promoted the Cistercian reforms of monasticism as the best way to ensure fidelity of life and obedience to the Church. He himself arranged the incorporation of Casamari in the new order, officially listing it in the Cistercian directory as the 29th foundation of Citeaux.
Under the Cistercians the abbey and its church were completely rebuilt between 1203 and 1217, in accordance with their own standards.
In 1417 the abbey suffered major damage due to an assault by the army of Queen Joanna II of Naples, allied with the papacy, on the forces of Braccio da Montone which had occupied the monastic complex. The entire western wing of the abbey was destroyed in the battle.
An equally major blow was soon given to the life of the monastic community in 1430, when Pope Martin V made his nephew, Cardinal Prospero Colonna, the commendatory abbot of Casamari, thereby giving him the control of the abbey's finances. By 1623 the community had been reduced to eight monks. As a result, it joined eight other abbeys to form the Roman Congregation for their mutual support. This union lasted until 1650.
In 1717, the commendatory abbot at that time, Annibale Albani, made an attempt to reform and reinvigorate the community by introducing the Trappist reform, bringing several monks for this purpose from the Trappist monastery of Buonsollazzo in Tuscany, part of the Italian Congregation of St. Bernard.
Suppression
At the start of the 19th century, Italy found itself invaded by the forces of the First French Empire. In the course of the Napoleonic wars, several French soldiers stopped at the abbey on May 13, 1799, when returning from the assault on Naples. They were well received by the prior, Simon Cardon, a fellow Frenchman. Nevertheless, the soldiers proceeded to sack the abbey in next days, including the church, where they broke open the tabernacle and scattered the consecrated hosts on the floor. When Cardon and five of his fellow monks went to recover the hosts, they were shot by the soldiers. Declared martyrs, they were buried within the church itself, as opposed to the abbey graveyard, however the official pronouncement was issued in Vatican only in May 2020. Soon, though, the abbey, along with most other religious communities, was suppressed by a decree of Napoleon in 1811.
Revival
Within a few years, by 1814, some of the surviving monks returned to the abbey and were able to resume monastic life, now under the direct authority of the Holy See. In 1825 Pope Pius IX officially ended the office of commendatory abbot. The monks of Casamari incorporated the Monastery of San Domenico, near Sora, under their jurisdiction in 1833. Valvisciolo Abbey, near Sermoneta, also came under their authority in 1864 . At that point Casamari, along with its dependencies, was able to establish itself as an autonomous congregation, directly subject to the Holy See. Keeping their adherence to the Trappist reform, they resisted later pressures put on them at the start of the 20th century to join the Congregation of Subiaco.
Congregation of Casamari
In 1929 the Holy See formally recognized the Congregation of Casamari, and united it with the other congregations which form the Cistercian Order (though not the Trappists). The monks began to extend their work to include the pastoral care of nearby parishes and opened a seminary. At the invitation of Pope Pius XI they began to consider expansion to foreign missions.
The Venerable Father Felix
At this point in time, Father Felix Mary Ghebreamlak, a priest of the Ethiopian Catholic Church, was directed to Casamari, due to his desire to introduce Catholic monastic life to his country. The community there accepted his request to sponsor a community of the Order in Ethiopia and train the candidates for such a community. Ghebreamlak entered, along with 12 other Ethiopian Catholic men.
Within a few years of his admission to the Order, Ghebreamlak was diagnosed with incurable tuberculosis. Allowed to profess religious vows on his deathbed, he died in 1934 and was buried at Casamari. The reputation he had for holiness of life drew the veneration of the Ethiopian clergy. The local Catholic Diocese, along with the Ethiopian Catholic Church, opened a process of investigating his life for possible canonization. The cause was eventually approved and accepted by the Holy See for further investigation.
In 1957 the abbey church was designated a basilica minor by Pope Pius XII.
Current status
The abbey made its first overseas foundation in Ethiopia in 1940. There are now four monasteries of the congregation there, with some 100 native monks. Foundations were also made subsequently in Brazil and the United States. The total membership of the congregation numbers some 200 monks. The abbey notes that, with the exception of the three years that they were disbanded under Napoleon, there has been a continuous monastic presence there since its founding.
The Abbot of the Abbey of Casamari, as of 2017, is the Right Reverend Abbot Dom Eugenio Romagnuolo, President of the Cistercian Congregation of Casamari.
References
External links
Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace - Casamari and Cistercian Abbey Pages – Photos
Casamari Abbey Website
The Abbey Of Casamari
Christian monasteries established in the 9th century
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Cistercian monasteries in Italy
Monasteries in Lazio
Gothic architecture in Lazio
Churches in the province of Frosinone
Veroli
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Centrospermae is a descriptive botanical name, published in 1878 by Eichler, meaning "with the seed in the center", referring to the free (central) placentation. It was used in the Engler system and the Wettstein system) for an order of flowering plants.
In its circumscription, Centrospermae corresponds fairly closely to the order Caryophyllales in the system of Cronquist. In the APG III system, and in later versions of the Kubitzki system, Caryophyllales is defined to include much more than Centrospermae.
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Centrospermae is monophyletic. It is equivalent to a clade known as the core Caryophyllales, whenever the latter is defined to exclude the families Rhabdodendraceae, Simmondsiaceae, Physenaceae and Asteropeiaceae.
See also
Caryophyllineae
References
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrospermae
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The Cashibo or Carapache are an indigenous people of Peru. They live near the Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro Rivers. The Cashibo have three subgroups, that are the Cashiñon, Kakataibo, and Ruño peoples. They mainly live in five villages.
Language
Cashibo people speak the Cashibo-Cacataibo language, a Western Panoan language which is written in the Latin script and taught in primary schools.
History
When first approached by missionaries in 1757, the Cashibo killed one of them and forced the rest to flee. They maintained hostile relations with neighboring tribes. They joined Juan Santos Atahualpa in 1744 in the destruction of missions. In 1870, Shetebo and Conibo people raided the Cashibo.
Until the 20th century, Cashibo avoided outside contact. In 1930, they numbered 4,000 but their population was reduced by diseases. Simón Bolívar Odicio dominated the Cashibo from 1930 to 1940. Odicio was a Cashibo who had been kidnapped and raised by the Shipibo. He encouraged the tribe to open a road into their territory, which brought on non-native settlement and rapid acculturation, with devastating effects on the tribe.
In 1940, the Peru government offered the surviving Cashibos a reservation; however, they declined, wishing to remain in their own homeland.
Notes
External links
Cashibo art, National Museum of the American Indian
Indigenous peoples in Peru
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashibo%20people
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Ulik is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He usually appears as an adversary of Thor. Ulik was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and first appears in Thor #137 (February 1967).
Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, Ulik has appeared in over four decades of Marvel continuity, principally as a member of the character Thor's Rogues' Gallery. The character has also appeared in other Marvel-related products including animated television series, toys, and trading cards.
Publication history
Writer Mike Conroy commented on Ulik's debut in Thor #137 (Feb. 1967): "In a strip as steeped in Norse mythology as Marvel's Thor, it was no surprise to come across a troll as big and mean as Ulik." Created as a physical equal for the Thunder God, the Asgardian troll Ulik became a perennial villain for the hero.
Fictional character biography
Ulik belongs to a race of Rock Trolls who live in the dimension of Asgard in the "Domain of Trolls" in Nornheim. Like all trolls, Ulik has an innate hatred of the Asgardians, as they were driven underground by the King of the Norse gods, Odin, and forbidden to live on the surface. Ulik is commanded by the Rock Troll King, Geirrodur, to steal Thor's enchanted hammer, Mjolnir, before an attempt can be made to invade Asgard, leading to an extended series of battles with the Thunder God. Ulik proves to be a match for Thor, as the character possessing increasing strength and is equipped with knuckle dusters made of the metal uru (the same metal of which Mjolnir is composed). He nearly defeats Thor after going into the berserker state of mind, but is transported away by Geirrodur. Later on Earth, he traps Thor in his guise as Don Blake, and tries to gain the power of Thor with his cane. Blake tells him to strike it again, although Ulik says if this fails he will kill Blake, but when Ulik brings the cane down, Blake suddenly holds it, meaning that he transforms into Thor.
Ulik returns on a regular basis: battling Thor and being thrown down a deep hole before accidentally waking Odin's former foe Mangog, hoping that he can be used as an ally against Asgard after reading an inscription on the prison door by Odin; aiding Geirrodur once again; kidnapping Thor's mortal love Jane Foster; and battling Thor for possession of a mystic artifact called the Ruby Eye. The character has also travelled to Earth and battled both Thor and Olympian ally Hercules.
For a time Ulik fought on the side of several Asgardians, who were lost in their own Earthly identities. This group included the Warriors Three, Balder and Sif. He battled a version of Thor called Red Norvell and worked with his temporary allies to escape a Midgard-based technological conspiracy against lost Asgardians.
Much later, maddened and feral, Ulik is given weapons made from the same forge which created Mjolnir. He becomes the lead in Loki's attack on Asgard; this snowballs into the true Ragnarok. Ulik perishes early on in the battles. A child's hammer, made of troll-hurting iron, is thrown into his mouth by Captain America. This results in an explosion that ends his life.
However, like all of Asgard, Ulik is reformed on Earth. During the "World War Hulks" storyline, Ulik resurfaces and is shown to have gone on a multi-state drinking binge. He ends up destroying a train bridge with the disaster being averted by A-Bomb and Marlo Chandler's Harpy form. When Ulik starts choking Marlo, he is defeated by A-Bomb.
After Thor dies during the "Fear Itself" storyline, Ulik replaces him as Tanarus, the new Thunder God, endorsed by the All-Mothers of the Vanir (Freyja, Gaea, and Idunn). Exploiting a glamour charm given by Karnilla the Norn Queen and the circumstances of Thor's death, Ulik is able to retroactively place himself in Thor's place, rewriting history in the process. Only a few individuals like Karnilla and the current juvenile incarnation of Loki are aware of the deception. Tanarus' blunt nature in contrast to the honor of the true Thor allows Heimdall and Sif to realize that something is wrong relatively quickly, culminating in the returned Thor defeating "Tanarus" after his resurrection with relative ease.
Ulik later shows up as a consultant to the Minotaur of Roxxon. First, he helps Roxxon destroy Broxton, Oklahoma, right below Asgard, then he offers advice and battle against the Frost Giants of Jotunheim. This failed as the Frost Giants proceeded to take over the Roxxon facility.
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel," Ulik appears as a member of the Dark Council alongside Malekith the Accursed, the Minotaur, Laufey, and some unnamed Fire Demons.
Ulik and some of his trolls later appear on the Moon where they are found and encountered by Thor Odinson. After an intense battle, Ulik and the trolls escape.
A tale told of the ancient past says how a confrontation with Ulik and trolls ultimately led to the formation of Thor's hammer, Mjolnir.
During the "War of the Realms" storyline, Ulik was present with Malekith as he begins his invasion on Midgard. She-Hulk later fights Ulik and his fellow Rock Trolls.
Powers and abilities
Ulik possesses superhuman strength, stamina and durability, and has the ability to see into the infrared range of the spectrum, allowing complete night vision. He is also a superior hand-to-hand combatant. In battle, Ulik uses "pounders", metal bands forged from uru and worn over the hands like brass knuckles.
Other versions
MC2
In the MC2 imprint title A-Next, a future alternate universe version of Ulik aids Loki's daughter Sylene in temporarily turning Earth into a new version of Asgard.
Ultimate Marvel
In the limited series The Ultimates 3, Thor talks of how Ulik forged weapons for his father, including his hammer Mjolnir. The troll appears in flashback in the prequel miniseries Ultimate Comics: Thor.
In other media
Television
Ulik appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Troy Baker. In the episode "The Fall of Asgard", he ambushes Eitri and the Dwarves before they can make it to their forge and ends up fighting them and Iron Man. Ulik is defeated when Iron Man dislodges the cap on the armor's chest device which knocked Ulik unconscious. Shortly after that, Eitri reattaches the cap to Iron Man's chest device to save his life.
Ulik appears in the various animated series seen on Disney XD, voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.
Ulik first appears in Avengers Assemble. In the episode "The Serpent of Doom", Ulik travels to Midgard wielding his Codgel weapon and fights Thor and the Avengers in New York. The Avengers defeat Ulik but lose the Codgel in the process, which ended up in Doctor Doom's possession. Ulik was placed in a special cell at Avengers Tower. After Doctor Doom and the Midgard Serpent are defeated, Thor visits Ulik's cell and takes him to Asgard so that Odin can deal with him. In the episode "Avengers: Impossible", Ulik is among the villains summoned to Avengers Tower by Impossible Man to spice up his own show on Falcon. Ulik ends up fighting the Hulk until Impossible Man 'scrubs the scene' by making the villains disappear. Ulik also has a minor appearance in Avengers: Ultron Revolution. In the episode "A Friend in Need", Ulik's pounders are shown to be in Asgard's custody, and that Thor mentioned that it took a quarreling Balder and Tyr to help Thor take down Ulik. He is then shown trying to break out of his prison cell, managing to break out and reclaim his pounders then fights Thor until being taken down by the Vision.
Ulik also appears in Ultimate Spider-Man. In the two-part episode "Avenging Spider-Man", he and Fenris Wolf, along with his fellow Trolls, Frost Giants and Ice Dragons are used by Loki as part of Doctor Octopus's experiments with a mass-produced Venom symbiote. Ulik is among the possessed as one of Venom's many hosts when the creatures go on a rampage in Manhattan. When the Avengers and the S.H.I.E.L.D. Trainees separate Venom's various hosts, Ulik and the other creatures are freed one by one and sent back to Asgard. Upon Loki retreating upon defeat, it is revealed to be the same area where Ulik and the other creatures are as they prepare to get revenge on Loki.
Video games
Ulik appears as a mini-boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Fred Tatasciore. He and Kurse steal a chest containing Volla's ring and the heroes have to fight them to get it back.
Ulik appears in Thor: God of Thunder, voiced by Steve Blum. Loki diverts Thor to Ulik's realm as part of a plan to make himself the new hero of Asgard by defeating the powerful Mangog only for Loki to be forced to help Thor activate Frostgrinder (the Troll version of Bifrost) upon realizing that Mangog is too strong, culminating in Thor defeating Ulik to gain access to Frostgrinder.
Ulik appears in Marvel Future Revolution as boss during the Midgardia storyline, voiced by Isaac C. Singleton Jr.
Toys
An action figure of Ulik has been made as part of Hasbro's Marvel Legends line as of 2022.
References
External links
Comics characters introduced in 1967
Characters created by Jack Kirby
Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional trolls
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics supervillains
Thor (Marvel Comics)
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Kask or KASK may refer to:
Kask (surname)
Kask, Kerman, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
Kask, Zanjan, a village in Zanjan Province, Iran
Asta Kask, a punk band from Töreboda, Sweden
KASK, an American radio station
See also
Cask (disambiguation)
KASC (disambiguation)
Karsk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask
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Richard Martin Gans (7 March 1880 – 27 June 1954), German of Jewish origin, born in Hamburg, was the physicist who founded the Physics Institute of the National University of La Plata, Argentina. He was its Director in two different periods.
During the first one, starting in 1911, he continued the work started by Emil Bose raising the research level of the institute to international renown. In 1914 he founded the publication of a scientific journal: Contribución al estudio de las ciencias fisicomatemáticas, with two series: matematicofísica and técnica.
His second period in La Plata was from the late 1940s through the early 1950s, when he played an important role as member of one of the commissions which reviewed Ronald Richter's claims related to the Huemul Project.
After leaving La Plata in 1951 he taught theoretical and advanced physics at the University of Buenos Aires.
Gans theory is named after Richard Gans. This theory gives the solutions to the Maxwell equations for prolate and oblate spheroidal particles. It is an extension of Mie theory and thus sometimes called Mie-Gans theory. He first published these equations describing the scattering of elongated particles in 1912 for gold particles. In 1915, the solution for silver particles was published. Gans also rederived Lord Rayleigh scattering approximation for optically soft spheres, which is now known as Rayleigh–Gans approximation.
His doctoral students include Daniele Amati and Alberto Sirlin.
Studies
Gans graduated in 1901, summa cum laude, with the title of Dr.Phil.Nat. at the University of Strasbourg. His doctoral advisor was Karl Ferdinand Braun.
Research and teaching
Academic timeline
1901–02 University of Heidelberg
1903–11 University of Tübingen
1911–12 University of Strasbourg
1912–25 Universidad de La Plata
1925–35 University of Königsberg
– Interrupted: 3rd Reich, World War II, postwar –
1947–51 Universidad de La Plata
1951–53 Universidad de Buenos Aires
Publications
Gans published extensively in Annalen der Physik .
References
Santos Mayo Letter in Physics Today (2004)
Bibliothèque Virtuelle Leite Lopes
Klich, Ignacio. Richard Gans, Guido Beck and the Role of German Speaking Jewish Immigrants in the Early Days of Argentina's Nuclear Project. Ibero-Amerikanisches Archiv 21:1–2 (1995):127–67 – F1401.I24
Gaviola, Enrique (1954). Richard Gans (1880–1954). Ciencia e Investigación, Buenos Aires. Vol. 10 (8), p. 384.
Swinne, Edgar. Richard Gans: Hochschullehrer in Deutschland und Argentinien.Berliner Beiträge Zur Geschitchte Der Naturwissenschaften Und Der Technik (BBGNT): 14 ERST Verlag Berlin 1992. . Published in translation to Spanish as: Richard Gans Profesor Universitario en Alemania y Argentina. Version online at . Published by the Physics Museum of the University of La Plata.
External links
1880 births
1954 deaths
Scientists from Hamburg
19th-century German Jews
Jewish scientists
20th-century German physicists
German emigrants to Argentina
20th-century Argentine physicists
Jewish physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Gans
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(KOF '96) is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home consoles in 1996. It is the third game in The King of Fighters series, following The King of Fighters '95. Like its predecessor, the game was ported to the Neo-Geo CD, as well as the PlayStation and Sega Saturn. Unlike the previous game, the PlayStation and Saturn versions were released only in Japan, with a language setting allowing the player to set the game to English.
The game made a few changes to gameplay such as new techniques, various changes of some teams, with a few of them introducing new characters. The plot follows a new King of Fighters tournament created by Chizuru Kagura, the heir of Yata Clan who wants to find and recruit Kyo Kusanagi, who defeated the previous host, Rugal Bernstein, to ask him and his bitter rival, Iori Yagami, to help her in the sealing of the Orochi demon. The new boss is one of the servants of Orochi, Goenitz, who appears after Chizuru is defeated.
SNK members had trouble with the development of the game as they dragged on right up to its scheduled release. This happened because the developers had difficulty making the sprites and special moves of the new characters of the game. The game has had mixed reviews from several video games publications. While some reviewers have praised the graphical improvements and the addition of new characters, some have commented it was unbalanced in comparison to its prequels.
Gameplay
KOF '96 makes significant changes to the gameplay of previous KOF games by introducing new techniques. The Dodge technique from the previous two games has been replaced with an "emergency evasion" or "attack deflector" technique, which allows the player's character to roll away or towards the opponent. In the latter case, the player has the opportunity to end up at the other side of their opponent. The player can also determine the height of their jumps and perform small or high jumps. Additionally, the graphics for all the character sprites have been redrawn and the commands for certain Special and Super moves have been changed from previous games. Super Special Moves can still be performed when the Power Gauge is filled up or when the player's life gauge is flashing red, but in addition to this, the player can also perform a more powerful version of their regular Super move if both conditions are met (i.e., the player has low energy and their power gauge has reached Maximum level). One other change to the gameplay system is that the player can now run instead of hopping forward in order to approach the opponent faster.
Plot
A new King of Fighters tournament is announced, though the letters of invitation sent out to the fighters are no longer sent by Rugal Bernstein. There are many changes in the tournament's approach. Since the previous year, the tournament's fame has grown immensely, turning it into a major international event. Huge corporations transform the King of Fighters tournament into something widely televised, commercialized, and celebrated, drawing in many crowds from around the world. The tournament is now held by Chizuru Kagura, a descendant of the ancient Yata Clan responsible for sealing the snake demon Orochi along with the Kusanagi and Yasanaki clans (the clans from Kyo Kusanagi and Iori Yagami, respectively). Chizuru uses the tournament in hopes of finding and recruiting Kyo and Iori in order to stop the upcoming Orochi threat, but Kyo and Iori aren't willing to work together on friendly terms.
Characters
The character roster underwent major changes since the previous game. The Rival Team was disbanded, with only Iori Yagami returning, while Heidern and Takuma Sakazaki retired from the tournament. Takumas spot in the Art of Fighting Team is taken by his daughter Yuri Sakazaki, formerly with the Women Fighters Team. New characters include Kasumi Todoh from Art of Fighting 3, who takes Yuris place in the Women Fighters Team; Leona, who joins the Ikari Team in place of her mentor and adoptive father, Heidern; Mature and Vice, two of Rugal's assistants who join Iori Yagami as members of the new Yagami Team; and the Boss Team, composed of Geese Howard, Wolfgang Krauser, and Mr. Big, all villains from the Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting series. The new boss character is Goenitz, a servant from Orochi who wants to stop Chizuru's plans of sealing his master.
Japan Team (Hero Team)
Kyo Kusanagi
Benimaru Nikaido
Goro Daimon
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Andy Bogard
Joe Higashi
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Yuri Sakazaki
Ikari Warriors Team
Leona Heidern (New Character)
Ralf Jones
Clark Still
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Sie Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Korea Team
Kim Kaphwan
Chang Koehan
Choi Bounge
Women Fighters Team
Kasumi Todoh (New Character)
Mai Shiranui
King
Yagami Team (Rivals Team)
Iori Yagami
Mature (New Character)
Vice (New Character)
Boss Team
Geese Howard (New Character)
Wolfgang Krauser (New Character)
Mr. Big (New Character)
Mid-Boss
Chizuru Kagura (New Character)
Main Boss
Goenitz (New Character)
Development
The development period for KOF '96 dragged on right up to the time of its scheduled release. At the location test for the title, Mature and Vice were still not included in the game, since the staff did not have enough time to completely design them. The King of Fighters '96 is the second game to break the technical limits of the Neo Geo platform by using a memory footprint of 362 mega bits (which is roughly 46 mega bytes). The proposed theoretical limit of game sizes prior to this was 330 mega bits. Real Bout Fatal Fury, which released in 1995, was the first game to break the 330 mega bit barrier.
Kasumi Todoh was added to the cast since the coinciding release of Art of Fighting 3 had increased the character's profile. Geese Howard from Fatal Fury was first meant to appear in KOF '95, but developers abandoned this idea. When KOF '96 began development, the staff decided to make Geese become a playable character. The Boss Team in which he starred along with Mr. Big and Wolfgang Krauser received "special treatment", such as music for each individual member (in comparison to other teams, who only had one). Due to memory restrictions, some of the special moves that were designed for Geese had to be left out of the game. The sub-boss character, Chizuru Kagura, was the hardest one to create. Her pixelated image was completed in a month, and the designer in charge of her often worked until six in the morning. The game also meant to introduce Whip into the Ikari Team. However, due to Leona's introduction in the same team, the developers waited until The King of Fighters '99 to add her to the cast.
Release
Ports
The original KOF '96 was released for Japanese arcades on July 30, 1996. Neo Geo and Neo Geo CD versions were released on September 27, 1996 and October 25, 1996, respectively. The Sega Saturn port was released on December 31, 1996 and the PlayStation port on July 4, 1997. Unlike the previous game, the PlayStation and Saturn versions were released only in Japan, with a language setting allowing the player to set the game to English. The Saturn version optionally uses a 1MB RAM cartridge to run additional animations which would not fit in the Saturn's internal RAM. A "Saturn Best Collection" version of the port was released on October 1, 1998. The PlayStation version was a bestseller and was re-released in the "PlayStation the Best" series in Japan.
Like the previous game, a Game Boy game based on The King of Fighters '96 was released by Takara in Japan titled Nettō The King of Fighters '96 on August 8, 1997, and was released in Europe titled The King of Fighters: Heat of Battle in 1998. This version only includes 17 of the 29 characters in the original version. The Game Boy game features a secret code called "Carnage" mode, which allows the player's (including CPU) Power Gauge to be filled automatically without charging. This feature also enables the player to use powerful versions of their Super Special Moves and normal versions of Super Special Moves without having the player's health at a low rate. Characters exclusive to the Game Boy version includes Orochi Iori and Orochi Leona from The King of Fighters '97, a stronger version of Chizuru Kagura, the final boss of the game, Goenitz, and Mr. Karate (Takuma's persona in the original Art of Fighting).
Emulated versions
An emulated version of the game was released as part of The King of Fighters Collection: The Orochi Saga in 2008 for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.
The Neo Geo AES version was added via emulation to the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on February 15, 2011, in North America on July 12, 2012 and in the PAL region on November 22, 2012.
The arcade version was emulated and released as part of the ACA Neo Geo series for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on March 30, 2017 with releases for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android following afterwards.
Related media
An extensive database for the game, titled The King of Fighters '96 Neo Geo Collection, was released on February 14, 1997 to promote the year's title. It was available only for the Neo-Geo CD. The database includes the game's intro, an interactive reenactment of the game's backstory, character profiles spoken by their voice actors, outtakes, an exclusive gallery section from the creators, a complete command list and a sound selection. A similar version of this database, The King of Fighters '96 Perfect File, was also released for Windows and Macintosh computers. This version was released on June 18, 1997 and includes most of the features found in its predecessor.
Ryo Takamisaki also wrote The King of Fighters G, a manga that retells the events of the game following Athena Asamiya.
Reception
Critical reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters '96 on their September 1, 1996 issue as being the most-successful arcade game of the month. According to Famitsu, the AES version sold over 33,323 copies in its first week on the market.
The game received praise and criticism from video game publications, which commented on its new additions. The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Neo Geo AES version a 7.5 out of 10, citing the huge roster of fighters and retention of the series' strong playability. However, Dan Hsu and Sushi-X both criticized it for failing to improve graphically over the previous installment and thereby keep up with contemporary 2D fighting series such as Street Fighter. 1UP.com noted the game to be unbalanced in comparison to its prequel such as noting the projectile attacks needed to be improved. However, they liked the additions of Vice and Mature and more character interaction such as the special introductions between related characters, custom endings and custom winposes. Chris Wigham from consoleob.com also found issues with projectile moves, as the fights were closer. However, he noted the graphics to have gone through a big improvement in comparison to KOF '95. Zentendo.com writer Chuck Allen praised the improvements of music and voice acting such as the announcer's voice which is "audible and understandable". He also praised the addition of new characters to the cast as well as the boss Goenitz, who is easier to defeat than Rugal Berstein from KOF '95. In a review from the compilation The King of Fighters Collection: The Orochi Saga, George Damidas from entdepot.com commented that KOF '96 should be the first game as he praised the graphical improvements and the new characters appearing in the series.
Electronic Gaming Monthly editors named The King of Fighters '96 their Neo Geo Game of the Year, calling it "an excellent packaged deal for any fan of 2-D sprite-based fighting games."
The emulated Virtual Console release for Wii obtained a good review by Nintendo Life based on the improvements SNK added to the title, such as balancing the gameplay, movements of characters but criticized the audio.
Sales
GameSpot noted the game helped start "a modest resurgence in the sales of AES consoles and cartridges." During its release week, the Sega Saturn port of the game sold 109,752 copies in Japan. As of 2004, the sales went to 155,116.
Notes
References
External links
The King of Fighters '96 at GameFAQs
The King of Fighters '96 at Giant Bomb
The King of Fighters '96 at Killer List of Videogames
The King of Fighters '96 at MobyGames
1996 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Aicom games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
Game Boy games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
Sega Saturn games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Takara video games
The King of Fighters games
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in South Korea
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
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Real Bout Fatal Fury is a 1995 fighting game released by SNK for the Neo-Geo arcade and home platforms. It is the fifth installment in the Fatal Fury series, following Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory. Ports of Real Bout were released for the Neo-Geo CD, PlayStation (in Japan and the PAL region) and the Sega Saturn (in Japan, which requires the Extended RAM cartridge for the system). The game was later included in Fatal Fury Battle Archives Vol. 2, a compilation released for the PlayStation 2. In March 2017, this compilation was re-released in the PlayStation Store on PlayStation 4.
Gameplay
Real Bout changes the play controls from the previous Fatal Fury games, reducing the number of attack buttons from four to three: a standard punch and kick button, a "Strong Attack" button which can be either a stronger punch or kick attack, depending on the character. The game retains the three-plane "oversway" system from Fatal Fury 3, which features a main lane for fighting, with foreground and background planes used to avoid attacks or leap towards the opponent. A dedicated button is now used to make an "oversway" (or change plane) towards the background or foreground.
Real Bout introduces a Power Gauge, which fills up as the player performs normal or special techniques against their opponent or defend themselves, similar to many super move gauges featured in other fighting games. The Power Gauge allows players to perform one of three types of Special Techniques, depending on the level of the Power Gauge:
When the gauge is at least half-full and colored yellow, the player can perform "Guard Cancels", which are special counterattacks that can be performed by the player after blocking an opponent's attack. They do not consume any filled portion of the Power Gauge.
When the Power Gauge reaches MAX level while the player still has more than half of their life gauge remaining, then the Power Gauge will enter "S. Power" level. The energy in the Power Gauge will begin to deplete gradually and during that time, the player can perform "Guard Cancels" or a "Super Special Move" (a powerful Special Move). However, once a Super Special Move is performed, the remaining energy in the Power Gauge will be consumed and the Power Gauge will return to its initial state.
When the Power Gauge reaches MAX level while the player has less than half of their life gauge remaining (when the life gauge is flashing red), the Power Gauge will enter "P. Power" level. In this state, the Power Gauge will gradually drain, but the player can perform both Guard Cancels and Super Specials indefinitely until the gauge runs out. The player can also perform a "Hidden Ability", an even more powerful Special Move (similar to the Hidden Abilities in the previous game), which will consume the remaining Power Gauge at this state.
Real Bout also introduces stages with ring-outs, a gameplay feature previously introduced in 3D fighting games such as Virtua Fighter, but the out of bounds areas are guarded by barriers. If a fighter's attacks force the opponent to hit a barrier enough times, the barrier is destroyed, and a fighter can win by knocking the opponent out of bounds. The normal chain combo system, including in the mid-air, is similar to that of X-Men: Children of the Atom.
Characters
The game retains the character roster from Fatal Fury 3, with the boss characters (Ryuji Yamazaki, Jin Chonrei and Jin Chonshu) now part of the regular cast. Duck King, Billy Kane and Kim Kaphwan, who were all last featured in Fatal Fury Special, are added to the cast. Series antagonist Geese Howard reprises his role from the original Fatal Fury as the game's final boss. Real Bout was Geese Howard's final appearance in the Fatal Fury storyline, as the game's ending with Terry or Andy depicts the character's demise at the hands of either brother by falling off the roof of his tower, refusing to be saved by them. This was reflected by SNK's tagline for the game, .
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Real Bout Fatal Fury on their February 1, 1996 issue as being the fourth most-popular arcade game at the time. According to Famitsu, both the AES and Neo Geo CD version sold over 22,750 and 63.091 copies in their first week on the market respectively.
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Neo Geo AES version their "Game of the Month" award. Their four reviewers applauded the pits, the overhauled personality of the characters, the high end graphics, and the humor. Andrew Baran described the game as "intense, both in speed and pyrotechnics". Major Mike of GamePro deemed it a major improvement over Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory, citing the greater effectiveness of the characters Bob and Mary, the more refined combo system, and the inclusion of moves which were taken out of the previous game. He criticized the reduction from four action buttons to three, the reuse of Geese Howard as the final boss, and the music ("ranges from banal rock to obnoxious drek"), but concluded that "with its emphasis on gameplay, this is one of the best Fatal Fury games ever". A reviewer for Next Generation echoed this sentiment: "The characters from the Fatal Fury series are all here and their moves have all been balanced to make this one of the best Fatal Fury titles ever". He characterized the game as a refinement drawn from the countless hours SNK had spent making 2D fighting games. While they derided the game's lack of originality, particularly its similarity to the previous installment Fatal Fury 3, Maximum assessed it as "a well-rounded and entertaining fighting title". They particularly approved of the oversway system, the barriers preventing easy ring outs, the balanced difficulty of the one-player mode, and the two-player battles.
Notes
References
External links
Real Bout Fatal Fury at GameFAQs
Real Bout Fatal Fury at Giant Bomb
Real Bout Fatal Fury at Killer List of Videogames
Real Bout Fatal Fury at MobyGames
1995 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Saturn games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Bout%20Fatal%20Fury
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Real Bout Fatal Fury Special is a 1997 fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo platform. It is the sixth installment in the Fatal Fury series and the second game in the Real Bout sub-series, following the original Real Bout Fatal Fury. Real Bout Fatal Fury Special features all new graphics and returns to the two-level plane system from Fatal Fury 2. The game was later included in Fatal Fury Battle Archives Vol. 2, a compilation released for the PlayStation 2. In March 2017, this compilation was re-released in the PlayStation Store on the PlayStation 4.
Gameplay
Though gameplay is two-dimensional, characters can move between two different planes during battle. Breaking an opponent through one of the barriers located on either side of a stage causes them to become stunned.
Characters
The game retains the cast of the original Real Bout, with the addition of Tung Fu Rue, Cheng Sinzan, Laurence Blood, and Wolfgang Krauser from Fatal Fury Special, with Krauser serving as the new final boss. Geese Howard, who was canonically killed off in his own KOF tournament during the previous game, appears in this game as a hidden final boss in a special "Nightmare Match" and as an unlockable playable character in the home versions, Geese’s alive appearance is because of his own ending from the original Real Bout where it takes place after he reigns victorious in his own tournament. The game also features hidden "extra" versions of Andy Bogard, Billy Kane, Blue Mary, and Tung Fu Rue for a total of 23 characters (24 if counting Geese).
Development
Release
The game was ported to the Neo-Geo CD with several additions such as a Versus mode and a music video starring Blue Mary that is shown to the player after completing the Arcade mode following the credits. This port also saw a release for the Sega Saturn, using the 1MB RAM cartridge expansion of the system in order to retain sprite animations.
A port of Real Bout Special titled Real Bout Fatal Fury Special: Dominated Mind was released for the PlayStation in 1998 only in Japan, which adds Alfred from Real Bout Fatal Fury 2 (which had been released three months prior on the Neo Geo) as a playable character, and includes an all new boss character named White (modeled after the character Alexander "Alex" DeLarge from A Clockwork Orange). This port adds animated videos for game's intro and character's endings. These cut scenes were produced by Sunrise. The story of this version centers around White's brainwashing of Billy Kane and attempted takeover of Southtown's underworld in the power vacuum left by Geese Howard's death in the original Real Bout. In this version, Geese sports a halo over his head, a reference to his passing in the original Real Bout. Dominated Mind also features new moves, hidden unlockable super moves, super cancelling (known in the game as "Final Impacts"), and removed the two line battle system from the game. The extra versions of Andy, Billy, Mary, and Tung are removed.
The Game Boy version, titled , was released only in Japan on March 27, 1998, featuring simplified graphics and two-button gameplay. This version features only 12 playable characters: a roster which consists of Terry, Andy, Joe, Mai, Blue Mary, Duck King, Kim, Jin Chonrei, Billy, Yamazaki, Laurence, and Krauser. Geese Howard appears as a hidden character, as well as Iori Yagami from The King of Fighters series.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Real Bout Fatal Fury Special on their March 1, 1997 issue as being the most-successful arcade game of the month. The game was a success in the arcades. According to Famitsu, both the AES and Neo Geo CD versions sold over 9,169 and 20,246 copies in their first week on the market respectively.
Notes
References
External links
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special at GameFAQs
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special at Giant Bomb
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special at Killer List of Videogames
Real Bout Fatal Fury Special at MobyGames
1997 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Game Boy games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Saturn games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Virtual Console games
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Brazil
Video games set in South Korea
Video games set in China
Video games set in Hong Kong
Video games set in Germany
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Bout%20Fatal%20Fury%20Special
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is a 1995 fighting arcade game developed and published by ADK with the assistance of SNK. It was originally released for the Neo Geo MVS arcade cabinet on May 25, 1995. It is the fourth and final title of the World Heroes series.
Gameplay
In World Heroes Perfect, each character had a traditional four-button attack layout instead of the two-out-of-three pressure-sensing button attack layout as its predecessors, but also could achieve stronger attacks by pushing down two respective punch or kick buttons at the same time. Players are also able to perform weak or strong versions of special moves depending on whether they press one or both punch or kick buttons with the special move command.
New additions include a few new playable characters, as well as new and modified moves and fighting statistics added to the playable characters returning from the first three World Heroes titles. Other new features are that every character has an ABC Special Move (or "special ability") that can be activated by pressing the A, B, and C buttons at the same time. Moves vary by character, though they all require strategic use and are easy to activate, allowing for more tactical battles. For example, the character Fuuma's ABC Special allows him to fake a special move; J. Max's ABC Special allows him to catch, hold onto, and throw back projectiles; and Kim Dragon's ABC Special allows him to perform counters while blocking. Characters also can use the strongest versions of their desperation moves whenever their life bars are under 50%.
All modes from the previous titles were excluded in this version; however, the main mode is similar to the "Normal Game" modes of World Heroes and World Heroes 2, as well as the "Entry to the tournament" mode of World Heroes 2 Jet. At the start of World Heroes Perfect in the main mode, after selecting one of the sixteen playable characters (plus three unlockable ones using codes), the object is to first face several of the playable characters selected by random and fight them in random stages that take place in different historical periods. After defeating ten characters, the player will then face off against Zeus and Neo Dio. If the player defeats Neo Dio, they will be able to see their selected character's ending.
Characters
New characters are marked below in bold:
Plot
One year after both the conclusion of the World Heroes Battle Fest and the defeat of Zeus, invitations has been sent to the 16 fighters by Dr. Brown, informing them of a new World Heroes tournament that will help finally settle the question of who is the strongest fighter in history. With the 16 fighters preparing themselves in order to finally determine who is the strongest fighter in history, Zeus seeks to gain his revenge against those who had caused his downfall, but little does Zeus and the rest of the fighters know and realize that an old enemy from the past is also back and that he too has his own personal desire for revenge as well.
Ports and related releases
World Heroes Perfect was ported to the Neo Geo AES in both Japan and North America on June 30, 1995. Like most AES versions of Neo Geo titles, it is the same as the Neo Geo MVS version. This version was added to the Wii's Virtual Console in Japan on January 11, 2011, in North America on July 26, 2012 and in the PAL region on October 18, 2012. World Heroes Perfect was ported and published in Japan by ADK to the Neo Geo CD on July 21, 1995, and published in North America by SNK on the same date. Everything in the Neo Geo CD version is identical to the MVS and AES versions, with the exception of replacing FM chiptune background music with arranged versions, plus a few exclusive modes. This is also the only title in the series to have a Neo-Geo CD port released outside Japan.
Outside of SNK's platforms, it was ported to the Sega Saturn. This port was reprogrammed by ADK and published by SNK exclusively in Japan on August 9, 1996. This port has the traditional Arcade mode, the VS. mode, and a CPU VS. mode, and uses the same arranged background music as the Neo-Geo CD port. It also includes some official artworks from all four World Heroes titles and is the only version of the game where Zeus is a selectable character.
On October 18, 2007, SNK Playmore added it along with its predecessors to the arcade game compilation in Japan for the PlayStation 2. It was later published in North America on March 11, 2008, and on November 7, 2008, both titled as World Heroes Anthology. This compilation was reprinted as part of a series of best-sellers subtitled "The Best" in Japan on June 18, 2009.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed World Heroes Perfect on their July 1, 1995 issue as being the second most-successful arcade game of the month. According to Famitsu, both the AES and Neo Geo CD versions sold over 6,044 and 28,766 copies in their first week on the market respectively.
Reviewing the Neo Geo home version, GamePro stated that it is "almost perfect." While expressing some disappointment that it was only an upgrade of the previous installment, they praised the game for adding new special moves and fixing most of the problems with World Heroes 2 Jet. They concluded that "World Heroes Perfect almost lives up to its title." GamePro later awarded it Best Neo-Geo Game of 1995. Electronic Gaming Monthly scored it an 8.5 out of 10, citing the improved audio, graphics, and playability over previous games in the series, as well as the new moves that they said add considerable depth to the game. Ed Semrad and Al Manuel both said it was by far the best game in the World Heroes series to date. They later stated that, while "not quite perfect, this game is still good." Next Generation reviewed the Neo-Geo version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "World Heroes Perfect is best left for fighting game enthusiasts and those gamers without any other fighting games in their current library."
Retrospective reviews
World Heroes Perfect has been met with a more mixed outlook from reviewers in recent years.
Notes
References
External links
World Heroes Perfect at GameFAQs
World Heroes Perfect at Giant Bomb
World Heroes Perfect at Killer List of Videogames
World Heroes Perfect at MobyGames
1995 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
ADK (company) games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Sega Saturn games
SNK games
Video games scored by Hideki Yamamoto
Video games scored by Hiroaki Kujirai
Video games scored by Hiroaki Shimizu
Video games scored by Keiichiro Segawa
Video games scored by Takao Oshima
Video games scored by Takeshi Muramatsu
Video games scored by Yuka Watanabe
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in London
Video games set in Romania
Video games set in prehistory
Virtual Console games
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games developed in Japan
Hamster Corporation games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Heroes%20Perfect
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Ulrich Becher (2 January 1910 – 15 April 1990) was a German author and playwright.
Overview
Becher was born in Berlin, where, after attending the Wickersdorf Free School Community, he studied law. During his school years he had already made the acquaintance of George Grosz, who had taken on the talented youth as his only pupil.
In 1932, his novella series Männer machen Fehler ("Men Make Mistakes") was published by Rowohlt Verlag. In the same year Becher became a member of PEN. On the assumption of power by the Nazi Party in 1933, his work was condemned as "degenerate" literature, and he was the youngest writer to have his works thrown into a book-burning fire (see degenerate art for more information). On 11 November 1933, he married Dana, daughter of the Austrian author Alexander Roda Roda and consequently took Austrian citizenship. As the son of the Swiss pianist Elisabeth Ulrich, he hoped he would be able to live in Switzerland as an author, however in the eyes of the Swiss authorities his anti-fascist stance went against Switzerland's neutrality policy. He was consequently denied a work permit and was driven to emigrate. At the last minute, Becher and his wife succeeded in escaping to Brazil via Portugal in 1941. Efforts to obtain a visa to enter the United States were to last three years. At last, Becher was granted permission to enter the country and settled in New York City near his parents and parents-in-law.
In 1948, he returned to Europe with Der Bockerer ("Bockerer"), a completed theatre play that he had created with Peter Preses, which went on to have great success in Vienna (and which was turned into a film in 1981 by Franz Antel). In 1954 he settled in Basel, and in 1976 he won the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Swiss Schiller Foundation. He died in Basel, aged 80.
Selected works
Männer machen Fehler ("Men Make Mistakes"). Narratives, Berlin (Rowohlt), 1932.
Niemand ("Nobody"). Modern mystery play, Ostrava (Kittl), 1934.
Die Eroberer ("The Conquerors"). Stories from Europe, Zürich (Oprecht), 1936.
Der Bockerer ("Bockerer"). Tragic farce, co-written with Peter Preses, Vienna (Sexl) 1946 (filmed by Franz Antel in 1981).
Reise zum blauen Tag ("Journey to the Blue Day"). Verses, St. Gallen (Verlag der Volksstimme), 1946.
Nachtigall will zum Vater fliegen ("A Nightingale Wants To Fly To His Father"). A cycle of New York novellas in four nights, Vienna (Sexl), 1950.
Brasilianischer Romanzero ("Brazilian Romanzero"). Vienna (Frick); Zürich (Classen), 1950.
Kurz nach 4 ("Shortly after 4"). Novel, Hamburg (Rowohlt), 1957.
Spiele der Zeit ("Contemporary Games") - Samba; Feuerwasser ("Firewater"); Die Kleinen und die Großen ("The Great and the Small"). Hamburg (Rowohlt), 1957.
Das Herz des Hais ("The Heart of the Shark"). Novel, Reinbek (Rowohlt), 1960.
Spiele der Zeit, Bd. 2 ("Contemporary Games, Vol. 2") - Niemand (Nobody); Makumba; Mademoiselle Löwenzom. Berlin. 1968.
Murmeljagd (The Woodchuck Hunt, 1977). Novel, Reinbek (Rowohlt), 1969.
Das Profil ("The Profile"). Novel, Reinbek (Rowohlt), 1973.
William's Ex-Casino. Novel, Zürich; Cologne (Benziger), 1973.
SIFF. Selektive Identifizierung von Freund und Feind ("SIFF. Selective Identification of Friend and Foe"). Essays, Zürich; Köln (Benziger), 1978.
Franz Patenkindt. Epic of François Villon's German Godson in Fifteen Bench-Songs, Berlin (Berliner Handpresse), 1979.
Vom Unzulänglichen der Wirklichkeit ("On The Inadequacies of Reality"). 10 not so nice stories, Basel (Lenos), 1983.
Abseits vom Rodeo ("Aside from the Rodeo"). Novella, Basel (Lenos), 1991.
Bibliography
Giorgia Sogos, Deutschland gestern und heute. Die Darstellung der Fremde in der Exil- und Migrationsliteratur im deutschsprachigen Kontext. Eine vergleichende Analyse, Free Pen Verlag, Bonn 2020, ISBN 978-3-945177-74-7.
External links
ulrich-becher.ch
Profile from the University of Basel
Profile from exil-archiv.de
1910 births
1990 deaths
Writers from Berlin
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German male novelists
German male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century German male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20Becher
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Möng Nai or Mongnai is a town in Mong Nai Township in the Shan State of Burma. Mong is equivalent to Mueang.
History
Prior to World War II, Mongnai State (Burmese, Mo-Ne) was one of the largest and the most important of the States in the Eastern subdivision of the Southern Shan States.
The early history of Mong Nai State is buried in obscurity. The town has been several times burnt, as it has always been the centre of disturbances in the Southern Shan States, and all records have perished in the various fires.
The original city, according to Burmese accounts, was founded in the year 24 of Religion (519 BC) by Sao Hkio, who was the first of a line of independent Chiefs. In about 1223 AD, Mong Nai was conquered by Sam Long Hpa of the Northern Shan Empire and became tributary to Se Lan, the old Mong Mi line of Saophas (Sawbwas) was then put in charge of the State.
2002 Massacre
On the night of October 14, 2002 during a religious holiday the Burmese Army shelled the town at 11:00pm leaving 6 men and 64 women dead and another 21 injured.
References
Populated places in Shan State
Township capitals of Myanmar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%20Nai
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(KOF 2001, or KOF '01) is a fighting game produced by Eolith for the Neo Geo. It is the eighth game in The King of Fighters series, the third and final part of the "NESTS Chronicles" story arc, and the first game produced following the closure of the original SNK. The game was produced by the South Korea-based company Eolith and developed by Eolith and BrezzaSoft, a company formed by former SNK employees. For this reason, the SNK logo is displayed at the opening, but SNK's development staff is not involved in the production of the game itself at all, except for the game sound. Due to the influx of Korean capital, its influence can be seen in the participating characters. The game was ported to the Sega Dreamcast in Japan only and PlayStation 2. The stand-alone PlayStation 2 version was released in North America and in Europe in a two-in-one bundle with the preceding game in the series, The King of Fighters 2000. Both the original Neo Geo version and the Sega Dreamcast version were included in The King of Fighters NESTS Hen compilation released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan.
Gameplay
Like in the previous game, the battles are once again between teams of four. Instead of a strict "three fighters and one striker" format, this installment introduces the Tactical Order System, which allows the player to select which characters will they control in combat and which characters will serve as strikers. Before each match, the player can form a team configuration of four fighters and no strikers, to one fighter and three strikers. The number of strikers in ones team will affect the length and number of stocks of the player's Power Gauge. Teams with no strikers will have a longer Power Gauge to fill and can carry only one stock, while a team with only one fighter and three strikers will fill their Power Gauge quicker and carry up to four stocks. One stock can be used to summon a striker, perform a guard or super cancel, a blow-away attack, or a Super Special Move. MAX-level Super Special Moves requires two stocks to perform. Players can now cancel an attack into a Striker Summon with use of a Cancel Striker, while some characters now have Wire Whip techniques which will send an opponent flying into the air and arrive at the other side of the fighting area.
The King of Fighters 2001 is the last KOF game to feature the Striker System to date.
Plot
One year has passed since most of South Town was decimated by the now-destroyed Zero Cannon. Another KOF tournament is being held and this time, it's hosted by the NESTS cartel, the group of antagonists behind the events of the previous two games.
K′ and Maxima return to put an end to NESTS once and for all. They are now joined by former Ikari Warriors Team member Whip and the assassin Lin formerly from Benimaru's Team, both of whom are seeking the destruction of NESTS as well. NESTS sends their own team to compete in the tournament, composed of NESTS agents Kula Diamond, K9999, Foxy, and Ángel. Kyo Kusanagi joins his former teammates of Benimaru Nikaido and Goro Daimon, reuniting the original Japan Team along with Shingo Yabuki, while Iori Yagami joins a team composed of agents Seth, Vanessa, and Ramón. Yuri Sakazaki rejoins the Art of Fighting Team, while King and Mai Shiranui once again lead the Women Fighters Team along with the returning Li Xiangfei and Hinako Shijo. Heidern also makes his KOF return, taking Whip's place in the Ikari Warriors Team, while Kim Kaphwans young student May Lee takes over Jhun Hoon's place in the Korea Justice Team, the latter being unable to compete due to an injury.
Characters
The King of Fighters 2001 includes 10 teams of 4 fighters, a sub-boss, a final boss, and three strikers, totaling 45 combatants. New characters to the franchise are listed below in bold.
K’ Team (Hero Team)
K′
Maxima
Whip
Lin
Japan Team
Kyo Kusanagi
Benimaru Nikaido
Goro Daimon
Shingo Yabuki
Iori Team
Iori Yagami
Vanessa
Seth
Ramón
Ikari Warriors Team
Leona
Ralf Jones
Clark Still
Heidern
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Andy Bogard
Joe Higashi
Blue Mary
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Yuri Sakazaki
Takuma Sakazaki
Women Fighters Team
King
Mai Shiranui
Hinako Shijo
Li Xiangfei
NESTS Team (Rivals Team)
Kula Diamond
Foxy
K9999
Ángel
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Sie Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Bao
Korea Justice Team
Kim Kaphwan
Chang Koehan
Choi Bounge
May Lee Jinju
Sub-Boss
Original Zero
Krizalid (Striker)
Ron (Striker)
Glaugan (Striker)
Final Boss
Igniz
Development
In 2001, SNK went bankrupt but Eolith contracted a license agreement in the same year to keep with the production of the series KOF. Eolith took interest into developing The King of Fighters due to the franchise's popularity in Korea and wanted to please the fans of the series worldwide. BrezzaSoft helped Eolith in the making of the video game. Fearing disappointment from returning fans, Eolith decided to maintain most of the common parts from The King of Fighters while adding new elements to it. One of the biggest changes is the optional use of Strikers where players can use between one and three characters assisting the playable one. The team aimed for a refinement of the original gameplay system from previous KOF games. While performing a popularity poll based on the characters, Eolith still aimed to make the least popular teams featured in the game. The high popularity of Kyo Kusanagi and Iori Yagami led to their immediate inclusion in the game. The game was originally envisioned as a "Dream Match" game like The King of Fighters '98 and The King of Fighters 2002, but ultimately was the third canonical entry in the NESTS Chronicles storyline. Despite the episode being created by Eolith, the Mexican company Evoga had a major influence in the game due to the franchise's popularity within Latin America. This pushed the development team to design a setting with Mexican undertones and also to add an entire character, Ángel, a NESTS agent from Mexico. References to works from Evoga can be seen in the scenarios from the game. While working on it, the team played The King of Fighters '98 alongside the developers to see if they could include a character within the game. A member from Evoga won, resulting in the team requesting to add Ángel in the game.
In creating new characters, Eolith wanted an Athena-like Korean fighter. This led to the inclusion of May Lee who was created by SNK. In preparing the boss characters, the original team was dissatisfied with Zero's portrayal in The King of Fighters 2000 which led to the inclusion of the real Zero retconning the former boss as a clone. Glaugan was originally going to be used in the prequel but was instead used as an assist character. SNK faced struggles with making Zero as they wanted to create a boss that surpassed Krizalid from The King of Fighters '99. The final boss, Igniz, was conceptualized as a sexually appealing character in order to generate a contrast with other members from the cast. Nevertheless, the development team stated they felt Igniz fit well in the game.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters 2001 on their December 15, 2001 issue as being the second most-successful arcade game of the month. According to Famitsu, the AES version sold over 6,126 copies in its first week on the market.
The PS2 port of the game sold 39,022 units in Japan. GameSpot gave the NeoGeo port of the game an 8.7 out of 10, praising the balance with the cast and the Striker system but criticized the high difficulty of the boss Igniz.
Notes
References
External links
The King of Fighters 2001 at GameFAQs
The King of Fighters 2001 at Giant Bomb
The King of Fighters 2001 at Killer List of Videogames
The King of Fighters 2001 at MobyGames
The King of Fighters 2000/2001 at MobyGames
2001 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Dreamcast games
Fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Video games developed in South Korea
Video games scored by Kikuko Hataya
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Video games set in Brazil
Video games set in China
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Korea
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in the United States
Windows games
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%202001
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(KOF 2000, or KOF '00) is a fighting video game that was produced by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home consoles in 2000. It is the seventh installment in The King of Fighters series for the Neo Geo and the final game in the series SNK produced before the original company's bankruptcy. The game was ported to the Dreamcast (in Japan only) and the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game's story, a sequel to The King of Fighters '99 and the second part of the "NESTS Chronicles" story arc, focuses on a new tournament held by the commander of the Ikari Warriors, Heidern, who seeks to capture and interrogate former NESTS agents K' and Maxima into revealing crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel. The gameplay retains the Striker system of the previous games in the series, but the assisting character can also cooperate with the playable character to generate combos.
SNK entered into bankruptcy while The King of Fighters 2000 was still in development, resulting in glitches and bugs remaining in the game because staff members—most notably producer Takashi Nishiyama—left the company before the game was complete. SNK attempted to add further depth to the NESTS cast with K's new enemy Kula Diamond; other new characters like Vanessa and Seth were intended to attract different audiences. The PlayStation 2 version of the game was released in North America and in Europe in a two-in-one bundle with its immediate sequel, The King of Fighters 2001, as the first two games to be published by SNK Playmore USA. In Europe, the bundle was published by Ignition Entertainment.
Critical reception to the game's fighting system and characters has been mostly positive due to the improvements SNK brought to the franchise. There were mixed reactions to the company's handling of the graphics and backgrounds, which divided reviewers opinions about its status as one of the best games of the series. Two novelizations and an audio drama have also been published in Japan.
Gameplay
The gameplay in The King of Fighters 2000 is based on that of The King of Fighters '99; it expands on the "Striker Match" format introduced in its predecessor. The game has an Active Striker System, which allows the player to summon a Striker member in any situation, whether the player is attacking or being attacked by the opponent, allowing the player to use his or her strikers in combos. The player can also replenish Strike Bombs by either losing rounds or taunting the opponent.
The player now has two choices after selecting the Striker member of the team; he or she can choose to use the regular character or an alternate character officially known as Another Striker, a character used exclusively for striker attacks. These alternative Strikers are characters from previous KOF games and other SNK titles such as Fio Germi from Metal Slug 2, King Lion from Savage Reign, Kim Kaphwan's grandson Kim Sue Il from Kizuna Encounter, Gai Tendo from Buriki One, Kaede from The Last Blade, Rocky from Robo Army, Duke Edwards from Burning Fight and Kim Kaphwan's son Kim Dong-Hwan and Kim Jae-Hoon from Garou: Mark of the Wolves, as well as alternative versions of in-game characters such as K', Iori Yagami and Robert Garcia. There is another set of alternative Striker characters known as Maniac Strikers, which are selected in the arcade version by entering codes for notable characters only. The console versions includes additional Maniac Strikers by completing a certain number of matches in the "Party Mode".
Plot and characters
After an incident at the previous tournament, the commander of the Ikari Warriors Team, Heidern, is determined to investigate the objective of the NESTS cartel and stop it from achieving its ruthless ambition. Ling, a fellow commander and long-time friend of Heidern, tells him that K′ and Maxima were once NESTS operatives and that they may hold the key to locating the whereabouts of the mysterious organization. Using this information, Heidern decides to focus his efforts into using the next KOF tournament to lure both K′ and Maxima out of hiding so that they can be captured and interrogated by him for crucial and critical information about the NESTS cartel.
Depending on the player's performance during the tournament, Kula Diamond might appear to eliminate K', but fails from within her mission. Shortly afterwards, Ling and a couple of his associates suddenly attack and betray Heidern near the end of the tournament, the former revealing himself to be a clone of the real Ling who was murdered in the past and being replaced via the machinations of a high-ranking NESTS member named Zero, who seeks to destroy NESTS itself and create a new world order under his own rule. Through the accumulated fighting power he had gathered during the tournament, Zero initiates and utilizes a space-based satellite weapon named the "Zero Cannon", with which he sends a powerful energy blast from it straight towards Earth, destroying most of South Town via the energy blast's explosive impact upon it. After Zero's defeat in combat, he attempts but fails to use the cannon again while Heidern swiftly and forcibly removes the clone Ling's remote control of the cannon while dispatching him in the process. If the player defeats Kula previously, her supporters Diana and Foxy stop Zero while Kula destroys the Zero Cannon herself.
Here are the list of the fighters with their corresponding Striker, Another Striker and Maniac Striker.
K’ Team (Hero Team)
K'
Another K’
Krizalid
Maxima
Rocky
Vanessa
Fio
Ramón
Duke Edwards
Neo & Geo
Benimaru Team
Benimaru Nikaido
Another Benimaru
Orochi Iori
Shingo Yabuki
Cosplayer Kyoko
Seth
Goro Daimon
Lin
Eiji Kisaragi
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Geese Howard
Brian Battler
Andy Bogard
Billy Kane
Lucky Glauber
Joe Higashi
Duck King
Heavy-D!
Blue Mary
Ryuji Yamazaki
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Kaede
G – Mantle
Robert Garcia
Another Robert
King
King Lion
Takuma Sakazaki
Gai Tendo
Mr. Big
Women Fighters Team
Mai Shiranui
Chizuru Kagura
Wolfgang Krauser
Yuri Sakazaki
Nakoruru
Kasumi Todoh
Li Xiangfei
Unknown
Ryuhaku Todoh
Hinako Shijou
Lilly Kane
Ikari Warriors Team
Leona Heidern
Goenitz
Orochi
Ralf Jones
Yashiro Nanakase
Orochi Leona
Clark Still
Shermie
Whip
Chris
Heidern
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Athena
Sie Kensou
Sie “Psycho Soldier” Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Baitang
Bao
Kaoru Watabe
Korea Justice Team
Kim Kaphwan
Kim Sue Il
Chang Koehan
Kim Dong Hwan
Smart Chang
Choi Bounge
Kim Jae Hoon
Cool Choi
Jhun Hoon
Kang Baedal
Single Entry
Kyo Kusanagi
Syo Kirishima
Saisyu Kusanagi
Iori Yagami
Mature & Vice
Another Iori
Mid-Boss
Kula Diamond
Candy Diamond
Foxy
Rugal Bernstein
Final Boss
Cloned Zero
Development and release
SNK began making plans for The King of Fighters 2000 in June 1999. Former producer Takashi Nishiyama was absent from the team for the first time in the series. Because previous regulars from The King of Fighters games were not playable, SNK took advantage of the striker system and give players the choice of using Goro Daimon among others as alternative assisting characters. SNK found the Bogard brothers, Terry and Andy, unbalanced in the previous game because one of them was overpowered as a striker; the company joked that this was also a result of the love between the siblings.
One of the game developers said the team originally wanted to use more of the characters from The King of Fighters '99 but due to licensing issues it was not possible. The arcade version was nearing completion in mid-2000, with the staff becoming excited at the quality of the game. Despite early negative thoughts about the game's state, SNK was pleased with the completed title, citing the arcade as an appealing game. Following its release, SNK thanked the fans for their support. During the game's development, SNK went bankrupt, leading to the designers of the game causing multiple glitches, extra animations, and balancing issues. Some of the developers left the company, which resulted in the team in charge of the game becoming smaller.
New characters were created to appeal to different audiences. The Mexican wrestler Ramon was made to appeal to South Americans because the Neo Geo was very popular in South America. Ramon's designer loved pro-wrestling fighting moves but the character's techniques were made unrealistic. Vanessa and Seth were originally set to appear in The King of Fighters '99 but they debuted on its Dreamcast port as strikers, while becoming playable in 2000. Vanessa was created to appeal to women; she is slightly older than the other characters, which players found appealing. Both the debuting Lin and the unplayable Ron generated a major surprise to the SNK staff because their addition to the story was not overlooked. Kula Diamond was created to give a major expansion to the NESTS cartel, while Zero was made to contrast with the NESTS agent Krizalid from The King of Fighters '99, who had a darker personality. SNK, however, was disappointed with Zero, leading to the creation of stronger new character connected with him in the next game.
The arcade version of the game was released on July 26, 2000, for the MVS Circuit Board. The game was then ported to the Neo Geo and released on December 21 of that year. The Sega Dreamcast port was released on August 8, 2002, while the PlayStation 2 version was made available on November 28 that year. The ports included new striker characters and new backgrounds. For the North American version, the game was not available to the public until 2003 and released the PlayStation 2 game alongside The King of Fighters 2001 was one of the first games published by SNK Playmore USA. There has been censorship, including the removal of Whip's gun and the movement of Mai Shiranui's cleavage. The Neo-Geo and Sega Dreamcast versions of the game were included in The King of Fighters NESTS Hen, a compilation released for the Sony PlayStation 2 in Japan. The PlayStation 2 version was re-released on May 3, 2016, for the PlayStation 4 through the PlayStation Network. The game was later released on the Nintendo Switch through the Nintendo eShop service on August 10, 2017.
Reception
{{Video game reviews
| GR =
| IGN = 7.4/10
| GSpot = 7.8
| Fam =
| NLife = 7/10
| rev1 = Bonus Stage
| rev1Score = 9/10
| rev2 = Pure Nintendo| rev2Score = 7.5/10
}}
In Japan, Game Machine listed The King of Fighters 2000 on their September 1, 2000, issue as being the second-most-successful arcade game of the month.
The PlayStation 2 port of The King of Fighters 2000 sold 37,316 units in Japan during 2002. In 2017, it became one of the most downloaded games of the PlayStation Classic collection.
Critical reception for the game's fighting system has been mostly positive. GameSpot said SNK improved most of the problems of its predecessor The King of Fighters '99 by adding more gameplay features such as new attacks and new additions to the Striker system. The reviewer said fans might either like or dislike the new characters based on the differences between them and the characters from The King of Fighters '99, and said the boss Zero is less overpowered than Krizalid but lacks his appeal. IGN agreed with GameSpot in terms of the Striker system and liked the additional characters, making it one of the best games of the franchise. In another review, IGN stated that the game offered many good new characters, particularly Lin. Nintendo Life also liked the addition of the Striker system because of the newly possible combos but said the game did not live up to the previous games. Pure Nintendo compared it negatively with Capcom's fighting game Street Fighter II but still said The King of Fighters 2000 provided enough depth thanks to its character roster and gameplay mechanics, making it a good addition to Nintendo Switch's games. Bonus Stage regarded it as one of the best games from SNK, saying it might appeal to gamers who previously enjoyed the predecessor and Garou: Mark of the Wolves.
The game's presentation drew mixed reactions. While Pure Nintendo enjoyed the character designs, backgrounds, and theme songs, IGN said these elements appeared dated due to similarities with those of previous installments and the improved graphics of new consoles. GameSpot said while SNK attempted to improve the designs of the characters, the quality was still not as appealing as it should have been and that the background stages felt hollow. Echoing IGN comments, Bonus Stage stated that despite being a fighting game, the plot amazed fans because of the further exploration of NESTS organization, which is briefly explored in The King of Fighters '99, and said the game's storyline offers such an appealing dark ending that most of the fans wanted to play the following and final game from the NESTS saga to see its conclusion. HardcoreGaming found the PlayStation 2 port of the game superior to the Dreamcast version because the former fixed some slowdown issues and said Kyo Kusanagi's theme "Goodbye Esaka" was one of the best themes performed by SNK.
An audio drama CD was released by Scitron Digital Contents on September 20, 2000. It features two storylines: one exploring the first encounter between K' and Kula Diamond; the second story focuses on Athena Asamiya as she meets rivals in an airport. Series' writer Akihiko Ureshino wrote two light novels published by Kadokawa Shoten. The first novel, Strikers Strike Back, acts as a self-parody of the game's storyline and was released on February 19, 2001. The second novel, Icicle Doll, was released on December 20 the same year and features a more serious storyline.
Notes
References
External links
The King of Fighters 2000 at GameFAQs
The King of Fighters 2000 at Giant Bomb
The King of Fighters 2000 at Killer List of Videogames
The King of Fighters 2000 at MobyGames
The King of Fighters 2000/2001'' at MobyGames
2000 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
Dreamcast games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Korea
Video games with AI-versus-AI modes
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
Dotemu games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%202000
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The Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century is the name of an international agreement that was signed at the World Health Organization's 1997 Fourth International Conference on Health Promotion held in Jakarta. The declaration reiterated the importance of the agreements made in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, and added emphasis to certain aspects of health promotion.
About the Declaration
The Jakarta Declaration included the following five "priorities for health promotion in the 21st century":
1. "Promote social responsibility for health"
2. "Increase investments for health development"
3. "Consolidate and expand partnerships for health"
4. "increase community capacity and empower the individual"
5. "Secure an infrastructure for health promotion"
The declaration recognizes that":
Participation is necessary for change.
Health literacy is essential for participation - emphasizes the need for access to education and information and hence, the empowerment of individuals and communities.
Combinations of five strategies for health promotion -- "build healthy public policy", "create supportive environments", "strengthen community action", "develop personal skills", and "reorient health services"—are more effective than "single-track approaches".
Promotion of the Declaration
In the United Kingdom, the central message of the Jakarta declaration is similar to the government's current health policy. That is the emphasis on infrastructure and investment, with the hope of empowering the service user with choice.
See also
Health promotion
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World
Healthy city
Alliance for Healthy Cities
Primary health care
Public health
World Health Organization
References
Further reading
Ewles L, Simnett I (2003) Promoting health: a practical guide. London: Baillière Tindall. 5th ed. .
Health promotion
World Health Organization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta%20Declaration
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Pontremoli (; local ; ) is a small city, comune former Latin Catholic bishopric in the province of Massa and Carrara, Tuscany region, central Italy.
Literally translated, Pontremoli means "Trembling Bridge" (from ponte "bridge" and tremare "to tremble"), as the commune was named after a prominent bridge across the Magra.
Pontremoli is in the upper valley of the Magra, northeast of La Spezia by rail and south-southwest of Parma.
History
Pontremoli is believed to have been first settled around 1000 BC. It was known in Roman times as Apua. The commune later became an independent municipality in 1226 thanks to Frederick II who chartered the free municipality, partly because of its mountainous terrain. This terrain in the valley of the Magra also made Pontremoli a target for numerous conquests from rival Italian and foreign lords. Pontremoli was controlled by various aristocratic families, including the Malaspina (in 1319) and the Antelminelli (in 1322). The conflict between the rival Guelfi and Ghibellini factions in the early fourteenth century resulted in the construction of the Great Bell Tower (Il Campanone) to separate the rival camps. During these Medieval times Pontremoli was often visited by pilgrims travelling from Canterbury (England) to Rome.
In 1331 Pontremoli was sold by John I of Bohemia to Mastino II della Scala (Lord of Verona). Pontremoli was later taken over by the Visconti of Milan in 1339. In 1404 the ownership of Pontremoli once again changed hands as it was seized by the Fieschi family of Genoa. However, by 1433 Pontremoli was again under the control of the Milanese. In 1495 Pontremoli was sacked by the troops of Charles VIII of France. During this time Pontremoli was a territory owned by the House of Sforza, who were the new Dukes of Milan.
Pontremoli was a French territory from 1508 until 1522 as several northern Italian areas were conquered. In 1526, Pontremoli was captured by Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Pontremoli was controlled by Spain until 1647, when it was bought by the Republic of Genoa. Three years later, Pontremoli was made part of the (Medici) Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It stayed as such (with the exception of a period of French control from 1805 to 1814) until Italian unification in the 19th-century. With the Leopoldine reforms, Pontremoli became an autonomous community (whilst still part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany) in 1777. In 1778, it officially became a City.
The area was heavily damaged by an earthquake in 1834. In November 1847 Pontremoli was occupied (along with Fivizzano) by the Duke of Modena, due to a dispute over trade routes.
Frazioni
There are 30 frazioni (English civil parishes: neighborhoods or outlying villages legally part of the commune government) in Pontremoli. They are, ordered alphabetically :
Arzelato, Arzengio, Baselica, Bassone, Braia, Bratto, Careola, Cargalla, Casa Corvi, Casalina, Cavezzana d'Antena, Cavezzana Gordana, Ceretoli, Cervara, Dozzano, Gravagna, Grondola, Groppodalosio, Guinadi, Mignegno, Montelungo, Navola, Oppilo, Pieve di Saliceto, Pracchiola San Cristoforo, Succisa, Teglia, Torrano, Traverde and Vignola.
Culture
More modern attractions of Pontremoli include the annual Premio Bancarella book festival, Medievalis (during August) which is a recollection of the arrival of Emperor Frederick II in Pontremoli in 1226, as well as Il Bar Moderno (a local café), which was in 1970 the winner of a "gold medal" in a Milanese "Ice Cream and Coffee" competition.
There are also several mineral springs in the surrounding mountains and a local market takes place on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
Cuisine
Local foods unique to Pontremoli include "amor" (a type of small cake, consisting of a creamy filling between wafers), "spongata" (a Christmas cake containing chocolate, honey and hazelnuts, among other ingredients), "torta d'erbe" a pie filled with a mixture which may include bietole (Swiss chard), eggs, ricotta cheese, potato, rice and parmigiano cheese wrapped in a very thin pastry; and testaroli, a flat baked pasta, often served with pesto. Many have suggested that testaroli was actually the first type of pasta. According to an article published by The Wall Street Journal, testaroli is "the earliest recorded pasta."
Main sights
Among the churches in Pontremoli are:
San Nicolò which houses a wooden cross, dating back several centuries
Chiesa Cattedrale Santa Maria Assunta: the Duomo, built in the 17th century and at one time dedicated to St Geminianus - the cathedral holds many valuable sculptures and paintings. The dome of this cathedral, along with Il Campanone (the bell tower), dominates the city skyline.
SS. Annunziata with its Augustinian monastery and painted mural is another notable feature within the area.
There are also several buildings concerned with the past noble families of Pontremoli. The major site is the Castello del Piagnaro, one of the largest castles of Lunigiana. Several palaces, such as those of the houses of Malaspina and Dosi, are located within the commune.
The "Museo delle Statue Stele" (situated within the castle) contains a number of Bronze Age stone sculptures representing human figures found in Lunigiana.
Notable people
In 1802, Alessandro Malaspina took up residence within this area. Mathematician and poet Luigi Poletti, was born in Pontremoli; there is now a road within the city named in his honour. The goalkeeper for Italy in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Enrico Albertosi, is a notable sportsman to come from the area. Currently, Italian singer Zucchero owns a house in the commune. Ex-professional Queens Park Rangers player Mario Lusardi traces his roots from a small comune in the hills above Pontremoli, named Bratto, where he currently spends his holidays in the picturesque surroundings. American actress Meryl Streep attended her son's wedding at the Castello del Piagnaro in June 2019, and dined at Osteria Oca Bianca.
Infrastructure and transport
To reach Pontremoli by car, one can exit at the toll booth of the same name on the A15 motorway Parma-La Spezia or take the Cisa State Road 62. Public road transport is available via the CAT company, which connects Pontremoli to other cities and towns in the Lunigiana area, Massa, Carrara, and La Spezia.
Pontremoli has a railway station with regular services to Pisa, La Spezia and Parma.
Sister cities
Pontremoli is twinned with:
Trenčianske Teplice, Slovakia
Morières-lès-Avignon, France
Noto, Italy
See also
List of Catholic dioceses in Italy
Notes
References
External links
Visitors Guide to Pontremoli
GCatholic with incumbent bio links
Article on the Culture of Pontremoli
Cuisine in Lunigiana
Article on the History of Pontremoli
Massa and Carra Tourism section on Pontremoli
Pontremoli, crossroad of history and culture by turismo.intoscana.it
Cities and towns in Tuscany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontremoli
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Lami Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It covered the Town of Lami, in the greater Suva metropolitan area.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lami%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29
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Lyle Neff (born 1969) is a Canadian poet and journalist in Vancouver, British Columbia.
Born in Prince George, British Columbia, he is the author of three books of poetry published by Anvil Press. He has also written scattered essays, cultural journalism and literary criticism for various Canadian publications, ranging from the national newspaper The Globe and Mail to such obscure literary journals as Sub-Terrain.
Notorious for his hotheaded nationalism and elaborate use of profanity, Neff elaborated in 2003 his controversial Three Laws of Honest Dominion Belletrism, a sort of code for Canadian writers. The Laws, as published in Monarchist magazine, went as follows:
1. Don't ask for subsidies from the Canadian people.
2. Don't teach.
3. Don't work for Americans.
Bibliography
Ivanhoe Station, Vancouver: Anvil, 1997.
Full Magpie Dodge, Vancouver: Anvil, 2000.
Bizarre Winery Tragedy, Vancouver: Anvil, 2005.
External links
Review of Full Magpie Dodge
http://www.quillandquire.com/reviews/review.cfm?review_id=4678
https://web.archive.org/web/20110612174907/http://www.nthposition.com/modestbatsof1993amp.php
https://web.archive.org/web/20081203191314/http://www.vancouverreview.com/past_articles/rupertjasper.htm
http://www.booksincanada.com/article_view.asp?id=4721
http://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20070113/282471409381966
https://archive.today/20130205112620/http://www.vancouverreview.com/past_articles/rupertjasper.htm
https://books.google.com/books?id=gEeCCgAAQBAJ&dq=full+magpie+dodge&pg=PA154
http://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20070407/282492884250192
http://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20070113/282471409381966
http://www.abcbookworld.com/view_author.php?id=1371
https://dooneyscafe.com/dan-browne-eh/
https://dooneyscafe.com/author/lyleneff/
https://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20070714/282406984944520
https://canlit.ca/canlit_authors/lyle-neff/
https://www.amazon.com/Lyle-Neff/e/B001K7X5SG%3Fref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share
https://www.pressreader.com/search?query=lyle%20neff&author=lyle%20neff&languages=en&in=ALL&date=Anytime&hideSimilar=0&type=2&state=2
https://www.pressreader.com/search?query=lyle%20neff%20vancouver&languages=en&groupBy=Language&hideSimilar=0&type=1&state=1
https://alllitup.ca/contributors/N/Neff-Lyle
1969 births
Living people
Canadian male poets
Journalists from British Columbia
People from Prince George, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia
Canadian male non-fiction writers
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian poets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle%20Neff
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Racconigi (; ) is a town and (municipality) in Piedmont, Italy. It is located in the province of Cuneo, south of Turin, and north of Cuneo by rail.
History
The town was founded in medieval times. It was a possession of the marquisses of Saluzzo, of the princes of Acaia and of the Savoy-Carignano.
On 24 October 1909 King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Nicholas II of Russian Empire concluded a secret agreement at Racconigi, known as the Racconigi Bargain.
Geography
Racconigi is located in the northern borders of its province with the Metropolitan City of Turin. The town borders with the municipalities of Caramagna Piemonte, Carmagnola (TO), Casalgrasso, Cavallerleone, Cavallermaggiore, Lombriasco (TO), Murello, Polonghera and Sommariva del Bosco. Its municipal hamlets () are Berroni, Canapile, Migliabruna Nuova, Migliabruna Vecchia, Oia, Parruccia, San Lorenzo, Streppe, Tagliata.
Economy
The economy is mostly based on agriculture, production of milk and meat, and industrial working of metal sheets.
Main sights
Castle of Racconigi: This royal residence built in 1570 on the basis of an earlier castle which dated to the beginning of the second millennium. The large park was laid out in 1755 by the French gardener Molard from designs by Le Nôtre, and enlarged in 1835. The castle became the summer residence of the King of Italy in 1901, and part of the World Heritage Site Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in 1997.
San Giovanni Battista: Church
San Domenico: Baroque church
Santa Maria Maggiore: Baroque church
Church of Santissimo Nome di Gesù: Baroque churchLIPU'': the Italian League for the Protection of Birds, established the Centro Anatidi e Cicogne in 1985 in a large farmhouse near the castle as a site for the reintroduction of the white stork, which became extinct in Italy as a breeding species at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The site now includes a breeding centre for various endangered species of ducks, geese and swans—notably the white-headed duck which has been extinct in Italy since 1976—and an area of wetland where visitors can observe such migrants as black-winged stilt, little ringed plover and black-tailed godwit.
Tenuta Berroni: The estate was built in 1773 for the noble De Laugier as holiday house with beautiful gardens, a chapel and some rural buildings: it was an isolated villa in the countryside, but made entirely self-sufficient. The interior decoration and antique furniture were commissioned to the many artists who worked for Castle of Racconigi. Today it is both a private estate as well as a location for weddings, events and a set for several movies.
Notable people
Francesco Imberti, archbishop of Vercelli.
Umberto II, last King of Italy, was born here.
Twin towns
Bonneville (France) (1990)
Cascais (Portugal) (2003)
References
External links
Il Castello di Racconigi
Centro Anatidi e Cicogne
Cities and towns in Piedmont
Nature reserves in Italy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racconigi
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A system of plant taxonomy, the Takhtajan system of plant classification was published by Armen Takhtajan, in several versions from the 1950s onwards. It is usually compared to the Cronquist system. It admits paraphyletic groups.
Systems
The first classification was published in Russian in 1954,and came to the attention of the rest of the world after publication of an English translation in 1958 as Origin of Angiospermous Plants. Further versions appeared in 1959 (Die Evolution der Angiospermen) and 1966 (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii). The latter popularised Takhtajan's system when it appeared in English in 1969 (Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal). A further revision appeared in 1980.
1966 system
Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae) p. 51
Class: Magnoliatae (Dicotyledones) p. 51
Class: Liliatae (Monocotyledones) p. 461
Subclass A: Alismidae p. 461
Subclass B: Liliidae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
Superorder Lilianae p. 473 (was nom. nov.)
Order Liliales p. 473
Family Liliaceae p. 474
Family Xanthorrhoeaceae p. 476
Family Aphyllanthaceae p. 476
Family Alliaceae p. 477
Family Agavaceae p. 478
Family Amaryllidaceae p. 480
Family Alstroemeriaceae p. 481
Family Haemodoraceae p. 482
Family Hypoxidaceae p. 483
Family Velloziaceae p. 483
Family Philesiaceae p. 484
Family Tecophilaeaceae p. 484
Family Cyanastraceae p. 485
Family Asparagaceae p. 486
Family Smilacaceae p. 487
Family Stemonaceae p. 487
Family Dioscoreaceae p. 488
Family Taccaceae p. 489
Family Phylydraceae p. 491
Family Pontederiaceae p. 490
Order Bromeliales p. 492
Order Iridales p. 494
Order Zingiberales p. 498
Order Orchidales p. 505
Superorder Juncanae p. 510
Subclass C: Commelinidae p. 461
Subclass D: Arecidae p. 525
1997 system
As published in Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants
Division Magnoliophyta (2 classes, 17 subclasses, 71 superorders, 232 orders, 589 families
Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) 11 subclasses, 55 superorders, 175 orders, 458 families
Subclass Magnoliidae Novak ex Takht. (1967)
Subclass Nymphaeidae J.W. Walker ex Takht. (1997)
Subclass Nelumbonidae Takht. (1997)
Subclass Ranunculidae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
Subclass Caryophyllidae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Hamamelididae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Dilleniidae Takht. ex Reveal & Tahkt. (1993)
Subclass Rosidae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Cornidae Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal (1994)
Subclass Asteridae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Lamiidae Takht. ex Reveal (1993)
Class Liliopsida Batsch (1802) (Monocotyledons) 6 subclasses, 16 superorders, 57 orders, 131 families
Subclass Liliidae Takht. (1967)
Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1967) 14 orders
Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
Order Colchicales Dumort. (1829)
Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987)
Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
Order Iridales Raf. (1815)
Order Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993)
Order Burmanniales Heintze (1927)
Order Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
Order Orchidales Raf. (1815)
Order Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840)
Order Asparagales Bromhead (1838)
Order Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997)
Order Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht. ex Reveal & Doweld (1999)
Subclass Commelinidae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Arecidae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Alismatidae Takht. (1967)
Subclass Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
Subclass Aridae Takht. (1997)
2009 system
As published in Flowering Plants
Phylum Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal (1996)
Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. (1843) (Dicotyledons) p. 7
Subclass I. Magnoliidae p. 11
Superorder Nymphaeanae
Superorder Magnolianae
Superorder Lauranae
Superorder Piperanae
Superorder Rafflesianae
Subclass II. Ranunculidae p. 69
Superorder Proteanae
Superorder Ranunculanae
Subclass III. Hamamelididae p. 101
Superorder Hamamelidanae
Superorder Juglandanae
Subclass IV. Caryophyllidae p. 129
Superorder Caryophyllanae
Superorder Polygonanae
Superorder Nepenthanae
Subclass V. Dilleniidae p. 167
Superorder Dillenianae
Superorder Ericanae
Superorder Violanae
Superorder Capparanae
Superorder Malvanae
Superorder Euphorbianae
Subclass VI. Rosidae p. 293
Superorder Rosanae
Superorder Myrtanae
Superorder Fabanae
Superorder Rutanae
Superorder Celastranae
Superorder Santalanae
Superorder Balanophoranae
Superorder Rhamnanae
Subclass VII. Asteridae p. 435
Superorder Cornanae
Superorder Asperanae
Subclass VIII. Lamiidae p. 511
Superorder Lamianae
Class Liliopsida Scop. (1760) (Monocotyledons) p. 595
Subclass I: Alismatidae p. 589
Superorder Petrosavianae
Superorder Alismatanae
Superorder Aranae
Subclass II: Liliidae Takht. (1966) p. 625
Superorder Lilianae Takht. (1966)
Order Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
Order Trilliales Takht. (1996)
Order Liliales Perleb (1826)
1. Family Campynemataceae
2. Family Colchicaceae
3. Family Tricyrtidaceae
4. Family Scoliopaceae p. 634
5. Family Calochortaceae p. 634
6. Family Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789) p. 634
7. Family Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987) p. 634
Order Burmanniales
Order Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
Order Smilacales
Order Orchidales
Order Iridales
Order Amaryllidales
Order Asparagales
Superorder Pandananae
Superorder Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
Superorder Arecanae
Subclass III: Arecidae p. 693
Superorder Arecanae
Subclass IV: Commelinidae p. 699
Superorder Bromelianae
Superorder Zingiberanae
Superorder Commelinanae
Superorder Juncanae
Superorder Poanae
References
Bibliography
Works by Takhtajan
External links
Takhtajan system at CSDL, Texas. Also, at the Norton Brown Herbarium, Maryland (with an extensive listing of synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system): 1, 2, 3
Angiosperm Classification according to Armen Takhtajan, 1966
system, Takhtajan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takhtajan%20system
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The Reichsstatthalter (, Reich lieutenant) was a title used in the German Empire and later in Nazi Germany.
Statthalter des Reiches (1879–1918)
The office of Statthalter des Reiches (otherwise known as Reichsstatthalter) was instituted in 1879 by the German Empire for the areas of Alsace (Elsaß) and Lorraine (Lothringen) that France had ceded to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War. It was a form of governorship intended to exist while Alsace-Lorraine became a federal state of the Empire. It was abolished when Alsace-Lorraine was, in turn, ceded back to France after Germany lost World War I.
Nazi Germany
During the Third Reich, the Nazis re-created the office of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor or Reich Deputy) to gain direct control over all states (other than Prussia) after winning the general elections of 1933. Their independent state governments and parliaments were successively abolished, and the Reich government took over direct control in a process called Gleichschaltung ("coordination"). Prussia's government had already been taken over by the Reich a year earlier in the Preußenschlag under Chancellor Franz von Papen.
Two weeks after the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933, which effectively made Adolf Hitler the dictator of Germany, the Nazi government issued the "Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich" (Zweites Gesetz zur Gleichschaltung der Länder mit dem Reich) on 7 April 1933. This law deployed one Reich Governor in each of Germany's 17 states. The Reich Governors were given the task of overseeing the fulfillment of Hitler's political guidelines in the states. Indeed, the law required them to carry out "the general policy of the Chancellor." In practice, they acted with complete authority over the state governments. The governors' main authorities lay in:
appointing and dismissing the state minister-president
dissolving the state parliament and calling new elections
issuing and announcing state laws
appointing and dismissing important state agents and judges
granting amnesty
In Prussia, the largest of the German states, Hitler took direct control by appointing himself as Reichsstatthalter. However, he delegated his authority to Hermann Göring, who had been installed as Minister President of Prussia without an election. The Prussian provinces were administered by an Oberpräsident, usually the local Gauleiter.
Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich (1934)
The Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich (Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs) passed on 30 January 1934; it formally de-federalized the Reich for the first time in its history. However, Germany had effectively become a highly centralized state with the passage of the Enabling Act and the posting of the Reich Governors. The state parliaments were abolished, and their sovereign powers were transferred to the Reich government. The Reich Governors were made responsible to the Reich Minister of the Interior, Wilhelm Frick. For all intents and purposes, the states were reduced to provinces.
Reich Governors Law (1935)
The Reich Governors Law (Reichsstatthaltergesetz) of 30 January 1935 formally designated the Reich Governors as the representatives of the Reich government, tasked with watching over the execution of Hitler's political guidelines. They received the authority to "inform" the provincial authorities about these guidelines, as well as the measures necessary to fulfill them. In practice, the Führerprinzip meant that this "information" amounted to an order.
The Reichsstatthalter were now also empowered to take over all functions of state government, and also appointed the mayors of all towns and cities with populations fewer than 100,000. This had the effect of giving the Reich Interior Ministry near-complete control over local government. The Interior Minister directly appointed the mayors of all cities with populations greater than 100,000 (though Hitler reserved the right to appoint the mayors of Berlin and Hamburg himself if he deemed it necessary), and as mentioned above, the Reich Governors were responsible to him.
Anschluss
After Austria's Anschluss ("union") with Germany, its last pre-Anschluss Chancellor, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, became its first Reichsstatthalter and Führer der Österreichischen Landesregierung (Leader of the Austrian State Government) from 15 March 1938 to 30 April 1939. Also, Josef Bürckel was appointed Reichskommissar für die Wiedervereiningung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich (Reich Commissioner for Reunification of Austria with the German Reich) from 23 April 1938 to 31 March 1940. At that point, each constitutive Land (with some differences in borders, e.g., Burgenland was partitioned away) was placed under the administration of its own Reichsstatthalter.
See also
Statthalter
References
Alsace-Lorraine at worldstatesmen.org.
Gubernatorial titles
Government of the German Empire
Government of Nazi Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsstatthalter
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Vitaly Mefodievich Solomin (; 12 December 194127 May 2002) was a Soviet and Russian actor, director and screenwriter, best remembered for playing Dr. Watson in a series of Sherlock Holmes adaptations for Soviet television. He was the younger brother of Yury Solomin.
Biography
Vitaly Solomin was born in 1941 in Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Soviet Union, to a family of professional musicians. From childhood he was fascinated by music and learned to play the piano. On leaving school he went to Moscow and in 1959 he entered Shchepkin's drama school. He studied in the class of Nikolay Annenkov.
While a student, Vitaly rehearsed and performed at the Maly Theatre. After finishing the school he became an actor at this theater.
In the 1960s Vitaly Solomin began to appear in films. He debuted in 1963 in 1 Newton street. His first big role was as Kirill in the 1966 film Elder sister.
Vitaly Solomin shot to fame after playing the leading role as Cossack Roman in the epic film Dauria (1971) where he worked with his brother Yury Solomin and other Russian stars, such as Yefim Kopelyan, Viktor Pavlov and Vasily Shukshin.
During the 1980s his performances in films directed by Igor Maslennikov were especially successful. Most famous of these was his role as Dr. Watson in a series of films about Sherlock Holmes (1979—1986). In 1982 Maslennikov invited him to play the role of Count Tomsky in The Queen of Spades, an adaptation of Alexander Pushkin's story. His work in the film series Winter Cherry was very successful.
From 1 September 1986 to September 1989 Solomin worked in the Mossovet Theatre. There he acted in a play based on Viktor Astafyev's Sad Detective. In 1991 he returned to the Maly Theatre and staged Alexander Ostrovsky's Savage, playing the role of Ashmetiev.
Solomin wrote the screenplay for and directed the 1994 film The Hunt.
On 4 November 1974, he received the title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR, and on 3 February 1992 of People's Artist of the RSFSR. In April 2002, Vitaly Solomin suffered a stroke which proved to be fatal; he died on 27 May 2002 and is interred in Vagankovo Cemetery.
Private life
Vitaly Solomin's first wife was the actress Natalia Rudnaya. The marriage soon fell apart. On October 28, 1970, he married the actress Maria Solomina (née Leonidova). In 1974 they had a daughter Anastasia, and in May 1984 a daughter Yelizaveta.
Filmography
References
External links
Biography
Biography online peoples.ru
To Be Remembered. Vitaly Solomin by Leonid Filatov (2003)
1941 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Russian male actors
21st-century Russian male actors
People from Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Russian male film actors
Russian male stage actors
Russian male television actors
Russian theatre directors
Soviet male film actors
Soviet male stage actors
Soviet male television actors
Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly%20Solomin
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Metal Slug Advance is a run and gun video game for the Game Boy Advance handheld system created by SNK Playmore in 2004, and is canon to the Metal Slug series.
Storyline
A survival training camp for new Peregrine Falcon recruits has just begun, where the recruits must survive on an unnamed island with limited supplies and weaponry. However, a large blimp begins to hover above the island, as General Morden's troops parachute down and attempt to build a new base, while successfully capturing many of the new recruits. Players play as either new recruits Walter Ryan or Tyra Elson as the survival training soon becomes a full-fledged assignment for the remaining recruits as they pierce through enemy lines.
Gameplay
The gameplay is very similar to any other Metal Slug game, but with two new systems; the life system, and the card system. The life system is simply a life bar for players, as it replaces the extra lives from all the other Metal Slug games. As players take damage, the life bar depletes (different attacks cause different amounts of damage). Collecting food items can restore health, and players instantly die from being crushed or falling down a pit.
The Card system is a card collecting part of the game. Cards can be found from shooting certain parts of the background, and by obtaining it from certain hostages, and sometimes by doing both. The cards have many different purposes, from giving detailed info on items and characters from the Metal Slug series to boosting player abilities, and even unlocking special (and new) slugs. There are 100 cards to collect, and collecting them all becomes the main objective to anyone who defeats the final boss.
Reception
Metal Slug Advance received "generally favorable" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic.
References
External links
2004 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Metal Slug
Run and gun games
SNK Playmore games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Single-player video games
Noise Factory games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20Slug%20Advance
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Pud Pud in Weird World (also known simply as Pud Pud) is a computer game published by Ocean Software in 1985 for the ZX Spectrum. It was written by Jonathan Smith. Smith was paid £1000 for Pud Pud by Ocean Software and was given a job at Ocean as a direct result of the game.
Plot
Pud Pud is trapped in Weird World and needs to escape. He must explore Weird World looking for ten puddings and avoiding the deadly kiss of Mrs Pud Pud.
Gameplay
The player controls Pud Pud (who resembles a round pudding with wings or feet depending on whether he's walking or flying) and must explore the mazelike Weird World. Pud Pud has a limited amount of energy which needs to be topped up by eating certain creatures that live in Weird World although other creatures, which drain his energy if eaten, must be avoided. If Pud Pud runs out of energy he loses one of his three lives.
Mrs Pud Pud occasionally appears on the screen and is similar to Pud Pud, but white and wearing high heels. If she touches Pud Pud he loses a life instantly, regardless of his energy status although the player will receive a bonus score based on how much energy was remaining when Mrs Pud Pud delivered her kiss.
Pud Pud can obtain an extra life by collecting all ten hidden puddings.
The puddings are spread randomly throughout the maze with only one being in the maze at a time. When all ten are collected, Pud Pud can escape Weird World.
References
External links
1985 video games
Maze games
Ocean Software games
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pud%20Pud%20in%20Weird%20World
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Echinodorus subalatus is a species of aquatic plants in the Alismataceae. It is native to Cuba, Mexico, Central America, Guyana, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. It is found naturally growing in mud by the side of streams.
Description
Leaves with canaliculate petioles, blades lanceolate, narrowly to broadly ovate, sharp on the tip, decumbent or rarely abrupt on the base, 18 – 24 cm long x 2 – 9 cm wide, with terrestrial forms usually only 10 x 2 cm having 5 - 7 veins and distinct pellucid lines.
Stem below cylindrical, between whorls triangular in cross-section, often alate, 35 – 120 cm long. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate having 4 - 15 whorls. Bracts on base connate, longer than the pedicels (up to 3.5 cm). Pedicels 0.5 – 2 cm long. Sepals 4 – 6 mm long, petals about twice as long, the diameter of the corolla 1.2 - 1.5 cm. Usually 12 stamens, achenes 2 x 1.5 mm with one, rarely 2 glands separated by a rib. Stylar beak bent back - reaching usually 1/4 of the body.
Vegetatively, resembles E. andrieuxii, nut differs by having distinct pellucid lines, a usually paniculate inflorescence and by achenes with beaks that are at most 1/3 as long as the body.
Cultivation
Deep, rich growing substrate and a good light. Will grow submersed or emersed. Benefits from additional CO2.
References
External links
FishIndex
Echinodorus (German text)
E. subalatus : text in Spanish but very useful photographs
subalatus
Flora of Central America
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Cuba
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Venezuela
Flora of Bolivia
Flora of Paraguay
Plants described in 1830
Freshwater plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus%20subalatus
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Francesco II d'Este (6 March 1660 – 6 September 1694) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1662 to 1694.
Biography
He was born in Modena to Alfonso IV d'Este, duke of Modena, and Laura Martinozzi, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. His sister, Mary of Modena, married the future James II of England in 1673 and became queen of England in 1685. Their child, and therefore Francesco's nephew, was James, the Old Pretender who struggled to regain the throne of England during the 1715 Jacobite rebellion.
He became duke at the age of two. His mother, pious and rigorous, served as his regent until 1674, filling state offices with clerics under the advice of her Jesuit confessor Father Garimberti. When she left to accompany the princess to England, he assumed control at the age of fourteen, and was so transformed in the free and easy company of his cousin principe Cesare Ignazio d'Este, that on her return the dowager duchess withdrew from court.
Francesco's foreign policy was affected by the requirements of Louis XIV, his sister's patron after 1688, but he resisted French attempts to interfere in the duchies. A Franco Modenese alliance was proposed with Francesco and a princess of the House of Lorraine, Béatrice Hiéronyme, the eldest daughter of François Marie, Prince of Lillebonne. The marriage never materialised and instead, he married Margherita Maria Farnese.
The couple had no children and when Francesco died heirless in 1694 after just two years of marriage, he was succeded by his half-uncle Cardinal Rinaldo d'Este, who renounced his ecclesiastical career and cardinalate for this purpose.
He learned the violin as a boy and the court orchestra was revived for him when he was eleven; one of the musicians employed there was Giovanni Maria Bononcini. Francesco was a lavish and discerning patron of music, and the composer Arcangelo Corelli dedicated his Op. 3 trio sonatas (Rome, 1689) to him. His library has remained substantially complete in the Biblioteca Estense, Modena.
Bibliography
Crowther, Victor. "A Case-Study in the Power of the Purse: The Management of the Ducal 'Cappella' in Modena in the Reign of Francesco II d'Este", Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 115.2 (1990), pp. 207–219.
Cont, Alessandro. "'Sono nato principe libero, tale voglio conservarmi': Francesco II d’Este (1660-1694)", Memorie Scientifiche, Giuridiche, Letterarie, Accademia Nazionale di Scienze Lettere e Arti di Modena, ser. 8, 12 (2009), 2, pp. 407–459.
Ancestry
External links
1660 births
1694 deaths
Hereditary Princes of Modena
Francesco 2
Francesco 2
Francesco 2
17th-century Italian nobility
Italian Roman Catholics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20II%20d%27Este%2C%20Duke%20of%20Modena
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Santiago Canyon College is a public community college in Orange, California. Along with Santa Ana College, Santiago is one of two campuses in the Rancho Santiago Community College District (RSCCD).
History
In 1980, The Irvine Company sold 30 acres of land to RSCCD. In 1985, RSCCD opened the school, which was simply called the Orange Campus at that time. Enrollment was approximately 2,500 students during the first semester of operation. In July 1997, the school separated from Santa Ana College and changed its name to Santiago Canyon College.
In January 2000, the school was independently accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, which is part of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Later that year, The Irvine Company donated an additional 12 acres to the school. The school's footprint expanded again in April 2003 when RSCCD used funds from Measure E (passed in November 2002) to buy nearly 19 additional acres.
In September 2004, a new student services and instruction building was completed. In late 2006, the new library opened. In January 2009, the softball complex opened. The new science center opened for the Fall 2010 semester.
In January 2013, the Athletics and Aquatics Complex opened.
Campus
The library building earned a merit award from the American Institute of Architects' Committee on Architecture for Education. The library, which opened in 2006, is and holds 100,000 books. It was designed by LPA Architecture. The Library offers not only a wide selection of books, but computer access, private study rooms, and educational media.
Academics
The school offers 65 associate degrees.
Athletics
The Hawks compete in the Orange Empire Conference and have a total of 8 sports. Sports in the Fall include Men's and Women's Cross Country, Men's and Women's Soccer and Women's Volleyball. Winter sports include Men's basketball. Spring sports include Softball and Men's Volleyball. In December 2009, the Hawks won the state title in women's soccer and were named Division III national champions by the National Soccer Coaches Association of America. In December 2018, the Hawks won their third State Title after having a perfect 24–0 season.
Men's and Women's Cross Country
Cross Country is SCC's longest tenured sport having started in 2002. The team is led by Head Coach Shawn Cummins and is assisted by Patrick Imfeld and Yoseline Torres. Over the years, this program has boasted a number of All-American, All-State, and All OEC selections.
Women's Softball
In spring 2016, the Hawks won the California Community College Athletic Association state championship in women's softball.
Women's Soccer
The Hawks won back-to-back state championships in 2018 and 2019.
Men's Soccer
The Men's Soccer team had its inaugural season in 2004. The team is currently led by Head Coach Jimmy Obleda and is assisted by Tony Bruce, Sol Campos, Mike Rubio and Claine Plummer.
In spring 2017, Santiago debuted a men's volleyball team.
Student body
Santiago Canyon College has a total undergraduate population of 13,613. 36% of the student population is part-time. 51% of the student body is male and 49% is female.
References
https://sccollege.edu/About/president/Pages/default.aspx
External links
Official website
California Community Colleges
Universities and colleges in Orange County, California
Education in Orange, California
Universities and colleges established in 1985
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Sports in Orange, California
Two-year colleges in the United States
1985 establishments in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago%20Canyon%20College
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Marcie & The Cookies were an Australian musical ensemble, made up of Marcie Jones and the three Cook sisters. The all girl, vocal only group, were a rarity in Australia's "mod" music scene of the 1960s, dominated as it was by all male rock bands and solo artists.
Personnel
Marcie Jones (vocals)
Beverley Cook (vocals)
Margaret Cook (vocals)
Wendy Cook (vocals)
History
Marcie Jones started as a teenager with The Thunderbirds at Canterbury Ballroom and Preston Town Hall in Melbourne, Australia, in the early 1960s. She then went on to perform with Normie Rowe's band The Playboys and appeared on the "Go-Show". She issued five singles from 1965 to 1967 on the Sunshine label with some minor chart success.
1967-1972: Marcie and The Cookies
In 1967, on the suggestion of Normie Rowe, she teamed up with the Cook sisters (who were already performing as "The Cookies" ) in Brisbane. Marcie & The Cookies were in the mould of such U.S. acts as The Supremes and The Crystals. In early 1968 they came to the attention of "The Twilights" and "The Groove's" Manager Garry Spry, who was so impressed by them he became their manager. Spry got them a recording contract with EMI Music and put them with his all powerful entertainment agency A.M.B.O. Within 12 months they had become widely known for Marcie's powerful voice and the Cookies superb vocal harmonies and their synchronised stage movements as a result of their appearances on national TV shows, particularly on the pop music 'The Go!! Show'. They toured Australia as support act for overseas artists such as The Monkees on their Australian December 1968 tour.
That same year Marcie & The Cookies were presented the "Best Female Act for 1968" award by national pop magazine Go-Set and were awarded the "Critics Award" for the top Australian vocal act.
As a group they released only two singles. They were in demand for session work such as on the Tony Worsley & The Blue Jays track, "Something's Got a Hold on Me". During 1969 the group toured South East Asia for three months performing in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand and the Philippines. The tour included performances to Vietnam war servicemen at American bases.
After more than two years overseas Marcie decided to return home to Australia, leaving the Cook sisters to continue on as backing singers. With Peter Williams, they went on to form a new group called Spirit of Progress who recorded a couple of singles on the Decca label and were the support act also for Cliff Richard on tour.
1973- present: Marcie Jones solo
On returning to Australia, Marcie Jones then resumed her solo career with a new manager and record label, Atlantic. She released an album and five singles between 1973 and 1976, the second of which, "Gonna Get Married", was her best chart success in 1974. The single "Baby I Need Your Loving" from 1975 was produced by Del Shannon.
Marcie has continued to perform both solo and with The Cookies (under the name of Marcie Jones and The Cookies), in stage shows, clubs, concerts and tours supporting major overseas artists until the present day. In their 40-year career they have toured with The Monkees, Gene Pitney, Cliff Richard, The Shadows, Roy Orbison, Tom Jones, Del Shannon, Ray Stevens and other performers. They perform a mixture of sixties and soul, ballads and rock.
More recently Marcie has embraced the country genre putting out a country CD in 1999.
In mid-2008, Marcie became a presenter on 100.7 Highlands FM, a community radio station based in the Macedon Ranges in Victoria, Australia, where she co-hosts a weekly show entitled "Blonde and Blonder".
In December 2008, Network Creative Services published the 400-page Marcie Jones autobiography 'Runs in the Blood' (). The book deals with Marcie's entertainment career, the Australian franchise of Koala Blue, the break-up with Australian 'King of Pop' Normie Rowe, arriving at hospital to give birth with Gerry Marsden (of Merseybeat fame), having her second child born premature, and performing for the Pope.
Discography
Marcie and The Cookies singles
Marcie Jones Studio albums
Marcie Jones singles
References
Noel McGrath's Australian Encyclopedia of Rock & Pop – 1978
Mondo Weirdo – Australia in the Sixties – James Cockington (Photo – john Hearder) – 1992
The Various Artist in Australia – Chris Spencer – 1990 – Moonlight Publishing
An Australian Rock Discography – Chris Spencer −1990 – Moonlight Publishing
The Who's Who of Australian Rock – Chris Spencer – Moonlight Publishing
Gavin Ryan's Chart Books
External links
Marcie Jones Autobiography: Runs In The Blood
Marcie Jones Web Site
Marcie Jones page at EntertainOz
Pop Archives – All or Nothing Feature
Pop Archives – I Would If I Could Feature
Gavin Ryan's Chart Books
Milesago – Reference to backing Tony Worsley & The Blue Jays on single Somethings Got A Hold On Me (Etta James Song)
Reference to Marcie & The Cookies
Legends of Sixties Rock
Victoria (state) musical groups
Australian girl groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcie%20and%20The%20Cookies
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To Separate the Flesh from the Bones were a Finnish deathgrind band. The band can be considered a side project of three members of Finland's metal and rock scenes: Pasi Koskinen (ex-Amorphis, ex-Shape of Despair, Ajattara), Mika Karppinen (ex-HIM) and Niclas Etelävuori (ex-Amorphis, ex-Moonspell).
Biography
The project began circa 2004 when three active members of Finland's metal scene decided to create a grindcore and brutal death side project. Pasi Koskinen and Niclas Etelävuori, ex-bandmates from Amorphis, joined Mika Karppinen (aka Gas) who is in the gothic rock band HIM.
Though the band members are not anonymous, they want to keep their identities hidden by covering their faces in promo pictures and live concerts and by using pseudonyms instead of their real names: Herr Arschstein (Pasi Koskinen), Rot Wailer (Niclas Etelävuori) and Pus Sypope (Mika "Gas" Karppinen).
The band released their first EP in 2004, For Those About to Rot (a play on AC/DC's For Those About to Rock We Salute You).
In November 2004, Spinefarm Records released the band's first album, Utopia Sadistica. The musical aesthetics are the same and Carcass' Jeff Walker makes a guest appearance on the album.
Members
Herr Arschstein – vocals, guitar
Rot Wailer (Niclas Etelävuori) – bass
Pus Sypope – drums
Discography
For Those About to Rot (EP, 2004)
Utopia Sadistica (album, Spinefarm, 2004)
References
External links
2004 establishments in Finland
Finnish death metal musical groups
Finnish musical trios
Grindcore musical groups
Masked musicians
Musical groups established in 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Separate%20the%20Flesh%20from%20the%20Bones
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The Russian (rus. Русский) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an enemy of the Punisher.
Publication history
Created by Garth Ennis and Steve Dillon, the character made his first appearance in The Punisher Vol. 5, #8 (November 2000).
The Russian debuted off-panel in The Punisher Vol. 5, #8, was fully introduced in the following issue, and appeared in every subsequent one up until his death in Issue #11. In the following series, the character was resurrected as a cyborg, and was featured in The Punisher Vol. 6, #1-5.
The Russian received profiles in Marvel Encyclopedia #5, All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #9, and Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #9
Fictional character biography
The earliest known sightings of the Russian occurred while he was vacationing in Afghanistan in the 1980s. He subsequently traveled the world, inserting himself into various conflicts for fun and profit; locations he is said to have fought in include Lebanon, Iraq, Rwanda, East Timor, Chechnya, the Balkans, and Belfast (where he consumed a man on a bet). The Russian's activities led to him being wanted dead or alive by numerous law enforcement agencies, as well as criminal organizations such as the Yakuza.
The Russian is contacted at his home in Kazakhstan by American crime lord Ma Gnucci, who offers him ten million dollars to kill the Punisher. The Russian agrees to the deal, boards a Russian airliner to North America, crashes it above Canada, and crosses the border into New York City, where he is briefed by Gnucci. The Russian is then brought to the Punisher's current address, and engages the vigilante, their fight (which the Russian dominates) bringing them into the apartment of the Punisher's morbidly obese neighbor, Mr. Bumpo. The Punisher burns the Russian's face with a hot pizza that Bumpo had been dining on, trips him, and then throws Bumpo on top of him. The Russian asphyxiates under Bumpo, and has his head cut off by the Punisher, who uses it to intimidate what remains of Ma Gnucci's forces into surrendering.
The Russian's remains are recovered by General Kreigkopf, who resurrects him as a cyborg using technology stolen from S.H.I.E.L.D. Side-effects of the experimental hormone treatments he is given to stabilize his reinvigorated and improved body cause the Russian to develop breasts (which he adores) and an implied form of menstruation, which prompts him to begin wearing women's clothing, including high heels. To test the Russian's capabilities, Kreigkopf approves his request to return to New York City to kill the Punisher, who the Russian throws off of the Empire State Building. The Punisher is saved by Spider-Man, and in the battle that ensues he wields the superhero as a human shield, and uses his web-shooters to knock the Russian off of the skyscraper. The Russian survives crashing through the street below and being hit by a subway train, and retreats to Kreigkopf's base on Grand Nixon Island. The Russian is repaired, and denied another chance to face the Punisher.
The Russian is placed on a Boeing 747 full of soldiers that Kreigkopf intends to have attack the European Union in Brussels. The Punisher, who had tracked the Russian down, forces the airplane to crash into Grand Nixon Island's fuel depot; the Russian emerges from the wreckage as the only survivor. When Kreigkopf improvises his attack plan by ordering that a French airplane carrying a nuclear warhead be hijacked, the Punisher boards the aircraft, followed by the Russian. The Punisher blows out the back of the Russian's head by shoving a gun into his mouth, then chains him to the atomic bomb and drops it on Grand Nixon. The island and all of the criminals on it are obliterated, as is the Russian, whose last words are, "Dosvidanja, Big Boy! The Russian really has to hand it to you!"
Powers and abilities
In his first storyline, the Russian possessed tremendous strength and durability; he singlehandedly wipes out a Bravo Force team, unintentionally crushes a man with a friendly gesture, smacks the Punisher with a toilet he had ripped out of its foundation, and tears apart a revolver, while also being unfazed by being kicked in the crotch, stabbed in the stomach, and bludgeoned with a chair. Additionally, he alludes to surviving freefalling from an airplane, and being repeatedly shot in the head. Despite his nigh-invulnerability, the Russian was sensitive to heat, becoming enraged when the Punisher successfully injured him with a stove, and a hot pizza.
When General Kreigkopf resurrected the Russian, he had his body augmented with plastics and adamantium, replaced most of his organs with ones taken from animals, and gave him olfactory sensors that increased his sense of smell to the level of a bloodhound's.
Obsession with American culture
In his initial comic appearances, the Russian was shown to have an obsession with American pop culture. His first thoughts upon being offered $10 million to kill the Punisher was a realization of how many pairs of Levi's and Compact Discs he could buy with that amount. The Russian is also a self-confessed superhero fan. He is the president of "The Daredevil, Man Without Fear, Fan Club" of Smolensk. He also wished to gain autographs from the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, and Spider-Man. He also believes Thor would make a good communist because of his big hammer.
Other versions
Marvel MAX
A flashback sequence in The Punisher Vol. 7, #75 depicts the Punisher fighting the Russian, who tries to break his back. The circumstances surrounding the battle, as well as how it is resolved, are not revealed.
Marvel Noir
In Punisher Noir, the Russian is a soldier turned independent mercenary who, after World War I, is sent after Frank Castelione, who is on a locomotive headed for England. A fight ensues and moves to the top of the train, where Frank shoves a grenade into the crotch of the Russian's pants, and pushes him off of the vehicle. Years later, the Russian, now identifying as female, helps Jigsaw and Barracuda murder Frank at the behest of mob boss Dutch Schultz.
Frank's son, Frank Castelione Jr., grows up to become the Punisher, and discovers the Russian's connection to his father's death after tracking down and killing Barracuda and Jigsaw. The Punisher confronts the Russian at the Bronx Zoo, and their fight brings them into the reptile exhibit, where the Russian is mauled by alligators. Despite losing an arm, the Russian continues to try to attack the Punisher, who finishes her off by emptying two fully loaded guns into him. Frank, Jr. then stages the scene to make it look like the Russian was the Punisher all along.
In other media
The Russian appears in The Punisher (2004), portrayed by Kevin Nash. After being hired by Howard Saint to kill the eponymous character, the Russian withstands everything the Punisher throws at him and nearly beats him to death until the latter distracts him with a pot of boiling water before knocking him down a flight of stairs, which causes the Russian to break his neck.
The Russian appears as a boss in The Punisher (2005), voiced by Darryl Kurylo. He works with General Kreigkopf to combat the eponymous character until the Russian is killed by a nuclear device that was smuggled into Grand Nixon Island.
References
External links
Russian at Marvel Wiki
Russian at Comic Vine
Cyborg supervillains
Fictional assassins in comics
Fictional cannibals
Fictional transgender women
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional mercenaries in comics
Fictional murdered people
Fictional Russian people
Characters created by Garth Ennis
Comics characters introduced in 2000
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics cyborgs
Marvel Comics LGBT supervillains
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Punisher characters
Superhero film characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20%28comics%29
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The Lantern Bearers may refer to:
The Lantern Bearers (Stevenson essay), an 1888 essay by Robert Louis Stevenson
The Lantern Bearers (Sutcliff novel), a 1959 historical adventure novel for children by Rosemary Sutcliff
The Lantern Bearers (Frame novel), a 2001 novel by Ronald Frame inspired by the Stevenson essay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lantern%20Bearers
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Suba may refer to:
Groups of people
Suba people (Kenya), a people of Kenya
Suba language
Suba people (Tanzania), a people of Tanzania
Subha (writers), alternatively spelt Suba, Indian writer duo
Individual people
Suba (musician), Serbian-Brazilian musician
Mihai Suba (born 1947), Romanian chess grandmaster
Miklos Suba (1880-1944), Hungarian-born American artist and architect
Susanne Suba (1913-2012), Hungarian-born watercolorist and illustrator, active in the United States; daughter of Miklos
Places
Suba District, a former district of Nyanza Province, Kenya
Suba, Bogotá, a locality of Bogotá
Avenida Suba (Bogotá), main avenue in the city, named after the locality
Suba, Jerusalem, a Palestinian village near Jerusalem depopulated in 1948
Other
Suba (film), a 2010 Sri Lankan Sinhala drama film
Okinawa soba
See also
Subah (disambiguation)
Subba (disambiguation)
Shubha (disambiguation)
Subha (disambiguation)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba
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Braddan () is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man.
It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) in the sheading of Middle.
Administratively, a small part of the historic parish of Braddan is now covered by part of the borough of Douglas, the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man.
Other settlements in the parish include Port Soderick, Strang, Tromode and Union Mills.
Local government
For the purposes of local government, the majority of the historic parish forms a single parish district with five elected Commissioners:
In 1896, a small area in the south-east of the historic parish of Braddan became part of the borough of Douglas, since when it has been governed by a municipal corporation with 18 councillors and an elected mayor.
The Captain of the Parish (since 1996) is Thomas Philip Caley.
Politics
Braddan parish district is part of the Middle constituency, which elects two Members to the House of Keys.
The part of the historic parish which falls under the Borough of Douglas elects MHKs to the separate Douglas constituencies.
Geography
Braddan is an elongated parish, stretching from Druidale in the north to Port Soderick in the south. It is nearly 10 miles (16 km) from north to south, but less than wide in two places. It borders the parishes of Michael and Lezayre in the north, German, Marown and Onchan in the middle and Santon in the south. The name Braddan is another form of Brendan, an Irish saint and patron of voyagers.
The northern end of the parish is mountainous and uninhabited. The southern end is flatter and includes the village of Union Mills and nearby residential areas bordering Douglas to the west and north-west.
The Middle River runs through the parish in the Kewaigue - Oakhill area in the south, where the original Fairy Bridge can be found.
The parish church (Kirk Braddan, 1876) is by John Loughborough Pearson. The former parish church (Old Kirk Braddan, 1777) contains some ancient crosses.
Hampton Court House, near Port Soderick, was built c. 1800 by Thomas Stowell, a leading Manx advocate who became acting Attorney General in 1796 and Clerk of Rolls in 1804.
Demographics
The Isle of Man census of 2016 returned a parish population of 3,621, an increase of 1% from the figure of 3,586 in 2011. However, there has been a decline in population since then, as evidenced by the Isle of Man census of 2021, which recorded a population of 3,404.
Eccesiastical parish
The ecclesiastical parish of Braddan formerly comprised the parish district of Braddan (above) and almost the whole of the present borough of Douglas. The ecclesiastical parishes of St George, St Barnabas (now merged with St George), St Matthew, St Thomas and St Ninian, Douglas were established in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the only parts of the borough now remaining in the ecclesiastical parish are the Anagh Coar, Ballaughton and Farmhill suburbs. The Baldwin area, with the chapel of St Luke's, was transferred in 1978 to the ecclesiastical parish of Marown (now Marown, Foxdale and Baldwin). On 1 November 2012 an area between the Middle River and Douglas Head was transferred to the parish of St Matthew, and an area between Mount Murray and Port Walberry, including part of the Mount Murray estate, Port Soderick and Quine's Hill, was transferred to the parish of Santan (now Malew and Santan).
References
Braddan Commissioners Website - with photogallery and in depth information.
Manxnotebook Braddan Detail about Manx parishes and description of the parish.
Manxnotebook - Braddan – with full description of the parish and photographs
Manxnotebook Kirk Braddan Antiquities
Isle of Man Building Control Districts – showing parish boundaries
Glenology - Manx Glens An ongoing study of Manx glens, their locations and meanings
Kirk Braddan and Old Kirk Braddan
Parishes of the Isle of Man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddan
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is a 3D fighting video game produced by SNK and is a spin-off of the Fatal Fury series of fighting games. The game was released in Japanese arcades on January 28, 1999. It was one of the last games released for the Hyper Neo Geo 64 system board. It was ported to the Sony PlayStation on June 24 in Japan and November 30 in North America. The game was re-released as a downloadable game for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable via the PlayStation Network in Japan on April 25, 2007.
The game re-tells the story of the original Fatal Fury video game. It introduces Toji Sakata and Tsugumi Sendo to the series, and places Mai Shiranui, Kim Kaphwan, and Li Xiangfei as participants of the original King of Fighters tournament. Ryuji Yamazaki also appears as a mid-boss character and Ryo Sakazaki makes an appearance as Mr. Karate, tying the events of Art of Fighting 2 to this game.
Gameplay
Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition is a 3D fighting game, although the gameplay is similar to that of a 2D fighting game. The button layout for controls are similar to Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, but includes a new move called the Axis Shift. This feature allows players to move their characters left or right using 3D movement. Characters attack using punches, kicks and heavy attacks. Every character also has an assortment of Special Moves and Desperation Moves (now called Super Power Attacks). Super Power Attacks can be performed only when the player's Health Meter is flashing red and does not use the Heat Meter.
Much like in Real Bout Fatal Fury 2, players are able to perform throws, counterattacks and pursuit attacks; they can also taunt and recover quickly after being knocked out.
Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition replaces the Power Meter from Real Bout Fatal Fury 2 with the Heat Meter. The Heat Meter starts at 50% full at the beginning of every match, although it can change between rounds of the same match. Players fill the meter by attacking or taunting their opponent, but taking damage or being thrown decreases the gauge. If a player takes damage but their opponent stops attacking them, the meter will rise to 50% again. When the player fills the Heat Meter, the message "MAX OK" will appear. Players may then perform an Overdrive Power or a Heat Blow. The Heat Meter will be close to empty if either move is used; this can also happen if the player takes too much damage or performs numerous counterattacks. If this happens, a Danger message will appear. If a player takes too much damage with a nearly empty Heat Meter, the player will overheat. This causes the player to get dizzy, becoming vulnerable to the opponent's attack.
A new feature introduced in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition allows a player to block an attack at the moment it hits, which causes no damage, while the offensive opponent is pushed away.
A novel attack introduced in Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition is the unblockable Heat Blow. A player may stun or launch the opponent into the air and then perform a Heat Blow while being attacked by the opponent to interrupt their attacks. Using a Heat Blow decreases the Heat Meter when the user is close to Danger state.
Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition changes Potential Power (shortened to P. Power in-game) attacks and renames them Overdrive Power. Overdrive Power attacks work differently from the P. Power attacks of the old games. The player can perform Overdrive Power attacks once the Heat Meter is full, regardless of how much health the player has. Using Overdrive Power decreases the Heat Meter close to the Danger point.
Characters
Wild Ambition features 10 playable characters in its arcade roster, plus two hidden characters. These characters were made available by default in the PlayStation version, which added two additional secret characters for a total of 14. New characters first introduced in Wild Ambition are marked in bold.
Reception
The PlayStation version received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 25 out of 40. Also in Japan, Game Machine listed the arcade version in their March 15, 1999 issue as being the third most-successful arcade game of the month.
References
External links
Official website
1999 video games
3D fighting games
Arcade video games
Fatal Fury
Fighting games
Hyper Neogeo 64 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Video game remakes
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in Thailand
Video games set in Norway
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in South Korea
Video games set in Hong Kong
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in China
Video games developed in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20Fury%3A%20Wild%20Ambition
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The National League for Liberty in Vaccination () is a French anti-vaccine advocacy organization which opposes all government vaccine requirements. It was formed in 1954 to oppose tuberculosis vaccines. The organization denies the benefits of vaccinations while promoting misinformation about their dangers.
History
The LNPLV refers to a tradition from the end of the 19th century, "the Universal League of Antivaccinators" (or "the International League of Antivaccinators" founded by the Belgian ophthalmologist, Dr Hubert Boëns (1825-1898) in 1880), which represented a scholarly "anti-vaccinism" bringing together only doctors and personalities, holding international congresses (Cologne 1881, Charleroi 1885). The action of this current aimed to postpone the obligation of vaccination against smallpox in France (Liouville 1880 bill) until the vote of the law of 1902.
Under the title of National League against the obligation of vaccinations, the association was founded in 1954, by a merger of three groups opposed to the vaccination obligation extended to BCG in 1950:
“Health and Freedom” League, founded in 1948 by of the Natural History Museum;
Association of Parents of Vaccination Victims;
people from the “” movement, led by .
The founder is Marcel Lemaire, father and non-doctor, who refused BCG for his child in 1952, and who was fined.
The association also brings together hygienist movements advocating fasting, vegetarianism... as well as the current of . The magazine of the association then bore the title Vaccination or Health until 1966, to become Health, freedom and vaccinations.
References
Bibliography
.
External links
French web site for the Ligue nationale pour la liberté des vaccinations
Anti-vaccination organizations
Medical and health organizations based in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20League%20for%20Liberty%20in%20Vaccination
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Pacific Coast High School (PCHS) is a public high school in Tustin, California, United States. It is part of the Orange County Department of Education.
References
External links
High schools in Orange County, California
Public high schools in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Coast%20High%20School
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Ubley is a small village and civil parish within the Chew Valley in Bath and North East Somerset about south of Bristol. It is just south-east of Blagdon Lake, just off the A368 between Compton Martin and Blagdon.
History
There is some evidence of a burial tumulus from neolithic times above Ubley.
In a charter of King Edgar, between 959 and 975 the name of the village was recorded as Hubbanlege.
Ubley was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Tumbeli, meaning 'The rolling meadow' from the Old English tumb and leah. An alternative explanation is that it comes from Ubba's leah or clearing in the woodland. A further explanation of the name is that in Roman times when Charterhouse Roman Town was producing lead and silver it was known as Veb, and as V and U are interchangeable in Latin, Ubley derives from Veb-ley, and was originally a settlement where Romano-British lead miners lived.
The parish was part of the hundred of Chewton.
Mining for ochre and manganese took place during the 19th century.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.
Ubley is part of the Chew Valley South Ward, which is represented by one councillor on the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, Trading Standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service.
Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Clutton Rural District.
The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Geography
The village lies under the northern slopes of the Mendip Hills within the Chew Valley about 8 miles south of Bristol and 10 miles from Bath. It is just south-east of Blagdon Lake and between Blagdon Lake and Chew Valley Lake.
Demography
According to the 2001 Census, the Chew Valley South Ward (which includes Nempnett Thrubwell) had 1,032 residents, living in 411 households, with an average age of 42.1 years. Of these, 74% of residents described their health as 'good', 20% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.7% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 22,950 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived.
Landmarks
War memorial
The village war memorial is 2.5 metres high and has a three-stepped base. It commemorates the five people from the village who died in World War I.
Village hall
The modern village hall is the venue for Blagdon Rainbow Guides and Brownies on a Monday during term time as well as the monthly Ubley Publey and annual Chew Valley Beer Festival.
Grade II listed buildings
Transport
Ubley lies on the A368 between Compton Martin and Blagdon, although the village centre is north of the main road and served only by minor roads.
Education
In the village is a primary school
Religious sites
The village has a small medieval church, the Church of St Bartholomew originating from the 13th century with later additions. The church has no fixed pews. Features include a Jacobean pulpit and a chained copy of the 'Paraphrases of Erasmus' dated 1552. The church is a Grade I listed building.
References
External links
Map of Ubley circa 1900
Mendip Hills
Civil parishes in Somerset
Villages in Bath and North East Somerset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubley
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Kewaigue is an area, hill and school near White Hoe in the parish of Braddan, near to Douglas, Isle of Man
References
Gov.im Education Kewaigue school
Photographs
White Hoe, Kewaigue, Braddan - The famous Okells Brewery
White Hoe (at Ellenbrook), Kewaigue- The new bridge and old "Snotty Bridge".
Geography of the Isle of Man
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewaigue
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Huntingdonian may relate to:
Huntingdon, a town in England
Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, a group of evangelical churches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdonian
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(KOF 2002, or KOF '02) is a fighting game developed by Eolith and published by Eolith and Playmore for the Neo Geo in 2002. It is the ninth game in The King of Fighters series and the second one to be produced by Eolith. The game was ported to the Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, and the Xbox, where in the PS2 and Xbox versions were released in North America in a two-in-one bundle with the following game in the series, The King of Fighters 2003. The Dreamcast port was released only in Japan, it was also the last game in the series to be officially released for the Japanese Dreamcast.
SNK Playmore produced a remake titled The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match (KOF 2002UM) for the PlayStation 2, which was released on February 26, 2009, in Japan only, the last in the series for the Japanese PlayStation 2, and the game later received its first worldwide release on Xbox Live Arcade on November 3, 2010. A port of the Xbox Live Arcade release was later released on Steam on February 27, 2015.
Gameplay
The King of Fighters 2002 discards the 4-on-4 "Striker Match" format used in the previous three games in the series and returns to the 3-on-3 Battle format originally used in the series up until KOF '98.
The game also revamps the Power Gauge system into a format similar to the one used in The King of Fighters '97. Like the previous games in the series, the Power Gauge is filled as the player attacks the opponent or performs Special Moves during a battle. The number of Power Gauges the player can stock up is increased by one with each member of the team. For example, the first member of the team can stock up to three Power Gauges, while the third member can stock up to five. A single Power Gauge stock can be used to either perform a Counterattack and Evasion technique while guarding an opponent's attack, use a Super Special Move, or initiate the MAX Activation state. The same case also applies to the 1-on-1 format, where the Power Gauge the player can stock up is also increased by one with each round loss. For example, on the first round, the player can stock up to three Power Gauges, while losing two rounds allows the player to stock up to five.
During MAX Activation, the player's offensive and defensive strength is increased for a short period and can cancel any attack into another player. In this state, a Super Special Move can be used without consuming a Power Gauge stock. There are also MAX Super Special Moves, which are Super moves that can only be performed during MAX Activation with one Power Gauge stock, and MAX2 moves that require two stocks while low on health.
Characters
Just like The King of Fighters '98, the game has no storyline since the NESTS story arc has already concluded in the previous game, The King of Fighters 2001. Instead, a "Dream Match" is included featuring characters from all the previous games in the series. In addition to the recurring teams from the series, including the original Japan Team, the game also features a series of teams representing each of the previous game series from The King of Fighters '96 to The King of Fighters 2001. Omega Rugal returns as the final boss as well. However, not all the characters from the previous games are featured, and series' regulars such as King and Shingo Yabuki are absent from the Neo Geo version for the first time since their first appearance. The Dreamcast version of the game, nevertheless, features King and Shingo, while three additional characters from SVC Chaos: SNK vs. Capcom, namely Geese Howard, Goenitz, and Orochi Iori, are included in the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions. Several characters have been redrawn, most notably the Orochi Team, representing The King of Fighters '98.
Japan Team
Kyo Kusanagi
Benimaru Nikaido
Goro Daimon
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Andy Bogard
Joe Higashi
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Takuma Sakazaki
Ikari Team
Leona Heidern
Ralf Jones
Clark Still
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Sie Kensou
Chin Gentsai
Women Fighters Team
Mai Shiranui
Yuri Sakazaki
May Lee
Korea Team
Kim Kaphwan
Chang Koehan
Choi Bounge
Yagami Team
Iori Yagami
Mature
Vice
Outlaw Team ('97 Special Team)
Ryuji Yamazaki
Blue Mary
Billy Kane
Orochi Team / Awakened Orochi Team
Yashiro Nanakase / Orochi Yashiro
Shermie / Orochi Shermie
Chris / Orochi Chris
K' Team
K′
Maxima
Whip
Agent Team
Vanessa
Seth
Ramón
NESTS Team
Kula Diamond
K9999
Ángel
Single entry
Geese Howard
Goenitz
Orochi Iori
King
Kusanagi
Omega Rugal
Shingo Yabuki
Unlimited Match
A remake of KOF 2002, The King of Fighters 2002: Unlimited Match (KOF 2002UM) was released on February 26, 2009 for the PlayStation 2 in Japan and on November 3, 2010 for Xbox Live Arcade. The PlayStation 2 version also includes a port of the original The King of Fighters 2002 Neo Geo version. The game was later ported to Steam on February 27, 2015, and PlayStation 4 on February 8, 2021. A physical release was set for late Spring 2021. This remake features new characters, stages, music and artwork, as well as system and roster rebalancing.
Unlimited Match has 66 characters in total, making it the series' largest roster to date. There are 44 characters from The King of Fighters 2002, 16 characters from the NESTS arc, including King and Shingo, and six hidden characters, including additional characters from the previous console versions with the exception of Orochi Iori and particularly K9999, which is a character conceived as a pastiche of Tetsuo Shima from the manga Akira. Instead, a new character called was designed to take his place in the game and features most of K9999's special techniques with altered effects.
In November 2020, the Steam version of the game was updated with rollback netcode, allowing for higher quality online play. The PlayStation 4 version was released with this same rollback netcode. In January 2022, the PC version was patched with spectating lobbies and additional improvements.
Several teams have been re-arranged for Unlimited Match to account for the additional characters, as indicated below; characters added to this version are marked in italics.
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Yuri Sakazaki
Psycho Soldier Team
Athena Asamiya
Sie Kensou
Bao
Women Fighters Team
King
Mai Shiranui
Kasumi Todoh
Masters Team
Heidern
Takuma Sakazaki
Chin Gentsai
NESTS Team
Kula Diamond
Ángel
Foxy
East Asian Triple Alliance Team
Jhun Hoon
Shingo Yabuki
Lin
Pretty Girl Fighters Team
May Lee Jinju
Hinako Shijo
Li Xiangfei
Cloned Kyo Team
Kusanagi
Kyo-1
Kyo-2
Bosses
Krizalid
Cloned Zero
Original Zero
Igniz
Single Entry
Nameless
Sie Kensou (99 - 2000 "Psychic Powerless" version)
Takuma Sakazaki ('''99 - 2001 "Classic" version)
Robert Garcia (99 - 2000 "Charge" version)
Nightmare GeeseReception and legacy
During its release week, the game sold 19,000 copies in Japan. In Issue 114 from Arcadia, the game was featured at ninth in its Top Ten Video Games'' list. Critical reception to the game was positive due to its large number of playable characters, although mixed opinions were given to its aging graphics. In addition, despite lacking a plot, the large interaction between characters was praised for adding depth to the game. The game has generally been considered one of the most popular games in the franchise in Latin America.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match website
Official The King of Fighters 2002 website
2002 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Dreamcast games
Fighting games
Fighting games used at the Super Battle Opera tournament
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
NESiCAxLive games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
SNK Playmore games
The King of Fighters games
Video games developed in South Korea
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Video games set in Cambodia
Video games set in China
Video games set in Greece
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in South Korea
Video games set in Taiwan
Video games set in the Netherlands
Video games set in the United States
Video games with AI-versus-AI modes
Windows games
Xbox games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox One games
UTV Ignition Games games
Hamster Corporation games
Dotemu games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%202002
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(KOF 2003, or KOF '03), also known by fans as , is a fighting game produced by SNK Playmore for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms in 2003. It is the tenth game in The King of Fighters series and the last one released for the Neo Geo, which served as the primary platform for the series since The King of Fighters '94. It was ported to the PlayStation 2 and Xbox (in North America and Japan only and it was not compatible with the Xbox 360), and was released on both consoles in North America in a two-in-one bundle with the preceding game in the series, The King of Fighters 2002.
The game uses a 3-on-3 Tag Battle format in which players can change characters in the middle of a fight. Each team has one leader with access to a Leader Super Special Move. The narrative of the game involves a new tournament set by "R" with two parallel bosses serving as final bosses. The game is notable for starting the story arc of newcomer Ash Crimson, with the story arc itself titled the "Tales of Ash". Falcoon worked as the main illustrator. Critical reception to this game has been mixed due to the major change of the regular gameplay associated with the series.
Gameplay
The 3-on-3 Team Battle format is used once again, just like in past editions. It also uses a Multi-Shift format that allows players to change characters in the middle of a fight, similar to that was used in Kizuna Encounter. When the "Change OK" sign is displayed above the Power Gauge, the player can do a Quick Shift and change characters immediately, or perform a Switch-Off Attack against the opponent that will consume one Power Gauge stock.
The game also features a Tactical Leader System, in which one of the members of the team is designated as the Leader. The chosen Leader has access to an exclusive move known as the "Leader Super Special Move" (in addition to the regular "Super Special Moves"). However, this usually requires two Power Gauge stocks to be able to perform it.
As in the last game in the series, the players' Power Gauge can hold up to 3 stocks at the beginning of a match. Unlike the previous game, however, the player starts with a full gauge of three stocks right away. When one team loses one of its members, the maximum capacity of Power Gauge stocks is increased by one, giving the losing team a handicap against the opposing team. In addition, unlike the previous KOF games, each hit only earns the player 100 points.
The King of Fighters 2003's sequel, The King of Fighters XI would go on to use its mechanics in its gameplay.
Plot
Taking place two years after the events of The King of Fighters 2001, a new KOF tournament has been announced, being sponsored by an unknown patron whose identity becomes a matter of public interest in the country. The tournament establishes a new set of rules, including the Multi-Shift System that enables fighters to tag out at any given time and the competition itself, consisting of both veterans and newcomers once again takes place and being shown around the world. The narrative is divided depending on the player's actions against the mid-boss Kusanagi, a clone of the returning veteran Kyo Kusanagi. An alternate path following Kusanagi's defeat has the player facing off against a young man named Adelheid Bernstein who is accompanied by his young sister Rose, with the two of them being the children of the notorious Rugal Bernstein. Once Adelheid is defeated, Rose threatens the winner, only to be stopped by Adelheid who tells her to let them go as they won fairly. Within the true ending path, it is revealed that Kusanagi was created by Chizuru Kagura as an attempt to test the winner. Chizuru and her undead sister Maki soon challenge the player to a boss fight. Following the Kagura sisters' defeat, a woman named Botan reveals herself as the one who had brainwashed Chizuru and that both Botan and her partner Mukai are the true masterminds behind the 2003 tournament, with the latter serving as the true ending final boss. Despite being defeated, Mukai claims success for his unknown superior, having weakened the seal of the ancient demon Orochi and while both Mukai and Botan escape, Ash Crimson attacks a weakened Chizuru and steals the Yata Mirror from her, warning Iori Yagami that he's his next target.
Characters
Ash Team (Hero Team)
Ash Crimson (New Character)
Duo Lon (New Character)
Shen Woo (New Character)
Fatal Fury Team
Terry Bogard
Joe Higashi
Tizoc (New Character)
Art of Fighting Team
Ryo Sakazaki
Robert Garcia
Yuri Sakazaki
Korea Team
Kim Kaphwan
Chang Koehan
Jhun Hoon
Ikari Team
Leona Heidern
Ralf Jones
Clark Still
Outlaw Team
Gato (New Character)
Billy Kane
Ryuji Yamazaki
Women Fighters Team
King
Mai Shiranui
Blue Mary
Benimaru Team (New Japan Team)
Benimaru Nikaido
Shingo Yabuki
Goro Daimon
High School Girls Team (New Psycho Soldier Team)
Athena Asamiya
Hinako Shijou
Malin (New Character)
K′ Team
K′
Maxima
Whip
Three Sacred Treasures Team
Kyo Kusanagi (Single Entry)
Iori Yagami (Single Entry)
Chizuru Kagura (hidden in Arcade and Neo-Geo AES version; True Ending Sub-Boss with Maki Kagura)
Bosses
Kusanagi (hidden in Arcade version; Mid-Boss)
Maki Kagura (NPC in Arcade version; True Ending Sub-Boss with Chizuru Kagura)
Adelheid Bernstein (New Character; Alternate Ending Final Boss)
Mukai (New Character; True Ending Final Boss)
Development
The game was first revealed in Tokyo Game Show 2003, originally planned to be developed on the Atomiswave hardware before settling on the Neo-Geo MVS hardware. In North America the game was released alongside The King of Fighters 2002 for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The game was solely released for Switch on February 21, 2019. As the first chapter of a new story arc, Ash was designed as an "attractive evil character", in contrast to previous King of Fighters heroes. Due to Ash's late appearance in The King of Fighters 2003, the staff joked that teammate Shen Woo seemed more like the series' main character than Ash did. The two boss characters, Adelheid and Mukai, had no problems during their designs with the former being the last added to expand the narrative of the series. While Kusanagi was first introduced in The King of Fighters 2002 without a plot focused around him, KOF 2003 gave him the idea of being a clone of Kyo Kusanagi created by Chizuru Kagura while also intending to include his school uniform highly
popular within Kyo's fans.
The series inspired a manhua with the same name. In China the series was divided into two halves: The King of Fighters 2003 composed of five issues, and The King of Fighters 03: Xenon Zero (拳皇 XENON ZERO) composed of eight issues. The two series were combined for the North American release under the name of The King of Fighters 2003. In July 2004, ComicsOne licensed the series with its first volume tying the release of a new video game and kept publishing it after their transition to DrMaster.
Reception
The game got a 7.1 score by Famitsu. DefunctGames gave it a B+ praising the new gameplay style gave the series a major change. New character Tizoc was noted by Kotaku for appealing South American fans based on him being wrestler. Eurogamer was negative believing, previous SNK fighting game like The King of Fighters 2002 offered a better cast and that the new gameplay system would confuse newcomers. Nevertheless, the reviewer commented that the new Garou: Mark of the Wolves fighters introduced in 2003 would also appeal to players similar to Kotaku. HardcoreGaming101 believed the new gameplay features, cast and artwork were interesting but the sequel, The King of Fighters XI, easily fixed most of its issues.
Notes
References
External links
The King of Fighters 2003 at GameFAQs
The King of Fighters 2003 at Giant Bomb
The King of Fighters 2003 at Killer List of Videogames
The King of Fighters 2003 at MobyGames
The King of Fighters 2002/2003 at MobyGames
2003 video games
2D fighting games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
Fighting games
Fighting games used at the Super Battle Opera tournament
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
SNK Playmore games
Tag team videogames
The King of Fighters games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Masahiko Hataya
Video games set in China
Video games set in Egypt
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Korea
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in New Zealand
Video games set in the Czech Republic
Xbox games
Xbox One games
UTV Ignition Games games
Hamster Corporation games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20King%20of%20Fighters%202003
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NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a network protocol for establishing network address translation (NAT) settings and port forwarding configurations automatically without user effort. The protocol automatically determines the external IPv4 address of a NAT gateway, and provides means for an application to communicate the parameters for communication to peers. Apple introduced NAT-PMP in 2005 by as part of the Bonjour specification, as an alternative to the more common ISO Standard Internet Gateway Device Protocol implemented in many NAT routers. The protocol was published as an informational Request for Comments (RFC) by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 6886.
NAT-PMP runs over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and uses port number 5351. It has no built-in authentication mechanisms because forwarding a port typically does not allow any activity that could not also be achieved using STUN methods. The benefit of NAT-PMP over STUN is that it does not require a STUN server and a NAT-PMP mapping has a known expiration time, allowing the application to avoid sending inefficient keep-alive packets.
NAT-PMP is the predecessor to the Port Control Protocol (PCP).
See also
Port Control Protocol (PCP)
Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
NAT traversal
STUN
Zeroconf
References
Apple Inc. services
Network protocols
Network address translation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT%20Port%20Mapping%20Protocol
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