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Destrehan Plantation () is an antebellum mansion, in the French Colonial style, modified with Greek Revival architectural elements. It is located in southeast Louisiana, near the town of the same name, Destrehan.
During the 19th century, the plantation was a major producer of indigo and then sugarcane. The home is most commonly associated with its second owner, Jean-Noël Destréhan, who served briefly as the first United States Senator from Louisiana in 1812. He was influential in the transition of the Orleans Territory to statehood.
The house is a unique example of a plantation home outliving the oil refinery that had been built around it. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural quality and association with important people and events in Louisiana history.
History
Robert Antoine Robin de Logny ( -1792)
One of the oldest homes in Louisiana, Destrehan Plantation was constructed beginning in 1787 and completed in 1790, during the period of Spanish rule. Robert Antoine Robin de Logny contracted with Charles Pacquet, a mulatto carpenter, to build a raised house in the West Indies or Creole style, with outbuildings to support his indigo plantation. Pacquet was given the use of six slaves to construct the home. When the work was completed, Charles Pacquet received the following remuneration: "one brute negro," a cow and a calf, 100 bushels each of corn and rice, and $100 in cash. The building contract, still on file at the St. Charles Parish courthouse in Hahnville, makes the Destrehan Plantation house the oldest documented house in the lower Mississippi River Valley.
Jean-Noël Destréhan (1754–1823)
Upon Robin de Logny's death in December 1792, the plantation was purchased at auction by his son-in-law, Jean Noël Destréhan, who had married Marie-Claude Céleste Eléonore Robin de Logny (1770–1824), in 1786. The Destréhans had a total of 14 children, which required the addition of two semi-detached wings, or garçonnières, for their sons and the enclosure of the ground floor.
In the 1790s due to crop failures and indigo blight, Destréhan began cultivating sugarcane, after his brother-in-law, Étienne de Boré, perfected the granulation of sugar to make it a profitable cash crop. Destrehan Plantation became the leading sugar producer in St. Charles Parish in 1803.
After the Louisiana Purchase, when the former colony had become a U.S. territory, the Destrehan Plantation was involved in a major slave revolt, the 1811 German Coast Uprising. Jean-Noël Destrehan was appointed to the parish tribunal by Judge Pierre Bauchet St. Martin, as one of five or six men who were to interrogate the accused rebels.
Three swift trials were conducted, one in St. John the Baptist Parish, one at Destrehan Plantation (St. Charles Parish), and the third in New Orleans (Orleans Parish). Local justice was yet based on the traditional French system, which did not provide for a fair and impartial trial or an opportunity for appeal of a court's ruling. (In addition, the judges were slave owners.)
The Destrehan tribunal resulted in the immediate execution of eighteen rebels (reportedly by firing squad), including at three of Jean-Noël's former slaves.
Stephen Henderson (1773–1838)
Ownership changed again after Jean-Noël Destréhan's death in 1823. Two years later, his son-in-law Stephen Henderson bought the plantation from the estate. Henderson was an immigrant from Scotland, who had arrived in the United States penniless but became an extremely wealthy entrepreneur. In 1816, he had married Marie Eléonore "Zelia" Destréhan, who was 16 years old at the time of her marriage; Henderson was 42. Destrehan Plantation was Zelia's childhood home. Zelia died in 1830, childless; and a grief-stricken Henderson died eight years later.
Henderson's will was quite controversial in its time, as it stipulated that all his slaves be freed; and for those that desired, they would be given transport to Liberia. For those who stayed, a factory was to be set up for the freed slaves to manufacture shoes and clothes, and 25 years after his death a city was to be laid out on the grounds of the plantation and named Dunblane. The family contested the will; and after 12 years in litigation and an appeal to the Louisiana Supreme Court, the will was set aside based on a legal technicality.
Pierre Adolphe Rost (1797–1868)
Pierre Adolphe Rost, a justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court from 1845 to 1853, purchased the plantation from the Henderson estate in 1839. He and his wife, Louise Odile Destréhan, another daughter of Jean-Noël Destréhan, began to remodel the house in the then-popular Greek Revival style. Doors and windows were trimmed in Greek Revival details, the wood columns of the façade were encased in plastered brick, and the rear gallery was enclosed to create an entrance foyer. Also, removed from the rear gallery, winding staircases were re-installed in the center hall; and on the exterior, the stucco was scored to resemble stone.
Upon the advent of the American Civil War, Rost offered his services to the Confederate States of America and was assigned as the C.S.A.'s diplomatic representative in Spain, where he stayed with his family for most of the war. After the Civil War ended in 1865, the plantation was seized by the Freedmen's Bureau, and the Rost Home Colony was established. The plan was for the freedmen to have access to medical and educational aid, in addition to working for wages or for a portion of the harvested crops. The Rost Home Colony was the most successful of those created in Louisiana and provided a profit to the Bureau.
Also in 1865, Pierre Rost returned from Europe, with a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, and demanded his property back. The Colony existed for an additional year, paying Rost rent, with the last colonist departing in December 1866.
Pierre Rost died in 1868 and his wife and son, Emile Rost, continued to live at Destrehan Plantation. Emile Rost sold the plantation in 1910, to the Destrehan Planting and Manufacturing Company, ending family ownership of the estate after 123 years.
American Oil Company
In 1914, the Mexican Petroleum Company, a predecessor of the American Oil Company, bought the property and built an oil refinery. The company tore down the ancillary buildings around the manor house and built employee housing. The mansion itself was used in a variety of ways including as a clubhouse. In 1959, American Oil tore down the refinery, abandoning the site; the following 12 years brought rapid decay for Destrehan Plantation house.
Due in part to an old legend that the privateer Jean Lafitte had hidden treasure in the house, treasure-seekers left gaping holes in the walls. Vandals also stripped the building of its Italian-marble mantels, cypress paneling, Spanish-style ceramic tiles, and glass window panes. Fortunately, a local sheriff prevented the theft of the plantation's original 1840s iron entrance gates and a marble bathtub, rumored to be a gift from Napoleon Bonaparte to the family.
River Road Historical Society
In 1971, American Oil donated the house and of land to the River Road Historical Society, a nonprofit organization. The oil company continued its support in 1990 by donating monies for the installation of a fire sprinkler system and new roof, as well as gifting an additional of surrounding land.
Through its volunteer efforts, the historical society was able to raise sufficient funds to halt the process of decay at the former plantation, restoring the house and grounds to their former beauty. Recent efforts have focused on authentically re-creating the plantation community which would have surrounded the manor house.
Destrehan Plantation is open daily for guided tours, which interpret the lives of the plantation's former residents — both free and enslaved. Period crafts such as dyeing with indigo, candle-making, and open-hearth cooking are demonstrated on most days.
Destrehan Plantation in popular culture
Destrehan Plantation was used as a location in the following feature films and television shows:
Feature films
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
Lemonade - Portions of Beyoncé's film were recorded at Destrehan Plantation (2016)
Television shows
Flip My Food with Chef Jeff (2015)
NCIS: New Orleans (2015)
Ravenswood (2013)
Source:
See also
1811 German Coast Uprising
History of Louisiana
History of slavery in Louisiana
List of plantations in Louisiana
List of the oldest buildings in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana
Slavery in the colonial United States
Slavery in the United States
References
External links
Louisiana State Museum Map Database, Destrehan Plantation
Freedmen's Bureau, LA - Rost Home Colony
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Plantation houses in Louisiana
Sugar plantations in Louisiana
Historic house museums in Louisiana
Houses in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Museums in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
French colonial architecture
Greek Revival houses in Louisiana
Antebellum architecture
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Tourist attractions in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana
Colonial architecture in Louisiana
Amoco
Houses completed in 1790
1790 establishments in the Spanish Empire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destrehan%20Plantation
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Sigurd Anderson (January 22, 1904December 21, 1990) was the 19th Governor of South Dakota. Anderson, a Republican from Webster, South Dakota, served in that office from 1951 to 1955.
Early life and education
Anderson was born at Frolands Verk, a rural community near Arendal, in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway and came to the United States at age three with his family to settle in Lincoln County, South Dakota. Sigurd became a United States citizen at age eight, when his father became a naturalized citizen. Anderson graduated from the Canton Lutheran Normal, in Canton, South Dakota, and enrolled at South Dakota State College. During his first school year, Anderson suffered from scarlet fever, which prevented his return to college the following fall. In order to secure funds to continue his education, Anderson worked as a farm hand and taught rural school at Kruger #1 school house in Kingsbury County. In 1928, Anderson enrolled at the University of South Dakota, and graduated in 1931 with cum laude honors and a B.A. degree and went on to earn his LL.B degree from University of South Dakota School of Law. In 1937, he married Vivian Walz of Vermillion and began practicing law in Webster. Their daughter, Kristin Karen, was born during Anderson's administration.
Career
Anderson twice served as Day County state's attorney and as an assistant attorney general in the state capital, Pierre. Before he was elected governor he served two terms as South Dakota Attorney General, 1947–1951.
1946 Attorney General election
On July 9, 1946, at the Republican convention, Anderson defeated I.R. Erickson of Vermillion; Anderson received 72,220 votes to 68,695 votes for Erickson.
In the general election, Anderson defeated Democrat Albert F. Ulmer by a count of 106,502 votes to 50,480 votes.
1948 Attorney General election
In 1948, Anderson was re-nominated without opposition at the Republican convention in Pierre.
In the general election, Anderson was re-elected as Attorney General by defeating D.C. Walsh by a 137,370 to 99,724 vote margin.
Gubernatorial administration
Anderson's re-election in 1952 marked the first time a candidate for South Dakota governor received more than 200,000 votes in a general election. This was not accomplished again until Mike Rounds' reelection in 2006, over fifty years later. It was during Anderson's administration that the Legislative Research Council was established. It was also during this time that the state had a debt-free status—the first time in 40 years.
After his service as governor, he served as a commissioner on the Federal Trade Commission.
In 1964, Anderson once again announced his candidacy for governor, but lost the GOP gubernatorial primary to Nils Boe, who won the general election. Boe appointed Anderson to fill a vacancy as a circuit judge, from which position Anderson retired in 1975.
Death and legacy
Anderson died on December 21, 1990, and was interred in Webster Cemetery, Webster, South Dakota.
He received dozens of professional and political honors and was a member of numerous organizations. He was a member of the Lutheran Church, Masonic Lodge and affiliated bodies, Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, Delta Theta Phi fraternity, Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity, Veterans of Foreign Wars and many others. The Sigurd Anderson airport in Webster, South Dakota is named in his honor.
See also
List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
References
External links
National Governors Association
1904 births
1990 deaths
Politicians from Arendal
Norwegian emigrants to the United States
American Lutherans
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
South Dakota Attorneys General
District attorneys in South Dakota
People from Lincoln County, South Dakota
People from Webster, South Dakota
University of South Dakota School of Law alumni
University of South Dakota alumni
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Lutherans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd%20Anderson
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John Thomas O'Sullivan (born August 25, 1979) is an American former professional gridiron football quarterback who played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL), two seasons in NFL Europe and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for UC Davis, where he was a three-year starter and threw for career totals of 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns. He was named a First-team All-American in 2000 and a Second-team All-American in 2001. He was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008.
O'Sullivan was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He also spent time with 10 other NFL teams: the Green Bay Packers, Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, New England Patriots, Carolina Panthers, Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers, Cincinnati Bengals, San Diego Chargers, and Oakland Raiders. He was a backup for the majority of his NFL career but began the 2008 season as the starter for the 49ers. He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe in 2004 and 2007, leading the Galaxy to the World Bowl each year. He earned All-NFL Europa and NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVP honors in 2007. O'Sullivan spent the final season of his professional career as a backup for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL.
He later went into coaching and was also the former head football coach of Patrick Henry High School (San Diego, California) from 2019 to 2021.
Early life
O'Sullivan (born in Burbank, California) attended Jesuit High School in Carmichael, California, where he played football and baseball. In football, he was a two-time All-Metro League selection and led his school to a Sac-Joaquin Section crown in 1995. He was also team captain his senior year. He also set school records for single-season passing yards with 1,794 during his senior year and career passing yards with 3,500. In baseball, he played catcher and earned all-league honors. He had a .450 batting average his senior season. O'Sullivan graduated from Jesuit High School in 1997.
College career
O'Sullivan was a four-year letterman for the UC Davis Aggies, who competed in NCAA Division II at the time, from 1998 to 2001. He was redshirted in 1997 and was a backup his redshirt freshman year in 1998. He was a starter his final three seasons.
As a sophomore in 1999, he completed 208 of 341 passes for 3,217 yards and 26 touchdowns with 16 interceptions. He was also named an Honorable Mention All-American by Don Hansen's Football Gazette and was voted most improved player by his teammates in 1999.
As a junior in 2000, he threw for 3,679 yards and a school single-season record 38 touchdowns passes as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals, where they lost to Bloomsburg by a score of 58–48. He had a 193.85 passer rating and was the only Division II player to receive a Heisman Trophy vote that season. He was named a Third-team Little All-American by the Associated Press, a Second-team All-American by both Don Hansen's Football Gazette and Daktronics, and a First-team All-American by D2Football.com He was also named First-team All-West Region by Daktronics. He was a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain as well. He was co-winner of the Jerry Norris Award in 2000 as the team's most valuable and inspirational player.
As a senior in 2001, he completed 255 of 406 passes for 32 touchdowns and a school single-season record 3,826 yards as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals, where they lost to North Dakota by a score of 14–2. He was named a Second-team All-American by both D2Football.com and Daktronics, and an Honorable Mention All-American by Don Hansen's Football Gazette. For the second year in a row, he was both a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain. He was the first UC Davis player to twice be on the final ballot for the Harlon Hill Trophy. He also won the school's Colby E. "Babe" Slater Award for Male Athlete of Year in 2001. He played in the 2002 East–West Shrine Game.
He completed 669 of 1,070 passes for 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns with 41 interceptions during his college career. He also set the school record for total offense with 11,544 yards.
He set a Division II record for touchdown passes in a playoff game with six, set on November 25, 2000, against Mesa State. He also set a Division II record for most consecutive games with a touchdown pass. He was Chapter President of the Phi Delta Theta chapter at UC Davis as well. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English. O'Sullivan was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008. In 2009, he was the recipient of the school's Young Alumnus Award.
Professional playing career
O'Sullivan had a long career, predominantly in the NFL, as a journeyman quarterback.
New Orleans Saints
O'Sullivan was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 186th overall pick. He signed a three-year contract worth $973,000 with the Saints on July 25, 2002. The deal included a $68,000 signing bonus. He was inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2002. He was released by the Saints on September 16, 2003. He re-signed with the Saints on September 21. He was again inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2003.
Frankfurt Galaxy
O'Sullivan was allocated to NFL Europe on January 27, 2004, where he played for the Frankfurt Galaxy during the 2004 season. He started eight games for the Galaxy in 2004, completing 120 of 196 passes for 1,527 yards, ten touchdowns and five interceptions with a record of 6–2 as the starter. His 91.9 passer rating was also second best in the league. He missed the final two games of the regular season due to his father's death. The Galaxy finished the year with a 7–3 regular season record, which granted them a berth in World Bowl XII. In World Bowl XII, against the Berlin Thunder, O'Sullivan completed 19 of 33 passes for 210 yards and 3 touchdowns with 2 interceptions in the 30–24 loss.
He was inactive as the Saints' third quarterback for the first four games of the 2004 season.
Green Bay Packers
O'Sullivan and a second round pick in the 2005 NFL Draft were traded to the Green Bay Packers for Mike McKenzie on October 4, 2004. After the trade, O'Sullivan was inactive for 11 games as the third quarterback. He then played the first regular season game of his career on January 2, 2005, in the season finale, when he took a knee twice to end the game. He was also inactive for the team's Wild Card Round playoff game. He re-signed with the Packers on April 22, 2005. He was released by the team on September 3, 2005.
Chicago Bears
O'Sullivan was signed to the Chicago Bears' practice squad on September 5, 2005.
Minnesota Vikings
O'Sullivan was signed off the Bears' practice squad by the Minnesota Vikings on November 8, 2005, after Daunte Culpepper suffered a season-ending injury. He was then inactive as the Vikings third quarterback for the final eight games of the season. He was released by the Vikings on September 2, 2006.
New England Patriots
O'Sullivan was signed to the New England Patriots' practice squad on September 5, 2006. He was released by the team on October 2, 2006.
Carolina Panthers
O'Sullivan was signed to the Carolina Panthers' practice squad in December 2006.
Chicago Bears (second stint)
In February 2007, he signed with the Chicago Bears.
Frankfurt Galaxy (second stint)
O'Sullivan was assigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa on February 24, 2007. In 2007, he completed 174 of 254 passes for 2,201 yards, 16 touchdowns, and 7 interceptions with a 104.8 passer rating. He led the league in passer rating and passing yards while also tying Casey Bramlet for the league lead in touchdown passes. O'Sullivan recorded the league's only two 300 passing yards games of the 2007 season and threw for 374 yards in Week 9 against the Hamburg Sea Devils. On June 21, 2007, O'Sullivan and Cologne Centurions running back Derrick Ross were named the 2007 NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVPs. They both earned All-NFL Europa honors as well. O'Sullivan started all ten of the team's games, leading them to a 7–3 record and a berth in World Bowl XV, which the Galaxy lost to the Hamburg Sea Devils by a score of 37–28. He completed 23 of 39 passes for 299 yards and two touchdowns with one interception in World Bowl XV.
O'Sullivan was released by the Bears in July 2007.
Detroit Lions
O'Sullivan signed a one-year contract with the Detroit Lions in July 2007. Due to injuries to Detroit's other two quarterbacks, Dan Orlovsky and starter Jon Kitna, O'Sullivan played the Lions' final two 2007 preseason games in their entirety. O'Sullivan was the primary backup to Kitna in 2007. On September 16, Kitna suffered a concussion early in the second quarter against the Minnesota Vikings and was relieved by O'Sullivan, who was making his second career regular season appearance. O'Sullivan then completed 13 of 24 passes for 148 yards, two interceptions and his first career touchdown, which was a seven-yarder to Calvin Johnson, before Kitna returned to the game midway through the fourth quarter. The Lions won 20–17 in overtime. O'Sullivan played in four games for the Lions in 2007, recording season passing totals of 13 completions, 26 attempts, 148 yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions.
San Francisco 49ers
After hiring O'Sullivan's former offensive coordinator with the Lions, Mike Martz, the San Francisco 49ers signed O'Sullivan to a one-year contract for the veteran's minimum of $645,000 on February 29, 2008. On August 12, head coach Mike Nolan appeared on a local radio show and announced that O'Sullivan had moved into the lead for the 49ers starting quarterback job.
On August 22, Nolan officially declared O'Sullivan as the starting quarterback for the 2008 season. He became the first 49ers quarterback to throw for over 300 yards in a game since 2004 when he completed 20 of 32 passes for 321 yards and a touchdown in a 33–30 win over the Seattle Seahawks on September 14. O'Sullivan completed 16 of 28 passes for 256 yards, one touchdown and two interceptions in a 29–17 loss to the New York Giants on October 19. He was also sacked six times and fumbled four times, but only lost one fumble. Afterwards, Nolan said that the play of O'Sullivan in the Giants game was "disappointing". On October 26, O'Sullivan, after throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown, was benched in favor of Shaun Hill by new head coach Mike Singletary during the second quarter of a game against the Seahawks. O'Sullivan committed three turnovers in total during the Seahawks game, the interception and two fumbles.
At the time of his benching, O'Sullivan and Brett Favre were tied for the league lead in interceptions with 11 and O'Sullivan led the league in fumbles with 11. He also led the league in total turnovers with 11 interceptions and six fumbles lost. O'Sullivan, by himself, had committed more turnovers than any other NFL team at the time of his demotion. The Denver Broncos, New York Jets and Cincinnati Bengals were tied for the second most turnovers with 16. On October 27, Singletary named Hill the starting quarterback. Hill then started the final eight games of the season. O'Sullivan completed 128 of 220 passes for 1,678 yards and eight touchdowns with 11 interceptions during the 2008 season. The 49ers won two out of the eight games that he started. O'Sullivan, despite only starting eight games, was sacked 32 times, which made him tied for eighth in the NFL with Joe Flacco in number of times sacked.
Cincinnati Bengals
An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, O'Sullivan signed a two-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals in March 2009. He was active as the Bengals second quarterback for every regular season game during the 2009 season. He played in three games, completing four of eleven passes for 40 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions. He was also active, but did not play, in the team's AFC wild card game. He was released by the Bengals on September 5, 2010.
San Diego Chargers
After O'Sullivan was cut by the Bengals, the San Diego Chargers claimed him off waivers on September 6, 2010. He was inactive as the Chargers third quarterback for six games. He was released by the team on October 20, 2010. In November 2010, he had workouts with the Miami Dolphins and Detroit Lions.
Oakland Raiders
O'Sullivan was signed by the Oakland Raiders on December 2, 2010, after quarterback Bruce Gradkowski was placed on season-ending injured reserve. He was inactive as the Raiders third quarterback for five games. The Raiders were the last NFL team he played for. He became a free agent in July 2011.
Saskatchewan Roughriders
O'Sullivan was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on April 19, 2012. He was the team's third-string quarterback for most of the season, behind starter Darian Durant and rookie Drew Willy. O'Sullivan dressed for all 18 of the team's games in 2012, but played in just one game, completing nine of fourteen passes for 83 yards and carrying the ball once for four yards. He was released by the team on March 8, 2013.
NFL career statistics
Post-playing career
After working in athletic administration at San Diego State University, where he oversaw NCAA compliance at the school O'Sullivan completed his Ph.D in Leadership studies at the University of San Diego in 2017.
O'Sullivan was hired as the head coach of Patrick Henry High School in San Diego on December 21, 2018. On December 15, 2021, he stepped down as head coach, having accrued a 20-10 record in three seasons. Beginning in 2018, he has hosted The QB School, a Coronado, California-based digital platform where he provides quarterback play analysis.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
1979 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Players of Canadian football from California
American YouTubers
Canadian football quarterbacks
Carolina Panthers players
Chicago Bears players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Detroit Lions players
Frankfurt Galaxy players
Green Bay Packers players
Minnesota Vikings players
New England Patriots players
New Orleans Saints players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Burbank, California
San Diego Chargers players
San Francisco 49ers players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
UC Davis Aggies football players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20T.%20O%27Sullivan
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WBVC may refer to:
WBVC (The CW Plus), a cable/satellite television station in Traverse City, Michigan, United States
WBVC (FM), a defunct radio station (91.1 FM) formerly licensed to Pomfret, Connecticut, United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBVC
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2EL is an Australian radio station, owned by Bill Caralis's Broadcast Operations Group. It is licensed to Orange, New South Wales,
and transmits on 1089kHz on the AM band. BOG purchased the station from AMI during 2005.
The station was opened as 2GZ on 31 October 1935, and vacated by 2GZ on 14 September 1996. 2EL is a relay of BOG's Sydney station 2SM. Tony Wright presents a local show, based in the Orange studios from 12noon to 3pm, Monday to Friday.
External links
Official web site
Official web site
Radio stations in New South Wales
Broadcast Operations Group
Radio stations established in 1935
News and talk radio stations in Australia
Classic hits radio stations in Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2EL
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Baiyin () is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Gansu province, People's Republic of China. Established in the 1950s as a base for mining non-ferrous metals, its mines are becoming exhausted in recent decades, requiring the city to reinvent its economy. Located around from Gansu's capital Lanzhou, it is part of the Lanzhou-Baiyin Economic Belt.
Geography and climate
Baiyin is part loess plateau, part desert. Elevation ranges from above sea-level. The climate is very arid with only of annual precipitation. Annual evaporation is resulting in a net loss of approximately . The Yellow River flows from south to north for through Baiyin.
The area is , of that urban.
Administration
Baiyin has 2 urban districts, 3 counties, 64 townships, 18 towns, and 7 sub-districts with a total population of 1,512,110 as of the 2020 Chinese census, of which 538,514 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts of Baiyin and Pingchuan.
Economy
The Baiyin Nonferrous operates copper, zinc and selenium mines around Baiyin, although these mines are getting exhausted of ore. Financed by development funds, a high-tech park is being built, which is home to a contact lens factory. Pingchuan District and Huining County are the largest coal production bases in Gansu province.
The Yinguang Group, a subsidiary of Norinco, operates a major factory making chemicals for defense and civilian use, the factory was a key project of the first five-year plan.
Transportation
Baiyin is directly served by the Baotou–Lanzhou railway, Honghui railway, China National Highway 109, China National Highway 341 and G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway.
Notable people
Chen Hualan – veterinary virologist
References
External links
Official Website (Chinese)
Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyin
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The Officer Cadet School, Portsea (sometimes referred to as OCS Portsea) was an officer training establishment of the Australian Army. Established at Portsea in Victoria, Australia, in 1951 to provide training to officer cadets prior to commissioning, for many years OCS provided the Australian Regular Army with the bulk of its junior officers. However, following a review of military training establishments in Australia in the mid-1980s, the school was eventually closed in 1985, as the Royal Military College, Duntroon, assumed sole responsibility for training Army officers.
The motto of OCS Portsea was Loyalty and Service, which was chosen by Colonel (later Major General Sir) James Harrison during his time serving as OCS's first Commandant (1952–1954).
Location
OCS Portsea was located at Point Nepean near the mouth of Port Phillip Bay in Victoria, Australia. The land occupied by OCS was originally used as a quarantine station for many years, where newly arrived immigrants were housed before they could be screened for infectious diseases. When the quarantine station closed, the OCS took up the remainder of the land, although upon closure the land was re-allocated to the Army School of Health. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Defence presence on the land ended when the Army School of Health moved to Latchford Barracks, in Bonegilla, Victoria. In June 2009, the land was transferred to the Victorian government and has been incorporated into the Point Nepean National Park. In December 2009, the site was opened to the community as a public park and the Portsea location is now heritage listed, forming part of the greater Point Nepean National Park. Many of the old buildings were retained and some still stand today, having been protected under law. One of the buildings, which was used as a hospital, remains as a museum. OCS Cadets conducted lessons in a building previously used as a mortuary during the operation of the quarantine station. The Regimental Sergeant Major's hut is believed to be one of the oldest buildings in Victoria.
History
The Officer Cadet School, Portsea began training officers for the Australian Army in January 1952. During its 33 years of operation, 3,544 cadets graduated, including 2,826 Australian Regular Army, 30 RAAF and 688 foreign students from the School until it closed in 1985. Between 1952 and 1985, OCS Portsea trained 40 percent of the new officers commissioned into the Regular Army, compared with Duntroon's 28 percent. The remaining officers were provided by the Officer Training Wing of the Women's Royal Australian Army Corps School at George's Heights, Sydney, and the Officer Training Unit, Scheyville.
The school was set up amidst the backdrop of the post-war period, when commitments to Korea and Japan and to the national service scheme required an increase in the number of junior officers in the Army. The four-year course at the Royal Military College, Duntroon was not flexible enough to enable this increase in junior officers, so the decision was made to establish the Officer Cadet School at Portsea. Unlike Duntroon OCS did not provide a degree course and trained would be junior officers over a shorter course; initially this was a six-month course, but later it became one year.
The course later ran for 44 weeks. Entry criteria differed to Duntroon, with broader age ranges and lower educational requirements; consequently a high proportion of Portsea's officer cadets were serving soldiers deemed suitable for commissioning. A significant number of OCS cadets were direct entry civilians. Additionally, OCS trained servicemen from other nations including the Philippines, South Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Kenya, Uganda, Fiji and New Zealand and those graduated were commissioned into their respective services. A number of graduates were also RAAF personnel.
Following the Vietnam War, the national service scheme ended and the OTU Scheyville was closed in 1973. In the mid-1970s, a review of military training establishments in Australia occurred. As a result, a decision created a tri-service military academy offering tertiary education to officer trainees of all three services (Army, Air Force and Navy). This academy became known as the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA). Due to the formation of ADFA, the Royal Military College, Duntroon stopped providing degrees to its graduates and reduced its course from four years to eighteen months. This essentially meant that Duntroon and OCS would be providing the same training and the decision was made to close Portsea in 1985, as RMC Duntroon would commence the eighteen-month course in 1986.
The final OCS graduating class was the class of December 1985, which included female cadets for the first time following the closure of the Women's Officer Training Wing at Georges Heights (Sydney) in December 1984. RMC Duntroon then became the sole officer commissioning establishment for General Service Officers in the Australian Regular Army. In December 1986, the final Portsea intake, who had been transferred to Duntroon, graduated.
The Colours
OCS Portsea's colours were presented on 1 June 1968, by Prince Philip at the South Melbourne Cricket Ground. They consisted of a Queen's Colour with the "OCS motif in the centre" and a Regimental Colour that was an "infantry green flag with the regimental badge, title and moto surrounded by wattle sprigs". With the closure of OCS Portsea in December 1985, the school's Colours were laid up. On 23 March 1986, the Colours were paraded for the last time and were then laid up in the Anzac Memorial Chapel of St Paul at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in the Australian Capital Territory.
The Portsea Memorial Wall
A Memorial Wall dedicated to OCS graduates who lost their lives on active service was established, overlooking the parade ground, at the OCS location at Portsea and dedicated in 1967. The names of these members also appear on tablets overlooking the parade ground at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. After Portsea's closure of the memorial wall was carefully dismantled and re-erected within the grounds of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. Originally this was located outside the Commandant's house, but in 2004 it was moved to Stakey Park on Lavarack Road. The Point Nepean National Park staff have respected the tradition and are considering a request that a lasting memorial be re-established in the location of the old memorial wall.
Notable graduates
Portsea had a number of graduates who were either notable officers or colourful and successful in civilian life. Portsea's most famous graduate was Major Peter Badcoe, VC. Badcoe graduated from Portsea in the class of December 1952, and was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry while serving as a member of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam in 1967. He received the award posthumously and was one of four members of the AATV to receive the Victoria Cross during the Vietnam War. Major Badcoe VC is buried in Malaysia. The main hall at Portsea was named in his honour. A large lecture theatre in the main instructional building at RMC Duntroon is also named in his honour.
Other notable graduates include Lieutenant David Brian, the first graduate to be killed in action (Thai-Malay border in 1964) and buried in Malaysia but re-buried in Australia in 2016, the late Group Captain Robert Halverson and formerly Speaker of the House of Representatives, Lieutenant General Frank Hickling formerly Chief of Army (1998), Lieutenant General Ken Gillespie formerly Chief of Army (2008), Lieutenant General David Morrison formerly Chief of Army (2011) and Australian of the Year in 2016, Lieutenant General Sir Jerry Mateparae, formerly Chief of the New Zealand Defence Force and later Governor-General of New Zealand, class of December 1976. Les Hiddins, star of the television show, The Bush Tucker Man, class of June 1970.
Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka, class of 1963, was one of the leaders of the abortive 1976 coup which led to the assassination of the Nigerian military Head of State General Murtala Mohammed. Lieutenant Boniface Ikejiofor was also a Nigerian graduate of Portsea in 1963.
Notes
References
External links
Point Nepean Trust website
Trust article on the Quarantine Station
Parks Victoria map with more detail
https://www.ocsportsea.org/ OCS Alumni website]
OCS Portsea at Digger History
Defunct military academies
Former military installations of Victoria (state)
Military education and training in Australia
Australian Army
1951 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions disestablished in 1985
1985 disestablishments in Australia
Military installations established in 1951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer%20Cadet%20School%2C%20Portsea
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Ultimate Breaks and Beats (also commonly abbreviated as UBB) was a series of 25 compilation albums released from 1986 to 1991 by Street Beat Records edited by "BreakBeat Lou" Flores. Featured on the albums were tracks from 1966 to 1984 that included drum breaks.
The albums found high popularity with hip hop producers, with the release of a new volume in the series usually leading to many various hip hop records featuring samples of the breaks.
Re-releases of the LPs, some packaged in pairs for DJ scratching and mixing convenience, became available and are currently found in many record stores. CDs of some of the volumes may be found as well, including a 2-CD and DVD box set featuring nearly all of the tracks on the 25 albums.
Releases
Complete track listing, taken from Geocities.com and updated with performers' names, missing in the track lists of volumes SBR 499, SBR 500 and the first version of SBR 508.
An asterisk after a track name indicates that the song was remixed for inclusion in this compilation.
Not official
SBR 499
The Limit – "She's So Divine" (from CP-721 12" single) (1982)
Kashif – "I Just Gotta Have You (Lover Turn Me On)" (from CP-728 12" single) (1982)
Kenton Nix featuring Bobby Youngblood – "There's Never Been (No One Like You)" (from WES 22130 12" single) (1980)
Mr. Magic – "Magic's Message (There Has to Be a Better Way)" (from POS-1213 12" single) (1984)
SBR 500
Tia Monae – "Don't Keep Me Waiting" (from CART-320 12" single) (1983)
Cloud One – "Flying High" (from HS-1010 12" single) (1982)
Ednah Holt – "Serious, Sirius Space Party" (from WES 22138 12" single) (1981)
– "Let's Do It" (from S-12336 12" single) (1980)
Official start of the series
SBR 501
The Monkees – "Mary Mary"* (from More of the Monkees) (1967) Colgems Records
Wilbur "Bad" Bascomb – "Black Grass"* (from PAS-6048 7" single) (1972) Paramount Records
The Winstons – "Amen, Brother"* (from MMS-117 7" single) (1969) Metromedia Records***
7th Wonder – "Daisy Lady" (from Climbing Higher) (1979) Parachute Records
D.C. LaRue – "Indiscreet" (from The Tea Dance) (1976) Pyramid Records
Rufus Thomas – "Do the Funky Penguin" (from STA-0112 7" single) (1971) Stax Records
Note The Break on "Amen Brother" was pitch down to 33 1/3***
SBR 502
Wilson Pickett – "Get Me Back on Time, Engine #9"* (from Wilson Pickett in Philadelphia) (1970) Atlantic Records
Juice – "Catch a Groove"* (from DGD-108 12" single) (1976) Greedy Records
The Rolling Stones – "Honky Tonk Women"* (from Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)) (1969) London Records
Funkadelic – "You'll Like it Too" (from Connections & Disconnections) (1981) LAX Records
Roy Ayers Ubiquity – "Boogie Back" (from Change Up the Groove) (1974) Polydor Records
Orchestra Internationale featuring Sal Conte – "Chella llà" (from Disco Italiano) (1974) Fiesta Records
SBR 503
Cheryl Lynn – "Got to Be Real" (from Cheryl Lynn) (1978) Columbia records
Incredible Bongo Band – "Apache" (from Bongo Rock) (1973) Pride/MGM Records
Herman Kelly & Life – "Dance to the Drummer's Beat" (from Percussion Explosion) (1978) TK Disco / Alston / Electric Cat Records
Incredible Bongo Band – "Bongo Rock"* (from Bongo Rock) (1973) Pride/MGM Records
Upp – "Give It to You" (from Upp) (1975) Epic Records
Jackie Robinson – "Pussyfooter"* (from I'm Different) (1977) Les Disques Direction Records
SBR 504
Syl Johnson – "Different Strokes"* (from TM-2242 7" single) (1967) Twilight Records
Bobby Byrd – "I Know You Got Soul"* (from I Need Help) (1970) King Records
Z. Z. Hill – "I Think I'd Do It"* (from The Brand New Z.Z. Hill) (1971) Mankind Records
Gaz – "Sing Sing" (from Gaz) (1979) SalSoul Records
Isaac Hayes – "Breakthrough" (from the Truck Turner soundtrack) (1974) Enterprise Records
Tom Jones – "Looking Out My Window"* (from "45-40035" 7" single (1968) Parrot Records ***Note: Looking Out My Window" does not appear on the 1968 LP "Help Yourself" although it does so on later cd reissues.
Dynamic Corvettes – "Funky Music Is the Thing Part 2" (from ABET-5459 7" single) (1975) Abet Records
SBR 505
Johnny "Hammond" Smith – "Shifting Gears"* (from Gears) (1975) Milestone Records
Bo Diddley – "Hit or Miss"* (from Big Bad Bo) (1974) Cadet / Chess Records
The Wild Magnolias – "(Somebody Got) Soul, Soul, Soul"* (from The Wild Magnolias) (1974) Polydor Records
Melvin Bliss – "Synthetic Substitution" (from SU-527 7" single) (1973) Sunburst Records
Freedom – "Get Up and Dance" (from Farther Than Imagination) (1979) TK Disco / Malaco Records
20th Century Steel Band – "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" (from Warm Heart, Cold Steel) (1975) United Artists Records
Banbarra – "Shack Up Part 2" (from UAXW-734Y 7" single) (1975)
SBR 506
Please – "Sing a Simple Song" (from Please) (1975) Telefunken Records
James Brown – "Cold Sweat" (from Cold Sweat) (1967) King Records
The Cecil Holmes Soulful Sounds – "2001" (from The Black Motion Picture Experience) (1973) Buddah records
Dennis Coffey – "Son of Scorpio"* (from Electric Coffey) (1972) Sussex Records
The Magic Disco Machine – "Scratchin'"* (from Disc-O-Tech) (1975) Motown records
Fat Larry's Band – "Down on the Avenue" (from Feel It) (1976) WMot Records
Uncle Louie – "I Like Funky Music" (from "Uncle Louie's Here" - 12" Remix - MAR-434) Marlin Records (1979)
SBR 507
James Brown – "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" (from Sex Machine (album) (1970) (Note: The original version has the guitar hook, while both the remixed version and the live version have the drum breaks.) Polydor Records
Funky Constellation – "Street Talk (Madam Rapper)" (from FUNC-369 12" single) (1979) ROTA Records
Pleasure – "Let’s Dance" (from Accept No Substitutes) (1976) Fantasy Records
John Davis and the Monster Orchestra – "I Can’t Stop" (from Night and Day) (1976) SAM Records
John McLaughlin and the Mahavishnu Orchestra – "Planetary Citizen" (from Inner Worlds) (1975) CBS Records
Funkadelic – "Good Old Music" (from Funkadelic) (1970) Westbound Records
William Ray – "You Are What You Are" (Sammy Lee Pickens) (from DMT-1001 12" single) (1977) Magic Touch Records
Discontinued (see notes below)
SBR 508
The Puppets – "The Way of Life" (from the QUS-055 12" single) (1983)
Wish & Fonda Rae – "Touch Me (All Night Long)" (from RHR 3376 12" single) (1984)
Up Front – "Infatuation" (from SC-16 12" single) (1983)
Stacye Branché – "Precious and Special" (from BO-03055 12" single) (1983)
Continued
SBR 509
Ingrid – "Easter Parade" (from POSPX-529 12" single) (1982) Polydor Records
ESG – "UFO"* (from ESG) (1981) 99 Records
Billy Squier – "Big Beat" (from The Tale of the Tape) (1980) Capitol Records
Liquid Liquid – "Cavern" (from Optimo EP) (1983) 99 Records
Mountain – "Long Red"* (from Mountain Live: The Road Goes Ever On) (1972) Windfall Records
Tyrone Thomas and the Whole Darn Family – "Seven Minutes of Funk" (from Has Arrived) (1976) Soul International Records
Note UFO by ESG was pitched down from 45rpm to 33 1/3rpm****
SBR 510
James Brown – "Funky President" (from Reality) (1974) Polydor Records
Dexter Wansel – "Theme from the Planets"* (from Life on Mars) (1976) Philadelphia International Records
Rhythm Heritage – "Theme from "S.W.A.T.""* (from Disco-Fied) (1978) ABC Records
The Jackson Five – "It's Great to Be Here"* (from Maybe Tomorrow) (1971) Motown Records
The Brothers Johnson – "Ain't We Funkin' Now" (12 inch Version ) (1978) A&M Records
La Pregunta – "Shangri La" (from GNP-12001 12" single) (1978) GNP Records
Esther Williams – "Last Night Changed It All (I Really Had a Ball)"*** ( Album version ) (1976) 'Friends & Co. Records
1 – The Lp, 45rpm and the 12" of "Last Night Changed It All" are all different versions from one another.
2 – Note: "Theme from the Planets" was recorded at 45 rpm speed on this release.
SBR 511
The Honey Drippers – "Impeach the President"* (from AL-1017 7" single) (1973) Alaga Records
The Headhunters – "God Make Me Funky" (from Survival of the Fittest) (1975) Arista Records
Lucy Hawkins – "Gotta Get Out of Here" (from S-12455 12" single) (1978) SAM Records
Orange Krush – "Action"* (from MDS-4018 12" single) (1982) Prep Street / Mercury Records
Funk Inc. – "Kool Is Back" (from Funk, Inc.) (1971) Prestige Records
Fausto Papetti – "Love's Theme"* (from 18a Raccolta) (1975) Durium Records
SBR 512
Junie – "Granny's Funky Rolls Royce" (from Freeze) (1975) Westbound Records
James Brown – "Funky Drummer"* (from King Records – 45-6290 7" single) (1969) King Records
The Mohawks – "The Champ" (from PM-719 7" single) (1968) Pama Records
Aerosmith – "Walk This Way" (from Toys in the Attic) (1975) Columbia Records
Thin Lizzy – "Johnny the Fox Meets Jimmy the Weed" (from Johnny the Fox) (1978) Mercury Records
The Soul Searchers – "Ashley's Roachclip"* (from Salt of the Earth) (1974) Sussex Records
Chicago Gangsters – "Gangster Boogie"* (from Blind Over You) (1975) Gold Plate Records
T-Connection – "Groove to Get Down" (from On Fire) (1977) Dash Records
SBR 513
Babe Ruth – "The Mexican" (from First Base) (1973) Harvest / EMI Records
Babe Ruth – "Keep Your Distance"* (from Kid's Stuff) (1976) Capitol Records
Coke Escovedo – "(Runaway) I Wouldn't Change a Thing" (from Comin' at Ya) (1976) 2 Mercury Records
Eastside Connection – "Frisco Disco" (from AFT-1001 12" single) (1978) Rampart Records
In Search Of...Orchestra – "Phenomena Theme" (from AVID-12146 12" single) (1977) AVI Records
The Meters – "Handclapping Song" (from Struttin') (1970) Josie Records
2 – "(Runaway) I Wouldn't Change a Thing" is actually two songs by Coke Escovedo put into one track: the ending of "Runaway" and "I Wouldn't Change a Thing".
SBR 514
Stanley Turrentine and Milt Jackson – "Sister Sanctified" (from Cherry) (1972) CTI Records
J. J. Johnson – "Willie Chase" (from the Willie Dynamite soundtrack) (1974) MCA Records
Kid Dynamite – "Uphill Peace of Mind" (from Kid Dynamite) (1976) Cream Records
Ralph MacDonald – "Jam on the Groove" (from Sound of a Drum) (1976) Marlin Records
Experience Unlimited – "Knock Him Out Sugar Ray" (from VMT-25 12" single) (1980) Vermack Records
Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s – "Blow Your Head" (from Damn Right I Am Somebody) (1974) People Records
SBR 515
Donald Byrd – "Change (Makes You Want to Hustle)" (from Places and Spaces) (1975) Blue Note Records
Roy Ayers – "Brother Green (The Disco King)" (from Mystic Voyage) (1975) Polydor Records
Grover Washington Jr. – "Mister Magic" (from Mister Magic) (1975) Motown Records
David Matthews – "Star Wars" (from Dune) (1977) CTI Records
John Cougar Mellencamp – "Jack and Diane" (from American Fool) (1982) Riva Records
Pleasure – "Bouncy Lady" (from Dust Yourself Off) (1975) Fantasy Records
Jefferson Starship – "Rock Music" (from Freedom at Point Zero) (1979) Grunt/RCA Records
SBR 516
Commodores – "The Assembly Line" (from Machine Gun) (1974) Motown Records
Johnny Jenkins – "I Walk On Gilded Splinters" (from Ton-Ton Macoute!) (1974) Capricorn Records
Le Pamplemousse – "Gimme What You Got"* (from Le Pamplemousse) (1976) AVI Records
Marvin Gaye – "T Plays it Cool" (from Trouble Man – the soundtrack album for the film of the same name) (1972) Talma Records
Lyn Collins – "Think (About It)"* (from Think (About It)) (1972) People Records
The Galactic Force Band – "Space Dust"* (from Spaced Out Disco) (1978) Springboard Records
Steve Miller Band – "Take the Money and Run"* (from Fly Like an Eagle) (1976) Capitol Records
SBR 517
Baby Huey – "Listen to Me" (from The Living Legend) (1971) Curtom Records
Bobbie Knight & The Universal Lady – "The Lovermaniacs (Sex)"* (from Earth Creature) (1974) Brunswick Records
The Pointer Sisters – "Yes We Can Can" (from Pointer Sisters) (1973) Blue Thumb Records
Monk Higgins – "One Man Band (Plays All Alone)" (from Dance to the Disco Sax) (1974) Buddah Records
Kool & The Gang – "N.T." (from Live at PJ's) (1971) De-Lite Records
Dyke & the Blazers – "Let a Woman Be a Woman, Let a Man Be a Man"* (from Greatest Hits) (1969) Original Sounds Records
Bram Tchaikovsky – "Whiskey and Wine" (live version from "The Girl Of My Dreams" 7" E.P.') (1979) Radar Records***note The song "Whiskey & Wine" was originally covered by the group The Motors and Bram Tchaikovsky was an original member. Their version from the album "1" is a studio recording and has no drum break***
"L.L. Bonus Beats" – Fancy – "Feel Good"* (from Wild Thing) (1974) Big Three Records BT 89502 ***note; Looped as a 1:40 min. bonus beat on vinyl edition at 45 RPM***.
SBR 518
Bar-Kays – "Let's Have Some Fun" (from Flying High on Your Love) (1977) Mercury Records
Lafayette Afro Rock Band – "Conga" (from Malik) (1976) Makossa Records
Yellow Sunshine – "Yellow Sunshine" (from ZS72511 7" single) (1973) TSOP Records
The Jimmy Castor Bunch – "It's Just Begun"* (from It's Just Begun) (1972) RCA Records
Marva Whitney – "It's My Thing" (from It's My Thing") (1969) King Records
Kay Gees – "I Believe in Music" (from Find a Friend) (1976) Gang Records
Dennis Coffey – "Ride Sally Ride" (from Goin' for Myself) (1972) Sussex Records
4 – ***Note that the intro used in the beginning of the song is taken from the group's track "Troglodyte (Cave Man)".
SBR 519
The Blackbyrds – "Rock Creek Park" (from City Life) (1975) Fantasy Records
KC and the Sunshine Band – "I Get Lifted" (from KC and the Sunshine Band) (1975) TK Disco Records
Brother Soul – "Cookies" (from LS-105 7" single) (1975) Leo Mini Records
Foster Sylvers – "Misdemeanor" (from Foster Sylvers) (1973) Pride / MGM Records
Wild Sugar – "Bring it Here" (from the TS-2004 12" single) (1981) TSOB Records
Miami – "Chicken Yellow" (from The Party Freaks) (1974) Drive Records
The Olympic Runners – "Put the Music Where Your Mouth Is" (from Put the Music Where Your Mouth Is) (1974) London Records
Lightnin' Rod – "Sport" (from Hustlers Convention) (1973) United Artists Records
SBR 520
Roy Ayers – "Lonesome Cowboy"* (from Everybody Loves the Sunshine) (1976) Polydor Records
Duke Williams – "Chinese Chicken" (from Monkey in a Silk Suit is Still a Monkey) (1973) Capricorn Records
Joe Quarterman – "I'm Gonna Get You"* (from GSF Records 6915 7" single) (1974) GSF Records
Friend & Lover – "Reach Out of the Darkness"* (from Reach Out of the Darkness) (1973) Verve Forecast Records
The Chubukos – "House of Rising Funk" (from Soul Makossa) (1973) Mainstream / Red Lion Production Records
Eddie Bo – "Hook & Sling" (from Scram Records 117 7" single) (1969) Scram Records
Bill Withers – "Kissing My Love" (from Still Bill) (1971) Sussex Records
5 – The group was called The Chubukos for the 7" single, but they were called Afrique for their LP Soul Makossa.
SBR 521
The Politicians – "Free Your Mind" (from The Politicians Featuring McKinley Jackson) (1972) Hot Wax Records
The Village Callers – "Hector" (from Live) (1967) Rampart Records
Joe Tex – "Papa Was Too"* (from ATL-70199 7" single) (1966) Dial / Atlantic Records
Sound Experience – "Devil with the Bust" (from Don't Fight the Feeling) (1974) Philly Soulville Records
James Brown – "Soul Pride" (from The Popcorn) (1969) King Records
All the People – "Cramp Your Style"* (from Blue Candle 1496 7" single) (1972) Blue Candle Records
Johnny Pate – "Shaft in Africa" (from Shaft in Africa soundtrack) (1973) ABC Records
Barry White – "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little Bit More Baby"* (from I've Got So Much to Give) (1973) 20th Century Records
"L.L. Bonus Beats #2" – Tommy Roe – "Dizzy" (1969) ABC Records ***Note... Looped into a 1:40 min bonus beat.
SBR 522
Barrabas – "Woman" (from Barrabas) (1972) RCA Records
Creative Source – "Corazon" (from Migration) (1974) Sussex Records
Southside Movement – "Save the World" (from Movin') (1974) 20th Century Records
The J.B.'s – "The Grunt (Part 1)"* (from Food for Thought) (1970) King Records
Rufus Thomas – "Do the Funky Penguin (Part 2)"* (from STA-0112 7" single) (1971) Stax Records
Shotgun – "Dynamite (The Bomb)"* (from Shotgun) (1977) ABC Records
Gary Numan "Films" (from The Pleasure Principle)(1979) Beggars Banquet Records
SBR 523
Rufus Thomas – "The Breakdown (Part II)"* (from Stax Records 2025060 7" single) (1971) Stax Records
Jim Dandy – "Country Cooking" (from Flash Fearless Versus the Zorg Women Parts 5 & 6) (1975) Chrysalis Records
Pleasure – "Joyous" (from Joyous) (1977) Fantasy Records
Solomon Burke – "Get Out of My Life, Woman"* (from I Wish I Knew) (1968) Atlantic Records
Alphonse Mouzon – "You Don't Know How Much I Love You" (from Funky Snakefoot) (1974) Blue Note Records
Delegation – "Oh Honey" (from Promise of Love) (1977) Shady Brook Records
Freda Payne – "The Easiest Way to Fall"* (from Band of Gold) (1970) Invictus Records
SBR 524
Lowell Fulsom – "Tramp" (from Tramp) (1967) Kent / United Records
Freddie Scott – "(You) Got What I Need" (from S233 7" single) (1968) Shout Records
Lyn Collins – "You Can't Love Me, If You Don't Respect Me" (from PE-650 7" single) (1973) People Records
The Emotions – "Blind Alley" (from Untouched) (1971) Volt / Stax Records
Lonnie Liston Smith – "Expansions (Part 1)" (from Expansions) (1975) Flying Dutchman Records
Otis Redding – "Hard to Handle"* (from The Immortal Otis Redding) (1968) ATCO Records
The Grass Roots – "You and Love Are the Same" (from Feelings) (1969) ABC / Dunhill Records
Tom Scott and the L.A. Express – "Sneakin' in the Back" (from Tom Scott and The L.A. Express) (1974) Ode Records
SBR 525
Southside Movement – "I've Been Watching You" (from Southside Movement) (1973) 20th Century Records
Lou Donaldson – "Pot Belly" (from Pretty Things) (1970) Blue Note Records
Samba Soul – "Mambo #5" (from Samba Soul) (1977) RCA Records
Five Stairsteps – "Don't Change Your Love"* (from Love's Happening) (1968) Curtom Records
Lamont Dozier – "Take Off Your Make-up" (from Out Here on My Own) (1973) ABC Records
Ike White – "Love and Affection" (from Changin' Times) (1976) LAX Records
James Brown – "The Payback"* (from The Payback) (1973) Polydor Records
Oddities
There are some oddities in the collection, with releases SBR 499 and SBR 500 discontinued and now considered "unofficial", while SBR 508 was released with two different track listings. The later, alternate track listing for SBR 508 is as below.
SBR 508
Incredible Bongo Band – "Sing, Sing, Sing" (from The Return of the Incredible Bongo Band) (1974)
J. J. Johnson – "Parade Strut" (from Willie Dynamite soundtrack) (1974)
Blowfly – "Sesame Street" (from Blowfly on TV) (1974)
Manzel – "Midnight Theme" (1979) (from the Fraternity Records 3745 7" single) (1979)
Mike Curb Congregation – "Burning Bridges" (from the Kelly's Heroes soundtrack) (1970)
Freddie Perren – "Two Pigs and a Hog" (from the Cooley High soundtrack) (1975)
The Fatback Band – "Fatbackin'" (from People Music) (1973)
Jesse Green – "Flip" (from Flip) (1976)
Later volumes
Also, two later volumes were released, both as SBR 526. The first version was re-released as Strictly Breaks 1, and the second version was actually mixed and re-edited by Louis Flores.
SBR 526
Joe Tex – "You Said a Bad Word" (from the Mercury Records 6052156 7" single) (1972)
Johnnie Taylor – "Ever Ready" (from Ever Ready) (1978)
Coalkitchen – "Keep on Pushing" (from Choose Your Flavor) (1977)
Graham Central Station – "The Jam" (from Ain't No 'Bout-a-Doubt It) (1975)
Trouble Funk – "Let's Get Small" (from the RC-501 12" single)
Tony Alvon & the Belairs – "Sexy Coffee Pot" (from Atlantic Records 452632 7" single) (1969)
Hank Carbo – "Hot Pants Pt. 2" (from the A-1172 7" single) (1971)
Other notes
The earliest track on the Ultimate Breaks and Beats series is Joe Tex's "Papa Was Too", released in 1966, with the latest being Fonda Rae's "Touch Me (All Night Long)", released in 1984.
The rarest track to be included on the Ultimate Breaks & Beats series is Manzel's "Midnight Theme", originally released on a Fraternity Records 7" record in 1975, though multiple reissues have been released and the song is available on many websites, including YouTube. However, for unknown reasons, the track was the only track left off a CD of all the tracks ever released on the Ultimate Breaks and Beats albums, possibly due to copyright issues.
DJ Superix, a British DJ, is the first DJ known to have compiled every single break from every volume of Ultimate Breaks and Beats into one mix, entitled "Ultimate, Ultimate, Ultimate!", released in 2008. DJs Harry Love and MK originally released a mix CD as a tribute to the series entitled Beats Per Minute. While this CD did not feature every break, it was one of the first in the UK dedicated to be the Ultimate Breaks & Beats series.
The first ever DJ mix in tribute to Ultimate Breaks & Beats is DJ Q Bert's Demolition Pumpkin Squeeze Musik (1994). Subtitled as "A Pre-School Break Mix", DJ QBert mixed duplicate copies of UBB tracks with scratching and incorporated dialogue and samples from television, film and popular culture, notably comic books, cartoons and video games.
Other similar breakbeat compilations
Many drum break series compilation albums followed Ultimate Breaks and Beats, including:Diggin (19 volumes)Strictly Breaks (11 volumes)Dusty Fingers (17 volumes)Soul Beats (9 volumes)Super Breaks and Beats (8 volumes)Argo/Cadet Grooves (7 volumes)Drum Crazy (6 volumes)Schoolyard Breaks, Rhythm Madness, and Circuit Breaks (all 2 volumes)Breaksploitaton (2 volumes)
References
External links
Street Beat Records Discography at Discogs
Stream 'Ultimate, Ultimate, Ultimate! mix at Southern Hospitality
Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate! at Discogs
Breaks
Hip hop compilation albums
Compilation album series
1980s compilation albums
1990s compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate%20Breaks%20and%20Beats
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Gleem is an American brand of oral hygiene products, including toothpastes and electric toothbrushes, owned by the Procter & Gamble. It was introduced as a toothpaste in the United States in 1952 and discontinued in 2014. Procter & Gamble later revived Gleem toothpaste as a flavor variant of Crest toothpaste (Crest Fresh and White Fluoride, Peppermint Gleem toothpaste). In 2019, Procter & Gamble expanded the brand to include a line of electric toothbrushes.
Marketing
Gleem was positioned in 1952 as a competitor to top Colgate's then top Dental Cream, with advertising coordinated by Compton Advertising, Inc. The League Against Obnoxious TV Commercials included a Gleem toothpaste commercial in its list of the terrible 10 in May 1963. In 1958 Gleem had become number two in top toothpastes, with Colgate still first in sales and Crest in third place. By 1969, Gleem was a declining brand name. In an effort to obtain additional sales, Procter & Gamble assigned the account to the firm of Mary Wells Lawrence, Wells, Rich, Greene.
Advertisements in the 1950s stated that it contained GL-70, an "odor- and bacteria-fighting compound". When Gleem II with fluoride and "green sparkles" was introduced within several years, the brand achieved a 9% share of the toothpaste market. However, this portion declined to around 6% with the introduction of new competing brands. Gleem's main decline was promotion geared toward its take-over competitor, Crest. The difference between Gleem and Crest is Gleem was strictly a "toothpaste" and originally contained no fluoride. Fluoride was later introduced into Gleem after Crest was first sold in 1955, as a form of consumer competition. While Gleem remained a toothpaste, Crest advanced into flavored "pastes", "gels", and so on. Until its discontinuance, the Gleem toothpaste package stated "Contains No Sugar" in bold print. Crest has been known to carry increments of sugar as well as artificial flavoring and coloring, aimed at coaxing young children and preteen enticement to prompt oral hygiene. In 1963, Gleem carried a 17-percent share of the toothpaste market in third place, with an advertising budget at $7.1 million. Gleem continued to become less prevalent when the American Dental Association granted Crest approval for the ADA logo. In addition, Crest contains stannous fluoride which has been said to strengthen and protect tooth enamel, calcium and fight gingivitis and bacterial infection, but is often irritant, abrasive and stains, while sodium fluoride (contained in Gleem) is more gentle, does not stain, but requires more application (longer or more brushings) to further prevent bacterial infections and can have little effect with calcium.
In 1975, Gleem was supported by $6 million in television advertising alone. In August 1976, Procter & Gamble transferred Gleem from Wells, Rich, Greene to the Leo Burnett Company of Chicago, Illinois.
See also
List of toothpaste brands
Index of oral health and dental articles
List of defunct consumer brands
References
External links
Brands of toothpaste
Procter & Gamble brands
Products introduced in 1952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleem
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Word of Mouth is the fifth album by heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released on the Rising Sun label in 1994.
"Thunder and Rain Pt. 2" is dedicated to the memory of late Criss Oliva, of Savatage.
Track listing
"Against the Grain" - 4:21
"All Rights Reserved" - 4:42
"The Voice" - 4:13
"Thinking of You" - 4:56
"Thunder and Rain Pt. 1" - 3:15
"Thunder and Rain Pt. 2" - 3:06
"No Fate" - 4:26
"Sense of Security" - 4:30
"Dreaming" - 4:14
"Building #6" - 4:23
"Ministry of Fear" - 4:01
"Music Box" - 1:56
Bonus tracks in the Japanese Import and European Digi-Pack
"Communication Breakdown"
"Paint It Black"
Music: 1,3,5,6,7,8,10 by G.Thorpe & M.McGee; 2 by G.Thorpe, M.McGee & L.Howe; 4 by G.Thorpe; 9,11,12 by M.McGee; 13 by John Bonham, John Paul Jones & Jimmy Page; 14 by Keith Richard.
Lyric: 1,5,7,8,10 by C.Albert & G.Thorpe; 2 by C.Albert, G.Thorpe & M.McGee; 3,9 by G.Thorpe & M.McGee; 4,6,11 by G.Thorpe; 13 by Robert Plant; 14 by Mick Jagger.
Personnel
Geoff Thorpe: Guitars
Mark McGee: Guitars
Carl Albert: Vocals
Tommy Sisco: Bass
Larry Howe: Drums
References
1994 albums
Vicious Rumors albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20of%20Mouth%20%28Vicious%20Rumors%20album%29
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Frank Leroy Farrar (April 2, 1929 – October 31, 2021) was an American politician who was the 24th governor of South Dakota. A Republican from Britton, he served as the state's attorney general from 1963 to 1969, and as governor from 1969 to 1971. After leaving office, he chaired several holding companies and became the owner of numerous banks.
Early life and education
Farrar was born in Britton, South Dakota, the son of Venetia Soule (Taylor) and Virgil W. Farrar. He was an Eagle Scout, student body president and graduated from the local high school in Britton in 1947. He earned a B.S. from the University of South Dakota (USD) an LL.B. degree from the USD School of Law. He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps as a student at USD, and was in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1949 through 1953, and on active duty during the Korean War from 1953 to 1955. He attained the rank of captain by the time he retired from the Army Reserve. He married the former Patricia Henley on June 5, 1953, in Fort Benning, Georgia, where he was stationed in the U.S. Army. Frank and Patricia Farrar raised five children, Jeanne, Sally, Robert, Mary and Anne.
Career
After the Korean War ended, Farrar was an Internal Revenue Service Agent until 1957. He was a judge in 1958. Farrar served as State's Attorney for Marshall County from 1959 to 1962. He also served as President of the States Attorneys Association.
On May 22, 1962, Farrar announced that he was running for Attorney General of South Dakota. Sterling Clark, of Belle Fourche, also ran for the Republican nomination for Attorney General. Farrar won the nomination with 96,608 1/2 votes to 57,339 1/2 votes for Clark. Farrar went on to defeat Democrat Thomas E. Poe of Vermillion, South Dakota, in the general election. Poe had replaced Democrat William Day of Winner, South Dakota, who resigned his candidacy for business reasons. At 33 years old at the time, he was the youngest person in the history of South Dakota to be elected as the state's attorney general.
On July 1, 1964, Farrar sought re-nomination as attorney general. He was re-elected with 157,848 votes, defeating Democrat William C. Grady, who received 125,047. In the 1966 general election, Farrar ran against Democrat Robert M. Swanson, and won a third term with 141,734 votes to 79,670 for Swanson. With Farrar's election to a third term, there was much speculation that he would be the heir apparent for Republican Gubernatorial nomination in 1968. In his three two-year terms as the state's attorney general, he focused on crackdowns on drug users and dealers, and much efforts were put into the enforcement of insurance, banking and securities laws.
With his success and popularity through the years as South Dakota's attorney general, Farrar garnered more than 57% of the vote to defeat the Democratic candidate Robert Chamberlin in the 1968 gubernatorial election. As governor, he continued his work on reducing drug-related crimes, improving consumer protection and modernizing the state’s regulatory authority over the banking and insurance industries. However, he lost much support when he raised the state sales tax from 3% to 4% and promoted unpopular reforms in the energy sector, which led to him being defeated when running for reelection 2 years later. That was “the only election I lost in my life,” he later remarked in a 2014 interview. As of 2021, this was the last time for an elected, sitting governor of South Dakota to lose re-election.
After his two-year term as governor concluded, Farrar moved back to Britton to practice law. He also became a successful banker later in life, buying, operating and selling a number of local banks in small towns and in rural areas in the Dakotas, Minnesota and as far as Indiana, Montana and New Mexico. As a philanthropist, he generously supported various non-profit organizations, such as Scouts, the March of Dimes, and the South Dakota Community Foundation.
Later life
Farrar was a licensed aviator who flew to visit the banks he owned, and over the years, he accumulated over 17,000 hours of logged piloting time. He was also an avid athlete, completing the Kona Ironman Competition at age 73, a decade after surviving lymphatic cancer. He held the 9th fastest finishing time in the Coeur D’Alene Ironman in the 70+ Men's division. He completed the 2003 race in 16:48:49. His wife, former First Lady of South Dakota Patricia Farrar, who was also a Senior Olympian, died on October 31, 2015, at the age of 84.
On October 31, 2021, the sixth anniversary of the death of his wife of sixty-two years, Farrar died in Rochester, Minnesota, at age 92. He is survived by his five children, eight grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
Honors and awards
Alumni of the Year for the School of Business at the University of South Dakota (USD), 1979
the USD Achievement Award, 1981
Distinguished Eagle Scout Award, 2001
Inducted into the South Dakota Hall of Fame, 2006.
Parade Marshal for the 104th "Dakota Days" homecoming parade at USD, 2018
References
External links
National Governors Association: Frank Farrar
KDLT News: "Frank Farrar: A Man Made of Iron"
Ironman: "Meet Frank Farrar, Kona's Last Official Finisher in 2002"
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1929 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Aviators from South Dakota
District attorneys in South Dakota
Republican Party governors of South Dakota
Military personnel from South Dakota
People from Britton, South Dakota
Senior Olympic competitors
South Dakota Attorneys General
South Dakota lawyers
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
University of South Dakota alumni
Internal Revenue Service people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Farrar
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"White Key" is the fourth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki under music label Sony Music in December 1998.
Information
The main song of the single was also at the TV commercial of the Japanese product "Kissmark", in the same way that "all night long" was used before. The full single was produced by Tetsuya Komuro.
This it's also her second single that includes a b-side; the first was her debut single "love the island".
Following her blacklisting from the music industry in September 2000, production and distribution of the single stopped in its entirety.
Track listing
White Key
Composed by Cozy Kubo & TK
Written by Marc & TK
Produced by Tetsuya Komuro
White Key (Doze of Mix)
Remixed by TK
Composed by Cozy Kubo & TK
Written by Marc & TK
Produced by Tetsuya Komuro
White Key (TV Mix)
Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Ami Suzuki songs
1998 singles
1998 songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Key
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Special Field Orders, No. 15 (series 1865) were military orders issued during the American Civil War, on January 16, 1865, by General William Tecumseh Sherman, commander of the Military Division of the Mississippi of the United States Army. They provided for the confiscation of of land along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and the dividing of it into parcels of not more than , on which were to be settled approximately 18,000 formerly enslaved families and other black people then living in the area.
The orders were issued following Sherman's March to the Sea. They were intended to address the immediate problem of dealing with the tens of thousands of black refugees who had joined Sherman's march in search of protection and sustenance, and "to assure the harmony of action in the area of operations." Critics allege that his intention was for the order to be a temporary measure to address an immediate problem, and not to grant permanent ownership of the land to the freedmen, although most of the recipients assumed otherwise. General Sherman issued his orders four days after meeting with twenty local black ministers and lay leaders and with U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in Savannah, Georgia. Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton, an abolitionist from Massachusetts who had previously organized the recruitment of black soldiers for the Union Army, was put in charge of implementing the orders. Freedmen were settled in Georgia, particularly along the Savannah River, in the Ogeechee district of Chatham County, and on islands off of the coast of Savannah.
In the end, the orders had little concrete effect because President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation that returned the lands to southern owners who took a loyalty oath. Johnson granted amnesty to most former Confederates and allowed the rebel states to elect new governments. These governments, which often included ex-Confederate officials, soon enacted black codes, measures designed to control and repress the recently freed slave population. General Saxton and his staff at the Charleston SC Freedmen Bureau's office refused to carry out President Johnson's wishes and denied all applications to have lands returned. In the end, Johnson and his allies removed General Saxton and his staff, but not before Congress was able to provide legislation to assist some families in keeping their lands.
Although mules are not mentioned in the orders, they were a main source for the expression "forty acres and a mule." A historical marker commemorating the order is in Savannah, near the corner of Harris and Bull streets, in Madison Square.
Orders
Publication in the Official Record
This order is part of the Official Records of the American Civil War. It can be found in Series I — Military Operations, Volume XLVII, Part II, Pages 60–62. The volume was published in 1895.
See also
Forty acres and a mule
References
American Civil War documents
Slavery in the United States
Reconstruction Era
William Tecumseh Sherman
Florida in the American Civil War
Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
South Carolina in the American Civil War
General orders
January 1865 events
Military emancipation in the American Civil War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Field%20Orders%20No.%2015
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This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Romania.
Nineteenth century
The principality of Moldavia issued stamps immediately upon gaining autonomy in 1858, with the first cap de bour stamps being issued in July 1858. These were produced by handstamping on laid paper, and are now quite rare. The initial round design was shortly followed by one using a square frame with rounded corners, and using blue or white wove paper. These are somewhat more common.
After the union of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1861, the design was adapted to show the emblems of both principalities side by side, and inscribed "FRANCO SCRISOREI". The first stamps inscribed "POSTA ROMANA" were issued in January 1865; the three values depicted Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza in profile, facing right.
These did not last long in use, as Cuza was deposed the following year, and new stamps depicted Prince Carol I, also in profile, but facing left, and in a style very similar to contemporary French stamps. The adoption of the leu in 1867 required stamps in new denominations, which appeared in 1868.
In 1869, a new design consisted of the profile as before, but enclosed in an oval frame, a change lasting only until 1872, when the previous round frame once again came into use, with an overall design reminiscent of the contemporaneous stamps of France. They were originally printed in Paris, and then reprinted in Bucharest from 1876, the reprints having a rougher appearance and coarser perforations. New colors and values appeared in 1879.
In 1885, a new definitive series used larger and more readable numeric tablets, and surmounted Carol's profile with a bird. In 1889 the stamp paper was also impressed with a coat of arms, similar to, but not a true watermark. In 1891, Romania issued its first commemorative stamps, a series of five in which the usual profile of the king was framed by an inscription marking 25 years of his reign. The series of 1893 introduced a variety of frames, and the first stamps denominated in lei.
In 1891, Dimitrie C. Butculescu founded the Romanian Philatelic Society. He became its first president, running the society from his private house, and published The Official Gazette of the Romanian Philatelic Society.
In 1896, Romanian stamps were overprinted in Turkish currency for use on ships passing between Constanța and Constantinople.
In 1903, the first pictorial designs were issued to note the opening of a new post office in Bucharest, followed by a series of 10 designs in 1906, for the 40th anniversary of Carol's reign.
Twentieth century
During World War I, Romanian territory was occupied by Austria, Germany, and Bulgaria, each of which issued stamps for the occupied areas.
See also
Poșta Română
Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova
Postage stamps and postal history of Transnistria
Romanian Philatelic Federation
Zimbrul și Vulturul
References
Sources
Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues
Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986.
Further reading
Cârjan, Lazăr. Catalogul Timbrelor Poştale Româneşti. București: Enciclopedia RAO Vol. 1: 1858-1947 (2006) 330p.; Vol. 2: 1948-1989 (2008) 330p.; Vol. 3: 1990-2009 (2009) 190p.
Dragomir, Kiriac and Aurel Syurpateanu. Catalogul Marcilor Postale Românsti: Part 1: Perioada clasica si moderna (1858-1927); Part 2: Perioada contemporana (1927-1974); Part 3: Marci de serviciu, Interguri postale, Posta locale, Posta Romana peste hotare, poste straine. Bucharest: The authors, 1974 623p.
Florescu, Maria Ecaterina and Cornel Spineanu. Romanian Postage Stamps, 1948-1965. Bucharest: Meridiane Pub. House, 1966 232p.
Micu, Iosif. Teme s̡i Subiecte Filatelice din Istoria României. Bucures̡ti : Albatros, 1980 237p.
Tebeica, Val. Les Premiers Timbres-poste Roumains, 1858-1865. Bucharest: Méridiens éditions, 1962 212p.
External links
Romaniastamps.com
Romanian stamp gallery
Romfilatelia
Philatelical Museum
Classic Romanian stamps at Stampslandia
Philately of Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage%20stamps%20and%20postal%20history%20of%20Romania
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The Italian war of 15361538 was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan. The war saw French troops invading Northern Italy, and Spanish troops invading France. The Truce of Nice, signed on June 18, 1538, ended hostilities, leaving Turin in French hands but affecting no significant change in the map of Italy. Overall, Spain increased its control over Italy, signifying the end of Italian independence. The war strengthened animosity between the Spanish and French, and reinforced ties between France and the Ottoman Empire which had sided with Francis I against Charles V.
Causes
Long-term
In 1500, Louis XII made an agreement with Ferdinand II on dividing the Kingdom of Naples, as Frederick IV was removed from the Neapolitan throne. This was known as the Treaty of Grenada. This decision was heavily criticized by influential figures such as Niccolò Machiavelli, whose opinion was embraced by many of Italy's citizens as well. When Charles V came into power in 1519, he gained more of a reputation in Italy, as he joined Spain together with the Holy Roman Empire.
Short-term
The war began in 1536 between Charles V and Francis I of France commenced upon the death of Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan. Sforza had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco's dynasty was brought to an end by Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco's wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states. This shift in power marked a new era for France, as Jean de la Foret was brought in as an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, a territory eagerly courted for its wide range of goods to trade and powerful military. Foret and Francis I secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, giving France a strong army, ready to attack targets such as Marseille and Piedmont, areas close to the Italian province of Genoa.
Events
When Charles's son Philip inherited the duchy, Francis invaded Italy. Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month, but he failed to seize Milan. In response, Charles invaded Provence, a region of France, advancing to Aix-en-Provence, and took Aix in August 1536 but his movement was halted by the French Army blocking routes to Marseilles. Afterwards, Charles withdrew to Spain rather than attacking the heavily fortified Avignon. There is also a story that French troops deliberately left over-ripe fruit on the trees in an attempt to give Charles's troops dysentery.
While Charles V was busy fighting for territory in France, Francis I's armies received massive reinforcements in Piedmont in terms of generals, troops, and horses on a march headed for Genoa. France had secured an alliance with the Ottoman Empire in 1536 through the diplomatic efforts of Jean de La Forêt, France's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in Marseille by the end of 1536, threatening Genoa, by planning to attack simultaneously with the French troops marching on land towards the city.[2] Unfortunately for the French and Ottomans, when they arrived in Genoa in August 1536 the defenses of the city had been recently reinforced. Instead, the troops marched onto Piedmont, capturing many towns there. In 1537 Barbarossa raided the Italian coast and laid a siege at Corfu, although this provided only limited assistance to the French.
With Charles V unsuccessful in battle and squeezed between the French invasion and the Ottomans, Francis I and Charles V ultimately made peace with the Truce of Nice on 18 June 1538.
Effects
The Truce of Nice, signed on June 18, 1538, ended the war, leaving Turin in French hands but affecting no significant change in the map of Italy. The Truce of Nice was notable because Charles and Francis refused to sit in the same room together because of their intense mutual hatred. Pope Paul III was forced to carry out negotiations by going from room to room, trying to reach an agreement between the two leaders. Tension from this war led to Charles V turning to fight against the Ottomans, only to lose at the Battle of Preveza on September 28, 1538.
Overall, Spain gained significant control over Italy. This Italian War meant that the independence of several Italian states had ended and that most of the Italian peninsula would be ruled (or influenced) by foreign monarchs. The political fragmentation of Italy, and the lack of an unified response to pressures from both France and Spain, made it highly susceptible to European politics and foreign invasions. Future Italian wars emerged from this conflict, specifically the Italian War of 1542-1546. Moreover, different parts of the peninsula experienced severe degrees of devastation on the territory, cities, and infrastructure. On occasion, armies plundered cities and slaughtered across the countryside.
This war entrenched hostilities between the Spanish and French, as they would continue to vie for control over territory and influence in Europe. For example, even after the death of Francis I in 1547, Henry II, Francis’ successor, continued aggression against the Imperial/Spanish and Charles V. The war weakened both countries financially. The Italian War of 1536–38 strengthened the alliance between the Ottomans and the French, for it took the both of them working together to make Charles V desire peace, in order to avoid a two-front war.
Notes
References
1530s conflicts
Italian Wars
Wars involving France
Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Wars involving Spain
1530s in the Holy Roman Empire
1530s in Italy
1536 in Italy
1537 in Italy
1538 in Italy
16th-century military history of France
16th-century military history of Spain
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20War%20of%201536%E2%80%931538
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Nicolás Bautista Monardes (1493 – 10 October 1588) was a Spanish physician and botanist.
Monardes published several books of varying importance. In Diálogo llamado pharmacodilosis (1536), he examines humanism and suggests studying several classical authors, principally Pedanius Dioscorides.
He discusses the importance of Greek and Arab medicine in De Secanda Vena in pleuriti Inter Grecos et Arabes Concordia (1539).
De Rosa et partibus eius (1540) is about roses and citrus fruits. It is known that Monardes also believed that tobacco smoke was an infallible panacea.
Monardes' most significant and well known work was Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, published in three parts under varying titles (in 1565, 1569 and completed in 1574; unchanged reprint in 1580). This was translated into Latin by Charles de l'Écluse and into English by John Frampton with the title "Joyfull Newes out of the newfound world".
Background
Nicolás Monardes was born in Seville, Spanish Empire in 1493. He was the son of Nicoloso di Monardis, an Italian bookseller, and Ana de Alfaro, who was the daughter of a physician. Nicolás Monardes obtained a degree in art in 1530 and then in medicine three years later. After returning from his studies, Monardes began his practice of medicine in his hometown of Seville in 1533. Monardes later graduated from the University of Alcalá de Henares where he obtained his doctorate in medicine in 1547. He went on to marry Catalina Morales, who was the daughter of García Perez Morales, a professor of medicine at Seville. This connection to physicians on both sides of his family allowed Monardes to secure a good position in the world of medicine in Seville for the next fifty years. Monardes acquiring this high position in the medical world allowed him to get involved in the publishing of medical works with an emphasis on healing and medicine and trade with the colonies on the other side of the Atlantic. Monardes and Morales had seven children together. While some of Monardes’ children were able to travel to the Americas, Monardes himself was not able to accompany his offspring and had to learn about American drugs and herbs at the Seville docks. Eleven years after his wife died, Nicolás Monardes perished by way of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1588.
Career
Monardes wrote books and reports that articulated the main characteristics of the empirical medicinal ideals of the Atlantic World. From these ideas came a series of books about the New World that provided arguments in favor of personal experience. This experiential culture can be illustrated with the events and people connected with Monardes’ book, Primera y Segunda y Tercera partes de la Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales que sirven en Medicina. He emphasized observation, testing practices, and realignment of classical traditions in his approach to medicine. While in Seville, he wrote about many of the new medicines and plants coming from the New World. He gathered information about these new herbs from soldiers, merchants, Franciscans, royal officials, and women. Many of Monardes’ works were translated to English. In 1577, John Frampton published his translation of Monardes’ book on medicines.
It's interesting to note that the historically impactful expedition of Francisco Hernandez to the New World may even be credited to Monardes’ inspiration. Some believe Monardes’ efforts sparked King Philip II of Spain to send Hernandez on his expedition. Like many other scientific researchers of the time, his works were commonly discussed and occasionally questioned. For instance, to test Monardes’ account of tobacco as a counter-poison, Philip II of Spain ordered one of his court physicians, Dr Berrnado, to try tobacco on a poisoned dog as an experiment. According to Monardes, the dog was saved.
Monardes and tobacco
One of Monardes’ most well-known characteristics was his affinity for the tobacco plant. His fascination with the herb led him to believe that the crop had an incredible array of antidotal abilities. Monardes is known to assert that usage can cure over twenty conditions such as the common cold and, ironically, cancer. Tobacco went on to be used medicinally in Europe for some time. Many European doctors claimed the herb was essential for cures and for overall health and wellness. A devotee of Monardes’, Juan de Cardenas, echoed this sentiment by stating, “To seek to tell the virtues and greatness of this holy herb, the ailments which can be cured by it, and have been, the evils from which it has saved thousands would be to go on to infinity...this precious herb is so general a human need not only for the sick but for the healthy.” With many long-term users of the herb eventually showing degradation of health, tobacco’s harmful effects were recognized and discontinued as a mainstream European medicine.
Medical publications
Monardes’ first four publications were written between 1536 and 1545. His first published work, a treatise on pharmacodilosis, was written in 1536. This publication’s focal point was on defending the classical medical tradition against the Arab medical tradition. His second publication was written in 1539 in regards to the relationship between blood-letting and cases of pleuritis. A third publication on the medical application of roses and an edition of a medical treatise written by Juan de Aviñón in the fourteenth century, were both written in 1545. After these four, Monardes did not publish another work for twenty years. This twenty-year period was when Monardes’ focus shifted to the medicinal products of the Americas. It was this shift that led to his most important work; the Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales que sirven al uso de la medicina, which was published in Seville in three parts. Part I, published in 1565 and dedicated to the Archbishop of Seville, was divided into four main sections: resins, purgatives, remedies for morbus gallicus (syphilis), and Peruvian balsam and elaborates on the medical uses of these products. The success of the first publication in Historia medicinal resulted in many informants who brought Monardes different plants that had the ability to cure a local illness. These informants and their testimonies served as the basis for Part II. Published in 1571 and dedicated to Philip II, Part II included the addition of nearly another dozen medicinal products including those that could be extracted from animals such as armadillos, sharks, caymans, as well as many others. Part II also includes an extensive study on tobacco and three chapters elaborating on the uses of sassafras, carlo santo, and cebadilla. Other chapters were devoted to other less significant products and testimonies of informants. Part III of Historia medicinal, published in 1574 along with parts I and II and dedicated to Pope Gregory XIII, elaborated more deeply on the usefulness of the products discussed in the first two parts as well as adding a few new ones, most notably the bezoar stones. The complete work was re-issued in 1580 in Seville and was the final edition during Monardes’ life. The success of the Historia medicinal is attributed to its timeliness, credibility, the experience of Monardes, and its coherence and skill of exposition.
Auction records
On September 17, 2009 Swann Galleries auctioned a third English edition of Joyfull Newes out of the New-Found Worlde, London, 1596, for $13,200—an auction record for the book.
Legacy
The genus Monarda was named for him.
Bibliography
1536: Diálogo llamado pharmacodilosis
1539: De Secanda Vena in pleuriti Inter Grecos et Arabes Concordia
1540: De Rosa et partibus eius
1565: Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales
1569: Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina, y el otro que trata de la piedra bezaar, y de la yerva escuerçonera. Sevilla: Hernando Diaz
1571: Segunda parte del libro des las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la medicina; do se trata del tabaco, y de la sassafras, y del carlo sancto, y de otras muchas yervas y plantas, simientes, y licores que agora nuevamente han venido de aqulellas partes, de grandes virtudes y maravillosos effectos. Sevilla: Alonso Escrivano, 1571
1574: Primera y segunda y tercera partes de la historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en medicina; Tratado de la piedra bezaar, y dela yerva escuerçonera; Dialogo de las grandezas del hierro, y de sus virtudes medicinales; Tratado de la nieve, y del beuer frio. Sevilla: Alonso Escrivano
1580: Reprint of the 1574 publication. Sevilla: Fernando Diaz
References
Sources
External links
Works by Monardes on the Internet Archive
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Nicolas Monardes in .jpg and .tiff format.
Nicolás Monardes. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
1493 births
1588 deaths
16th-century Spanish botanists
Spanish medical writers
16th-century Spanish physicians
Spanish Renaissance humanists
Spanish scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20Monardes
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Hants East is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly since 2013 has been Margaret Miller of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party.
The district has existed since 1949. Earlier, it and Hants West were together in Hants.
Geography
The land area of Hants East is .
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
General election results
1949
1953
1956
1960
1963
1967
1970
1974
1978
1981
1984
1988
1993
1998
1999
2003
2006
2009
2013
|-
|Liberal
|Margaret Miller
|align="right"|4,512
|align="right"|47.39
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
|John MacDonell
|align="right"|3,412
|align="right"|35.84
|align="right"|
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Kim Allan Williams
|align="right"|1,597
|align="right"|16.77
|align="right"|
|}
2017
2021
References
External links
riding profile
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hants%20East
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In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Carlson's theorem is a uniqueness theorem which was discovered by Fritz David Carlson. Informally, it states that two different analytic functions which do not grow very fast at infinity can not coincide at the integers. The theorem may be obtained from the Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem, which is itself an extension of the maximum-modulus theorem.
Carlson's theorem is typically invoked to defend the uniqueness of a Newton series expansion. Carlson's theorem has generalized analogues for other expansions.
Statement
Assume that satisfies the following three conditions. The first two conditions bound the growth of at infinity, whereas the third one states that vanishes on the non-negative integers.
is an entire function of exponential type, meaning that for some real values , .
There exists such that
for every non-negative integer .
Then is identically zero.
Sharpness
First condition
The first condition may be relaxed: it is enough to assume that is analytic in , continuous in , and satisfies
for some real values , .
Second condition
To see that the second condition is sharp, consider the function . It vanishes on the integers; however, it grows exponentially on the imaginary axis with a growth rate of , and indeed it is not identically zero.
Third condition
A result, due to , relaxes the condition that vanish on the integers. Namely, Rubel showed that the conclusion of the theorem remains valid if vanishes on a subset of upper density 1, meaning that
This condition is sharp, meaning that the theorem fails for sets of upper density smaller than 1.
Applications
Suppose is a function that possesses all finite forward differences . Consider then the Newton series
with is the binomial coefficient and is the -th forward difference. By construction, one then has that for all non-negative integers , so that the difference . This is one of the conditions of Carlson's theorem; if obeys the others, then is identically zero, and the finite differences for uniquely determine its Newton series. That is, if a Newton series for exists, and the difference satisfies the Carlson conditions, then is unique.
See also
Newton series
Mahler's theorem
Table of Newtonian series
References
F. Carlson, Sur une classe de séries de Taylor, (1914) Dissertation, Uppsala, Sweden, 1914.
, cor 21(1921) p. 6.
E.C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions (2nd Ed) (1939) Oxford University Press (See section 5.81)
R. P. Boas, Jr., Entire functions, (1954) Academic Press, New York.
Factorial and binomial topics
Finite differences
Theorems in complex analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson%27s%20theorem
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Arthur Yoria is an American musician based in Houston, Texas, United States.
Born in Chicago on September 5, 1969, as Alvaro Arturo Guzman, Yoria started to play guitar very late while he was attending the University of Houston. After stints in the Houston-based bands, The Jeepneys and Lavendula, Arthur decided to set out on his own and released a 4-song, self-titled EP in 2001 followed by a 5-song EP, Can You Still Look Adorable in 2002. He has since released other EPs in both English and Spanish.
Yoria was nominated for several prizes in the Houston Press Music Awards. He founded 12 Records, Inc. together with his good friend and former Houston Rocket, Matt Maloney, and recorded I'll Be Here Awake which reached #8 on the specialty radio charts. One of Yoria's songs from that album, Here to Stay, was used in the Fox Television show The O.C. and in the final credits of the 2004 psychological thriller film Breaking Dawn. Yoria's work is featured on a regular basis in TV commercials for CheapBooks.com, since 2006.
Yoria has toured extensively in the U.S. as well as internationally, including Medellin Colombia at C.C. Monterrey in May 2011. Live he combines guitar and vocals with samples, loops, and digital effects. The tracks that are heard live are recorded immediately on stage and are then played under the current live track until that track too becomes a background layer.
Reviews and awards
Featured Artist on Radio Free- Arizona Jeans
Musician of the Month- Designateria
Nominated for Songwriter of the Year and Best Rock en Espanol- Houston Press Awards
Finalist in Virgin Records Mega College Tour Competition- Virgin Records
Another review
External links
Houston Press interview
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Magnatune artists
University of Houston alumni
Musicians from Houston
Living people
1969 births
Guitarists from Chicago
Guitarists from Texas
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Yoria
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Hants West is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
The district has existed since 1949. Earlier, it and Hants East were together in Hants.
Geography
Hants West has a landmass.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
General election results
1949
1953
1956
1960
1963
1967
1970
1974
1978
1981
1984
1988
1993
1998
1999
2003
2006
2009
2013
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Chuck Porter
|align="right"|4,468
|align="right"|50.75
|align="right"|
|-
|Liberal
|Claude Sherman O'Hara
|align="right"|3,279
|align="right"|37.24
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
| Brian Stephens
|align="right"|888
|align="right"|10.28
|align="right"|
|}
2017
2021
References
External links
riding profile
1999 Poll by Poll Results
1998 Poll by Poll Results
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hants%20West
|
Serbian traditional clothing, also called as Serbian national costume or Serbian dress (, plural: / ), refers to the traditional clothing worn by Serbs living in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the extended Serbian diaspora communities in Austria, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, United States, etc. Like any traditional dress of a nation or culture, it has been lost to the advent of urbanization, industrialization, and the growing market of international clothing trends. The wide range of regional folk costumes show influence from historical Austrian, Hungarian, German, Italian, and Ottoman Turkish presence. Nonetheless, the costumes are still a pinnacle part of Serbian folk culture. From the 19th century and onwards, Serbs have adopted western-styled clothing. This change has started in larger settlements such as cities and towns, although it was not uncommon to see rural women in traditional working costumes all the way until the end of President Josip Broz Tito's term. Today, these national costumes are only worn by some elderly in rural areas but are most often worn with connection to special events and celebrations, mostly at ethnic festivals, religious and national holidays, weddings, tourist attractions, and by dancing groups who dance the traditional Serbian kolo, or circle dance.
History
Serbian costume is also known for the variety of textures and embroidery. The jelek is a waistcoat made from wool or velvet while women's jackets are lined with fur. The peony embroidery design often found on aprons, socks and elsewhere is colored bright red, symbolising the blood lost at the Battle of Kosovo. Characteristic features of Serbian dress include opanci, footwear dating back to antiquity.
Traditional Serbian female dress consists of opanci, embroidered woolen socks that reached to the knees and nazuvice. Skirts were very varied, of plaited or gathered and embroidered linen, with tkanice serving as a belt. An important part of the costume were aprons (pregače) decorated with floral motifs. Shirts were in the shape of tunics, richly decorated with silver thread and cords was worn over the shirt. In some areas it was replaced by an upper sleeveless dress of red or blue cloth, knee-long, richly decorated and buttoned in front (zubun). Scarves and caps bordered with cords were worn as headdress. Girls also wore collars, or a string of gold coins around their throats, earrings, bracelets, and their caps were decorated with metal coins or flowers.
In medieval times, rulers, the nobility and senior churchmen brought many of their fabrics from the Republic of Ragusa. The most common fabric for ordinary Serbs was sclavina or schiavina, a coarse woolen fabric. Linen was also made within Serbia while silk was grown at the Dečani Monastery as well as near Prizren. Few secular garments have survived from the medieval period the most notable being the costume worn by Lazar Hrebeljanović at the Battle of Kosovo. More decorated vestments have survived from the period.
The typical Serbian costume consists of shirts, trousers, skirts, sleeveless coats called jeleks, ordinary coats, jubun, socks, belts and headgear, often called oglavja. The trousers are believed to hail from the pre-Slavic Balkan era, while the woolen cord ornaments have a Thracian, Illyrian origin.
The designs of civil clothes were developed from ancient times, to Roman then Byzantine, and later under Turkish (Oriental) influence, and in towns of the Pannonian area and the Adriatic coast, primarily under European influence. Under the influence of the mentioned factors certain common wearing elements within the wider cultural and geographic zones were created, such as Adriatic, Alpine, Dinaric, Morava, Pannonian, and Vardar zones (or styles) with their own particularities. In the wake of Serbia's newfound autonomy following the Second Serbian Uprising, there was a push among Serbian intellectuals from the Austrian Empire to Europeanize the Serbian city costume. The transition (which is most evident in Serbian portrait painting from the mid-19th century) to western attire took several decades and wealthy Serbian men continued to wear full Ottoman costume with turbans on formal occasions well into the 1860s.
By the late 1870s, the male Serbian urban costume favored by officials and the mercantile class (when not wearing increasingly popular Western fashion) still consisted principally of braided Turkish-cut breeches, an embroidered vest, and a striped cashmere or silk shawl, several yards in length, wrapped around the torso in which ornamental pistols and swords were placed. In winter time, this costume was complemented by a long, fur-bordered pelisse. In the southern regions of Serbia, men at the time frequently wrapped a white cloth around their fezzes, similarly to their Albanian neighbors.
Main attire
Overall traditional wear include:
Opanci shoes: Shoes most commonly worn by peasants (pl. опанци, lit. "climbing footwear"); a construction of leather, lack of laces, durable, and have horn-like ending on toes. The design of the horn-like ending indicates the region of Serbia the shoes are from. Until 50 years ago, they were usually worn in rural areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania and Serbia.
Šajkača cap: Easily recognisable by its design; the top looks like the letter V or like the bottom of a boat (viewed from above). It was derived from the 18th-century military cap part of the uniform worn by the Šajkaši, river troops guarding Belgrade, Danube and Sava against the Ottoman Empire, during the 16th- to 19th centuries. It subsequently spread throughout the civilian population of central Serbia, and in the 19th century it became an official part of the Serbian military uniform, first worn only by soldiers, then after 1903 it replaced the officer's French-style Kepis and Peaked caps. It would continue to be used by the Royal Yugoslav Army. It continued its use by the Chetniks in World War II, but also Serbs of the Yugoslav Partisans until it was replaced by "Titovka" cap (named after Josip Broz Tito) for soldiers and Peaked cap for officers' parade uniform. During the Bosnian war, the hat was worn by Bosnian Serb military commanders and many volunteer units in the 1990s. It is seen as a Serbian symbol. Today it is commonly seen in rural villages across Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, often worn by elderly men.
Šubara hat: A shepherd hat (Шубара, fur hat), during harsher and colder times (winter). It is in a conical or cylindrical shape predominantly of Black colour, because of the black lamb/sheep fur (woolen). It was used in the World War I by the Serbian soldiers and by the Chetniks in World War II and again during the Yugoslav Wars, usually with a cockade (kokarda) of the Serbian eagle or cross. Today, it is part of the folk attires of east and southeast Serbia.
Fez: Until the late 19th century, the fez was the most commonly worn hat among Serbs and was used by both men and women. Though associated strongly with Turkey and North Africa, the fez was the preferred choice of headwear for Balkan Christians of all classes during this time. Early uniform regulations of the Serbian civil service specified the wear of fezzes embroidered with the Serbian coat of arms. In 1850, the Russian Consul to Serbia, Dmitrii Sergeevich Levshin insisted that Serbian officials cease wearing the fez and adopt Western hats. The request was refused and Serbian uniform regulations continued to require the fez. Over time, the fez was replaced in Montenegro by the Montenegrin cap, and in most of Serbia by other forms of headwear. In regions of Southern Serbia, however, the fez remains part of the traditional folk costume.
Serbia
In Serbia, Serb folk dress are divided into several groups: Dinaric, Morava, Pannonian, and Vardar styles, all of which can also be placed under regional groups such as: Northern Serbia (which mostly includes Vojvodina), Central Serbia, Eastern Serbia, Western Serbia, and Southern Serbia (which mostly includes Kosovo and Metohija).
Northern Serbia
The Serb folk dress of Northern Serbia, or Vojvodina, are part of the Pannonian style. As part of a cultural zone with Croatia, Hungary and Romania, the attire has likeness to those in adjacent Croatian, Hungarian, Romanian provinces (there are also some small Bunjevac, German, Slovakian, and Rusyn cultural influences in areas where those minorities live). They also take some small influences from the Morava, and Dinaric styles.
Vojvodina
The fertile Plain of Vojvodina provided not only grain, but also abundantly provided raw materials for making human clothing. The Pannonian climate, with long and hot summers and very harsh and windy winters, also conditioned the way of its inhabitants. The main raw materials for the production of the old Serbian costume were vegetable fibers of mullet, flax and cotton. In addition to vegetable fibers, wool, lamb and sheep fur were used for winter clothing, which was favored by basic industries.
19th century clothing made in domestic handicrafts was of simple design. Basic linen was characterized by straight-cut pieces of clothing, the width of which was molded to the body by folding fabrics. By adopting more sophisticated tailoring in upper garments, which came to Serbian costume through the influence of urban and central and western European fashion, especially Viennese, sewing of such costume was left to the tailors. Village dressmakers introduced new fashion elements into folk costume, which influenced and contributed to the rapid loss of Serbian folk costume in Vojvodina.
The old Serbian costume in Vojvodina was formed over a long period of time, and in its features contain traces of past epochs as well as traces of received influences from other peoples with whom Serbs lived in ethnically mixed settlements. Srem has elements of central Balkan and Dinaric attire, Bačka and Banat have central European influences and styles, especially from the Baroque.
During the 19th century, men's clothing in summer and winter was made up of linen-colored white clothing, which is so characteristic with wide linen pants and shirts. Some pleated skirts were worn with them in some villages of northern Bačka and northern and central Banat. Over white clothing, men wore a black štofani vest or a velvet vest. In the spring and autumn, wool coats called doroc and raincoats were worn. Already in the second half of the 19th century, the men's folk costumes were accompanied by short or below the waist coats called bena, bekeš, and jankel.
In the winter,štofane čakšire were worn with a coat. On festive occasions in the summer, younger people wore pleated white skirts. Serbs in Bačka did not wear pants embroidered at the lower edge or pants with lace and fronclama, as how Šokci men wore. Men's skirts are embellished with details. The skirts were worn until World War I.
Shirts are decorated with white embroidery or embroidery made of gold wire. On festive occasions, special sewn embroidered vest were worn, especially embellished with gold embroidery called formeti, nedra, and plastroni. These embroidered vest could be fitted to any shirt and could always be seen under the waistcoat and coat. The shirt was worn over the pants, and where men wore regular pants, the shirt was tucked inside the pants.
The vest is most often sewn from black felt, velvet, plush but there were also vests with colorful silk brocade. Older men wore only black vests, while boys wore vests in the front richly decorated with silver or gold. The most commonly used ornament are plant motifs, horseshoes, initials and years. The richly decorated vests were meant to show the wealth of the guy who wore them.
In Banat and in the villages of northwestern Bačka, the boys used to wear ornaments across their shoulders as decoration.
In addition to the summer festive costume, lacquered leather boots, leather slippers, and slippers were worn. They covered their heads with black felt hats.
During colder days and in winter, men's costumes are complemented by warmer coats. Over the shirt is a warmer, thicker shirt, called a košuljac, as well as other long-sleeved garments sewn from cloth. In winter, a pršnjak jacket and fur coat are worn as well as a fur-lined, ducin or bundaš coat. Beside a saying, benu or jankel. Sown pants originally in white, later made in black. In the 1930s, čakšire pants on šunke were also worn exclusively with boots and came into peasant fashion under the influence of the military uniforms of the old Yugoslav army.
In winter, they wore fur coats and šubara hats. During winter they wore deep boots and opanci with obojci (type of long socks). Obojci were over time replaced with natural wool white or red socks. Bačka was also characterized by wooden footwear worn in the winter when it was mud and snow. The clogs were very wide base so that it was easy to walk on mud and snow, and to keep them warm, they put straw and hay inside. In the second half of the 19th century, city shoes were also worn.
Young women and girls split their hair into two braids that were worn freely down the back or wrapped around their heads or just on the back of their necks. On festive occasions, young women, after they were married, until they had their first child or until new young people came to the house, went with a džeg on their heads. Originally the džeg was usually made up of a black smaller triangular headscarf, it later evolved into a special sewing cap, which consisted of two parts: a cap that covered the bun and a part of hair around it and a lower part that fell down the neck. Most often they are decorated with gold embroidery, which in some places is called zlatare. In Sombor and surrounding settlements, instead of a džeg they wore a ubrđaj.
The essential parts of a woman's costume are skute and shirts. In addition to the curtains, women also wore another skirt, which in some villages was called a suknjerac. The suknjerac was worn with a top skirt made of home-made fabrics and for official occasions made from purchased factory materials. Modern skirts and just a bit longer than knee length, thought they have been significantly longer in the past.
A waist length vest, velvet or silk, usually darker in color, was most often decorated with gold lace and gold embroidery. Worn over the shirt, it was fastened to the front by fasteners or a stitched in wire.
An apron is usually worn over the skirt was usually of the same fabric and decorated in the same way as a vest. In some villages wool aprons were worn with colorful stripes and woven ornaments or floral motifs. In addition to white summer skirts, white aprons were worn with white embroidery.
Since the 1980s, two-piece silk dresses have been in vogue, whose top blouse is always worn over a skirt. Such fabrics have come under the influence of European fashion.
The women's winter clothing consisted of a kožuh, ćurak coat, bundica coat (all fur coats) and a large woolen scarf. The girls wore black plush jackets for festive occasions. The collar on the jacket was in the more affluent girls was from astrakhans (expensive lamb fur from Astrakhan, Russia) and other noble fur.
As a decoration, and also a sign of wealth, the girls wore seferine ducat jewelry around their necks.
The characteristic feminine girls' shoes were white socks and colorful slippers as well as fancy shoes. For everyday, they wore wool woven socks, the natikače or čarapci. For work they wore opanci made of leather as well as wool. During winter they wore slippers with wooden base called cokule or klompe.
During the second half of the 19th century, the costume was completely equalized with the civilian tailoring of the time, and the existing differences were only in certain details of clothing.
The ethnic groups of Srem, Bačka and Banat all have their distinctive costumes.
Clothing parts of the Serb Vojvodina folk costume:
Central Serbia
The Serb folk dress of Central Serbia are divided into two groups: the Dinaric and Morava styles, but also take some small influences from the Pannonian style.
Šumadija
The very beautiful and colorful costume of Šumadija region has been preserved and in use to a great extent, mostly due to their immediate vicinity of Belgrade.
Women braid their hair, placing their long braids around the head which is then hold by toothpick clamps and adorned by jewelry with flower motifs. The shirt is made of linen or knitted fabric. The upper part is sewn to the lower. Around the neck, around the sleeves and at the bottom of the hem, the shirt is closed and festooned with a lace of thicker cotton. A jelek vest is placed over the shirt. Long pleated skirts can be in a variety of different colors (often in a kilt like pattern), most common ones are clean white or black. Skirt embroidery is stitched at the lower parts of the dress, usually in vibrant floral patterns. The apron is the most beautiful part of the costume, every girl and woman hand-make it for themselves, which leads to many variants in terms of technique and vividness. Over the apron and shirt but and under vest a belt called a kolan is fastened. The belt tied with beads and multicolored buttons with pafts, metal buckles that close under the breast. Ducats and other jewelry cover half the breasts. In more common Šumadija dress, women wear a vibrantly colored cloth around the waist instead (commonly red). The socks are knitted and patterned in colorful wool with floral ornaments.
Men's costumes are characterized by long shirts, wide pants that narrow in the lower parts of the legs narrower (can also be čakšire), gunj vest, with an optional anterion jacket, woolen belt on the legs, opanaci with a beaked tip.The head is covered with ether a fez, šubara, or a hat (both straw or from hard cloth). After World War I, the šajkača from military uniforms has also been included and popularized.
The traditional folk attire of Šumadija has become the common modernized regional dress for Central Serbia, as well as the most commonly known folk attire from the Serbs.
Eastern Serbia
The Serb folk dress of Eastern Serbia are part of the Morava style, but also take some small influences from the Dinaric and Pannonian styles. As part of a cultural zone with Bulgaria and Romania, the attire has likeness to those in adjacent Bulgarian and Romanian provinces. Traditional shepherd attire, typical for this attire is woolen vests and capes (from sheep), walking sticks, etc.
Leskovac
The male costume consists of dark red trousers, cloth, white shirt, dark jelek (a small dark-red sleeveless embroidered jacket), and black subara (characteristic high shaggy fur cap) or a dark red fez (characteristic mediterranean cap). Women wear weaved skirts (fute), colorful aprons, white embroidered dresses, dark jelek and white veils around their heads. They wear opanci as footwear.
Pirot
The costumes of Pirot are richly decorated, male costume consists of natural-white zobun, black-red belt, black or red trousers and fes on the head. Women wear white dresses under black zobun, which has gold stripes on borders, decorated aprons and white kerchiefs around their heads. They were opanci and red socks.
Folk costume from Pirot.
Vranje
The traditional urban dress of Vranje is a mix of local tradition and oriental influences. The male costume consists of dark trousers and gunj with red stripes at the end of its sleeves, red silk belt and the black shoes. Women wear black plush skirts, white blouses and highly decorated libada embroidered with gold srma, dimije (shalwar pants), pafta around waist and tepeluk on the head.
Western Serbia
The Serb folk dress of Western Serbia are part of the Dinaric style, but also take some small influences from the Adriatic, Morava, and Pannonian styles. As part of a cultural zone with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, the attire has likeness to those in adjacent Bosnian and Montenegrin provinces.
Ivanjica
The inhabitants of this region are mainly migrants from the so-called Dinara region. In its basic characteristics the costume is similar to that of the Dinara region with additions imposed through time, by the new environment, and later influences from outside.
Regardless of the relative isolation and lack of connection in communication between the
investigated territories and other regions, change penetrated even this area and was reflected not only in daily
life but also in the adoption of new, or abandoned old, pieces of dress for practical or functional reasons.
Some dress pieces, particularly from the older costume at end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th
centuries, are recognisable in the dress of Montenegro, Herzegovina and early Bosnia from where the greater
number of the inhabitants originate.
The oldest pieces of costume are very similar to those in the place of origin e.g. male and female
shirts, female waistcoats, gunj, aljina, red cap, Mali fez with shawl, zubun, pelengiri, kabanica. After World War I, the so-called Sumadija costume (anterija, fermen) became the national costume of this
region.
The facts indicate that this national costume, in villages of the Ivanjica region, had practically
disappeared in the nineties of the 20th century, “Old” dress disappeared under the pressure of industrial,
uncontrolled production.
Mačva
There has been folk art in Mačva since ancient times, where heritage and the pursuit of identity are connected. The ethnographic culture of the people of this region is rich, diverse and creatively-aesthetically valuable. Historical heritage, economic and social factors have led to the emergence of a transitional zone of folk culture and artistic creation. Various materials were used to express the aesthetic feelings, in shaping and decorating. Folk art includes weaving, embroidery, knitting, woodworking, forging, casting and the like.
Flax and hemp have grown well in this area and have been one of the main foundations of homework.
In this area, all the techniques of weaving (square weaving, kneeling, quilting, embroidery and knitting) were developed. The sleeves, aprons, zbubins, rugs in ornamentation are dominated by geometric shapes – rhombuses, squares, crosses, stylized flowers and twigs. Besides simple rhombus, meander is one of the most popular motifs of textile folk crafts. In an elaborate scale of handicrafts, the dominant place is occupied by the manufacture of rugs, which were usually two-faced, woven on a horizontal break by two techniques – squatting and kneeling.
Lace making and embroidery here have reached high artistic levels, and the techniques have been brought to near perfection. Worthy of note are the richly decorated firs, skins and guns with multicolored leather and embroidery applications.
Folk costume plays an important role in folk life and customs. The distinctive sense of the area may include a distinct sense of decoration for clothing, especially women's folk costumes, with stylizations of plant and geometric motifs, in embroidery techniques and textile-to-textile applications. Although it suffers from certain influences and changes, the costume as well as the cultural heritage has been passed down for generations. Its aesthetic value is reflected in the relationship most represented on shirts and aprons. The folk costume used to be worn with various and rich jewelry, and gold coin was especially represented. The decoration and jewelry served as a sign of wealth, honor and social status.
Women's folk costume in this area is diverse and flamboyant. It consists of a wide embroidered shirt with ruffled sleeves, a skirt, a front and back apron, a fir and a libada decorated with shawl, knee-length socks embroidered with wool with geometric figures and a belt. The aprons are vividly embroidered, richly decorated with gold embroidery (with floral motifs dominated by vines, roses, flowers, tulips, carnations). The ornamentation on the aprons is enlivened by the harmony of colors and indicates the lush folk art. Women combed their hair in a characteristic way – in braids, which, under the nape, are crossed and wrapped around their heads, and tied with a braid at the end.
The men's costume consists of a long shirt, wide pants over which can be narrower or wider jackets, a vest of natural brown cloth, a woolen belt around the waist, short woolen socks, homemade opanci with a beaked shoe tip.
Zlatibor
Zlatibor folk costume is a combination of Montenegrin and Šumadijan. During the summer, men wore prtišta, long pants and hemp shirts, and sometimes a pelengirim made of wool. They wore a belt around their waist, with a gun and blade placed on the belt itself. On their feet they had opanci with knee-high socks and tozlucima or Kamašne (type of boots), while on head they wear šajkača or šubara. In the winter they wore a koporan coat, and on festive occasions they put on a nicer suit. The women wore wide skirts, embroidered on the bottom and white zubun, also embroidered with metal and sequins. They also wore opanci, but with a beaked tip.
Southern Serbia
The Serb folk dress of Southern Serbia, or Kosovo and Metohija, are divided into three groups: the Dinaric, Morava, and Vardar styles. As part of a cultural zone with Albania and North Macedonia, the attire has likeness to those in adjacent Albanian and Macedonian provinces, such as jelek, zubun, anterija, opanak, gunj, and fez instead of šajkača.
Kosovo and Metohija
Kosovo and Metohija are distinguished by their very diverse folk costumes, known for their richness and abundance of shapes and decorations.
Created over many years, the costumes contain elements of the various cultural influences that confronted this area during the historical epochs, such as from old Slavic and old Balkan civilizations.
Serbian costumes from Kosovo and Metohija stand out for their exceptional beauty and variety. The wealth of imagination and craftsmanship in creating basic shapes and decorative motifs are visible on jeleci, dolame, zubuni, anterije, shirts, aprons, belts, headscarves, headgear, caps, etc., made by women, girls and terzije (folk costume tailor). The ornaments are mostly general geometrical shapes, geometric plant shapes, regular plant motifs, and in rare examples animal motifs. The color is often red. Its symbolic and magical meaning – a symbol of life and health – combined with other colors like silver and gold, adds to the vibrant color harmony of these costumes.
The city's costume was under direct oriental influence. It remained in use until almost before World War II. In its overall stylistic design, it had the same features throughout Kosovo and Metohija, with slight variations in particular environments. It was worn in Prizren, Peć, Đakovica, Priština, Kosovska Mitrovica, Gnjilan and other smaller townships. City costumes were mostly made by terzije tailor masters. The city's men's costume is mainly based on the Turkish-Oriental clothing tradition, with influences from the Greek costume. Each town men wore a fez, usually darker in color and always with a black tassel. A tufted dark blue and black suit was also worn.
Female dress had the least amount of drastic changes throughout the centuries (partly due to women not traveling beyond their local areas). The necessity to move and earn money for one's family has led to strong and relatively frequent changes in traditional men's costume. The first significant changes towards the adoption of the European clothing style followed after 1829 as a consequence of the demand for change and reform of the whole social life within the Ottoman Empire, especially in the then underdeveloped urban areas. The vast rural population did not significantly modernize in terms of dressing until the Balkan wars and liberating these areas from centuries-old Turkish rule. Extremely difficult living conditions, almost daily threats to the lives of Serbian Orthodox people, will condition the development of the phenomenon labeled as mimika (mimicry) in clothing. That is why, until 1912, a white cloth suit was worn which was typical for the clothing of the Albanian male population. Since liberation – clothing was made of cloths of a dark colors. From the 1920s, elements of the Serbian military uniform have been observed in the men's folk costume of the Serbs: wearing šajkače and trousers on a bridge instead of an Old Balkan type čakšir. In North Kosovo, traders and wealthy people also wore a long red raincoat, rarely white, called a japundža. After World War II, men's traditional costumes were replaced by fully ready-made garments.
Clothing parts of the Serb Kosovo and Metohija folk costume:
Metohija
For women's folk costumes in the Metohija region, a linen shirt in the form of a straight tailored tunic with sleeves was developed, extending into bell-shaped garments with multiple studs inserted. The embroidery of perfect workmanship is located on the visible parts such as sleeves, chest with collar and the edge of the shirt. The embroidery used wool yarn, often red in multiple shades. In the Metohija region, it is almost independently represented.
Of the upper parts of the garments that are worn stand out the most beautifully shaped wide-brimmed robe known as a zubun, made of white cloth, sleeveless, long to the knees and open at full length front. The headband, which is made up primarily of tresses, tendrils, braids, worn by married women, consists of two braided wool braids that intertwine with hair or just bend past the ears. A headdress was laid on combed hair in the form of a small cap whose elongated parts fell down the back which was called a prevez.
Wrinkled aprons, usually woolen or in combination with cotton, up to a half thigh length or shorter, colored with intense red and green, are an integral part of traditional women's costume.
Various decorative forms of jewelry enriched clothing – needles, earrings (both highly richly designed or simple), and beautifully shaped headpieces in the form of tiaras. Necklaces, headbands, bracelets and rings are also common, as pafts (belt buckles). The well-known bride's ornament in the Metohija-Kosovo area was a kovanik (coin belt), made up of brass plates with polychrome stones and agates. Significant use was also made of rows of coins, as well as ornaments of multicolored beads with geometric patterns that were knitted by women.
The clothes were also complemented by opanci made of pig skin.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Serb folk dress of Bosnia and Herzegovina are divided into two groups; the Dinaric and Pannonian styles, all of which can also be placed under regional groups such as: Bosnian Krajina, East Herzegovina, Ozren, Sarajevo Field, etc. They also take some small influences from the Adriatic and Morava styles.
Bosnia
Bosnian Krajina
The costumes of the Bosnian Krajina belong to the type of Dinaric costumes that extend from western Bosnia to the Imljan, Banja Luka and Travnik regions in the east, from the slopes of Grmeč, across Potkozar to Prnjavor in the north, and to Grahovo, Glamoča, Kupresa and Bugojno in the south. However, some of the costumes in this group are classified in the group of Middle Bosnian and Posavina costumes. In such a widespread area there is a large number of variants of Serbian costumes with significant differences in the pattern of clothing, ornamentation or in the way of wearing individual pieces.
The main features of Dinaric women's costume are: long linen shirt, wool apron and belt. Shorter and longer gowns, including a woolen dress often referred to as modrina or raša, woolen socks, opanci, and a red cap with a white scarf called bošča.
The main features of the Dinaric Men's costume are: shorter linen shirt, čakšire pants, Woolen ječerma robe, cloths, socks, opanci, and red cap with or without fringe.
The linen shirt is the basic clothing item of Dinaric men's and women's costumes. As a rule, the shirt dresses on the body itself and in summer and winter. A belt cloth is tied or banded over it.
The women's shirt is extended while The men's shirt is shorter, up to the hips, usually fits into pants.
Both shirts are characterized by embroidered embellishments on the head opening, usually embroidered with wool in 4 colors, though there is also a white thread embroidery especially for men's shirts. Some parts of the embroidery are sometimes made individually and then sewn on a shirt, commonly known as ošve.
The red cap is also a common element of women's and men's costumes. Bridesmaids and groomsmen hats are obligatory decorated with coins, while married women throw a white kerchief over a cap embroidered with colorful wool over the cap.
Men sometimes wear a red woolen scarf over their hats, while those who do not wear a scarf have a black embroidered hat.
For other parts of the dinar costume, sheep's wool is used, which women washed, scratched, combed, covered with, and woven from such threads, which is left raw or dyed in blue, black or red.
Opanci are made of raw, unprocessed leather.
The dinar costume in Bosnia and Herzegovina is not complete without jewelry, which is very rich and focuses on the head, hair and chest. Jewelry is made of silver or silver alloys, while rare is made of other metals. With men, the highlights that attach to the vest or ječermu are part of the festive costume.
Women's jewelry is richer and consists of needles, braids, earrings, bracelets, rings and belt buckles. A special role in women's jewelry is played by necklace with attached coins called a đerdan. However, having lost the original role and function of framing the face, it became a long metal strip, with a series of sewn silver pieces that a girl ready to be married receives in a dowry from her parents.
Integral parts of the Serb Bosnian Krajina folk costume:
Ozren
Serb folk costume in the Ozren area is mostly made of canvas. Weaved from cotton on the flat (canvas maker). Men wear hats. Each men's bag is differently decorated.
Integral parts of the Serb Bosnian Krajina folk costume:
Sarajevo Field
Male costumes in this group are much more uniform, regardless of the specific characteristics of certain costumes. The shirts are also made of linen, without ties, with very wide sleeves, especially in Sarajevo costumes. Both male and female costumes are characterized by kerchiefs at the edge of the sleeves. Unlike the Dinaric ones, Sarajevo pants are of a much wider. Main type of jackets worn are gunjić or džoka, džemadan, gunj and čakšire. All these black cloth dresses are decorated with black, red and blue gaiters. The whole group of male costumes in eastern and central Bosnia are characterized by Fez hats. Feet are characterized by tozluci.
In female costumes, shirts are made of cotton or mixed birch, long to the ankle, with pleated wedges under the arms, which make them very wide. Zubun, as the most important robe, is not as uniform here as in Dinaric costumes. Some of the costumes in this area do not have zubun's, but short gunjiće or čerme. These are always made of black cloth, mostly decorated with red braid, or without ties, as in eastern Bosnia and Birač. The pregača apron in women's costumes was also not a common dress element. For footwear in addition to knitted opanci, leather opanci of different shapes and colors are also worn. The socks are knee-deep of length, mostly black wool, patterned in different colors, with floral motifs in eastern Bosnia, while geometric patterns are found around Sarajevo. For headdress maidens wore the typical red fezić, while women wore various forms of rolls woven from wands, with a square headscarf placed over it, mostly with without ties.
Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been some changes to this group of costumes. The only major change is in female costumes with the use of black satin dimija in the Sarajevo area and in Bosnia Valley to Zenica. The introduction of this garment ceases the use of aprons, while all other parts remain in use. In male costumes, the changes were insignificant until World War II.
Integral parts of the Serb Sarajevo folk costume:
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Male Sarajevo folk costume:
Fez hat
Krmez, a embroidered cap
Džoka or Gunjić coat
Džemadan vest
Gunj jacket
Čakšire, black trousers made of heavy cloth
Shirt
Tozluci legwarmers
Opanci
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Female Sarajevo folk costume:
Fesić headdress
Čenar', colorful kerchiefs for the head
Džečerma or Čerma, home-made relief linen shirt
Gunjiće robed shirt
Ćurdija, richly embroidered vest
Dimija Zubun
Long white dress
Opanci
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Herzegovina
East Herzegovina
Herzegovina hill folk costume is in the territory of Eastern Herzegovina, ie. in the southern part of Republika Srpska and Old Herzegovina in the territory of western Montenegro, was in daily use until 1875.
Integral parts of the Serb Herzegovina folk costume:
Gacko
Traditional peasant attire. Women wear home-made linen dresses with darker embroidery around sleeves, weaved fringed apron, dark-blue zobun made of heavy cloth hemmed with dark-red narrow stripes and a cap on the head. Men’s costume consists of white trousers, long gunj, dark-red weaved belt and also a cap on the head. They wear the opanciCroatia
The Serb folk dress of Croatia are divided into several groups; Adriatic, Alpine, Dinaric, and Pannonian styles, all of which can also be placed under regional groups such as: Baranya, Dalmatia, Istra, Slavonia, etc.
Baranya and Slavonia
Folk costumes of the Pannonian area are characterized by the use of konoplje and flax.
The basic elements of a men's costume in Baranya are wide canvas shorts, which extend down to the ankles, and a linen shirt, which is worn over the pants. The upper parts of the garment consist of a sleeveless vest, most often embellished with embroidery or applications, multicolored buttons, and pieces of glass. In the cold winter months, he also wore a long white cloak of cloth with a very decorative square collar, with applied ornaments of the same material. Sheepskin raincoat as well as various fur coats with sleeves were used as winter outerwear. The everyday costume was simple, unadorned, while for festive occasions the shirts received a very nice embroidery on the chest made of red, blue or white thread, and for the most festive occasions a golden thread.
Baranya's women's costume comes in many variants, but is basically a one-piece linen shirt that covers the body from the shoulders to the ankles. It is made of several half canvases that are joined by a rich pleating on the neckline.
The number of variants that adapt the Baranya to all the needs of the seasons, canons of certain age groups and differences in economic position are underlined in two geographically specific types of Danube and Podravina costumes.
Dalmatia
For centuries, Serbs of both Orthodox and Catholic Christian denominations have lived alongside other people groups in the Dalmatia region, modern day Croatia. As such, their folk costumes share elements and similarities with folk costumes of other local ethnic groups. Italian, Croat, and Slovene design elements blended with Serb designs, creating folk costumes such as those worn by Serbs in Montenegro.
Bukovica
In Bukovica, a part of northern Dalmatia inhabited by Serbs for centuries, folk costumes of specific forms have been maintained for longer than in other areas. The continuity of identical forms from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century. The work uses primarily the rich material of the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade, which contains sets and individual parts of the costume from the Serbian regions of northern Dalmatia: Bukovica, Benkovac, Ravni Kotari, Knin, Cetinska and Drniška Krajina from the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, written and visual sources from 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, the results of an independent field survey conducted from 1993 to 1995 in Bukovica and Ravni Kotari, as well as data obtained in interviews with indicators expelled from these areas in 1995.
Knin
Zagorje, the people of the Knin Krajina still wear what their grandfathers used to wear. That suit lasts from generation to generation. There is no end in Europe where there are as many quirky and original ways of costume as in Dalmatia. The costume is traditional, and so is the pattern or grease blue (blue), red and white, yellow, green and black.
Married on her head she wears a white canvas called bošča. Wherever she wears a colorful towel. The females, as they marry, are wearing a red cap. The married woman knits her hair in two braids and throws it across her neck. In these braids, advances, ilk, cyanics are interwoven, and girls wear caps with chains, hearts, glass beads, etc. The girls knit their hair in one braid and pull it down. The hat she wears is red-pale and shallower. They comb their hair well, smooth it with wooden combs, help with young butter or oil, through the same variety of jewelry, and even infuse money.
They are married with a home-made or shopping shirt, embroidered in wool, thin, tailored, which they themselves wrap in four different colors: blue, green, black, red, etc. For older people, extinguish colors and younger ones. The shirt is tied around the neck, down the chest and around the sleeves. The shirt is spread across her chest, under her neck, buckled and whispered with buckles and buckles, her sleeves are wide, and she is long to her ankles. Some also wear a shirt with breasts and sleeves. Above the shirt, in winter, aljina, which is made of black cloth, is embroidered on the bottom with silk, in bright colors, red-brown-blue. This embroidery is at the bottom of the dress, around the arms and neck. In summer, they only have a shirt. Above all, the modrina, which they call sadak. Sadak is made of blue cloth, made with rice, and along the rice with embroidery down the chest and along the bottom, mostly sharp. It has no sleeves, just rolls up. They also call it zubun. At the waist is the pregača apron. They make it from yarn, which they make and dye themselves. It is in folk patterns and has tassels. It reaches below the ankles. Over and around the lower torso she has a tkanicu made in a shirt and embroidered. It is also made of home-made cloth.
They usually wear a kind of knife on the side, a razor curved and folded into a cover. The shoes are worn with dyed socks from cloths that go to the ankles, which are worn underneath the "terluci". Terluci are made of white wool and embroidered with silk or wool in the front. In modern times, they have been replaced by regular woolen socks. Opanci have the sole of unstretched ox skin. They are wrapped on the upper side of the leg with sheepskin or sheepskin unbroken leather – they are tightened at the end of the sole. Some wear slippers and call them "levantine".
Men dress is more simple and without any frills. They have a heavy red cap on their head, made of scarlet, embroidered with black silk, younger men wear shallower, and older men deeper caps. They call it težačka red cap. Some also wear a Turkish-styled towel. They have a tight shirt. It is not strictly long, and if you tie it up, it is no different from the shirts for women. The colors are white and home-made. The older men wear a white embroidered necklace, while the younger men have it simply stitched. They wear a kind of vest on top of the shirt called the krožet. It is usually made of blue cloth, trimmed with a red rice. It is noticed on the chest and reaches to the hips below. On top of the krožet is a gunjac or a korporan. It is on the sleeves like a wide jacket, made with a red rice and red braid. It is made of black cloth, decorated in the front and even on the sleeves and back. They have trousers, blue "benevreke" pants.
The socks are tightly fitted, then obojci and opanci, with ox skins underneath, and a oputa from above.
In winter they wear a robe, ie. raincoat with crochet necklace called a kukuljica. The raincoat is made of large red čohe-abe, or gray cloth. Usually, the kukuljica simply stands on the shoulders, stretched out. When it is raining, they drag the bead on its head and fasten it with buckles.
On top of the woolen shirts, they attach a holders for knives, razors, pipes, and sometimes weapons. Below the gun they carry a torbak bag, which is a leather square bag, worn by a man. Both men and women bags on both shoulders, and smaller bags on one shoulder, all made from domestic wool. Some also carry zobnice, a type of woolen cloth with carpet like patterns.
Many weave rugs, aprons, blankets and various home jewelry. All with different patterns woven very nicely, and of value.
There are still older people who wear their hair in a braid called a perčin. Usually, they shave their heads in front, and they pick up the rest of their hair in a long strip and weave it into a black woolen band, then adorn it with jewelry. If there is a young daughter-in-law in the house, she combs and knits it.
Better clothes are made of finer things and with finer shoots, buckles, hooks, etc.
Integral parts of the Serb Knin folk costume:
Lika
For centuries, Serbs (both Orthodox and Catholic), Vlachs, Croats, Bunjevci and Kranjci have lived in Lika. Although they lived in the same area, the people had very distinct differences, peculiarities and specificities, both in historical, spiritual, cultural, dialect, and in terms of folk traditions. This inevitably reflected in the folk costumes of these people.
The folk costumes of the Serbian Orthodox people of Lika differs in some sense from the national costume of the Catholic people of Lika, both in color and in the names of the individual parts of which the costume consists.
The Serb Lika costumes are consist of male and female Lika costumes, each with different types of clothing for work, everyday (both contemporary and old), ceremonies, and secular use. The traditional Serb costume of Lika is much like the traditional Montenegrin folk attire.
Integral parts of the Serb Lika folk costume:
Montenegro
The folk dress of Montenegro are part of the Old Herzegovina style, exclusively worn by ancient Serbian Clans and descent, which are traditionally worn in the following areas: Morača, Cetinje and in northwestern Montenegro, region of Durmitor and Ljubišnja, the entire length of the Tara River Canyon, and in all parts of Montenegro and East Herzegovina, where autochthonous Serbian Slav Clans lived.
The ceremonial costume that became a symbol of the Serb ethnic community in Montenegro was created by Prince-Bishop Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, who also liked to wear it himself. When worn by Njegoš, the costume was described in elaborate detail: "He wore a red waistcoat, hemmed with gold; the shirt sleeves which could be seen under the sleeveless jacket were of the finest linen...; he had the weapon belt tied around his waist and the brown girdle with two guns and the long dagger stuck into it. The wide blue panes and knee socks...the fine socks and black leather shoes completed his attire."Jovan Vukmanovic, "Fizicki lik i izgled Njegosa," /The Physical Image of Njegos/ in Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja na Cetinju (Cetinje, 1963), III, 76–96. The red waistcoat, the blue panes, and the white knee socks symbolized the Serbian tricolour flag by which the Montenegro had identified itself with since 1876.
Costumes in Montenegro and in Herzegovina regions consist of:
Montenegrin cap
Shirt with collar, ie. shirt with no collar or with a small collar
Džamadan, men's jacket the red part that wears after the shirt
Dušanka the female jacket
Jaketa jacket
Kanice the female belt
Zubun the long wool coat with light green color, a common part of both men's and women's costume
Silav, a leather strap for a weapon that is placed under the pojas''
Blue pants with wide-fitting
Ankle stockings
Bjelače Woolen socks (shorts)
Opanci (leather)
Often boots are worn instead of leggings, but not worn with socks or soles.
Gallery
See also
Serbian dances
Serbian folklore
Croatian national costume
Macedonian national costume
References
Further reading
Đekić, Mirjana. Srpska narodna nošnja Kosova: Gnjilane. Kulturno-prosvjetni sabor Hrvatske, 1989.
Бјеладиновић, Јасна. "Српска народна ношња у сјеничко–пештерској висоравни." ГЕМ45 (1981).
Jovanović, Milka, and Branislav Kojić. Народна ношња у Србији у XIX веку/Narodna nošnja u Srbiji u XIX veku. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti, 1979.
Милутиновић, Вера. "Српске народне ношње у околини Вршца. у: Филиповић, Миленко С., ур." Српске народне ношње у Војводини (1953): 103–123.
Бјеладиновић-Јергић, Јасна. "Компаративно одређење народне ношње српског и муслиманског становништва унутар Сјеничко-пештерске висоравни и у односу на суседне и друге области." Научна монографија: Сјеничко-пештерска висораван, Етнографски музеј, Београд (1992): 305–348.
Čulić, Zorislava, and Helena Volfart-Kojović. Narodne nošnje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zemaljski muzej, 1963.
Јовановић, М. "Војислав Радовановић и његов допринос проучавању наше народне ношње." Гласник Етнографског института Српске академије наука и уметности (1977).
Radojičić, Dragana. "Ношња из Врчина." Гласник Етнографског института САНУ 54.1 (2006): 259–270.
External links
Traditional Attire
Serbian clothing
Culture of Serbia
Folk costumes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian%20traditional%20clothing
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Harvey Lowell Wollman (May 14, 1935 – October 18, 2022) was an American politician who served as the 26th Governor of South Dakota from 1978 to 1979. He was the first Lieutenant Governor in the history of South Dakota to succeed to the governorship. To date, he is also the most recent Democrat to have held the office of South Dakota's governor.
Early life
Wollman was born on May 14, 1935, in Frankfort, South Dakota. His parents were Edwin J. Wollman (1907–1981) and Katherine (née Kleinsasser) Wollman (1905–2002). He graduated from Doland High School in 1953. From 1954 to 1955, he attended Bethel College at St. Paul, Minnesota. From 1956 to 1957, he attended Huron College before serving in the U.S. Army from 1958 to 1960. In 1961, he completed a Bachelor of Arts from Huron College. From 1961 to 1965, he served as a teacher at Doland High School. In 1965, he completed graduate work at the University of South Dakota before becoming a farmer.
Career
Wollman was the chairman of the Spink County Democratic Party. He ran for the South Dakota State Senate in 1966, but lost to Herb Heidepreim. Wollman ran again in 1968 and won a rematch against Heidepreim. He was re-elected in 1970. After the 1970 election, he was elected as minority leader. He was first elected lieutenant governor in 1974, on a ticket with Governor Richard F. Kneip.
In 1978, Wollman ran for the Democratic nomination for governor. He lost the primary election to State Senator Roger D. McKellips on June 8. Governor Kneip resigned to accept an appointment as United States Ambassador to Singapore, and Wollman succeeded him as governor on July 24, 1978. Wollman was sworn in as governor by his brother, Roger Leland Wollman, who was serving at the time as Chief Justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court.
Wollman served as governor until January 1, 1979. While he was in office, he worked to speed the repeal of the state property tax and increase the budget for higher education. He was succeeded by Republican Bill Janklow (who defeated McKellips in the general election).
Wollman remained interested in politics, saying that he did not want to run for governor in 1982, but was looking into running for the United States Senate in the 1984 election. He decided instead to run for his old seat in the state senate in 1984 with an eye on running for governor in the 1986 election. He lost to Mary McClure, the incumbent Republican, in the election.
Personal life and death
Wollman married Ann Geigel and they had two sons, Michael and Daniel, and one daughter, Kristine.
Wollman died in Huron, South Dakota on October 18, 2022, at the age of 87.
Legacy
Wollman's family originated from Russia and is of German descent. He was a member of the Ebenezer Mennonite Brethren Church (which closed its doors in the mid-1990s).
References
External links
National Governors Association
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1935 births
2022 deaths
American Mennonites
American people of German-Russian descent
Democratic Party governors of South Dakota
Farmers from South Dakota
Huron University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of South Dakota
Military personnel from South Dakota
People from Spink County, South Dakota
Schoolteachers from South Dakota
Democratic Party South Dakota state senators
University of South Dakota alumni
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The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. Costal cartilage is only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension.
Differences from Ribs 1-12
The first seven pairs are connected with the sternum; the next three are each articulated with the lower border of the cartilage of the preceding rib; the last two have pointed extremities, which end in the wall of the abdomen.
Like the ribs, the costal cartilages vary in their length, breadth, and direction. They increase in length from the first to the seventh, then gradually decrease to the twelfth.
Their breadth, as well as that of the intervals between them, diminishes from the first to the last. They are broad at their attachments to the ribs, and taper toward their sternal extremities, excepting the first two, which are of the same breadth throughout, and the sixth, seventh, and eighth, which are enlarged where their margins are in contact.
They also vary in direction: the first descends a little to the sternum, the second is horizontal, the third ascends slightly, while the others are angular, following the course of the ribs for a short distance, and then ascending to the sternum or preceding cartilage.
Structure
Each costal cartilage presents two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities.
Surfaces
The anterior surface is convex, and looks forward and upward: that of the first gives attachment to the costoclavicular ligament and the subclavius muscle; those of the first six or seven at their sternal ends, to the pectoralis major. The others are covered by, and give partial attachment to, some of the flat muscles of the abdomen.
The posterior surface is concave, and directed backward and downward; that of the first gives attachment to the sternothyroideus, those of the third to the sixth inclusive to the transversus thoracis muscle, and the six or seven inferior ones to the transversus abdominis muscle and the diaphragm.
Borders
Of the two borders the superior is concave, the inferior convex; they afford attachment to the internal intercostals: the upper border of the sixth gives attachment also to the pectoralis major.
The inferior borders of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth cartilages present heel-like projections at the points of greatest convexity. These projections carry smooth oblong facets which articulate with facets on slight projections from the upper borders of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth cartilages, respectively.
Interchondral articulations
The interchondral articulations are the joints formed between the costal cartilages of the ribs. The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers (interchondral ligaments) which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their lower borders with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers.
Extremities
The lateral end of each cartilage is continuous with the osseous tissue of the rib to which it belongs.
The medial end of the first is continuous with the sternum; the medial ends of the six succeeding ones are rounded and are received into shallow concavities on the lateral margins of the sternum.
The medial ends of the eighth, ninth, and tenth costal cartilages are pointed, and are connected each with the cartilage immediately above.
Those of the eleventh and twelfth are pointed and free.
Clinical significance
In old age, the costal cartilages are prone to superficial ossification, particularly in women with age of 50 years and over.
In costochondritis and Tietze syndrome, inflammation of the costal cartilage occurs. This is a common cause of chest pain.
Severe trauma may lead to fracture of the costal cartilage. Such injuries often go unnoticed during x-ray scans, but can be diagnosed with CT scans. Surgery is typically used to fix the costal cartilage back onto either the rib or sternum.
Costal cartilage may be harvested for reparative use elsewhere in the body. Whilst this is typically conducted using a general anaesthetic, IV sedation can also be used. The procedure presents a minor risk of pleural tear.
Additional images
See also
Costochondral joint
Costochondritis
Human rib cage
Rib
References
External links
Link to picture
Skeletal system
Connective tissue
Thorax (human anatomy)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costal%20cartilage
|
James Stevens may refer to:
James Stevens (Connecticut politician) (1768–1835), United States Representative from Connecticut
James G. Stevens (1822–1906), Scottish-born lawyer, judge and political figure in New Brunswick
James Stevens (New York politician) (1836–1912), New York state politician
J. A. Stevens (James Algernon Stevens, 1873–1934), British customs officer in India
James M. Stevens (1873–1937), Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, 1903–1905
Jim Stevens (baseball) (1889–1966), American baseball player
James Stevens (writer) (1892–1971), American writer and songwriter
James Norman Stevens (1910–1993), English cricketer
James Hay Stevens (1913–1973), British aviation journalist and pilot
James A. Stevens (fl. 1949–1967), American college football coach
James Stevens (composer) (1923–2012), English composer
James C. Stevens (born 1953), American chemist at the Dow Chemical Company
James Thomas Stevens (born 1966), American poet and academic
James Stevens (Australian politician) (born 1983), member of the Australian House of Representatives for Sturt
James Stevens (soccer) (born 1984), American soccer player
James Stevens (footballer) (born 1992), English footballer
James Stevens, aka The Consultant, character used by the music group Cardiacs
James Stevens, protagonist of the novel The Remains of the Day
See also
James Stephens (disambiguation)
Jimmy Stevens (disambiguation)
Jamie Stevens (born 1989), English footballer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Stevens
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Scott Matthew Olsen (born January 12, 1984) is an American former pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins and Washington Nationals between 2005 and 2010.
Early life
Olsen was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He attended Crystal Lake South High School in Crystal Lake, Illinois, for high school where he was all-conference in baseball. He was drafted 173rd overall during the sixth round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft by the Florida Marlins.
MLB career
Florida Marlins
2005 season
Olsen played his first season in the MLB in 2005 with the Florida Marlins. The team activated him on June 25, 2005, when pitcher Josh Beckett went on the disabled list. Olsen had one win and one loss in five starts, with a 3.98 ERA during the season, but was also later sent to the disabled list with an elbow injury.
2006 season
During the 2006 season with the Florida Marlins, Olsen went 12–10 with a 4.04 ERA. With his 10+ wins and the 10+ wins of his fellow rookies Josh Johnson, Ricky Nolasco and Aníbal Sánchez, the 2006 Marlins became the first team in Major League Baseball history with four rookie pitchers with ten or more wins in one season.
With his 166 strikeouts in 2006, Olsen held the single-season record for the most strikeouts by a Marlins rookie until it was broken in 2013 by José Fernandez. He had two 10-or-more strikeout games: 11 vs. the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 27 and 10 vs. the New York Mets on August 1. His 11-strikeout performance against Pittsburgh was the most by any Marlins pitcher during the 2006 season.
2007 season
As a hitter, Olsen began the 2007 season 6-for-14 with two runs batted in.
Olsen finished the season with a 10–15 record and a 5.81 ERA, the latter of which was the worst among qualified starters in the majors. He had 133 strikeouts in 176 innings. He was tied with two other Marlins starters for the most wins during the season. His .384 OBP-against was also the highest in the majors, as was his .315 batting-average-against and .504 slugging-percentage-against.
2008 season
With the departure of Dontrelle Willis, Olsen admitted to reporters that he coveted the "pitching ace" role. However, Ricky Nolasco put himself in that role with a break-out season. Olsen's 13 intentional walks given up for the season were the most in the majors.
Washington Nationals
On November 11, , he was traded with left fielder Josh Willingham to the Washington Nationals for second baseman Emilio Bonifacio, and minor leaguers right-hander P.J. Dean, and infielder Jake Smolinski.
Shoulder tendinitis forced Olsen to miss about a month and a half, from May 16 to June 29.
Olsen missed the rest of the season following a diagnosis of a left labrum tear following a mid-July start. Surgery to repair the labrum was performed on July 23, 2009.
On December 12, 2009, Olsen, was non-tendered a contract by the Washington Nationals, making him a free agent.
On December 13. 2009 Olsen, re-signed with the Washington Nationals for 1 year at $1 million.
In Olsen started in the minors, but after one class AAA start was called up. In early May he took a no-hitter into the eighth inning against the Atlanta Braves. The game took place amidst a five-game streak where Olsen went 2–0 with a 1.11 ERA. On May 21, he experienced stiffness in his left shoulder that forced him to the disabled list.
On November 6, 2010, Olsen was outrighted by the Nationals, and elected free agency.
Pittsburgh Pirates
On December 6, 2010, Olsen tentatively agreed to a one-year, incentive-laden agreement with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was released on May 14, 2011.
Chicago White Sox
On January 25, 2012, Olsen signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox. The deal included a major league option for 2013. He was released on July 7, 2012.
Texas Rangers
Olsen signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers after the 2012 season.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Baseball players from Michigan
Major League Baseball pitchers
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Greensboro Bats players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Carolina Mudcats players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Potomac Nationals players
Gulf Coast Nationals players
Hagerstown Suns players
Bristol White Sox players
Charlotte Knights players
Florida Marlins players
Washington Nationals players
People from Aventura, Florida
Baseball players from Miami-Dade County, Florida
People from Berrien County, Michigan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Olsen
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Virginia Marlita "Penny" Toler (born March 24, 1966) is an American basketball executive and former player who served most recently as the general manager of the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Toler holds the distinction of scoring the first basket in WNBA history.
College years
Toler began her college career with the San Diego State Aztecs, joining a squad led by Tina Hutchinson. Toler then sat out a year after transferring to Long Beach State, where she became an All-American. During her career Long Beach State made it to the Final Four twice, in 1987 and 1988. Toler was considered one of the best ever collegiate players under future Hall of Fame coach Joan Bonvicini. In 1995 she was inducted into the Long Beach State Athletic Hall of Fame.
Long Beach State statistics
Source
Professional career
Having no viable domestic professional options, Toler began her professional career in Italy, playing two seasons for Montecchio and three for Pescara. She then played two seasons in Greece for Sporting Flash, and one in Israel for Ramat HaSharon. In 1997, she returned to the United States to play in the newly organized WNBA.
Toler was a point guard allocated to the Los Angeles Sparks during the player initiation round in the 1997 WNBA draft. She is most commonly remembered as the first player to score a basket in the WNBA. She did so against the New York Liberty on June 21, 1997 19:01 hour at the Los Angeles Great Western Forum. Her shot was a side jumper. Toler also made the first free throw in the WNBA history. In that debut game, Toler recorded 15 points, 4 assists, 1 rebound and 1 steal with the Sparks losing the game 57 - 67.
In November 1999 she retired as a player. Her final WNBA game was played on August 30, 1999 in a 62 - 72 loss to the Houston Comets where she recorded 1 point and 2 rebounds.
She became a general manager for the Los Angeles Sparks and immediately after taking on a management role, she would assemble the Los Angeles Sparks roster that would become the championship team in 2001.
Among all professional men or women sports leagues, Toler would become the fastest person to go from a player to general manager status to winning a championship in two years.
On July 20, 2014, Toler was named as interim head coach following the firing of Carol Ross.
Toler was fired as vice president and general manager on October 4, 2019, after the Sparks were swept out of the WNBA semifinals during the 2019 WNBA Playoffs. The move also came after the revelation that Toler entered the Sparks' locker room following their Game 2 loss and gave an obscenity-laced speech that included the use of the "N-word".
International career
By the time the WNBA launched, Toler had already spent eight years playing basketball overseas. She has played five seasons in Italy, two seasons in Greece, and a season in Israel. While in Italy, she won a scoring title, two assist titles, and was MVP of the Italian all-star game.
Career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1997
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| 28 || 28 || 32.4 || .426 || .184 || .839 || 3.4 || 5.1 || 1.3 || 0.1 || 3.8 || 13.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1998
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| 30 || 30 || 31.5 || .415 || .417 || .743 || 3.5 || 4.8 || 1.1 || 0.1 || 3.3 || 12.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1999
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| 30 || 4 || 14.2 || .340 || .154 || .867 || 1.4 || 2.2 || 0.4 || 0.0 || 1.3 || 4.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|Career
| style="text-align:left;"|3 years, 1 team
| 88 || 62 || 25.9 || .406 || .306 || .811 || 2.8 || 4.0 || 0.9 || 0.1 || 2.8 || 10.0
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1999
| style="text-align:left;"|Los Angeles
| 4 || 0 || 10.5 || .333 || .000 || .500 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 0.0 || 0.8 || 2.5
References
External links
USATODAY Recognition
1966 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from Washington, D.C.
Long Beach State Beach women's basketball players
Los Angeles Sparks head coaches
Los Angeles Sparks players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Point guards
San Diego State Aztecs women's basketball players
Women's National Basketball Association executives
Women in American professional sports management
Women's National Basketball Association general managers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny%20Toler
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Erythemis collocata, the western pondhawk, is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native to western Canada, the western United States, and Mexico.
Food Resources
Erythemis collocata is known to feed on the western malaria mosquito, Anopheles freeborni. This predation primarily occurs at dusk, when A. freeborni aggregate into swarms in order to mate. Due to the reliance of E. collocata on visual stimuli to attack its prey, the frequency of attacks decreases as the sky gets darker.
References
External links
Libellulidae
Odonata of North America
Insects of Mexico
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Insects described in 1861
Taxa named by Hermann August Hagen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythemis%20collocata
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The Étoile Nord-Africaine or ENA (French for North African Star) was an early Algerian nationalist organization founded in 1926. It was dissolved first in 1929, then reorganised in 1933 but was later finally dissolved in 1937. It can be considered a forerunner of the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), who fought France during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62).
It was formed in 1926 by Nationalist politician Hadj-Ali Abdelkader and called for an uprising against French colonial rule and total independence. It had no armed wing and attempted to organize peacefully. The party maintained links with the Parti Communiste Français (PCF, the French Communist Party) until its dissolution in 1929. Later the Comintern, the PCF declared Algerian national independence premature. In 1925, Messali Hadj joined the ENA and in 1927 participated in the creation of the League Against Imperialism. The reorganisation of the 'Glorieuse ENA' in 1933 elected Messali Hadj President, Imache Amar Secretary General and Belkacem Radjef Treasurer. It also voted for an ambitious plan to lead Algeria to independence by peaceful means. The Étoile was dissolved by the French authorities in 1937 and Messali was imprisoned. It is considered by some the first modern Algerian political party.
In 1937, two months after its dissolution, the leaders of ENA, including Messali, founded the Parti du Peuple Algérien (PPA). This was subsequently dissolved in 1946 and was immediately followed by the creation of the Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques, which later became increasingly militant. Messali distanced himself from the MTLD mainstream when it became involved in the Algerian War of Independence started by the FLN in November 1954.
References
External links
Program of the Étoile Nord-Africaine – by Messali Hadj, from www.marxists.org
Literature
Rachid Tlemcani, State and Revolution in Algeria, Boulder: Westview Press (1986).
Benyoucef Ben Khedda, "Les Origines du 1er Novembre 1954", Algiers: Editions Dahlab (1989).
1920s in Algeria
1926 establishments in Algeria
1929 disestablishments in Algeria
1930s in Algeria
1933 establishments in Algeria
1937 disestablishments in Algeria
Banned secessionist parties
Banned political parties in Algeria
Defunct political parties in France
Political parties disestablished in 1929
Political parties disestablished in 1937
Political parties established in 1926
Political parties established in 1933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile%20Nord-Africaine
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Radium Springs is an unincorporated community located on the southeast outskirts of Albany in Dougherty County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Radium Springs is best known as the location of one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia": the largest natural spring in the state. The deep blue waters of Radium Springs flow at 70,000 gallons (265,000 liters) per minute and empty into the Flint River. There is also an extensive underwater cavern system.
The water contains trace amounts of radium, and the water temperature is 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius) year-round.
Prior to the discovery of radium in the water in 1925, the site was known as "Blue Springs".
A casino was built overlooking the springs in the 1920s, and Radium Springs was a popular spa and resort. Northerners traveling by train to spend winter in Florida often stopped to swim in the springs, which were thought at the time to be healthful because of the radium content.
The casino was severely damaged when the river flooded in 1999 and again in 1998,and was demolished in 2003.
See also
Cave diving
Hot spring
References
Unincorporated communities in Dougherty County, Georgia
Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia (U.S. state)
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Albany metropolitan area, Georgia
Tourist attractions in Dougherty County, Georgia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium%20Springs%2C%20Georgia
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William Beattie "Big Chief" Feathers (August 20, 1909 – March 11, 1979) was an American football player and coach of football and baseball. He played college football and college basketball at the University of Tennessee.
Early life and college career
Feathers attended Virginia High School, in Bristol, Virginia, and led the school to its first state championship as team captain before going on to the University of Tennessee.
He starred as a halfback from 1931 to 1933 for the Tennessee Volunteers football team led by head coach Robert Neyland. Feathers was a consensus selection to the 1933 College Football All-America Team. In December 2008, Sports Illustrated undertook to identify the individuals who would have been awarded the Heisman Trophy in college football's early years, before the trophy was established in 1935. Feathers was selected as the would-be Heisman winner for the 1933 season.
NFL career
Feathers played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Bears, Brooklyn Dodgers, and Green Bay Packers from 1934 to 1940. In his rookie season of 1934 he became the first player in NFL history to rush for over 1,000 yards in one season. His average of 8.44 yards per attempt that same year remains an NFL record (minimum 100 carries). As of 2019, his 91.3 yards per game is also a Bears rookie franchise record. Feathers is one of ten players named to the National Football League 1930s All-Decade Team who have not been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Coaching career
After his career in the NFL, Feathers coached college football and college baseball. He served as the head football coach at Appalachian State Teachers College—now known as Appalachian State University—in 1942 and at North Carolina State University from 1944 to 1951, compiling a career college football coaching record of 42–40–4. Feathers was the head baseball coach at NC State in 1945, at Texas Tech University from 1954 to 1960, and at Wake Forest University from 1972 to 1975, tallying a career college baseball coaching mark of 79–135–1.
Feathers was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1955. He was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1981. He stood 5'10" and 180 pounds.
Head coaching record
Football
See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly scoring leaders
References
External links
1909 births
1979 deaths
American men's basketball players
American football halfbacks
Appalachian State Mountaineers football coaches
Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) players
Chicago Bears players
Green Bay Packers players
NC State Wolfpack football coaches
Tennessee Volunteers basketball players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball coaches
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball coaches
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football coaches
All-American college football players
All-Southern college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Bristol, Virginia
Coaches of American football from Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
Basketball players from Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beattie%20Feathers
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Kings North is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
The electoral district was formed through redistribution in 1956. It was previously part of the district of Kings.
District profile
Agriculture is a major industry in Kings North. The district has many geographical features of note, including Cape Blomidon, Cape Split, and the Minas Basin. Also in the district is Blomidon Provincial Park.
Communities within Kings North include:
Aldershot
Baxters Harbour
Billtown
Blomidon
Buckleys Corner
Canada Creek
Canard
Canning
Centreville
Chipman Brook
Glenmont
Habitant
Halls Harbour
Town of Kentville
Kingsport
Kinsmans Corner
Lakeville
The Lookoff
Lower Canard
Medford
Port Williams
Ross Corner
Scot's Bay
Sheffield Mills
Starr's Point
Members of the Legislative Assembly
Kings North has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|John Lohr
|align="right"|2,903
|align="right"|32.49
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democrat
|Jim Morton
|align="right"|2,882
|align="right"|32.26
|align="right"|
|-
|Liberal
|Stephen Wayne Pearl
|align="right"|2,787
|align="right"|31.20
|align="right"|
|-
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
Elections Nova Scotia, Election Summary From 1867-2007. Retrieved December 14, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (October 6, 1981). Retrieved December 14, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (November 6, 1984). Retrieved December 14, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (September 6, 1988). Retrieved December 14, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Results and Statistics (May 25, 1993). Retrieved December 14, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll By Poll Results - Kings North (March 9, 1998). Retrieved on December 15, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll By Poll Results - Kings North (July 27, 1999). Retrieved on December 15, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll By Poll Results - Kings North (August 5, 2003). Retrieved on December 15, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll By Poll Results - Kings North (June 13, 2006). Retrieved on December 15, 2009
Elections Nova Scotia, Complete Poll By Poll Results - Kings North (June 9, 2009). Retrieved on December 15, 2009
External links
CBC 2006 District Profile
District Map
Elections Nova Scotia description of district
2009 Map of General Election Results
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20North
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Concordia Preparatory School (CPS) is a co-educational parochial secondary school serving grades 6-12. Originally known as Baltimore Lutheran School, the school is located in Towson, Maryland, United States. CPS is operated by the Baltimore Lutheran High School Association, Inc., an association of Lutheran churches in the Baltimore area.
Religious background
Concordia Preparatory School is affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS). A majority of the faculty and staff are members of the LCMS. Chapel and religion classes are taught from a Lutheran Christian point of view. However, Concordia Prep accepts students from a wide variety of Christian faith backgrounds.
History
Land for the school's campus was purchased in 1951, and the school opened in 1965 as Baltimore Lutheran School. In 2014, the name was changed to Concordia Preparatory School as part of an effort to increase its visibility and enrollment.
Curriculum
Concordia Preparatory School offers a Christian college preparatory curriculum.
Campus
The campus sits on situated in a residential area next to the Baltimore Beltway (I-695). There are two classroom buildings, and an activity center which contains the gymnasium, cafeteria, and band room.
There are two athletic fields. The lower field was replaced with Sportexe synthetic turf in the summer of 2005, and is used for soccer, football, lacrosse, and baseball. The upper field is natural grass and is used for field hockey and softball. A Field House was completed in the summer of 2007 which was used as a practice facility for several sports. The field house collapsed due to snow accumulation on its roof in 2016.
Sports
Concordia Prep's sports teams compete in the MIAA and the IAAM, private school leagues in northern Maryland. Both girls' and boys' teams are referred to as the Saints.
Fall sports: boys' football (varsity),boys' soccer (varsity, junior varsity, middle school), girls' soccer (varsity, middle school), girls' volleyball (varsity, junior varsity), girls' field hockey (varsity, junior varsity), boys' cross country (varsity, middle school), girls' cross country (varsity, middle school), girls' tennis (varsity), cheerleading (middle school, junior varsity, and varsity).
Winter sports: boys' basketball (varsity, junior varsity, middle school), girls' basketball (varsity, junior varsity, middle school), boys' wrestling (varsity, middle school), girls' indoor soccer (varsity), cheerleading (middle school, junior varsity, and varsity).
Spring sports: boys' baseball (varsity, middle school), girls' softball (varsity, middle school), boys' track (varsity, middle school), girls' track (varsity, middle school), boys' lacrosse (varsity), girls' lacrosse (varsity), boys' tennis (varsity).
CPS teams have won several recent conference championships including: girls' track, girls' lacrosse, boys' soccer, girls' basketball, girls' indoor soccer, football, and baseball. The boys' varsity lacrosse team has also won three consecutive championship titles (2009-2011). The girls' varsity lacrosse team won the 2011 IAAM lacrosse championship. In 2018 and 2019, the boys’ soccer team won the B-Conference Championship. They have also won the 2021 football B championship MIAA.
Notable alumni
Brandon Hardesty - movie/TV actor, gained fame through YouTube
See also
Harford Lutheran School
References
External links
Concordia Prep home page
News article from Towson Times about Lutheran students' participation in Hurricane Katrina relief
Private high schools in Maryland
Private schools in Baltimore County, Maryland
Secondary schools affiliated with the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
Private middle schools in Maryland
Towson, Maryland
Lutheran schools in Maryland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia%20Preparatory%20School%20%28Maryland%29
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Upper Carniola (; ; ) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the northern mountainous part of the larger Carniola region. The centre of the region is Kranj, while other urban centers include Jesenice, Tržič, Škofja Loka, Kamnik, and Domžale. It has around 300,000 inhabitants or 14% of the population of Slovenia.
Historical background
Its origins as a separate political entity can be traced back to the 17th century, when the Habsburg duchy of Carniola was divided into three administrative districts. This division was thoroughly described by the scholar Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. The districts were known in German as Kreise (kresija in old Slovene). They were: Upper Carniola with its centre in Ljubljana, comprising the northern areas of the duchy; Lower Carniola, comprising the east and south-east, with its centre in Novo Mesto; and Inner Carniola comprising the west and south-west of the duchy, with its centre in Postojna.
This division remained, in different arrangements, up to the 1860s, when the old administrative districts were abolished and Upper Carniola was subdivided into smaller districts of Kranj, Radovljica and Kamnik. Nevertheless, the regional identity remained strong also thereafter. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I, Carniola was incorporated first into the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and then into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and it ceased to exist as a separate political and geographical unit. The Carniolan regional identity soon faded away, but the regional identification with its sub-units (Upper, Lower and, to a lesser extent, Inner Carniola) remained strong.
Geographical extension
To the north, Upper Carniola is delimited by the Austrian state of Carinthia, the historic Lower Styria (Štajerska) region to the east, and the Slovenian Littoral (Primorska) to the west. An 1809 atlas shows the border with Lower Carniola to the southeast generally following the line of the Sava, Ljubljanica, Iščica, and Želimeljščica rivers almost to Zidani Most. The border with Inner Carniola to the south generally follows the southern edge of the Ljubljana Marsh, and then cuts north (east of Log pri Brezovici and west of Polhov Gradec) to the Gradaščica River, and then turns west between Soča and Sora river basins through the hills to Spodnja Idrija. The border then continues north over Porezen and Blegoš, and then over the Lower Bohinj mountain range and then towards Dolič. This is the border between the Upper Carniola and Littoral region.
The landscape is characterised by the mountains of the Southern Limestone Alps, predominantly by the Julian Alps and the Karawanks range at its northern rim.
Historically, Ljubljana was part of Upper Carniola. However, in the 19th century it started to be considered a separate unit; already by the late 18th century, there are very few reference to the people of Ljubljana as "Upper Carniolans" (Gorenjci, Oberkrainer): it was a general perception that Upper Carniola proper starts only north of Ljubljana, although Šentvid and Črnuče, a suburbs of Ljubljana, is sometimes considered to be a part of the Upper Carniola. Since the 19th century, Kranj, not Ljubljana, has been considered the unofficial capital of Upper Carniola.
The modern notion of Upper Carniola does not fully correspond to the historical borders. For example, the Municipality of Jezersko used to be part of the Duchy of Carinthia since the 11th century. In 1918, it was occupied by Slovene volunteers and annexed to Yugoslavia by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain. Now it is today generally considered an integral part of Upper Carniola, rather than Slovenian Carinthia (also because its inhabitants speak the Upper Carniolan dialect). The borders of Upper Carniola are only vaguely similar those of Slovenia's Upper Carniola Statistical Region.
Culture and traditions
Language
Traditionally, most of the people of Upper Carniola have spoken the Upper Carniolan dialect (gorenjsko narečje), which is one of the geographically most extended and linguistically most compact Slovene dialects. It covers most of the province, except for some peripheral areas in south-western and north-western Upper Carniola, and it also extends to the northern suburbs of Ljubljana. It belongs to the Upper Carniolan dialect group, which also includes the Selca dialect, spoken in the mountainous Upper Carniolan villages of Železniki, Selca, Dražgoše and Davča.
These two Upper Carniolan dialects are spoken in the vast majority of the region: this convergence of linguistic and geographical borders is quite exceptional in Slovenia, and it reinforces the cohesiveness of Upper Carniolan regional identity.
Nevertheless, other dialects are spoken in Upper Carniola, as well: in the village of Rateče, people speak the Gail Valley dialect, which belongs to the Carinthian dialect group. In the area around Kranjska Gora and Gozd Martuljek, a transitional dialect between the Carinthian and Upper Carniolan dialect group is spoken: this is known as the Kranjska Gora subdialect. In the mountainous areas of eastern Upper Carniola (mostly in the municipalities of Škofja Loka and Gorenja vas-Poljane), dialects from the Rovte dialect group are spoken (Poljane dialect, Škofja Loka dialect, Horjul dialect). In the extreme south-eastern part of Upper Carniola the Zagorje-Trbovlje subdialect is spoken, which belongs to the Styrian dialect group.
Beginning in the 18th century, the Upper Carniolan dialect was partially incorporated into standard Slovene, together with the Lower Carniolan dialect and the dialect of Ljubljana. During the late Enlightenment and early Romantic period, many of the most important Slovene authors and philologists came from the region: Jurij Japelj, Anton Tomaž Linhart, Jernej Kopitar, Matija Čop, and Janez Bleiweis. The poet and journalist Valentin Vodnik, who was born in Šiška, now a suburb of Ljubljana, also had influences of Upper Carniolan dialect. The first two Slovene-language newspapers, Lublanske novice (1797–1800) and Kmetijske in rokodelske novice were also published in the Upper Carniolan regional variety of Slovene. The poetic language of France Prešeren, the Slovenian national poet, also has many specific Upper Carniolan features, yet the spent most of his life in Ljubljana. Most of the Slovene literary production from that period (1780–1840) thus had recognizable Upper Carniolan linguistic features. In the 1840s and 1850s, many of these features were removed from the literary standard; nevertheless, a basic agreement was reached among Slovene philologist, according to which the vowel system in the standard language was taken from the Upper Carniolan dialect, and the consonant system from Lower Carniolan.
Folklore and music
In many ways, the folklore of Upper Carniola is considered the prototype of Slovene national folklore. The Upper Carniolan folk costume is frequently used as the representation of the Slovene national costume.
In the mid 19th century, during the Slovene national revival, the Slovene nationals took the national costume from Bled and transformed it in the Slovenian national costume.
Upper Carniola is also important for Slovene folklore because of the music. In the 1950s, the folk musician Slavko Avsenik popularized a modernized version of the Upper Carniolan folk music.
Image gallery
References
External links
Kje so naše meje?. About the borders of Upper Carniola.
Subdivisions of Carniola
Southern Limestone Alps
Historical regions in Slovenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Carniola
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Ron Obvious (born Ron Obvious Vermeulen) is a New Zealand born - studio designer, acoustic consultant, recording engineer and producer.
After completing an electronics degree in Toronto, He started working in the recording industry, September 1976 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver. Working as a technical assistant to John Vrtacic, while also working in the dubbing room and assisting on recording sessions. In the following years he was the engineer on many jingles for [Griffiths, Gibson, Ramsay Productions] and assisted on various movie soundtracks.
In the evening hours, Obvious along with Bob Rock, Mike Fraser and Pat Glover, started recording the early new wave/punk bands in Vancouver around 1977. These included Tim Ray A/V, Pointed Sticks, Magic Dragon, D.O.A., The Subhumans, Bob Coulter, Go Four 3, Popular Front, and UJ3RK5. He also recorded the first albums by Brandon Wolf (Barney Bentall) and Spirit of the West. After assisting on the 1984 Loverboy album, Lovin' Every Minute of It, on the newly installed SSL 4048 E in Studio B, he made the move to a full-time technical future.
Upon leaving LMS in April 1991, he has gone on to design and install studios for Bryan Adams - 'The Warehouse Studio', Jim Vallance - 'Armoury Studios', 'Silverside Sound' in Cobble Hill, Brian Howes (private), Devin Townsend (private), k.d. lang (private), Bob Rock (private), Colin James (private), Mutt Lange (private) and Garth Richardson - 'The Farm Studio'. Obvious has also completed the acoustic and technical design for a number of recording schools in British Columbia, Canada.
After 12 years as technical director of The Warehouse Studio, he retired from the recording industry in August 2003, and moved to Gimli Manitoba, where he owned and operated an art gallery with his wife, "Mermaids Kiss Gallery". During his time in Manitoba he designed his own mobile recording studio, Dragonfly Mobile Recording. In 2015, he moved to the Comox valley on Vancouver Island, where he finalised the installation of Summit Recording Solutions and is the technical director & engineer at the facility.
On Vancouver Island, Obvious has continued his acoustic consulting business, including major P/A and acoustical upgrades to, The Fanny Bay Hall, The Rainbow Room in Port Alberni, Parksville Pavilion, Knox United Church in Parksville, St. Andrew's United Church – Nanaimo, St Peter's Roman Catholic Church in Nanaimo and The Neighbourhood Church in Nanaimo.
More recent engineering/co-production projects have been - two EP's by The Paps, albums by Mise en Scene, Little House (December 2012) and Moon Tan (September 2013). On Vancouver Island - Butts Giraud (two albums), Naden Band of Maritime Forces Pacific (two albums), Big Pacific (two albums) and Cheryl D (three albums).
Ron also now films & edits videos, for some of his recording clients. Dragonfly Mobile Recording - Videos
At the 2013 Vancouver Music Industry Awards, Obvious was awarded the John Vrtacic Memorial Award for his many years of technical contributions to the studio industry.
He is a longtime friend of Katie Sketch, lead vocalist for The Organ.
References
External links
Canadian record producers
Living people
People from Levin, New Zealand
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Obvious
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Lower Carniola (; ) is a traditional region in Slovenia, the southeastern part of the historical Carniola region.
Geography
Lower Carniola is delineated by the Ljubljana Basin with the city of Ljubljana to the northwest, by the Kolpa River and the border with Croatia with the Gorjanci Mountains to the south and southeast, by the Sava River to the north and northeast, and by Mount Krim, the Bloke Plateau, and the Potok Plateau () to the west. The southernmost region down to the border with Croatia on the Kolpa River is called White Carniola and usually considered part of Lower Carniola.
Within the Kočevje Rog karst plateau, the mountains reach an elevation of up to . The historic centre of Lower Carniola is Novo Mesto, and other towns include Kočevje, Grosuplje, Krško, Trebnje, Mirna, Črnomelj, Semič, and Metlika.
History
In the 17th century, the Habsburg duchy of Carniola was internally divided into three administrative districts. This division was thoroughly described by the scholar Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in his 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. The districts were known in German as Kreise (kresija in old Slovene). They were: Upper Carniola with its centre in Ljubljana (formerly Kranj), comprising the northern areas of the duchy; Inner Carniola comprising the southwest, with its centre in Postojna, and Lower Carniola in the southeast, roughly corresponding to the medieval Windic March of the Holy Roman Empire. While the bulk of the population spoke Slovene, the German-speaking exclave of the Gottschee Germans existed around Kočevje in the south.
This division remained, in various arrangements, up to the 1860s, when the old administrative districts were abolished and Lower Carniola was subdivided into the smaller Bezirke of Novo Mesto (Rudolfswert), Kočevje (Gottschee), and Krško (Gurkfeld). Nevertheless, the regional identity remained strong also thereafter. Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I, Carniola was incorporated first into the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and then into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and it ceased to exist as a separate political and geographical unit. The Carniolan regional identity soon faded away, but the regional identification with its sub-units (Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola, and, to a lesser extent, Inner Carniola) remain strong.
Since the 1890s, Lower Carniola has become significantly more connected with the surrounding regions through the construction of the Ljubljana–Novo Mesto Railway (1894), Sevnica–Trebnje Railway (1908, 1938), and the Brotherhood and Unity Highway (1958) linking Ljubljana and Zagreb. In the early 21st century the Brotherhood and Unity Highway was replaced with the modern A2 motorway (completed in 2011).
Culture
Since 2013, Woodland pristava, an annual electronic dance music festival, has been held at the Pristava in Stična.
Image gallery
See also
Lower Carniolan dialect group
Gottscheerish
Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region
References
External links
Subdivisions of Carniola
Historical regions in Slovenia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Carniola
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Kings South is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. It includes the town of Wolfville, the village of New Minas, the community of Coldbrook, and Glooscap First Nation.
Geography
Kings South has a landmass of .
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
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|Liberal
|Keith Irving
|align="right"| 3,939
|align="right"| 39.25
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|New Democratic Party
|Ramona Jennex
|align="right"| 3,568
|align="right"| 35.55
|align="right"|
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|Progressive Conservative
|Shane MacKenzie Buchan
|align="right"| 2,278
|align="right"| 22.70
|align="right"|
|-
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
External links
Elections Nova Scotia: Electoral District of Kings South
CBC: riding profile
June 13, 2006 Nova Scotia Provincial General Election Poll By Poll Results
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20South
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Philippine Idol is the first version of the Idol series in the Philippines, the 35th country in the world to air a local Idol adaptation and the sixth in Asia broadcast by ABC 5 (now TV5). Similar to the premise of original show Pop Idol, Philippine Idol aims to find the best singer in the country who can be defined as the "national" singer. Local television personality Ryan Agoncillo hosted the program. Ryan Cayabyab (musical composer), Pilita Corrales (singer, known as Asia's Queen of Songs) and Francis Magalona (rapper and producer) were also judges of the show. Agoncillo, Corrales and Magalona auditioned to be part of the program, while Cayabyab was chosen by the program's producers. Meanwhile, actress Heart Evangelista hosted the daily updates program I ♥ Philippine Idol: Exclusive. Composer Mel Villena was the show's musical director.
Mau Marcelo, an aspiring singer from Lucena City, defeated two other contenders on the show's finale to become the first Philippine Idol. FremantleMedia subsequently awarded the franchise to GMA Network and their version of the program was named Pinoy Idol, which does not recognize the results of ABC's franchise.
Production
ABC started negotiating with FremantleMedia in order to acquire a Philippine franchise of Idol in 2004, when Filipino-American Jasmine Trias placed third in [[American Idol (season 3)|American Idols third season]]. It reportedly cost millions of dollars. During the program's development stage, notable personalities in music and recording industries tried out to become Idol judges, including former Eraserheads vocalist Ely Buendia, singer-actress Pinky Marquez, and talent manager Wyngard Tracy. The chosen judges were addressed according to their agreed-upon nicknames: Cayabyab was called "Mr. C", Corrales called "Mamita", and Magalona, "Kiko".
Before it was launched, there was skepticism among the local entertainment press about Philippine Idol as singing contests are common in local television, with recent ones branded as Idol knockoffs. The Filipino culture of "westernized conservatism" was also noted, as Pinoys tend to shy away from direct criticism especially in front of cameras. Promotion began during the Finale of American Idol season 5. One of its taglines reads, "Hindi lang STAR, hindi lang SUPERSTAR, kundi PHILIPPINE IDOL" (Not just a STAR, not just a SUPERSTAR, but a PHILIPPINE IDOL). This was in reference to two singing contests being held during that time—Search for the Star in a Million on ABS-CBN and Pinoy Pop Superstar on GMA Network. Initially, the program was scheduled to begin on July 29, 2006, but ABC moved it to July 30, 2006. On its premiere, Philippine Idol registered a 7.7% rating according to an independent survey, in contrast to GMA Network's Mel and Joey at 21% and ABS-CBN's Rated K at 26.7%. ABC officials, however, were overwhelmed at the results, considering they were up against "giant networks". They also noted that ratings for Philippine Idol increased to as much as 12% towards the final 30 minutes of first episode.
Early reviews compared the show with American Idol, which was shown locally on ABC. Entertainment writers said that the local Idol franchise was not as glossy as its American counterpart, but it was able to succeed because of promising elements such as human interest, talent, and proper casting of judges and host. Meanwhile, reviews during the Finale were mixed, with Nestor Torre of the Philippine Daily Inquirer commenting that the Performance Show was phlegmatic and anticlimactic as the Final Three failed to rise up to the challenge and instead played safe, while Results Show was stretched out with one unspectacular number after another. He also noticed sound glitches, which he blamed on faulty equipment and lax personnel. In contrast, Billy Balbastro of Abante Tonite wrote that he was impressed with the show's "flow", song choices, pacing, and camera shots. He also noted that the Finale did not have melodrama and lingering shots for the sake of effects.
Auditions
The main auditions were held in three cities, each representing a major island group: Pasay (advertised as Manila) for Luzon, on June 3, 2006, in Philippine International Convention Center; Davao for Mindanao, on June 23, 2006, in Waterfront Insular Hotel; and Cebu for Visayas, on July 4, 2006, in Bigfoot Entertainment's International Academy of Film and Television. Meanwhile, Fast-Track Screenings were also held in SM Supermalls located in Baguio, Lucena, Batangas, Iloilo, and Cagayan de Oro between May and June 2006. Screenings were also held in cities without an SM Mall such as Dagupan, Ilagan in Isabela, Tacloban, and Zamboanga. Applicants were asked to fill out necessary forms and perform two songs before a set of judges, usually from local radio and music industries. Successful applicants were given a pass for the Main Auditions. ABC and its media partners Radio Mindanao Network and Manila Broadcasting Company provided free transportation, food and lodging to those who were eligible for Theater Eliminations.
The Luzon Main Auditions and Fast-Tracks yielded over 10,000 registrants,About Philippine Idol Philippine Idol Official Website, About section with Contestant no. 0001 arriving at the audition venue at 1:00 a.m., auditions starting at 9:00 a.m. The Main Auditions were composed of three stages—passing the first two stages gave the participant a blue form, allowing them to face the Idol judges about a week later. The Idol judges were so overwhelmed with the amount of talent presented to them that it was difficult for them to say "no" to hopefuls who did not pass their standards. Cayabyab exasperatedly stated during the Luzon Main Auditions,
He admitted becoming angry at times and felt like he was the anti-hero because of intense reactions from rejects who viewed the competition as a ticket out of poverty. The judges even allowed candidates to sing up to five "redemption songs" after saying "no" for the first time. After seeing the auditions, FremantleMedia supervising producer Sheldon Bailey said that she was amazed at the abundance of musical talent in the Philippines as well as the amount of touching human stories.
Theater round
The Theater Round was held between August 1 and 3, 2006, at the Cultural Center of the Philippines. A total of 169 competitors received the Gold Pass from the three main judges, 119 from Luzon and Metro Manila, 17 from Davao, and 33 from Cebu. However, only 157 showed up for the Theater Round as other Gold Passers either backed out or were allegedly "pirated" to join rival talent search Pinoy Dream Academy. They were billeted at the Bayview Park Hotel, where Gold Passers from outside Luzon arrived after a first-class trip in Super Ferry, while the Luzon contenders were picked up in selected SM Malls. The contestants were divided into 11 groups with 15 members. Each contestant performed an a cappella, after which the judges selected who would go home and advance to the next round. From 157 contestants, 84 were chosen to proceed to the group performance, with each group having three members. The list was trimmed down further to 40 contestants, each of which sang solo with a piano accompaniment. Eventually the judges selected the 24 contestants who would compete in the Semi-Final Round. The Top 24 was officially announced on August 27, 2006.
Semifinal round
The Semi-Finalists were then divided by gender, with the two groups performing alternately at SM Megamall Cinema 3 on a stage built specifically for the live shows. The viewers voted for their favorites by dialing a toll-free telephone number or sending an SMS as often as possible from the end of the show until 8:30 p.m. the following day. The four contestants of each group who received the highest number of votes entered the Finals. Ten of the remaining 16 semi-finalists then performed in a Wildcard round, with four contestants with the highest number of votes completing the Top 12 Finalists. Candidates for the Wildcard were announced after the second Semi-Finals Results Show, although it was shown on television a day later in Philippine Idol: Exclusive.
Final round
The Final Round started on September 30, 2006, in which each finalist sang one to three songs within a specified theme and received comments from each of the judges. The viewers continued to vote for their favorites until 8:30 p.m. the following day, which was shortened to two hours from the Fifth Finals Week. The finalist with the lowest number of votes was eliminated during the Results Show every week. However, there were special circumstances that did not result in eliminations during the Results Show, but then the votes were carried over the week after and eventually eliminated two finalists.Episode 17– Finals: Results Soul and RnB Philippine Idol Official Website, Recaps section The 12 Finalists also recorded a compilation album entitled Philippine Idol: The Final 12, consisting of Original Pilipino Music songs they have performed during the first Finals Week. The remaining three contenders, namely Gian Magdangal, Jan Nieto, and Mau Marcelo, competed in the Finale, instead of the usual two contestants in most Idol shows, held on December 9 and 10, 2006, at the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City.Pangilinan, Jen M. GIAN vs. MAU vs. JAN FOR THE FINALS! Philippine Idol Official Website, Features section
Weekly themes
September 30 – OPM songs dedicated to a special someone
October 7 – Soul/R&B
October 14 – Songs from the Metropop Song Festival
October 21 – Contemporary Filipino rock
October 29 – Personal theme songs
November 5 – Dance music
November 12 – Radio hits
November 19 – Movie themes, and Broadway show tunes
November 26 – Big band
December 9 – Personal choice, Judges' and Musical director's choice, and Record company's choice
Guest judges
A guest judge was enlisted each week for five weeks beginning on October 14 while resident judge Magalona was away on a tour in Europe. Additionally, a sixth guest judge supplemented the panel on the week of Magalona's return. Each guest judge generally had expertise relating to that week's theme.
October 14 – Hajji Alejandro (interpreter of the first winning song of the Metropop Song Festival)
October 21 – Wency Cornejo (songwriter and front man of AfterImage)
October 29 – Luke Mejares (solo artist and former vocalist of South Border)
November 5 – Regine Tolentino (professional dancer, former MTV VJ and TV personality)
November 12 – Mo Twister (radio DJ and talk show host)
November 19 – Lea Salonga (Tony Award-winning singer and musical theatre performer)
Notable events
On the first Finals Week, no contestants were eliminated due to disrupted telephone and mobile phone services in many areas of Luzon, caused by Typhoon Xangsane. In the results show, finalists still went through a familiar elimination routine. Agoncillo called three contestants to an area dubbed the "Hot Spot" before revealing that no one would be eliminated and the votes would be carried over to the succeeding week. This was done because there were no official results to be announced. According to sources from the network, the votes were not yet counted at the time. ABC-5 Director for Creative and Entertainment Production Perci Intalan stated that the three finalists who were put in the "Hot Spot" (Marcelo, Armarie Cruz and Jelli Mateo) were not necessarily the Bottom Three. Intalan said, "We were not allowed to announce who the Bottom Three were because the votes will be carried over next week and it might affect the voting if people knew who the Bottom Three were." As a result, two contenders—Stef Lazaro and Drae Ybañez—were eliminated the following week. Another non-elimination occurred on the fourth Finals Week due to reports of disrupted voting (among Sun Cellular and Smart subscribers). The votes amassed for this week were carried over to Week 5. Through the rest of the results night, each of the judges picked one finalist to give an encore performance: Cornejo picked Cruz, Corrales chose Marcelo, and Cayabyab picked Magdangal.
Schedules were changed starting the Fifth Finals Week, with performances held on Sundays while elimination nights were on Mondays, as opposed to the previous arrangement of Saturday performances and Sunday eliminations. The voting time was also shortened from 21 to 2 hours. Agoncillo explained that this change was adopted (partly due to public clamor) from the voting period of American Idol. Mateo and Cruz were eliminated because of the non-elimination on the previous week.
On the Seventh Finals Week, each finalist sang a song chosen for them by a fellow Idol based on these assigned pairings: Magdangal and Nieto, Marcelo and Mendoza, Chavez and Dingle. After the night's performances, guest judge Mo Twister confidently said that Dingle would be eliminated the next night and even wagered that he would go to work in a dress for a week if his prediction proved wrong. Dingle was indeed eliminated the following night. The Big Band Week became a "mini-concert", as each of the remaining four finalists performed two song numbers with a short spiel to the audience in between. The following week featured special segments about the final three contenders: Marcelo, Magdangal, and Nieto.
Finale
Philippine Idol held its Performance Night Finale on December 9, 2006, at the Araneta Coliseum, which was dubbed The Big 3 at the Big Dome. Each of the three remaining contenders performed three songs, one personally chosen by the contestant, one by the judges and one by Sony BMG Music Philippines. Agoncillo hosted the performance night alone; he was joined the next night by Heart Evangelista. Each song was performed with Villena's "mega band" and the San Miguel Philharmonic Orchestra. The next night at the same venue, the star-studded results show was held, headlined by Magdangal, Marcelo, and Nieto together with the rest of the Final 12. The show also included performances from Cueshé, Aiza Seguerra, the SexBomb Girls, G Toengi, Hajji Alejandro, and Gary Valenciano, as well as resident judges Francis Magalona and Pilita Corrales. Ryan Cayabyab also performed his compositions by joining the finalists through his piano accompaniment. In what can be regarded as the climax of the show, the Final 12 and resident judges Corrales and Cayabyab performed a medley of songs composed by Cayabyab, including an original one which he made with finalist Miguel Mendoza entitled "Here I Am".
Marcelo was voted as the first Philippine Idol, amassing about 35.26% of the vote. The vote was a hotly contested one with the runners-up earning about 33.84% and 30.90% of the votes. It was not revealed, however, which runner-up garnered which percentage, but they each received ₱250,000. Aside from the title, Marcelo also earned a contract with Sony BMG Music Philippines, a management contract with an agency of FremantleMedia's choice, a ₱1,000,000 non-exclusive contract with ABC, and ₱1,000,000 cash prize.
Elimination chart
1 Due to the power interruptions and network problems, no elimination was held on October 1. All votes cast for the week were carried over to the following week.
2 Two contestants were eliminated this week in lieu of the non-elimination the week before.
3 Due to network problems, no contestant was eliminated. All votes cast for the week were carried over to the following week. This serves as Philippine Idol's Second Non-elimination week.
4 Two contestants were eliminated this week in lieu of the non=elimination the week before. This also marks the first Monday elimination, as performance nights were moved to Sundays, with eliminations moved to Mondays.
Kakaibang Idol
Kakaibang Idol was a special episode of Philippine Idol held on September 23, 2006, a week after the Top 12 Finalists have been named. It was an interactive reality singing competition consisting of notable auditionees who either did not pass or failed to make it through Semifinals. The program was named Kakaibang Idol (A Different Kind of Idol) because the seven contestants made an impact among viewers. The twelve finalists were present that night, but only performed at the beginning and end of the show. Likewise, Magalona, Corrales, and Cayabyab took a back seat, appearing in clips taking their "times off". Taking over jury duties that night were comedic performers Ethel Booba, Arnell Ignacio, and Tuesday Vargas. Although the event served as a breather, voting was still active, involving viewers picking the performer who should be proclaimed Kakaibang Idol. The next night, with finalists and judges present, Kenneth Paul "Yova" Alonzo—a transgender call center agent from Cebu City—was chosen by viewers as Kakaibang Idol.
I ♥ Philippine Idol: ExclusiveI ♥ Philippine Idol: Exclusive, originally Philippine Idol: Exclusive, is a thirty-minute daily program that features updates, news and behind-the-scene footages of the show. Since its premiere on August 14, 2006, a male voice talent (who also voices the plugs for ABC programs) has been facilitating the program, with appearances by Jmie Mempin who is also a production associate of Philippine Idol. Actress Heart Evangelista took over on September 4, 2006. Accordingly, Philippine Idol: Exclusive was renamed I Love Philippine Idol: Exclusive with a heart shape reflecting the new host.
Controversies
Auditions
A Fast-Track audition that was to be held at SM City Sta. Mesa was canceled, leading to complaints from hopefuls and their parents. After hours of waiting, a representative of ABC arrived and relocated each of the 160 frustrated applicants to other scheduled screening. Meanwhile, Filipinos living in Mindanao reacted negatively to what Philippine Idol judges said after a low Gold Pass turnout at the Davao Main Auditions, with Corrales (a Cebuana herself) saying that "Davao is not the place to look for an Idol" and "all the good ones are in Cebu". Corrales later clarified in the Wildcard Round that she said such a statement because of the low turnout in the Davao auditions and the even lower Gold Pass output. She added that "Davao's best talents" might have probably auditioned earlier in Manila.
Talent piracy
ABC confirmed that a Gold Passer (later identified in the show's official website as Czarina Rose Rosales) was pirated by ABS-CBN's Pinoy Dream Academy, the Philippine franchise of Star Academy. Sources said that representatives of ABS-CBN even approached a judge to "just let (some of) the contestants go". This came after news that ABS-CBN wanted to co-produce Philippine Idol with ABC, but was denied. ABS-CBN sent a letter to the Philippine Daily Inquirer, which published the said report denying the allegations. The network added that they successfully staged competitions without taking contestants from other contests and would fully respect a contestant's choice as to which competition they would join. Auditions for Pinoy Dream Academy were being held before the Theater eliminations. ABC then sent a formal letter of complaint to ABS-CBN, alleging that three Gold Passers of Philippine Idol became contestants of Pinoy Dream Academy. The latter did not comment on the letter, as neither of the three talents questioned became a finalist of that show.
Vote padding
Upon the announcement of the first four male finalists, there were viewers of the show who had negative reactions regarding its format. They were shocked, disappointed, and were left complaining as two of the contestants that were favored by the judges based on their performances failed to make the cut. Instead, two others who had rather bad reviews from the jurors took the spots.<ref name=Donsol>{{Cite news|last=Gabinete |title=Part of "Donsol, wagi sa Makuhari! |publisher=Abante |date=September 5, 2006 |url=http://www.abante.com.ph/issue/sep0506/showbiz_jg.htm |access-date=March 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027210751/http://www.abante.com.ph/issue/sep0506/showbiz_jg.htm |archive-date=October 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }} </ref> Viewers critical to the program concluded that it was just another "popularity contest" rather than a singing competition. Cayabyab mentioned that people should not be complacent regarding the contestants' status on the show, and advised them to keep on voting for their favorites because of the show's uncertainty. This criticism was also reflected during the Women's Semi-finals, as talent critics believed two contenders that failed to make the cut should have become finalists. Critics also noted that viewers did not take heed to the judges' remarks about performance. Torre stated in his article that the results of Philippine Idol Semi-finals revealed that viewers were not yet knowledgeable or objective enough to pick the first Idol, and pointed to the compromised voting based on "subjective campaigns" from some of the semi-finalists' backers. He later commented that the show did not affirm a contestant's popularity but "the determination and deep pockets of his supporters." This was supported on a report published by the Manila Bulletin about contestants who "buy their way to the top". Cayabyab divulged that he did not expect the way people voted and would see if that trend would continue in the coming weeks. However, he admitted that such campaigns were part of the game.
Looks over talent
During the Results Show of the Wildcard Round, Marcelo jokingly said that Philippine Idol is not a singing contest but a "pagandahan" (beauty contest), which received a thunderous applause and laughter (especially from Cayabyab). Her statement was interpreted in two ways: as a way of venting out her frustrations in the voting process or as a means of sarcasm. She later made it to the Finals. In a later interview in I ♥ Philippine Idol: Exclusive, she said that she did not mean anything. Marcelo later apologized for her remarks during the Finale's post-results show press conference. The judges were also scored by viewers for their constant comments about contestants who should lose weight, especially Marcelo. Marcelo admitted getting hurt by comments on so-called physical flaws, adding that she entered a "singing contest" not a "dancing competition". Cayabyab said that he avoids commenting on the singer's physical attributes.
Cayabyab losing cool
Cayabyab had shown signs of frustration during Results Shows where the best performers of the previous night got eliminated. He finally expressed his disgust over the results after Sajor's elimination, calling it "dreadful". He also appeared to have surrendered the prospect of finding the best singer in the contest, predicting that it would be a "lightweight competition" with contestants singing nursery rhymes.
Fate of Idol in the Philippines
Transition to Pinoy Idol
Although it had previously announced that it would, ABC did not produce a second season of Philippine Idol''' Sources stated that ABC had incurred large losses producing the first season due to lower than expected advertising revenue.
On September 16, 2007, FremantleMedia officially announced that the Idol franchise would be given to GMA Network under the name Pinoy Idol. FremantleMedia representative Geraldine Bravo said that it was "very fortunate" to find a new partner, while GMA Network's Senior Vice President for Entertainment Wilma Galvante added that both parties agreed that the network "has the experience, the resources, and the people to mount talent-search programs". Reports said that GMA was planning to treat Pinoy Idol as a completely different show, without referring to Philippine Idol as its "first season" and not recognizing Marcelo as the "first winner". Agoncillo and Cayabyab would not reprise their roles in the new Idol show as they appeared in the second season of Pinoy Dream Academy.
In an article published before Pinoy Idol's premiere, Torre gave the lapses in Philippine Idol which he hoped Pinoy Idol should not replicate, such as Agoncillo's less than effective hosting style and the somewhat scripted and less wise comments of Magalona and Corrales.
Idol Philippines telecast
The second season of Idol Philippines, the iteration produced by ABS-CBN was broadcast on TV5, along with Kapamilya Channel and A2Z. This marks the return of an iteration of the Idol franchise on the network since Philippine Idol''.
See also
List of programs aired by TV5 (Philippine TV network)
External links
Philippine Idol official website
References
Idols (franchise)
Philippine reality television series
Philippine television series based on British television series
2006 Philippine television series debuts
2006 Philippine television series endings
TV5 (Philippine TV network) original programming
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Filipino-language television shows
Television controversies in the Philippines
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Idol
|
Pictou Centre is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1949 general election
1953 general election
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Pat Dunn
|align="right"| 4,147
|align="right"| 52.26
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Ross Landry
|align="right"| 2,373
|align="right"| 29.91
|align="right"|
|-
|Liberal
|Bill Muirhead
|align="right"| 1,415
|align="right"| 17.83
|align="right"|
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
External links
riding profile
New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou%20Centre
|
Judias Anna Lou "Judy" Buenoano (born Judias Welty, also known as Judias Goodyear and Judias Morris; April 4, 1943 – March 30, 1998) was an American serial killer who was executed for the 1971 murder of her husband James Goodyear. She was also convicted for the 1980 murder of her son, Michael Buenoano, and of the 1983 attempted murder of her boyfriend, John Gentry. Buenoano is also acknowledged to have been responsible for the 1978 death of another boyfriend, Bobby Joe Morris, in Colorado; however, by the time authorities tied Buenoano to Morris, she had already been sentenced to death in the state of Florida.
Buenoano is also believed to have been involved in a 1974 murder in Alabama, and in the 1980 death of yet another boyfriend, Gerald Dossett. After her arrest, Dossett's body was exhumed and analyzed for signs of arsenic poisoning. No charges were laid in that case. Buenoano was the first woman to be executed in Florida since 1848 or electrocuted in United States since 1976.
Early life
Judy Buenoano was born Judias Welty in Quanah, Texas, on April 4, 1943. She was the third of four siblings. Her mother died when she was four, and she was sent along with her younger brother, Robert, to live with her grandparents. After her father remarried, they moved to live with him in Roswell, New Mexico. Buenoano was reportedly abused by her father and stepmother, who starved her and forced her to work as a slave. When she was fourteen, she spent two months in prison for attacking her father, stepmother and two stepbrothers. Upon being released, she chose to attend reform school where she graduated in 1960. She subsequently became a nursing assistant. She gave birth to Michael, an illegitimate son, the following year.
Crimes
Buenoano's first husband was James Goodyear (born December 7, 1933), a sergeant in the United States Air Force. He died on September 16, 1971, in Orlando, Florida. His death was initially believed to be due to natural causes. Two years later, she moved in with Bobby Joe Morris (born 1939), a resident of Trinidad, Colorado, who died by poison in January 1978. Later that year, she legally changed her name to "Buenoano" (corrupted Spanish for "good year").
In 1979, Buenoano's son Michael (March 30, 1961May 13, 1980) became severely ill, with symptoms including paraplegia. On May 13, 1980, Buenoano took Michael out in a canoe; the canoe rolled, and Michael, weighed down by his arm and leg braces, drowned. Following his death, Buenoano opened a beauty salon.
In 1983, Buenoano was in a relationship with John Gentry. Gentry was severely injured when his car exploded in Pensacola, Florida. While he was recovering from his injuries, police began to find several discrepancies in Buenoano's background. Further investigation revealed that, in November 1982, she had begun telling her friends that Gentry was suffering from a terminal illness.
"Vitamin pills" which Buenoano had been giving Gentry contained arsenic and paraformaldehyde. Exhumations of Michael Goodyear, James Goodyear and Bobby Joe Morris showed that all had been given arsenic, and James Goodyear and Bobby Joe Morris both specifically died of arsenic poisoning. Buenoano received substantial life insurance payouts after each death.
Conviction, imprisonment, and execution
In 1984, Buenoano was convicted for the murder of Michael and the attempted murder of Gentry. In 1985 she was convicted of the murder of James Goodyear. She received a twelve-year sentence for the Gentry case, a life sentence for the Michael Buenoano case, and a death sentence for the James Goodyear case. She was convicted of multiple counts of grand theft (for insurance fraud), and is thought to have committed multiple acts of arson (again, for purposes of insurance fraud).
She was incarcerated in the Florida Department of Corrections Broward Correctional Institution death row for women. On March 30, 1998, Buenoano was executed in the electric chair at the Florida State Prison. Her last meal consisted of broccoli, asparagus, strawberries and hot tea. When asked if she had any last words, Buenoano said "No, sir." Buenoano's body was cremated after her execution.
See also
List of people executed in Florida
List of serial killers in the United States
List of women executed in the United States since 1976
References
Further reading
https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-11th-circuit/1097413.html
External links
Entry on Judias Buenoano at the Clark County Prosecutor's official site
Inmate Release Information Detail - Inmate 160663. Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved on 2008-05-29.
1943 births
1971 murders in the United States
1980 murders in the United States
1983 crimes in the United States
1998 deaths
20th-century executions by Florida
20th-century executions of American people
American people convicted of attempted murder
American people convicted of fraud
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Bombers (people)
Executed American female serial killers
Executed people from Texas
Filicides in Florida
Mariticides
People convicted of murder by Florida
People executed by Florida by electric chair
People from Quanah, Texas
Poisoners
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida
Serial killers from Colorado
Serial killers from Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%20Buenoano
|
Pictou East is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) since the 2013 election is Tim Houston of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia who replaced Clarrie MacKinnon of the New Democratic Party of Nova Scotia.
Geography
Pictou East covers of land area.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1949 general election
1953 general election
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1993 by-election
|-
|Liberal
|Wayne Fraser
|align="right"|4,417
|align="right"|59.60
|align="right"|
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Mel MacLean
|align="right"|1,902
|align="right"|25.66
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Dave Peters
|align="right"|935
|align="right"|12.62
|align="right"|
|-
|Independent
|Alexander James MacKenzie
|align="right"|111
|align="right"|1.50
|align="right"|
|-
|Natural Law
|Peter H. Cameron
|align="right"|46
|align="right"|0.62
|align="right"|
|}
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Tim Houston
|align="right"| 3,714
|align="right"| 48.05
|align="right"|+22.11
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Clarrie MacKinnon
|align="right"| 2,788
|align="right"| 36.07
|align="right"|-27.91
|-
|Liberal
|Francois Rochon
|align="right"| 1,228
|align="right"| 15.89
|align="right"|+7.50
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
External links
riding profile
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou%20East
|
Christ Church or Christ Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church in New Brunswick, Middlesex County, New Jersey.
History
In 1701 English minister Thomas Bray formed the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG) to minister to the new English settlers. In 1711 a group of Anglicans were holding service in an old broken down townhouse in Piscataway that they shared with a group of Baptists. Under the influence of William Skinner, an SPG minister, in 1717 a timber frame church was built, which was completed in 1724, to replace the broken down townhouse. St. James Parish in Piscataway continued to grow, including members from higher up the Raritan River in New Brunswick. The demand was so great that a group gathered in 1742 to construct another church, to be called Christ Church, on the New Brunswick side of the River.
Although construction began in 1742, title to the land was not obtained until 1745. This was because one of the original church planners was Philip French, who was the largest land owner in New Brunswick. French did not believe in selling land, but for public buildings that would benefit the community he did provide land leases at nominal rates. For the land to build Christ Church, he charged a yearly rent of "one peppercorn a year, only if asked." The lease for the land is still on display in the Rector's office at Christ Church. Throughout the early years, Christ Church remained a mission parish. It would not receive a royal charter as an independent parish until 1761.
Pre– and post–American Revolution
While it was believed that the parish was fully behind fight for independence, the reality is that during the Revolution the parish was quite conflicted. Figures such as Col. John Neilson, and Brigadier General Anthony White did, in fact, fight on behalf of the Patriots. But the church also contained its share of Loyalists, such as John Antill, who fought with the 2nd Battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers (a Loyalist force).
One figure caught in the middle was the Rector, the Rev. Abraham Beach. Beach sympathized with the Patriots aims, but could not support rebellion as a means to the end. Moreover, as an Anglican cleric, he had taken oaths to support the Crown, and the liturgy included prayers for the King. One morning as he was preparing for service he was threatened with death if he offered such prayers, as a result of which he decided to close the church for the duration of the war. Being a faithful cleric and a moderate at heart, he continued his ministry even during the war, worshiping in the homes of sympathetic parishioners, and often deleting the prayers for the King if he thought such would offend delicate sensibilities.
Following the war, the political energies of the newly independent states were focused on forming "a more perfect union," first in the Articles of Confederation, later in the Constitution of the United States of America. The newly independent daughter churches of the Church of England also sought "a more perfect union," and foremost in the leadership was the same Abraham Beach. In the winter of 1783/84 he corresponded with William White (later the first Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church) and other clergy in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York soliciting a gathering to "consider the state of the church." He extended an invitation to meet at Christ Church May 11, 1784. The outgrowth of that meeting was a call for another meeting in October 1784 with representatives from all thirteen states to consider a general convention to manage the affairs of the newly independent church. The First General Convention met in September 1785, leading to the current shape of the church we now know: with equal voice and vote for bishops, clergy and laity, the beginnings of an American Book of Common Prayer, and our own national Constitution and Canons.
The parish acquired its first pipe organ in 1788 for $100. A choir was gathered in the early 19th century under the direction of Ann Croes, daughter of Bishop Croes. In 1826 Bishop Croes reported that "by the exertion of the ladies in the congregation the church has been furnished with a new and sweetly-toned organ, the largest in the Diocese" built by Henry Erben. A new organ by Erben replaced that instrument in 1842. In 1869 a new organ built by Levi Stuart was placed in the front of the church (now the Clarke Chapel).
19th century
The church was so comfortable financially that in 1852 the parish replaced 100-year-old structure and enlarged it, using (in part) many of the stones from the first building. Organ music has been part of parish life since the purchase of an organ in 1788, as was a volunteer parish choir, established in the early 19th century Read more here.. Under the leadership of the Reverend Elisha Brooks Joyce, successor of pastorate Alfred Stubbs, a choir of men and boys was established, replacing the paid quartet that had been established in the 1850s. Shortly after he became rector, The Rev. Joyce appointed George Wilmot, Music Supervisor of the New Brunswick Public Schools as a professional chorister in 1885, and in 1894 he established a formally vested men and boys choir. The present Christ Church music program inherits the legacy established by Wilmot. Mr. Wilmot was a composition pupil of the English composer Joseph Barnby. Other notable musicians include John W. Durham, a pupil of Alexander Guillmant. Durham served as organist in the early 20th century, and his daughter Elizabeth was (at her death) the oldest living graduate of the New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College, Rutgers University). Miss Durham established a number of music scholarships at the Mason Gross School of the Arts, Rutgers.
The Rev. Stubbs supervised the construction of the "choir building" (Old Parish House), which was dedicated August 24, 1874. The Rev. Joyce supervised the construction of the "new" Parish House on Paterson Street in 1897, still in use today. Its construction placed the parish deeply in debt, a debt passed on to his successor, Herbert Parrish. Father Parrish was a man of substantial financial acumen, and served St Michael and Angels, Baltimore—then one of the largest Episcopal Churches in the country. The Rev. Joyce contracted tuberculosis and became a patient at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, and Parrish served as his priest. After Parrish's election as rector, he worked with William Hopkins Leupp and James Parsons to establish an "endowment fund" for the parish—he also served as the church's treasurer. By the time he left after his 13-year pastorate, the previously debt-ridden parish had an investment fund totaling $250,000, a fund that enabled the parish to survive the Depression far more easily than more financially strapped churches.
Parrish also was committed to Sunday Schools as essential to faith development. This is most clearly seen in the establishment of the Highland Park Sunday School in 1921 (supported by funding from the will of William Leupp), which in time led to the founding of All Saints Episcopal Church in Highland Park, New Jersey. He was instrumental in the development of still another Episcopal parish in New Brunswick, St. Alban's Church. Other parishes established by Christ Church include St. Mark's in Carteret (now closed), St. Paul's in Bound Brook, St. John's in Somerville, and St. John the Evangelist, also in New Brunswick.
The Modern Era
Parrish's successor, The Rev. Canon Walter Stowe, served the second longest pastorate in the church's history, 37 years (1929–66). It could also be argued that it was the second most tumultuous period (after the American Revolution). During his pastorate Stowe had to contend with the Great Depression, World War II, the Korean War, the beginnings of the Viet Nam War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the beginning of white flight to the suburbs. Due to Fr. Parrish's investment fund, the parish weathered the Depression relatively easily, but the Second World War was harder to avoid. The memorials around the building testify to the impact of the war on the parish. From all available evidence, at least 120 young men served in the war, of whom 10 never returned.
Following the war Stowe was instrumental in establishing the Episcopal chaplaincy at Rutgers. In 1949 two Episcopal members of the Rutgers' community, Clarence A. Lambelet (Professor of Engineering) and Jane Conlin (a senior at Douglass College, the Rutgers’ College for Women) set out to organize a Canterbury Club for 400 Episcopal students at Rutgers. They approached Stowe with the idea. The rector gave his backing to the plan and approached the Procter Foundation for financial support. With such support Clarence W. Sickles, a new curate, was hired for Christ Church, who began his service to both the church and the Episcopal ministry in September 1951.
The parish's second-longest serving musician, George Huddleston, arrived in 1930 and conducted the Choir of Men and Boys until his retirement in 1974. He was followed by Clifford Hill, Jr. who led the music program until 1990. Under Mr. Hill's direction, the adult choir admitted women and a Royal School of Church Music (RSCM) chorister program was established under the direction Martha Ainsworth (Para). One of the choristers from that period, T.J. Harper, is currently Associate Professor of Music and Director of Choral Activities at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California.
Stowe's immediate successor, Charles Gomph Newbery, came to Christ Church from All Saints Church in Princeton, but only remained three years (1966–69). Reflecting the liturgical changes that were occurring elsewhere in the church, Fr. Newbery instituted a number of changes in the worship space. A freestanding altar was installed, and the semi-circular choir stalls were built in the chancel. The Clarke Chapel was established, and the old altar moved there. The sacristy was also added. The current shape of the church is attributable to him. Given the social upheavals of the day, he also established an outreach to the neighborhood, beginning an English as a Second Language program.
The Rev. Joan Fleming served as Rector from 1993 until 2004. She exercised a regular ministry of parish visitation, and deliberately extended invitations to all, Black and white alike. She initiated the first Black Heritage Celebration in 1994—a tradition that continues to this day. She also created programming to address the heritage of all, Italian Night, International Night. Her diocesan initiative, "Unlearning Racism," was first offered at Christ Church. Under her leadership, Mark Trautman was engaged as Director of Music in 1994 and served until 2010. He incorporated jazz and gospel music, introduced the Lift Every Voice and Sing II Hymnal in 2006, and developed a full-time choral program that included annual concerts, Evensongs, Interfaith choral concerts involving city churches, as well as the Muslim and Jewish community, and many other events; he also commissioned the church's Richards, Fowkes and Company organ in 1997. Under Trautman's leadership, the choir sang at the State Theatre in New Brunswick in 2008 and 2009 with the New Brunswick Chamber Orchestra.
In 2001, the Richards, Fowkes and Company delivered its opus 12 organ to Christ Church. It is one of the most significant mechanical action pipe organs in the northeast, and is used regularly by the organ students from the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Recitalists from around the world have praised the instrument, and it has been recorded on a compact disc by Aart Bergwerff, organist from the Netherlands.
Area influence
Prestige
For most of the 19th and the early 20th centuries Christ Church was an establishment church. It could be described truthfully as the “Johnson and Johnson Church.” Among its members were James Wood Johnson (co-founder of Johnson and Johnson), Frederick Barnett Kilmer (father of poet Joyce Kilmer and research chemist for Johnson and Johnson), and Walter Williams (the President of Johnson and Johnson International). Other members were part of the economic and political elite (such as Nicholas Gouveneur Rutgers, President of the New Brunswick Savings Bank; Grace Wells, founder of what is now Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, and Fred DeVoe, former Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly). The present parish is less politically connected and more solidly middle class. Christ Church is also one of the first Episcopal parishes in the United States to have an organized choral program, including paid professional musicians, since the early 19th century.
Race, war, and the modern era
For much of its history Christ Church saw itself as a white church. In its earliest days, enslaved Black people were evangelized, but baptism did nothing to emancipate them. Existing parish records include 26 baptisms of known enslaved people, owned by parish members (including two rectors, Abraham Beach and John Croes). There may, of course, have been others, but records do not exist.
Blacks were members of the church but they were not seated with the whites. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, blacks were seated in the gallery, along with those who could not afford pew rents. When pew rents were abolished in the early 1920s, the decision was made to relocate the organ from the chancel to the gallery, displacing the Black members of the church. Taking that as an indication they were not particularly welcome, the displaced African American members formed their own parish, St. Alban's Episcopal Church in New Brunswick, a predominantly Afro-Anglican mission, which still exists.
The racial nature of the parish did not change much for half a century, but beginning in the mid-1970s, the composition of the church would be transformed. Blacks who moved into the city from other areas (including many from the Caribbean and African countries) joined the church. The church during this period has been described as not particularly welcoming to newcomers, but this was especially so for persons of color. Some parishioners would not shake their hands during the peace, and all but told them their place was at St. Alban's.
Two persons in particular helped to change this dynamic. The Reverend Canon Frank Carthy served with great distinction from 1970-1986, and was instrumental in making connections with the city and greater community. The Reverend Martin Gutwein, a curate under Canon Frank Carthy, had served in the Peace Corps knew the family members of some of the new members and made them feel welcome. With his acceptance, some of the veteran members of the parish invited more and more of the newcomers into existing parish ministries.
The current--and 27th rector of Christ Church is the Rev. Joanna Hollis, who has served since 2013.
Notable burials
John Croes (1762–1832) – rector of Christ Church from 1801 to 1832 and first Bishop of the Diocese of New Jersey, is buried beneath the altar in the sanctuary, but the grave of his wife, Martha is near a walkway on the west side of the church, along with his daughter, Ann, who served as the first choir director in the early 19th century.
Brigadier General Anthony Walton White – served as an aide-de-camp to George Washington in the American Revolution. His grave site is near the door to the sanctuary.
Adm. Charles Stuart Boggs (1811–1888) – Served upon the steamer "Princeton" during the Mexican–American War and was present during the Siege of Veracruz. Later ordered to the gun boat "Varuna" where he fought with distinction during the Capture of New Orleans. Promoted to rear admiral in 1870.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, New Jersey
List of Episcopal churches in the United States
References
External links
Official website
http://www.richardsfowkes.com/pages/3instruments/12/12_index.php
http://www.christchurchnewbrunswick.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CCNB.OrganHistory.pdf
Cemeteries in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Episcopal church buildings in New Jersey
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Religious organizations established in 1742
1742 establishments in New Jersey
Churches in New Brunswick, New Jersey
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey
Stone churches in New Jersey
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20Church%2C%20New%20Brunswick%2C%20New%20Jersey
|
Palacio Salvo () is a building at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia in Montevideo, Uruguay. It was designed by the architect Mario Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, who used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Finished in 1928, Palacio Salvo stands high with the antenna included. It was the tallest building in Latin America for a brief period.
Overview
The site was bought by the Salvo brothers for 650,000 Uruguayan pesos. It was built on the site where the Confiteria La Giralda was once located, a place renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango La Cumparsita in 1917. At present, on that same historic site, inside Palacio Salvo, the Tango Museum of Montevideo is open to the public, and exhibits the history of La Cumparsita and of Uruguayan Tango.
The original specifications, describing the details of the construction, describe a lighthouse at the top of the building, which was replaced by a set of antennas. The specifications stated “on the top part of the tower a lighthouse will be placed made by Salmoiraghi of Italy, with a parabolic mirror of , reaching approximately , and a rotating 100 amp lamp.”
The building was originally intended to be a hotel, but this plan did not work out, and it has since been occupied by a mixture of offices and private residences. The building has a height of . While the set of antennas was at its top, its total height was . The antennas were permanently removed in November 2012.
Trivia
The song "The Tower of Montevideo", included in Damon Albarn's 2021 album The Nearer the Fountain, More Pure the Stream Flows, is inspired by this building.
See also
Palacio Barolo
List of tallest buildings in Uruguay
References
External links
Official website
Buildings and structures completed in 1925
Palaces in Montevideo
Art Nouveau architecture in Uruguay
Art Nouveau commercial buildings
Art Nouveau apartment buildings
National Historic Monuments of Uruguay
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio%20Salvo
|
Pictou West is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.
Its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) since 2013 has been Karla MacFarlane of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia (PC).
Geography
The geography of Pictou West is of land area.
Members of the Legislative Assembly
This riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly:
Election results
1949 general election
1953 general election
1956 general election
1960 general election
1963 general election
1967 general election
1970 general election
1974 general election
1978 general election
1981 general election
1984 general election
1988 general election
1993 general election
1998 general election
1999 general election
2003 general election
2006 general election
2009 general election
2013 general election
|-
|Progressive Conservative
|Karla MacFarlane
|align="right"|3,026
|align="right"|40.10
|align="right"|
|-
|New Democratic Party
|Charlie Parker
|align="right"|2,588
|align="right"|34.29
|align="right"|
|-
|Liberal
|Glennie Langille
|align="right"|1,933
|align="right"|25.61
|align="right"|
|-
|}
2017 general election
2021 general election
References
External links
2012 Electoral District Map - Pictou West
profile
Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictou%20West
|
The Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia are considered to be:
Amicalola Falls
Okefenokee Swamp
Providence Canyon
Radium Springs
Stone Mountain
Tallulah Gorge
Warm Springs
The first list of natural wonders was compiled by state librarian Ella May Thornton and published in the Atlanta Georgian magazine on December 26, 1926. That first list included:
Amicalola Falls
Jekyll Island Forest
Marble vein in Longswamp Valley in Pickens County
Okefenokee Swamp
Stone Mountain
Tallulah Gorge
Warm Springs
References
Georgia Encyclopedia
Nature-related lists
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20seven%20natural%20wonders%20of%20Georgia%20%28U.S.%20state%29
|
Carol Mary Bundy (née Peters; August 26, 1942 – December 9, 2003) was an American serial killer. Bundy and Doug Clark became collectively known as the Sunset Strip Killers after being convicted of a series of lust murders in Los Angeles during the late spring and early summer of 1980.
Early life
Bundy had a troubled childhood, as both of her parents were abusive alcoholics. Bundy's mother died when she was a child and her father sexually abused her starting at the age of 11. After Bundy's father remarried, he put her in various foster homes. When Bundy was 17 years old, she married a 56-year-old man.
By the time Bundy met Doug Clark at the age of 37, she had just escaped a third marriage to an abusive man, by whom she had two young sons. She had begun an affair with her apartment block manager, part-time country singer Jack Murray, and had attempted to bribe Murray's wife into leaving him. After Murray's wife compelled him to evict Bundy from the block, Bundy continued to show up regularly to venues where he was singing. It was at one of these venues, a bar called Little Nashville, where she first met Clark in 1980. Clark soon moved in with Bundy and they found out that they shared dark sexual fantasies.
Murders
On August 9, 1980, the decomposed body of John Robert Murray, 45, was found in a van parked just blocks away from his home in Van Nuys. Murray's body suffered stab wounds to the chest and was decapitated. His head was never found. Two days later, Bundy called police and confessed to shooting her lover, John "Jack" Murray, with her chrome Raven gun, five days before his body was found.
On March 3, 1981, the incomplete skeleton of an unidentified young woman was found buried in a shallow stream bed near the Bouquet Reservoir. Though only a few bones remained, investigators did recover a skull with a bullet hole. The firearm wound matched the description of the murder of a prostitute that Clark and Bundy had picked up, according to their own testimonies. Clark claimed Bundy had shot the young woman in the head, stripped her bare naked and instructed him to drive to a location in Green Valley, where they disposed of the body. Clark also declared that Bundy fondled the dying victim along the way. It was later revealed that Bundy confided in a fellow nurse about her involvement in the murders of Murray and that of the unidentified woman.
Arrest and trial
Bundy was arrested on August 11, 1980 at her home in Burbank. Clark was arrested the same day. Two days later, she was arraigned for the murder of John Robert Murray and held without bail.
Sealed documents of a court session on September 18 of that year revealed that Bundy killed Murray in an effort to prevent him from going to authorities after she told him that her roommate, Douglas Clark, committed the Sunset slayings. She also told the court that she had to cut off his head to prevent the bullets being traced back to her. Co-workers of Bundy testified that she confessed to being present during the murder of a young woman and helped dump her body afterwards.
On May 2, 1983, Bundy pleaded guilty in Los Angeles County Superior Court to the murders of Murray in 1980 and an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found in 1981. Her plea came as a surprise to prosecutors, as Bundy had originally pleaded not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity. Though no bargain was made, by pleading guilty, the district attorney could not prove special circumstances; a requirement for life without the possibility of parole. Prosecutors had already agreed to remove the death penalty upon Bundy testifying against Clark during his trial. For his part in the crimes, Clark was sentenced to death and died on death row in 2023.
On May 31, 1983, Bundy was sentenced to 52 years to life; 27 years to life for the murder of Murray, and another 25 years to life, to be served consecutively, for assisting in the death of the unidentified female.
Death
Bundy died in prison from heart failure at the Central California Women's Facility on December 9, 2003, at the age of 61.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
Gerald and Charlene Gallego
References
Further reading
Slater, David. ""It's Fun to Kill People!": The Sunset Strip Murders" in David Kerekes and David Slater (eds) Critical Vision: Random Essays & Tracts Concerning Sex Religion death Stockport Cheshire UK: Headpress, 1995, pp. 180–242.
1942 births
1980 murders in the United States
2003 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American female serial killers
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Crimes against sex workers in the United States
Criminals from Los Angeles
People convicted of murder by California
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
Prisoners who died in California detention
Serial killers from California
Serial killers from Los Angeles
Serial killers who died in prison custody
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20M.%20Bundy
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Kwai Tsing Container Terminals is the main port facilities in the reclamation along Rambler Channel between Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong. It evolved from four berths of Kwai Chung Container Port () completed in the 1970s. It later expanded with two berths in the 1980s. Two additional terminals are added adjoining to Stonecutters Island in the 1990s and was renamed Kwai Chung Container Terminals. In the 2000s, Container Terminal 9 on the Tsing Yi Island was completed and the entire facility was renamed to Kwai Tsing Container Terminals.
It has been the eighth-busiest container port in the world since 2019, just after Shanghai, Singapore, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Busan and Qingdao.
History
The Container Committee was appointed by the Governor Sir David Trench on 12 July 1966 to advise the government on the containerisation revolution in cargo handling. In early 1967 the committee declared that Hong Kong had to build the capacity to handle containers, lest the territory's economy would suffer and its port would get bypassed in favour of Singapore and Japan. The committee recommended the site at Kwai Chung. Two former islands on the Rambler Channel, Mong Chau and Pillar Island, were levelled and buried under the port.
While the port was under construction, a main road Kwai Chung Road was built to connect Kwai Chung and Kowloon. Container Port Road, a branch road of Kwai Chung Road, links the port with major industrial areas in Hong Kong.
The first container vessel to call on the new terminal, on 5 September 1972, was the Tokyo Bay.
Thanks to the success of the Kwai Chung Port, Hong Kong overtook New York City in 1986 as the world's second-busiest port. In 1987 it seized the title of world's busiest port from Rotterdam. The sunken remains of the hull of the RMS Queen Elizabeth are currently buried beneath the reclaimed land on which the port stands.
Terminals
The port consists of nine container terminals and their operators:
^ HIT terminals 4, 6, 7 and 9 (North): 14.2 to 16.0 metre
See also
Port of Hong Kong
Notes
Transport in Hong Kong
Ports and harbours of Hong Kong
Lai King
Tsing Yi
Stonecutters Island
Container terminals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwai%20Tsing%20Container%20Terminals
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Hadashville is a small, unincorporated community in the Rural Municipality of Reynolds, in eastern Manitoba, Canada.
Hadashville is located in the Whitemouth River watershed north of the Sandilands Provincial Forest, about east of Winnipeg on Highway 11, and miles north of the Trans-Canada Highway. It has sandy soil, many farms, and is surrounded by the boreal forest. This Whitemouth River area is very close to the western edge of the Canadian Shield, and just north of the United States border.
The first settlements in the Hadashville area are believed to have been established about 1904. At that time, settlers received supplies from the nearest railway station near Whitemouth. The hamlet of Hadashville is named after Charles Hadash, who moved his family to the area after learning that a railway for the Greater Winnipeg Water District's (GWWD) Shoal Lake Aqueduct was planned. Hadash established the first post office in Hadashville along with a small store, pool room, and dance hall.
References
"TimeLinks: Settler and Wife Clearing Land, Hadashville," Manitoba Historical Society
Geographic Names of Manitoba published by The Millennium Bureau of Canada
Unincorporated communities in Eastman Region, Manitoba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadashville%2C%20Manitoba
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Inner Carniola (; ) is a traditional region of Slovenia, the southwestern part of the larger Carniola region. It comprises the Hrušica karst plateau up to Postojna Gate, bordering the Slovenian Littoral (the Gorizia region) in the west. Its administrative and economic center of the region is Postojna, and other minor centers include Vrhnika, Logatec, Cerknica, Pivka, and Ilirska Bistrica.
Name
The English name Inner Carniola, like the Slovene name Notranjska, is a translation of German Innerkrain, referring to the southwest part of Carniola. The name was created by analogy with Inner Austria (), referring to the southwestern Habsburg hereditary lands.
History
Inner Carniola was a kreis of the Duchy of Carniola, ruled by the archducal House of Habsburg within the Inner Austrian lands starting in the 14th century. The territorial arrangement was described by the scholar Johann Weikhard von Valvasor (1641–1693) in his 1689 work The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. Part of the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces from 1809, Carniola returned to the Austrian Empire by the 1814 Treaty of Paris. First administrated within the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria, the Carniolan duchy again became a Habsburg crown land from 1849 till 1919.
Part of Italy
After World War I, the western part of the region was occupied by the Italian military. In 1920, the Treaty of Rapallo transferred the western part of the region (with around two-thirds of the population) to the Kingdom of Italy. The eastern third was included into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia).
Italy was given the districts of Vipava, Postojna, Ilirska Bistrica, Senožeče, and Idrija. The region was divided among the provinces of Gorizia, Trieste, and Fiume (Rijeka). With the rise of Fascism, it was subjected to a policy of violent Italianization until the downfall of Fascism in Italy. In 1947, it was transferred to Yugoslavia, which had occupied it since 1945.
Images
References
Historical regions in Slovenia
Subdivisions of Carniola
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner%20Carniola
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This is a list of services by MSN, the web portal and collection of Internet services by Microsoft:
Current services
MSN, the web portal and series of apps
MSN Dial-up, the Internet service provider (originally The Microsoft Network)
MSN Games, a casual gaming website
Rebranded
Bing, a web search engine (previously MSN Search)
Bing Ads, a business advertising service (previously MSN adCenter)
Bing Maps, a maps website (previously MSN Expedia Maps and MSN Virtual Earth)
Bing Shopping, a shopping website for online products (previously MSN Shopping)
Messenger, an instant messaging service (previously MSN Messenger Service)
Microsoft account, a user login service (previously MSN Passport)
Outlook.com, a webmail and calendar service (previously MSN Hotmail and MSN Calendar)
Windows Live, the umbrella name under which several MSN services were rebranded
Windows Live Messenger, an instant messaging client (previously MSN Messenger)
Divested by Microsoft
Expedia, a travel website
MSNBC, a cable TV news channel
NBCNews.com, a U.S. and world news website (previously msnbc.com)
Nine.com.au, a localized version of the web portal in Australia (previously ninemsn)
Sidewalk.com, a local event and city search website
Slate, an online magazine
Discontinued
MSN Chat, a chat service and client
MSN China, a localized version of the web portal in China
MSN Companion, a personal computer terminal
MSN Desktop Search, a search program for Windows
MSN Direct, a radio service for electronic devices
MSN Encarta, an encyclopedia
MSN Groups, a collection of online communities
MSN Music, a music service
MSN QnA, a question-and-answer website
MSN Soapbox, a video service
MSN Spaces, a collection of blogs and personal websites
MSN Toolbar, an add-on for Internet Explorer
MSN TV, a set-top box for televisions
MSN WiFi Hotspots, a service for locating Wi-Fi availability
Xinmsn, a localized version of the web portal in Singapore
External links
MSN Worldwide
MSN
es:Anexo:Sitios web de Microsoft#MSN y sus servicios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20services%20by%20MSN
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The Shackled City Adventure Path (or simply Shackled City) is a role-playing game Adventure Path designed for Dungeons & Dragons (D&D), originally appearing as a series of modules in Dungeon magazine, and later collected in a hardcover edition collecting all previous installments plus an additional chapter written especially for the book release. Various elements of the game were revised for the collection; the setting was enlarged to better suit the needs of a typical high-level game.
Campaign information
Location
Shackled City is primarily set in the city of Cauldron. Cauldron itself is nominally located in the World of Greyhawk, although the series is designed to be easily adapted to other D&D campaign settings.
=== Shackled City'''s impact on Cauldron ===
The Adventure Paths were widely lauded throughout the gaming industry, and the collected issues of Shackled City, including extensive background and location notes on Cauldron and its residents, were nominated for and received multiple ENnies in 2006.
Purpose
The adventures are designed to begin with first level characters and to end with characters at or near twentieth level, taking them through twelve distinct adventures that span basic dungeon crawls, urban adventures, political intrigue, and even extra-planar excursions.
Summary
The Adventure Path consists of the following scenarios:
During the course of the adventure, the city is nearly destroyed by an eruption of the volcano under it, which is triggered by magical forces. Shattered, but still inhabited, the city of Cauldron still exists at the end of the adventure.
Reception
The reviewer from Pyramid noted that: "Traditionally, the roleplaying scenario comes in just a few parts, typically a trilogy or quartet. Rarely do they come longer, although The Shackled City Adventure Path is a rare exception, consisting of 12 parts."
The expanded hardcover edition of the Shackled City Adventure Path won three ENnie awards at the 2006 Gen Con game fair, taking home the gold award for "Best Adventure" and "Best Campaign Setting/Supplement", as well as the silver award for "Best Cartography".
ReviewsAlarums & Excursions'' (Issue 405 - Jun 2009)
References
Dungeon Adventure Paths
ENnies winners
Greyhawk modules
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shackled%20City%20Adventure%20Path
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Mysterious Island is a "port-of-call" (themed land) at Tokyo DisneySea in the Tokyo Disney Resort. It features a large volcano and is located in the center of the park.
Theming
Mysterious Island is a recreation of the fictitious one in Jules Verne's novel, The Mysterious Island, which serves as Captain Nemo's lair. It is also known as Vulcania Island, as featured in the Disney movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. When guests enter the area, they discover Nemo's secret base, complete with a harbor for his Nautilus, as well as a lab inside the volcano, known as Mount Prometheus. Nemo is exploring the depths of the sea and of the earth, which allows guests to experience two of Verne's most famous adventures: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Journey to the Center of the Earth.
Despite its name, Mysterious Island is not an actual island. It is instead built into the side of Mount Prometheus. This volcano is "active" (bursts of fire can be seen escaping from the top, bursts of steam from cracks in its side, and bursts of water from the lake). The area has some greenery, and is mostly rocks and ornaments (as one can see in the film).
Attractions and entertainment
Journey to the Center of the Earth
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
Restaurants and refreshments
Vulcania Restaurant- A counter-service restaurant that serves Chinese food inside of Mount Prometheus.
Nautilus Galley-A snack stand by the water.
Refreshment Station-A food stand that serves Chinese-style steamed buns with sausage filling.
Shopping
Nautilus Gifts
External links
TDR Fan - Mysterious Island Photos
References
Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Tokyo DisneySea
Steampunk
Amusement rides based on works by Jules Verne
Fictional islands
Amusement rides introduced in 2001
Works based on The Mysterious Island
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterious%20Island%20%28Tokyo%20DisneySea%29
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The Innocence Mission is the debut studio album by the band of the same name. It was recorded in six months in several studios in Los Angeles, California, including the Kiva, Ocean Way Recording, and the Sound Castle. The album cover features the 1894 painting Impromptu Ball by Eva Roos. The album was re-released digitally on May 19, 2009 by A&M Records.
Track listing
Note: All songs written by Karen Peris, unless otherwise indicated.
References
1989 debut albums
The Innocence Mission albums
Albums produced by Larry Klein
A&M Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Innocence%20Mission%20%28album%29
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Tire load sensitivity describes the behaviour of tires under load. Conventional pneumatic tires do not behave as classical friction theory would suggest. The load sensitivity of most real tires in their typical operating range is such that the coefficient of friction decreases as the vertical load, Fz, increases. The maximum lateral force that can be developed does increase as the vertical load increases, but at a diminishing rate.
Behaviour
Coulomb friction theory says that the maximum horizontal force developed should be proportional to the vertical load on the tire. In practice, the maximum horizontal force Fy that can be generated is proportional, roughly, to the vertical load Fz raised to the power of somewhere between 0.7 and 0.9, typically.
Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force, or cornering force, at a slip angle of 6-10 degrees, although this angle increases as the vertical load on the tire increases. Formula 1 car tires may reach a peak side force at 3 degrees
Example
As an example, here is data extracted from Milliken and Milliken's "Race Car Vehicle Dynamics", figure 2.9:
The same sensitivity is typically seen in the longitudinal forces, and combined lateral and longitudinal slip.
See also
Racing slick
Weight transfer and load transfer
References
Tires
Motorcycle dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire%20load%20sensitivity
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Orange County Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located three miles (5 km) southwest of the central business district of Orange, in Orange County, Texas, United States.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Orange County Airport is assigned ORG by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned ORG to Zorg en Hoop Airport in Paramaribo, Suriname).
Facilities and aircraft
Orange County Airport covers an area of and contains two runways: 4/22 has an asphalt pavement measuring 5,500 x 75 ft (1,676 x 23 m) and 13/31 has a turf surface measuring 3,000 x 50 ft (914 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending December 15, 2001, the airport had 11,332 aircraft operations, an average of 51 per day: 93% general aviation and 7% air taxi. In August 2017, there were 29 aircraft based at this airport: 24 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, 1 helicopter and 2 ultra-lights.
References
Flafsted.R (2006).German Companies.All around Europe. 23,(4)5-8
Jefferson.M(2008). Airport weekly. Airports Today. 19,(4)7-12
External links
Orange County Airport page at Orange County website
Airports in Texas
Transportation in Orange County, Texas
Buildings and structures in Orange County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20County%20Airport%20%28Texas%29
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Hollie Smith (born 17 November 1982) is a New Zealand soul singer-songwriter based in Auckland, New Zealand. Her four solo albums Long Player, Humour and the Misfortune of Others, Water or Gold, and Coming In From The Dark have all reached number one on the RIANZ albums chart, making her one of the most successful female New Zealand artists of the 21st century.
Early years
Smith attended Auckland's Willow Park Primary School, Takapuna Normal Intermediate and Rangitoto College.
In 1999, as a 16-year-old, Smith made the album Light From a Distant Shore after winning Best Female Vocalist at the National Jazz Festival of NZ. This album of Celtic music was produced by her stepfather, Steve McDonald. One of these early songs with McDonald, featuring Smith, would eventually be sampled for a track by US rap artist DMX for his album Year Of The Dog... Again.
Career
In 2003, Smith moved to Wellington singing with TrinityRoots. She recorded an album Home, Land and Sea and toured with the band. She also featured on Fat Freddy’s Drop's track ‘Hope’ and performed on Concord Dawn and Recloose’ albums.
In 2005, the 5-track Hollie Smith EP was released, featuring her own compositions. In 2005, the single "Bathe in the River", written by Don McGlashan and featuring Smith, was released. The song, from the soundtrack of the New Zealand feature film, No. 2, was a significant hit, spending 22 weeks in the NZ Top 10 and went on to win the APRA Silver Scroll.
In 2005, Smith signed a multi-album record deal with Manhattan Records, part of the Blue Note Label Group. Hollie would then record in New York City with producer and keyboard legend James Poyser (The Roots), Adam Blackstone (Kanye West, Justin Timberlake) and Jeff Lee Johnson (Erykah Badu, Aretha Franklin). The deal then collapsed upon the sale of Manhattan Records/EMI to Universal, which forced the singer to use the profits of her first album release, Long Player, released in 2006, debuting at #1 and going on to sell Gold, to get out of the deal with Blue Note. During this time she opened for artists Bob Dylan and Coldplay on the New Zealand legs of their tours.
After a forced two-year absence from the music industry, Smith released the album Humour and the Misfortune of Others on 15 March 2010, and would debut at #1 and become certified gold. She followed this soon after with the "Hollie and The Last S.O.S Tour" in New Zealand.
2011 saw the release of a collaborative album Smith produced with Electric Wire Hustle member Mara TK titled "Band of Brothers Vol. 1", which received a 4 star review from the NZ Herald's Russell Baillie, describing it as "a sideways step but still highly approachable".
In 2012, Smith, with fellow singer/songwriters Anika Moa and Boh Runga, embarked on a sold-out national acoustic church tour of New Zealand. Later that year Smith, Anika Moa, and Boh Runga starred in an online video campaign supporting gay marriage, alongside other New Zealand singers Anika Moa and Boh Runga, as well as Olympian Danyon Loader and former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard.
In 2013 Smith, Anika Moa, and Boh Runga released a collaborative album titled "Anika Boh Hollie". Following this they embarked on a national tour of concerts at wineries around New Zealand with the internationally acclaimed New Zealand group Fat Freddy's Drop.
Later in 2013, Smith was selected to perform at the Australasian World Music Expo in Melbourne, which resulted in an invitation to perform at the prestigious Montreal Jazz Festival in July 2014. There, she headlined her stage with her band as part of the Les Soirees jazzy series of free outdoor concerts, performing two concurrent sets in front of an estimated audience of over 50,000. Reviewer Sharonne Cohen from US jazz magazine JazzTimes went on to describe how Smith's "...powerhouse outdoor performance captivated thousands". From there Smith's northern hemisphere tour continued with a concert in New York at the Rockwood Music Hall and further concerts throughout UK/Europe including several for the New Zealand Commonwealth Games team in Glasgow.
In July 2015, Smith signed a deal with Warner Music NZ and then in September of that year released the single "Lady Dee", followed by the 2016 release of her album "Water Or Gold", which would debut at #1 on the NZ Top 40 Albums Chart, and see New Zealand Music Award nominations for 'Album of the Year' and 'Best Female Solo Artist'. In 2016, Smith completed two tours of New Zealand and a tour of Australia to promote the release of the album.
In 2019, her bilingual collaboration with Teeks, ‘Whakaaria Mai/How Great Thou Art’ received widespread acclaim and would see her perform it at a concert in remembrance of the Christchurch terrorist attack victims. Hollie then guested on the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown hit ‘Stay’ with an all-star line up that featured Stan Walker, Ria Hall, Kings, Troy Kingi, among others. In early 2021 Smith worked alongside Don McGlashan again for the TVNZ series Waiata Anthems, on an episode that documented the making of a bilingual te reo Māori version of ‘Bathe In the River’, titled ‘Korukutia’.
In October 2021, five years after the release of Water Or Gold, Smith returned with her fourth solo album, Coming In From The Dark. An album which saw her collaborating with some of New Zealand’s top musicians, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, TEEKS, Sole Mio and Raiza Biza. Upon release, the album debuted at #1 on the NZ Top 40 Albums chart, making it the fourth number one for Smith.
In October 2022, Smith won the second season of the Masked Singer NZ, as 'Bedazzled Unicorn'.
Personal life
In 2010, Smith ended an "intense" relationship with C4 presenter Clarke Gayford.
Discography
Studio albums
As featured artist
Home, Land and Sea (2004) Trinity Roots
Hiatus on the Horizon (2005) Recloose
Chaos by Design (2006) Concord Dawn
Steps in Time (2006) Solaa
Based on a True Story (2007) Fat Freddy's Drop
EPs
Singles
Awards
|-
| 1996
| Hollie Smith
| Tauranga Jazz Festival – Best Vocalist
|
|-
| 2007
| Long Player
| New Zealand Music Awards – Album of the Year
|
|-
| 2007
| Hollie Smith – Long Player| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Female Solo Artist
|
|-
| 2007
| Hollie Smith – Long Player| New Zealand Music Awards – Breakthrough Artist of the Year
|
|-
| 2007
| Hollie Smith
| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Aotearoa Roots Album
|
|-
| 2007
| Jeremy Toy & Hollie Smith – Long Player (Hollie Smith)
| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Producer
|
|-
| 2010
| Hollie Smith – Humour and the Misfortune of Others| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Female Artist
|
|-
| 2010
| Hollie Smith – Humour and the Misfortune of Others| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Aotearoa Roots Album
|
|-
| 2012
| Hollie Smith – Band of Brothers Vol.1 (Hollie Smith & Mara TK)
| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Roots Album
|
|-
| 2016
| Hollie Smith – Water Or Gold (Hollie Smith)
| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Album
|
|-
| 2016
| Hollie Smith – Water Or Gold'' (Hollie Smith)
| New Zealand Music Awards – Best Female Vocalist
|
|}
References
External links
Official website
1983 births
Living people
New Zealand women singer-songwriters
New Zealand singer-songwriters
New Zealand people of English descent
Musicians from Auckland
People educated at Northcote College
New Zealand LGBT rights activists
21st-century New Zealand women singers
Māori-language singers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie%20Smith
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The Slovene Littoral (, ; ; ) is one of the five traditional regions of Slovenia. The littoral in its name - for a coastal-adjacent area - recalls the former Austrian Littoral (Avstrijsko Primorje), the Habsburg possessions on the upper Adriatic coast, of which the Slovene Littoral was part.
Geography
The region forms the westernmost part of Slovenia, bordering the intermunicipal union of Giuliana in the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia of Italy. It stretches from the Adriatic Sea in the south up to the Julian Alps in the north.
The Slovene Littoral comprises two traditional provinces: Goriška and Slovene Istria. The Goriška region takes its name from the town of Gorizia () now in Italy; the neighbouring conurbation of Nova Gorica and Šempeter-Vrtojba today is the urban centre of the Slovene Littoral. Slovene Istria comprises the northern part of the Istria peninsula and provides, on the Slovene Riviera coastline with the ports of Koper, Izola, and Piran, the country's only access to the sea.
After Ljubljana, the Slovene Littoral is the most developed and economically most prosperous part of Slovenia. The western part of Slovene Istria is a bilingual region where both Slovene and Italian may be used in education, legal and administrative environments.
The northern part of the Slovene Littoral is part of the larger Gorizia Statistical Region, the south belongs to the Coastal–Karst Statistical Region.
History
After they had acquired the Carniola hinterland in 1335, the Habsburgs gradually took possession of the coastal areas. In the second half of the 14th century, they acquired Postojna and the Upper Vipava Valley from the Patriarchate of Aquileia, followed by Duino and parts of the Karst Plateau. These areas were annexed to Carniola, though they maintained a separate identity well into the Early Modern Age. In 1500 the Habsburgs inherited the comital lands of Gorizia (Görz), when the last Count Leonhard of Gorizia died childless. The Habsburg Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca was established in 1754, it became part of the Austrian Kingdom of Illyria in 1816. With the Istrian march and the Imperial Free City of Trieste it was re-arranged as the Austrian Littoral crown land in 1849.
At the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the area, together with the western part of Inner Carniola and the Upper Carniolan municipality of Bela Peč / Weissenfels (later Italianized to Fusine in Valromana, now a frazione of Tarvisio), was occupied by the Italian army. As stipulated in the 1915 London Pact, a quarter of predominantly Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327,000 out of total population of 1.3 million Slovenes were adjudicated to Italy by the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain and finally annexed according to the 1920 border Treaty of Rapallo.
Incorporated into the Julian March (Venezia Giulia) a forced Italianization of the Slovene minority began, intensified after the Fascists under Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922, and lasted until 1943. The Slovenes in Italy lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law. Numerous Slovenes emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, others fought against Italian rule in the anti-fascist TIGR organization.
After World War II, according to the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties, the bulk of the region with the upper Soča (Isonzo) Valley fell to Yugoslavia. Parts of the area were re-arranged as the Free Territory of Trieste, while Italy retained the urban centres of Gorizia and Gradisca. In 1954 Italy also recovered the main port of Trieste. As a result, the new urban centres on the Slovenian side of the border developed.
Gallery
See also
Battles of the Isonzo
Goriška
Morgan Line
Treaty of Osimo
Karst Plateau
Vipava Valley
Soča
Slovenian wine
Venetian Slovenia
References
External links
Littoral
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene%20Littoral
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Cynthia Lynn Coffman (born January 19, 1962) is an American serial killer convicted in the 1986 deaths of two women in California. She was convicted along with her boyfriend, James Marlow. Coffman admits to being present at the murders but insists she suffered from battered woman syndrome. She was sentenced to death and is sitting on death row in Central California Women's Facility.
Background
She was born in St. Louis, Missouri. After her father left her family, she was raised by her mother. Coffman's mother attempted to give her and her brothers away at one point. By age 18, Coffman married and became a mother, but the marriage did not last long. She moved to Arizona with a friend and met Marlow shortly after he was released from jail. They began to use methamphetamine together, got married, and began to commit violent crimes.
Crimes
Coffman and Marlow were accused of kidnapping and killing four women in October and November 1986.
Sandra Neary (32) on Oct. 11, 1986 from Costa Mesa, California
Pamela Simmons (35) on Oct. 28, 1986 from Bullhead City, Arizona
Corinna Novis (20) on Nov. 7, 1986 from Redlands, California
Lynel Murray (19) on Nov. 12, 1986 from Huntington Beach, California
They were arrested on November 14, 1986, following which Coffman confessed to the murders. Coffman's attorneys say that she loved Marlow but that he battered, brainwashed, and starved her, so she did not run from Marlow when the crime spree began.
Trial and punishment
They were put on trial in July 1989 and in 1990 sentenced to death. Coffman was the first woman to receive a death sentence in California since the reinstatement of the death penalty in that state in 1977. A trial in 1992 convicted her of another murder, for which she received a sentence of life imprisonment.
See also
List of death row inmates in the United States
List of serial killers in the United States
List of women on death row in the United States
References
1962 births
1986 murders in the United States
20th-century American criminals
American female serial killers
American prisoners sentenced to death
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminal duos
Criminals from Missouri
Living people
People convicted of murder by California
People from St. Louis
Prisoners sentenced to death by California
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California
Serial killers from California
Violence against women in the United States
Women sentenced to death
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia%20Coffman%20%28murderer%29
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The Dhammayietra (, "pilgrimage"; ) is an annual peace walk in Cambodia that originated during the historic repatriation of refugees along the Thai border camps during the United Nations monitored transition to democracy in 1992. The Khmer word "dhammayietra", derived from the Pāli dhamma (, "dharma") and yātrā (, "walk" or "procession"), means "pilgrimage" but is often translated as "pilgrimage of truth". The peace walk takes place in early May and usually involves an assemblage of Buddhist monks and laity who travel various routes in Cambodia.
The assemblage is often greeted by villagers along the route who expect a blessing (teuk mon or blessing with lustral water). The founder of the Dhammayietra was Maha Ghosananda (), a Buddhist monk who ranked among the higher echelons of the Cambodian sangha; he led the first Dhammayietra as he returned from exile following the war.
In 1995, the Dhammayietra consisted of almost 500 Cambodian Buddhist monks, nuns and precept-taking lay people. They were joined by The Interfaith Pilgrimage for Peace and Life. Together the two groups crossed Cambodia from the Thai border all the way to Vietnam, spending several days walking through Khmer Rouge controlled territory along the way.
The 1997 Dhammayietra marched from Battambang to Pailin, which was at the time controlled by the Khmer Rouge, and on to Banteay Chhmar in Banteay Meanchey Province. The Khmer Rouge banned monks from their territory in Pailin and prohibited the open practice of religion until 1996 when the majority of Khmer Rouge distanced themselves from Pol Pot and declared Ieng Sary their new leader. After this mass defection, monks were tolerated in the area. The 1994 Dhammayietra, which also aimed to march through Pailin failed to reach its destination due to heavy fighting in the province. In Pailin, Ghosananda briefly met with Ieng Sary who respectfully received a blessing but did not attend the official ceremonies. The march, which took place just months before the 1997 Cambodian Coup, was unexpectedly joined in Pailin, for 15 kilometers, by Sam Rainsy and his numerous bodyguards. Rainsy used the opportunity to criticize the absence of the two Prime Ministers, Hun Sen and Prince Norodom Ranariddh, who unbeknownst at the time, were embroiled in tensions that would soon erupt into armed fighting between the two and their supporters for control of the government.
References
Events in Cambodia
Religion in Cambodia
Religion in Cambodia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammayietra
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Clunia (full name Colonia Clunia Sulpicia) was an ancient Roman city. Its remains are located on Alto de Castro, at more than 1000 metres above sea level, between the villages of Peñalba de Castro and Coruña del Conde, 2 km away from the latter, in the province of Burgos in Spain. It was one of the most important Roman cities of the northern half of Hispania and, from the 1st century BC, served as the capital of a conventus iuridici in the province Hispania Tarraconensis, called Conventus Cluniensis. It was located on the road that led from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) to Asturica Augusta (Astorga). The city declined during the 3rd century and was largely abandoned by the Visigothic era. Clunia is a toponym of Arevacian origin.
History
Origins
The city of Clunia was founded on a mount a short distance from a Celtiberian settlement called Cluniaco, or Kolounioukou, belonging to the Arevaci, a Pre-Roman tribe that belonged to the family of Celtiberians.
Clunia was built from scratch. Unlike other sites conquered by the Romans, Clunia did not occupy the site of an earlier city or town. Clunia boasted two public baths, a basilica, a forum, many taverns and shops,a theater, and a large temple dedicated to Jupiter.
Apogee
From Livy, we know that the site was besieged by Pompey in his fight against Sertorius in 75 BC; Pompey was forced to leave Clunia partly due to weather conditions there. After resistance by Sertorius, Pompey finally destroyed what existed of Clunia in 72 BC. Clunia fell under the control of the Vacceos in 56 BC, but subsequently fell again under Roman control, as did the rebelling Vacceos and Arevaci.
Years later, the city was formally founded ex novo during the time of Emperor Tiberius, as part of the Roman plan to pacify the region after the Cantabrian Wars. It was first granted the status of municipium, and minted small coinage, asses and dupondi, on which appear the local quattuorviri, who were in charge of their minting.
The city acquired, possibly during the reign of Galba or Hadrian, the status of colonia and the epithet of Sulpicia after Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania, proclaimed himself emperor, and who in 68 AD took refuge in Clunia during the anti-Neronian revolution. At this town he received news of the death of the emperor and the announcement of his own elevation as emperor by the Roman Senate (because of this some essayist added the epithet of Galba to the name of the city). He traveled to Rome from Clunia.
The splendor of the Roman city of Clunia was extended during the 1st and 2nd century AD, the same as other cities of the northern plateau of Hispania such as Asturica Augusta or Iuliobriga, located in the provinces of León and Cantabria, respectively. During its maximum apogee, it is calculated that the city of Clunia came to have around 30,000 inhabitants.
Decline
During the 3rd century, a gradual depopulation of the urban nucleus took place which was connected with the crisis of the 3rd century and the incipient decline of the Western Roman Empire.
It is evident that there were Barbarian invasions into Clunia. In fact, it is verified that, towards the end of the 3rd century, the city was burned by Barbarian tribes.
These invasions, as well as economic instability, may have contributed to the inexorable decline of Clunia. Nevertheless, it does not appear that there was a violent and general destruction; in any event, this preludes the end of the Roman cultural influence in the city of Clunia and its surroundings. Excavations reveal destroyed urban areas in Clunia, which were not rebuilt at the end of the 3rd century. Some limited reconstruction took place during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine, but large parts of the city were uninhabited by the 7th century, during the Visigothic era.
The full conquest of Visigothic Hispania by the Muslims, the city and its surroundings were conquered by the troops of the Berber general Tariq ibn-Ziyad during the year 713. Later, Christians repopulated the city in 912, locating their city on the site that the current Coruña del Conde occupies, located where many Roman ruins from the city of Clunia can be seen.
Later, the village of Peñalba de Castro was built, which received the meseta of the enclave of Clunia in exchange for water in a time when the value of water was more valuable than the few ruins not yet buried that remained of the abandoned Roman city.
Archaeological remains
Clunia constitutes an archaeological enclave of exceptional interest in a collection of the Iberian Peninsula. This interest is determined by its urban morphology and by the cultural sequence of the findings that it provides. Also, its ruins are the most representative of all the ones that have been found of the Roman period in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.
The archaeological excavations in the deposit began in 1915. The work resumed in 1931 and 1958, bringing to light the glorious past of one of the principal cities of Hispania whose extension — judging by the archaeological excavation — neared 1.2 square kilometres, this being one of the largest cities of all of Roman Hispania. The excavations permitted the discovery —after centuries of being hidden— a theater excavated into rock, various domus with mosaics, streets, ruins of the buildings of the forum and a great cloaca, just as important sculptural findings, like an effigy of Isis and a torso of Dionysus, which are preserved at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain and in that of Burgos, including a large quantity of coins, epigraphic ruins, Roman ceramics such as Samian ware, glass and bronze objects.
Urban morphology
As in every city, the majority of the space developed in Clunia was occupied by dwellings. The archaeological excavations have permitted the following of the evolution of the domestic town planning and verify some of its most characteristic features.
In the archaeological deposit, the following buildings can be observed:
Theater
The most significant ruin is the theater, one of the largest of its time in Hispania, it was excavated into rock, and had a capacity of 10,000 spectators. It had the purpose of serving for the interpretation of theatrical acts of the Classical period. Its recuperation has merited the award in the section of Restoration and Rehabilitation given by the biannual Awards of Architecture of Castile and León of 2004–2005. The panel of judges highlighted "the respectful recuperation of the theater and the general landscaping treatment."
Forum
The center of Romana cities, where the cardo maximus and decumanus maximus crossed, frequently receiving the forum of the city, a public square surrounded by porticos. In it political, commercial, judicial and, habitually, also religious, activities unfolded. In Clunia, the forum is not very far from the theater, in whose environs the ruins of three domus stand out, a basilica and a macellum (market). The mosaics grab the attention, the subterranean habitations and the systems of heating of some of these homes. On top of the market in the 17th century, a hermitage of limited artistic value was built, damaging the deposits.
Thermae
With the Roman forum are the ruins of the Roman thermae, of great dimensions and covered in mosaics somewhat simpler than that of the homes of the forum. Here also is very visible the system of heating of the different thermae rooms, the hypocaust.
Other buildings
In the subsoil of the city, where no visiting is allowed due to its fragility, are the very interesting systems of water supply and a priapic sanctuary.
References
Great Larousse Encyclopedia, vol 5. Barcelona: Planeta Editorial, S.A.; 1987. .
Notes
External links
Official website
ArchaeoSpain
Roman sites in Spain
Roman towns and cities in Spain
Province of Burgos
Archaeological sites in Castile and León
Former populated places in Spain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clunia
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CRC Oil Storage Depot was one of five oil terminals in Hong Kong and owned by China Resources Petroleum Company Limited (CRC).
See also
Energy in Hong Kong
External links
Texaco Oil Depot [1936-1988]. Contains a list of former oil depots in Hong Kong.
Tsing Yi
Oil terminals
Energy infrastructure in Hong Kong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC%20Oil%20Storage%20Depot
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The Prestes Maia building, or sometimes simply Prestes Maia (), is believed to be the largest squatted highrise building in South America, with an estimated 2000 inhabitants. The complex is made up of two tower blocks, Bloco A and Bloco B, the latter of which has the address Avenida Prestes Maia, 911 near Luz Station in downtown São Paulo. Businessman Jorge Nacle Hamuche purchased the building at auction in 1993 and co-owns it with his business partner, Eduardo Amorim. The building remains registered to the previous owner, the bankrupt National Cloth Company (Companhia Nacional de Tecidos in Portuguese), where Hamuche had been employed.
468 families, united through the Downtown Roofless Movement (Movimento Sem Teto do Centro or MSTC) of São Paulo, have lived in the 22-storey highrise since 2002.
The building had been closed and left in a rundown condition for years. The new residents cleaned out rubbish and litter, organized it, and expelled drug and other criminal bosses. It contained a free library, workshops, and hosted autonomous educational, social and other cultural activities. In the last few years of the squat, it was an experiment in organizing a real human renewal of downtown São Paulo.
The building was to be returned to its legal owner, who in the previous 15 years had accumulated a debt in municipal taxes of some 5.5 million reais (approximately US$2.2 million or 1.4 million euros), which is close to the amount the building is worth (near R$7 million).
Occupation timeline
January 27, 2006 — Representatives met with the police authorities in charge of the forthcoming eviction. During the meeting, it was made clear that the eviction would take place somewhere between the 15th and 21st of February (an exact date was not given for 'strategic' reasons). The families were advised to leave the building before the eviction to avoid "unpleasant encounters", and when they asked where they were supposed to go, the answer was: 'to the streets or elsewhere'.
February 7, 2006 — The residents of the Prestes Maia building staged a street blockade for almost 2 hours to draw attention to their plight.
February 13–14th, 2006 — About 200 people congregated at Prestes Maia anxious for the news and information. They were told that repossession of ownership had been postponed for an indeterminate period. The residents celebrated and thanked the support of the groups, individuals, lawyers and others who had helped the campaign.
The residents succeeded in gaining some concessions for relocation from the government, such as financial aid for rental and credit plans.
A gradual removal of the residents to other locations in downtown São Paulo was undertaken, with varying degrees of government promises and assistance, and since July 2007 the building has been closed.
October 2008 — The building was still closed and barricaded with concrete blocks.
October 2010 — The occupation was resumed with an estimated 300 families living inside the building.
April 2015 - the local governments buys the building from its past owner.
Films
Prestes Maia - freedom in concrete. Documentary by Levin Peter, Jonas Ginter, Marla Fee Wilke. 52 min, in coproduction with ZDF/Arte. A production of gebrueder beetz filmproduktion (www.gebrueder-beetz.de). Germany 2008.
Tower of Babel (2007) with subtitles. A Brazilian documentary written and directed by Felipe Seffrin and Dirceu Neto, orientation: Fernando Crocomo. Federal University of Santa Catarina Department of Journalism.
The Magic Carriage Hero (O Herói da Carruagem Mágica) – Independent ‘Cordel’-documentary that tells the story of the creators of Prestes Maia Community Library. By Philippe Bertrand. 15 min. Brazil 2007.
See also
Landless Workers' Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra (MST) in Portuguese)
favela
Rocinha
References
External links
Tower of Babel (2007) with subtitles
Squats
Squatting in Brazil
Buildings and structures in São Paulo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestes%20Maia%20%28building%29
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China Resources Petroleum Company Limited (), was a subsidiary of China Resources (CRC), and was a major petroleum product company in China 1991–2007. CRC was created in 1991 and had operations throughout Southeast Asia and based in Hong Kong. CR Enterprises disposed Dongguan China Resources Petrochems to Sinopec at the end of 2005, the mainland petrochemical services in October 2006 and the business in Hong Kong to Sinopec in 2007.
CRC consisted of:
CRC Petroleum
CRC Chemical
CRC LPG
CRC Callony
CRC PFS
Oleochemicals
See also
Energy in Hong Kong
CRC Oil Storage Depot
References
Oil and gas companies of Hong Kong
Energy companies established in 1991
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1991
1991 establishments in Hong Kong
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Resources%20Petroleum%20Company
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Port Discovery is a "port-of-call" (themed land) at Tokyo DisneySea in the Tokyo Disney Resort. It represents a "marina of the future".
Theming
Port Discovery is themed to a retrofuturistic research station inspired by the world of science fiction novels and films from the early 20th century.
The area is home to two fictional societies, 'Center for Weather Control,' and later the 'Marine Life Institute' from Pixar's Finding Dory.
Attractions and entertainment
Current
Aquatopia
DisneySea Electric Railway
Nemo & Friends SeaRider
Former
StormRider (2001–2016)
Restaurants and refreshments
Breezeway Bites
Seaside Snacks
Horizon Bay Restaurant
Shopping
Discovery Gifts
Skywatcher Souvenirs
References
Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Tokyo DisneySea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Discovery%20%28Tokyo%20DisneySea%29
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"The Mermaid" is a song about a whaler falling in love with a mermaid, but despairs because the mermaid has fish parts below her waist. It was written by Shel Silverstein and recorded on his album I'm So Good That I Don't Have to Brag, in 1965. In December 1966, "The Mermaid" was published in Playboy magazine while Silverstein was a regular contributor. Bobby Bare released a version on his 1973 album Bobby Bare Sings Lullabys, Legends and Lies. It was covered in 2005 by Great Big Sea, who released their version on their CD The Hard and the Easy. Glenn Yarbrough also sings a version on his 1966 album Live at the Hungry I.
References
Shel Silverstein CD
Shel Silverstein songs
1965 songs
Songs written by Shel Silverstein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mermaid%20%28Shel%20Silverstein%20song%29
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Reuse is the action or practice of using an item, whether for its original purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfill a different function (creative reuse or repurposing). It should be distinguished from recycling, which is the breaking down of used items to make raw materials for the manufacture of new products. Reuse – by taking, but not reprocessing, previously used items – helps save time, money, energy and resources. In broader economic terms, it can make quality products available to people and organizations with limited means, while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy.
Examples
Reuse centers and virtual exchange
Reuse centers (also known as a "swap shop" or a "take-it-or-leave-it") facilitate the transaction and redistribution of unwanted, yet perfectly usable, materials and equipment from one entity to another. The entities that benefit from either side of this service (as donors, sellers, recipients, or buyers) can be businesses, nonprofits, schools, community groups, and individuals. Some maintain a physical space (a reuse center), and others act as a matching service (a virtual exchange). Reuse centers generally maintain both warehouses and trucks. They take possession of the donated materials and make them available for redistribution or sale.
Virtual exchanges do not have physical space or trucks, but instead allow users to post listings of materials available and wanted (for free or at low cost) on an online materials exchange website. Staff will help facilitate the exchange of these materials without ever taking possession of the materials.
Addressing issues of repair, reuse and recycling
One way to address this is to increase product longevity; either by extending a product's first life or addressing issues of repair, reuse and recycling. Reusing products, and therefore extending the use of that item beyond the point where it is discarded by its first user is preferable to recycling or disposal, as this is the least energy intensive solution, although it is often overlooked.
The EU Circular Economy Package recognises the importance of extending product lifetimes and includes repair and reuse of products in its action plan to ensure products reach their optimum lifespan. If targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are to be reached, then reuse needs to be included as part of a whole life cycle approach.
A strong second hand market-place exists, with charity shops on most high streets, car boot(trunk) sales and online auction sites maintaining popularity and regular TV shows featuring both buying and selling at auction.
Business models providing opportunities
This would not necessarily be a poor strategy for businesses, there are business models that provide opportunities to retain ownership of valuable products and components through leasing, servicing, repair and re-sale.
While it is choices made by consumers that will ultimately determine the success of such ventures, there is huge potential for the reuse of goods and materials to deliver social and economic and environmental benefits. The EU Circular Economy Package, the Scottish Circular Economy Strategy and the national reuse target set by the Spanish Government are examples of governments recognising that second-hand goods should be a good value mainstream option and are working towards making reuse easier for consumers.
In environmental terms, reuse ought to be more common than recycling and energy recovery, with both the financial and environmental costs of simple refurbishment of some products being a fraction of original manufacturing costs. If we are going to be serious about living in a Circular Economy we need to recognise the value of our waste and ensure resources are kept in the economy for longer, slow down the use of valuable raw materials and ensure that products are reused and materials are recycled rather than landfilled.
Remanufacturing
The most involved reuse organizations are "repair and overhaul" industries which take valuable parts, such as engine blocks, office furniture, toner cartridges, single-use cameras, aircraft hulls, and cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and refurbish them in a factory environment in order to meet the same/similar specifications as new products.
When the item is resold under the same OEM name, it is informally considered a "gray market" item - if it is sold as used, it's legal, if it's represented as an OEM product eligible for rebates and warranties, it is considered "counterfeit" or "black market". The automobile parts industry in the USA is governed by laws on the disclosure of "used" parts and, in some states, mattresses which have been used are required to be sanitized or destroyed.
Package deposit programs
Deposit programs offer customers a financial incentive to return packaging for reuse. Although no longer common, international experience is showing that they can still be an effective way to encourage packaging reuse. However, financial incentive, unless great, may be less of an incentive than convenience: statistics show that, on average, a milk bottle is returned 12 times, whereas a lemonade bottle with a 15p deposit is returned, on average, only 3 times.
Refillable bottles are used extensively in many European countries; for example in Denmark, 98% of bottles are refillable, and 98% of those are returned by consumers. These systems are typically supported by deposit laws and other regulations.
Sainsbury Ltd have operated a plastic carrier bag cash refund scheme in 1991 - “the penny back scheme”. The scheme is reported to save 970 tonnes of plastic per annum. The scheme has now been extended to a penny back on a voucher which can be contributed to schools registered on the scheme; it estimates this will raise the savings in plastic to 2500 tonnes per annum.
In some developing nations like India and Pakistan, the cost of new bottles often forces manufacturers to collect and refill old glass bottles for selling cola and other drinks. India and Pakistan also have a way of reusing old newspapers: "Kabadiwalas" buy these from the readers for scrap value and reuse them as packaging or recycle them. Scrap intermediaries help consumer dispose of other materials including metals and plastics.
Closed-loop programs
These apply primarily to items of packaging, for example, where a company is involved in the regular transportation of goods from a central manufacturing facility to warehouses or warehouses to retail outlets. In these cases there is considerable benefit to using reusable “transport packaging” such as plastic crates or pallets.
The benefits of closed-loop reuse are primarily due to low additional transport costs being involved, the empty lorry returning with the empty crates. There have been some recent attempts to get the public to join in on closed loop reuse schemes where shoppers use reusable plastic baskets in place of carrier bags for transporting their goods home from the supermarket; these baskets fit on specially designed trolleys making shopping supposedly easier.
Refilling programs
There have been some market-led initiatives to encourage packaging reuse by companies introducing refill packs of certain commodities (mainly soap powders and cleaning fluids), the contents being transferred before use into a reusable package kept by the customer, with the savings in packaging being passed onto the customer by lower shelf prices. The refill pack itself is not reused, but being a minimal package for carrying the product home, it requires less material than one with the durability and features (reclosable top, convenient shape, etc.) required for easy use of the product, while avoiding the transport cost and emissions of returning the reusable package to the factory.
Regifting
The average American, for example, throws away 67.9 pounds of used clothing and rags.
Repurposing
Repurposing is to use a tool for use as another tool, usually for a purpose unintended by the original tool-maker. Typically, repurposing is done using items usually considered to be junk or garbage. A good example of this would be the Earthship style of house, that uses tires as insulating walls and bottles as glass walls. Reuse is not limited to repeated uses for the same purpose. Examples of repurposing include using tires as boat fenders and steel drums or plastic drums as feeding troughs and/or composting bins.
Reuse of waste water and excreta in agriculture
The nutrients, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients, and organic matter contained in wastewater, excreta (urine and feces) and greywater have traditionally been reused in agriculture in many countries and are still being reused in agriculture to this day - unfortunately often in an unregulated and unsafe manner. This is particularly a problem in many developing countries (e.g. Mexico, India, Bangladesh, Ghana) where untreated or poorly treated wastewater is used directly in agriculture. The WHO Guidelines from 2006 have set up a framework how this reuse can be done safely by following a multiple barrier approach.
Waste valorization
Measuring the impact of reuse, reuse metrics
Determining the balance of how the several effects of reuse interact is often best accomplished by a formal life cycle assessment. For example, research has shown that reusing a product can reduce emissions and carbon footprint by more than 50% relative to the complete product life cycle. A relatively unknown effective way to reduce emissions and carbon footprint is reusing products. Often the relative carbon footprint of manufacturing and the supply chain is unknown.
Internalized environmental costs
A Pigovian tax is an environmental tax: a charge on items that reflects the environmental costs of their manufacture and disposal. This makes the environmental benefit of using one reusable item instead of many disposable ones into a financial incentive. Such charges have been introduced in some countries.
Gallery
See also
Code reuse
Computer recycling
Micro-sustainability
Rechargeable battery
Remanufacturing
Resealable packaging
Resource recovery
Reusable launch vehicle
Reusable shopping bag
Reusable spacecraft
Reuse of bottles
Reuse of human excreta
Scrap
Used good
Waste minimization
References
Waste management concepts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse
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Faye Della Copeland (née Wilson; August 4, 1921 – December 23, 2003) and Ray Copeland (December 30, 1914 – October 19, 1993) became, at the ages of 69 and 76 respectively, the oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the United States. They were convicted of killing five drifters at their farm in Mooresville, Missouri. When her sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1999, Faye Copeland was the oldest woman on death row.
History
Ray Copeland was born in Oklahoma in 1914. While he was growing up, his family moved around, struggling to survive during the Great Depression. As a young man, he began a life of petty crime, stealing livestock and forging checks, until he was caught and served a year in jail. After his release in 1940, he met Faye Wilson, and they were married soon afterward. They quickly had several children and, thanks to Ray's criminal reputation, had to keep moving their family around while money was tight. During this time, Ray served several jail sentences, until he finally came up with a plan to improve his illegal money-making methods so as to be undetected.
Because Ray was well known as a fraud, he could not buy and sell cattle on his own. To get around this problem, he began to pick up drifters and hobos and employed them as farmhands on his property in Mooresville, Missouri. He would take his employees to the market, where they would use his bad checks to buy the cattle for him. After the transactions, Ray would sell the cattle quickly and the farmhands would disappear without a trace. For a while, the scam worked, but the police caught up and Ray was once again sent to jail.
Upon his release, he resumed his criminal activities, but this time he made sure his farmhands were not as connected to him as before. This went on until a previous employee, Jack McCormick, called the Crime Stoppers hotline in August 1989 to tell them about the Copelands. McCormick claimed that he had seen human bones on their farm while he was employed there and also claimed that Ray had tried to kill him.
Police were initially skeptical of the claims, but after checking Ray's criminal record, they decided to investigate further. In October 1989, they visited the Copeland farm armed with a search warrant, dozens of officers and a team of bloodhounds. Initially, they did not find any incriminating evidence, but after further searching, the bodies of three young men were discovered in a nearby barn. As the search continued, more bodies were found, all killed with the same weapon: a .22 caliber Marlin rifle that was later found in the Copeland home.
It became clear that Ray killed his employees in the pursuit of money, but Faye's actions were initially questioned. When she went to trial in November 1990, her defense mounted a picture of her as a dutiful wife and mother who had endured beatings and general ill-treatment from her husband. However, the jury convicted her of five counts of first degree murder. She was given four death sentences for the murders and one life sentence.
In March 1991, Ray went on trial, was convicted of five counts of murder and sentenced to death. Upon hearing that Faye had been sentenced to death by lethal injection as well, Ray showed no emotion and replied "Well, those things happen to some, you know."
Ray died of natural causes on October 19, 1993. His body was cremated. Faye's attorneys appealed her conviction, contending that the jury had not been allowed to hear evidence that Ray had abused her for years. On August 6, 1999, Judge Ortrie Smith overturned the death sentence, but let the convictions stand and commuted her sentence to five consecutive terms of life without parole.
On August 10, 2002, Faye suffered a stroke that left her partially paralyzed and unable to speak. Weeks later, in September 2002, Governor Bob Holden authorized a medical parole for Faye, fulfilling her one wish that she not die in prison. She was paroled to a nursing home in her hometown of Chillicothe, Missouri, where she died of natural causes at the age of 82. She left behind five children and 17 grandchildren.
Known victims
Dennis K. Murphy of Normal, Illinois; killed October 17, 1986
Wayne Warner of Bloomington, Illinois; killed November 19, 1986
Jimmy Dale Harvey, 27 of Springfield, Missouri; killed October 25, 1988
John W. Freeman, 27 of Boonville, Indiana; killed December 8, 1988
Paul J. Cowart, 20 of Dardanelle, Arkansas; killed May 3 or 4, 1989
In other media
The Copelands' story has been fictionalized in a comic book Family Bones, written by Ray's great-nephew Shawn Granger. The play Temporary Help by David Wiltse, which appeared off-Broadway in 2004, was based on this story.
The case was documented in multiple television series, such as Forensic Files, Wicked Attraction, Becoming Evil: Sisterhood of Murder and The New Detectives.
It is speculated that the 2022 film X is loosely based on the killings committed by the Copelands.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
Further reading
The Copeland Killings by Tom Miller
External links
20th-century American criminals
American people convicted of murder
American serial killers
Criminal duos
Married couples
People convicted of murder by Missouri
People from Harrison, Arkansas
Prisoners sentenced to death by Missouri
Serial killers from Missouri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20and%20Faye%20Copeland
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The Commonwealth Governor's School (CGS) is one of 18 magnet Governor's Schools in Virginia. The Commonwealth Governor's School is a half-day program for gifted and highly motivated students based on a school-within-a-school model. Admissions are competitive (involving an interview, a review of school history and teacher recommendations) and students are selected from Stafford, Spotsylvania, Caroline, and King George counties. Students may attend CGS grades 9 through 12.
Program structure
Enrolled students take all of their core academic classes at one of the six Governor's School sites. (Spotsylvania High School, Riverbend High School, Colonial Forge High School, Stafford Senior High School, King George High School, and North Stafford High School) Students who are not based at a school with a CGS site are bused to a site for these core courses. However, they are considered students of their neighborhood high schools where they take their elective courses. Ultimately, students graduate from their "base" school with special recognition for completing the Governor's School program.
The curriculum is specifically integrated within core classes and involves tele-broadcasting technology between Commonwealth Governor's School sites.
Sylvia Wadsworth was the first director of the Commonwealth Governor's School, retiring from that position in 2005. Dr. David Baker took over the post after her departure. On May 19, 2010, Merri Kae VanderPloeg was named the new director until the 2018–2019 school year, where Jennifer Grigsby became the new director.
The Culminating Project
"Culminating" is a two-year-long research project with two phases, repeated twice over the CGS career. The first phase is the research phase (freshman and junior years). This requires the researcher to find sources, evaluate them, and arrange them in a final literature review (typically a 20+ page report summarizing all sources found during the research process). The second phase is the product phase (sophomore and senior years), where the researcher integrates the knowledge they learned from their research the previous year to create a project that solves a current problem or displays the depth of their research in full. Students are aided by assigned "advisors", consisting of CGS site faculty, each year.
References
External links
Public high schools in Virginia
Magnet schools in Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1998
Education in Stafford County, Virginia
Education in Spotsylvania County, Virginia
Education in King George County, Virginia
1998 establishments in Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth%20Governor%27s%20School
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Bagi may refer to:
Baki, Awdal, Somaliland
Bagi, the Italian name of the titular see of Bageis
Bagi, the Monster of Mighty Nature, a 1984 Japanese anime film by Osamu Tezuka, or its titular character
See also
Baghi (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagi
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Baghi may refer to:
Films
Baghi (1939 film), see List of Hindi films of 1939
Baghi (1953 film), see List of Hindi films of 1953
Baghi (1956 film), a Pakistani Urdu-language film
Baghi (1964 film), a 1964 Bollywood film with Leela Naidu
Baghi (2005 film), a 2005 film with Sardool Sikander
Other uses
Baghi, Iran, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
Baghi, Razavi Khorasan, a village in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran
Emadeddin Baghi (born 1962), Iranian rights activist and investigative journalist
See also
Baghi Sipahi (disambiguation)
Baaghi (disambiguation)
Bagi (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghi
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Iggwilv is a fictional wizard from the Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. She was created by Gary Gygax.
Iggwilv is characterized as a selfish, evil-aligned magic user with much power and a penchant for sexual manipulation. She is the creator of the fictional demonomicons, which later served as inspiration for a real life sourcebook of the same name. As with many Greyhawk characters, sources often contradict on exact details regarding Iggwilv.
Publication history
Creation and conception
Gygax has cited the Finnish epic Kalevala as inspiration for Iggwilv. The name of Louhi, a character in the Kalevala, is given by Gary Gygax as an alias of Iggwilv. Iggwilv debuted in Gygax's The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (1982), "an adventure where players explored caverns once occupied by the powerful arch-mage". This adventure also introduced the Demonomicon of Iggwilv which was described as "a treatise on the powerful evil creatures of the lower planes".
The name "Tasha" and the association with laughter were created when a young girl sent Gary Gygax a letter (in crayon) asking him to create a spell involving laughter.
1st and 2nd edition
The spell, Tasha's Uncontrollable Hideous Laughter, was then included in a list of magic-user spells in Dragon #67. In 1984, Dragon #82's article on magical research added the spell book "Lore of Subtle Communication by Tasha" which had the possibility of containing a clue to one of the following spells: ventriloquism, message, comprehend languages, legend lore, and Tasha's uncontrollable hideous laughter. "Gygax provided no further context for who Tasha was, but an adventure published in Dragon #83 (about two years after Tasha's Hideous Laughter first appeared in the pages of that magazine) mentioned a 'Natasha the Dark' in an adventure exploring Baba Yaga's hut". It is unclear whether Gygax initially intended the two names to refer to the same character.
Tasha's uncontrollable hideous laughter was then included as one of the spells featured in the 2nd Edition AD&D Player's Handbook (1989).
Shannon Appelcline, author of Designers & Dragons, highlighted that "in Dragon #225 (January 1996), Robert S. Mullin talked about Iggwilv's other book, the Nethertome, and laughably changed the name of her magnum opus to The Fiendomicon of Iggwilv … because that's what TSR did in the AD&D 2e era (1989-1997)".
3rd and 3.5 edition
In Dragon #336 (October 2005), the Demonomicon of Iggwilv returned to its original name. Between 2005 and 2015, a column series titled the Demonomicon of Iggwilv was published across Dragon, Dungeon, and Dragon+ where the material was supposedly taken from the artifact it was named after.
Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk (2007) "revealed that Iggwilv once joined the Company of Seven, a group of famous adventurers, under the guise of Tasha. Tasha's true motivations were unclear, but the adventure spells out the connection between the two characters". Dragon #359 (September 2007), the final print issue, highlighted that "Tasha and Iggwilv were one and the same, and were also related to Baba Yaga's adopted daughter Natasha".
4th edition
Iggwilv's presence in the new "points of light" default setting was confirmed in 4th edition's Manual of the Planes (2008). Iggwilv is briefly described as Graz'zt's sometimes ally and former lover. The Demonomicon (2010) is based on Iggwilv's fictional work and presents excerpts from the text. Iggwilv's character history in 4th edition is similar to that in the World of Greyhawk. She is presented as an extremely powerful manipulator of Abyssal politics.
Dungeon #196, in a 2011 remake of the Dancing Hut adventure, "further established that Natasha the Dark would eventually become Iggwilv". Dragon #414, in a 2012 article on the history of the "Iggwilv-Graz'zt Affair", stated "she has been known by many names over the years: Natasha, Hura, then Tasha, and finally Iggwilv".
5th edition
In the Forgotten Realms adventure Waterdeep: Dragon Heist, it is noted that Tasha's hideous laughter is commonly used throughout Waterdeep as a security measure against burglars, usually coupled with a glyph of warding cast on rooftops.
Iggwilv is the narrator of the supplemental sourcebook Tasha's Cauldron of Everything (2020), however, the book "focuses on the wizard before her Iggwilv transformation, with some input from her time as the Witch Queen". "In a call with media [...], lead rules designer Jeremy Crawford pushed back on the idea that Tasha could be described by a single type of alignment, stating that her alignment was whatever suited her current plans best. That's a definite change from her previous depiction as a 'chaotic evil' sort of character, and reflects a further development of her character beyond that of the oftentimes stereotypical scheming seductress that Iggwilv was portrayed as in past adventures". In another interview, Crawford said that "Tasha is a person who is unfazed by beings of many sorts—in addition to having consorted with darker beings, she also has consorted with, you know, beings of the upper planes. Basically, Tasha, in her brilliant curiosity, is untroubled by the various moral variations in the planes of existence. If there is knowledge to be learned and power to possibly be gained, Tasha is unafraid to face it. [...] Tasha is whatever alignment suits her for the day, so I guess in that sense she is true neutral".
This book also added three new spells to the game that are attributed to Tasha: Tasha's Caustic Brew, Tasha's Mind Whip and Tasha's Otherworldly Guise.
Publication
Iggwilv has been mentioned in a variety of sourcebook and articles for the Dungeons & Dragons game. Some of her more significant appearances include:
The module Castle Greyhawk (TSR, 1988)
The module Iuz the Evil (TSR, 1993)
Living Greyhawk Gazetteer (Wizards, 2000)
A series entitled "The Demonomicon of Iggwilv" from Dragon (2005–2007)
Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss (Wizards, 2006)
"Enemies of my Enemy." Dungeon #149 (Paizo, 2007)
Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk. (Wizards, 2007)
"Unsolved Mysteries of D&D." from Dragon #359 (Paizo, 2007)
"Iggwilv's Legacy: The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth" from Dungeon #151. (Wizards, 2007)
"Treasures of Greyhawk: Magic of the Company of Seven." from Dragon #359. (Paizo, 2007)
Demonomicon (Wizards, 2010)
"History Check: The Iggwilv-Graz'zt Affair" from Dragon #414. (Wizards, 2012)
Tasha's Cauldron of Everything (Wizards, 2020)
The Wild Beyond the Witchlight (Wizards, 2021)
In-universe character biography
Description
Iggwilv is said to have two forms, one of which is that of an old crone (said to be her true form), and the other, a human female of dark beauty. In the latter form, Iggwilv has long black hair and pale skin. It is said none who have seen her in her true form still live.
She has many alternate names. On Oerth she has been called the Witch Queen of Perrenland and the Mother of Witches. She is known as Louhi on one alternate Prime Material Plane world, and as Ychbilch on another. Those close to her sometimes address her as Wilva.
In the adventure Lost Caverns Of Tsojcanth, it was said that the long-dead archmage Iggwilv left her heavily guarded treasures in the caverns.
Related characters
A number of relationships exist between Iggwilv and the major characters of Greyhawk:
Iggwilv is the adopted daughter of Baba Yaga.
She imprisoned and seduced the demon lord Graz'zt, who sired her a son, Iuz.
She is also the mother of the destroyed vampiress Drelzna.
She is notorious for dealing with demons from the Abyss.
She was at one time the apprentice of Zagig Yragerne, and a member of the Company of Seven (as Tasha).
Iggwilv is a fierce enemy of the Circle of Eight.
History
According to published background, Iggwilv is said to have once been named Natasha, and it is under this name that she was "adopted" as a child by the witch Baba Yaga. Under Baba Yaga's tutelage, Natasha grew into a talented spellcaster, and soon became known as "Natasha the Dark," perhaps in contrast to another adopted daughter of Baba Yaga, Iggwilv's "sister," Elena the Fair.
Iggwilv next appeared in Ket some 300 years ago, in the 3rd century CY, where she was known as Hura. After being driven from Lopolla for plundering the Vault of Daoud (where it is assumed she acquired Daoud's Wondrous Lanthorn), Hura made her way to the Free City of Greyhawk. Now using the name Tasha, Iggwilv encountered the wizard Zagig Yragerne, who quickly (and scandalously) took her on as an apprentice. Sometime during this period (early 4th century CY), Tasha also served as a member of the Company of Seven, Zagig's adventuring band, and developed the spell Tasha's Uncontrollable Hideous Laughter. Zagig and Tasha's relationship culminated in the imprisonment the demon lord Fraz-Urb'luu. When Zagig was unaware, Tasha spoke to the imprisoned demon lord, and learned many secrets. Shortly thereafter, Iggwilv absconded with many of Zagig's magical tomes, including the Tome of Zyx, which she would later make additions to and rename The Demonomicon. As such, she is credited as the author of "The Demonomicon of Iggwilv". The "Demonomicon" includes other spells she invented such as "Dolor", "Ensnarement", "Exaction", "Imbrue", "Implore", "Minimus containment", and "Torment".
Iggwilv traveled to the Yatil Mountains, in the unclaimed wilderness near the Velverdyva River, to a twisted mountain now called Iggwilv's Horn, said to be the last resting place of the ancient mage Tsojcanth. There, using the lore and power she had stolen from Fraz-Urb'luu and Zagig, she bound Tsojcanth to her service, using him as her slave for generations.
Iggwilv next appears in the historical records of Perrenland in 460 CY. Using what she had learned (and stolen) from Zagig, Iggwilv summoned and imprisoned the demon lord Graz'zt. She managed to seduce the demon lord into helping her with her plans of conquest and went on to bear him a son, Iuz. In 480 CY, she assembled an army and attacked Perrenland from her base in the Yatils known as the Lost Caverns. It is thought that at some point during or prior to this period of conquest, Graz'zt gifted Iggwilv with a magical cloak of pit fiend hide known as Fiend's Embrace. Iggwilv's conquest of Perrenland was complete by 481 CY, and she held a firm grip on that nation until 491 CY, when Graz'zt escaped her control. Graz'zt had suggested, maliciously, that Iggwilv bind Tsojcanth to use as a living seal against the alarmingly spreading rift to the Abyss beneath Iggwilv's Horn. Iggwilv was caught off guard when Tsojcanth fought back for the first time in years. Weakened by the battle, she was doubly unable to resist Graz'zt's subsequent attack of his own. Iggwilv herself was forced to battle Graz'zt, just barely managing to slay his earthly form, banishing him to the Abyss. As a consequence of this battle, Iggwilv's beautiful form was wracked by magic and split into two hideous manifestations. Iggwilv was left shattered and powerless, enabling the native Perrenlanders to defeat her forces and regain their nation. After the loss of Perrenland, little was heard from Iggwilv for decades, and for a short while, she was presumed dead.
In the 570's, Iggwilv had two prominent clashes with the Circle of Eight, who had sent adventurers to thwart her plans. The first took place in the fabled Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth and ended with the destruction of her daughter, the vampiress Drelzna. The second regarded her plans to bring a large number of fiends to Oerth, which was thwarted by a band of adventurers (Warnes Starcoat, Agath of Thrunch, Franz Torkeep, Rowena of the Silverbrow, Reynard Yargrove, and Rakehell Chert) who recovered the Crook of Rao from a magical demiplane known as the Isle of the Ape.
She last clashed with agents of the Circle of Eight in 585 CY when Warnes Starcoat employed a band of adventurers to recover Tenser's clone from Luna. Iggwilv currently resides in a manor in the Gray Waste of Hades. Her current plans, if any, are unknown.
Reception
Iggwilv was named one of the greatest villains in D&D history in the final issue of Dragon. Iggwilv was #7 on Game Rant's "10 Must-Have NPCs In Dungeons & Dragons Lore To Make Your Campaigns Awesome" list, in which the article states that Iggwilv "becomes the person to call for anyone with the slightest interest in demonology. Her Demonomicon of Iggwilv (also a column in the Dragon magazine) highlighted her research into the many demons and terrifying magic that can be tapped from the Nine Hells. Iggwilv stands alongside Mordenkainen as one of the most powerful spellcasters not just in Forgotten Realms but the entire multiverse".
Corey Plante, for Inverse, highlighted that the Greyhawk character "is a mage who was raised by Baba Yaga, a chaotic and frightening witch with sentient teeth. A long-time frenemy of fellow wizard Mordenkainen, Tasha grew up into a powerful archmage who ruled an entire nation as its Witch Queen before transforming herself into a demi-god called Iggwilv. [...] Different aspects of her personal history have been featured in past iterations with the occasional contradiction, [...]. Tasha, a chaotic evil character who is one of the most powerful archmages in the multiverse, is the source of many legends and tall tales".
James Grebey, for SyFy Wire, highlighted that "Tasha is one of the most famous characters to come out of the game's iconic Greyhawk campaign setting" and that the character goes from "a powerful witch raised by the arch-hag Babba Yagga" to becoming "a demi-god" that "exists as both a hero and villain to would-be D&D players".
On the narration of Tasha's Cauldron of Everything (2020), Charlie Hall, for Polygon, wrote, "the voice of Tasha feels a bit out of place, as though a time traveler has returned to the Forgotten Realms with some spicy tweets to share. Ultimately, the marginalia didn't detract from the other good bits inside".
In other sources
"The Revenge of Ghorkai," a d20 adventure by Gary Gygax in The Slayer's Guide to Dragons (Mongoose Publishing, 2002), mentions a demigoddess called "The Mother of Witches." Given that Gygax created Iggwilv, and the adventure map strongly resembles the Yatil Mountains, many assume that this demigoddess is meant to be Iggwilv.
See also
World of Greyhawk
List of Greyhawk characters
Gary Gygax
Wizard (Dungeons & Dragons)
Company of Seven
References
Further reading
Baur, Wolfgang. "Enemies of my Enemy." Dungeon #149 (Paizo Publishing, 2007).
Breault, Mike, ed. Castle Greyhawk. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1988.
Bulmahn, Jason, James Jacobs, and Erik Mona. Expedition to the Ruins of Greyhawk. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2007.
Dragon and Dungeon staffs. "Unsolved Mysteries of D&D." Dragon #359. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007.
Greer, Stephen S. "Fiend's Embrace." Dungeon #121 (Paizo Publishing, 2005).
Gygax, Gary. Artifact of Evil (TSR, 1986).
Gygax, Gary. Come Endless Darkness (New Infinities, 1988).
Gygax, Gary. Dance of Demons (New Infinities, 1988).
Gygax, Gary. "From the Sorcerer's Scroll: New Magic-User Spells." Dragon #67. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1982.
Gygax, Gary. Isle of the Ape (TSR, 1985).
Gygax, Gary. The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth (TSR, 1982).
Gygax, Gary. The Slayer's Guide to Dragons (Mongoose Publishing, 2002).
Gygax, Gary. Sea of Death (New Infinities, 1987).
Gygax, Gary. Unearthed Arcana. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1985.
Heard, Bruce. "Spells Between the Covers." Dragon #82. Lake Geneva, WI: TSR, 1984.
Holian, Gary, and Rick Miller. "Treasures of Greyhawk: Magic of the Company of Seven." Dragon #359. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007.
Holian, Gary, Erik Mona, Sean K Reynolds, and Frederick Weining. Living Greyhawk Gazetteer (Wizards of the Coast, 2000).
Holian, Gary and Owen K.C. Stephens. "The Demonomicon of Iggwilv." Dragon #336 (Paizo Publishing, 2005).
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Apocrypha." Dragon #359. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007.
Jacobs, James. "The Demonimicon of Iggwilv: Baphomet." Dragon #341 (Paizo Publishing, 2006).
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Baphomet." Dragon #341. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2006.
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Dagon." Dragon #349. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2006.
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Demogorgon." Dragon #357. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007.
Jacobs, James. "The Demonimicon of Iggwilv: Fraz-Urb’luu." Dragon #333 (Paizo Publishing, 2005).
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Graz'zt." Dragon #359. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2007. Available online:
Jacobs, James. "The Demonimicon of Iggwilv: Kostchtchie." Dragon #345 (Paizo Publishing, 2006).
Jacobs, James. "Demonomicon of Iggwilv: Malcanthet." Dragon #353. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2007.
Jacobs, James. "The Demonimicon of Iggwilv: Pazuzu." Dragon #329 (Paizo Publishing, 2005).
Jacobs, James. "The Demonimicon of Iggwilv: Zuggtmoy." Dragon #337 (Paizo Publishing, 2005).
Jacobs, James, Erik Mona, and Ed Stark. Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss (Wizards of the Coast, 2006).
Marmell, Ari. "Iggwilv's Legacy: The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth." Dungeon #151. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2007. Available online:
Moore, Roger E. Greyhawk: The Adventure Begins (TSR, 1998).
Moore, Roger E. "The Dancing Hut." Dragon #83 (TSR, 1984).
Moore, Roger E. Return of the Eight (TSR, 1998).
Mullin, Robert S. Campaign Classics: Three Greyhawk Grimoires. Dragon #225 (TSR, 1996).
Sargent, Carl. From the Ashes (TSR, 1992).
Sargent, Carl. Iuz the Evil (TSR, 1993).
Stark, Ed, James Jacobs, and Erik Mona. Fiendish Codex I: Hordes of the Abyss. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2006.
Stephens, Owen K.C., and Gary Holian. "Spellcraft: The Demonomicon of Iggwilv." Dragon #336. Bellevue, WA: Paizo Publishing, 2005.
Wilson, Steve. "Grey Chrondex 4.1" (2000). Available online:
External links
Graz'zt—The Dark Prince (2015 Dungeons & Dragons article)
Lore You Should Know - Tasha (2020 Dragon Talk podcast segment) via YouTube
Fictional arcane spellcasters (Dungeons & Dragons)
Fictional characters introduced in 1982
Fictional witches
Greyhawk characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggwilv
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Sherman Municipal Airport is a city-owned public airport located mile southeast of the central business district of Sherman, in Grayson County, Texas.
Many U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but this airport is SWI to the FAA and has no IATA code.
History
The first step to establish Sherman Municipal Airport was taken on 28 November 1928 when the Sherman City Council voted to lease a field southeast of downtown that pilots had been using as a landing area. The airfield was operational by June of the following year. In September 1936, construction began on the first paved runways—a north–south runway and a northwest–southeast runway—funded by a federal grant and in city funds.
On 31 December 1949, the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) granted Central Airlines permission to serve Sherman Municipal with commercial mail and passenger service, to start on 15 January 1950. However, service was suspended in 1951 when the airline upgraded to twin-engine aircraft that could not use the short runways. On 6 August 1952, the Sherman City Council approved a bond issue to extend the runways, with the expectation of an additional CAA grant to help fund the project. The grant funds did not materialize, but in May 1953, the city contributed additional funding to complete the project so that Central could resume service.
On 14 December 1971, high winds from a squall line destroyed one hangar at the airport and severely damaged another.
On 18 July 1997, a Cessna 172 allegedly stolen from the airport was illegally flown at very low altitude across Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Fort Worth Alliance Airport, and the landing area at a Bell Helicopter facility, causing significant air traffic disruptions. The unknown pilot then flew the aircraft back to Sherman Municipal and parked it. The Cessna's owner denied flying it that day, and stated that he could not positively identify the incident pilot because several people had access to the aircraft.
In 2002, there were discussions of closing the airport permanently, and the municipal airport advisory board was dissolved. However, by late 2019, interest in expanding the airport had increased: a private developer proposed an adjacent airpark-style residential development with runway access and private hangars, and in response to a long waiting list for hangar space, the city applied for a matching grant from the Texas Department of Transportation to build a new 7-unit hangar. On 16 October 2019, the advisory board was reinstated. On July 6, 2020, the Sherman City Council unanimously approved updates to its airport rules and regulations that will allow through-the-fence operations at the airport pending Texas DOT approval.
Facilities
The airport covers at an elevation of . Its one runway, 16/34, is .
In the year ending 8 April 2019, the airport had 8,250 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 23 per day. 23 aircraft were then based at this airport: 100% single-engine.
Accidents and incidents
9 May 1931: A student pilot and a flight instructor in an unidentified aircraft were killed in a crash after taking off and performing a series of aerobatic maneuvers over and near the airport. Observers stated that the center section wing fuel tank broke loose and damaged the empennage as it subsequently fell away.
25 July 2000: An Schweizer 269C helicopter, registration number N298SH, abruptly yawed left and experienced a sudden increase in engine RPM on final approach. The aircraft bounced on impact and rolled over on its left side, suffering substantial damage; the pilot was uninjured while the single passenger suffered minor injuries. The accident was attributed to "the total failure of the clutch cable during landing, which resulted from fatigue cracking of the cable's individual wires."
9 June 2002: An Cessna 177, registration number N2282Y, bounced during landing and departed the left side of the runway. The aircraft was substantially damaged and the pilot suffered serious injuries; the single passenger was not injured. The accident was attributed to "The hard landing as result of the pilot's failure to maintain aircraft control during landing. A contributing factor was the gusty crosswinds."
References
External links
Sherman Municipal Airport page at City of Sherman website
at Texas DOT Airport Directory
Aerial image as of March 1995 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Texas
Buildings and structures in Grayson County, Texas
Transportation in Grayson County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%20Municipal%20Airport
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amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research, known until 2005 as the American Foundation for AIDS Research, is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to the support of AIDS research, HIV prevention, treatment education, and the advocacy of AIDS-related public policy.
AmfAR is a tax-exempt corporation under Internal Revenue Code section 501(c)(3) and operates as an independent nonprofit with worldwide initiatives. amfAR was formed in New York City in September 1985 by Dr. Mathilde Krim, along with physician Dr. Joseph Sonnabend and activist Michael Callen. The organization originally began in April 1983 as the Krim-founded AIDS Medical Foundation (AMF), which sought to lessen the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS diagnoses, as well as to increase funding to the cause. The name change came as a result of the AMF's merge with the California-based National AIDS Research Foundation, which sought to actively engage in HIV-related drug development. What resulted was a foundation that prioritized both research and development as well as policy influence. This foundation was one of the first of its kind to embody both aspects of healthcare.
AmfAR currently has three headquarters, located in New York City; Washington, D.C.; and Bangkok, Thailand. AmfAR spurs research and development through providing grants and fellowships to organizations, such as the Family Institute of Health, and individuals through the Mathilde Krim Fellowships in Basic Biomedical Research. AmfAR has provided over 3,300 grants to research teams across the world and has invested over $400 million to research aiming to effectively treat HIV and AIDS related illness. AmfAR's funds historically have gone to funding research, and as a result have helped pioneer community-based clinical research trials in the 1980s, as well as the involvement of AIDS patients in the drug approval process (see also: Denver Principles). Changes in leadership have marked changes in focus, resulting in shifts from public health outreach (needle exchange program pushes) to public education (the amfAR AIDS Handbook) to international research and outreach.
AmfAR has embarked on various national and international campaigns to spur AIDS/HIV research, create a dialogue and decrease stigma surrounding the disease. Through TREAT Asia and GMT, amfAR took international roots and began funding research and outreach on all inhabited continents. National initiatives have included the Countdown to a Cure for AIDS. The Institute for HIV Cures Research and amfAR Research Consortium on HIV Eradication (ARCHE) were both created to aid this countdown, both to help fund research as well as provide a facility at which those researcher can work. To supplement the funding of these initiatives, amfAR is funded through sources like stock donations and their annual galas, which represent the majority of their source of funding.
After Kenneth Cole stepped down as chairman, he was replaced by William H. Roedy. The current CEO Kevin Robert Frost joined amfAR in 1994 and became CEO in 2004. Together they lead 9 members of the Management Team, 25 Board of Trustees members and over 100 advisors to both their scientific and political platforms.
CharityWatch rates the Foundation for AIDS Research an "A−" grade.
Charity Navigator rates amfAR a four-star charity.
History
Origins
In the early 1980s, a group of researchers and scientists including Mathilde Krim, Ph.D., then a researcher at New York's Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, formed an informal study group to investigate the condition that came to be known as AIDS. In 1983, Krim, Dr. Joseph Sonnabend, Michael Callen, and several others launched the New York-based AIDS Medical Foundation. In Los Angeles, Dr. Michael S. Gottlieb and amfAR Founding National Chairman Dame Elizabeth Taylor spearheaded the creation of the National AIDS Research Foundation. The two organizations merged in September 1985 to become "American Foundation for AIDS Research" (AmfAR). The merged organization was launched with a $250,000 contribution from Rock Hudson shortly before his AIDS-related death in October 1985.
Leadership Under Krim
Krim's achievements during her time as the head of amfAR involved increased public education and direct political action. Primarily, Krim spearheaded the publishing of amfAR's first HIV/AIDS Treatment Directory, which provides medical professionals updated information on the treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as clinical trials that People With AIDS (PWAs) can participate in. The publishing of this directory continued for 11 volumes until the year 2001. Following the increased involvement of AIDS activists and patients with the drug approval process, Krim (along with Elizabeth Taylor) testified before the National Institute of Health and Congress on the importance of clinical trials within community settings. These testimonies and lobbying efforts by Krim led to the first Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group, which allowed people with AIDS and HIV to actively take part in the testing needed to approve AIDS drugs. Krim further shaped the structure of amfAR's fellowships, as she impelled the first grant of money to Peter Piot for his landmark study on female-to-male AIDS transmission in Kenya."They felt that this was a disease that resulted from a sleazy lifestyle, drugs or kinky sex—that certain people had learned their lesson and it served them right," Dr. Krim told The New York Times Magazine in 1988. "That was the attitude, even on the part of respectable foundations that are supposed to be concerned about human welfare."One of Krim's final projects was her push for needle exchange programs in the face of mass stigma toward IV-drug users. Amid the 1980s "War on Drugs", Krim's thoughts on sterile needle exchange is reflected in a quote, saying, "It was a brilliant idea. It would work—the drug users would use the clean needles—and it would be inexpensive." Krim worked with the Outside In needle exchange program in Portland, Oregon in 1989, and funded trials of needle exchange programs in Tacoma, Washington, between 1989–1991. amfAR used the results of these studies, as well as a study in New Haven, Connecticut, to compile a report with the National Academy of Science which concluded that syringe exchange programs were safe and effective. Before stepping down, Krim saw the international surge of amfAR, with the creation of initiatives such as TREAT Asia, and in 2004 the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (the only HIV database in Asia).
In 2005, Mathilde Krim stepped down as founding chair. According to amfAR, she served as CEO from 1990 through 2004, and is described as the "heart and soul" of the organization. Charles Kaiser described Krim as "determined to prevent America from using AIDS to stigmatize homosexuals" in his book The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America. She was widely viewed as someone who fought on the front lines against prejudices against many people with AIDS. Apart from aiding research for life saving drugs, Krim was equally a proponent of reshaping public opinion, as noted by the New York Times tributes to her and those who interacted with her.
amfAR After Krim
The year after Krim stepped down in 2004, the CDC reported that 1,000,000 Americans were living with HIV/AIDS. In an effort to reduce the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, amfAR's new chairman Kenneth Cole led amfAR to partner with Viacom Inc. and the Kaiser Family Foundation to launch an initiative called KNOW HIV/AIDS. This program funded an AIDS awareness campaign titled, "We All Have AIDS", which marked a more controversial tone in amfAR's new public strategy. In line with the launching of program initiatives, amfAR under Cole launched the TREAT Asia pediatric network and the MSM initiative, which was a global effort to help educate, treat and prevent HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men.
In honor of its founding chair, amfAR launched the Mathilde Krim Fellowship in Basic Biomedical Research in 2008. The goal of this fellowship is to spur young and independent research groups who are actively searching for HIV/AIDS medical advancements. This grant has spurred discoveries such as the first recorded birth of new HIV virus particles by Dr. Nolwenn Jouvenet, as well as other developments at the pinnacle of HIV research. Other recipients of the Mathilde Krim Fellowship such as Bing Chen and Rosa Cardoso have made discoveries that have been central to the modern understanding of the HIV virus.
After Cole stepped down as chairman due to a fraud investigation surrounding money diversion, he was replaced by William H. Roedy. The current CEO Kevin Robert Frost joined amfAR in 1994 and became CEO in 2004. Together they lead 9 members of the Management Team, 25 Board of Trustees members and over 100 advisors to both their scientific and political platforms.
Headquarters and facilities
amfAR's Sheldon W. Andelson Public Policy Office is located in Washington, D.C., and is where many Rosenfield public policy fellows and employees work, as well as its management team of CEO and Board of Trustees. amfAR's original headquarters as well as their largest operations facilities is in New York City.
Institute for HIV Cures Research
In 2015 amfAR announced a collaboration with the University of California, San Francisco Medical School to create their first Institute for HIV Cures Research. This facility works to foster research and was founded with the goal of finding a cure to AIDS by the year 2020. The leaders of the institute are Paul Volberding, MD who is the head of the UCSF AIDS Research Institute; Satish Pillai, PhD who part of the Blood Systems Institute as well as Warner Greene, MD, PhD, who helps direct the program. To remark on the progress that the institute had been making since its foundation, Volberding told CBS News in 2016:To see the pace from the days that we could do very little other than watch our patients die to finding the first treatments and then working hard to make those treatments better to where we are now has been remarkable. We have a lot of different options of three or four drug combinations put together in a single pill that a person takes once a day. It's remarkably easier than it used to be.
Bangkok, Thailand headquarters
amfAR established its first international headquarters in Klongtoey, Bangkok, Thailand, in 2001 to accompany its TREAT Asia network. The headquarters establishes closer contact to its 21 adult and 20 pediatric clinics in 12 countries across East Asia. The headquarters is internationally run as well, and works to streamline the logistics of projects in TREAT Asia. Former Chairman Kenneth Cole announced that the decision to move headquarters to Thailand was due to the ability to use the government's generous resources that have been committed to treating the crisis, and have effectively reduced the HIV prevalence in the country to under 1.1% due to quick mobilization and dedicated work.
Initiatives and campaigns
National initiatives
Countdown to a Cure for AIDS
amfAR has long intended to find a scientific cure to AIDS by the year 2020, and it created the Countdown to a Cure for AIDS in February 2014 as a way of speeding up this process. The "Countdown" is an investment initiative that intends to give $100 million to scientists working to find a cure. Most grants are given through applications at the University of California, San Francisco. By the year 2017, amfAR had granted $42 million to researchers, and it gave over $3.5 million in grants to six research teams under the amfAR Research Consortium on HIV Eradication (ARCHE), and later $1.2 million to AIDS innovators. By 2016, the Countdown, along with ARCHE had granted money to 139 principal investigators and key personnel across 16 states and 9 countries.
The amfAR Institute for HIV Cure Research at the University of California, San Francisco began in 2015 as the central facility to achieve their Countdown to a Cure for AIDS by 2020. It began from a $20 million grant to UCSF. Many researchers who receive fellowships and grants from amfAR and ARCHE work at the new facilities at UCSF. Under the Countdown to a Cure for AIDS, amfAR hosts an annual HIV Cure Summit, which aims to hear from voices in the research community on breakthroughs, as well as discuss discoveries that have motivated AIDS research, such as the breakthrough with the Berlin patient, who spurred the countdown in the first place. In November 2020, amfAR signed an agreement with CytoDyn Inc. to explore the potential of its CCR-5 antagonist Vyrologix (Leronlimab) to mediate a functional HIV cure. According to Kevin Robert Frost, Chief Executive Officer at amfAR, "demonstrating that Leronlimab can functionally phenocopy CCR5 deficiency and replicate the London and Berlin patients would be a major advancement."
Global initiatives
TREAT Asia
The Therapeutics Research, Education and AIDS Training (TREAT) in Asia was founded in 2001 under the leadership of Mathilde Krim. The initiative aimed to create communication networks among Asian countries who are aiming to treat HIV, using Thailand as a model and a central headquarters for the operation. TREAT Asia is directed by Annette Sohn of the University of California San Francisco, who is a principal investigator alongside Matthew Law of the Kirby Institute at the University of South Wales. The two lead a team of 18 scientists to perform research in the area on topics such as mental healthcare access of people with HIV/AIDS in Asian countries and the effect of new drugs on children with HIV.
The TREAT Asia member countries are all partners of the US National Institutes of Health's International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) global cohort consortium. The countries include:
Australia
Cambodia
China and Hong Kong SAR
India
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
South Korea
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
There are over 60 research facilities, mostly hospitals and healthcare providers, in these countries that communicate with amfAR's headquarters in Thailand. The foundation has said that they service around 84,000 people of all ages who are affected with HIV and AIDS who otherwise were not aided before the program began.
The GMT Initiative
The GMT initiative is dedicated to providing HIV/AIDS assistance to men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people (which they term as the collective 'gay men and transgender (GMT)'). Unlike TREAT Asia, the GMT Initiative is truly global, with recent work in regarding their mentoring model in Paraguay, Thailand, Tajikistan and Kenya and Ukraine. The GMT Initiative further aims to spur outreach to low-income individuals by providing the amfAR HIV Scholars Program with the Center for LGBT Health Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Scholarship recipients from 2015 include individuals from South Africa, Pakistan and Belize.
The GMT Initiative aims to provide mentorship training to MSM and transgender individuals in countries with low access to AIDS support. It created a mentoring model that empowers 'GMT' to connect with younger individuals with HIV/AIDS in spite of a potential homophobic and stigmatized environment in the low and middle income countries that they service.
Funding
As a 501(c)(3), amfAR files an annual 990 Form to the IRS, which is publicly accessible. The following information is garnered from their 2017 filing:
Contributions and grants
Worldwide amfAR Galas
amfAR's largest source of revenue comes from its fundraising events, large portions of that money comes from one of its annual charity event held at the Hôtel du Cap-Eden-Roc in Antibes, France, titled "amfAR's Annual Cinema Against AIDS". The gala aims to raise money through auctioning items, as well as selling a limited number of tickets. Since the first amfAR gala, the charity has raised over $210 million to support AIDS research causes. The most recent gala held in Cannes raised around $20 million at its 2016 gala, which is a marked decrease from the over $25 million it raised in the same 2016 and 2017 events. It was speculated that this decrease in funding was due to both the absence of its largest donor Harvey Weinstein, as well as the scandal surrounding the ousting of Kenneth Cole.
Celebrities frequently donate items to be auctioned off for the foundation, and past donors have included Uma Thurman, Karlie Kloss and Milla Jovovich, among others. The 25th annual gala embraced the #MeToo movement, and was chaired by 25 prominent women on stage and screen, namely: Alessandra Ambrosio, Poppy Delevigne, Linda Evangelista, Sylvia Fendi, Aileen Getty, Kate Hudson, Scarlett Johansson, Milla Jovovich, Heidi Klum, Daphna Krim (daughter of Mathilde Krim), Karolina Kurkova, Sienna Miller, Angela Missoni, Mary Parent, Katy Perry, Natasha Poly, Aishwarya Rai, Vanessa Redgrave, Joely Richardson, Carine Roitfeld, Caroline Scheufele, Irina Shayk, Lara Stone, Donatella Versace, and Michelle Yeoh. Past items auctioned have included numerous photographs by Andy Warhol, Annie Leibovitz portrait sessions, stays in fashion moguls and celebrity houses and 53-karat diamond jewelry. Heidi Klum notably donated her Bentley S3 convertible to garner one of the highest bids at €200,000.
amfAR galas have been held in cities like New York City, Milan, Los Angeles, São Paulo and Hong Kong, each garnering anywhere from €2,000,000 to €13,000,000 to support amfAR's research.
Investment Income
Though amFAR does not disclose individual donors of stocks, they publish the figure of $1,295,049 on their 990 Form to represent the interest and amount they receive through donations of stock. Further fluctuations in losses through investment and payments of investment income are accounted through the Net Gain row, indicating a net gain of $139,479 following external investments and payments.
Public health education and outreach
Syringe exchange programs
Krim's original view on needle exchange was largely affected by exposure through visits to foundational needle exchange programs:On one visit, Mathilde met a clearly pregnant woman coming to exchange syringes. Mathilde was very upset. After the woman left the exchange, Mathilde spoke to the exchange worker. "That woman should be in treatment, not exchanging syringes." "Yes," the worker replied, "but the prenatal clinics do not accept drug addicts, and the drug abuse treatment programs do not accept pregnant women."
-Don C. Des Jarlais, Ph.D.After interactions like these, Krim began work with the Outside In needle exchange program in Portland, Oregon, beginning in 1989; this program was a service program for youth who had run away. Led by Kathy Oliver, amfAR helped gain insurance support for the program, and later compiled a report that showed the effectiveness of the study: needle discard rates in Portland neighborhoods decreased as a result of the study.
Krim later used amfAR's research funding apparatus to help David Purchase begin a needle and syringe exchange program in Tacoma, Washington. He used the money granted to analyze Tacoma's syringe exchange programs. Similarly to the results found in the Portland study, Purchase found that hepatitis B, C and HIV rates were much lower for users in Pierce County who exchanged their needles than those who did not. The study also found low HIV rates among women who use the exchange for IUD injections.
amfAR AIDS Handbook
The first AIDS handbook was published in 1999 as an effort to give a "comprehensive" and "concise" description of HIV/AIDS and methods of prevention. This 496-page book was intended for the general public, as opposed to their HIV/AIDS Treatment Directory intended for medical professionals. This book was used in a study intended to see the effects of AIDS education on elementary education. The study found statistically significant increases in AIDS comprehension in students who were educated using the amfAR AIDS Handbook. The handbook stands as one of amfAR's attempts at public education for AIDS/HIV related topics.
Trans Pacific Partnership opposition
In May 2015 amfAR released a report showing that increases in intellectual property rights of pharmaceutical countries would drive up the price of some drugs that are desperately needed in the developing world, namely countries who rely on affordable antiretroviral drugs. The group says that would hamper the global fight against AIDS (and other diseases) at an unsustainable rate. This report marked the first time that amfAR involved itself in economic policy that indirectly pertained to AIDS, and its rally against Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) reached national attention as a provision of the TPP that was traditionally seen to be benign.
Controversies
Cole's chairmanship
Kenneth Cole served as the amfAR chairman for 14 years and as a board member for a total of 30 years. In 2015, following years of controversy, he stepped down and now has no involvement in the organization.
Harvey Weinstein scandal
At amfAR's 22nd annual benefit in Cannes, France, in May 2015, Harvey Weinstein made a deal with amfAR chairman Kenneth Cole: Weinstein would auction off two items (one being a sitting with a famous fashion photographer and the second being tickets to a Hollywood film awards event) on the condition that $600,000 of the proceeds raised at the auction would be donated as a charitable gift to the American Repertory Theater. The reason for this contingent was that the American Repertory Theater promised Weinstein a $1.25 million reimbursement and a $500,000 charitable donation to the play Finding Neverland, which Weinstein was producing at the theater, on the condition that third parties donate the same amount to the production.
While the arrangement raised $309,669 for amfAR and was ruled "legitimate and lawful" by the law firm Gibson, Dunn & Cutcher, investigations and public outrage ensued surrounding the charity's financial integrity. A rift formed between Chairman Kenneth Cole and CEO Kevin Robert Frost, as evidenced by an email from Frost in 2015 saying, "Nothing about this deal feels right to me, and I believe we have not done due diligence to understand exactly what this money is being directed to or why amfAR is being used to facilitate these transfers."
AmfAR's management initially refused, citing their longstanding policy against doing so, but Weinstein was persistent. He had apparently donated $2 million to ART on the condition that if he could raise more money from others before June 1, 2015, they would return the contribution. Cole and Weinstein reportedly agreed that ART and amfAR would split any money from the lots up to $1.2 million evenly, and all money above that amount would be exclusively amfAR's. Except for a last-second insert attributed to Cole noting that ART would get some of the money from one of the lots, a fashion shoot with Mario Testino, there was nothing else to indicate to bidders where their money was going. Cole told Vanity Fair later that he had always felt bullied by Weinstein, and the insert was a small act of resistance.
Weinstein demanded amFAR repay him immediately instead of waiting for the money for the lots to come in. In early 2016 the organization's board retained attorney Tom Ajamie to investigate the transaction, who concluded that Weinstein's failure to disclose all relevant information had exposed amfAR to material risks to its reputation if the deal had turned out to be illegal. The report divided the board, with several members resigning over what they saw as Cole's failures. After Weinstein found out that some of the people Ajamie talked to had shared information about his rumored history of sexual misconduct, information that became public knowledge in September 2017, Weinstein demanded that board members who had read the report sign non-disclosure agreements, leading to more resignations.
In April 2017, 19 members of the Board of Trustees contacted the Attorney General to explain that Cole had proceeded with this deal in spite of the objections of the wider executive management team, as confirmed by their spokesperson Steven Goldberg. Following legal struggles surrounding the benefit to private investors of charitable donations, Weinstein pushed amfAR to sign nondisclosure agreements that indicated no wrongdoing and no further probing. As a result, four members (Mervyn Silverman, Vincent Roberti, Arlen Andelson and Jonathan Canno) refused to sign and went to petition the Attorney General on the impropriety of Kenneth Cole. In that time two other board members had resigned.
Cole's term limit proposal
On November 13, NBC News obtained a letter signed by 60 gay rights community members calling for his resignation. This letter was signed by Greg Louganis, an Olympic diver; Larry Kramer, playwright and activist and amfAR contributor Peter Staley, among others. As a result of the scandal, Kenneth Cole stepped down as chairman after a 14-year tenure. Cole initially couched his decision to step down, along with four other board members, as the result of term limits being imposed by the amfAR Board of Trustees with his support. Later, however, the attorney general's charity bureau sent a letter to the board on February 2, which exposed a proposal by Cole which allowed him to maintain his role as chairman in spite of new term limits. The attorney general's office sent a second letter on February 6 that mandated the board update its term limits and end Cole's tenure. The attorney general allowed him to stay as a non-voting member for six months while his replacement is determined. With the calls for resignation by many on the Board of Trustees, and a mandate from New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman's office, Cole announced his decision to step down at an amfAR gala on Wednesday, February 7, 2018.
Sharon Stone's advocacy
In 1995, actress Sharon Stone began to serve as a spokesperson for amfAR. She said this resulted in a negative impact on her career causing Hollywood to blacklist her for eight years.
See also
Timeline of HIV/AIDS
Luc Montagnier - Recipient of Mathilde Krim Fellowship for Basic Biomedical Research
ACT UP
Denver Principles
People With AIDS
Management of HIV/AIDS
References
External links
Official website
HIV/AIDS activism
HIV/AIDS research organisations
International medical and health organizations
Medical and health organizations based in New York City
HIV/AIDS organizations in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmfAR
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Enriqueta Martí i Ripollés (1868 – 12 May 1913) was a Spanish child serial killer, kidnapper, prostitute and procuress of children. She was called "The Vampire of carrer Ponent", "The Vampire of Barcelona" and "The Vampire of the Raval" in the press.
Some researchers have, however, asserted that she was not a killer of children, but rather a person with mental disorders who can only be proven reliably to have abducted one young girl, Teresita Guitart. They also contend that the black legend that is attributed to her could not be demonstrated.
Early life
Enriqueta Martí was born in Sant Feliu de Llobregat in 1868. As a young woman, Martí moved from her hometown to Barcelona where she worked as a maidservant and nanny; she soon turned to prostitution, and worked in a high-class brothel. In 1895 she married a painter named Juan Pujaló, but the marriage failed. According to Pujaló, Martí's affairs with other men, her unpredictable character, and her continuous visits to houses of ill repute caused the separation. The pair reconciled and separated approximately six times. At the time of Martí's detention in 1912, the couple had been separated for five years, and had no children.
Black legend
In 1909 Martí opened her own brothel, which attracted some of the more affluent in Barcelona. Some of them had unusual desires which she accommodated for a premium. Some expressed a desire for children. To accommodate them, she dressed as a pauper during the day and frequented the poorer parts of the city. When she came across unaccompanied children she abducted them to prostitute them in her brothel. She begged and joined bread queues at the monasteries to find the most abandoned looking children. By night she attended the El Liceu, the Casino de la Arrabassada, and other places where the wealthy of Barcelona gathered likely offering her services as a procurer of children.
At the same time as she was prostituting children, she was also practicing as a witch-doctor. She claimed drinking the blood of children could cure tuberculosis, and offered creams and elixirs that could stop ageing and prolong life. The ingredients she used to make her remedies came from the remains of the children that she was killing, who ranged from 5 up to 15 years of age. She used the fat, blood, hair, and bones. For this reason, she did not have problems disposing of her victims. Martí offered salves, ointments, filters, poultices, and potions, especially to treat tuberculosis, which was highly feared at the time, and various other incurable diseases. The wealthy paid large sums of money for these remedies.
During the Tragic Week of 1909, she was arrested at her flat on Barcelona's carrer Minerva, along with a young man from a wealthy family, and accused of running a brothel that offered sexual services from children. Thanks to her contacts with Barcelona's high society using her services, she was never tried.
Over the next three years many more children disappeared, but as they were from poor families police investigations into their disappearance were minimal.
It is suspected that she kidnapped a large number of children over a span of twenty years. She was finally arrested in a flat in El Raval; more evidence was found in flats in Barcelona where she had lived previously.
Forensic experts managed to differentiate a total of twelve children with what little evidence they were able to recover. In spite of suspicions, and because Martí did not tally her activities, experts are unsure if she was Spain's deadliest killer. It is clear that she acted for many years in Barcelona. The public suspected that someone was kidnapping babies, and many children disappeared without a trace causing dread among the population.
29 carrer Ponent
On February 10, 1912, she kidnapped her last victim: Teresita Guitart Congost. For two weeks the city looked for her and there was great public indignation since the authorities had been extremely passive regarding the missing children. A suspicious neighbor, Claudia Elías, found Congost's trail. On February 17, Elías saw a girl with cropped hair looking from a casement window of a first floor flat at number 29 carrer Ponent (now Carrer de Joaquin Costa). Elías had never seen the girl. She asked her neighbor if the girl was hers but the neighbor, who was Martí, closed the window without saying a word. Elías shared this, as well as her suspicions that the little girl was Congost, with a mattress-maker down the street. She also told him of the strange life that her neighbor was leading. The mattress-maker informed a municipal agent, Jose Asens of Elías' suspicions and he, in turn, communicated this to the chief of the Ribot brigade.
On February 27, saying there had been a complaint about chickens in the flat, two Ribot agents went to look for Martí. They found her in the court of calle de Ferlandina, informed her of the accusation, then escorted her to her flat. She proved to be surprised but did not object. When the policemen entered, two girls were found in the flat. One of them was Teresita Guitard Congost, the other a girl called Angelita. After making a statement, Congost was returned to her parents. She explained how Martí took her by the hand promising her candies, covered her with a black rag, and forced her to the flat. Martí cut Congost's hair and changed her name to Felicidad, telling the child she no longer had parents and was to call her "mama" from then on. Martí fed the girl potatoes and stale bread and preferred to pinch rather than beat the child. She was prohibited from going to the windows and balconies as well as several rooms in the flat.
Congost told authorities that Martí was in the habit of leaving them alone and that one day they risked exploring the rooms that Martí forbade them from entering. They found a sack with girl’s clothes covered in blood and a boning knife also covered with blood. Congost never left the flat during her captivity.
Angelita's declaration was more frightening. Before Congost arrived at the flat, there was a five-year-old boy called Pepito. Angelita said that she secretly saw Martí, who she was calling "mom", kill him on the kitchen table. Angelita's identity was more difficult to pinpoint as she did not know her real surname but confirmed Martí’s claim that her father was called Juan. Martí maintained that Angelita was her daughter by her estranged husband Juan Pujaló. He appeared before a judge and declared that he had not lived with Martí for years, that they had not had children, and that he did not know where Angelita came from. Eventually, Martí claimed that she had taken the girl as a newborn from her sister-in-law having told her that the girl was stillborn. Enriqueta Martí Ripollés was detained and jailed in the Reina Amalia prison.
During the second inspection of the flat, detectives found the sack with the bloody clothing and the knife. They also found another sack with dirty clothes and at least thirty small human bones. These bones showed evidence of being exposed to fire. Investigators found a lounge sumptuously decorated with a cupboard with nice clothes for a boy and girl. This lounge contrasted with the rest of the flat which was austere and smelled badly. In another locked room they found the horror that Martí was hiding. In it, there were fifty pitchers, jars, and washbowls, with preserved human remains: greasy lard, coagulated blood, children’s hair, skeletons of hands, powdered bones, and pots with the potions, ointments, and salves already prepared for sale.
Investigators also went to two more flats where Martí had lived: a flat in the carrer Tallers, a third in carrer Picalqués, and a little house in carrer Jocs Florals, in Sants. In both of them they found false walls and human remains in the walls and ceilings. In the garden of the house on carrer Jocs Florals, they found the skull of a three-year-old child, and a series of bones that corresponded to 3, 6 and 8-year-old children. Some remains still had pieces of clothes whose condition indicated that Martí had habitually kidnapped children of impoverished families with insufficient means to look for their missing children. Further investigation revealed more housing in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, property of Martí's family. Here they found remains of children in vases and jars as well as books of remedies.
In Martí's flat they found curious things: an ancient book with parchment covers, a book of notes where she had written recipes and potions in elegant calligraphy, a package of letters and notes written in coded language, and a list with names of families and important figures in Barcelona. The list was very controversial since the public believed that it was a list of Enriqueta's rich clients and that, because of their wealth, they would not pay for their crimes of paedophilia or of buying human remains to treat their health. Police tried to stop the list from leaking, but rumors abounded that it was a client list of doctors, politicians, businessmen and bankers. With events of the Tragic Week in their minds, and fearing riots, authorities calmed the public with newspaper articles explaining that the list contained the names of people that Martí had begged from, and that they had been swindled by the lies and requests of the murderer.
Martí was imprisoned in the Reina Amàlia jail to await trial. She tried to commit suicide by slashing her wrists with a wooden knife. Public indignation exploded because the people wanted her to face trial and execution by the garrote. Prison authorities made it known in the press that measures had been taken to ensure that Martí would not be able to kill herself.
Martí was never tried for her crimes. She died a year and three months after her arrest at the hands of her prison mates. Her companions killed her by lynching her on one of the prison patios on May 12, 1913. Some believe the inmates were paid by Marti's wealthy clients so the details of her crimes were not revealed in a public trial. However, her death certificate gave uterine cancer as her cause of death. The untimely death robbed authorities of the opportunity to completely expose all of her secrets. She was buried secretly in a common grave in the Cementerio del Sudoeste, situated on the mountain of Montjuïc in Barcelona.
Declarations and testimonies
Martí was interrogated about the presence of Teresita Guitart in her house and explained that she had found the girl, lost and hungry, the day before in the Ronda de Sant Pau. Claudia Elías denied this because she had seen the girl in her flat several days before the arrest.
Martí was also questioned about the presence of bones, human remains, creams, potions, poultices, ointments, blood bottles, as well as the boning knife. Interrogators asked if she had subjected the bones to be burned or cooked, as forensics suggested. Martí claimed that she studied human anatomy, but under pressure from the interrogators she confessed that she was a healer and used children as raw material for the production of her remedies. She claimed to be an expert, and knew how to make the best remedies and preparations that were highly sought after by wealthy people of good social position.
During interrogation she disclosed the locations of her other flats (carrer Tallers, carrer Picalqués, Jocs Florals and her home in Sant Feliu de Llobregat), and told investigators where to look inside them. She was already known for, and confessed to, her services as a procurer for pedophiles, but out of anger at the fate that awaited her, did not name a single customer.
Investigators knew of the existence of the little boy known as "Pepito" from the testimony of Angelita and Claudia Elias. Martí claimed Pepito had been entrusted to her by a family that could not care for him. When asked for his whereabouts, she said that he had gone to the country because he had become ill, the same excuse she had used with her inquiring neighbor, Claudia Elías. Overwhelming evidence, and Angelita's testimony shattered this excuse. She was unable to refute bloody clothes in a sack, the knife, and some remnants of fresh fat, blood, and bones. These remains were those of Pepito. Nor could she identify the family that had entrusted her with the child, making it clear that the boy was another kidnapped child.
An Aragonese woman from Alcañiz recognized her as the kidnapper of her infant son, some six years earlier, in 1906. Martí displayed an extraordinary kindness to the exhausted and hungry woman after a very long journey from their land and was allowed to hold the child. Using an excuse, she moved away from the mother then disappeared. The unfortunate mother never found her son nor came to know what she did with him. It is suspected that she used the baby to manufacture her remedies.
Martí confessed that she had prostituted a girl of seventeen years in a brothel on carrer Sabadell, and had also performed abortions, but she never confessed to killing anyone.
Counter theories
For his book Barcelona 1912 (published 2014), Barcelona writer Jordi Corominas conducted an exhaustive investigation into the life of Enriqueta Martí. Reviewing the journalistic chronicles that were published at the time, he warned that many articles were based on the rough information that was available in the first days, but there was no subsequent investigative follow-ups. In the opinion of Corominas, Martí was in fact a woman devastated by the death of a child, barely ten months old, from malnutrition. In the words of Corominas: "Distressed by that situation, she kidnapped Tereseta." Maybe to find a company for Angeleta, the other girl she cared for, in the flat she shared with her grandfather. She did not have an analytical or criminal mind. Today, she would have received psychiatric care."
The facet of Enriqueta Martí as serial killer would be, for Corominas, part of an unfounded black legend to cover cases of sexual scandals involving minors by the upper classes of society and the kidnapping of children for the cure of conditions afflicting the upper classes of the time. in his words: "Enriqueta was not a murderer but rather a paradigm of a poor and desperate Barcelona that was not the one that used to go out in the media ... Many of those who came back to explain the case just read the reviews of those first days, but they stopped investigating the last traces of the story." In his book, Corominas explains that the remains of blood found in her house belonged to Enriqueta, who suffered from cancer of the uterus that caused her vaginal haemorrhages. On the other hand, the skeletal remains found were not shown to be of recently murdered children, according to Corominas they were probably extracted from some cemetery and used as magical amulets, and others were animals used for cooking, chicken and pork bones. He also considers that the existence of the "ointments" with which Enriqueta sold as medicinal remedies were not proof.
Historian Elsa Plaza spent seven years studying the case of Enriqueta Martí and has written a book, El Cielo Bajo Los Pies (The Sky Underfoot), which brings to light information about the woman herself. Plaza explains that since 1912 Barcelona has referred to Martí as a serial killer though: "Enriqueta was never formally charged with murder nor was any corpse of a child found in her home." She often went begging with other women's children because there was a network of women who helped each other. It was eventually shown that Angelita was truly her niece by her estranged husband's sister, María Pujaló. Martí's story has generally been told by men. Nobody thought that blood found in her flat could belong to Martí herself; she was shown to be dying of uterine cancer and often bled heavily. Most newspapers at the time claimed Martí was the woman who had kidnapped about 40 children from the Fifth District. When the bones found in one of Martí's houses (in carrer Picalquers) were determined to be from multiple animals instead of from children, the assembled journalists almost attacked the doctor who made the announcement. Martí's case was fodder for nascent tabloid journalism; she became the ideal scapegoat to blame for the missing children.
Shortly before Martí's arrest, police had closed a brothel in carrer Botella that prostituted children. The fine for raping a boy or a girl was fifty pesetas; a worker earned four pesetas a day. The owner was apprehended, but not the customers. In addition, Barcelona was a major producer and exporter of pornography, exporting films and pictures to the rest of Europe and to the Americas.
Plaza explains that the entire trial was staged: "They wanted to cover the misery and exploitation. The point of all was the discovery of a child brothel in carrer Botella. It is true that children disappeared. Some were sent to France, where they were exploited in glass factories outside Paris", she explains. The stolen (or sold by their parents to ease economic hardship) children were useful for: begging, illegal adoptions, child abuse, or exploitation in factories where the hard work was crippling. "We can suspect that some girls were victims of international trafficking for prostitution. Here there are not many papers on the subject, but there are in Latin America. Girls were sent to New York, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. In 1903, the board against white slavery was created and chaired by the Infanta Isabel," Plaza notes. When Enriqueta Martí died at dawn May 13, 1913, she was attended by two inmates who asked if they could attend to the body.
Works about Enriqueta Martí
Literature
Los diarios de Enriqueta Martí by Pierrot is a novel that centers on a few supposed diaries that Enriqueta Martí wrote before beginning her murderous career. Illustrated by the author.
El misterio de la calle Poniente is a novel by Fernando Gómez. In February, 1912 the disappearance of a three-year-old girl shocked Barcelona. The investigation and, later discoveries, revealed to the public a series of macabre murders that shook a city that was recovering from the Tragic Week. The book details many prominent figures who helped to shape the story; individuals of flesh and blood, many of them incapable of being the protagonists of their own story. They converge to outline faithfully the authentic face of the merciless Enriqueta Martí, who begs by day, dresses as a marquise by night, and knows the power from the darkest side. The fresh blood is her valued goods, the children her suppliers, and a sick middle class her clients.
El Cielo Bajo los Pies is a non-fiction book by Elsa Plaza. In a case that shocked Barcelona in 1912. Enriqueta Martí, called by the derisive names "The Vampiress of Barcelona" and "The Bad Woman", was besieged by all kinds of rumors from the moment police arrested her, accusing her of making children disappear with the most aberrant intentions, from turning them into objects of pleasure for the wealthy, to making cosmetics and salves to prolong life. Martí is presented as a likely scapegoat and a number of destitute families are accused of selling their children, albeit out of economic desperation.
Barcelona Shadows, a novel by Marc Pastor. "Pastor’s humble but effective storytelling innovation is to have Death narrate the story… It sounds gimmicky, but in Pastor’s able hands (neatly translated by Mara Faye Lethem) it adds a fateful dimension… Pastor is also skilled at creating brief, crisp scenes that get into the minds not only of his detective but of two captive little girls, and other characters as well. He’s grittily insightful into the psychology of a city under stress… [a] dark, fast-moving tale." — Blogcritics
La vampira del carrer ponent o els misteris de Barcelona by Josep Arias Velasco.
Theatre
La Vampira del Raval (The Vampire of the Raval) a 2013 musical by Albert Guinovart won the Max Awards for the Performing Arts (Los Premios Max de las Artes Escénicas, Spanish) for his musical score of this piece.
Films
In the Spanish film "Diamond Flash" (2011), directed by Carlos Vermut, the character of Enriqueta is inspired by Enriqueta Martí. In the film, Enriqueta controls an organization that is dedicated to the kidnapping of children.
"The Barcelona Vampiress" or "La vampira de Barcelona" (2020), directed by Lluís Danés. In early 20th century Barcelona, little Teresa goes missing shocking the country. When police start investigating Enriqueta Martí, the "Vampiress of Raval", they cover a much more sinister affair.
Television
In episodes 20 and 35 of the first season of Cuarto Milenio, broadcast in 2006, the theme of the so-called vampiresa was discussed.
The figure was characterized in the Spanish TV series El ministerio del tiempo (episode Separadas por el tiempo played by Maria Rodriguez) as a former servant of one of the protagonists who was dismissed for theft and inadvertently discovers through time travel that she will become a serial killer who exploits children, and tries to avoid her destiny by escaping into other periods in history. Eventually, her younger self offers to not change history any more than she already has and agrees to become the woman history says she was on condition that she be allowed to die a more painless death than what was previously described in jail
See also
List of serial killers by country
List of serial killers by number of victims
References
Bibliography
External links
enriquetamarti.wordpress.com. Blog in Catalan with photos and press articles.
1868 births
1912 deaths
Burials at Montjuïc Cemetery
Child prostitution
Child sexual abuse in Spain
People from Sant Feliu de Llobregat
People murdered in Spain
Prisoners murdered in custody
Prisoners who died in Spanish detention
Serial killers murdered in prison custody
Spanish brothel owners and madams
Spanish female serial killers
Spanish murder victims
Spanish murderers of children
Spanish people who died in prison custody
Spanish pimps
Spanish prostitutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriqueta%20Mart%C3%AD
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Pac-Man 2 can refer to either one of four games:
Ms. Pac-Man, the second game in the Pac-Man series
Super Pac-Man, the second game officially made by Namco
Pac-Man 2: The New Adventures, the side-scrolling puzzle game based on Pac-Man
Pac-Man Championship Edition, Toru Iwatani's "official" sequel to the original Pac-Man for the Xbox 360 via Xbox Live Arcade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man%202
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Birds Hill is an unincorporated community in the Canadian province of Manitoba located a few kilometers northeast of Winnipeg, Manitoba, in the Rural Municipality of East St. Paul. The community is a few kilometers east of the Red River The R.M. of East St. Paul's Administration and Finance Departments, Fire Department, municipal council chambers, and RCMP offices are located in Birds Hill. The community includes Silverfox Estates and the Country Villas, which is Manitoba's first resort age-restricted adult-only gated community. Built in 1998, this residential area is an exclusively low-density community where 163 detached, single-family homes are on private landscaped sites.
Geography
A portion of the community is located on top of a hill formed during the last ice age by a glacial sand deposit, or esker. These sand ridges are some of the highest elevations in south-central Manitoba. The hills in the area were a place for settlers and native peoples to escape to when fleeing high floodwaters along the Red River valley. Birds Hill Park is located on the same ridge of sand eskers as Birds Hill but at the other end of them. A large property in the area was owned by James Curtis Bird after whom the area is named, was a fur trader, chief factor of the Lower Red River district in 1821 and one time governor of Assiniboia. His son, Curtis James Bird a Canadian doctor, politician, and Speaker of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly from 1873 to 1874 inherited the property from his father.
History
The gravel business led to the rapid settlement of Birds Hill. Canadian Pacific Railway first dug the quarry at Birds Hill in the 1870s to provide ballast for the transcontinental railway. The City of Winnipeg purchased the quarry later and used the gravel for everything from building roads and house foundations to filling sandbags. Hundreds of people were employed in the quarry at one time. The pit was owned by numerous others before the Swiston family's company called Birds Hill Gravel and Stone last operated it. After the pits could no longer be used for mining gravel, the Swiston family undertook rehabilitation in 1983 with the sloping of the banks and the development of a walkway in preparation for the Silverfox housing subdivision that would overlook part of the area. The Swiston family was able to obtain small funding grants, but 90% of the funding came from Birds Hill gravel and Stone's profits. The dug out quarry has since been reclaimed as Silver Springs Park with homes along part of its perimeter.
In 1914, a two-storey brick school was constructed on Lot 95 on Birds Hill Road. The foundation stone was laid on 22 May 1914 by Deputy Minister of Education Robert Fletcher. The two-room facility was built by contractor Walter Owens that expanded with two additional classrooms approved by local voters in two months of the school's opening that cost a further $3,000. As of 1984, the school had three classrooms with four portable classrooms on-site, two of which were used as a gymnasium and library. The building was put up for sale and demolished in March 1987. The site is now a Sobeys. Built in 1985 and 1986 at the corner of Hoddinott Road and Raleigh Street, the Birds Hill Elementary School added capacity to the River East School Division, replacing the original Birds Hill School. It opened for the 1986-1987 school year. The old school’s name stone and cornerstone have been retained on the present school.
A monument in Memorial Park in Birds Hill was dedicated originally on 13 September 1925 by Rev. R. W. Ridgeway of St. Thomas’ Anglican Church and Rev. J. W. McAlpine of Bird’s Hill United Church commemorates residents killed during military service. It was unveiled before a crowd of around 100, including families of the fallen, along with East St. Paul Reeve W. J. Dawson and Councillors, Police Magistrate W. G. Scott, ex-Reeve A. E. Sperring, municipal Secretary-Treasurer W. Gorham and R. D. Waugh.
Silverfox Estates is named after a large silver fox fur ranch which from 1922 to 1970 raised silver foxes there as a source of fur.
Recreation
Silver Springs Park, renamed Swiston Family Heritage Park in 2020, is described as a hidden gem in East St. Paul, little known outside the municipality. A quarry was dug out of one of the largest hills in the area, and rehabilitated into a municipal park. The park is a vast space. The excavation site is about 73 hectares and the south bank is 21 meters deep. The Swistun family leveled the quarry bottom and sloped the sides so they wouldn't be a danger. They had topsoil hauled into the quarry and planted native grasses and more than 1,200 trees and shrubs. They also built a causeway to an island on the lake. Inland Aggregates assisted with the rehabilitation.
It started to look like a park by the 1990s. There was never a grand opening. It just slowly evolved. The park is a staging area for both the Trans Canada Trail, which runs through it, and the floodway's non-motorized recreation trail, called the Duff Roblin Parkway Trail. People canoe and kayak on the quarry lake. The vegetation is an oak-aspen mix, including pin cherry and chokecherry bushes, and even horsetail, a plant species 100 million years old. There are plenty of birds, including geese, ducks, songbirds, swallows, and sandpipers. The south slope is a popular tobogganing site in winter. The municipality also clears an ice-skating trail.
See also
Birds Hill Provincial Park
Winnipeg Folk Festival
References
External links
Prairie Perspectives
Geographic Names of Manitoba (pg. 27) - the Millennium Bureau of Canada
James Curtis Bird
Heritage II A History of East St. Paul
Neighbours of East St. Paul May 2019
Historic Sites of Manitoba:Birds Hill School No.541
Historic Sites of Manitoba: Birds hill School 3950 Raleigh Street
Historic Sites of Manitoba:Birds Hill War Memorial
Historic Sites of Manitoba: Silver Fox Estates Monument
Winnipeg Free Press- Former quarry a hidden gem
Specific
Unincorporated communities in Manitoba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds%20Hill
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WEPA-CD, virtual channel 59 (UHF digital channel 16), was a low-power, Class A Cozi TV-affiliated television station that was licensed to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. The station was owned by OTA Broadcasting.
The simulcast network gave it coverage similar to or greater than that of full-power television stations in that market.
History
The stations were founded and owned by Bruno-Goodworth Network, Inc. until sold on August 26, 2013 for $7.25 million to OTA Broadcasting, LLC (a company controlled by Michael Dell's MSD Capital).
After the sale, WEPA-CD became an affiliate of Cozi TV, Movies! and Retro TV. Because of the coverage it had, WEPA was one of the few Class A stations in the country that is "reportable" by Nielsen Media Research . However, on April 13, 2017, FCC announced that it had accepted OTA Broadcasting's bids totaling $73.9 million to sell the spectrum rights of WEPA-CD and four other Pittsburgh-area stations owned by OTA Broadcasting in the FCC spectrum incentive auction.
By October 25, 2017, OTA Broadcasting ceased transmissions and surrendered to the FCC for cancellation the licenses of WEPA-CD and five other Pittsburgh-area stations (including one whose spectrum had not been sold), and also temporarily shut transmissions of its five remaining Pittsburgh-area stations, which did not provide adequate over-the-air coverage in Pittsburgh itself and closer suburbs. Movies! has since moved to WOSC-CD, another Pittsburgh television station.
As WBGN-CD
WEPA-CD began broadcasting in 1995 on channel 59 with the call sign W59BT, and later WBGN (WBGN-LP in 1998, WBGN-LD in 2009, and WBGN-CD in 2010) until November 2014. As WBGN-CD, the station broadcast a variety of programming including first run syndicated shows such as Martha, Reno 911!, Chappelle's Show, Degrassi: The Next Generation, Temptation and Jury Duty, along with former network hits such as Family Ties, Hawaii Five-O, Mission: Impossible, The Nanny, Mad About You, The Outer Limits, and America's Funniest Home Videos. The prime-time lineup was rounded out with programming syndicated from Canada such as Cold Squad, Stone Undercover and ReGenesis.
The network also showed second-run movies, children's shows such as Beakman's World, live religious broadcasts and real estate shows. The station produced and/or aired a number of regularly scheduled local programs. It broadcast local news breaks and local high school and professional sporting events. In 2005, the station broadcast The It's Alive Show, a local program showcasing horror films and B-movies. In May 2006, the station also produced two-minute news and 30-second weather segments which aired every half hour during prime-time hours. In 2013, WBGN-CD also started airing a professional wrestling show called PWX Unleashed from local McKeesport promotion Pro Wrestling eXpress. This is PWX's second TV show since their TV show which was held at Eastland Mall (North Versailles, Pennsylvania).
Digital conversion
On July 12, 2009, WBGN-LD began broadcasting digitally in the Pittsburgh area on physical channel 16, the former analog designation of WINP-TV.
The station and its satellite stations signed off their analog signals on June 22, 2010, since many fell within the channel 52-Channel 69 spectrum that was freed up for other uses by the FCC. Like the main signal, the digital signal in New Castle aired on a former analog designation, in this case channel 27, the former analog home of CBS affiliate WKBN-TV in Youngstown, Ohio as did the digital signal in Greensburg which aired on the former analog designation of CW affiliate WPCW Pittsburgh/Jeannette, PA. By July 2010, WBGN-CD, becoming Class-A, and most of its satellite stations including New Castle (WPCP-CD), Butler (WNNB-CD), Beaver (WJMB-CD), and Greensburg (WEMW-CD) were transmitting digitally.
Station sale
On August 26, 2013, Bruno-Goodworth Network, Inc. completed the sale of all 11 of their stations to OTA Broadcasting, LLC for $7.25 million.
During late 2014, the station moved its operations to 4802 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh PA, and became a full-time affiliate of Movies!, Cozi TV, and Retro Television Network. The only remaining local programs are a daily noon mass from St. Mary's Church in downtown Pittsburgh, The Weird Paul Variety Show, Cappelli & Company, Pro Wrestling Express, and The It's Alive Show. On November 20, 2014, OTA Broadcasting changed the call sign on the station from WBGN-CD to WEPA-CD because the previous call sign was a direct reference to the station's previous owners.
Spectrum sale
On April 13, 2017, the FCC announced that five of OTA Broadcasting's Pittsburgh-area stations — WEMW-CD, WEPA-CD, WNNB-CD, WPCP-CD, and WVTX-CD — were successful bidders in the spectrum auction and would be relinquishing their spectrum; WEMW's spectrum was sold for $12,394,400, WEPA's spectrum was sold for $20,093,644, WNNB's spectrum went for $19,185,317, WPCP received $16,162,391 for its spectrum, and WVTX's spectrum went for $6,100,391. At the time, all five stations indicated they would enter into post-auction channel sharing agreements. WEMW-CD ceased operations July 20, 2017; OTA Broadcasting surrendered its license to the FCC for cancellation on July 21, 2017.
WEPA-CD, WNNB-CD, WPCP-CD, WVTX-CD, and another station whose spectrum had not been sold, WJPW-CD, ceased transmissions October 25, 2017 and surrendered their licenses on October 26.
On July 21, 2017, at the time of WEMW-CD's shutdown, WEPA-CD's station manager told the press that WEPA-CD, WNNB-CD, WPCP-CD, and WVTX-CD would later also be shut down, but, after that, WEPA-CD programming would continue to be broadcast by OTA Broadcasting's other Pittsburgh-area stations and carried on Verizon's FiOS, revealing no technical or commercial hurdles; however, the same manager informed the press on October 24, 2017 that, without WEPA-CD's signal to retransmit, the company's remaining Pittsburgh-area stations would also need to go off-air, and said the company would be seeking alternatives to bring them back in some form in the future. Before the shutdown, those remaining stations provided over-the-air coverage only to exurbs located south/southwest and north/northeast of Pittsburgh. Movies! has since moved to WOSC-CD virtual subchannel 61.2 (RF channel 26 transmitting from WQED's antenna tower, where WEPA-CD's antenna was also located).
In November 2017, OTA agreed to sell the remaining stations — WKHU-CD, WMVH-CD, WWKH-CD, WWLM-CD, and WJMB-CD — to HC2 Holdings for $275,000.
Stations
Before the shutdown, WEPA-CD provided three standard definition channels.
See also
WJPW-CD Weirton, WV
WVTX-CD Bridgeport, OH
References
External links
Television stations in Pittsburgh
Cozi TV affiliates
Movies! affiliates
Retro TV affiliates
EPA-CD
1989 establishments in Pennsylvania
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct television stations in the United States
EPA-CD
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEPA-CD
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Hearne Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) southwest of the central business district of Hearne, a city in Robertson County, Texas, United States.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned LHB by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.
Facilities and aircraft
Hearne Municipal Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 285 feet (87 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 4,001 by 75 feet (1,220 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending June 8, 2007, the airport had 5,700 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 15 per day.
References
External links
at Texas DOT Airport Directory
Aerial image as of February 1995 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Texas
Buildings and structures in Robertson County, Texas
Transportation in Robertson County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearne%20Municipal%20Airport
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Milica Stojadinovic-Srpkinja (, ) (1828–1878) was a Serbian poet, sometimes called "the greatest female Serbian poet of the 19th century".
Career
As her fame spread beyond the confines of Serbian culture of the Austrian Empire, Prince Mihailo Obrenović would invite her to court when she came to Belgrade and Vienna-based anthropologist and poet Johann Gabriel Seidl devoted a poem to her.
She corresponded extensively with writers Đorđe Rajković (1825–1886), Ljubomir Nenadović, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić and his daughter Wilhelmine/Mina, Božena Němcová, and with Ludwig August von Frankl. In 1891 an almanach Die Dioskuren was issued in Vienna by Ludwig von Frankl with a collection of letters written by Milica Stojadinović.
Reception
Her work, though, has been mostly out of the public eye and almost forgotten except by literary experts for most of the 20th century, first during fin-de-siècle modernist poeticism as an outdated poetic form of pre-1870s, and later, under Communist rule as an unacceptable expression of patriotism for only one of the six nations of Yugoslavia (namely: Serbian).
After Josip Broz Tito's death the awareness of her work was revived, and in the last quarter of a century a four-day poetry memorial is convened annually in Novi Sad in her honour, where a poetry prize bearing her name is awarded to prominent poets from Serbia.
Biljana Dojčinović has written on the role of Stojadinović-Srpkinja in the development of women's writing in Serbia, through a feminist framework.
See also
Eustahija Arsić
Ana Marija Marović
Princess Anka Obrenović
Staka Skenderova
Draga Dejanović
Notes
References
Jovan Skerlić, Istorija Nove Srpske Književnosti / History of Modern Serbian Literature (Belgrade, 1914, 1921), p. 208. Her biography was translated from Skerlić's Serbian into English for this entry in the Wikipedia.
External links
1830 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Serbian poets
19th-century Serbian women
19th-century Serbian women writers
People from Petrovaradin
Serbian women poets
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia
Burials in Požarevac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milica%20Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja
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ClayFighter 2: Judgment Clay is a fighting game released for the Super NES in 1995. It is Interplay's sequel to their 1993 game ClayFighter.
Story
ClayFighter 2 revolves around the town of Mudville, where the clay meteor crashed in ClayFighter. Learning of the spectacle that took place in "Clayland", the evil Dr. Generic Kiln (who is only mentioned in the booklet and does not make a visual appearance until ClayFighter 63⅓ in 1997) flies in on his aircraft containing the residue he collected from the meteor and spreads it to the rest of Mudville in order to create more fighters. He declares himself grand master of Mudville after the fall of N. Boss, the end boss of the original ClayFighter. He holds the C-2 tournament to see who can become next grandmaster of Mudville.
Characters
Protagonists
Bad Mr. Frosty - Frosty, the main character of the original ClayFighter, returns with a new look, wearing a backwards baseball cap instead of a top hat. Just released from prison, where he was incarcerated for beating up Santa Claus, he has been fully rehabilitated, and now fights for the side of good. His arena is the North Pole.
Tiny - Tiny, the champion of the first game, is a musclebound wrestler. He has strong attacks such as the medicine ball. Tiny's ClayFighter sprite was re-used with no changes–both the other returning characters were re-animated for the sequel. His arena is the foyer of a castle, which is suspected to have been originally meant for Ickybod Clay.
Blob - Blob is a mass of clay that can turn into anything he desires. He returns from the original ClayFighter, but he has more forms this time around, and a much busier tongue. Before the match, he is seen morphing into a thumb and pointing it down replying that he is saying "You're goin' down!" His arena is a green, clay-covered city street.
Nana Man - Nana Man is a cool, laid-back banana with a Jamaican accent. He spends his days chilling in the shade and sipping icy-cold drinks. He has a carefree attitude and is known for saying "Go to the air, mon!" during his rising kick attack. His arena is a jungle temple.
Octohead - Octohead loves to party all the time and is now putting all that energy into winning the tournament. Octohead attacks with acrobatic cartwheels, and a move that resembles a headspin. His arena is the ocean floor.
Googoo - Googoo is a huge baby. He is a bad dude who plays pool, loves women, and chills with his posse in "The Crib". He has a spiked rattle that he uses for almost all of his attacks. He also hurls his bottle at the opponents from a distance. His arena is a street outside of a toy store.
Hoppy - Hoppy the "Battle Bunny" was a normal little rabbit before he got ripped by talking to his muscles. Now that he's all diesel, aside from ravaging his neighbor's garden, Hoppy can mop the floor with the other Clayfighters to become grandmaster of Mudville. Hoppy is a spoof of the title character in the Terminator film series. His arena is a cliffside military camp.
Kangoo - Kangoo is a boxing kangaroo who usually is too nice to her opponents and hates hurting people, despite being the World Clay Boxing Association champion. She wanted to retire, but her fans threatened to lynch her if she did, so she enters the tournament. She always carries her son into battle with her, who always sits in her pouch. Her arena is a boxing ring.
Antagonists (Bosses)
Along with the eight default characters in ClayFighter 2, each one has an evil counterpart that can be unlocked. These act as the "final boss" for their counterparts, and for themselves. Although they have the same sprites as their regular counterparts, they have different attacks (normal and special), different fighting stances, different colors, different win quotes, different poses at the start of matches, different mugshots, and different endings, making them play almost like entirely different characters.
Ice - Ice is Frosty's evil twin. Not much has changed about him, except his battle stance is a boxing stance and he wears a brown hat. His body is slightly darker than Frosty's. He believes that he is better than Frosty. He is seen frowning with angered eyes. Ice stole Frosty's Sneaky Punch from the original ClayFighter, although it works a little differently this time. When he wins, he says "I'm bad!" twisting his cap.
Butch - Butch, unlike Tiny, has a suitable name for his appearance. Like Tiny, Butch is big, but dumb as a brick. He will not only punch opponents, but fart at them, too, as a somewhat unconventional projectile attack. His battle stance and skin color are different, too. He is seen moving his lower jaw hanging open. When he wins, he says "Wimp!".
Slyck - Slyck is the evil(er) twin of Blob. His battle stance looks as if he is breathing heavily. His eyes are yellow with green and his teeth are yellow. He is seen glaring with his mouth open with closed teeth. He turns into different objects than Blob, but they fight in a similar manner. When he wins, he glares and says "I'm number one!".
Dr. Peelgood - A spoof of the Mötley Crüe song, "Dr. Feelgood", Peelgood's a laid-back dude, just like Nana. The only difference is his move, Banana Saw, which is like Nana's Banana Slice, except it cuts opponents in two. He is purple with green arms, and his battle stance has a slower pace. He is seen looking around suspiciously while frowning. When he wins, he says "Woot mon!" doing the "V" sign.
Jack - Jack is the opposite of Octohead. Rather than loving company and partying, Jack wishes to be left alone to do pretty much nothing. He wants the whole sea to himself. His stance is different from Octohead's, and he is purple and pale flesh, rather than light purple and white. He is seen moving his lower lip and looking downwards. Jack eschews Octo's fighting style, and attacks very differently, which makes him stand out among the evil characters. He is very direct in attacks, utilizing a charging bite move and a sneaky slide kick. When he wins, he says "Goodnight!" while flipping around.
Spike - Spike is not too different from his counterpart, Googoo, except he wears lavender, has darker skin, and is much meaner. He is seen frowning with his eyes glaring and shining. When he wins, he sucks on his thumb.
Sarge - Sarge, unlike Hoppy, got his muscles from hard military work. Sarge is a loud-mouthed sergeant and, like Hoppy, rides around on his "Thundering Chopper" motorcycle. His battle stance has a faster pace than Hoppy's. He is grey and wears yellow. He is seen growling with his mouth open, but teeth closed. When he wins, he says "I beat ya!" while hopping up and down.
Thunder - Unlike Kangoo, Thunder loves nothing more than beating someone senseless. She loves inflicting pain on all opponents. She is also dark-colored, but still with red gloves. Her joey in her pouch also attacks, unlike Kangoo's joey. She is seen glaring and growling with her mouth open, but teeth closed. When she wins, she laughs along with her child either holding it up or posing with it.
Rejected characters
Ickybod Clay - The ghoul resident of Clayland was originally planned to be a playable character in the game with his sprites re-used from the first ClayFighter. His stage would be used for Tiny in the final game.
Lucy - Lucy, a gorilla, was originally planned to be a playable character in the game, but in the final version, she was replaced by Tiny at the last minute, using recycled sprites from the original ClayFighter.
Development
ClayFighter 2: Judgment Clay was developed in-house at Interplay by many of the same individuals who had worked on the original ClayFighter. The game was produced by Jeremy Airey with scripting, programming and design work by Airey, Rodney Relosa, and Eric Hart. Airey stated that the team scrapped the "primitive" engine used in ClayFighter and ClayFighter: Tournament Edition and developed ClayFighter 2 using a set of programming tools. The development process for the game, including creating the tools, was completed in less than six months from start to finish. For the game's clay animation and stop motion, Interplay contracted a company other than Danger Productions, which had done the first game. Airey was very displeased with the quality of the clay work; in order to prove this to themselves and to test their new tools, the development team used the tools to implement the sprites of the original ClayFighter character Tiny into ClayFighter 2. Airey described Tiny as "best looking character in the game".
ClayFighter 2 was released for the SNES in North America in January 1995 and in Europe the following May. A version of ClayFighter 2 for the Sega 32X was advertised in some North American gaming magazines. However, this version was cancelled. Undumped prototypes are known to exist. A 3DO Interactive Multiplayer version of ClayFighter 2 was announced to be in development and slated to be published by Interplay during E3 1995, but this version was never released for unknown reasons.
Reception
GamePro commented that the game's combo system is improved from the original ClayFighter, but that there are much fewer amusing sound bytes, and the graphics "are less cartoony and more 3D, which should be a plus but isn't. Lots of jagged edged and poorly illustrated backgrounds (especially the boxing ring) combine to make a very dull graphical showing." They concluded the game to be worthwhile for fans of the first game and fighting game enthusiasts, but not for the average gamer.
Entertainment Weekly gave the game a B and wrote, "In video games, as in movies, sequels don't often improve on the originals. As much as the original Clayfighter thumbed its Play-Doh nose at fighting-game conventions — the hurled projectiles, the roundhouse kicks — this sequel buys into those same conventions, making Clayfighter 2: Judgement Clay closer in spirit to Streetfighter II. The backgrounds here are darker and less cartoony, the moves seem much more vicious, and even the addition of goony-looking combatants (including a giant banana) doesn't compensate for the feeling that the original game was much more fun." In 1995, Total! ranked the game 77th on their Top 100 SNES Games stating: "A moderately good beat-‘em-up with the added bonus of being chocka with comedy fighters."
References
External links
ClayFighter 2: Judgment Clay at MobyGames
1995 video games
Cancelled 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Cancelled Sega 32X games
Clay animation video games
Fantasy parodies
Interplay Entertainment games
Parody video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Fighting games
2D fighting games
Video game sequels
Video games with digitized sprites
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClayFighter%202%3A%20Judgment%20Clay
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Turner Mastin Marquett (July 19, 1831 – December 22, 1894) was a Nebraska Republican politician best known for being the first House representative for the state.
Early life
Marquett (sometimes spelled "Marquette") was born near Springfield, Ohio, in 1831 and attended Springfield High School and Wittenberg College. He graduated from Ohio University in 1855 and moved to Plattsmouth, Nebraska in 1856. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1859, and practiced in Plattsmouth.
Career
Marquett was a member of the Nebraska Territorial assembly from 1857 to 1859, and in the Territorial council in 1860 and 1861. He ran and won as Delegate from the Territory of Nebraska to the Fortieth United States Congress, but, since Nebraska was accepted as a state in 1867, the election was voided. He ran for the at-large seat as a U.S. representative for the State of Nebraska, but, because of the exact date of admission, he was only able to serve as a representative for two days.
He resumed his practice in Plattsmouth, moving to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1874. He was general attorney for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from 1869 until December 22, 1894, when he died in Tampa, Florida. He was buried at Wyuka Cemetery in Lincoln.
References
1831 births
1894 deaths
Members of the Nebraska Territorial Legislature
Nebraska lawyers
People from Plattsmouth, Nebraska
Politicians from Springfield, Ohio
Wittenberg University alumni
Ohio University alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner%20M.%20Marquett
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The Department of Wildlife and National Parks of Peninsular Malaysia (), abbreviated PERHILITAN, is a governmental organisation that is responsible for the protection, management and preservation of wildlife and national parks in Peninsular Malaysia.
The department was established under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 which consolidated all the state game departments in Peninsular Malaysia. As of 2006, the department is placed under the purview of Malaysian Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment. It is headed by a director-general and that post is currently held by Dato’ Abdul Kadir bin Abu Hashim.
National parks in Sabah are the responsibility of the Sabah Wildlife Department and Sabah Parks while for Sarawak, it is under Sarawak Forest Corporation.
See also
List of national parks of Malaysia
Malaysian Wildlife Law
References
Sources
External links
Ministry of Natural Resource and the Environment
Sabah Wildlife Department
Sarawak Forestry
1972 establishments in Malaysia
Malaysia
Government agencies established in 1972
Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia
Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Malaysia)
Nature conservation in Malaysia
Malaysia
National park administrators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Wildlife%20and%20National%20Parks%20Peninsular%20Malaysia
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The Tripuri (also known as Tripura Tipra, Tiprasa, Twipra), are a Tibeto-Burman-speaking ethnic group of Northeast Indian state of Tripura. They are the descendants of the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through the Manikya dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Tripura for many years until the kingdom joined the Indian Union on 15 October 1949.
History
Tripuris are the native people of Tripura having its own unique and distinct rich culture, tradition, and history. They were able to expand their influence as far south as Chittagong Division, as far west as Comilla and Noakhali (known during the British period as "plains Tipperah")and as far north as Sylhet Division (all in present Bangladesh). Chittagong Hill Tracts was the part of Tipperah Kingdom till British took control of the Indian subcontinent. In the year 1512, the Tipperas were at the height of their supremacy when they defeated the Mughals. The ruling dynasty passed through several periods of history and ruled Tripura for several centuries until the 18th century, after which Plain Tippera became a colony of Britain and Hill Tippera remained an independent princely state. On 14 October 1949, Hill Tippera was merged into the newly independent India as Tripura State.
Language
The Tripuri people speak Kokborok (also known as Tipra), a Tibeto-Burman language. Tripuri is the official language of Tripura, India. There are estimated to be more than one million speakers of the dialects of Tripuri in Tripura, and additional speakers in Mizoram and Assam in India, as well as Sylhet and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. It is also spoken in Feni.
There are three main dialects of Tripuri, though the central dialect of the royal family, DebBarma (Puratan Tripur), is a prestige dialect understood by everyone. It is the standard for teaching and literature. It is taught as the medium of instruction up to class fifth and as subject up to graduate level in Tripura.
Historically, Tripuri was written in native Tripuri script known as Koloma, the earliest known writing in Tripuri dates from the 1st century AD, and was written in Koloma. The script was replaced by an alphabet based on the Eastern Nagari script. Currently the revival of ancient Koloma script is in process.
Some of the most notable Tripuri historical literary works, written by court scholars, include:
The "Rajratnakar", The royal Chronicle of Tripuri kings
The Rajmala, Chronicle of Tripuri Kings of Tripura
Religion
In the 2011 census, 93.6% of the Tripuri people followed an admixture of Hindu and folk religions and 6.4% were Christians (mostly, Baptists). Tripuri Hinduism is a syncretic religion, melding traditional folk religion with Hindu elements, commonly found in northeastern India. A minority of the Uchoi clan of the Tripuri are Buddhist.
Kinship
The main Tripuri clans are:
Debbarma
Tripura
Jamatia
Bru or Reang
Noatia
Koloi
Murasing
Rupini
Uchoi/Usoi
Society
The Tripuri people consist of clans, each with its own elementary social and administrative organisation starting from the village level and up to the chieftainship of the whole community.
These indigenous communities enjoy their traditional freedom based on the concept of self-determination. The relation between the king and the subject communities was as Maharaja (king) of Tripura-Missip or liaison officer Roy or headman of the community – Sardar the chief of the village – the individual. Earlier, only the Debbarma or Tipra ethnic group was included in the Tripuri Kshatriya group. Later, the Raja included other groups like Reang, Jamatia and Noatia as well, in an attempt to foster a sense of kindness among the people under his region.
The Tripuri people have a rich historical, social, and cultural heritage which is totally distinct from that of the mainland Indians. Their distinctive culture – as reflected in their dance, music, festivals, management of community affairs, dress and food habits – has a strong base. Kokborok, the lingua franca of the 12 largest linguistic groups of the indigenous Tripuris and other dialects spoken in Tripura are of the Tibeto-Burman group and distinct from those spoken in India. There is no influence from those spoken by other peoples in the north-eastern region.
Calendar
The Tripuris follow a traditional luni-solar calendar Tripurabda, which has 12 months and a 7-day week, like the Gregorian calendar.
The Tripura Era's New Year is on the 1st of Vaishakh which corresponds to 14 or 15 of April of Common_Era, depending on whether that year is a Leap year or not. The months are named in pan Indian months, time since its inception 1419 years back by Tripuri king Hamtor pha alias Himti pha alias Jujharu pha in 512 Saka Era.
Food
Tripuri people loves to eat different types of fresh vegetables from hill. In their food menu, Bamboo Shoots are one of the traditional dish which they call "Muya" in their Kokborok Language.
The use of dry fish is common in their daily cuisine. Sticky rice which is one of the traditional food of Tripuri People and they eat sticky rice in different ways including Awang Bangwi/ Awang Bwthai,Awang Sokrang, Awang Phanswi, Phap ni Awang and Awang Belep
Eight Traditional Recipes or Cuisines which Tripuri People eat in their daily life.
Gudok
Chakhwi
Bermabwtwi
Mosdeng
Awandru
Mwkhwikwtwi
Serma
Thokmui
Awang Bangwi
Awang Bangwi or Awang Bwthai which is one of the traditional food of Tripuri People. This cone shaped rice rolls in banana leaves for steam which is loved by Tripuris. Awan Bangwi which is a rice cake prepared by Tripuris including sticky rice,butter or Ghee, reisins, nuts, ginger and onion. Awan Bangwi is the national food of Tripura State.
Bamboo Chicken/Pork/Fish
Using Bamboo for cooking Chicken or Pork or Fish is popular and traditional way of cooking process of Tripuri People. The process is simple. Marinating chicken or pork or fish with different ingredients and stuff the chicken/pork/fish inside the bamboo with little water. Then cook it for 40-50 min on Charcoal.
This Bamboo Chicken/Pork/Fish is widely popular among Tripuri People.
Festival
Buisu
The Buisu
festival is the two long day festival of Tripuri People in India and Bangladesh. This Festival is the traditional New Year's Day which falls on 13 or 14 April.
The Buisu Festival begins with Hari Buisu which is the first day. In Hari Buisu Tripuri People clean up their houses and decorated their houses with different flowers. They pray a special prayer in evening in their houses and temples. The next day is known as Buisu which is the main event where people visit each other house. During this main Buisu , peopele actually socialize with each other. People cook different traditional foods along with others.
Hangrai
Hangrai which is one of the main festival of Tripuri People. This festival is very meaningful to Tripuri People which actually a harvest festival. The Tripuris celebrate Hangrai with a festive way. People start taking preparation of Hangrai which begins 4-5 days before.
Younger Generation make Nowshah or small huts made of bamboo and paddy husks. They gather for picnic where hot rice cakes and different food eat by them. Elders would remain at home and take shower early in the morning and wear fresh clothes. They gather around and share their Awangs , Moi or Curries and rice-based alcohol Arak or chuwak. They enjoy the entire day until midnight.
In this festival Tripuri People visit holy places and worship of God and perform individual sacrifices and rituals.
Tripuri games and sports
Like many parts of the world the Tripuri has traditional sports. It is common in almost all the clans of Tripuri. They are called thwngmung in Tripuri.
Notable people
Indian
Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman – 1908–1947, one of the last Kings of Tripura.
Sachin Dev Burman – Bollywood composer and singer.
Rahul Dev Burman – Bollywood composer and singer.
Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman- Late King
Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma- Titular King and Current Head of Tripura Royal Family
Bibhu Kumari Devi – Rajmata of Tripura
Kanchan Prava Devi- Queen of Tripura.
Radha Kishore Manikya- Maharaja of Tripura
Birendra Kishore Manikya- Maharaja of Tripura
Maha Manikya - Maharaja of Tripura
Dharma Manikya I - Maharaja of Tripura
Ratna Manikya I- Maharaja of Tripura
Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman– Indian sitarist and Dhrupad singer
Pratap Manikya- Maharaja of Tripura
Sourabhee Debbarma – First female Indian Idol winner, TV performer and singer.
Riya Sen Dev Varma – Bollywood actress.
Raima Sen Dev Varma – Bollywood actress.
Somdev Devvarman – Indian Tennis Player.
Narendra Chandra Debbarma- Former Minister for Forests and Revenue, Government of Tripura.
Jishnu Dev Varma Politician, Former Deputy Chief Minister of Tripura.
Dasarath Debbarma - Former Chief Minister of Tripura
Aghore Debbarma- Former Minister for Tribal Welfare,Agriculture & Animal Resource Development, Govt of Tripura.
Jitendra Chaudhury- Former Lok Sabha MP, Former Minister for Forest and Industry, Commerce, Sports, Government of Tripura.
Rebati Tripura- Member of Parliament (India)
Sudhanwa Debbarma- Former Speaker of Tripura Legislative Assembly
Bidya Debbarma- Former Minister in Charge of Tribal Welfare, Govt of Tripura.
Ranjit Debbarma- Command in General of All Tripura Tiger Force
Nagendra Jamatia- Former Minister for Agriculture & Horticulture, Govt of Tripura. Former Legislator of Tripura Legislative Assembly
Benichandra Jamatia – Padma Shri Indian folk writer and litterateur
Mevar Kumar Jamatia Former Minister of Tribal Welfare and Forest, Tripura.
Satyaram Reang – Padma Shri Indian folk performer and folk artist
Harinath Debbarma- Founder of TUJS
Tanushree Deb Barma, The First Woman IAS Officer of Tripura.
Nanda Kumar Deb Barma– Kokborok Playwright and Composer.
Manoranjan Debbarma Politician.
Rashiram Debbarma - Former Minister of Ministry of Revenue, Govt of Tripura.
Aghore Debbarma- Former Minister for Tribal Welfare, Agriculture and Animal Resources Development, Government of Tripura.
Padma Kumar Debbarma
Jashabir Tripura
Ramendra Narayan Debbarma
Radhacharan Debbarma -Former CEM of TTAADC
Purna Chandra Jamatia -CEM of TTAADC
Naresh Jamatia - Former Minister of Forest, Rural Development and Election, Govt of Tripura.
Brishaketu Debbarma
Pranab Debbarma
Ramendra Narayan Debbarma
Jagadish Debbarma- Chairman of TTAADC.
Pramod Reang
Dhananjoy Tripura
Shyama Charan Tripura
Manindra Reang Former Minister for Tribal Welfare (TRP & PTG), Home (Jail) and General Administration (Printing and Stationery), Government of Tripura.
Dhirendra Debbarma
Birendra Kishore Debbarma
Burba Mohan Tripura
Drao Kumar Riang
Manoranjan Debbarma
Gopi Nath Tripura
Purna Mohan Tripura Former Minister of Financeand Power, Government of Tripura.
Kesab Debbarma
Prem Kumar Reang Former Ministry of Fisheries, Co-operation and Tribal Welfare (TRP & PTG), Government of Tripura.
Rajeswar Debbarma
Parimal Debbarma
Sindhu Chandra Jamatia
Daniel Jamatia
Nagendra Jamatia Former Minister for Agriculture and Horticulture, Government of Tripura.
Rabindra Debbarma– Executive Member of TTAADC and former legislator of Tripura Legislative Assembly.
Bangladeshi
Birendra Kishore Roaza, Former Member of Parliament.
Sushanto Tripura, defender for the Bangladesh national football team
Shobha Rani Tripura, Ekushey Padak recipient
Jotindra Lal Tripura, Former Member of Parliament.
Kujendra Lal Tripura, Politician , MP (Member of Parliament 299 Constituency)Khagrachari Hill District.
Naba Bikram Kishore Tripura, Former Secretary, Former Additional Inspector General of Bangladesh Police
See also
References
Scheduled Tribes of India
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Ethnic groups in Tripura
Ethnic groups in Northeast India
Ethnic groups in South Asia
Tripuri culture
Bodo-Kachari
Tripuri
Sino-Tibetan-speaking people
Hindu ethnic groups
Hindu communities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripuri%20people
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Louis of Granada, OP (1504 – 31 December 1588), was a Dominican friar who was noted as theologian, writer and preacher. The cause for his canonization has been long open with the Holy See, with his current status being Venerable.
Biography
Louis was born in Granada of poor parents named Sarria. At the age of nineteen he was received into the Dominican Order in the Priory of the Holy Cross in Granada. His philosophical studies once over, he was chosen by his superiors to represent his community at the at Valladolid, an institution of the Dominican Order reserved for extraordinary students.
When Louis had completed these studies, he embarked upon the career of a preacher, in which he continued with extraordinary success during forty years. The fame of his preaching spread beyond the boundaries of his native land, and at the request of the Cardinal-Infante, Dom Henrique of Portugal, son of King Manuel, he was transferred to Portugal, where he became Prior Provincial of the Portuguese Dominicans in 1557. His extraordinary sanctity, learning, and wisdom soon attracted the attention of the queen regent, who appointed him her confessor and counselor. The Bishopric of Viseu and the Archbishopric of Braga were successively offered to him only to be courteously, but firmly, refused. The honours of the cardinalate, offered to him by Pope Sixtus V, were also declined.
Besides ascetical theology, his published works treat of Scripture, dogma, ethics, biography and church history. He is best known, however, for his ascetical writings. Most of them were translated into many languages. The best known of his ascetical writings, and the one that achieved the greatest measure of success, is The Sinner's Guide (La Guía de Pecadores), published in 1555. It is marked by a smooth, harmonious style of purest Spanish idiom which has merited for it the reputation of a classic, and by an unctuous eloquence that has made it a perennial source of religious inspiration. It has been compared with Thomas à Kempis's The Imitation of Christ. Within a comparatively short time after its first appearance it was translated into Italian, Latin, French, German, Polish, and Greek. He earned much money for his writings, all of which went to the poor.
In 1539, at the age of 35, he wrote a small tract on the method of prayer for a student who had written to him for advice. This tract developed into his first book, The Book of Prayer and Meditation, published in 1554. The unexpected success of the book led him to dedicate himself to writing on spiritual themes for all. He led a life of an ascetic, his cell being poor and having few possessions. He wrote for 35 years, producing 49 works.
Louis died at the age of 84 at Lisbon, Portugal.
Works
Luis de Granada produced in total 45 works, in Spanish, Latin and Portuguese, comprising original works, as well as translations of others' works and revisions and additions to his own previously published works. Among the works authored by him are:
Libro de la Oracion y Meditacion (The Book of Prayer and Meditation), (Salamanca: Andrés de Portonariis, 1554; revised, 1566)
Memorial de la Vida Cristiana (A Memorial of a Christian life), 2 vols, (Lisbon, 1565).
Guía de pecadores (The Sinner's Guide), 2 vols, (Lisbon, 1556, 1557) – available as HTML version or archive.org version.
Introducción del símbolo de la fe, (Salamanca, 1584).
Vida de Jesucristo: para conocer, amar e imitar a nuestro Señor.
Vida de María: vida y misterio de la Santísima Virgen.
Los seis libros de la Retórica Eclesiástica o Método de Predicar.
Adiciones al Memorial de la Vida Cristiana.
Compendio y Explicacion de la Doctrina Cristiana.
Oracion al Glorioso Patriarca Sancto Domingo.
Vida de fray Bartolome de los Martires.
Trece sermones.
A collected edition of his works was published in 9 volumes at Antwerp in 1578.
Later reputation
A biography was written by L. Munoz, La Vida y virtudes de Luis de Granada (Madrid, 1639).
Rose of Lima's favorite book by Louis was The Book of Prayer and Meditation—a book that laments the miseries of life and manifests spiritual contempt for the world. Once, it was said, she banished the devil's temptations by reading this book, causing the devil to snatch the book from her and throw it onto a rubbish heap. Rose remained calm, certain that the Lord would return it to her, and she got it back.
Other famous Catholics who have read and loved the works of Louis of Granada include Vincent de Paul, Louise de Marillac, Francis de Sales, Cardinal Berulle and Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (all French); Charles Borromeo (Italian), Louis of Leon (Spanish), and the Jesuit and Barnabite Orders. Teresa of Ávila read his books and commanded her nuns to do so.
Francis de Sales highly commended to a bishop-elect to have the whole works of Louis of Granada, and to regard them as a second breviary. He advised him to read them carefully, beginning with The Sinner's Guide. He said, "But to read him with fruit you must not run through him hastily; he must be pondered, and have his full weight, and chapter after chapter must be mused upon and applied to the soul with much thought and prayer to God. You must read him with reverence and devotion, like a book containing the most useful inspirations man can receive from on high, and thereby reform all the powers of the soul."
References
External links
University of Notre Dame Rare Books and Special Collections Books by Luis (Luys) de Granada
1505 births
1588 deaths
16th-century Christian mystics
People from Granada
Spanish Dominicans
16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
Spanish spiritual writers
16th-century Spanish Roman Catholic priests
Dominican mystics
16th-century venerated Christians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20of%20Granada
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radio SHARK (the capitalization is a trademarked logotype) is a computer-controlled radio designed by Griffin Technology, introduced in late 2004. A second generation (radio SHARK 2) superseded it in 2007; they are distinguishable by color (the first model is white, the second is black). The radio connects the computer through a USB interface, which also supplies power to the radio. The device is shaped like a shark fin, which includes four internal LED lights attached to three pieces of clear plastic on each side of the device's case, two LEDs of which glow blue when plugged in, the other two of which glow red when recording radio.
Software designed for radio SHARK allows users to record radio programs at specific times and frequencies. The software also facilitates listening of "live" radio using time-shifting technology. Using the time-shifting features of the software, users can pause, rewind, and fast-forward "live" radio, in a manner similar to how users of TiVo or other digital video recorders can time-shift video. The radio SHARK uses the computer's hard drive to store audio files that allow for the time-shifting functionality.
The radio SHARK tunes in (Standard mode) 87.5 through 108.0 MHz FM, (Japanese mode) 76.0 through 90.0 MHz FM, and 522 through 1710 kHz AM. radio SHARK can tune both odd and even increments of FM frequencies, and either 9 or 10 kHz increments on AM.
Currently, radio SHARK is compatible with both Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. The Macintosh version of the radio SHARK software can load recorded audio files directly into iTunes, facilitating easy transfer of recorded radio programs to an iPod or CD. The product has now been discontinued by the manufacturer, who also says, "We do not support the use of this product in Lion, Mac OS 10.7 and later."
External links
radio Shark - official site
radio Shark 2 - official site
Macworld review
Ars Technica review
iLounge review of version 2
Computer peripherals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20SHARK
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L'Africaine (The African Woman) is an 1865 French grand opéra in five acts with music by Giacomo Meyerbeer and a libretto by Eugène Scribe. Meyerbeer and Scribe began working on the opera in 1837, using the title L'Africaine, but around 1852 changed the plot to portray fictitious events in the life of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama and introduced the working title Vasco de Gama, the French version of his name. The copying of the full score was completed the day before Meyerbeer died in 1864.
The opera was premiered the following year by the Paris Opéra in a version made by François-Joseph Fétis, who restored the earlier title, L'Africaine. The Fétis version was published and was used for subsequent performances until 2013, when some productions and recordings began using Meyerbeer's preferred title, Vasco de Gama, for performing versions with revisions based on the manuscript score. In 2018 the music publisher Ricordi issued a critical edition of Meyerbeer's manuscript full score under that title.
Composition
The first contract between Meyerbeer and Scribe for the writing of the libretto was signed in May 1837. The starting point for the story was "Le Mancenillier", a poem by Charles Hubert Millevoye, in which a girl sits under a tree releasing poisonous vapors but is saved by her lover. The plot is also based on an unidentified German tale and a 1770 play by Antoine Lemierre, La Veuve de Malabar, in which a Hindu maiden loves a Portuguese navigator, a theme already treated by the composer Louis Spohr in his opera Jessonda.
Cornélie Falcon was originally intended for the principal soprano role of Sélika, but suffered an illness that ended her career. The loss of Falcon and reservations about the libretto caused Meyerbeer to set the project aside in the summer of 1838, when he shifted his focus to the preparation of Le Prophète.
Meyerbeer resumed work on L'Africaine (the original working title) in 1841 and completed the first draft and a piano score of the first two acts in 1843, after which he again set the project aside. The original story was set in Spain during the reign of Philip III. The protagonist was a naval officer by the name of Fernand (based on Ferdinand de Soto), who buys Sélika as a slave. While sailing for Mexico in Act 3, his ships are forced to seek shelter on the coast of Sélika's kingdom in Africa on the Niger River.
In 1851–1852, Meyerbeer and Scribe continued working on the libretto. Meyerbeer had read a French translation of Camoens's The Lusiads, an epic poem that celebrates the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama. Meyerbeer and Scribe changed the setting of Acts 1 and 2 to Lisbon and of Acts 4 and 5 to India. The protagonist became Vasco da Gama, and the working title was changed from L'Africaine to Vasco de Gama.
Meyerbeer's work on L'Étoile du nord and Le Pardon de Ploërmel caused further delay, but Meyerbeer returned to the libretto in September 1855. He had intended the role of Sélika for the soprano Sophie Cruvelli, but Cruvelli's abrupt retirement from the public stage in January 1856 interrupted his plans. He began composing music for the Council Scene of Act 1 in Nice (December 1857 – April 1858). He worked on the opera almost continuously from March 1860 until a few days before his death. Scribe died on 20 February 1861, after which Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer provided German revisions that were translated into French by Joseph Duesberg. Meyerbeer himself revised Sélika's death scene in November and December 1863. He died on 2 May 1864, one day after the completion of the copying of the full score.
Since substantial revisions and excisions almost always occur during rehearsals, Meyerbeer requested the opera should not be given, if he died before it was produced. However, Minna Meyerbeer (his widow) and César-Victor Perrin (the director of the Opéra) appointed François-Joseph Fétis to edit the music for a performing version, and Mélesville to edit the libretto. Because the title L'Africaine was already well known to the general public, it was reinstated, and, to achieve consistency of this title with the Hindu references in the libretto, India was changed to Madagascar. The opera was greatly shortened, damaging some of the logic of the story.
It was during the revisions by Fétis and his collaborators, including, besides Mélesville, Camille Du Locle, Germain Delavigne, and Marie-Joseph-François Mahérault, that the name of the character Yoriko was changed to Nélusko, the name of the high priest of Brahma (Zanguebar) was removed, and the spelling of Sélica was changed to Sélika. For the required ballet, which Meyerbeer had not provided, Fétis arranged two cut numbers (Sélika's Lullaby in Act 2 and the sailors' Ronde bachique of Act 3). He also moved a duet for Sélika and Nélusko from the Act 3 finale to Act 5.
The music historian Robert Letellier has written that Fétis "on the whole reached an acceptable compromise between the presumed artistic wishes of Meyerbeer and the practical necessities of performance", but "retaining the historical figure of Vasco, as well as the Hindu religion depicted in Act 4, led to almost irreparable absurdity in the action because of the change in locations given for Acts 4 and 5 on the printed libretto in the vocal score (an island on the east coast of Africa) and in the full score (an island in the Indian archipelago)." Gabriela Cruz has published a detailed analysis of the historical context of the events of the opera and the opera setting itself.
Tim Ashley of The Guardian wrote:
Fétis's alterations consisted largely of cuts and re-orderings, the aim of which, ostensibly, was to bring the opera within manageable length, and to improve narrative clarity, though the plot, by operatic standards, isn't that difficult. ... But Fétis's changes tone down Meyerbeer's clear-minded examination of the complex relationship between colonial and sexual exploitation. He makes Sélika acquiescent by shortening or removing scenes in which she is assertive. And he prettifies her suicide, which Meyerbeer intended as troubling. We don't know what changes Meyerbeer was planning: one hopes he would have sorted out the longueurs in the first two acts. But there's no doubt that Fétis did him a grave disservice.
Performance history
The opera was premiered on 28 April 1865 by the Opéra at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris under the title L'Africaine in the performing edition undertaken by Fétis. Because of the long-running and unprecedented advance publicity, including countless reports in the domestic and international press, the production was a social and artistic sensation. The first night, attended by Emperor Napoleon III and Empress Eugénie, "provided Second Empire society with its most exalted self-presentation in terms of an opera premiere." Hourly reports on the progress of the event and its reception were relayed by telegraph to other European capitals. A bust of the composer, newly executed by Jean-Pierre Dantan, was revealed on the stage at the conclusion of the performance, and with only a few exceptions critics declared the production brilliant and the opera, Meyerbeer's masterpiece.
L'Africaine was nearly the only work presented by the Opéra until 1 November 1865. In its first year it brought in 11,000 to 12,000 francs per performance (roughly twice what was earned by other programs) and reached its 100th presentation at the Salle Le Peletier on 9 March 1866. It was given there 225 times before its first performance in a new production at the new Paris opera house, the Palais Garnier, on 17 December 1877, and reached 484 representations before it was dropped from the repertoire on 8 November 1902.
The work had its British premiere at Covent Garden Theatre, London, on 22 July 1865, and in New York on 1 December 1865. It also received its Italian premiere in 1865 in Bologna, conducted by Angelo Mariani and was staged four times at La Fenice between 1868 and 1892. It was also performed in Melbourne, Australia, in July 1866.
The opera was enormously successful in the 19th century, but along with Meyerbeer's other operas, it fell into almost complete neglect in the 20th century, except for very occasional revivals. Plácido Domingo has sung it in at least two productions: a revival at the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco that premiered on November 13, 1973, with Shirley Verrett; and in 1977 at the Liceu in Barcelona, with Montserrat Caballé. In the 21st century, Meyerbeer's major French grand operas are again appearing in new productions in European opera houses. To mark the 150th anniversary of Meyerbeer's death, the work was performed again at La Fenice in November 2013.
In 2013, a preliminary edition by Jürgen Schläder was staged by Chemnitz Opera under the title Vasco de Gama. The production was a success with audiences and critics and won the poll of German critics award presented by Opernwelt magazine annually as "Rediscovery of the year" in 2013. This edition was also used for a production at the Deutsche Oper in October 2015, with Roberto Alagna as Vasco de Gama and Sophie Koch as Sélika. A new production of L'Africaine/Vasco de Gama was staged at the Frankfurt Opera in 2018 with Michael Spyres as Vasco de Gama and Claudia Mahnke as Selika.
Critical edition of Meyerbeer's autograph score
In December 2018, a critical edition of Meyerbeer's autograph score, edited by Jürgen Selk, was released as part of the Giacomo Meyerbeer Werkausgabe, by Ricordi, Berlin. This edition makes available, for the first time, a musical score derived directly from Meyerbeer's surviving autograph and employs the title Meyerbeer and Scribe had assigned to the work, Vasco de Gama. It also restores much of the original material that Fétis and his collaborators had altered in preparation both for the first performance and for the first publication of the work by G. Brandus & S. Dufour (1865). Among these revisions were musical alterations, cuts, tempo indications, and much of the lyrical text. Another change undertaken by Fétis and his collaborators was to change the names of “Sélica” to “Sélika” and “Yoriko” to “Nélusko.” Additionally, the High Priest of Brahma was referred to only under that title (“Le grand prêtre de Brahma”) and not as “Zanguebar.” Meyerbeer, however, used “Sélica,” “Yoriko, ” and “Zanguebar” exclusively throughout his score. The edition restores these character names to the way Meyerbeer wrote them.
Roles
Synopsis
The opera depicts fictional events in the life of the explorer Vasco da Gama ('de Gama' in the French libretto).
Place: Lisbon, at sea, and in an exotic new land
Time: late 15th century
Act 1
The council chamber, Lisbon
The beautiful Inès is forced by her father, the Grand Admiral Don Diégo, to marry Don Pédro instead of her true love, Vasco de Gama. De Gama, who is thought to have died in the expedition of Bartolomeu Dias, appears at the Grand Council saying he has discovered a new land, and displaying Sélika and Nélusko as examples of a newly discovered race. His request for an expedition is refused, causing de Gama to attack the Grand Inquisitor, who anathematises him. De Gama is then imprisoned.
Act 2
The prison
Sélika, who is in fact queen of the undiscovered land, saves de Gama, whom she loves, from being murdered by Nélusko, a member of her entourage. Inès agrees to marry Don Pédro if de Gama is freed; de Gama, not realising that Inès has made this bargain, and noticing her envy of Sélika, gives her Sélika and Nélusko as slaves. Don Pédro announces he is to mount an expedition to the new lands that were de Gama's discovery. Nélusko offers his services as pilot.
Act 3
On Don Pédro's ship
Nélusko is navigating the ship, but is secretly planning to destroy the Europeans. He sings a ballad of the legend of Adamastor, the destructive giant of the sea. Nélusko gives orders that will direct the ship into an oncoming storm. De Gama has followed Don Pédro in another ship, and begs him to change course to avoid destruction. Don Pédro refuses, and orders him to be chained. The storm breaks out. Nélusko leads the local people to kill all the Europeans on the ships and only de Gama is spared.
Act 4
Sélika's island
Sélika is met with a grand celebration and swears to uphold the island's laws, which include the execution of all strangers. De Gama is captured by priests, who intend to sacrifice him. He is amazed by the wonders of the island, and sings the most famous aria of the opera "O Paradis!" (O Paradise!). Sélika saves him by saying that he is her husband, forcing Nélusko to swear this is true. De Gama resigns himself to this new life, but hearing the voice of Inès, who is being taken to her execution, he rushes to find her.
Act 5
The island
The reunion of de Gama and Inès is interrupted by Sélika, who feels betrayed. When she realises the strength of the lovers' affection, she allows them to return to Europe, telling Nélusko to escort them to de Gama's boat. She then commits suicide by inhaling the perfume of the poisonous blossoms of the manchineel tree. Nélusko follows her into death.
Designs for the premiere
The stage designs for the original production at the Paris Opera were created by Auguste Alfred Rubé and Philippe Chaperon for Act 1 (Council Scene) and Act 2 (Dungeon Scene); Charles-Antoine Cambon and for Act 3 (Sea Scene and Shipwreck) and Act 4 (Hindu Temple); Jean-Baptiste Lavastre for scene 1 of Act 5 (Queen's Garden, not shown); and Edouard Desplechin for scene 2 of Act 5 (The Manchineel Tree). The choreography was by Louis Mérante, and the costumes were designed by and Alfred Albert. Engravings depicting the amazing sets appeared in periodicals throughout Europe. The final scene designed by Desplechin received special praise for its originality. Possibly because of advance publicity and high expectations, the Shipwreck Scene of act 3, executed by numerous stagehands, was deemed by the press to be somewhat disappointing. However, Arthur Pougin writing in 1885 identified the scene as the epitome of the company's grand opera mise en scène.
Recordings
A well known highlight from the opera is the act 4 tenor aria "Pays merveilleux ... O, paradis", which has been recorded many times.
Recordings as L'Africaine
Recording as Vasco de Gama (based on Meyerbeer's unedited version)
Lynn René Bayley, writing in Fanfare commented on this recording: "I was so angered by this performance I could almost spit nails, because neither the conductor nor the cast understand Meyerbeer style in the slightest. [...]As for the missing music, some of it is quite good and some of goes in one ear and out the other."
References
Notes
Cited sources
Arsenty, Richard, editor, translations; Letellier, Robert Ignatius, editor, introductions (2008). The Meyerbeer Libretti, Grand Opéra 4, L'Africaine, second edition. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. .
Arsenty, Richard; Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2013). Giacomo Meyerbeer: A Discography of Vintage Recordings 1889 - 1955. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. .
Chouquet, Gustave (1873). Histoire de la musique dramatique en France depuis ses origines jusqu'à nos jours . Paris: Didot. View at Google Books.
Huebner, Steven (1992). "Africaine, L " in Sadie (1992) 1: 31–33.
Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2006). The Operas of Giacomo Meyerbeer. Madison/Teaneck: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. .
Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2008). An Introduction to the Dramatic Works of Giacomo Meyerbeer: Operas, Ballets, Cantatas, Plays. Hampshire, England: Ashgate. .
Meyerbeer, Giacomo; Letellier, Robert Ignatius, editor (2004). The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: 4. The Last Years, 1857–1864. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. .
Neppi, Carla (2014). "The Composition of the Opera", translated by Susan Marie Praeder, pp. 18–19, in the CD booklet accompanying the CDs of the performance conducted by Frank Beermann. Georgsmarienhütte: CPO. .
Pitou, Spire (1990). The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Growth and Grandeur, 1815–1914. New York: Greenwood Press. .
Sadie, Stanley, editor (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. .
Selk, Jürgen (2018). Giacomo Meyerbeer Werkausgabe, Abteilung 1, Bühnenwerke. Band 17: Vasco de Gama, Opéra en cinq actes, Paroles d'Eugène Scribe, Kritischer Bericht [Critical Report]. Berlin: Ricordi. .
Wild, Nicole (1987). Décors et costumes du XIXe siècle. Tome I: Opéra de Paris. Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. .
Wolff, Stéphane (1962). L'Opéra au Palais Garnier (1875–1962). Paris: Deposé au journal L'Entr'acte . Paris: Slatkine (1983 reprint) .Other sources'''
Rosenthal, Harold and John Warrack (eds), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (Oxford, 1979)
Zimmermann, Reiner, Giacomo Meyerbeer'' (Berlin, 1998).
External links
L'Africaine, Italian and English libretto, J. Miles & Co. (1865)
Visual documentation of the premiere on Gallica
"L'Africaine; A lyric dramma, in five acts", Italian and English, digitized by BYU on archive.org
1865 operas
Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama
French-language operas
Grand operas
Libretti by Eugène Scribe
Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera
Operas
Operas based on real people
Operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer
Operas completed by others
Operas set in Portugal
Operas set in the 15th century
Unfinished operas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Africaine
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Milovan Glišić (6 January 1847 – 20 January 1908) was a Serbian writer, dramatist, translator, and literary theorist. He is sometimes referred to as the Serbian Gogol.
Legacy
Glišić is considered to be one of the best translators of his time and several of his short stories including Prva Brazda and Glava Šećera are studied in Serbian schools and included in various anthologies of short stories.
His translations of Russian writers Gogol and Tolstoy severely influenced Serbian culture of that time and future writers Stevan Sremac, Svetozar Ćorović, Branislav Nušić and many others.
According to Slobodan Jovanović, Glišić was one of the first Serbian short story writers to attempt a more serious characterization in his works.
He was awarded Order of the Cross of Takovo and Order of St. Sava of the third and the fourth class.
Works
Comedies
Two Farthings (Dva cvancika), 1882.
The Hoax (Podvala), 1885.
Short stories
Ni oko šta
Vujina prosidba
Učitelj
Redak zver
Tetka Desa
Zlosutni broj
Novi Mesija
Glava šećera
Prva brazda
Posle devedeset godina
Šetnja posle smrti
U zao čas
Svirač
Raspis
Sigurna većina
Noć na mostu
Nagraisao
Roga
Šilo za ognjilo
Zadušnice
Translations
Zla svekrva, Alexander Ostrovsky, 1881.
Kola mudrosti, dvoja ludosti, Alexander Ostrovsky, 1882.
Nov posao, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, 1883.
Sve za sina, Emil Ožje, 1884.
Naslednik, Emil Ožje, 1884.
Gavran, Alphonse Daudet, 1888.
La Peau de chagrin, Honoré de Balzac, 1888.
Princess Maleine, Maurice Polydore-Marie-Bernard Maeterlinck, 1897.
La Sanfelice, Alexandre Dumas, 1881.
Plemićka, Fos, 1882.
Dead Souls, Nikolai Gogol, 1872.
Taras Bulba, Nikolai Gogol, 1876.
Ivan Fyodorovich Shponka and His Aunt, Nikolai Gogol, 1870.
Oblomov, Ivan Goncharov, 1876.
The Kreutzer Sonata, Leo Tolstoy, 1890.
War and Peace, Leo Tolstoy, 1899.
Narodni borac, unknown author
Polkanovi memoari, Nikolai Leykin
Kolombo, Prosper Mérimée, 1877.
Brđani, Erckmann-Chatrian, 1878.
Dva brata, Émile Erckmann-Chatrian, 1878.
Crna kuga, Émile Erckmann-Chatrian, 1878.
Doctor Ox, Jules Verne, 1878.
Tartarin of Tarascon, Alphonse Daudet
Le Nabab, Alphonse Daudet
The Man-wolf, Erckmann-Chatrian
L’Invasion ou le Fou Yégof, Erckmann-Chatrian
Ubistvo u ulici Morg, Edgar Allan Poe
Srce izdajice, Edgar Allan Poe
Strahovita noć
Le Fils de Giboyer, Émile Augier
La pierre de touche, Émile Augier
Translated works in English
After Ninety Years: The Story of Serbian Vampire Sava Savanović, 2015, translated by James Lyon
Tales of Fear and Superstition, 2021, translated by Miloš Pavlović
References
Sources
Jovan Skerlić, Istorija nove srpske književnosti (Belgrade, 1921) pages 373–378
Serbian literary critics
Literary critics of Serbian
Serbian male poets
Serbian male short story writers
Serbian short story writers
Serbian non-fiction writers
Serbian dramatists and playwrights
Serbian science fiction writers
Serbian translators
Writers from Valjevo
1847 births
1908 deaths
19th-century poets
19th-century Serbian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century translators
19th-century short story writers
Male non-fiction writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovan%20Gli%C5%A1i%C4%87
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Michael James Jackson (born 4 December 1973) is an English football manager and former professional footballer. He is an under-23 coach for Burnley and served as caretaker manager for the first team.
As a player, Jackson was a defender who played in the Football League for Crewe Alexandra, Bury, Preston North End, Tranmere Rovers, Blackpool and Shrewsbury Town. He moved into management in 2014 and has been in charge of both Tranmere Rovers and Shrewsbury Town.
Playing career
Jackson started his career as a trainee at Crewe Alexandra in 1992. He signed for Bury in August 1993 on a free transfer where he stayed until 1997 making 125 league appearances and scoring nine goals. In March 1997 he signed for Preston North End for a fee of £125,000. In seven years at the club, he made 251 league appearances and scored 17 goals. While at Preston, he had a one-month loan spell at Tranmere Rovers from December 2002 to January 2003, having been frozen out of the team at Deepdale by manager Craig Brown. In May 2004, he signed for Tranmere on a free transfer, making 84 appearances in two years at the club.
In June 2006, Jackson joined Blackpool on a free transfer. He scored his first goal for Blackpool on 19 August 2006 in a 4–2 league win at Bristol City. He became an instrumental part of the Blackpool team and captained the side in their promotion to the English Championship in May 2007. Jackson picked up an injury in February 2008 which kept him out for two months before he made a late-season comeback. On 7 May 2008, however, he was released by Blackpool. After his goal against Bristol City, he scored further goals against Norwich City in the FA Cup and Southend United in the League Cup.
On 23 June 2008, it was reported that Jackson was about to sign a two-year contract with Shrewsbury Town. The transfer was completed the following day, along with the club record transfer for Grant Holt. Jackson was a regular in the Shrewsbury side, notably scoring in a 7–0 win over Gillingham, but did not play again after a 3–1 defeat away at Luton Town on 21 February 2009.
It was announced on 13 January 2010 that Jackson had retired from playing due to a persistent knee injury, as a specialist advised him not to risk his long-term health by continuing, but he was to remain at the club until the end of the 2009–10 season in a coaching capacity.
Coaching and managerial career
Jackson continued in his coaching role at Shrewsbury, and was named as caretaker manager for the final match of the 2009–10 season following the dismissal of Paul Simpson. He resumed his coaching role under new manager Graham Turner, and was appointed as caretaker manager again following Turner's resignation on 22 January 2014. A month later, he was given the managerial position on a contract running until the end of the 2013–14 season, but was unable to save the team from relegation to League Two. Despite this, the club opted to retain his services as assistant to new manager Micky Mellon, alongside goalkeeping coach Danny Coyne.
After a sequence of only two wins in the opening eleven matches of the 2016–17 season, Jackson left the club by mutual consent in October 2016 along with Mellon, before once again being appointed as his assistant again at Tranmere shortly afterwards.
Following Mellon's departure to Dundee United, Jackson was named manager of Tranmere Rovers on 18 July 2020. He was sacked on 31 October 2020.
In July 2021, Jackson was appointed interim manager of the Burnley Under-23s team. On 15 April 2022, after Sean Dyche was dismissed, Burnley appointed Jackson as caretaker manager for their away match against West Ham United, which they drew 1–1 two days later. After a 2–1 win away at Watford on 30 April 2022, Jackson became the first Burnley manager to win three of his first four league games in charge since Jimmy Mullen in October 1991. He won the Premier League Manager of the Month award for April after leading relegation-threatened Burnley to three wins and one draw. However, the team were relegated to the Championship at the end of the 2021–22 season after suffering three losses in their last four matches.
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Football League One play-offs: 2006–07
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1999–2000 Second Division
Premier League Manager of the Month: April 2022
References
External links
Living people
1973 births
Sportspeople from Runcorn
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. managers
Tranmere Rovers F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Burnley F.C. managers
Premier League managers
Tranmere Rovers F.C. non-playing staff
Burnley F.C. non-playing staff
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Jackson%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201973%29
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In mathematical logic, an ω-consistent (or omega-consistent, also called numerically segregative) theory is a theory (collection of sentences) that is not only (syntactically) consistent (that is, does not prove a contradiction), but also avoids proving certain infinite combinations of sentences that are intuitively contradictory. The name is due to Kurt Gödel, who introduced the concept in the course of proving the incompleteness theorem.
Definition
A theory T is said to interpret the language of arithmetic if there is a translation of formulas of arithmetic into the language of T so that T is able to prove the basic axioms of the natural numbers under this translation.
A T that interprets arithmetic is ω-inconsistent if, for some property P of natural numbers (defined by a formula in the language of T), T proves P(0), P(1), P(2), and so on (that is, for every standard natural number n, T proves that P(n) holds), but T also proves that there is some natural number n such that P(n) fails. This may not generate a contradiction within T because T may not be able to prove for any specific value of n that P(n) fails, only that there is such an n. In particular, such n is necessarily a nonstandard integer in any model for T (Quine has thus called such theories "numerically insegregative").
T is ω-consistent if it is not ω-inconsistent.
There is a weaker but closely related property of Σ1-soundness. A theory T is Σ1-sound (or 1-consistent, in another terminology) if every Σ01-sentence provable in T is true in the standard model of arithmetic N (i.e., the structure of the usual natural numbers with addition and multiplication).
If T is strong enough to formalize a reasonable model of computation, Σ1-soundness is equivalent to demanding that whenever T proves that a Turing machine C halts, then C actually halts. Every ω-consistent theory is Σ1-sound, but not vice versa.
More generally, we can define an analogous concept for higher levels of the arithmetical hierarchy. If Γ is a set of arithmetical sentences (typically Σ0n for some n), a theory T is Γ-sound if every Γ-sentence provable in T is true in the standard model. When Γ is the set of all arithmetical formulas, Γ-soundness is called just (arithmetical) soundness.
If the language of T consists only of the language of arithmetic (as opposed to, for example, set theory), then a sound system is one whose model can be thought of as the set ω, the usual set of mathematical natural numbers. The case of general T is different, see ω-logic below.
Σn-soundness has the following computational interpretation: if the theory proves that a program C using a Σn−1-oracle halts, then C actually halts.
Examples
Consistent, ω-inconsistent theories
Write PA for the theory Peano arithmetic, and Con(PA) for the statement of arithmetic that formalizes the claim "PA is consistent". Con(PA) could be of the form "For every natural number n, n is not the Gödel number of a proof from PA that 0=1". (This formulation uses 0=1 instead of a direct contradiction; that gives the same result, because PA certainly proves ¬0=1, so if it proved 0=1 as well we would have a contradiction, and on the other hand, if PA proves a contradiction, then it proves anything, including 0=1.)
Now, assuming PA is really consistent, it follows that PA + ¬Con(PA) is also consistent, for if it were not, then PA would prove Con(PA) (reductio), contradicting Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. However, PA + ¬Con(PA) is not ω-consistent. This is because, for any particular natural number n, PA + ¬Con(PA) proves that n is not the Gödel number of a proof that 0=1 (PA itself proves that fact; the extra assumption ¬Con(PA) is not needed). However, PA + ¬Con(PA) proves that, for some natural number n, n is the Gödel number of such a proof (this is just a direct restatement of the claim ¬Con(PA)).
In this example, the axiom ¬Con(PA) is Σ1, hence the system PA + ¬Con(PA) is in fact Σ1-unsound, not just ω-inconsistent.
Arithmetically sound, ω-inconsistent theories
Let T be PA together with the axioms c ≠ n for each natural number n, where c is a new constant added to the language. Then T is arithmetically sound (as any nonstandard model of PA can be expanded to a model of T), but ω-inconsistent (as it proves , and c ≠ n for every number n).
Σ1-sound ω-inconsistent theories using only the language of arithmetic can be constructed as follows. Let IΣn be the subtheory of PA with the induction schema restricted to Σn-formulas, for any n > 0. The theory IΣn + 1 is finitely axiomatizable, let thus A be its single axiom, and consider the theory T = IΣn + ¬A. We can assume that A is an instance of the induction schema, which has the form
If we denote the formula
by P(n), then for every natural number n, the theory T (actually, even the pure predicate calculus) proves P(n). On the other hand, T proves the formula , because it is logically equivalent to the axiom ¬A. Therefore, T is ω-inconsistent.
It is possible to show that T is Πn + 3-sound. In fact, it is Πn + 3-conservative over the (obviously sound) theory IΣn. The argument is more complicated (it relies on the provability of the Σn + 2-reflection principle for IΣn in IΣn + 1).
Arithmetically unsound, ω-consistent theories
Let ω-Con(PA) be the arithmetical sentence formalizing the statement "PA is ω-consistent". Then the theory PA + ¬ω-Con(PA) is unsound (Σ3-unsound, to be precise), but ω-consistent. The argument is similar to the first example: a suitable version of the Hilbert–Bernays–Löb derivability conditions holds for the "provability predicate" ω-Prov(A) = ¬ω-Con(PA + ¬A), hence it satisfies an analogue of Gödel's second incompleteness theorem.
ω-logic
The concept of theories of arithmetic whose integers are the true mathematical integers is captured by ω-logic. Let T be a theory in a countable language that includes a unary predicate symbol N intended to hold just of the natural numbers, as well as specified names 0, 1, 2, ..., one for each (standard) natural number (which may be separate constants, or constant terms such as 0, 1, 1+1, 1+1+1, ..., etc.). Note that T itself could be referring to more general objects, such as real numbers or sets; thus in a model of T the objects satisfying N(x) are those that T interprets as natural numbers, not all of which need be named by one of the specified names.
The system of ω-logic includes all axioms and rules of the usual first-order predicate logic, together with, for each T-formula P(x) with a specified free variable x, an infinitary ω-rule of the form:
From infer .
That is, if the theory asserts (i.e. proves) P(n) separately for each natural number n given by its specified name, then it also asserts P collectively for all natural numbers at once via the evident finite universally quantified counterpart of the infinitely many antecedents of the rule. For a theory of arithmetic, meaning one with intended domain the natural numbers such as Peano arithmetic, the predicate N is redundant and may be omitted from the language, with the consequent of the rule for each P simplifying to .
An ω-model of T is a model of T whose domain includes the natural numbers and whose specified names and symbol N are standardly interpreted, respectively as those numbers and the predicate having just those numbers as its domain (whence there are no nonstandard numbers). If N is absent from the language then what would have been the domain of N is required to be that of the model, i.e. the model contains only the natural numbers. (Other models of T may interpret these symbols nonstandardly; the domain of N need not even be countable, for example.) These requirements make the ω-rule sound in every ω-model. As a corollary to the omitting types theorem, the converse also holds: the theory T has an ω-model if and only if it is consistent in ω-logic.
There is a close connection of ω-logic to ω-consistency. A theory consistent in ω-logic is also ω-consistent (and arithmetically sound). The converse is false, as consistency in ω-logic is a much stronger notion than ω-consistency. However, the following characterization holds: a theory is ω-consistent if and only if its closure under unnested applications of the ω-rule is consistent.
Relation to other consistency principles
If the theory T is recursively axiomatizable, ω-consistency has the following characterization, due to Craig Smoryński:
T is ω-consistent if and only if is consistent.
Here, is the set of all Π02-sentences valid in the standard model of arithmetic, and is the uniform reflection principle for T, which consists of the axioms
for every formula with one free variable. In particular, a finitely axiomatizable theory T in the language of arithmetic is ω-consistent if and only if T + PA is -sound.
Notes
Bibliography
Kurt Gödel (1931). 'Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I'. In Monatshefte für Mathematik. Translated into English as On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems.
Proof theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9-consistent%20theory
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While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence like such cities as Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago or New York City, it still manages to have a very active popular, jazz, and classical music scene, which has nurtured many artists and genres to regional, national, and even international attention. Though nearby Boulder, Colorado has its own very distinct music scene, they are intertwined and often artists based there also play in Denver.
History
Jazz
The "King of Jazz", bandleader Paul Whiteman, was born in Denver, Colorado on March 28, 1890.
From the 1920s-50s, Welton Street in Five Points was home to over fifty bars and clubs, where some of the greatest jazz musicians such as Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, Nat King Cole, Count Basie, Dizzy Gillespie, and others performed.
R&B/Soul
Denver R&B and Soul music roots stretch back many decades to musicians such as Earth, Wind & Fire, with three members having roots in the city, Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, and Andrew Woolfolk. Another incredibly successful musician and 4xGrammy Award recipient India Aire.
Hip-hop/rap
The Denver Hip-Hop and Rap scene, took a drastic change in growth in the early to mid 2000s, and has continued to grow since; with musicians such as Tag Team (group), Jomeezius, Trev Rich, Young Doe, Flobots, Air Dubai, 50/50innertainment, Stryker & MFT, 3OH!3 and The Procussions.
Folk music
As folk music gained popularity in the 1960s, a number of Denver's old folk clubs began to fill with then-unknown stars such as Judy Collins. Along with a population boom, the city gained much press for its rising music scene.
In the wake of the folk boom of the sixties came a country music boom in the early seventies, with such country-folk superstars like John Denver making names for themselves with songs inspired by the region. Denver himself was most famous for this. Today the folk music scene has blended with other genres creating a Colorado Sound that incorporates violin with rock and folk. Bands like Nordic Daughter and LaRissa Vienna & the Strange build folk into their rock sets.
Rock & roll and the blues
Denver's seminal music venue was the Family Dog Denver, a concert dance hall located at 1601 West Evans Avenue, in Denver, from 1967 to 1968. It was opened by Barry Fey, who went on to become one of the most influential music promotors in the world, and Chet Helms and Bob Cohen of Family Dog Productions, who were at the center of the hippie and psychedelic rock movement in San Francisco, running the famed Avalon Ballroom. The Family Dog Denver, or "The Dog," put Denver on the music map by bringing in bands like The Doors, the Grateful Dead, Chuck Berry, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Howlin' Wolf, Jefferson Airplane and many others. It also brought the legendary psychedelic poster artists of the era who did posters for many of the shows. It introduced one of the era's first liquid light shows -a precursor to the modern light show- and helped launch the career of Denver's Lothar and the Hand People, who went on to pioneer electronic music. The influence of The Family Dog Denver on Denver music and culture was detailed for the first time in the 2021 documentary, The Tale of the Dog.
Heavy metal
Led Zeppelin made their North American concert debut in Denver on Dec. 26, 1968 as the first of a three band bill that also featured Vanilla Fudge and Spirit. Queen also made their North American debut in Denver at the Regis Field House on April 16, 1974, opening for Mott the Hoople. Barry Fey, having moved on from the Family Dog Denver, promoted the shows.
By the eighties, Denver turned more toward the growing pop music of the decade. While the metal scene grew notably during the early eighties in the city, more so did the local funk, R&B, jazz-fusion and hip hop scenes. A small shock rock and Industrial metal scene developed in south Denver during the mid-nineties as a product of the vast underground metal and thrash scenes left over from the local hard rock up rise of the late seventies. In the latter 2000s, math metal, doom metal, and Powerviolence flourished in the inner city's many DIY (as well as legal) venues.
While mostly underground and still in existence today, Denver's metal scene has often been neglected by the press.
Grunge, thrash, 90's pop
With the 1980–90s came a new generation of music; grunge, thrash and nineties pop. Denver embraced all of these genres without trouble, most notably grunge. Local band The Fluid had several releases on the Sub Pop Record Label during this time. Like Seattle and a number of other cities who experienced the grunge boom, Denver fostered the genre in the early nineties before it quickly died out after the fall of the band Nirvana.
Jam and stoner
A number of festivals gained record attendance during the tenure of Mayor Wellington Webb, who worked to revamp the art community during his time as mayor. As a result of the melting pot of styles being exhibited in the music scene at the time, a new revolution came to light: jam bands. A direct result of many local metal fans fusing together with the vibrant jazz/funk and indie communities, the "jam band" style became prominent in Denver during the late nineties. Using methods common in sixties psychedelic groups and fusion artists such as Frank Zappa and Jimi Hendrix, jam bands were composed of a group "jamming" for extended periods, to which many genres were attributed. Local country music even entered the jam scene. In addition to the jam bands, stoner metal exploded in late nineties Denver as a response and as a complement to the jam scene. Using similar methods and popularized in trendy underground LoDo pubs, stoner metal was what many local hard rockers referred to as "the real product" of their endeavors. Legendary Desert rock acts such as Kyuss, Fu Manchu, and Earthlings? made frequent stops in Denver during the Palm Scene renaissance of the 1990s. John Tipton, an active member in the blues/jam scene since the early nineties, has been praised in local papers such as the Westword for his skills on guitar.
Punk
Since the international punk surge in the late seventies, the style had been common place in the diverse underground, but had not had enough of a boom to gain regional popularity. Denver's small punk scene did feature many innovative punk bands through the 80s however such as Bum Kon, Happy World, UTI and Horrorshow among others. Punk again started to gain momentum in the late nineties, while oppressed under the jam/stoner movement.
As the millennium dawned, so did the up rise of east and central Denver punk rock and math rock. Under the same scene, the two styles had labored under different schools in the metro area but found common ground in their late nineties oppression. While still somewhat alienated by the Denver mainstream today, local punk rock remains a staple in the genre's national scene, especially in respects to the metro area's reputation for lively hardcore concerts, such as that of the Aurora-based band Several Crowded Ghost.
Southern gothic
One of the largest and most influential scenes in Denver music during the 1990s and early 2000s was "southern" or "country" gothic, a style of dark and brooding Americana comprising elements of folk, country, and southern gospel. The rise of this style in Denver, referred to as "The Denver Sound", can be attributed almost single-handedly to the Denver Gentlemen which included Jeffrey-Paul Norlander and David Eugene Edwards and David's band 16 Horsepower and the many projects of the former members, such as Slim Cessna's Auto Club, Woven Hand (also consisting of Edwards), and Jay Munly & the Lee Lewis Harlots.
Classical
Denver has many performing ensembles dedicated to the Classical genre including the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, the state's only full-time professional orchestra. Various community groups include the Denver Philharmonic Orchestra (formerly the Centennial Philharmonic), The Colorado Wind Ensemble, and The Denver Brass. The major youth ensembles are the Denver Young Artists Orchestra, the Colorado Youth Symphony Orchestra, and the Colorado Honor Band.
Traveling opera companies have visited Denver since the 1860s. The first opera house was built there in 1881. Operas were produced locally beginning in 1915. The organization producing them, now Opera Colorado, was founded in 1981, and uses the Ellie Caulkins Opera House.
Garage rock
With roots in Punk/Surf/Soul, bands like Colfax Speed Queen, Ned Garthe Explosion, Dirty Few, In The Whale, The Ghoulies, Codename: Carter, Hula Hound, and Gilded Legion are all active garage-rock bands in Denver.
Well known music venues in Denver
The Family Dog Denver
Bluebird Theater
Boettcher Concert Hall
Fiddler's Green
Denver Center for the Performing Arts
Ellie Caulkins Opera House
Filmore Auditorium
Levitt Pavilion
Mercury Cafe
Ogden Theatre
Red Rocks Amphitheatre (located in the foothill region of Morrison, Colorado.)
Rhinoceropolis (Five Points Neighborhood)
7th Circle Music Collective (Former Blast-O-Mat)
Hi-Dive (S. Broadway)
See also
Pet Sounds Studio
References
Robert Medina: Denvoid and the cowtown punks : a collection of stories from the '80s Denver punk scene. Robot Enemy Publications 2015,
External links
Clubzone: Denver music and events venues
Volume: Denver local music
Denver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Denver
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Al gran sole carico d'amore (In the Bright Sunshine Heavy with Love) is an opera (designated as an 'azione scenica') with music by Luigi Nono, based mainly on plays by Bertolt Brecht, but also incorporating texts of Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Karl Marx, and Vladimir Lenin. Nono himself and Yuri Lyubimov wrote the libretto. It premiered at the Teatro alla Scala on 4 April 1975, conducted by Claudio Abbado. Lyubimov directed the original production. The UK premiere was at the 32nd Edinburgh Festival in 1978. In addition to vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra, the work incorporates taped sounds. This work is a product of Nono's strong political activism through the mid-1970s.
Roles
Tania (soprano)
Thiers (tenor)
Favre (bass)
Louise Michel (4 sopranos)
L'ufficiale, the official (tenor)
Il soldato, the soldier (tenor)
Bismarck (bass)
La madre, the mother (alto)
Deola (4 sopranos)
Pavel (baritone)
Il direttore di una fabbrica russa del 1905, the manager of a Russian factory in 1905 (tenor)
Il delatore, the police informer (tenor)
Haydée (soprano)
Una madre e donne vietnamite, a mother and Vietnamese women (soprano)
Gramsci (baritone)
Dimitrov (2 basses)
Castro (bass)
Male and female communards, guerillas, comrades, the people of Paris, modern workers, mothers, Sicilian immigrants, Cuban women, prisoners
Synopsis
The story is without conventional linear narrative, and comments in its two parts on the 1871 Paris Commune and the 1905 Russian Revolution. The principal characters are women from those periods, who perish in an attempt to stop the violence of their times.
Recordings
Teldec New Line (2-CD set) 8573-81059-2: Claudia Barainsky, Maraile Lichdi, Melinda Liebermann, Stella Kleindienst, Lani Poulson, Roderic Keating, Markus Marquardt, Peter Kajlinger, Urs Winter, Helmut Holzapfel, Mark Munkittrick, Carsten Wittmoser; Chorus and Orchestra of the Staatsoper Stuttgart; Lothar Zagrosek, conductor. Recorded June–July 1999 in the Staatstheater Stuttgart.
References
Further reading
E. G. "Al gran sole carico d'amore di Luigi Nono", in Piero Gelli (editor) Dizionario dell'opera, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. (archive from 12 February 2012).
Operas by Luigi Nono
Italian-language operas
Operas
1975 operas
Opera world premieres at La Scala
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Port Vincent is a small town on the east coast of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, 194 km from Adelaide by road.
History
The Narungga Aborigines inhabited the area prior to white settlement. The town was laid out by Adelaide solicitor L.M. Cullen in 1877, originally known as Surveyor's Point.
In its early days it was a port exporting wheat, barley, wool and mallee stumps (firewood). From the first settlement in 1852 until 1877, coastal trading ketches would beach at high tide, and unload directly to farm wagons at low tide. A jetty was built into the bay in 1877, construction of a wharf began in 1901, and the original jetty was removed in 1918. Port Vincent was the main entry point for people and goods to and from the Yorke Peninsula until a good road was built from Port Wakefield in around 1949. Three major fuel companies had storage and distribution depots in the town, supplied by boat or barge from Port Adelaide.
The town today
A seaside holiday destination for many years, recently it has been the site of a marina development. Port Vincent was named Australia's Tidiest Town in 2004, having won the South Australian award in 2000 and 2003. It has active volunteer organisations including the CFS, Coast Guard, Tidy Towns etc.
In 2003, a large marina was constructed in Port Vincent. It is operated by the Cruising Yacht Club of South Australia. Port Vincent can also cater for schools on camp with various water activities. The town has grown in size over the last few years with the release of land for housing. There is a proposed 'next stage', which will include over 100 domestic building blocks and possibly a retirement village.
2011 saw Port Vincent win the State's Cleanest Beach Award and went on to the National Judging.
VAC swim operates there in the summer holidays.
See also
List of cities and towns in South Australia
Notes and references
External links
Yorke Peninsula: Port Vincent
Port Vincent Tourism and Traders Association website
Yorke Peninsula
Coastal towns in South Australia
Gulf St Vincent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Vincent%2C%20South%20Australia
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"A Bug's Land" (stylized "a bug's land") was an area of Disney California Adventure themed after the 1998 Disney·Pixar film A Bug's Life. The land consisted of Flik's Fun Fair, which opened on October 7, 2002, and was set in a representation of the film's fictional universe with four rides targeted towards young children; Flik's Flyers, Francis' Ladybug Boogie, Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies, and Heimlich's Chew Chew Train. The area also included a water play area targeted towards young children. An outside area contained the It's Tough to Be a Bug! theater, which was an original area of the park when it opened on February 8, 2001.
History
It's Tough to Be a Bug! and Bountiful Valley Farm were original attractions at Disney California Adventure when the park opened on February 8, 2001; both were originally part of the sprawling "Golden State" area. The park suffered from low attendance in its early years, partially attributed to the lack of rides appropriate for young children and the low proportion of E ticket attractions to stores and restaurants. In response, Disney announced it would concurrently build The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror – a recreation of an attraction at Disney's Hollywood Studios – in the Hollywood Pictures Backlot; and Flik's Fun Fair – a collection of four rides and a water play area geared towards children and themed to the movie A Bug's Life – adjacent to the existing It's Tough to Be a Bug! theater. The fictional backstory for Flik's Fun Fair holds that Flik and the other bugs were inspired to create their own fun fair when Disney's California Adventure opened next door to them. When the Imagineers set out to build The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, they discovered the bugs in the garden and decided to open up Flik's fair to park guests.
Flik's Fun Fair opened on October 7, 2002, and became part of A Bug's Land, the new name for the collection of A Bug's Life-related attractions. Concurrently, Its Tough to Be a Bug! and Bountiful Valley Farm were transferred from Golden State to A Bug's Land, and the area's store was re-themed with more focus on the film's characters.
In 2010, Bountiful Valley Farm as well as the area's shops and restaurants were closed and demolished; their site is now part of Cars Land, which opened on June 15, 2012. With the construction of Cars Land, two new entrances from Hollywood Land and Cars Land to the Flik's Fun Fair area were opened; the area originally had one entrance.
On March 20, 2018, it was announced that A Bug's Land would close permanently, as the land became the site for Avengers Campus. It's Tough to Be a Bug! closed one day earlier, while the remainder of the land closed on September 4, 2018.
Tributes to A Bug's Land can be found in Avengers Campus. Enlarged Christmas lights are seen hanging at the Pym Tasting Lab, and in the pre-show of Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, there is a claw machine with numerous items. One of the items included is a pair of 3D glasses from It's Tough to Be a Bug!. In addition, there is a tribute to Bountiful Valley Farm on the labels of the enlarged ketchup and mustard bottles found inside the Pym Test Kitchen.
Attractions at the time of closure
The following attractions were open at the time of A Bug's Land's closure in 2018.
Flik's Flyers
Flik's Flyers was a spinner ride at "Flik's Fun Fair" inside A Bug's Land at Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. Guests rode in Flik's bug-made contraption fashioned from man-made objects. The vehicles appeared to have been fashioned from used food containers and have been stitched together by leaves and twigs to become balloons that whirled around a pie plate centerpiece.
Whirring, cranking gears are heard as they leave the ground. The attraction provided guests with a view of Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!. Flik's Flyers was similar to Blowfish Balloon Race at Tokyo DisneySea.
After the attraction's closure, it was re-themed into Inside Out Emotional Whirlwind, inspired by Pixar's Inside Out, and relocated to the Pixar Pier area of the park.
Heimlich's Chew Chew Train
Guests boarded a train in the shape of Heimlich, the German-accented caterpillar from the film. Heimlich (voiced by Joe Ranft) narrated the ride through speakers along the track. Heimlich's tendency to overeat was the theme of the ride, as the train appears to eat through oversized portions of human foods: candy corn, animal crackers, carrots, and watermelon. The scent of watermelon and animal crackers were piped in.
After the ride closed in 2018, one of the cars from the attraction was moved to the headquarters of Pixar Animation Studios in memory of Ranft, who died in 2005. In addition, some of the attraction's audio of Heimlich was reused for Heimlich's Candy Corn Toss, one of the boardwalk games located in Pixar Pier.
Francis' Ladybug Boogie
Francis' Ladybug Boogie was a spinning attraction and first opened in 2002, along with the rest of A Bug's Land.
Guests boarded one of the six Francis Lady bugs with up to six adults and children aboard each bug. The ride spun guests around in a figure eight style. The theme of the ride was the character Francis from the Disney·Pixar film A Bug's Life. The ride featured jazz music as guests are spun around to the music.
Princess Dot Puddle Park
Princess Dot's Puddle Park was a water-type play area designed by Walt Disney Imagineering located inside of A Bug's Land section of Disney California Adventure. The area featured an oversized garden hose nozzle that sprayed water at guests as well as a giant spigot that spurted water. This area provided the sensation of being a bug among the oversized garden tools.
Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies
Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies was a bumper car ride located inside of the A Bug's Land section of Disney California Adventure. In the attraction, up to two people could fit inside a bug-shaped bumper car, as they rode around bumping other cars. There were restrictions on who could drive the car. If riding alone, the driver must have been seven years or older. There was also a height restriction on this ride; all riders had to be at least 36 inches (91 cm) tall. There were a total of 21 bumper cars on the floor at a time. During the ride the car talked to the guests with the voices of pill bugs Tuck or Roll, depending on the assigned car.
Other former attractions
Bountiful Valley Farm
Farmer's Market
Sam Andreas Shakes
P.T. Flea Market (originally Santa Rosa Seed & Supply)
It's Tough to Be a Bug!
References
External links
Walt Disney World Resort - It's Tough to be a Bug!
Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Disney California Adventure
2002 establishments in California
2018 disestablishments in California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Bug%27s%20Land
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Word of mouth is a method of communication.
Word of Mouth may also refer to:
Word of Mouth (TV series), a TV show hosted by Sandy Daza and Teacher Patty in the Philippines
Word of Mouth (DVD), a stand-up DVD by Doug Stanhope
Word of Mouth (radio programme), a BBC Radio 4 programme presented by Michael Rosen
Word of Mouth (journal), a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of education
In music:
Word of Mouth (Toni Basil album), 1982
Word of Mouth (The Blueskins album), 2004
Word of Mouth (Matt Finish album), 1984
Word of Mouth (Vin Garbutt album), 1999
Word of Mouth (The Kinks album), 1984
"Word of Mouth" (The Kinks song), 1984
Word of Mouth (Mike + The Mechanics album), 1991
"Word of Mouth" (Mike + The Mechanics song), 1991
Word of Mouth (Jaco Pastorius album), 1981
Word of Mouth (John Reuben album), 2007
Word of Mouth (Vicious Rumors album), 1994
Word of Mouth (The Wanted album), 2013
See also
Word-of-mouth marketing (aka WOMM), a method of marketing that deliberately employs word of mouth
Word of Mouf, a 2001 album by Ludacris
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20of%20mouth%20%28disambiguation%29
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Hollywoodland is a 2006 American mystery drama film directed by Allen Coulter and written by Paul Bernbaum. The story presents a fictionalized account of the circumstances surrounding the death of actor George Reeves (played by Ben Affleck), the star of the 1950s film Superman and the Mole Men and television series Adventures of Superman. Adrien Brody stars as a fictional character, Louis Simo, a private detective investigating Toni Mannix (Diane Lane), who was involved in a long romantic relationship with Reeves and was the wife of MGM studio executive Eddie Mannix (Bob Hoskins). Reeves had ended the affair and had become engaged to a younger woman, aspiring actress Leonore Lemmon (Robin Tunney).
Development for Hollywoodland began in 2001 when Focus Features purchased Bernbaum's script, titled Truth, Justice, and the American Way. Michael and Mark Polish were set to direct with Benicio del Toro in the lead role, but Focus Features placed the film in turnaround to Miramax Films the following year. Ultimately, Truth, Justice, and the American Way became a joint production between the two studios and filming commenced in May 2005, with veteran television director Coulter making his feature film directorial debut. Due to copyright issues with DC Comics, the film was retitled Hollywoodland and released to generally positive reviews with high praise for Affleck's performance.
Plot
In June 1959, Louis Simo, a Los Angeles private investigator more interested in generating an income than in devotion to his clients, is spying on the wife of a man named Chester Sinclair to find if she is cheating. On a visit to his own ex-wife Laurie, Simo learns that his son is upset over the recent death of actor George Reeves, who played Superman on television. Reeves was found dead inside his Beverly Hills home with a gunshot wound to the head, which the police ruled as a suicide.
Simo learns from a former police colleague that the Reeves suicide has aspects that the police do not want to touch. Sensing the potential for making a name for himself, Simo begins investigating and notes several apparent conflicts with the official version of Reeves' death. He also bickers with Laurie over his failures as a father, particularly now when his son seems so troubled.
In 1951, Reeves, whose acting career has stalled since appearing in Gone with the Wind, catches the eye of a beautiful woman and they end the night in each other's arms. In the morning, a newspaper photo reveals to Reeves that the woman is Toni Mannix, the wife of Eddie Mannix, a fixer and the general manager of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Frightened that an affair with a studio boss's wife will destroy what is left of his career, Reeves is angry that Toni did not tell him. She claims to have an open relationship with Mannix and tells him not to worry. The much wealthier Toni begins to buy Reeves expensive gifts such as a house, a car and jewelry.
Reeves lands the starring role in the television series Adventures of Superman, based on the comic book hero. The role makes Reeves famous and gives him a steady income, but he longs for more "serious" work and is uncomfortable with the public's stereotype of him as Superman. When a sneak preview of the war film From Here to Eternity results in snickers from the audience when Reeves is seen on screen, film executives attending the preview decide to drastically reduce his formerly prominent role.
As the years pass, Reeves becomes bitter at being a kept man and at Toni for not using her clout to help out his career. He barbecues his Superman costume to "celebrate" the program's cancellation in 1958. He also meets a young woman in New York City, actress Leonore Lemmon, and leaves Toni for her. Toni is brokenhearted and furious and seethes at her "mistreatment" by Reeves.
Simo initially suspects that Leonore might have accidentally shot Reeves during an argument and imagines how the scenario might have played out. Simo is beaten at his home by thugs, apparently working for Mannix, who are trying to scare him off the case. This, and other evidence, leads Simo to suspect that Mannix was the one who had Reeves murdered. Simo has a vision of how that killing would have occurred.
Simo's original client, Sinclair, murders his wife, having grown impatient waiting for Simo's report. A guilt-plagued Simo gets drunk, then visits his son's school, where his inebriation scares the boy. Simo visits Reeves' manager, Arthur Weissman, who has a home movie that Reeves shot in order to promote some wrestling work. Reeves' sadness and disappointment with his life are evident in the footage. Simo's final imagined variation on Reeves' death concludes with the actor shooting himself. This is the most vivid of the three scenarios, and Simo imagines himself in the upstairs bedroom, watching the suicide.
Each of the scenes imagined by Simo begins with Reeves playing a guitar and singing "Green Eyes (Aquellos Ojos Verdes)" in Spanish for his house guests. After each of the three imagined renditions, Reeves says good night to his guests, then retires to his bedroom upstairs, just before the gunshot.
Reeves' quest for success and Simo's realization of parallels to his own existence cause the detective to reevaluate his life. Simo watches another home movie, this one of himself and Laurie and their son in happier days. He goes to Laurie's house wearing a suit and tie, greeting his son hopefully.
Cast
Production
Focus Features acquired a spec script written by Paul Bernbaum in December 2001 titled Truth, Justice, and the American Way. They courted Michael and Mark Polish to direct, with Diane Lane attached to costar, but Focus placed the film in turnaround in June 2002. Miramax Films picked up the rights and hoped for the Polish brothers to begin filming that year with Benicio del Toro as the potential lead, a role also considered for Joaquin Phoenix. Kyle MacLachlan was in the running to play George Reeves, after an audition and having worked with the Polish brothers on Northfork, while Hugh Jackman, Colin Firth and Mark Ruffalo were reportedly the top contenders. However, the Polish brothers were replaced with television director Allen Coulter over creative differences.
Filming was delayed to April 2004, and Del Toro was still attached to the lead role, pending script revisions. Ben Affleck, Dennis Quaid and Viggo Mortensen were added to the list of actors under consideration for George Reeves, alongside Sharon Stone and Annette Bening for Toni Mannix. The film was finally greenlit when the project moved back to Focus Features in 2005, and Howard Korder was brought on to do an uncredited rewrite of Bernbaum's script.
Adrien Brody was cast as Louis Simo and Affleck eventually won the supporting role of Reeves. He saw Truth, Justice, and the American Way as an opportunity to disassociate himself from the many big budget action films he had been starring in. It marked his first leading or supporting role in a film in two years. "I was really unhappy finding myself perpetually in the sights of paparazzi cameras and in the gossip magazines. This character was broken, but he’s also the archetype of all those kinds of guys I had played — the actual, real version, which is damaged and somehow unhappy and trying to be something other than what he is. And to me that made it infinitely more interesting." Affleck watched all 108 episodes of the Adventures of Superman, met with Jack Larson, the actor who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the TV show, read various books about Reeves' life and death, and gained 20 pounds to closely resemble the actor with contact lenses and subtle use of facial prosthesis. In addition he listened to hours of Reeves' voice on CD so he could get the same intonations and timbre. Filming began in Toronto, Canada in May 2005.
Copyright
During its production, Hollywoodland went through many rounds of getting clearance from Warner Bros. Pictures to use different aspects of Reeves' Superman persona to reflect the actual nature of his career. Time Warner is the parent company of both Warner Bros. and DC Comics and has the final say in the depiction of characters relating to their properties.
The film's first title was Truth, Justice, and the American Way, Superman's well-known patriotic catchphrase, but Warner Bros. threatened legal action unless the film's title was changed so as not to associate the classic slogan with Reeves' death—especially since Warner Bros. was banking the film Superman Returns, which was released a few months earlier in June 2006. The filmmakers changed the title to Hollywoodland, not as a reflection of the ailing Hollywood Sign, but in reference to the milieu of "movieland". The film makers wished to use the familiar filmed opening of Adventures of Superman in context within Hollywoodland, but Warner Bros. refused to license clips from the show. The film recreated the show's opening and substituted a re-recorded version of the opening theme.
Historical liberties
Hollywoodland takes liberties with events for dramatic purposes. Several events and places are condensed to fit into the film, including:
The film states that if the first season of Adventures of Superman was successful, they would film in color the second season. The series did not film in color until the third season.
During a personal appearance at a children's Western show, George Reeves meets a boy with a loaded gun, who almost shoots bullets at him. Reeves talks him into giving up the gun by saying that they would bounce off him, but hurt innocent bystanders. Although Reeves repeated this story himself, researchers have never been able to find anything to corroborate the story.
The depiction of Reeves' scenes in From Here to Eternity suffering audience derision at a test screening (and subsequent cutting of all of his scenes) is part of a mostly false urban legend. No such test screening took place, and the finished film purportedly includes all of Reeves' scenes that were present in the original shooting script. Reeves name does not appear on the supporting cast credits page, giving rise to the implication his presence, if not his role, was somewhat diminished. Despite the premise that the role of Maylon Stark was pared down, no alternate cuts of Reeves in the film have ever been proven to exist.
Reception
Critical response
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 68% based on 186 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "More than a movie star murder mystery, Hollywoodland takes it slow in order to reveal the intriguing details of the rise and fall of superstar fame." According to Metacritic, which assigned a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 based on 33 critics, the film received "generally favorable reviews".
Ben Affleck earned the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his portrayal of George Reeves. He was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, but lost to Eddie Murphy for his performance in Dreamgirls. Hoskins and Lane were also applauded for their performances. Critics at The Wall Street Journal and Vanity Fair called Hollywoodland a possible Academy Award contender, but the film received no Oscar nominations.
Box office
Hollywoodland grossed $14.4 million in the United States and $2.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $16.8 million.
The film grossed $6 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office.
The film made $9.1 million in DVD rentals and a spot in the top ten DVD sales for its first three weeks of release.
Accolades
References
External links
2006 films
2006 drama films
Adventures of Superman (TV series)
American detective films
American drama films
American LGBT-related films
American mystery films
Cultural depictions of actors
Drama films based on actual events
2000s English-language films
Films distributed by Disney
Films scored by Marcelo Zarvos
Films directed by Allen Coulter
Films set in 1951
Films set in 1959
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in New York (state)
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Toronto
Focus Features films
Miramax films
American neo-noir films
Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles
2006 directorial debut films
Biographical films about actors
2000s American films
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Phan Bá Vành (潘伯鑅, died March 12, 1827), a native of Minh Giám village (now Vũ Tiên, Thái Bình Province in coastal northern Vietnam), was the charismatic leader of one of Vietnam's largest peasant uprisings, the Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion, against the Emperor Minh Mạng, the second emperor of Nguyễn dynasty. At the height of the insurgency, the command of Bá Vành's army had as many as 24 commanders with bases in many localities. He is believed to have died on the battlefield on March 12, 1827, thus ending six years of rebellion.
References
1827 deaths
Nguyen dynasty
Year of birth unknown
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan%20B%C3%A1%20V%C3%A0nh
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Intolleranza 1960 (Intolerance 1960) is a one-act opera in two parts (azione scenica in due tempi) by Luigi Nono, and is dedicated to his father-in-law, Arnold Schoenberg. The Italian libretto was written by Nono from an idea by Angelo Maria Ripellino, using documentary texts and poetry by Julius Fučík, "Reportage unter dem Strang geschrieben" [reportage written under the gallows]; Henri Alleg, "La question" ("The Torture"); Jean-Paul Sartre's introduction to Alleg's poem; Paul Éluard's poem "La liberté"; "Our march" by Vladimir Mayakovsky; and Bertolt Brecht's "To Posterity" (). The plot concerns a migrant, who travels from Southern Italy looking for work. Along the way, he encounters protests, arrests and torture. He ends up in a concentration camp, where he experiences the gamut of human emotions. He reaches a river, and realises that everywhere is his home. The opera premiered on 13 April 1961 at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. It has a running time of approximately one hour and fifteen minutes.
Background and performance history
Intolleranza 1960 was Luigi Nono's first work for the opera stage and is a flaming protest against intolerance and oppression and the violation of human dignity. The year in the title refers to the time of the work's origin. Nono himself said of this work that it "did mark a beginning for me, but in no sense did it constitute a tabula rasa or in response to 'divine inspiration' ". It was commissioned for the 1961 Venice Biennale by its director Mario Labroca. The first performance was conducted by Bruno Maderna on 13 April 1961 at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. The stage design was by the radical painter Emilio Vedova, a friend of Nono's. The premiere was disrupted by neo-fascists, who shouted "Viva la polizia" during the torture scene. Nono's opponents accused him of poisoning Italian music. (Nono revised the work into a one-act version for a 1974 performance.) A performance by the Boston Opera in 1964 was suppressed by the John Birch Society and other right-wing activists. It was subsequently presented the following year, with Maderna conducting Sarah Caldwell's production, with Beverly Sills in the cast.
Fabrice Fitch has commented that this work has "no plot as such", but rather consists of a series of scenes that illustrate aspects of intolerance. Nono himself interpreted the testimony of his work as follows:
Intolleranza 1960 is the awakening of human awareness in a man who has rebelled against the demands of necessity – an emigrant miner – and searches for a reason and a "human" base for life. After several experiences of intolerance and domination, he is beginning to rediscover human relations, between himself and others, when he is swept away in a flood with other people. There remains his certainty in "a time when one wants to be a help to you". Symbol? Report? Fantasy? All three, in a story of our time.
According to the publisher Schott, the "title of the work has been altered from Intolleranza 1960 to Intolleranza in order to emphasize the timelessness of the composition."
Roles
Synopsis
Setting: Fictional place in the present
Part one
Opening chorus (Coro iniziale)
Instead of an overture, a large-scale a cappella chorus, "Live and be vigilant", is heard from behind a closed curtain.
1st scene: In a mining village
A migrant is tired of the hard work in the mines in a foreign land. He is consumed by desire to return to his homeland from which he once fled.
2nd scene: A woman rushes in
A woman who had given the stranger in the mining village warmth and peace and love, tries to persuade him to stay. When she realizes that her lover is determined to go, she insults him and swears revenge. Nevertheless, she leaves with the migrant.
3rd scene: In a city
He has reached a city while a large unauthorized peace demonstration is taking place. The police intervene and arrest some demonstrators, including the migrant, although he was not participating in the rally. His attempt to defend himself remains unsuccessful.
4th scene: in a police station
Four police officers set to work to force the prisoners to confess. The man, however, stands firm to his story that he was on the way to his home, which goes through the city, and he therefore had nothing to confess.
5th scene: The torture
All those arrested are brought to torture. The chorus of the tortured cries to the audience, asking whether it was deaf and would behave just like cattle in the pen of shame.
6th scene: In a concentration camp
The chorus of prisoners desperately cries for freedom. The four policemen taunt their victims. The hero makes friends with another prisoner from Algeria. They plan to escape together.
7th scene: After the escape
The migrant manages to escape with the Algerians from the concentration camp. While originally it had been only his wish to see his home, now his heart burns only with the desire for freedom.
Part two
1st scene: Some absurdities of contemporary life
From all sides voices press upon the hero, voices which not only disturb and confuse him, but almost overpower him. The absurdities of contemporary life, such as the bureaucracy – for example, "registration required", "Documents are the soul of the state", "certify, authenticate, notarize" – and sensational newspaper headlines like "mother of thirteen children was a man" increase, and the scene ends with a big explosion.
2nd scene: a meeting between a refugee and his companion
A silent crowd suffers from the impression of the slogans and the explosion. When a woman begins to speak out against war and disaster, it appears to the emigrant as a source of hope in his solitude. Henceforth, the two want to fight together for a better world.
3rd scene: Projections of episodes of terror and fanaticism
To the hero appears the woman he has left in the mining village, and this confuses him. Together with his companion (compagna) he sends her away. Then the woman transforms herself along with a group of fanatics into ghosts and shadows. In the dream, she sees the migrant, the mine, the mocking slogan "Arbeit macht frei" over the entrance of the camp, and she sees the nightmares of the intolerance he holds with his companion, "Never, never again". The choir sings Mayakovsky's "Our march".
4th scene: In the vicinity of a village on the banks of a great river
The hero and his companion have reached the great river, which forms the border of his native country. It is flooding; its level increases more and more. The deluge swallows roads, broken bridges, barracks, and crushes houses. Even the migrant and his companion are unable to save themselves. They die an agonizing death.
Final chorus (Coro finale) set to excerpts from Brecht's poem "To Posterity", again without orchestral accompaniment.
Recordings
Teldec 4509 97304(2) German version by Alfred Andersch: Chorus of the Stuttgart State Opera; Stuttgart State Orchestra; Bernhard Kontarsky, conductor (1993)
Dreyer Gaido CD 21030: Chorus and extra chorus of Theater Bremen; Bremer Philharmoniker; Gabriel Feltz, conductor (2001)
References
1961 operas
Italian-language operas
Operas
One-act operas
Operas by Luigi Nono
Opera world premieres at La Fenice
Music dedicated to family or friends
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolleranza%201960
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A fish curve is an ellipse negative pedal curve that is shaped like a fish. In a fish curve, the pedal point is at the focus for the special case of the squared eccentricity . The parametric equations for a fish curve correspond to those of the associated ellipse.
Equations
For an ellipse with the parametric equations
the corresponding fish curve has parametric equations
When the origin is translated to the node (the crossing point), the Cartesian equation can be written as:
Area
The area of a fish curve is given by:
,
so the area of the tail and head are given by:
giving the overall area for the fish as:
.
Curvature, arc length, and tangential angle
The arc length of the curve is given by .
The curvature of a fish curve is given by:
,
and the tangential angle is given by:
where is the complex argument.
References
Plane curves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20curve
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The grandmother cell, sometimes called the "Jennifer Aniston neuron", is a hypothetical neuron that represents a complex but specific concept or object. It activates when a person "sees, hears, or otherwise sensibly discriminates" a specific entity, such as their grandmother. It contrasts with the concept of ensemble coding (or "coarse" coding), where the unique set of features characterizing the grandmother is detected as a particular activation pattern across an ensemble of neurons, rather than being detected by a specific "grandmother cell".
The term was coined around 1969 by cognitive scientist Jerry Lettvin. Rather than serving as a serious hypothesis, the "grandmother cell" concept was initially largely used in jokes and came to be used as a "straw man or foil" for a discussion of ensemble theories in introductory textbooks.
However, a similar concept, that of the gnostic neuron, was introduced several years earlier by Jerzy Konorski as a serious proposal.
History
In 1953, Horace Barlow described cells in a frog retina as "bug detectors", but the term did not gain wide usage. Several years later, Jerome (Jerry) Lettvin and others also studied these and other cells, eventually resulting in their widely known 1959 paper "What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain."
Around 1969, Lettvin introduced the term "grandmother cell" in a course he was teaching at MIT, telling a fictitious anecdote about a neurosurgeon who had discovered a group of "mother cells" in the brain that "responded uniquely only to a mother... whether animate or stuffed, seen from before or behind, upside down or on a diagonal or offered by caricature, photograph or abstraction". In Lettvin's story, the neurosurgeon went on to remove (ablate) all these "several thousand separate neurons" from the brain of Portnoy, the title character of Philip Roth's 1969 novel Portnoy's Complaint, thus curing him from his obsession with his mother, and went on to study "grandmother cells" instead.
By 2005, Ed Connor observed that the term had "become a shorthand for invoking all of the overwhelming practical arguments against a one-to-one object coding scheme. No one wants to be accused of believing in grandmother cells." However, in that year UCLA neurosurgeons Itzhak Fried, mentee Rodrigo Quian Quiroga and others published findings on what they would come to call the "Jennifer Aniston neuron". While operating on patients who experience epileptic seizures, the researchers showed photos of celebrities like Jennifer Aniston. The patients, who were fully conscious, often had a particular neuron , suggesting that the brain has Aniston-specific neurons.
Support
Face selective cells
Visual neurons in the inferior temporal cortex of the monkey fire selectively to hands and faces. These cells are selective in that they do not fire for other visual objects important for monkeys such as fruit and genitalia. Research finds that some of these cells can be trained to show high specificity for arbitrary visual objects, and these would seem to fit the requirements of gnostic/grandmother cells. In addition, evidence exists for cells in the human hippocampus that have highly selective responses to different categories of stimuli including highly selective responses to individual human faces.
However most of the reported face-selective cells are not grandmother/gnostic cells since they do not represent a specific percept, that is, they are not cells narrowly selective in their activations for one face and only one face irrespective of transformations of size, orientation, and color. Even the most selective face cells usually also discharge, if more weakly, to a variety of individual faces. Furthermore, face-selective cells often vary in their responsiveness to different aspects of faces. This suggests that cell responsiveness arises from the need of a monkey to differentiate among different individual faces rather than among other categories of stimuli such as bananas with their discrimination properties linked to the fact that different individual faces are much more similar to each other in their overall organization and fine detail than other kinds of stimuli. Moreover, it has been suggested that these cells might in fact be responding as specialized feature detector neurons that only function in the holistic context of a face construct.
One idea has been that such cells form ensembles for the coarse or distributed coding of faces rather than detectors for specific faces. Thus, a specific grandmother may be represented by a specialized ensemble of grandmother or near grandmother cells.
Individual specific recognition cells
In 2005, a UCLA and Caltech study found evidence of different cells that fire in response to particular people, such as Bill Clinton or Jennifer Aniston. A neuron for Halle Berry, for example, might respond "to the concept, the abstract entity, of Halle Berry", and would fire not only for images of Halle Berry, but also to the actual name "Halle Berry". However, there is no suggestion in that study that only the cell being monitored responded to that concept, nor was it suggested that no other actress would cause that cell to respond (although several other presented images of actresses did not cause it to respond). The researchers believe that they have found evidence for sparseness, rather than for grandmother cells.
Further evidence for the theory that a small neural network provides facial recognition was found from analysis of cell recording studies of macaque monkeys. By formatting faces as points in a high-dimensional linear space, the scientists discovered that each face cell’s firing rate is proportional to the projection of an incoming face stimulus onto a single axis in this space, allowing a face cell ensemble of about 200 cells to encode the location of any face in the space.
Sparseness vs distributed representations
The grandmother cell hypothesis, is an extreme version of the idea of sparseness, and is not without critics. The opposite of the grandmother cell theory is the distributed representation theory, that states that a specific stimulus is coded by its unique pattern of activity over a large group of neurons widely distributed in the brain.
The arguments against the sparseness include:
According to some theories, one would need thousands of cells for each face, as any given face must be recognised from many different angles – profile, 3/4 view, full frontal, from above, etc.
Rather than becoming more and more specific as visual processing proceeds from retina through the different visual centres of the brain, the image is partially dissected into basic features such as vertical lines, colour, speed, etc., distributed in various modules separated by relatively large distances. How all these disparate features are re-integrated to form a seamless whole is known as the binding problem.
Pontifical cells
William James in 1890 proposed a related idea of a pontifical cell. The pontifical cell is defined as a putative, and implausible cell which had all our experiences. This is different from a concept specific cell in that it is the site of experience of sense data. James's 1890 pontifical cell was instead a cell "to which the rest of the brain provided a representation" of a grandmother. The experience of grandmother occurred in this cell.
References
Neural coding
Cognitive science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmother%20cell
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The tro () is Cambodia's traditional spike fiddle, a bowed string instrument that is held and played vertically. Spike fiddles have a handle that passes through the resonator, often forming a spike, on the bottom side where it emerges. The family is similar or distantly related to the Chinese erhu or huqin. The instruments have a soundbox at the bottom of the stick, covered with leather or snake skin. Strings run from pegs at the top of the stick and secured at the bottom, running across the soundbox. The larger the soundbox, the lower the pitch range. Instruments in this family include the two-stringed tro ou, tro sau thom, tro sau toch and tro che, as well as the three-stringed tro Khmer spike fiddle. The two-stringed tros are tuned in a fifth, while the three-stringed tro Khmer is tuned in fourths. The tros, with the exception of the tro Khmer, are strung so that the bowstring is permanently placed between the two stings. When the musician plays, the placement of the bow causes the strings to be played at once, one from below and one from above. In contrast, western fiddles (such as the violin) are played with the bow pushing on each string from the outside, as is also the case with the tro khmer.
Tro family of fiddles
The tro u (Khmer: ទ្រអ៊ូ; also spelled tro ou) is a traditional instrument from Cambodia that dates back at least as far as the "Lungvek period," about 1528–1594, and is the lowest pitched tro, with strings tuned in a 5th, approximately C—G. The resonator bowl is constructed from a round-bodied coconut shell that has one end covered with animal skin, such as snake or calfskin. Its two strings are made of silk (not as common now), gut, nylon, or metal, running over a bridge made of bamboo or wood. The coconut may have designs carved into its back-side. It is similar to the Thai saw u, Vietnamese đàn gáo and the Chinese yehu, although the latter instrument has a wooden rather than animal skin face.
Played in the mohori and ayai ensembles. May be used in the Bassac theater orchestra.
The tro ou chamhieng () is played "exclusively" by Cham who live in Cambodia and has a sound-bowl resonator made from a turtle shell. It is played in the Bassac theater orchestra and the yike orchestra. It originally came from the kanyi - fiddle of Cham people in Vietnam. The body of the kanyi is made of a golden tortoise shell. On the body of the golden tortoise shell, there is a small piece of bamboo about the size of a big toe, about 0.65cm long. At the beginning of this bamboo segment, there are two rods to pull the rope called two kanyi pegs. From two pull rods (two ears) connected to the bamboo by a string is the main string of kanyi. In addition, this pull rod is connected to the bamboo with ponytail that bends like a bow. This is the string that pulls the kanyi to make the sound.
The tro sau () or tro sau thom is a bowed stringed instrument from Cambodia, with metal strings tuned in a 5th, approximately D—A. The thom is the larger and lower-pitched tro sau; thom means "big" in Khmer. The cylindrical sound box is approximately 120 mm long and 90mm across the skin head. The neck can measure 620mm long. It is made from black wood but more basic materials were used, such as a hollow bamboo and a tortoise shell. It is used in Cambodian classical music ensembles, the arak, kar, mohori and ayai. It is not the lead instrument in these ensembles.
The tro sau toch () is a Cambodian instrument used in Khmer classical music. It is a two-string vertical fiddle with a hardwood body. The word toch (តូច) means "small." The sound box (a cylinder) can measure 80mm wide by 115mm long, the neck 760mm. Measurements are approximate as the instruments are not standardized. It is equivalent to the Thai Saw duang. Its two metal strings are tuned in 5ths, G—D, higher than the larger tro sau thom.
It is used in Cambodian classical music ensembles, the arak, kar, mohori and ayai, as the lead instrument.
The tro che or tro chhe () is a member of the tro family of 2-stringed Cambodian fiddles, the smallest member of the tro family. Its two metal strings are tuned D—A, an octave above the tro sau thom and the highest of the tros. Instrument tunings are approximate in the Cambodian ensembles, and change with key instruments such as the sralay; when the instrument is played in the bassack theatre orchestra (paired with the tro ou instead of tri sau thom, the tro che be tuned the same as the Tro u, one octave higher.
Like most of the other members of the family, it is a two stringed instrument. Formerly, silk strings were standard, but now metal wire or cable is used. The resonating chamber, a cylinder, is made of hardwood or ivory. There are no standard sizes; however the resonating chamber can be 65–70 mm across and 105 mm long. The skin soundboard, is made of snakeskin or pangolin hide.
Gallery
See also
Traditional Cambodian musical instruments
Tro Khmer
Music of Cambodia
Huqin
References
External links
Photo of a tro che
Archived online auction with hardwood cylinder body, advertised as tro che
Archived online auction with coconut bodied instrument, advertised as tro che
UNESCO document, Traditional Musical Instruments of Cambodia. PDF.
Cambodian musical instruments
Bowed instruments
Drumhead lutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tro%20%28instrument%29
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Simo Matavulj (, 14 September 1852 – 20 February 1908) was a Serbian writer.
He was a representative of lyric realism, especially in short prose. As a writer, he is best known for employing his skill in holding up to ridicule the peculiar foibles of the Dalmatian folk.
He was an honorary member of the Matica srpska of Novi Sad, the first president of the Association of Writers of Serbia, president of the Society of Artists of Serbia and a member of the Serbian Royal Academy.
Legacy
Nobel prize winner Ivo Andrić called him "the master storyteller".
Works
Noć uoči Ivanje, Zadar, 1873.
Naši prosjaci, Zadar, 1881.
Iz Crne Gore i Primorja I, Novi Sad, 1888.
Iz Crne Gore i Primorja II, Cetinje, 1889.
Novo oružje, Belgrade, 1890.
Iz prіmorskog žіvota, Zagreb, 1890.
Sa Jadrana, Belgrade, 1891.
Iz beogradskog života, Belgrade, 1891.
Bakonja fra-Brne, Belgrade, 1892.
Uskok, Belgrade, 1893.
Iz raznijeh krajeva, Mostar, 1893.
Boka i Bokelji, Novi Sad, 1893.
Primorska obličja, Novi Sad, 1899.
Deset godina u Mavritaniji, Belgrade, 1899.
Tri pripovetke, Mostar, 1899.
Na pragu drugog života, Sremski Karlovci, 1899.
S mora i planine, Novi Sad, 1901.
Beogradske priče, Belgrade, 1902.
Pošljednji vitezovi i Svrzimantija, Mostar, 1903.
Život, Belgrade 1904.
Na slavi, Belgrade, 1904.
Zavjet, Belgrade, 1904.
Car Duklijan, Mostar, 1906.
Nemirne duše, Belgrade, 1908.
Bilješke jednoga pisca, Belgrade, 1923.
Golub Dobrašinović
Translations
Na vodi by Guy de Maupassant, 1893.
Vilina knjiga, a collection of fairy tales, 1894.
Bleak House by Charles Dickens 1893.
Zimske priče by M. de Vogie, 1894.
The dream by Émile Zola
Pučanin kao vlastelin by Moliere, 1906.
The Misanthrope by Moliere,
The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis, unpublished during Matavulj's lifetime
References
Translated and adapted from Jovan Skerlić's Istorija nove srpske književnosti / History of New Serbian Literature (Belgrade, 1921), pp. 390–395.
External links
Extensive biography
1852 births
1908 deaths
People from Šibenik
Writers from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
Serbs of Croatia
Serbian novelists
Serbian writers
19th-century novelists
Writers from Austria-Hungary
Immigrants to the Kingdom of Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo%20Matavulj
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